{
  "data": [
    {
      "title": "University_of_Notre_Dame",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend \"Venite Ad Me Omnes\". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Saint Bernadette Soubirous" }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?",
              "id": "5733be284776f41900661182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "a copper statue of Christ" }
              ],
              "question": "What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?",
              "id": "5733be284776f4190066117f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "the Main Building" }],
              "question": "The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?",
              "id": "5733be284776f41900661180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "a Marian place of prayer and reflection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733be284776f41900661181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "a golden statue of the Virgin Mary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733be284776f4190066117e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "September 1876" }],
              "question": "When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?",
              "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?",
              "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "The Observer" }],
              "question": "What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?",
              "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. The university through the Moreau Seminary has ties to theologian Frederick Buechner. While not Catholic, Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?",
              "id": "5733bed24776f41900661188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Moreau Seminary" }],
              "question": "What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?",
              "id": "5733bed24776f41900661189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Old College" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Retired priests and brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "Buechner Prize for Preaching" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?",
              "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study \u2013 aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering \u2013 with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?",
              "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "the College of Science" }
              ],
              "question": "Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?",
              "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?",
              "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "the 1870s" }],
              "question": "The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by U.S. News & World Report, as outstanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Learning Resource Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "The First Year of Studies program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?",
              "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "U.S. News & World Report" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame \"outstanding?\"",
              "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854\u20131855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Master of Divinity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of degree is an M.Div.?",
              "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1163,
                  "text": "Alliance for Catholic Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?",
              "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 757,
                  "text": "Department of Pre-Professional Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?",
              "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?",
              "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?",
              "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?",
              "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Ray Kroc" }],
              "question": "To whom was John B. Kroc married?",
              "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "McDonald's" }],
              "question": "What company did Ray Kroc own?",
              "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Theodore M. Hesburgh Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?",
              "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Millard Sheets" }],
              "question": "Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?",
              "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Touchdown Jesus" }],
              "question": "What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733ad384776f41900660ff0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "3,577" }],
              "question": "How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?",
              "id": "5733ae924776f41900661014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "19.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?",
              "id": "5733ae924776f41900661013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "the top 10 to 15 in the nation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?",
              "id": "5733ae924776f41900661015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "39.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?",
              "id": "5733ae924776f41900661016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "more than 750 miles" }
              ],
              "question": "How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?",
              "id": "5733ae924776f41900661017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among \"national universities\" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "18th overall" }],
              "question": "Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?",
              "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?",
              "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1st overall" }],
              "question": "The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?",
              "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "USA Today" }],
              "question": "In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?",
              "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "57.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?",
              "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851\u20131921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "1851\u20131921" }],
              "question": "What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?",
              "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "the Science Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?",
              "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "Evolution and Dogma" }
              ],
              "question": "What book did John Zahm write in 1896?",
              "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Professor of Chemistry and Physics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Professor Jerome Green" }
              ],
              "question": "Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?",
              "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Around 1899" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?",
              "id": "5733b1da4776f4190066106a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Father Julius Nieuwland" }
              ],
              "question": "Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?",
              "id": "5733b1da4776f4190066106b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "an early wind tunnel" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661067"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Lobund Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?",
              "id": "5733b2fe4776f4190066108f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "the 1940s" }],
              "question": "Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?",
              "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1049, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?",
              "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1099, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?",
              "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Review of Politics" }
              ],
              "question": "Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "German Catholic journals" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Review of Politics inspired by?",
              "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "44" }],
              "question": "Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Review of Politics" }],
              "question": "Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become \"one of the pre\u2013eminent research institutions in the world\" in his inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet. As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "John Jenkins" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?",
              "id": "5733b5344776f419006610dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Notre Dame" }],
              "question": "The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?",
              "id": "5733b5344776f419006610de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "International Peace studies" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?",
              "id": "5733b5344776f419006610df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?",
              "id": "5733b5344776f419006610e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?",
              "id": "5733b5344776f419006610e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21\u201324% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which \"Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative.\" It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top\u201325 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where \"Everyone Plays Intramural Sports.\" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "8,448" }],
              "question": "How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?",
              "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "21\u201324%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?",
              "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1446, "text": "over 700" }],
              "question": "How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?",
              "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1588,
                  "text": "the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "12,179" }],
              "question": "How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?",
              "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661109"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. There are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?",
              "id": "5733b699d058e614000b6118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?",
              "id": "5733b699d058e614000b6119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?",
              "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?",
              "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. There are many religious clubs (catholic and non-Catholic) at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Congregatio a Sancta Cruce" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?",
              "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "more than 93%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?",
              "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "over 100 times" }],
              "question": "How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?",
              "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1237, "text": "Fifty-seven" }],
              "question": "How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?",
              "id": "5733b7f74776f41900661130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "over 80%" }],
              "question": "What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?",
              "id": "5733b7f74776f41900661131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Washington Hall" }],
              "question": "What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?",
              "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?",
              "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Rev. William Corby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?",
              "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "17th of May" }],
              "question": "On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?",
              "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 862, "text": "LaFortune Student Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?",
              "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "scholastic and classical" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?",
              "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "College of Commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?",
              "id": "57338724d058e614000b5ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Father James Burns" }],
              "question": "In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?",
              "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?",
              "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Harvard Law School" }
              ],
              "question": "Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?",
              "id": "57338724d058e614000b5ca0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7\u20132\u20132 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Knute Rockne" }],
              "question": "The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?",
              "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "105" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?",
              "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?",
              "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America \u2014 Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "the Protestant establishment" }
              ],
              "question": "Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?",
              "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "the Ku Klux Klan" }],
              "question": "Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?",
              "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1193, "text": "Fr. Matthew Walsh" }
              ],
              "question": "Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?",
              "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 819, "text": "a week-long Klavern" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?",
              "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "South Bend" }],
              "question": "Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?",
              "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934. During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara strongly believed that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to \"acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate\" Notre Dame. He wrote, \"Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Father John Francis O'Hara" }
              ],
              "question": "Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?",
              "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "Father John Francis O'Hara" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?",
              "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Laetare Medal" }],
              "question": "Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?",
              "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?",
              "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?",
              "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "Lobund Institute for Animal Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "Hall of Liberal Arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?",
              "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C." }
              ],
              "question": "Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?",
              "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Medieval Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917\u20132015) served as president for 35 years (1952\u201387) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1917\u20132015" }],
              "question": "What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?",
              "id": "573393184776f41900660da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?",
              "id": "573393184776f41900660da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "$9 million" }],
              "question": "What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?",
              "id": "573393184776f41900660da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1952\u201387" }],
              "question": "During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573393184776f41900660da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "950" }],
              "question": "How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?",
              "id": "573393184776f41900660daa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. \"In American college education,\" explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, \"certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism.\" Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation \"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students.\" Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972 the first woman to graduate was Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "coeducational" }],
              "question": "What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "Dean of Arts and Letters" }
              ],
              "question": "Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 921,
                  "text": "Vice President of Student Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1199, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?",
              "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "Saint Mary's College" }
              ],
              "question": "With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?",
              "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987\u20132005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent[when?] capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1987\u20132005" }],
              "question": "During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573394c84776f41900660ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1240" }],
              "question": "What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?",
              "id": "573394c84776f41900660ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "$350 million" }],
              "question": "When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?",
              "id": "573394c84776f41900660de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "more than $70 million" }
              ],
              "question": "When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?",
              "id": "573394c84776f41900660de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?",
              "id": "573394c84776f41900660dde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had, where is John Jenkins on the list?",
              "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Malloy" }],
              "question": "Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?",
              "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Compton Family Ice Arena" }
              ],
              "question": "Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "$400m" }],
              "question": "How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins?",
              "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Congregation of Holy Cross" }
              ],
              "question": "Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573398164776f41900660e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Basilica of the Sacred Heart" }
              ],
              "question": "What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573398164776f41900660e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "French Revival" }],
              "question": "In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?",
              "id": "573398164776f41900660e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Luigi Gregori" }],
              "question": "Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573398164776f41900660e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?",
              "id": "573398164776f41900660e25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Fr. Zahm" }],
              "question": "Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?",
              "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?",
              "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Joseph LaFortune" }],
              "question": "After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?",
              "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "83,000 square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "$1.2 million" }],
              "question": "What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?",
              "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?",
              "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Theodore Hesburgh Library" }
              ],
              "question": "Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963?",
              "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "almost 4 million" }],
              "question": "How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?",
              "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Duncan Hall" }],
              "question": "Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1755, "text": "Frank Eck Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?",
              "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?",
              "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "Sustainable Endowments Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Notre Dame got a \"B\" for its sustainability practices from which entity?",
              "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?",
              "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?",
              "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?",
              "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Global Gateways" }],
              "question": "Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?",
              "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?",
              "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849. The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University. Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The College of Arts and Letters" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Notre Dame's first college?",
              "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?",
              "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree?",
              "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Saint Louis University" }
              ],
              "question": "On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on?",
              "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer?",
              "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by president Father Patrick Dillon. Dillon's scientific courses were six years of work, including higher-level mathematics courses. Today the college, housed in the newly built Jordan Hall of Science, includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study \u2013 biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, pre-professional studies, and applied and computational mathematics and statistics (ACMS) \u2013 each awarding Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees. According to university statistics, its science pre-professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Father Patrick Dillon" }
              ],
              "question": "Which president at Notre Dame created the College of Science?",
              "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed?",
              "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Jordan Hall of Science" }
              ],
              "question": "Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science?",
              "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "over 1,200" }],
              "question": "How many undergrad students attend the College of Science at Notre Dame today?",
              "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "School of Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?",
              "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Bond Hall" }],
              "question": "In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "five-year" }],
              "question": "What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?",
              "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?",
              "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Driehaus Architecture Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?",
              "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?",
              "id": "5733adb64776f41900661001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "the first floor of Stanford Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733adb64776f41900661002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "over three million volumes" }
              ],
              "question": "How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?",
              "id": "5733adb64776f41900661003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 654, "text": "one of the 100 largest" }
              ],
              "question": "Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?",
              "id": "5733adb64776f41900661004"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907\u20131982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 (1883\u20131962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955\u201362. Yves Simon (1903\u201361), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882\u201373) was a frequent visitor to campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "classics and law" }],
              "question": "What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?",
              "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Max Scheler" }],
              "question": "Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?",
              "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "a renowned sculptor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 known for being?",
              "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /\u02ccno\u028at\u0259r\u02c8de\u026am/ NOH-t\u0259r-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means \"Our Lady of the Lake\" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "University of Notre Dame du" }
              ],
              "question": "The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?",
              "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Catholic research university" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of institution is the Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "Our Lady of the Lake" }
              ],
              "question": "The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?",
              "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "the Virgin Mary" }],
              "question": "Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573382a14776f41900660c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "1,250" }],
              "question": "How large is Notre Dame in acres?",
              "id": "573382a14776f41900660c31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "its Fighting Irish football team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "573383494776f41900660c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Knute Rockne" }],
              "question": "Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?",
              "id": "573383494776f41900660c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "NCAA Division I" }],
              "question": "Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?",
              "id": "573383494776f41900660c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?",
              "id": "573383494776f41900660c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?",
              "id": "573383494776f41900660c45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States  and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "among the top twenty" }
              ],
              "question": "Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?",
              "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Driehaus Architecture Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?",
              "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "more than 50" }],
              "question": "How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 887, "text": "Snite Museum of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?",
              "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?",
              "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?",
              "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the Congregation of the Holy Cross"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?",
              "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "November 26, 1842" }],
              "question": "On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?",
              "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573385394776f41900660c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?",
              "id": "573385394776f41900660c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Father Lemonnier" }],
              "question": "Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "573385394776f41900660c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?",
              "id": "573385394776f41900660c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?",
              "id": "573385394776f41900660c83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music, fine arts and educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "NDtv" }],
              "question": "Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733c0064776f41900661198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "one show" }],
              "question": "How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?",
              "id": "5733c0064776f41900661199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "WSND-FM" }],
              "question": "Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?",
              "id": "5733c0064776f4190066119a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "WVFI" }],
              "question": "Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?",
              "id": "5733c0064776f4190066119b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "$215 million" }],
              "question": "How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?",
              "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "June 3, 2008" }],
              "question": "When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Kite Realty" }],
              "question": "Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?",
              "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "the City of South Bend" }
              ],
              "question": "Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?",
              "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "non-union workers" }],
              "question": "There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?",
              "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "National Collegiate Athletic Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym NCAA stand for?",
              "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Horizon League" }],
              "question": "Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?",
              "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 889, "text": "Midwest Fencing Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?",
              "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "Hockey East" }],
              "question": "There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?",
              "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Big East Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?",
              "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013\u201314 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012\u201313 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014\u201315 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "the ACC" }],
              "question": "To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?",
              "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?",
              "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "Central Collegiate Hockey Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East, in terms of conference?",
              "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1223, "text": "Navy Blue and Gold Rush" }
              ],
              "question": "What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition?",
              "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1398, "text": "Leprechaun" }],
              "question": "What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?",
              "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 1, 2014, the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour will provide uniforms, apparel,equipment, and monetary compensation to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March, which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Under Armour" }],
              "question": "Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?",
              "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "almost $100 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "1846" }],
              "question": "When did the Notre Dame marching band form?",
              "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?",
              "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 657, "text": "Notre Dame Victory March" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Notre Dame fight song?",
              "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims 11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Michigan Wolverines football team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?",
              "id": "5733c4494776f419006611da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "In what year did Notre Dame football begin?",
              "id": "5733c4494776f419006611db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Ohio State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?",
              "id": "5733c4494776f419006611dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "USC" }],
              "question": "Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?",
              "id": "5733c4494776f419006611dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "the most" }],
              "question": "In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?",
              "id": "5733c4494776f419006611de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916\u201320. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009. Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52\u201321. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons. Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games, his overall record was 35\u201327, mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history. The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "George Gipp" }],
              "question": "What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?",
              "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "the Army team" }],
              "question": "Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to \"win one for the Gipper?\"",
              "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Pat O'Brien" }],
              "question": "Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie \"Knute Rockne?\"",
              "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Gipp" }],
              "question": "Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's \"Knute Rockne?\"",
              "id": "5733c743d058e614000b6230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "80,795" }],
              "question": "How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?",
              "id": "5733c743d058e614000b6231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "two-story banner" }],
              "question": "What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the Drummers' Circle" }
              ],
              "question": "What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "the steps of Bond Hall" }
              ],
              "question": "From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?",
              "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?",
              "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?",
              "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6267"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61. Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions twice. The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88-game winning streak in 1974. The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion (within the Edmund P. Joyce Center), which reopened for the beginning of the 2009\u20132010 season. The team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2014\u201315 season, his fifteenth at Notre Dame, has achieved a 332-165 record. In 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship. The 2010\u201311 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country, with a record of 25\u20135, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a second-place finish in the Big East. During the 2014-15 season, the team went 32-6 and won the ACC conference tournament, later advancing to the Elite 8, where the Fighting Irish lost on a missed buzzer-beater against then undefeated Kentucky. Led by NBA draft picks Jerian Grant and Pat Connaughton, the Fighting Irish beat the eventual national champion Duke Blue Devils twice during the season. The 32 wins were the most by the Fighting Irish team since 1908-09.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "over 1,600" }],
              "question": "How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?",
              "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?",
              "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?",
              "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Austin Carr" }],
              "question": "Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?",
              "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "Mike Brey" }],
              "question": "Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?",
              "id": "5733caf74776f41900661250"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "John F. Shea" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?",
              "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Rev. Michael J. Shea" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for writing the music for \"Notre Dame Victory March?\"",
              "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "In what year did \"Notre Dame Victory March\" get copyrighted?",
              "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b6290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "onward to victory" }],
              "question": "To where are the loyal sons in \"Notre Dame Fight Song\" marching?",
              "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b6291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the film Knute Rockne, All American, Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien) delivers the famous \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie Airplane! with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie Rudy, with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "The Gipper" }],
              "question": "Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?",
              "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Airplane!" }],
              "question": "In what film did a parody of the \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech appear?",
              "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Sean Astin" }],
              "question": "Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?",
              "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "George Zipp" }],
              "question": "Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?",
              "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Knute Rockne" }],
              "question": "Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?",
              "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661274"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus. A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, the Rev. John Jenkins. Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue, and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Tim Brown, Ross Browner, Rocket Ismail, Ruth Riley, Jeff Samardzija, Jerome Bettis, Brett Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Condoleezza Rice" }],
              "question": "Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733cd504776f4190066128e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Eric F. Wieschaus" }],
              "question": "Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?",
              "id": "5733cd504776f4190066128f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Rev. John Jenkins" }],
              "question": "Who is the current president of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733cd504776f41900661290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "Olympic gold" }],
              "question": "Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what?",
              "id": "5733cd504776f41900661291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1232, "text": "Jim Wetherbee" }],
              "question": "Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5733cd504776f41900661292"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Beyonc\u00e9",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (/bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyonc\u00e9's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "in the late 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce start becoming popular?",
              "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "singing and dancing" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?",
              "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?",
              "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Houston, Texas" }],
              "question": "In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ",
              "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "late 1990s" }],
              "question": "In which decade did Beyonce become famous?",
              "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Destiny's Child" }],
              "question": "In what R&B group was she the lead singer?",
              "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "What album made her a worldwide known artist?",
              "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Mathew Knowles" }],
              "question": "Who managed the Destiny's Child group?",
              "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "In what city did Beyonce grow up?",
              "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonce's first solo album?",
              "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "September 4, 1981" }],
              "question": "On what date was Beyonce born?",
              "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Beyonce's full name?",
              "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "late 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 rise to fame?",
              "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "lead singer" }],
              "question": "What role did Beyonc\u00e9 have in Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first album Beyonc\u00e9 released as a solo artist?",
              "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Dangerously in Love?",
              "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win for her first solo album?",
              "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "lead singer" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's role in Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first solo album?",
              "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?",
              "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in June 2005, she released her second solo album, B'Day (2006), which contained hits \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", \"Irreplaceable\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also ventured into acting, with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls (2006), and starring roles in The Pink Panther (2006) and Obsessed (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records (2008) influenced her third album, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album 4 (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed fifth studio album, Beyonc\u00e9 (2013), was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "acting" }],
              "question": "After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?",
              "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Which artist did Beyonce marry?",
              "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?",
              "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?",
              "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?",
              "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Which album was darker in tone from her previous work?",
              "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Cadillac Records" }],
              "question": "After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?",
              "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "June 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child end their group act?",
              "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "B'Day" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album?",
              "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first acting job, in 2006?",
              "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9 married to?",
              "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Sasha Fierce" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter-ego?",
              "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A self-described \"modern-day feminist\", Beyonc\u00e9 creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 19 years, she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "love, relationships, and monogamy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?",
              "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "influential" }],
              "question": "Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?",
              "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?",
              "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?",
              "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?",
              "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "modern-day feminist" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?",
              "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "2013 and 2014" }],
              "question": "In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?",
              "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "118 million" }],
              "question": "How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?",
              "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "60 million" }],
              "question": "How many records did Beyonc\u00e9 sell as part of Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "118 million" }],
              "question": "After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyonc\u00e9 release under her own name?",
              "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy awards has Beyonc\u00e9 won?",
              "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "What magazine named Beyonc\u00e9 as the most powerful female musician for 2015?",
              "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine Ann \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny's Child. Mathew is African-American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (with African, Native American, French, Cajun, and distant Irish and Spanish ancestry). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. She was raised in a Methodist household.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Destiny's Child" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?",
              "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "her mother's maiden name" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce get her name from?",
              "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "What race was Beyonce's father?",
              "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Methodist" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?",
              "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Xerox" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?",
              "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c9659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "hairdresser and salon owner" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?",
              "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Solange" }],
              "question": "What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Joseph Broussard" }],
              "question": "Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?",
              "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Xerox" }],
              "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9's father work for when she was a child?",
              "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "salon" }],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9's mother own when Beyonc\u00e9 was a child?",
              "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Solange" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister?",
              "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Joseph Broussard." }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of which Acadian leader?",
              "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Methodist" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was raised in what religion?",
              "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Elementary School in Fredericksburg, Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Fredericksburg" }],
              "question": "What town did Beyonce go to school in?",
              "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Darlette Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?",
              "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?",
              "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "dance instructor Darlette Johnson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?",
              "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 711,
                  "text": "St. John's United Methodist Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?",
              "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "music magnet school" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of school was Parker Elementary School?",
              "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Imagine" }],
              "question": "Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?",
              "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Fredericksburg" }],
              "question": "What city was Beyonc\u00e9's elementary school located in?",
              "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Darlette Johnson" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first dance instructor?",
              "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she won a school talent show?",
              "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 711,
                  "text": "St. John's United Methodist Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What choir did Beyonc\u00e9 sing in for two years?",
              "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At age eight, Beyonc\u00e9 and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl's Tyme, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager" }],
              "question": "Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?",
              "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c909f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9's father" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?",
              "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "Elektra Records" }],
              "question": "Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?",
              "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager" }],
              "question": "Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?",
              "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?",
              "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1264, "text": "Sony Music" }],
              "question": "What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?",
              "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "Elektra Records" }],
              "question": "What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?",
              "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "age eight" }],
              "question": "At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?",
              "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she met LaTavia Roberson?",
              "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Girl's Tyme" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first group Beyonc\u00e9 was a part of?",
              "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager" }],
              "question": "Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?",
              "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 begin to manage the girl group?",
              "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1126,
                  "text": "Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?",
              "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black" }],
              "question": "Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?",
              "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "\"Say My Name\"" }],
              "question": "For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?",
              "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"",
              "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?",
              "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Book of Isaiah" }],
              "question": "The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?",
              "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black" }],
              "question": "Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?",
              "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "Say My Name" }],
              "question": "What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson" }],
              "question": "What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?",
              "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Book of Isaiah." }],
              "question": "Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?",
              "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black." }],
              "question": "Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?",
              "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "No, No, No" }],
              "question": "What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?",
              "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child release their second album?",
              "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sing a duet with for \"The Best Man\" film?",
              "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "depression" }],
              "question": "What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?",
              "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "boyfriend left her" }
              ],
              "question": "What event occured after she was publicly criticized?",
              "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who supported Beyonce through her depression?",
              "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "split with Luckett and Rober" }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused Beyonce's depression?",
              "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "a couple of years" }],
              "question": "How long was Beyonce depressed?",
              "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?",
              "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d8311f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?",
              "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Farrah Franklin" }],
              "question": "Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Independent Women Part I" }
              ],
              "question": "\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?",
              "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?",
              "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?",
              "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "663,000 copies" }],
              "question": "Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?",
              "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Georges Bizet" }],
              "question": "What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Survivor" }],
              "question": "What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?",
              "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Charlie's Angels." }],
              "question": "Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?",
              "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Carmen: A Hip Hopera" }
              ],
              "question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?",
              "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Survivor" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?",
              "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "Luckett and Roberson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?",
              "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1070, "text": "October 2001" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?",
              "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83158"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film, Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Mike Myers" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?",
              "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "UK, Norway, and Belgium" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?",
              "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "The Fighting Temptations" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?",
              "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Missy Elliott" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?",
              "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "Summertime" }],
              "question": "Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?",
              "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember" }
              ],
              "question": "What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?",
              "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "73 million" }],
              "question": "What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?",
              "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "musical comedy" }],
              "question": "What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?",
              "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Fighting Temptations" }
              ],
              "question": "What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?",
              "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "mixed reviews" }],
              "question": "How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?",
              "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember" }
              ],
              "question": "What film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Mike Myers in 2002?",
              "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Foxxy Cleopatra" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?",
              "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Work It Out" }],
              "question": "Which song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?",
              "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "The Fighting Temptations" }
              ],
              "question": "What musical comedy did Beyonc\u00e9 star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?",
              "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Fighting Temptations" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?",
              "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83162"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "number four" }],
              "question": "What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?",
              "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?",
              "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "11 million" }],
              "question": "How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?",
              "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Crazy in Love" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's first number one song was which song?",
              "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many top five singles came from her first album?",
              "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?",
              "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Dangerously in Love" }
              ],
              "question": "What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?",
              "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "number four" }],
              "question": " The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?",
              "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1042, "text": "Luther Vandross" }],
              "question": "\"The Closer I get to You\" was recorded with which artist?",
              "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Which artist was associated with Beyonc\u00e9's premiere solo recording?",
              "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "June 24, 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?",
              "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Crazy in Love" }],
              "question": "What is the lead single on Beyonc\u00e9's first album?",
              "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1042, "text": "Luther Vandross." }],
              "question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "five." }],
              "question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?",
              "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83176"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled" }],
              "question": "Destiny's Child's final album was named what?",
              "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1212, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?",
              "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?",
              "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb140055117f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "It was announced that Destiny's Child would  disban in what European city?",
              "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1206, "text": "March 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?",
              "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Dangerously in Love Tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's European start that started in November 2003?",
              "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?",
              "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Super Bowl XXXVIII" }
              ],
              "question": "What major event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at on February 1, 2004?",
              "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 848, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the final studio album from Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "541,000" }],
              "question": "How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?",
              "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu" }],
              "question": "The lead single from the album was which song?",
              "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many countries did her song \"Irreplaceable\" get number one status in?",
              "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many singles did her second album produce?",
              "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "twenty-fifth birthday" }
              ],
              "question": "What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?",
              "id": "56bf940da10cfb1400551189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, \"Deja Vu''?",
              "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "top five" }],
              "question": "How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?",
              "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "B'Day" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second album?",
              "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "541,000" }],
              "question": "How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?",
              "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Who collaborated with Beyonc\u00e9 on the single, Deja Vu?",
              "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Green Light" }],
              "question": "Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?",
              "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83193"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1] Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "The Pink Panther" }],
              "question": "What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?",
              "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?",
              "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "The single, \"Listen\" was featured in which movie?",
              "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's first world tour was when?",
              "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "24 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Beyonce's tour make in 2007?",
              "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "158.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?",
              "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?",
              "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "Shakira" }],
              "question": "Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?",
              "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "The Pink Panther" }],
              "question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star with Steve Martin in?",
              "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Diana Ross." }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer?",
              "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Listen" }],
              "question": "What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?",
              "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first international tour?",
              "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "Shakira" }],
              "question": "What pop singer did a duet with Beyonc\u00e9 on Beautiful Liar?",
              "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. I Am... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18, 2008 in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\", selling 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyonc\u00e9 her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured the number-one song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and the top-five songs \"If I Were a Boy\" and \"Halo\". Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, \"Halo\"'s success in the US helped Beyonc\u00e9 attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. It also included the successful \"Sweet Dreams\", and singles \"Diva\", \"Ego\", \"Broken-Hearted Girl\" and \"Video Phone\". The music video for \"Single Ladies\" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the \"first major dance craze\" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star. The video has won several awards, including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for nine awards, ultimately winning three including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?",
              "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "November 18, 2008" }],
              "question": "Her third album, \"I am...Sasha Fierce\" was released when?",
              "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?",
              "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1567, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?",
              "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1881, "text": "119.5 million" }],
              "question": "In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?",
              "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c9110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "in a video montage" }],
              "question": "How did she reveal the marriage?",
              "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1744, "text": "March 2009" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?",
              "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1567, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?",
              "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1881, "text": "119.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the second world tour make in dollars?",
              "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 4, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 get married?",
              "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Jay Z." }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 marry?",
              "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Sasha Fierce" }],
              "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?",
              "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Single Ladies" }],
              "question": "The video for what song won Beyonc\u00e9 the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?",
              "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1611, "text": "Kanye West" }],
              "question": "Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyonc\u00e9 instead of Taylor Swift?",
              "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Etta James" }],
              "question": "Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?",
              "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House" }],
              "question": "Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?",
              "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "At Last" }],
              "question": "Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? ",
              "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "thriller" }],
              "question": "What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?",
              "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1101,
                  "text": "MTV Movie Award for Best Fight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A fight scene from the movie, Obsessed, won which award for Beyonce?",
              "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c911a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House" }],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?",
              "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Obsessed" }],
              "question": "What thriller film did Beyonce star in?",
              "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Sharon Charles" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?",
              "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "60 million" }],
              "question": "How much more that the buget did the film gross?",
              "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Etta James" }],
              "question": "Which singer did Beyonc\u00e9 portray in Cadillac Records?",
              "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House" }],
              "question": "Which organization received Beyonc\u00e9's entire Cadillac Records salary?",
              "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "the First Couple's first inaugural ball."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform on January 20, 2009?",
              "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Obsessed." }],
              "question": "Which thriller film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Ali Larter?",
              "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am... Sasha Fierce, Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill" }],
              "question": "Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?",
              "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer?",
              "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song \"Telephone\"?",
              "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey" }],
              "question": "Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?",
              "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "ten nominations" }],
              "question": "Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Telephone" }],
              "question": "What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?",
              "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey" }],
              "question": "Who did they tie with for six top songs?",
              "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?",
              "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many nominations did Beyonc\u00e9 receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?",
              "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?",
              "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?",
              "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?",
              "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?",
              "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?",
              "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Great Wall of China" }
              ],
              "question": "Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?",
              "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?",
              "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who inspired this hiatus?",
              "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "During the break" }],
              "question": "When did she stop using her father as a manager?",
              "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "nine months" }],
              "question": "How long did the hiatus last?",
              "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "a hiatus" }],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 announce in January 2010?",
              "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who suggested the hiatus for Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "her father" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 part ways with during her hiatus?",
              "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "nine months" }],
              "question": "How long did her hiatus last?",
              "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyonc\u00e9 was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyonc\u00e9 later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?",
              "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows?",
              "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "the 2011 Glastonbury Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?",
              "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "The Huffington Post" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?",
              "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "minute" }],
              "question": "Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?",
              "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "documents obtained by WikiLeaks" }
              ],
              "question": "Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi?",
              "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did this leak happen?",
              "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "The Huffington Post" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did she tell about the donation?",
              "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Glastonbury Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?",
              "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi." }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 perform privately for in 2011?",
              "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "WikiLeaks" }],
              "question": "Who released the information about Beyonc\u00e9's performance for the Libyan ruler?",
              "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund." }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization did Beyonc\u00e9 donate her pay for the private performance to?",
              "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Pyramid stage" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?",
              "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28, 2011 in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\", which both attained moderate success. The fourth single \"Love on Top\" was a commercial success in the US. 4 also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9 concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?",
              "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Love on Top" }],
              "question": "Which single had the most success from that album?",
              "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "writing" }],
              "question": "Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?",
              "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom" }
              ],
              "question": "in 2011, Beyonce performed for four nights where?",
              "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "June 28, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was Beyonce's forth album released?",
              "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "310,000 copies" }],
              "question": "How many copies did the album sell in its first week?",
              "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "New York Association of Black Journalists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?",
              "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?",
              "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's fourth studio album?",
              "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "June 28, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was 4 released?",
              "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "310,000" }],
              "question": "How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?",
              "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Essence" }],
              "question": "What magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 write a story for about her earlier hiatus?",
              "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?",
              "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?",
              "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?",
              "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's first child is named what?",
              "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?",
              "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c9160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?",
              "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "What was the child's name?",
              "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Five months" }],
              "question": "How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?",
              "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "four nights" }],
              "question": "How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City?",
              "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to a daughter?",
              "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 name her daughter?",
              "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital in New York."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Blue Ivy born?",
              "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Beyonc\u00e9's first public performance after giving birth?",
              "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many nights did Beyonc\u00e9 play at the resort?",
              "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2013, Destiny's Child released Love Songs, a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film, which she directed and produced herself, featured footage from her childhood, her as a mother and businesswoman, recording, rehearsing for live performances, and her return to the spotlight following Blue Ivy's birth. Its DVD release in November 2013 was accompanied by footage from the Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live concerts and a new song, \"God Made You Beautiful\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music, which would cover her future songwriting and then-upcoming studio album.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "romance" }],
              "question": "Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?",
              "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Life Is But a Dream" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?",
              "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1163, "text": "global publishing agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonce sign in 2013?",
              "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c916a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child release its album \"Love Songs\"?",
              "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuclear" }],
              "question": "What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?",
              "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "President Obama" }],
              "question": "At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem?",
              "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "268,000 tweets per minute" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?",
              "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?",
              "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuclear" }],
              "question": "What was the new track for Love Songs?",
              "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "the American national anthem" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at President Obama's second inauguration?",
              "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? ",
              "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Life Is But a Dream" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's documentary film?",
              "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83226"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most-successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released. She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "132" }],
              "question": "How many dates did Beyonce's \"The Mrs. Carter Show\" entail?",
              "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "The Mrs. Carter Show" }
              ],
              "question": "One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?",
              "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Rise Up" }],
              "question": "Beyonce wrote which song for the movie \"Epic\"?",
              "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Epic" }],
              "question": "Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?",
              "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "April 15" }],
              "question": "When did the tour begin?",
              "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "2013 Met Gala" }],
              "question": "Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair?",
              "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Queen Tara" }],
              "question": "What part did she voice for the movie Epic?",
              "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Rise Up" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?",
              "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's tour that she started on April 15?",
              "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "132" }],
              "question": "How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?",
              "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Back to Black" }],
              "question": "Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover and release in May 2014?",
              "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Met Gala." }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?",
              "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Queen Tara" }],
              "question": "Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d83230"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 13, 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyonc\u00e9 received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, Forbes reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row\u2014earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyonc\u00e9 was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "the iTunes Store" }],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?",
              "id": "56be9e453aeaaa14008c917a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 13, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?",
              "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "the iTunes Store" }],
              "question": "Where was the album released? ",
              "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?",
              "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1344, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?",
              "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1471,
                  "text": "more than double her earnings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much more were her earnings that the year before?",
              "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 13, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her fifth studio album?",
              "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "one million" }],
              "question": "How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyonc\u00e9 sell in six days?",
              "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "Drunk in Love" }],
              "question": "What song on Beyonc\u00e9's fifth studio album featured her husband?",
              "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 974, "text": "On the Run Tour." }],
              "question": "What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z?",
              "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyonc\u00e9. She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album. In August, the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online, Beyonc\u00e9 as the cover star, becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue. She headlined the 2015 Made in America festival in early September and also the Global Citizen Festival later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 made an uncredited featured appearance on the track \"Hymn for the Weekend\" by British rock band Coldplay, on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015), which saw release in December. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi announced Beyonc\u00e9 would perform alongside Coldplay at Super Bowl 50 in February. Knowles has previously performed at four Super Bowl shows throughout her career, serving as the main headliner of the 47th Super Bowl halftime show in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck" }],
              "question": "Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?",
              "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?",
              "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay" }],
              "question": "Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?",
              "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck" }],
              "question": "Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?",
              "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?",
              "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c9191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "six awards" }],
              "question": "If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?",
              "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "On what magazine was she the cover model?",
              "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay" }],
              "question": "Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?",
              "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay" }],
              "question": "With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?",
              "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many awards was Beyonc\u00e9 nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?",
              "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 57th Annual Grammys?",
              "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?",
              "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "Which magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?",
              "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?",
              "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83244"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyonc\u00e9 released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called \"Formation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "Beyonce released the song \"Formation\" on which online music service?",
              "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c9199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Formation" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?",
              "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c919a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 6, 2016" }],
              "question": "What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?",
              "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "exclusively" }],
              "question": "How was the single released?",
              "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the streaming service?",
              "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "music streaming" }],
              "question": "What kind of platform was the song released?",
              "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 6, 2016" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Formation?",
              "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 exclusively release her single, Formation?",
              "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million" }],
              "question": "As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?",
              "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Beyonce become pregnant?",
              "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "miscarriage" }],
              "question": "Beyonce described what as the \"hardest thing she had to endure\"?",
              "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?",
              "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "April 4, 2008" }],
              "question": "When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?",
              "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million" }],
              "question": "Together how records have they sold ?",
              "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "wrote music" }],
              "question": "How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?",
              "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?",
              "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" }],
              "question": "In which music video did Beyonc\u00e9 star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?",
              "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "April 4, 2008" }],
              "question": "When were Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z married?",
              "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million" }],
              "question": "How many records combined have Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z sold?",
              "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "miscarriage" }],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the saddest thing in her life?",
              "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 912, "text": "Paris." }],
              "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 get pregnant?",
              "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and started the performance saying \"Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet, I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me\". At the end of the performance, she dropped her microphone, unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach, confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "MTV Video Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?",
              "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "her pregnancy" }],
              "question": "Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?",
              "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "12.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?",
              "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did she announce her pregnancy?",
              "id": "56bfab98a10cfb140055121f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Her appearance" }],
              "question": "Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?",
              "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "most tweets per second" }
              ],
              "question": "What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?",
              "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Beyonce pregnant" }],
              "question": "What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?",
              "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Love on Top" }],
              "question": "What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?",
              "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 announce her pregnancy?",
              "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Love on Top" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?",
              "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "12.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?",
              "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Beyonce pregnant" }],
              "question": "What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?",
              "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security. Two days later, Jay Z released \"Glory\", a song dedicated to their child, on his website Lifeandtimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyonc\u00e9 suffered before becoming pregnant with Blue Ivy. Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as \"B.I.C.\" on it. At two days old, she became the youngest person ever to appear on a Billboard chart when \"Glory\" debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Lifeandtimes.com" }],
              "question": "Jay Z has a website called what?",
              "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory" }],
              "question": "Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?",
              "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?",
              "id": "56bfacdda10cfb1400551229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "At what hospital was the baby delivered?",
              "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory" }],
              "question": "What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?",
              "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "What does B.I.C. stand for?",
              "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "B.I.C." }],
              "question": "Who was credited for her cries on the song?",
              "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to her daughter?",
              "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter" }],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z name their daughter?",
              "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory" }],
              "question": "What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?",
              "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Blue Ivy's cries" }],
              "question": "What is included at the end of Glory?",
              "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "B.I.C." }],
              "question": "How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?",
              "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and husband Jay Z are friends with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. She performed \"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z held a fundraiser at the latter's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. Beyonc\u00e9 uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so. She also performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration, singing along with a pre-recorded track. She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8. In July 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "George Zimmerman" }],
              "question": "Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?",
              "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?",
              "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "4 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?",
              "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "same sex marriage" }],
              "question": "What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?",
              "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "a rally" }],
              "question": "What did they attend in July 2013?",
              "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful" }
              ],
              "question": "What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?",
              "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?",
              "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "At Last" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.",
              "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Tumblr" }],
              "question": "What social media platform did Beyonc\u00e9 upload a picture of her paper ballot on?",
              "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "same sex marriage" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 endorse on March 26, 2013?",
              "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d83270"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, \"that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?",
              "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy campaign" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?",
              "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?",
              "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "April 2013" }],
              "question": "When did she say the she is a feminist?",
              "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy" }],
              "question": "What campaign did she contribute to?",
              "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Flawless" }],
              "question": "What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?",
              "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "leadership in girls" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Ban Bossy encourage?",
              "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?",
              "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy" }],
              "question": "Which campaign does Beyonc\u00e9 contribute to that encourages leadership in females?",
              "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83278"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2015 Beyonc\u00e9 signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the ONE Campaign" }],
              "question": "Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015?",
              "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "September 2015" }],
              "question": "An important UN summit took place when?",
              "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?",
              "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "priorities" }],
              "question": "What had to be set in developing funding?",
              "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?",
              "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom was the letter addressed?",
              "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "head of the G7 in Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are these women?",
              "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "September 2015" }],
              "question": "When will they meet?",
              "id": "56bfb10da10cfb140055124b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the ONE Campaign" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sign a letter for in 2015?",
              "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the letter addressed to?",
              "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the head of the G7 in Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?",
              "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?",
              "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d8328a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the death of Freddie Gray, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, among other notable figures, met with his family. After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray's death, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Freddie Gray" }],
              "question": "Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?",
              "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c9239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "protesters" }],
              "question": "Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?",
              "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c923a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Freddie Gray" }],
              "question": "Who's death caused this protest?",
              "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "thousands of dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much bail money did they spend?",
              "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551254"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyonc\u00e9's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the \"Most Powerful Women in the World\" list in 2010. The following year, Forbes placed her eighth on the \"Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30\" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In the same year, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z placed at number one on the \"World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples\", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; she succeeded to do so in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at #1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 \u2013 June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. As of May 2015, her net worth is estimated to be $250 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Madonna and Celine Dion" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?",
              "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1013, "text": "highest-earning power couple" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?",
              "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1460, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?",
              "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1880, "text": "250 million" }],
              "question": "Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?",
              "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Madonna and Celine Dion" }
              ],
              "question": "Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?",
              "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?",
              "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?",
              "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1660, "text": "115 million" }],
              "question": "How much did she earn in 2014?",
              "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1880, "text": "250 million" }],
              "question": "What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?",
              "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "Who began reporting Beyonc\u00e9's annual earnings, starting in 2008?",
              "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1557, "text": "April 2014." }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 become the highest paid black musician, ever?",
              "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1427, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "Who predicted that Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest paid black entertainer?",
              "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1204, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Jay Z and Beyonc\u00e9 become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?",
              "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83298"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". While another critic says she is a \"Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly, and in key. Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. The Daily Mail calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice \"versatile\", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyonc\u00e9's strange rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?",
              "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c926f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Jody Rosen" }],
              "question": "who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?",
              "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "The Daily Mail" }],
              "question": "Which critic called Beyonce's voice \"versatile\"?",
              "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce's singing style by Jody Rosen?",
              "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "four octaves" }],
              "question": "How many octaves does Beyonce have?",
              "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "versatile" }],
              "question": "What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?",
              "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?",
              "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 883, "text": "praise her range and power" }
              ],
              "question": "What do other critics claim?",
              "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many octaves does Beyonc\u00e9's voice span?",
              "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Her vocal abilities" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Beyonc\u00e9 known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "tart" }],
              "question": "New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice velvety yet what?",
              "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "the hip hop era" }],
              "question": "What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyonc\u00e9's vocal style?",
              "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B" }],
              "question": "Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?",
              "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "pop, soul and funk" }],
              "question": "Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?",
              "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?",
              "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "re-release of B'Day" }
              ],
              "question": "Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what?",
              "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Rudy Perez" }],
              "question": "Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?",
              "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B" }],
              "question": "What kind of music does Beyonce do?",
              "id": "56bfb789a10cfb140055126f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language does she mainly sing?",
              "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What other language has she sung?",
              "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "B'Day" }],
              "question": "What album did she re-release in Spanish?",
              "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B" }],
              "question": "What style of music does Beyonc\u00e9 usually perform?",
              "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language did Beyonc\u00e9 release several songs in?",
              "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Rudy Perez." }],
              "question": "Who coached Beyonc\u00e9 for her Spanish recordings?",
              "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "B'Day." }],
              "question": "What album did the Spanish songs come from?",
              "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "beats" }],
              "question": "Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?",
              "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Cater 2 U" }],
              "question": "An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?",
              "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "female-empowerment" }
              ],
              "question": "What theme was Beyonce's early music?",
              "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb1400551279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "man-tending anthems" }
              ],
              "question": "With Jay Z what were her new themes?",
              "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "co-producing credits" }
              ],
              "question": "What does she get credits for in her music?",
              "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "melodies" }],
              "question": "What part of production does she do?",
              "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Women" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's early recordings empowered who?",
              "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "co-producing" }],
              "question": "In addition to co-writing credits, Beyonc\u00e9 also got what credits for most of her albums?",
              "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "melodies and ideas" }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than beats, what two things does Beyonc\u00e9 usually come up with for producers?",
              "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for 4.) In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?",
              "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?",
              "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Diane Warren" }],
              "question": "Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?",
              "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?",
              "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?",
              "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?",
              "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "Billboard magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?",
              "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "third woman" }],
              "question": "Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?",
              "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?",
              "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave Beyonc\u00e9 the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?",
              "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\" list.",
              "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "What number was Beyonc\u00e9 on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?",
              "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\" and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?",
              "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?",
              "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?",
              "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "vocal runs" }],
              "question": "Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?",
              "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who influenced Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb140055128d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Vision of Love" }],
              "question": "What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?",
              "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb1400551290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's biggest musical influence?",
              "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first concert?",
              "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Diana Ross" }],
              "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 feel is an all-around entertainer?",
              "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Whitney Houston" }],
              "question": "Who does she credit for the inspiration to \"get up there and do what she did\"?",
              "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Vision of Love" }],
              "question": "What song caused Beyonc\u00e9 to practice runs as a child?",
              "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "feminism and female empowerment" }
              ],
              "question": "What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?",
              "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Josephine Baker" }],
              "question": "Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song \"Deja Vu\"?",
              "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Etta James" }],
              "question": "Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?",
              "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? ",
              "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb1400551297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "boldness" }],
              "question": "How did Etta James influence her?",
              "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "2006 Fashion Rocks concert" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?",
              "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Josephine Baker." }],
              "question": "What singer inspired Beyonc\u00e9's B'Day album?",
              "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?",
              "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama, saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented: \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Michelle Obama" }],
              "question": "Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?",
              "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "February 2013" }],
              "question": "Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?",
              "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Oprah Winfrey" }],
              "question": "Beyonce has said that who embodies the \"definition of inspiration and a strong woman\"?",
              "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Michelle Obama" }],
              "question": "Who personally influences Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "a strong woman" }],
              "question": "Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?",
              "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "lyrical and raw" }],
              "question": "How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?",
              "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "to take control of her own career"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Madonna influence her?",
              "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "continuing inspiration" }
              ],
              "question": "How does she describe Jay Z?",
              "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "First Lady Michelle Obama" }
              ],
              "question": "Who inspires Beyonc\u00e9 because \"she does it all?\"",
              "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Oprah Winfrey" }],
              "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the definition of inspiration?",
              "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Jean-Michel Basquiat" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as lyrical and raw?",
              "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to take control of her career?",
              "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am... World Tour and 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama" }],
              "question": "Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?",
              "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c937f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "The Mamas" }],
              "question": "Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?",
              "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?",
              "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "The Mamas first appearance was when?",
              "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama" }],
              "question": "What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?",
              "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama" }],
              "question": "What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?",
              "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "2006 BET Awards" }],
              "question": "Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?",
              "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama" }],
              "question": "What band supports Beyonce in her tours?",
              "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's female tour band?",
              "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "B'Day" }],
              "question": "Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyonc\u00e9 album?",
              "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "The Mamas" }],
              "question": "What are Beyonc\u00e9's backup singers called?",
              "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "the 2006 BET Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "When did The Mamas make their debut?",
              "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of Star Phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "stage presence and voice" }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?",
              "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "L.A. Reid" }],
              "question": "Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?",
              "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "stage presence" }],
              "question": "For what does Beyonce receive praise?",
              "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Jarett Wieselman" }],
              "question": "Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?",
              "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "greatest entertainer alive" }
              ],
              "question": "How has L.A. Reid described her?",
              "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "she's almost too good" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alice Jones describe her?",
              "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Jarett Wieselman" }],
              "question": "Who has Beyonc\u00e9 at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?",
              "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "L.A. Reid" }],
              "question": "Who has said that Beyonc\u00e9 is the best entertainer alive?",
              "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am... Sasha Fierce. In February 2010, she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live shows later that month.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Sasha Fierce" }],
              "question": "Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?",
              "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c939f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "making of \"Crazy in Love\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?",
              "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 712,
                  "text": "Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event?",
              "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "too aggressive, too strong" }
              ],
              "question": "How does she describe Sasha?",
              "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 679, "text": "she would bring her back" }
              ],
              "question": "Later what did she say about Sasha?",
              "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "Sasha Fierce." }],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?",
              "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce Sasha Fierce?",
              "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Crazy in Love" }],
              "question": "Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?",
              "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Allure magazine" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed?",
              "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term \"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "wide-ranging" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?",
              "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Tour\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Which music journalist described Beyonce as a \"crossover sex symbol?\"",
              "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious" }],
              "question": "Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?",
              "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Destiny's Child" }],
              "question": "Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?",
              "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious" }],
              "question": "Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious" }],
              "question": "What word is often used to describe Beyonce/",
              "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the term added to the dictionary?",
              "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Tour\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What journalist wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 was a \"sex symbol\"?",
              "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious" }],
              "question": "Because of Beyonc\u00e9's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?",
              "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 put in the dictionary?",
              "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "sexily" }],
              "question": "How does Beyonc\u00e9 say she likes to dress off-stage?",
              "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by People and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "modelling" }],
              "question": "in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?",
              "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?",
              "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "People" }],
              "question": "\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?",
              "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "January 2013" }],
              "question": "Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?",
              "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "VH1" }],
              "question": "What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?",
              "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "People" }],
              "question": "Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?",
              "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Complex" }],
              "question": "Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time?",
              "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did she appear on the cover of GQ?",
              "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "number 1" }],
              "question": "VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?",
              "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 first model for Tom Ford?",
              "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "People" }],
              "question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?",
              "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "Hottest Female Singer of All Time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Complex award Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museums" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum has made several models of Beyonc\u00e9 in wax?",
              "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83306"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Her mother" }],
              "question": "Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?",
              "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks" }],
              "question": "Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?",
              "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Destiny's Style" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?",
              "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?",
              "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks" }],
              "question": "Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?",
              "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?",
              "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d8330f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "People" }],
              "question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"best-dressed celebrity\"?",
              "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d83310"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Bey Hive" }],
              "question": "Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?",
              "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "The Beyontourage" }],
              "question": "Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?",
              "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Twitter" }],
              "question": "Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?",
              "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Bey Hive" }],
              "question": "What is Beyonce's fan base called?",
              "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Beyontourage" }],
              "question": "What did the fans used to be called?",
              "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Bey Hive" }],
              "question": "What is the latest term used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 fans?",
              "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Beyontourage" }],
              "question": "What was the former word given to Beyonc\u00e9 fans?",
              "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "beehive" }],
              "question": "What word does \"Bey Hive\" derive from?",
              "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83318"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "House of Der\u00e9on" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?",
              "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel" }],
              "question": "Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of?",
              "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "blackface and tribal makeup" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?",
              "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "for wearing and using fur" }
              ],
              "question": "What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006?",
              "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel" }],
              "question": "What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?",
              "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "in blackface and tribal makeup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?",
              "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel" }],
              "question": "What French magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?",
              "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d8331f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "House of Der\u00e9on." }
              ],
              "question": "What clothing line of Beyonc\u00e9 drew PETA criticism?",
              "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "French fashion magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of magazine is L'Officiel?",
              "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83321"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only \"natural pictures be used\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c943f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Emmett Price" }],
              "question": "Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al" }],
              "question": "Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?",
              "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "natural pictures be used" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Vogue request?",
              "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "it is categorically untrue" }
              ],
              "question": "How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?",
              "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "costuming" }],
              "question": "In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Emmett Price" }],
              "question": "In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?",
              "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of lightening Beyonc\u00e9's skin for an advertisement?",
              "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "Feria hair color advertisements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advertisement was Beyonc\u00e9's skin supposedly lightened in?",
              "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "H&M" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?",
              "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d8332a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "The Guardian" }],
              "question": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?",
              "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c944f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?",
              "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?",
              "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Artist of the Decade" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Guardian name her?",
              "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?",
              "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?",
              "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Baz Luhrmann" }],
              "question": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?",
              "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Jody Rosen" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Beyonc\u00e9 is the most important musician of the 21st century?",
              "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "The Guardian" }],
              "question": "Which publication named Beyonc\u00e9 the Artist of the Decade?",
              "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "Time 100 list" }],
              "question": "What list did Beyonc\u00e9 make in 2013?",
              "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Baz Luhrmann" }],
              "question": "Who said Beyonc\u00e9 is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?",
              "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "What year was Beyonc\u00e9 featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?",
              "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83334"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor, Nicole Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, JoJo, Alexis Jordan, Jessica Sanchez, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong. Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company's 2012 global campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits" }],
              "question": "Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?",
              "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Gwyneth Paltrow" }],
              "question": "Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, \"Country Strong?\"",
              "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Pepsi" }],
              "question": "Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?",
              "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign?",
              "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits" }],
              "question": "Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?",
              "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "work" }],
              "question": "What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?",
              "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Country Strong" }],
              "question": "For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?",
              "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits" }],
              "question": "Which Indie band said Beyonc\u00e9 was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?",
              "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Milk Famous" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?",
              "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Gwyneth Paltrow" }],
              "question": "Who studied Beyonc\u00e9 during live concerts for research for a film's music role?",
              "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Country Strong." }],
              "question": "What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician?",
              "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Nicki Minaj" }],
              "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?",
              "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", NME's \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the Toronto Star as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women. In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Crazy in Love" }],
              "question": "VH1 declared what song the \"Greatest song of the 2000s?\"",
              "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy awards did \"Crazy in Love\" win?",
              "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "8 million" }],
              "question": "How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?",
              "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "fly" }],
              "question": "What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?",
              "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1073, "text": "July 2014" }],
              "question": "A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?",
              "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Crazy in Love" }],
              "question": "Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?",
              "id": "56bfd565a10cfb1400551319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "earned two Grammy Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?",
              "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "around 8 million copies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?",
              "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Drake" }],
              "question": "Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?",
              "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Drake" }],
              "question": "Who sang \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\" in 2013?",
              "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "a species of horse fly" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83348"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified artist of the 2000s, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Crazy in Love\", \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, The Observer named her the Artist of the Decade and Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, Billboard named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female artist to be honored with the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "15 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US?",
              "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "118 million" }],
              "question": "Totaling worldwide, how many records as Beyonce sold?",
              "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?",
              "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "60 million" }],
              "question": "When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?",
              "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?",
              "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "15 million" }],
              "question": "How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?",
              "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "118 million" }],
              "question": "How many has she sold worldwide?",
              "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "60 million" }],
              "question": "How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1052, "text": "2008 World Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "When did she receive the Legend Award?",
              "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "64 certifications" }],
              "question": "How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?",
              "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "over 15 million" }],
              "question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold in the United States?",
              "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "over 118 million" }],
              "question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold throughout the world?",
              "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "The Recording Industry Association of America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who cited Beyonc\u00e9 as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?",
              "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How many certifications did RIAA give Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1048, "text": "the 2008 World Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 receive the Legend Award?",
              "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83352"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\" and \"Crazy in Love\" had previously won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Following her role in Dreamgirls she was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny's Child?",
              "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c949f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Alison Krauss" }],
              "question": "Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?",
              "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations?",
              "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?",
              "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?",
              "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "20 Grammy Awards" }],
              "question": "How many Grammies has Beyonce won?",
              "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "52 nominations" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have?",
              "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night?",
              "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Adele" }],
              "question": "Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?",
              "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb1400551330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many Grammys has Beyonc\u00e9 won?",
              "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d83358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy nominations has Beyonc\u00e9 had?",
              "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Beyonc\u00e9 song was song of the year on 2010?",
              "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "What movie had Beyonc\u00e9 nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?",
              "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Pepsi" }],
              "question": "Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?",
              "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "50 million" }],
              "question": "Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?",
              "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?",
              "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?",
              "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments?",
              "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004?",
              "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "endorse Pepsi" }],
              "question": "What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?",
              "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Center for Science in the Public Interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?",
              "id": "56bfda91a10cfb140055133a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Pepsi" }],
              "question": "What soft drink company has Beyonc\u00e9 worked with since 2002?",
              "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "$50 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Beyonc\u00e9 get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?",
              "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?",
              "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "NetBase" }],
              "question": "What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyonc\u00e9 did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?",
              "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83365"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Tommy Hilfiger" }],
              "question": "Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?",
              "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?",
              "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat" }],
              "question": "Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?",
              "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?",
              "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "400 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?",
              "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?",
              "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?",
              "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Pulse" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonce's third perfume named?",
              "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "six editions" }],
              "question": "How many editions of Heat have been launched?",
              "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Diamonds" }],
              "question": "Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyonc\u00e9 promote in 2007?",
              "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "2010." }],
              "question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce her first fragrance?",
              "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat" }],
              "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first fragrance called?",
              "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many editions of Heat exist?",
              "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d83370"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9 was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?",
              "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?",
              "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "since the age of 18" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?",
              "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "70 staff" }],
              "question": "How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?",
              "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "out of court" }],
              "question": "How was the suit settled?",
              "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the video game?",
              "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What video game did Beyonc\u00e9 back out of?",
              "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "GateFive" }],
              "question": "What company was producing the video game?",
              "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many people lost their jobs over Beyonc\u00e9 backing out of the deal?",
              "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "June 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the disagreement settled out of court?",
              "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2014, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, with an athletic, street wear brand being produced. \"Creating a partnership with Beyonc\u00e9, one of the most hard-working and talented people in the world, who spends many hours of her life dancing, rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category\" stated Sir Philip Green on the partnership. The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "fashion retailer Topshop" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?",
              "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd" }
              ],
              "question": "After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop\" new business was called what?",
              "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "activewear" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?",
              "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "fall of 2015" }],
              "question": "The company and products were set to be in stores when?",
              "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Topshop" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce partner with in London?",
              "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When will the new line launch?",
              "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Parkwood Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's management company?",
              "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Topshop" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?",
              "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where is Topshop located?",
              "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "activewear" }],
              "question": "What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership?",
              "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 30, 2015" }],
              "question": "When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?",
              "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?",
              "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 30, 2015" }],
              "question": "When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?",
              "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb140055135f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "music streaming service" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of service is Tidal?",
              "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "low payout of royalties" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a criticism of other streaming services?",
              "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Tidal." }],
              "question": "What music streaming system is Beyonc\u00e9 part owner of?",
              "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Aspiro" }],
              "question": "What is the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?",
              "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?",
              "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Spotify" }],
              "question": "What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?",
              "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their Destiny Fulfilled era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce's relatives?",
              "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's grandma's name was?",
              "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Beyond Productions" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce's family's company name is what?",
              "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 670,
                  "text": "sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?",
              "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "US and Canada" }],
              "question": "Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?",
              "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?",
              "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb1400551369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?",
              "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?",
              "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "in Destiny's Child's shows and tours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were items from the clothing line displayed?",
              "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who shares in the House of Der\u00e9on fashion line introduction with Beyonc\u00e9?",
              "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Der\u00e9on." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the House of Der\u00e9on junior collection?",
              "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83397"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "shoe" }],
              "question": "What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?",
              "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?",
              "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?",
              "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "House of Der\u00e9on collection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?",
              "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on" }
              ],
              "question": "What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?",
              "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "May 27, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?",
              "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "House of Brands" }],
              "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?",
              "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyonc\u00e9 fashions?",
              "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother?",
              "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "C&A" }],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?",
              "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Dillard's" }],
              "question": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?",
              "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Topshop" }],
              "question": "Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?",
              "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "autumn 2015" }],
              "question": "Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?",
              "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the new business called?",
              "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb140055137e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?",
              "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "April 2016" }],
              "question": "When will the full line appear?",
              "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Topshop" }],
              "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 contract with to sell clothing in England?",
              "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyonc\u00e9 and the British company to come out in 2016?",
              "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "activewear" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyonc\u00e9 sell?",
              "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Hurricane Katrina" }],
              "question": "What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?",
              "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?",
              "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Ike" }],
              "question": "What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?",
              "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Survivor Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?",
              "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "$250,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?",
              "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "expanded to work with other charities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has this foundation changed in recent years?",
              "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb140055138a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Survivor Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What foundation did Beyonc\u00e9 start after Hurricane Katrina?",
              "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "$250,000." }],
              "question": "How much money did Beyonc\u00e9 contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?",
              "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hurricane Ike" }],
              "question": "What other hurricane did Beyonc\u00e9's foundation help with?",
              "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?",
              "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Brooklyn Phoenix House" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?",
              "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "God Bless the USA" }],
              "question": "After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?",
              "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "$1 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? ",
              "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?",
              "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 849,
                  "text": "New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?",
              "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did she participate in with George Clooney?",
              "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two stars did Beyonc\u00e9 help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?",
              "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?",
              "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "God Bless the USA" }],
              "question": "What Lee Greenwood song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?",
              "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyonc\u00e9 said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyonc\u00e9 is also taking part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"",
              "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "I Was Here" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?",
              "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1553, "text": "Miss a Meal" }],
              "question": "Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?",
              "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?",
              "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1277, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?",
              "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?",
              "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "spread female empowerment" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?",
              "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1409, "text": "Catapult" }],
              "question": "What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?",
              "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Demand A Plan" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the campaign that Beyonc\u00e9 and others are involved in that deals with gun control?",
              "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School" }
              ],
              "question": "What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?",
              "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "I Was Here" }],
              "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?",
              "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?",
              "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Montana",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Montana i/m\u0252n\u02c8t\u00e6n\u0259/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word monta\u00f1a (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and more recently \"The Last Best Place\". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Spanish word monta\u00f1a (mountain)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the state's name come from?",
              "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b6199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "4th" }],
              "question": "What is the states rank in size?",
              "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "44th" }],
              "question": "What is its rank in popularion?",
              "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?",
              "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "from the Spanish word monta\u00f1a"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the state's name come from?",
              "id": "5733f0e34776f41900661573"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2\u20131 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "What year was the state tree selected?",
              "id": "5733d7164776f4190066132e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the state tree actually assigned?",
              "id": "5733d7164776f4190066132f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "What year was the state animal selected?",
              "id": "5733d7164776f41900661330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "grizzly bear" }],
              "question": "What is the state animal of Montana?",
              "id": "5733d7164776f41900661331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "Maiasaura" }],
              "question": "What is the state fossil",
              "id": "5733d7164776f41900661332"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a \"state ballad\", \"Montana Melody\", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When was the state song composed?",
              "id": "5733d7fd4776f41900661342"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864\u201365. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Oro y Plata" }],
              "question": "What is Montana's motto? ",
              "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "\"Gold and Silver\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Montana's motto mean?",
              "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "When was the motto adopted?",
              "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "WHen was the state flower adopted?",
              "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "bitterroot" }],
              "question": "What is the state flower for Montana?",
              "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the \"big 7\" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "35 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the states population does the \"Big 7\" have?",
              "id": "5733e9864776f419006614cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "How many counties does Montana have?",
              "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Billings" }],
              "question": "What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?",
              "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Missoula and Great Falls" }
              ],
              "question": "What two cities have a population over 50,000?",
              "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Monta\u00f1a, meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". Monta\u00f1a del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had \"no meaning\". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "\"mountain\"" }],
              "question": "Where does the state's name mean?",
              "id": "5733f18ad058e614000b6643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Monta\u00f1a del Norte" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Spanish call this region?",
              "id": "5733f18ad058e614000b6644"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "147,040 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total area of Montana?",
              "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Wyoming" }],
              "question": "What state does Montana border to the south?",
              "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Idaho" }],
              "question": "What state does it border to the west?",
              "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "western half of the state" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are most of the states mountain ranges?",
              "id": "573408fed058e614000b6835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "About 60 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the state is prarie?",
              "id": "573408fed058e614000b6836"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?",
              "id": "573409bed058e614000b6839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Hudson Bay." }],
              "question": "Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?",
              "id": "573409bed058e614000b683a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "over 10,000 feet" }],
              "question": "How high is the Beartooth Plateau?",
              "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Granite Peak" }],
              "question": "What is thie highest point in the state?",
              "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "12,799 feet" }],
              "question": "How high is Granite Peak?",
              "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6853"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?",
              "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "How long has the single congressional district been Republican?",
              "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "59 to 41." }],
              "question": "What is the split in the State House of Representatives?",
              "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "29 to 21" }],
              "question": "What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?",
              "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "a swing state" }],
              "question": "In elections, what is Montana considered?",
              "id": "57341184d058e614000b68da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year was the last Democrat for president supported?",
              "id": "57341184d058e614000b68db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "60 percent" }],
              "question": "How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?",
              "id": "57341184d058e614000b68dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "40 percent" }],
              "question": "How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?",
              "id": "57341184d058e614000b68dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?",
              "id": "573412ebd058e614000b68f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?",
              "id": "573412ebd058e614000b68f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "BNSF Railway" }],
              "question": "What is the states largest railway?",
              "id": "573413594776f41900661803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1880s" }],
              "question": "How long have railroads been important since in Montana",
              "id": "573413594776f41900661804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?",
              "id": "573414644776f4190066180d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "What season is black bear hunting allowed?",
              "id": "573414644776f4190066180e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "wolves and mountain lions" }
              ],
              "question": "What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?",
              "id": "573414644776f4190066180f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?",
              "id": "57341539d058e614000b6906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Federation of Fly Fishers" }
              ],
              "question": "What fishing organization has its home here?",
              "id": "57341539d058e614000b6907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "trout and kokanee salmon fisheries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of fisheries does the state have?",
              "id": "57341539d058e614000b6908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "A River Runs Through It" }
              ],
              "question": "What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?",
              "id": "57341539d058e614000b6909"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "April 26, 1864" }],
              "question": "When was the Montana Territory formed?",
              "id": "5734161dd058e614000b690e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "When was the first formal school on record?",
              "id": "5734161dd058e614000b690f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "$1.75" }],
              "question": "How much were students charged per week?",
              "id": "5734161dd058e614000b6910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1044, "text": "1886" }],
              "question": "When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?",
              "id": "5734161dd058e614000b6911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "450" }],
              "question": "How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?",
              "id": "573416974776f41900661835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Hudson Bay" }],
              "question": "What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?",
              "id": "573416974776f41900661836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the watersheds divide at?",
              "id": "573416974776f41900661837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?",
              "id": "573416974776f41900661838"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rivers form the Missouri River?",
              "id": "5734173b4776f4190066184f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Three Forks" }],
              "question": "Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?",
              "id": "5734173b4776f41900661850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Which direction does the water flow in this area?",
              "id": "5734173b4776f41900661851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?",
              "id": "5734173b4776f41900661852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?",
              "id": "57341835d058e614000b693e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "North Dakota" }],
              "question": "Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?",
              "id": "57341835d058e614000b693f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "at least 3,223" }],
              "question": "How many named lakes are there in Montana?",
              "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Flathead Lake" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?",
              "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Fort Peck Reservoir" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?",
              "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Missouri river" }],
              "question": "What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?",
              "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6945"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "approximately 25 percent" }
              ],
              "question": "About how much area do forests cover the state?",
              "id": "573419714776f41900661871"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species\u2013black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?",
              "id": "57341b484776f41900661885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "grizzly bear" }],
              "question": "What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?",
              "id": "57341b484776f41900661886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many endangered species are in Montana?",
              "id": "57341b484776f41900661887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "at least 17" }],
              "question": "How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?",
              "id": "57341b484776f41900661888"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "15 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the annual precipitation?",
              "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "34.70 inches" }],
              "question": "How much precipitation does Heron recieve?",
              "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "105 inches" }],
              "question": "How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?",
              "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions\u2014city and county government, school districts and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many tax brackets does Montana have?",
              "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "6.9 percent" }],
              "question": "What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?",
              "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Does Montana have a sales tax?",
              "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a \"landless\" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small M\u00e9tis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Approximately 66,000" }
              ],
              "question": "About how many Native Americans live in Montana?",
              "id": "57341d964776f419006618b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?",
              "id": "57341d964776f419006618b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "What year was the Dawes act passed?",
              "id": "57341d964776f419006618b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Great Falls" }],
              "question": "Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?",
              "id": "57341d964776f419006618b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1101, "text": "63%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?",
              "id": "57341d964776f419006618b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the largest European-American race in Montana?",
              "id": "57341fc9d058e614000b6974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "a mining camp" }],
              "question": "What was Helena originally founded as?",
              "id": "57341fc9d058e614000b6975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "6.5 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?",
              "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three counties are Native Americans a majority?",
              "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "1980 and 1990" }],
              "question": "Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%",
              "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?",
              "id": "573420e34776f419006618ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "What month was the hottest ever recorded?",
              "id": "573420e34776f419006618ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "forest fires" }],
              "question": "What problem has substantially increased in its severity?",
              "id": "573420e34776f419006618ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?",
              "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Isaac Stevens" }],
              "question": "Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?",
              "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "1859" }],
              "question": "What year was the treaty ratified?",
              "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Flathead Indian Reservation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the treaty establish?",
              "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Camp Cooke" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first US Army post?",
              "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "on the Missouri River" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Camp Cooke situated?",
              "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "What year was the Great Sioux War?",
              "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?",
              "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Montana?",
              "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "94.8 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?",
              "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?",
              "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "13,040" }],
              "question": "How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?",
              "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "about 1,700" }],
              "question": "ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?",
              "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "89.4 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of the state is White?",
              "id": "573422e44776f41900661927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "6.3 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of the state is Native American Indian?",
              "id": "573422e44776f41900661928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "2.9" }],
              "question": "Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?",
              "id": "573422e44776f41900661929"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1,032,949" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the state in 2015?",
              "id": "573424434776f41900661941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "4.40%" }],
              "question": "How much did the population increase since 2010?",
              "id": "573424434776f41900661942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Gallatin County" }],
              "question": "What county saw the largest growth?",
              "id": "573424434776f41900661943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Kalispell" }],
              "question": "What city saw the largest growth?",
              "id": "573424434776f41900661944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?",
              "id": "573424d74776f41900661949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When did she vote a second time against war?",
              "id": "573424d74776f4190066194a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?",
              "id": "573424d74776f4190066194b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "over 13 million" }],
              "question": "About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?",
              "id": "573425624776f41900661959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "about 325" }],
              "question": "In 1884 about how many bison remained?",
              "id": "573425624776f4190066195a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "General Philip Sheridan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?",
              "id": "573425624776f4190066195b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?",
              "id": "573425624776f4190066195c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?",
              "id": "573425f84776f41900661969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?",
              "id": "573425f84776f4190066196a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "1871, 1872 and 1873" }
              ],
              "question": "What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?",
              "id": "573425f84776f4190066196b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "What year was the Great White Sioux War?",
              "id": "573425f84776f4190066196c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?",
              "id": "573425f84776f4190066196d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?",
              "id": "573426864776f4190066197d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "bid for statehood" }],
              "question": "Why was this constitutional convention held?",
              "id": "573426864776f4190066197e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "When was the second constitutional convention held?",
              "id": "573426864776f4190066197f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "What year was Montana's statehood approved?",
              "id": "573426864776f41900661980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other three states were approved in the same year?",
              "id": "573426864776f41900661981"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?",
              "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "160 acres" }],
              "question": "How much land did the Homestead Act allow?",
              "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "What year was the first homestead claim claimed?",
              "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When was the Desert Land Act passed?",
              "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "640 acres" }],
              "question": "How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?",
              "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "$.25" }],
              "question": "How much was the charge per acre at first?",
              "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as \"Honyockers\", or \"scissorbills.\" Though the word \"honyocker\", possibly derived from the ethnic slur \"hunyak,\" was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being \"greenhorns\", \"new at his business\" or \"unprepared\", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "James J. Hill" }],
              "question": "Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s",
              "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?",
              "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?",
              "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "320 acres" }],
              "question": "How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?",
              "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?",
              "id": "5734288c4776f419006619bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When was the Sedition Act passed?",
              "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were these acts make do to laws?",
              "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?",
              "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "78" }],
              "question": "How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?",
              "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\" a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "40,000-plus" }],
              "question": "How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?",
              "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "over 57,000" }],
              "question": "How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?",
              "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "At least 1500" }],
              "question": "About how many Montanans  died in the war?",
              "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?",
              "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 926,
                  "text": "Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were air bases built in Montana?",
              "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a72"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Genocide",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The phrase \"in whole or in part\" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Trial Chamber I \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Appeals Chamber \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "entire human groups" }
              ],
              "question": "In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?",
              "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "that group" }],
              "question": "In addressing the issue of \"in part,\" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?",
              "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "\"in whole or in part\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?",
              "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic" }
              ],
              "question": "What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?",
              "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "opinions of respected commentators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?",
              "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that \"There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "that biological-physical destruction was necessary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?",
              "id": "5733ba844776f41900661146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 641, "text": "the type of group destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?",
              "id": "5733ba844776f41900661149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?",
              "id": "5733ba844776f41900661147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Convention States municipal laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?",
              "id": "5733ba844776f41900661148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "the judgements of several international and municipal courts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?",
              "id": "5733ba844776f41900661145"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? ",
              "id": "57335849d058e614000b589a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Nazi Germany" }],
              "question": "In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? ",
              "id": "57335849d058e614000b5896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Lemkin" }],
              "question": "Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?",
              "id": "57335849d058e614000b5897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "United Nations General Assembly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?",
              "id": "57335849d058e614000b5898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "provide a legal definition of the crime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?",
              "id": "57335849d058e614000b5899"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: \u201cRigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin\u2019s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.\u201d ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "political killings" }],
              "question": "Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?",
              "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "USSR" }],
              "question": "What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?",
              "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "international intervention in domestic politics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?",
              "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "William Schabas" }],
              "question": "Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?",
              "id": "573392e24776f41900660da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "its own Great Purge" }
              ],
              "question": "What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?",
              "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "majority of legal scholars" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?",
              "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "national, racial, religious or ethnic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?",
              "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Jorgic v. Germany" }],
              "question": "In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?",
              "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "biological-physical" }
              ],
              "question": "What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?",
              "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.\u201d He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term \"ritualcide\" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "as a descriptive term" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word \"genocide\" used in an indictment scenario?",
              "id": "573344334776f419006607d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Lemming" }],
              "question": "Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?",
              "id": "573344334776f419006607d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "international relations and community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?",
              "id": "573344334776f419006607d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Australian" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?",
              "id": "573344334776f419006607d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "\"ritualcide\"" }],
              "question": "What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?",
              "id": "573344334776f419006607d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "ritualcide" }],
              "question": "What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?",
              "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "anthropologist" }],
              "question": "What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?",
              "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "language, culture, and economic infrastructure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?",
              "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "legal aspect of the term" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?",
              "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "a crime" }],
              "question": "In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?",
              "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "the deliberate killing of a certain group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?",
              "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "officials in power of a state or area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? ",
              "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 657, "text": "the Peace of Westphalia" }
              ],
              "question": "Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?",
              "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does genocide often go unpunished?",
              "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 708,
                  "text": "ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?",
              "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?",
              "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as \"a crime without a name\". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"genocide\" first used?",
              "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the etymology of the term \"genocide\"?",
              "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of genocide?",
              "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Raphael Lemkin" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"genocide\"?",
              "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?",
              "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "The word \"genocide\" was unknown until what year?",
              "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "as \"a crime without a name\"" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?",
              "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Raphael Lemkin" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as \"genocide?\" ",
              "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the etymological basis of the word \"genocide?\"",
              "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 636,
                  "text": "to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?",
              "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute].\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "when the targeted part is substantial enough"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  ",
              "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "The numeric size" }],
              "question": "What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? ",
              "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "absolute terms" }],
              "question": "The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?",
              "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "prominence within the group" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?",
              "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: \"The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators\u2019 activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "perpetrators' access to the victims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? ",
              "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "historical examples of genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? ",
              "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "possible extent of their reach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?",
              "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "the opportunity presented to him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?",
              "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "inform the analysis" }
              ],
              "question": "While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?",
              "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "12 January 1951" }],
              "question": "On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?",
              "id": "5733ce494776f41900661298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? ",
              "id": "5733ce494776f41900661299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "only two" }],
              "question": "Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?",
              "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What member ratified in 1970?",
              "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?",
              "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bj\u00f6rnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "a diplomatic compromise" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?",
              "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "a research tool" }],
              "question": "Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?",
              "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "international legal credibility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the treaty possess that others lack?",
              "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "alternative definitions" }
              ],
              "question": "The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?",
              "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson" }
              ],
              "question": "What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?",
              "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "their focus" }],
              "question": "The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? ",
              "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Frank Chalk" }],
              "question": "What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?",
              "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "R. J. Rummel" }],
              "question": "With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?",
              "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Ted Gurr" }],
              "question": "Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?",
              "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979\u20131982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that \"intent to destroy\" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "social and political groups" }
              ],
              "question": "Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?",
              "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?",
              "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "political groups" }],
              "question": "Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?",
              "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Genocide" }],
              "question": "In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?",
              "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "intends to destroy a group" }
              ],
              "question": "In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? ",
              "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661619"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.\" Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that \"... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "policies" }],
              "question": "Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?",
              "id": "5733fb934776f41900661637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "victimized groups" }],
              "question": "Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?",
              "id": "5733fb934776f41900661638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "politicides" }],
              "question": "What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?",
              "id": "5733fb934776f41900661639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "nationality" }],
              "question": "Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?",
              "id": "5733fb934776f4190066163a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "pogroms" }],
              "question": "What did Harff define as \"short-lived outbursts by mobs...?\"",
              "id": "5733fb934776f4190066163b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "murder by government" }
              ],
              "question": "In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?",
              "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "religious group" }],
              "question": "Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?",
              "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?",
              "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "eliminate the group" }
              ],
              "question": "Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?",
              "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b671a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "preventing births" }],
              "question": "In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?",
              "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b671b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Adrian Gallagher" }],
              "question": "In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?",
              "id": "57340136d058e614000b6783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "collective power" }],
              "question": "In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? ",
              "id": "57340136d058e614000b6784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "intent" }],
              "question": "Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?",
              "id": "57340136d058e614000b6785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "group identity" }],
              "question": "The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?",
              "id": "57340136d058e614000b6786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "destroyed" }],
              "question": "In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?",
              "id": "57340136d058e614000b6787"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "acts of genocide" }],
              "question": "Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?",
              "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "both in peace and wartime" }
              ],
              "question": "During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?",
              "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "no claim of genocide could be brought against them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?",
              "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?",
              "id": "573402a3d058e614000b679a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Norway" }],
              "question": "Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?",
              "id": "573402a3d058e614000b679b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had \"conducted deliberate and systematic genocide\u2014namely, the extermination of racial and national groups...\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?",
              "id": "573404abd058e614000b67c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "humanity" }],
              "question": "Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?",
              "id": "573404abd058e614000b67ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "crimes like murder" }
              ],
              "question": "An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?",
              "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "the Holocaust" }],
              "question": "After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?",
              "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Raphael Lemkin" }],
              "question": "Who is notable for coining the term \"Holocaust?\"",
              "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgi\u0107 against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century \"Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "European Court of Human Rights" }
              ],
              "question": "Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?",
              "id": "573406d84776f41900661731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "wider interpretation of genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?",
              "id": "573406d84776f41900661732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "ethnic cleansing" }],
              "question": "The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?",
              "id": "573406d84776f41900661733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "expel Muslims and Croats from their homes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?",
              "id": "573406d84776f41900661734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "the ICTY" }],
              "question": "Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?",
              "id": "573406d84776f41900661735"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "About 30" }],
              "question": "In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?",
              "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "several plea bargains" }
              ],
              "question": "Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?",
              "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "conspiracy to commit genocide" }
              ],
              "question": "Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?",
              "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "aiding and abetting genocide" }
              ],
              "question": "Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?",
              "id": "5734087f4776f41900661750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "German courts" }],
              "question": "Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?",
              "id": "5734087f4776f41900661751"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karad\u017ei\u0107 was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladi\u0107 was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "He died" }],
              "question": "What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?",
              "id": "57340aae4776f41900661790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?",
              "id": "57340aae4776f41900661793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?",
              "id": "57340aae4776f41900661792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "genocide or complicity in genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?",
              "id": "57340aae4776f41900661791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?",
              "id": "57340aae4776f4190066178f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?",
              "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "April 1994" }],
              "question": "The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?",
              "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "the Security Council of the United Nations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?",
              "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "serious violations of the international law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?",
              "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Rwandan citizens" }],
              "question": "The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?",
              "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6897"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide.\" Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that \"The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "situation in Darfur" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?",
              "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Colin Powell" }],
              "question": "In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?",
              "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In front of which committee did Powell testify?",
              "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?",
              "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "genocidal policy" }],
              "question": "Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?",
              "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?",
              "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the Commission report" }
              ],
              "question": "What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?",
              "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?",
              "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "his fourth report" }],
              "question": "In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?",
              "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "structural conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?",
              "id": "573410864776f419006617e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "psychological and social" }
              ],
              "question": "What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?",
              "id": "573410864776f419006617e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Ervin Staub" }],
              "question": "Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?",
              "id": "573410864776f419006617e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "devaluation of the group" }
              ],
              "question": "A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?",
              "id": "573410864776f419006617e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 995, "text": "humanizing a devalued group" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?",
              "id": "573410864776f419006617e9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Antibiotics",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "resistance of bacteria" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?",
              "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "evolution" }],
              "question": "What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?",
              "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?",
              "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "penicillin and erythromycin" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?",
              "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b618a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "evolutionary processes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does emergence of resistance reflect?",
              "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "survive high doses of antibiotics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?",
              "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?",
              "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the demonstration in 1943?",
              "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "concentration" }],
              "question": "What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?",
              "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b609f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "bacterial infection" }
              ],
              "question": "What does this eliminate?",
              "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "bacterial growth phase" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?",
              "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "division of bacterial cells" }
              ],
              "question": "What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?",
              "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "concentration" }],
              "question": "What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?",
              "id": "5731bff5e17f3d140042239a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?",
              "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b609e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 942,
                  "text": "several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do you predict the clinical result?",
              "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b60a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. \"Narrow-spectrum\" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "bacterial functions or growth processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do anitibiotics mostly target?",
              "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "penicillins and cephalosporins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?",
              "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "polymyxins" }],
              "question": "Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?",
              "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 types go after protein synthesis?",
              "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "mechanism of action" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?",
              "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "penicillins and cephalosporins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?",
              "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "polymyxins" }],
              "question": "whats another word for cell membrane?",
              "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/",
              "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three ways are antibiotics classified?",
              "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials\u2014for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones\u2014are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "semisynthetic modifications" }
              ],
              "question": "What are antibiotics in chemical terms?",
              "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "beta-lactam antibiotics" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of antibiotics include penicilin?",
              "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "aminoglycosides" }],
              "question": "What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?",
              "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "synthesis" }],
              "question": "How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?",
              "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "various natural compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?",
              "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "2000 atomic mass units" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?",
              "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "penicillins" }],
              "question": "What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?",
              "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "fungi" }],
              "question": "What is penicillins produced by?",
              "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a \"serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?",
              "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?",
              "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'",
              "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "In which century were antibiotics first introduced?",
              "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "anyone, of any age, in any country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?",
              "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "develop resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What does there medicines do for livestock?",
              "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??",
              "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?",
              "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "antibiotic resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? ",
              "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "vaccination" }],
              "question": "What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?",
              "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "develop resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?",
              "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?",
              "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "every region of the world" }
              ],
              "question": "What regions in the world does this apply in?",
              "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When were antibiotics created?",
              "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common problem in antibiotic use?",
              "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "livestock raising" }],
              "question": "Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?",
              "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?",
              "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "empirical therapy" }],
              "question": "What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?",
              "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "laboratory" }],
              "question": "Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?",
              "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "broad spectrum antibiotic" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?",
              "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "While the microorgainsim is being identified"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?",
              "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "several days" }],
              "question": "How long does the identification process take?",
              "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "broad spectrum antibiotic" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?",
              "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in empirical therapy?",
              "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is empirical started?",
              "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "fever and nausea" }],
              "question": "What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?",
              "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d7719f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 828,
                  "text": "disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes diarrhea?",
              "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1064, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?",
              "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1258,
                  "text": "a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?",
              "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1390, "text": "alter the host microbiota" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?",
              "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "negative effects" }],
              "question": "What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?",
              "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "clinical use" }],
              "question": "What do antibiotics need approval for?",
              "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "microbial organisms" }
              ],
              "question": "What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?",
              "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Adverse effects" }],
              "question": "Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?",
              "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1400, "text": "host microbiota" }],
              "question": "What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?",
              "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "negative effects on humans or other mammals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are antibiotics checked before use?",
              "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some adverse effects?",
              "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "diarrhea" }],
              "question": "Name some side-effects?",
              "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1050, "text": "overgrowth of yeast" }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen to vaginal flora?",
              "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1126, "text": "Additional side-effects" }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?",
              "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)\u2013 with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 \u03bcg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "increased body mass" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?",
              "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does STAT stand for?",
              "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?",
              "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "unclear" }],
              "question": "Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?",
              "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1541,
                  "text": "weighed against the beneficial effects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? ",
              "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "increased body mass" }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?",
              "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Early life" }],
              "question": "When do intestinal microbiota develop?",
              "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "unclear" }],
              "question": "Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?",
              "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?",
              "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?",
              "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?",
              "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "inconclusive and controversial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have these potential effects been proven through testing?",
              "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "extra contraceptive measures" }
              ],
              "question": "What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?",
              "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "contraceptive pills" }
              ],
              "question": "What do antibiotics interfere with?",
              "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%" }],
              "question": "What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?",
              "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "absorption of estrogens" }
              ],
              "question": "Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?",
              "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 845, "text": "oral contraceptives" }
              ],
              "question": "In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?",
              "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "antibiotics do interfere" }
              ],
              "question": "Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?",
              "id": "573296880342181400a2027d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "extra contraceptive measures" }
              ],
              "question": "What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?",
              "id": "573296880342181400a2027f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%" }],
              "question": "What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?",
              "id": "573296880342181400a2027e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "decreased effectiveness" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?",
              "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?",
              "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?",
              "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "widespread" }],
              "question": "How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?",
              "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?",
              "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "alcohol consumption" }
              ],
              "question": "What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?",
              "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "alcohol and antibiotics" }
              ],
              "question": "What belief should bever be mixed widespread?",
              "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?",
              "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?",
              "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?",
              "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff863"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?",
              "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 712,
                  "text": "antibacterial resistance genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?",
              "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "antibiotic target" }],
              "question": "What can be absent from the bacterial genome?",
              "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "vertical transmission" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/",
              "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "mutation" }],
              "question": "What does some resistance come from?",
              "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 581,
                  "text": "vertical transmission of mutations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?",
              "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 869,
                  "text": "carry several different resistance genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do plasmids do in resistance?",
              "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that \"most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "superbugs" }],
              "question": "What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?",
              "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?",
              "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "half a million" }],
              "question": "How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?",
              "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "MDR-TB" }],
              "question": "What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?",
              "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?",
              "id": "5733c6d84776f41900661208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Self prescription" }],
              "question": "What is a common method of misuse?",
              "id": "5733c6d84776f41900661209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "overuse of antibiotics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?",
              "id": "5733c6d84776f4190066120a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "prophylactic antibiotics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?",
              "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?",
              "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?",
              "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?",
              "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "prescribe antibiotics" }
              ],
              "question": "What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?",
              "id": "5733c81c4776f41900661220"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an \"Antibiotics are not automatic\" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?",
              "id": "5733cb484776f41900661256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which agencies control this task force?",
              "id": "5733cb484776f41900661257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?",
              "id": "5733cb484776f41900661258"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?",
              "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Swann report 1969" }],
              "question": "What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?",
              "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?",
              "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 830, "text": "S.742 and H.R. 2562" }
              ],
              "question": "Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?",
              "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1045,
                  "text": "American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 medical associations supported the bills?",
              "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "animal husbandry" }],
              "question": "What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?",
              "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?",
              "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "March 2012" }],
              "question": "When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?",
              "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6323"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, \"if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics\". The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "medicinal folklore" }],
              "question": "What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?",
              "id": "5733d2444776f419006612d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "over 2000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?",
              "id": "5733d2444776f419006612d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "mold and plant materials and extracts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?",
              "id": "5733d2444776f419006612da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "against life" }],
              "question": "What does antibiosis mean?",
              "id": "5733d2444776f419006612db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "Jean Paul Vuillemin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came up with the term antibiosis?",
              "id": "5733d2444776f419006612dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "mold" }],
              "question": "What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?",
              "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Alexander Fleming" }],
              "question": "Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?",
              "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "penicillin" }],
              "question": "What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?",
              "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "chemotherapy" }],
              "question": "What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?",
              "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Prontosil" }],
              "question": "What was the first available antibiotic?",
              "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "IG Farben" }],
              "question": "What company developed Prontosil?",
              "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Gerhard Domagk" }],
              "question": "Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?",
              "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What prize did Domagk get for his work?",
              "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "tyrothricin" }],
              "question": "What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?",
              "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was tyrothricin created?",
              "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "start of World War II," }
              ],
              "question": "What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?",
              "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Rene Dubos" }],
              "question": "Who discovered tyrothricin?",
              "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "wounds and ulcers" }],
              "question": "What was tyrothricin used for during the war?",
              "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661308"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "When was penicillin G first purified?",
              "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?",
              "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Norman Heatley" }],
              "question": "Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?",
              "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?",
              "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?",
              "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661318"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "immune modulation or augmentation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do vaccines need to work?",
              "id": "5733d670d058e614000b6379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Antibacterial vaccines" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?",
              "id": "5733d670d058e614000b637a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of vaccines have been phased out?",
              "id": "5733d670d058e614000b637b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect \"good\" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Phage therapy" }],
              "question": "What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?",
              "id": "5733d6e64776f41900661328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "infecting pathogenic bacteria" }
              ],
              "question": "How have researchers been doing this?",
              "id": "5733d6e64776f41900661329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 801,
                  "text": "phages will infect \"good\" bacteria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a worry of using phages?",
              "id": "5733d6e64776f4190066132a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?",
              "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?",
              "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?",
              "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, \"By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "FDA" }],
              "question": "Who regulates antibiotic approval?",
              "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "economic incentives" }
              ],
              "question": "What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?",
              "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "superbugs" }],
              "question": "What are resistant bacteria called in the media?",
              "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "Allan Coukell," }],
              "question": "Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?",
              "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Chopin",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (/\u02c8\u0283o\u028ap\u00e6n/; French pronunciation: \u200b[f\u0281e.de.\u0281ik f\u0281\u0251\u0303.swa \u0283\u0254.p\u025b\u0303]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 \u2013 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Polish and French" }],
              "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's nationalities?",
              "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "In what era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric active in?",
              "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano" }],
              "question": "For what instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write primarily for?",
              "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Duchy of Warsaw" }],
              "question": "In what area was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?",
              "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric depart from Poland?",
              "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "What year was Chopin born?",
              "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "What era was Chopin active during?",
              "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Warsaw" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin grow up?",
              "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did he mostly compose for?",
              "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?",
              "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "17 October 1849" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin die?",
              "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Chopin's full name?",
              "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano" }],
              "question": "The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?",
              "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "Chopin was active during what era?",
              "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "In what year was Chopin born?",
              "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Warsaw" }],
              "question": "In what city was Chopin born and raised?",
              "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How old was Chopin when he left Poland?",
              "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic" }],
              "question": "In what era of music did Chopin compose?",
              "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin die?",
              "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Paris?",
              "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many public performances was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?",
              "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric obtain citizenship in France?",
              "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Majorca" }],
              "question": "In what area had Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most productive period of composition taken place?",
              "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most likely cause of death?",
              "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did he end up living when he was 21?",
              "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?",
              "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Franz Liszt" }],
              "question": "What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?",
              "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "What year did he gain citizenship in France?",
              "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Maria Wodzi\u0144ska" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?",
              "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "At what age did Chopin move to Paris?",
              "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b89079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?",
              "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?",
              "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?",
              "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?",
              "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?",
              "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?",
              "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did every composition by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric include?",
              "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "instrumental ballade" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric credited with creating?",
              "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose music did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?",
              "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity" }
              ],
              "question": "What features marked Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's performance style and made them unique?",
              "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Paris salons" }],
              "question": "What establishments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?",
              "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?",
              "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "instrumental ballade" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept did Chopin create?",
              "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?",
              "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three composers influenced Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?",
              "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?",
              "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin's performances were known for what?",
              "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?",
              "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?",
              "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?",
              "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Paris salons" }],
              "question": "Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?",
              "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "indirect" }],
              "question": "What was the degree of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's association with political insurrection?",
              "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "his love life and his early death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?",
              "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "In which era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?",
              "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "films and biographies" }
              ],
              "question": "In what forms of media has Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric been the subject of?",
              "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?",
              "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Chopin is a native of what country?",
              "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "political insurrection" }
              ],
              "question": "He had a non-direct association with what?",
              "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "Chopin is closely associated with what era?",
              "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin create most of his works?",
              "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "political insurrection" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin was indirectly related to what?",
              "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?",
              "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola" }],
              "question": "In what village was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?",
              "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810" }],
              "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born on?",
              "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March" }],
              "question": "Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?",
              "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the latin form of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's full name?",
              "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many miles was the village Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in located to the west of Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin born?",
              "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?",
              "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810" }],
              "question": "When was his birthday recorded as being?",
              "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March" }],
              "question": "What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?",
              "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin's given names in Latin are what?",
              "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?",
              "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810" }],
              "question": "Chopin's birth is recorded as when?",
              "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March" }],
              "question": "What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?",
              "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola" }],
              "question": "Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?",
              "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?",
              "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzy\u017canowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Broch\u00f3w. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807\u201355), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811\u201381) and Emilia (1812\u201327). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father marry in 1806?",
              "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "23 April 1810" }],
              "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric baptised?",
              "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?",
              "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Nicolas" }],
              "question": "What was the given name of Chopin's father?",
              "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Lorraine" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's father from?",
              "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin's father married who?",
              "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Fryderyk Skarbek" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Chopin's godfather?",
              "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Ludwika" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?",
              "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Nicolas" }],
              "question": "What was Chopin's father's first name?",
              "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Lorraine" }],
              "question": "From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?",
              "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Ludwika" }],
              "question": "What is Chopin's older sister's name?",
              "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Warsaw with his family?",
              "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "the Palace grounds" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin" }],
              "question": "What two instruments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father play during this time?",
              "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "illnesses" }],
              "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?",
              "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1810" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Warsaw Lyceum" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?",
              "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin" }],
              "question": "What instruments did Chopin's father play?",
              "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?",
              "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b8914a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "six months" }],
              "question": "How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?",
              "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language did Chopin's father teach?",
              "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin" }],
              "question": "What two instruments did Chopin's father play?",
              "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?",
              "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Saxon Palace." }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?",
              "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902279"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first professional teacher in music?",
              "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika" }],
              "question": "Which sister did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?",
              "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric start giving public concerts?",
              "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "two polonaises" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose during the year of 1817?",
              "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?",
              "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika" }],
              "question": "Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?",
              "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?",
              "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin compose his first work?",
              "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1816 to 1821" }],
              "question": "During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  \u017bywny?",
              "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?",
              "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika" }],
              "question": "Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?",
              "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?",
              "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?",
              "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?",
              "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Warsaw University" }],
              "question": "What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?",
              "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Kazimierz Palace" }],
              "question": "What building was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's new home adjacent to?",
              "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Belweder Palace" }],
              "question": "What palace was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?",
              "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Nasze Przebiegi" }],
              "question": "What short poem spoke of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's popularity as a child?",
              "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?",
              "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Kazimierz Palace" }],
              "question": "The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?",
              "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Grand Duke Constantine" }
              ],
              "question": "As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?",
              "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "a march" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?",
              "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" }
              ],
              "question": "In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?",
              "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Belweder Palace" }],
              "question": "What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?",
              "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Grand Duke Constantine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?",
              "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "a march" }],
              "question": "What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?",
              "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?",
              "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902625"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the \"eolomelodicon\", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "1823 to 1826" }],
              "question": "During what years did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?",
              "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner" }],
              "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?",
              "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the mechanical organ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric performed on during 1825?",
              "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "Alexander I" }],
              "question": "Which tsar did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?",
              "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "10 June 1825" }],
              "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance that earned international esteem?",
              "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who taught Chopin to play the organ?",
              "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner" }],
              "question": "Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?",
              "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?",
              "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "diamond ring" }],
              "question": "What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "Rondo Op. 1" }],
              "question": "What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ",
              "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?",
              "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?",
              "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon" }],
              "question": "What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?",
              "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "a diamond ring." }],
              "question": "What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?",
              "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "Rondo Op. 1." }],
              "question": "What is the title of his first commercially successful work?",
              "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902687"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?",
              "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Szafarnia" }],
              "question": "In which village did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric first experience rural Polish folk music?",
              "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "his family" }],
              "question": "To whom did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?",
              "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Warsaw newspapers" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write parodies of in his letters?",
              "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski" }
              ],
              "question": "During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?",
              "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Polish rural folk music" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?",
              "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?",
              "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "The Szafarnia Courier" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?",
              "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Szafarnia" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?",
              "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopin\u00f3w) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "During what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?",
              "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie" }
              ],
              "question": "What street did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?",
              "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasi\u0144ski Palace?",
              "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "a museum" }],
              "question": "What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski" }
              ],
              "question": "Which artist created the first known portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?",
              "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "boarding house for male students"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Chopin family's business?",
              "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski" }
              ],
              "question": "What artist painted the Chopin family?",
              "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "sister Emilia" }],
              "question": "Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?",
              "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?",
              "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Chopin Family Parlour" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?",
              "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski" }
              ],
              "question": "What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?",
              "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?",
              "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of the individuals that became intimate with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's social environment in Paris?",
              "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015eddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska" }
              ],
              "question": "Which singer was cited specifically as someone Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was attracted to?",
              "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015ede0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska" }
              ],
              "question": "Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?",
              "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?",
              "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "July 1829" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?",
              "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?",
              "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?",
              "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Tytus Woyciechowski" }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?",
              "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?",
              "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?",
              "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146212"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki" }],
              "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit Berlin with in September 1828?",
              "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini" }],
              "question": "Which opera director did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric see works of during his stay in Berlin?",
              "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?",
              "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?",
              "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1828" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin visit Berlin?",
              "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki" }],
              "question": "With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?",
              "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini" }],
              "question": "While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?",
              "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?",
              "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?",
              "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1828" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?",
              "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?",
              "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "zoologist" }],
              "question": "What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?",
              "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini" }],
              "question": "Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?",
              "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1829" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin return to Berlin?",
              "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on L\u00e0 ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Souvenir de Paganini" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose after hearing Niccol\u00f2 Paganini perform on the violin?",
              "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric make his first appearance in Vienna?",
              "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many piano concerts did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform in Vienna during this time?",
              "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "17 March 1830" }],
              "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?",
              "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Souvenir de Paganini" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?",
              "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?",
              "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 828,
                  "text": "Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "September 1829" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin return to Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?",
              "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?",
              "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?",
              "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?",
              "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?",
              "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!\" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing \"into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "2 November 1830" }],
              "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric begin his journey into Western Europe?",
              "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Which country did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?",
              "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?",
              "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki" }
              ],
              "question": "What historian commented that the events involving Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?",
              "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015ee00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"",
              "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Woyciechowski" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?",
              "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?",
              "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "the November 1830 Uprising" }
              ],
              "question": "Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?",
              "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d77a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "western Europe" }],
              "question": "What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?",
              "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Woyciechowski" }],
              "question": "When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?",
              "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?",
              "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "\"I curse the moment of my departure.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?",
              "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "1831" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?",
              "id": "56d3171959d6e41400146230"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Polish Great Emigration" }
              ],
              "question": "What event was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?",
              "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What version of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?",
              "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric officially acquire French citizenship?",
              "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "friends and confidants" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?",
              "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What nationality is stated as the one Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric felt most identified by?",
              "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "September 1831" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin reach Paris?",
              "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish Great Emigration" }
              ],
              "question": "By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?",
              "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?",
              "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Adam Zamoyski" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Chopin's biographer?",
              "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?",
              "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country's passport did he have from 1835?",
              "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?",
              "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Adam Zamoyski" }],
              "question": "What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?",
              "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish Great Emigration" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?",
              "id": "56d318f359d6e4140014623a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In what city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric achieve celebrity status?",
              "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz" }],
              "question": "Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric became acquainted with?",
              "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "songs" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?",
              "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz" }],
              "question": "What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?",
              "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?",
              "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d78a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?",
              "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "principal of the Polish Literary Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?",
              "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146241"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana" }],
              "question": "Which friend of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric failed to achieve success in England?",
              "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's trusted adviser while in Paris?",
              "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "elder brother" }],
              "question": "What familial role was Albert Grzyma\u0142a compared to in regards to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana" }],
              "question": "Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's life while in Paris?",
              "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?",
              "id": "56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?",
              "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?",
              "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a" }
              ],
              "question": "Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?",
              "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana" }],
              "question": "Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?",
              "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Warsaw Conservatory" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?",
              "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Robert Schumann" }],
              "question": "Who gave Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?",
              "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "26 February 1832" }],
              "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?",
              "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 683, "text": "intimate keyboard technique" }
              ],
              "question": "What is stated as a hindrance for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?",
              "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1166, "text": "his father" }],
              "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?",
              "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Robert Schumann" }],
              "question": "From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?",
              "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "26 February 1832" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?",
              "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Rothschild" }],
              "question": "What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?",
              "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1831" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?",
              "id": "56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 692, "text": "keyboard technique" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?",
              "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1244,
                  "text": "publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?",
              "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's favorite environment to perform in?",
              "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "pianos" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?",
              "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Salle Pleyel" }],
              "question": "Chopin gave a yearly performance where?",
              "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1080, "text": "Hexameron" }],
              "question": "Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?",
              "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1234, "text": "Maurice Schlesinger" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?",
              "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "Adolphe Gutmann" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?",
              "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "apartment" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?",
              "id": "56d31dcb59d6e41400146259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Liszt and Hiller" }],
              "question": "On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?",
              "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1234, "text": "Maurice Schlesinger" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?",
              "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzi\u0144skis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodzi\u0144ski family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzi\u0144ska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn" }],
              "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?",
              "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "playing and discussing music" }
              ],
              "question": "What two activities did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric do while visiting for a day in D\u00fcsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?",
              "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric met while in D\u00fcsseldorf?",
              "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Carlsbad" }],
              "question": "Where were Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?",
              "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the Lower Rhenish Music Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?",
              "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Hiller" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?",
              "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Carlsbad" }],
              "question": "In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?",
              "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1268, "text": "July 1836" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodzi\u0144ski?",
              "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1405, "text": "Countess Wodzi\u0144ska" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Maria's mother?",
              "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?",
              "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "D\u00fcsseldorf" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?",
              "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "director of the Academy of Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?",
              "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Maria" }],
              "question": "What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?",
              "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Woyciechowski" }],
              "question": "Who was the recipient of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?",
              "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Herz, Liszt, Hiller" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three names stated in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?",
              "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Liszt" }],
              "question": "Who is stated as being in attendance of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?",
              "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "26 February 1832" }],
              "question": "What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?",
              "id": "56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Woyciechowski" }],
              "question": "Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?",
              "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "the Salle Pleyel" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?",
              "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What address did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live at during his stay in Paris?",
              "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "a few blocks" }],
              "question": "How far down the road did Liszt live from Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during this time?",
              "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many times did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?",
              "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Harriet Smithson" }],
              "question": "For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?",
              "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 709,
                  "text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?",
              "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "2 April 1833" }],
              "question": "When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?",
              "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 665,
                  "text": "the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?",
              "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 709,
                  "text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?",
              "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?",
              "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?",
              "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Harriet Smithson" }],
              "question": "Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?",
              "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146277"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "love-hate relationship" }
              ],
              "question": "What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt?",
              "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "theatricality, showmanship and success"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "an apology" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?",
              "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "my friend Liszt" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?",
              "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Op. 10 \u00c9tudes" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?",
              "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "Marie d'Agoult" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?",
              "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Liszt" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 \u00c9tudes to?",
              "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Liszt" }],
              "question": "Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "Marie d'Agoult" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?",
              "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Hiller" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?",
              "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1302, "text": "George Sand" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?",
              "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146282"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Marie d'Agoult" }],
              "question": "Who was the host of the gathering where Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was introduced to George Sand?",
              "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?",
              "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a" }],
              "question": "Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "George Sand" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?",
              "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "his poor health" }],
              "question": "What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska?",
              "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?",
              "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Marie d'Agoult" }],
              "question": "Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?",
              "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "What year did Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?",
              "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?",
              "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a" }],
              "question": "Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?",
              "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit in June 1837?",
              "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "his association with Sand began in earnest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event occurred on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's return to Paris?",
              "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many years older was George Sand compared to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?",
              "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "miserable" }],
              "question": "What adjective is used to describe Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?",
              "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1194, "text": "Valldemossa" }],
              "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?",
              "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Camille Pleyel" }],
              "question": "With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?",
              "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "piano maker" }],
              "question": "What was James Broadwood's occupation?",
              "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How much older was George Sands than Chopin?",
              "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 932, "text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille" }
              ],
              "question": "During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?",
              "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1161,
                  "text": "a former Carthusian monastery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?",
              "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "June 1838" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?",
              "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "Majorca" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?",
              "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 748, "text": "Sand's two children" }
              ],
              "question": "Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?",
              "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 932, "text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille." }
              ],
              "question": "One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?",
              "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1161,
                  "text": "a former Carthusian monastery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?",
              "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146296"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many doctors saw Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric by the 3rd of December?",
              "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?",
              "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "best possible condition" }
              ],
              "question": "What condition did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?",
              "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many doctors visited Chopin?",
              "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "What month did Chopin's piano arrive?",
              "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "his bad health" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin compalin about?",
              "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "his Pleyel piano" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?",
              "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?",
              "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Pleyel" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?",
              "id": "56d347fb59d6e414001462a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "bad weather" }],
              "question": "What is stated as having a negative effect on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's health during this productive time?",
              "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Canuts" }],
              "question": "What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?",
              "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles" }],
              "question": "What city did the group travel to in order to help Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric recover?",
              "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant" }],
              "question": "Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?",
              "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?",
              "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "the Canuts" }],
              "question": "Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?",
              "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles" }],
              "question": "Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?",
              "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant" }],
              "question": "Where was Sand's home?",
              "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "5 rue Tronchet" }],
              "question": "After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?",
              "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?",
              "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "the bad weather" }],
              "question": "What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?",
              "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "the Canuts." }],
              "question": "Who did Sand sell the piano to?",
              "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles" }],
              "question": "Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?",
              "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?",
              "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant" }],
              "question": "Where did they spend most summers until 1846?",
              "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?",
              "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "tenth" }],
              "question": "What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?",
              "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Adolphe Nourrit" }],
              "question": "At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?",
              "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "organ" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Adolphe Nourrit" }],
              "question": "Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?",
              "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin play at the funeral?",
              "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the dress rehearsal for?",
              "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "the July Revolution." }
              ],
              "question": "It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?",
              "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the example given of a work produced by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during calm summers at Nohant?",
              "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Pauline Viardot" }],
              "question": "Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?",
              "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "7 June 1842" }],
              "question": "On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?",
              "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "piano technique and composition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?",
              "id": "56cfdf7b234ae51400d9bfd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?",
              "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "piano technique and composition."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?",
              "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Delacroix" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?",
              "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?",
              "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a" }],
              "question": "To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?",
              "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?",
              "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hall\u00e9 when the latter visited him?",
              "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy" }
              ],
              "question": "What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?",
              "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?",
              "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?",
              "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy" }
              ],
              "question": "What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?",
              "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "From 1842 onwards" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?",
              "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "mouth and tonsils" }],
              "question": "Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?",
              "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Alkan" }],
              "question": "Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?",
              "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Charles Hall\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?",
              "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy." }
              ],
              "question": "Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?",
              "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters\u2014a rich actress and a prince in weak health\u2014could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?",
              "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "radical political pursuits" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?",
              "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "third child" }],
              "question": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?",
              "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?",
              "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?",
              "id": "56cc13956d243a140015eea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1846" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?",
              "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer" }
              ],
              "question": "Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?",
              "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani" }],
              "question": "What novel did Sand write in 1847?",
              "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?",
              "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "nurse" }],
              "question": "What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?",
              "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?",
              "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?",
              "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Op. 58 sonata" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?",
              "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "more refined than many of his earlier compositions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?",
              "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?",
              "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?",
              "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Op. 58 sonata" }],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?",
              "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1842?",
              "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "six shorter pieces" }
              ],
              "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1843?",
              "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "three mazurkas" }],
              "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1845?",
              "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "February 1848" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?",
              "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?",
              "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "February 1848" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin last perform?",
              "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Chopin last perform with?",
              "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "struggle financially." }
              ],
              "question": "Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?",
              "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?",
              "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Cello" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?",
              "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "BBC" }],
              "question": "What television station made a documentary on Chopin?",
              "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?",
              "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "The Women Behind The Music" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?",
              "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "BBC" }],
              "question": "What television station released a documentary on Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?",
              "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?",
              "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?",
              "id": "56d3ad7a2ccc5a1400d82e2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "A Song to Remember" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Cornel Wilde" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?",
              "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Hugh Grant" }],
              "question": "Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?",
              "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "George Sand" }],
              "question": "Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?",
              "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "A Song to Remember" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?",
              "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Cornel Wilde" }],
              "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?",
              "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Pierre Blanchar" }],
              "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?",
              "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Hugh Grant" }],
              "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?",
              "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?",
              "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Milan" }],
              "question": "Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?",
              "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Giacomo Orefice" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?",
              "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Chopin" }],
              "question": "What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "opera" }],
              "question": "What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?",
              "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Giacomo Orefice" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"",
              "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1901." }],
              "question": "When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?",
              "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Milan" }],
              "question": "Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?",
              "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Leon Ulrich" }],
              "question": "An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?",
              "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?",
              "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "sonnet" }],
              "question": "Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?",
              "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?",
              "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "every five years." }],
              "question": "The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?",
              "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?",
              "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "The New York Times" }
              ],
              "question": "On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "The Warsaw Chopin Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?",
              "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "every five years." }],
              "question": "How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?",
              "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "The New York Times" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?",
              "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Paul Pabst" }],
              "question": "Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The British Library" }],
              "question": "What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?",
              "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?",
              "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Methuen-Campbell" }],
              "question": "Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?",
              "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82ded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "International Chopin Piano Competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?",
              "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?",
              "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Warsaw" }],
              "question": "Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?",
              "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "every five years" }],
              "question": "How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?",
              "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?",
              "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the International Chopin Piano Competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?",
              "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?",
              "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?",
              "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "nearly 1,500" }],
              "question": "How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?",
              "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Chopiniana" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Michel Fokine" }],
              "question": "Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?",
              "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Les Sylphides" }],
              "question": "Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?",
              "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Alexander Glazunov" }
              ],
              "question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?",
              "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "What year was the Chopiniana released?",
              "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Chopiniana" }],
              "question": "Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?",
              "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Michel Fokine" }],
              "question": "Who choreographed Chopiniana?",
              "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Alexander Glazunov." }
              ],
              "question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?",
              "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Les Sylphides." }],
              "question": "Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?",
              "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?",
              "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?",
              "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?",
              "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Jane Stirling and her elder sister"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two people suggested the 1848 tour?",
              "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Revolution" }],
              "question": "What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?",
              "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Scottish" }],
              "question": "What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?",
              "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (\u00a31.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Dover Street" }],
              "question": "Where did Chopin stay while in London?",
              "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Broadwood" }],
              "question": "What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?",
              "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Stafford House" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's initial performance?",
              "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?",
              "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "7 July" }],
              "question": "What date did he perform with Viardot?",
              "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Dover Street" }],
              "question": "What steet did Chopin stay on in London?",
              "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "a grand piano." }],
              "question": "What did Broadway provide for Chopin?",
              "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?",
              "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "piano lessons" }],
              "question": "In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?",
              "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Viardot" }],
              "question": "Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?",
              "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146405"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzyma\u0142a \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?",
              "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 777, "text": "Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski" }
              ],
              "question": "What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?",
              "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?",
              "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Glasgow" }],
              "question": "What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?",
              "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "will" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski?",
              "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146427"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "16 November 1848" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin last appear in public?",
              "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Guildhall" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?",
              "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Polish refugees." }],
              "question": "Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?",
              "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "terminal" }],
              "question": "What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?",
              "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "London's Guildhall" }],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?",
              "id": "56d375b859d6e4140014646b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Delfina Potocka" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin play for while she sang?",
              "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Chaillot" }],
              "question": "In 1849 where did Chopin live?",
              "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "Princess Obreskoff" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?",
              "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "When did Chopin return to Paris?",
              "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Delfina Potocka" }],
              "question": "Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?",
              "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Chaillot" }],
              "question": "Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?",
              "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "Princess Obreskoff." }
              ],
              "question": "Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?",
              "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "June 1849" }],
              "question": "When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?",
              "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "June 1849" }],
              "question": "When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?",
              "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Place Vend\u00f4me 12" }
              ],
              "question": "In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?",
              "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "his sister" }],
              "question": "Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?",
              "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "her husband and daughter" }
              ],
              "question": "Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?",
              "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?",
              "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "to faint" }],
              "question": "What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?",
              "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de m\u00e9thode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "fear of being buried alive" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?",
              "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "\"No longer\"" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?",
              "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer" }],
              "question": "Who made Chopin's death mask?",
              "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "fear of being buried alive" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?",
              "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 820, "text": "a cast of his left hand." }
              ],
              "question": "What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?",
              "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?",
              "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Jean Cruveilhier" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Chopin's doctor?",
              "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "DNA testing" }],
              "question": "What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?",
              "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?",
              "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Jean Cruveilhier" }],
              "question": "Who was Chopin's physician?",
              "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "cystic fibrosis" }],
              "question": "Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?",
              "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "the Polish government." }
              ],
              "question": "Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?",
              "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Church of the Madeleine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?",
              "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "two weeks" }],
              "question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?",
              "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Over 3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?",
              "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "two weeks" }],
              "question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?",
              "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Over 3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people arrived without an invitation?",
              "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mozart's Requiem" }],
              "question": "What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led Chopin's funeral procession?",
              "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was played at his graveside?",
              "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mozart's Requiem" }],
              "question": "What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?",
              "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the funeral procession?",
              "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was played at Chopin's graveside?",
              "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146707"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer" }],
              "question": "Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?",
              "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Euterpe" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?",
              "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "5,000 francs" }],
              "question": "How much did Chopin's funeral cost?",
              "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?",
              "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer." }],
              "question": "Who designed Chopin's tombstone?",
              "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "5,000 francs" }],
              "question": "How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?",
              "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Jane Stirling" }],
              "question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?",
              "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "sister" }],
              "question": "Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?",
              "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Sand" }],
              "question": "Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?",
              "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 230" }],
              "question": "How many of Chopin's works still exist?",
              "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "All of his pieces include what instrument?",
              "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 230" }],
              "question": "How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?",
              "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "chamber music." }],
              "question": "Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?",
              "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Clementi" }],
              "question": "Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?",
              "id": "56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Clementi" }],
              "question": "Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?",
              "id": "56d38d6559d6e4140014674f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Bach and Mozart" }],
              "question": "Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?",
              "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Haydn" }],
              "question": "Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?",
              "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146751"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "John Field" }],
              "question": "Who is credited with creating the nocturne?",
              "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "ballades and scherzi" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?",
              "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "nocturne" }],
              "question": "What new genre di John Field invent?",
              "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "ballades and scherzi" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?",
              "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "concert \u00e9tude" }
              ],
              "question": "What musical concept did Chopin exploit?",
              "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles" }
              ],
              "question": "What three other musicians were developing the new genre?",
              "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146774"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?",
              "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?",
              "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "mazurkas" }],
              "question": "Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?",
              "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "faster tempos" }],
              "question": "What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?",
              "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "greater range of melody and expression."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?",
              "id": "56d390b559d6e41400146789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "concert hall" }],
              "question": "Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?",
              "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "the mazurka" }],
              "question": "What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?",
              "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?",
              "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "waltzes" }],
              "question": "What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?",
              "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "the Revolutionary \u00c9tude" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? ",
              "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Funeral March" }],
              "question": "What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?",
              "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Sonata No. 2" }],
              "question": "The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?",
              "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?",
              "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Revolutionary \u00c9tude" }
              ],
              "question": "What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?",
              "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Minute Waltz" }],
              "question": "What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?",
              "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "65" }],
              "question": "What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?",
              "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Julian Fontana" }],
              "question": "Who was Chopin's musical executor?",
              "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?",
              "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?",
              "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "65" }],
              "question": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used?",
              "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Julian Fontana" }],
              "question": "Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?",
              "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "When was Op. 74 published?",
              "id": "56d3929359d6e414001467a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska" }
              ],
              "question": "The Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue was named for who?",
              "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?",
              "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "alternative catalogue designations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?",
              "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?",
              "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "KK" }],
              "question": "What is the shortened reference for the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?",
              "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska." }
              ],
              "question": "Who compiled the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?",
              "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?",
              "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Jan Ekier" }],
              "question": "Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?",
              "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "original publishers" }],
              "question": "Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "popular 19th-century piano anthologies."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?",
              "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Paderewski" }],
              "question": "What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?",
              "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Jan Ekier" }],
              "question": "Who edited the Polish National Edition?",
              "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Improvisation" }],
              "question": "What is central to Chopin's process?",
              "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 879, "text": "the four-bar phrase" }
              ],
              "question": "Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?",
              "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Improvisation" }],
              "question": "What is central to Chopin's creativeness?",
              "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Nicholas Temperley" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?",
              "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 854,
                  "text": "his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?",
              "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the Barcarolle Op. 60" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?",
              "id": "56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "the four ballades and four scherzos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?",
              "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "departure and return" }
              ],
              "question": "What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?",
              "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "folk features" }],
              "question": "Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ",
              "id": "56cff351234ae51400d9c14d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?",
              "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "mazurkas" }],
              "question": "Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?",
              "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "drone bass" }],
              "question": "What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?",
              "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "a canon at one beat's distance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?",
              "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "triple time" }],
              "question": "What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?",
              "id": "56cff390234ae51400d9c151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Elsner" }],
              "question": "Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?",
              "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "martial" }],
              "question": "Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?",
              "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "formidable" }],
              "question": "Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?",
              "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?",
              "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "agitated expression" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?",
              "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Field" }],
              "question": "Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?",
              "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "What year did Chopin meet Field?",
              "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "nocturnes" }],
              "question": "Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?",
              "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146809"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "\u00e9tudes" }],
              "question": "What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?",
              "id": "56cff427234ae51400d9c157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "straightforward ternary" }
              ],
              "question": "What form are most of Chopin's \u00e9tudes in?",
              "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "\u00e9tudes" }],
              "question": "Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?",
              "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "The Well-Tempered Clavier" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?",
              "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Kenneth Hamilton" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?",
              "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The preludes" }],
              "question": "What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?",
              "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inspired Chopin for his preludes?",
              "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "generic preludes to others of his pieces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?",
              "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Ferruccio Busoni" }],
              "question": "Who did a recording where \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?",
              "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146814"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?",
              "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?",
              "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?",
              "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "The last movement" }],
              "question": "Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?",
              "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Op. 58" }],
              "question": "According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?",
              "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146827"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Claude Debussy" }],
              "question": "Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?",
              "id": "56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "harmonic innovations" }
              ],
              "question": "What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?",
              "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Temperley" }],
              "question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?",
              "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de m\u00e9thode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "independent finger technique" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Chopin's style based upon?",
              "id": "56cff635234ae51400d9c184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "L\u00e9on Escudier" }],
              "question": "Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?",
              "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "his Projet de m\u00e9thode" }
              ],
              "question": "What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?",
              "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146837"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Karol Szymanowski" }],
              "question": "According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?",
              "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "national modes and idioms" }
              ],
              "question": "Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?",
              "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Nikolai Zverev" }],
              "question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?",
              "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Karol Szymanowski" }],
              "question": "Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?",
              "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Alexander Scriabin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Nikolai Zverev" }],
              "question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?",
              "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style\u2014set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings\u2014militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jonathan Bellman" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?",
              "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "rigid procedures" }],
              "question": "What did Chopin tend to avoid?",
              "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "\"always crescendo to a high note\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been falsely credited to Chopin?",
              "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?",
              "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Berlioz" }],
              "question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?",
              "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 944, "text": "Hiller" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?",
              "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146843"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "rubato" }],
              "question": "Chopin's compositions are often played with what?",
              "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does rubato mean?",
              "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "rubato" }],
              "question": "In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?",
              "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "mazurkas" }],
              "question": "What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?",
              "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Friederike M\u00fcller" }
              ],
              "question": "According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?",
              "id": "56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Friederike M\u00fcller" }
              ],
              "question": "Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?",
              "id": "56d3a32259d6e4140014684f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "rhythm." }],
              "question": "According to Friederike M\u00fcller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?",
              "id": "56d3a32259d6e41400146851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "sense of nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?",
              "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?",
              "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?",
              "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "the failure of the November 1830"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?",
              "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 730, "text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" }
              ],
              "question": "A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?",
              "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "polonaises" }],
              "question": "Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?",
              "id": "56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Schumann" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?",
              "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "flowers" }],
              "question": "Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?",
              "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 730, "text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?",
              "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146862"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Barbara Milewski" }],
              "question": "Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?",
              "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ",
              "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Richard Taruskin" }],
              "question": "Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?",
              "id": "56d3a46a59d6e41400146869"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "intuitive" }],
              "question": "William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?",
              "id": "56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "freedom" }],
              "question": "A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?",
              "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Europe and the New World" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were Poles scattered to?",
              "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146878"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831\u2014\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"\u2014and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soir\u00e9es) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 716, "text": "Byronic flamboyance" }
              ],
              "question": "Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?",
              "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 838, "text": "Liszt and Henri Herz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?",
              "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?",
              "id": "56d3a65259d6e41400146888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "Arthur Hutchings" }],
              "question": "Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?",
              "id": "56d3a65259d6e4140014688a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Carnaval" }],
              "question": "In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?",
              "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ",
              "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?",
              "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Alkan" }],
              "question": "With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?",
              "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "qualities as a pianist and composer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?",
              "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Carnaval" }],
              "question": "What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?",
              "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?",
              "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Liszt" }],
              "question": "What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?",
              "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Debussy" }],
              "question": "Who dedicated his 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to Chopin?",
              "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Jacques Durand" }],
              "question": "For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?",
              "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Raoul Koczalski" }],
              "question": "Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?",
              "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Chopin's" }],
              "question": "What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?",
              "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468ac"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521\u20131566), who ceased relations with Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Mainland Chinese scholars" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?",
              "id": "56cc239e6d243a140015eeb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260\u20131294) and his spiritual superior Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "horse trade" }],
              "question": "What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?",
              "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eeba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "1402\u20131424" }],
              "question": "During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?",
              "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "Deshin Shekpa" }],
              "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?",
              "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 863, "text": "the Karma Kagyu school" }
              ],
              "question": "Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?",
              "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Nepal" }],
              "question": "The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?",
              "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "armed resistance" }],
              "question": "What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?",
              "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "the Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 727, "text": "the Ganden Phodrang" }
              ],
              "question": "Which regime did G\u00fcshi Khan help establish? ",
              "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "1578" }],
              "question": "When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?",
              "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "the 9th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?",
              "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "The Yarlung rulers of Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? ",
              "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "the borders between Tibet and China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?",
              "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Who was the Tangs biggest rival?",
              "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "821" }],
              "question": "What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?",
              "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "907\u2013960" }],
              "question": "When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?",
              "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "960\u20131279" }],
              "question": "When did the Song dynasty take place?",
              "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Song dynasty" }],
              "question": "What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?",
              "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eeda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "the Khitan" }],
              "question": "Who ruled the Liao dynasty?",
              "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Jurchen" }],
              "question": "Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?",
              "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Genghis Khan" }],
              "question": "Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?",
              "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan" }],
              "question": "Who was Genghis Khan's successor? ",
              "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "1229\u20131241" }],
              "question": "What years did \u00d6gedei Khan rule?",
              "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan" }],
              "question": "Who invaded Tibet? ",
              "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Godan" }],
              "question": "Who was the Mongol prince?",
              "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Sakya Pandita" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "T\u00f6regene Khatun" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?",
              "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1241\u20131246" }],
              "question": "In what years was T\u00f6regene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?",
              "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, \u00d6gedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203\u20131283)\u2014the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism\u2014rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many states were ruled by myriarchies?",
              "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Khagan" }],
              "question": "What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?",
              "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan" }],
              "question": "Who was the superior of prince Kublai?",
              "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Karma Pakshi" }],
              "question": "Who became the second Karmapa Lama?",
              "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "the Phagpa lama" }],
              "question": "With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? ",
              "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eefa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1279" }],
              "question": "When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  ",
              "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1271\u20131368" }],
              "question": "When did the Yuan dynasty rule?",
              "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "the Yuan dynasty" }],
              "question": "Which dynasty ruled all of china? ",
              "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "universal rule" }],
              "question": "What did Khubilai claim for a while?",
              "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?",
              "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1358" }],
              "question": "What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? ",
              "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Mongols in Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?",
              "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? ",
              "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  ",
              "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang" }],
              "question": "Who created the Ming Dynasty? ",
              "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Red Turban Rebellion" }
              ],
              "question": "Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?",
              "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang" }],
              "question": "Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?",
              "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1368\u20131398" }],
              "question": "What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?",
              "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Yuan officeholders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?",
              "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Rolpe Dorje" }],
              "question": "Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?",
              "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Rolpe Dorje" }],
              "question": "Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?",
              "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?",
              "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "disciples" }],
              "question": "Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Ming government" }],
              "question": "Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1402\u20131424" }],
              "question": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? ",
              "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the Yongle Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?",
              "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: \u4fc4\u529b\u601d\u8ecd\u6c11\u5143\u5e25\u5e9c) in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery\" and \"Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery\" to administer Kham. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1644\u20131912" }],
              "question": "What years did the Qing dynasty rule?",
              "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1739" }],
              "question": "what year was the history of Ming produced? ",
              "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Ming dynasty create?",
              "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "seventeen Qianhu offices" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Qianhu offices were there?",
              "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "western Tibet" }],
              "question": "where was the \u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?",
              "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?",
              "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established the Tibetan law code?",
              "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Phagmodru ruler?",
              "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Turrell V. Wylie" }],
              "question": "who was a professor of the University of Washington?",
              "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?",
              "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "Morris Rossabi" }],
              "question": "Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?",
              "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who supported van Praag's beliefs? ",
              "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?",
              "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wang and Nyima" }],
              "question": "Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?",
              "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "1371" }],
              "question": "What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "princes" }],
              "question": "What did the lamas called themselves?",
              "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "imperial edicts" }],
              "question": "What edicts did the Ming issue?",
              "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?",
              "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "who colonized India and New Zealand?",
              "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?",
              "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "A Mongol dynasty of China" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?",
              "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "the line of Mongol rulers in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?",
              "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 846, "text": "a non-Chinese polity" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?",
              "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "Rossabi" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?",
              "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "1271 to 1368" }],
              "question": "When did the yuan dynasty start and end?",
              "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311\u20131320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols.\" And \"in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign,\" according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that \"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,\" citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1311\u20131320" }],
              "question": "When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?",
              "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1450, "text": "a licensed border market" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? ",
              "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "the Mongols and other ethnicities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?",
              "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa6500"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Ming" }],
              "question": "Who abolished the policy council?",
              "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 798,
                  "text": "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? ",
              "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who governed most areas of Tibet?",
              "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6509"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when \"the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?",
              "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chen Qingying" }],
              "question": "Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?",
              "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "1,000 households" }],
              "question": "How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?",
              "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "10,000 households" }],
              "question": "How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?",
              "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6511"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "John Powers" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Tibetologist?",
              "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "ruling lamas" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?",
              "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "subordinates" }],
              "question": "When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? ",
              "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE\u2013220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the western regions composed of?",
              "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "foreign officials" }],
              "question": "Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? ",
              "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that \"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Education Minister" }],
              "question": "What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?",
              "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Degsi" }],
              "question": "What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?",
              "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Phagmodrupa Dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?",
              "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wang and Nyima" }],
              "question": "What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?",
              "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "The Tai Situpa" }],
              "question": "Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?",
              "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6524"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (c. 605\u2013649)\u2014the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power\u2014by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Changchub Gyaltsen" }],
              "question": "Who divided Central Tibet into districts? ",
              "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "Van Praag" }],
              "question": "Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the University of Washington" }
              ],
              "question": "What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?",
              "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "all traces of Mongol suzerainty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?",
              "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Sagya Gyaincain" }],
              "question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?",
              "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou" }
              ],
              "question": "Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?",
              "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?",
              "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou" }
              ],
              "question": "Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?",
              "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "to the Ming court" }],
              "question": "Where were the envoys sent?",
              "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Phagmodrupa" }],
              "question": "Who lost their power over Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "1434" }],
              "question": "What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "hegemonies" }],
              "question": "What did the other families fail to establish?",
              "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6559"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "the Karmapa Kargyu" }],
              "question": "The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?",
              "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Mongol" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?",
              "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Je Tsongkhapa" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Gelug school?",
              "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "the Ming Yongle Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?",
              "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Tsongkhapa" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?",
              "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6562"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425\u20131435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes the title of a \"King\" (\u738b). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this\u2014like the Karma Kargyu\u2014cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1407" }],
              "question": "When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?",
              "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa6569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "1413" }],
              "question": "When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?",
              "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "1414" }],
              "question": "When was Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's \"tribute-cum-trade\" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by \"three successive nationalistic regimes,\" which Norbu writes \"Communist historians prefer to ignore.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dawa Norbu" }],
              "question": "Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd669562d2951400fa6572"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "eastern Tibetan princes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Ming appoint titles to?",
              "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "an army" }],
              "question": "What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?",
              "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Yang Sanbao" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the  eunuch?",
              "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?",
              "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1413" }],
              "question": "When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?",
              "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Ming court" }],
              "question": "Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?",
              "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1430s" }],
              "question": "Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?",
              "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Gelug not mentioned in?",
              "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "various lamas" }],
              "question": "Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?",
              "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "the Phagmodru myriarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?",
              "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "1435\u20131565" }],
              "question": "What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?",
              "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?",
              "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "1565\u20131642" }],
              "question": "What years did the Tsangpa start and end?",
              "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "1398\u20131402" }],
              "question": "What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?",
              "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who aided the Yongle Emperor?",
              "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Hongwu Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Yongle Emperor's father?",
              "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "March 10, 1403" }],
              "question": "When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?",
              "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "to seek out the Karmapa" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1407" }],
              "question": "When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?",
              "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1403" }],
              "question": "When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?",
              "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?",
              "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "the Karmapa" }],
              "question": "Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?",
              "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Kublai" }],
              "question": "Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?",
              "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "the Yongle Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?",
              "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Linggu Temple" }],
              "question": "At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?",
              "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "Where was the Linggu Temple located?",
              "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?",
              "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 943,
                  "text": "religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?",
              "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? ",
              "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "religious purposes" }
              ],
              "question": "Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? ",
              "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "to send a military force into Tibet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?",
              "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Deshin Shekpa" }],
              "question": "Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Jianwen Emperor" }],
              "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?",
              "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Deshin Shekpa" }],
              "question": "Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?",
              "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Deshin Shekpa's miracles" }
              ],
              "question": "What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?",
              "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were \"almost entirely of a religious character.\" Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to \"resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa.\" She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as \"part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Chinese Communist historians" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?",
              "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Buddhist artifacts" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the items of tribute?",
              "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Josef Kolma\u0161" }],
              "question": "Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1435\u20131449" }],
              "question": "What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?",
              "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?",
              "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "the Karmapa" }],
              "question": "Who was the edict addressed to? ",
              "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?",
              "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the edict written?",
              "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "the Karmapa hierarchs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?",
              "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1446" }],
              "question": "What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?",
              "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "1415" }],
              "question": "When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?",
              "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the Karmapa" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?",
              "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants\u2014\"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet\". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021\u20131086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "to facilitate trade with Tibet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Yongle order the construction?",
              "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "tea, horses, and salt" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "where did the trade route pass through?",
              "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy\". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolma\u0161 writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes \"in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price\". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "to secure urgently needed horses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1980, "text": "Silk workshops" }],
              "question": "What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?",
              "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2103, "text": "Tibetan Buddhist" }],
              "question": "What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?",
              "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Ming" }],
              "question": "who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?",
              "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?",
              "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ming trade horses with?",
              "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Altan Khan" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols?",
              "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Altan Khan overthrow?",
              "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "the Ming dynasty" }],
              "question": "Who did Altan Khan make peace with?",
              "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Altan Khan" }],
              "question": "Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?",
              "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them.\" Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "the 14th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?",
              "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "November 1378" }],
              "question": "When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?",
              "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 955, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?",
              "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many animals did Mu Ying capture?",
              "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1047, "text": "Ming general Qu Neng" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?",
              "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "recovery of the Ordos region" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?",
              "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "the Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? ",
              "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Ming China" }],
              "question": "Where were the Mongols trying to raise? ",
              "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 957,
                  "text": "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?",
              "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6774"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than \"comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet.\" Rossabi states that this theory \"attributes too much influence to the Chinese,\" pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "divide-and-rule" }],
              "question": "What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?",
              "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "after the Sakya regime had fallen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?",
              "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "fifth Karmapa" }],
              "question": "Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?",
              "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1144, "text": "many different Tibetan lamas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?",
              "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "the Phagmodrupa" }],
              "question": "Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?",
              "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "1498" }],
              "question": "When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?",
              "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "New Years ceremonies and prayers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most important event to the Gelug?",
              "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "1518" }],
              "question": "When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?",
              "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505\u20131521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Miky\u00f6 Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1505\u20131521" }],
              "question": "When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? ",
              "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the company of lamas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?",
              "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Miky\u00f6 Dorje" }],
              "question": "Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?",
              "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa6800"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University\u2019s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China\u2019s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Chinese writers of the early 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?",
              "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 707,
                  "text": "China's intervening Ming dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the 13th century" }],
              "question": "Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? ",
              "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?",
              "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Josef Kolma\u0161, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "the Qing dynasty" }],
              "question": "During Which dynasty does Josef Kolma\u0161 claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?",
              "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "the Chinese central government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Josef Kolma\u0161  states that Tibet became subject to what government? ",
              "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?",
              "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "the Republic of China and its Communist successors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?",
              "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?",
              "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?",
              "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "patron and priest relationship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?",
              "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "the 13th century" }],
              "question": "When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?",
              "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "the Ming dynasty" }],
              "question": "Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When was China Daily started?",
              "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "the Ming" }],
              "question": "Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "the central government of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?",
              "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1521\u20131567" }],
              "question": "When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? ",
              "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?",
              "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "the Tibetan lamas" }],
              "question": "Who stopped their trips to Ming China?",
              "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Yang Tinghe" }],
              "question": "Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?",
              "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Yang Tinghe" }],
              "question": "Who broke the eunuch influence at court?",
              "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b88570"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fern\u00e3o Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Jiajing" }],
              "question": "Who was Zhengde's successor? ",
              "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Neo-Confucian establishment" }
              ],
              "question": "What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? ",
              "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Portuguese embassy" }
              ],
              "question": "Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?",
              "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?",
              "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Jiajing" }],
              "question": "Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?",
              "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507\u20131582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso (1543\u20131588)\u2014to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama\u2014\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "the Kokonor region" }],
              "question": "What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?",
              "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Ming Chinese frontier" }
              ],
              "question": "Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?",
              "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Ming" }],
              "question": "The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? ",
              "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1571" }],
              "question": "When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?",
              "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?",
              "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?",
              "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "the Mongol princes and subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?",
              "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "execution" }],
              "question": "What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?",
              "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "the Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?",
              "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "Committed to their religious leader"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?",
              "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "T\u00fcmen Khan" }],
              "question": "Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?",
              "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "the great-grandson of Altan Khan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the 5th Dalai Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "In 1642" }],
              "question": "When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88615"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sonam Gyatso" }],
              "question": "Who was given the grandiose title?",
              "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Altan Khan" }],
              "question": "Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?",
              "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Zhang Juzheng" }],
              "question": "Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?",
              "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Zhang Juzheng" }],
              "question": "Who was the Ming Chinese official?",
              "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1050, "text": "Mongolia" }],
              "question": "Where did Sonam Gyatso die?",
              "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88624"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute.\" China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the third Dalai Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?",
              "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "pay tribute" }],
              "question": "What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?",
              "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?",
              "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "the fifth Dalai Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?",
              "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "the fifth Panchen Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?",
              "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88636"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Master of Vajradhara" }
              ],
              "question": "What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? ",
              "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Yonten Gyatso" }],
              "question": "Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1616" }],
              "question": "When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?",
              "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Yonten Gyatso" }],
              "question": "Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?",
              "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "he died" }],
              "question": "Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?",
              "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b88640"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "the Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who's presence increased in Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "their old vassal of Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?",
              "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?",
              "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "the Ming court" }],
              "question": "Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88659"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the \u00dc-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the \u00dc-Tsang king to have him murdered for \"cursing\" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular \u00dc-Tsang king. The \u00dc-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the \u00dc-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new \u00dc-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595\u20131657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the \u00dc-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the \u00dc-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1565" }],
              "question": "When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?",
              "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1611\u20131621" }],
              "question": "When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?",
              "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "the Karmapa" }],
              "question": "Who did \u00dc-Tsang king have an alliance with?",
              "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "The fourth Dalai Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "Who refused an audience with the \u00dc-Tsang king?",
              "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?",
              "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "protector" }],
              "question": "What role did G\u00fcshi Khan take on?",
              "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "the Gelugpas" }],
              "question": "Which enemies did G\u00fcshi Khan defeat? ",
              "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Amdo" }],
              "question": "Where did G\u00fcshi Khan resettle his tribe?",
              "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "When did the  \u00dc-Tsang forces surrender?",
              "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Lozang Gyatso" }],
              "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?",
              "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "his conquest of Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "What did G\u00fcshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "the Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan grant the governing authority to?",
              "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "G\u00fcshi Khan" }],
              "question": "The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?",
              "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88692"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644\u20131661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the rebellion of Li Zicheng" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?",
              "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "According to Kolma\u0161 who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?",
              "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Shunzhi" }],
              "question": "Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that \"Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "the Dzungar Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Kangxi Emperor" }],
              "question": "Who helped the Tibetan? ",
              "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1720" }],
              "question": "When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?",
              "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1751" }],
              "question": "When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?",
              "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1735\u20131796" }],
              "question": "When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? ",
              "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886b0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "IPod",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8\u00bd months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Which company produces the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "October 23, 2001" }],
              "question": "When was the original iPod released?",
              "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many different types of iPod are currently available?",
              "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "portable media players" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of device is the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "touchscreen" }],
              "question": "The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?",
              "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first iPod released?",
              "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "What company manufactures the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many versions of the iPod currently exist?",
              "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Shuffle" }],
              "question": "Which is the smallest version of the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?",
              "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "data storage" }],
              "question": "In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?",
              "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "2 GB" }],
              "question": "What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?",
              "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "128 GB" }],
              "question": "What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?",
              "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "iPod Shuffle" }],
              "question": "Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?",
              "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "iPod Touch" }],
              "question": "Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?",
              "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "2 GB" }],
              "question": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?",
              "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "128 GB" }],
              "question": "What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?",
              "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?",
              "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?",
              "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?",
              "id": "56ce732faab44d1400b8879f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?",
              "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "iPhone" }],
              "question": "In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?",
              "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "iOS 5" }],
              "question": "With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?",
              "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?",
              "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "\"Music\" and \"Videos\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?",
              "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "A8" }],
              "question": "What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?",
              "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "sixth" }],
              "question": "Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?",
              "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "sixth" }],
              "question": "What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?",
              "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?",
              "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "A8" }],
              "question": "What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?",
              "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?",
              "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year was the iPod first introduced?",
              "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did iPod sales show improvement?",
              "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "Jon Rubinstein" }],
              "question": "Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?",
              "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1045, "text": "Braun T3 transistor radio" }
              ],
              "question": "What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1369, "text": "5 GB" }],
              "question": "What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?",
              "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "in what year was the original iPod released?",
              "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1369, "text": "5 GB" }],
              "question": "How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?",
              "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1203, "text": "the Walkman" }],
              "question": "What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?",
              "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "Jon Rubinstein" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "Toshiba" }],
              "question": "Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?",
              "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Pixo" }],
              "question": "Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?",
              "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?",
              "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "Helvetica" }],
              "question": "The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?",
              "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Steve Jobs" }],
              "question": "Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?",
              "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "PortalPlayer" }],
              "question": "What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?",
              "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "Helvetica" }],
              "question": "What typeface does the current iPod use?",
              "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?",
              "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "U2" }],
              "question": "For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?",
              "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "video" }],
              "question": "What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "U2" }],
              "question": "Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?",
              "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What color was the special U2 iPod model?",
              "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Burst.com" }],
              "question": "Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?",
              "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Kane Kramer" }],
              "question": "Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?",
              "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?",
              "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?",
              "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "IXI" }],
              "question": "What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?",
              "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Burst.com" }],
              "question": "What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?",
              "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "IXI" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?",
              "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Kane Kramer" }],
              "question": "Who was the holder of the previous patent for the \"plastic music box\"?",
              "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Vinnie Chieco" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?",
              "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "freelance copywriter" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?",
              "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "2001: A Space Odyssey" }
              ],
              "question": "What film inspired the name of the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Joseph N. Grasso" }],
              "question": "Who first trademarked the iPod name?",
              "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1035, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?",
              "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "2001: A Space Odyssey" }
              ],
              "question": "What movie inspired the iPod name?",
              "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Vinnie Chieco" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name \"iPod\"?",
              "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Joseph N. Grasso" }],
              "question": "Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?",
              "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-2015" }],
              "question": "When were images of new iPod colors leaked?",
              "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Pierre Dandumont" }],
              "question": "Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?",
              "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "12.2" }],
              "question": "What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?",
              "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "12.2" }],
              "question": "What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?",
              "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Pierre Dandumont" }],
              "question": "Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?",
              "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "weak bass response" }],
              "question": "What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?",
              "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "high-impedance" }],
              "question": "What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?",
              "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "external headphone amplifier" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?",
              "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "bass" }],
              "question": "What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?",
              "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "undersized DC-blocking capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?",
              "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88818"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Bass" }],
              "question": "What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?",
              "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.",
              "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "clipping" }],
              "question": "What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?",
              "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?",
              "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?",
              "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88824"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users that have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "hearing loss" }],
              "question": "What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?",
              "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "EU" }],
              "question": "In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?",
              "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "100 dB" }],
              "question": "What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?",
              "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?",
              "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "100 dB" }],
              "question": "What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?",
              "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?",
              "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "FireWire" }],
              "question": "What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?",
              "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "power adapter" }],
              "question": "What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "FireWire" }],
              "question": "What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce82cdaab44d1400b8882d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "third generation" }],
              "question": "In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?",
              "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "30-pin dock connector" }
              ],
              "question": "What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?",
              "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?",
              "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?",
              "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "3.5 mm minijack" }],
              "question": "What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?",
              "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "third generation" }],
              "question": "Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?",
              "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b88849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Shuffle" }],
              "question": "Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?",
              "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "FireWire" }],
              "question": "What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?",
              "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "USB" }],
              "question": "What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi" }],
              "question": "Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?",
              "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Belkin and Griffin" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two companies that make iPod accessories?",
              "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "dock connector" }],
              "question": "What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?",
              "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "paying royalties" }],
              "question": "What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?",
              "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "third parties" }],
              "question": "The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?",
              "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?",
              "id": "56ce8b36aab44d1400b88865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Lightning" }],
              "question": "What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?",
              "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "seventh generation iPod Nano" }
              ],
              "question": "What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?",
              "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?",
              "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many pins did the Lightning connector have?",
              "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "both sides" }],
              "question": "On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?",
              "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Lightning" }],
              "question": "What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?",
              "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "fifth generation" }],
              "question": "What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?",
              "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88869"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?",
              "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Nike+iPod pedometer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?",
              "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "TV" }],
              "question": "What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?",
              "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Nike" }],
              "question": "Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?",
              "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "BMW" }],
              "question": "What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?",
              "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?",
              "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Scion" }],
              "question": "Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?",
              "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "BMW" }],
              "question": "Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?",
              "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b88879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Scion" }],
              "question": "Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?",
              "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b8887a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?",
              "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "FM" }],
              "question": "What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?",
              "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "audio input jacks" }],
              "question": "What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?",
              "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "FM transmitters" }],
              "question": "Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?",
              "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "audio input jacks" }],
              "question": "What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?",
              "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?",
              "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "individual seat-back displays" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?",
              "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "KLM and Air France" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?",
              "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?",
              "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?",
              "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format\u2014but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Apple Lossless" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?",
              "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "iPod photo" }],
              "question": "Which product enabled users to view images on the device?",
              "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "WMA" }],
              "question": "What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?",
              "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 729, "text": "Digital Rights Management" }
              ],
              "question": "What does DRM stand for?",
              "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Mac OS" }],
              "question": "What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?",
              "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?",
              "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "iPod photo" }],
              "question": "What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?",
              "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?",
              "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "library" }],
              "question": "What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?",
              "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "host computer" }],
              "question": "What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?",
              "id": "56cfb6b8234ae51400d9bec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel \u2013 an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5\" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many buttons do most iPods use?",
              "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "click wheel" }],
              "question": "On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?",
              "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "earphone cable" }],
              "question": "Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?",
              "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "touch screen" }],
              "question": "What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?",
              "id": "56cc88386d243a140015efff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1084, "text": "iPhone" }],
              "question": "What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?",
              "id": "56cc88386d243a140015f000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "Most iPods feature how many buttons?",
              "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Shuffle" }],
              "question": "The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?",
              "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1084, "text": "iPhone" }],
              "question": "Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?",
              "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "April 29, 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?",
              "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "What program is required to access the iTunes Store?",
              "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "October 12, 2005" }],
              "question": "When were videos made available through the iTunes store?",
              "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "September 12, 2006" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?",
              "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year was the iTunes store established?",
              "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?",
              "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?",
              "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30\u00a2 more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "AAC" }],
              "question": "When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?",
              "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?",
              "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "iTunes Plus" }],
              "question": "In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?",
              "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "January 6, 2009" }],
              "question": "When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?",
              "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 987, "text": "April 2009" }],
              "question": "By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?",
              "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "AAC" }],
              "question": "What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?",
              "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "FairPlay" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?",
              "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "iTunes Plus" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?",
              "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?",
              "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Napster and MSN Music" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?",
              "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "iPods" }],
              "question": "For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?",
              "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "DRM" }],
              "question": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?",
              "id": "56cfb97c234ae51400d9bf03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Universal Music Group" }
              ],
              "question": "What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?",
              "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "iTunes Store" }],
              "question": "What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?",
              "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?",
              "id": "56cfb99b234ae51400d9bf05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "The Beat Goes On..." }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?",
              "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "September 5, 2007" }],
              "question": "On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?",
              "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?",
              "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "iPhone" }],
              "question": "Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?",
              "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "iPods" }],
              "question": "On what devices can video games be used?",
              "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Brick" }],
              "question": "What was included on the first iPod?",
              "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Steve Wozniak" }],
              "question": "Who created Brick?",
              "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?",
              "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "easter egg" }],
              "question": "What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?",
              "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Brick" }],
              "question": "What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?",
              "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other games were later added to the original iPod?",
              "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?",
              "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "iTunes 7" }],
              "question": "Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?",
              "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "5th generation" }],
              "question": "What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?",
              "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "4th generation" }],
              "question": "On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?",
              "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?",
              "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?",
              "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?",
              "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "video game handheld console market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?",
              "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "GamePro and EGM" }],
              "question": "What two publications have covered iPod games?",
              "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": ".ipg" }],
              "question": "What format is used for iPod game files?",
              "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": ".zip" }],
              "question": "What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?",
              "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "software development kit" }
              ],
              "question": "What does SDK stand for?",
              "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "iOS" }],
              "question": "What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?",
              "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": ".ipg" }],
              "question": "What file format are iPod games distributed in?",
              "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "iPod Touch and iPhone" }
              ],
              "question": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?",
              "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?",
              "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?",
              "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "third-party" }],
              "question": "What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?",
              "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?",
              "id": "56cfc4d6234ae51400d9bf4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "DRM" }],
              "question": "What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?",
              "id": "56cd5a7362d2951400fa652f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "iTunes 7" }],
              "question": "What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?",
              "id": "56cfc516234ae51400d9bf4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "hidden" }],
              "question": "In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?",
              "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "host" }],
              "question": "On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?",
              "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "manual" }],
              "question": "What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?",
              "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?",
              "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "patent infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?",
              "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?",
              "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Ho Keung Tse" }],
              "question": "On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?",
              "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Advanced Audio Devices" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?",
              "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "FairPlay" }],
              "question": "Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?",
              "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "rotational user inputs" }
              ],
              "question": "What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?",
              "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "August 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?",
              "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Creative Technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?",
              "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Zen Patent" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?",
              "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "United States International Trade Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?",
              "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "rotational user inputs" }
              ],
              "question": "What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?",
              "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Creative Technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?",
              "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 24, 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?",
              "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?",
              "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Made for iPod" }],
              "question": "What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?",
              "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa6580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?",
              "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "the Made for iPod program" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?",
              "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?",
              "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?",
              "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "72.7%" }],
              "question": "How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?",
              "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Bloomberg Online" }],
              "question": "Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?",
              "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?",
              "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?",
              "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "74%" }],
              "question": "What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?",
              "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Wal-Mart\u2014and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 8, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?",
              "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Hewlett-Packard" }],
              "question": "What does HP stand for?",
              "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Wal-Mart" }],
              "question": "What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?",
              "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?",
              "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "unfavorable" }],
              "question": "What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?",
              "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "HP" }],
              "question": "Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?",
              "id": "56cfd727234ae51400d9bf79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "hundred million" }],
              "question": "How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?",
              "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "32%" }],
              "question": "How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?",
              "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Mac computers" }],
              "question": "What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?",
              "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "$5.2 billion" }],
              "question": "How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?",
              "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?",
              "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "32%" }],
              "question": "As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?",
              "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "$6.22 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?",
              "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "19.22%" }],
              "question": "Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?",
              "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "$3.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did Apple make in 2007?",
              "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "$15.4 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?",
              "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "$3.5 billion" }],
              "question": "With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?",
              "id": "56d12d1e17492d1400aabb64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 22, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?",
              "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "$1.58 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?",
              "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "21%" }],
              "question": "How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?",
              "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "42%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?",
              "id": "56d12dc117492d1400aabb76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Peter Oppenheimer" }],
              "question": "Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?",
              "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?",
              "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "14.21%" }],
              "question": "How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?",
              "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "220 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?",
              "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?",
              "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?",
              "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "favorable" }],
              "question": "What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?",
              "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia" }
              ],
              "question": "What two companies use the AAC format for music files?",
              "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "WMA" }],
              "question": "What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?",
              "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "PC World" }],
              "question": "Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?",
              "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?",
              "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "PC World" }],
              "question": "Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?",
              "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "business" }],
              "question": "Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?",
              "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "communication and training" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?",
              "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Royal and Western Infirmaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?",
              "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Glasgow, Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?",
              "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Duke" }],
              "question": "What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?",
              "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Entertainment Weekly" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?",
              "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Duke" }],
              "question": "Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?",
              "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Entertainment Weekly" }
              ],
              "question": "Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?",
              "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the Album Era" }],
              "question": "What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?",
              "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "music industry" }],
              "question": "In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?",
              "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "digital music storage" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?",
              "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa661a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the Album Era" }],
              "question": "The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?",
              "id": "56d130df17492d1400aabbc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "14 hours" }],
              "question": "How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?",
              "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa6629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "MP3.com" }],
              "question": "Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?",
              "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?",
              "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "battery life" }],
              "question": "Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?",
              "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "8 hours" }],
              "question": "How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?",
              "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "third-party vendors" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?",
              "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "refurbished replacement iPod" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?",
              "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "lithium-ion" }],
              "question": "What kind of battery does the iPod use?",
              "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "batteries" }],
              "question": "Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?",
              "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "lithium-ion" }],
              "question": "What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?",
              "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "battery replacement program" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?",
              "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "$99" }],
              "question": "How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?",
              "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "soldering tools" }],
              "question": "What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?",
              "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Fifth generation" }],
              "question": "What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?",
              "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?",
              "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "$99" }],
              "question": "What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?",
              "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Nano" }],
              "question": "Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?",
              "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "battery" }],
              "question": "What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?",
              "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "Apple product replacement program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?",
              "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "short life-span and fragile hard drives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?",
              "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "MacInTouch" }],
              "question": "What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?",
              "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6653"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "13.7%" }],
              "question": "How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?",
              "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "late 2005" }],
              "question": "When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?",
              "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 802, "text": "protective sleeves" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?",
              "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "flash memory" }],
              "question": "Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?",
              "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "screen" }],
              "question": "The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?",
              "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Mail on Sunday" }],
              "question": "What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?",
              "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Apple's Code of Conduct" }
              ],
              "question": "What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?",
              "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?",
              "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa6660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Mail" }],
              "question": "Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?",
              "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?",
              "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901fec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Verit\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?",
              "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?",
              "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Foxconn" }],
              "question": "What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?",
              "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Longhua, Shenzhen" }],
              "question": "Where was the Foxconn plant located?",
              "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Foxconn" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?",
              "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Verit\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?",
              "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?",
              "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?",
              "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Apple prototype" }],
              "question": "What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?",
              "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?",
              "id": "56d13543e7d4791d00902004"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "innovation" }],
              "question": "What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?",
              "id": "56cd834d62d2951400fa668a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod Touch, requires special software.[citation needed] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "HFS+" }],
              "question": "To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?",
              "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "FAT32" }],
              "question": "If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?",
              "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf48"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: \u30bc\u30eb\u30c0\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac \u30c8\u30ef\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30bb\u30b9, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version was released worldwide in December 2006.[b]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "action-adventure" }],
              "question": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "GameCube and Wii" }],
              "question": "What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "November 2006" }],
              "question": "When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?",
              "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "December 2006" }],
              "question": "When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Nintendo" }],
              "question": "What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?",
              "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?",
              "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Link" }],
              "question": "Who is the main character of the story?",
              "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Hyrule" }],
              "question": "What land does Link serve to protect?",
              "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa669b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Link" }],
              "question": "Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?",
              "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?",
              "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "The Wind Waker" }],
              "question": "This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?",
              "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. It received several Game of the Year awards, and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition port for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, will be released in March 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Game of the Year" }],
              "question": "What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?",
              "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Nintendo Selects" }],
              "question": "Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?",
              "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "March 2016" }],
              "question": "When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?",
              "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Twilight Princess" }],
              "question": "At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?",
              "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "several" }],
              "question": "How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?",
              "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?",
              "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "2016" }],
              "question": "What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?",
              "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge.[c] Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot (similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series).[d] While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming.[c]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "combat, exploration, and item collection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Ocarina of Time" }],
              "question": "Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?",
              "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "L-targeting" }],
              "question": "What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?",
              "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "sword" }],
              "question": "What is Link's main weapon?",
              "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "Clawshot" }],
              "question": "What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?",
              "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "action-adventure" }],
              "question": "What genre of game is Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Ocarina of Time" }],
              "question": "Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?",
              "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "sword and shield" }],
              "question": "What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?",
              "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "L-targeting" }],
              "question": "What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?",
              "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab927"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.[f]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?",
              "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "on-screen display" }],
              "question": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?",
              "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "on the ground" }],
              "question": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?",
              "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "context-sensitive button mechanic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?",
              "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "on-screen display" }],
              "question": "What shows what action the button will trigger?",
              "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.[g]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote" }],
              "question": "Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?",
              "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "chime" }],
              "question": "What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?",
              "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote" }],
              "question": "What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?",
              "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "Nunchuk" }],
              "question": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?",
              "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?",
              "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "motion" }],
              "question": "The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?",
              "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote" }],
              "question": "What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?",
              "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The game features nine dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "enemies" }],
              "question": "What does Link fight in dungeons?",
              "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "overworld" }],
              "question": "What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?",
              "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Epona" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Link's steed?",
              "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "puzzles" }],
              "question": "What must Link solve throughout the game?",
              "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "boss" }],
              "question": "Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?",
              "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "overworld" }],
              "question": "What connects the dungeons?",
              "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab96a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf.[h] He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting, and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails.[i] He also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows Link to \"warp\" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld.[j] Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes.[k]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Wolf" }],
              "question": "What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?",
              "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "biting" }],
              "question": "What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?",
              "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1014, "text": "Poes" }],
              "question": "Hostile spirits are also known as what?",
              "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "Who provides helpful information to Link?",
              "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "human" }],
              "question": "Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?",
              "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Wolf" }],
              "question": "What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?",
              "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 642, "text": "small imp-like creature" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Midna?",
              "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 995, "text": "enemy ghosts" }],
              "question": "What are Poes?",
              "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab98b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does AI stand for?",
              "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "The Wind Waker" }],
              "question": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "react" }],
              "question": "What do enemies do to defeated companions?",
              "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa6711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?",
              "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Link" }],
              "question": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?",
              "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. The character of Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "nods and facial expressions" }
              ],
              "question": "Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?",
              "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?",
              "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto" }],
              "question": "Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?",
              "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What country does Akiko Komoto come from?",
              "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "grunts" }],
              "question": "What does Link say when attacking?",
              "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "nods and facial expressions" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Link express emotions?",
              "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "What character has the most voice acting?",
              "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto" }],
              "question": "Who does the voice of Midna?",
              "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Realm of Twilight, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by an imp-like Twilight being named Midna, who dislikes Link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda. Zelda explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, has stolen the light from three of the four Light Spirits and conquered Hyrule. In order to save Hyrule, Link must first restore the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered areas and, as a wolf, recover the Spirits' lost light. He must do this by collecting the multiple \"Tears of Light\"; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area, he restores that area's Light Spirit. As he restores them, the Light Spirits return Link to his Hylian form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "ranch hand" }],
              "question": "What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa6728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "children" }],
              "question": "What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?",
              "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?",
              "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "Tears of Light" }],
              "question": "What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?",
              "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Ordon Village" }],
              "question": "Where is Link working as a ranch hand?",
              "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Bulblins" }],
              "question": "Who attacks the village?",
              "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "Tears of Light" }],
              "question": "What must Link collect?",
              "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabafb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows, they are ambushed by Zant. After he relieves Midna of the Fused Shadow fragments, she ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn Link back into a wolf, and then leaves Midna in Hyrule to die from the world's light. Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Midna is moved by Zelda's sacrifice, and begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Fused Shadows" }],
              "question": "What does Link assist Midna in collection?",
              "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Zant" }],
              "question": "Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?",
              "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Master Sword" }],
              "question": "What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?",
              "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Zelda" }],
              "question": "Who saves Midna?",
              "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Lanayru" }],
              "question": "Where do the Zoras come from?",
              "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Fused Shadows" }],
              "question": "What does Link help Midna find?",
              "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Zant" }],
              "question": "Who ambushes Link and Midna?",
              "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Master Sword" }],
              "question": "What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?",
              "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Zelda" }],
              "question": "Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?",
              "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form, obtaining the Shadow Crystal. Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will, Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule. However, they discover that the mirror is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but he was only able to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in Castle Town, Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror, defeating those they infected. Once the portal has been restored, Midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the Twilight Realm, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in conquering Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows, but destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Shadow Crystal" }],
              "question": "What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?",
              "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Mirror of Twilight" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?",
              "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Ganondorf" }],
              "question": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?",
              "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1432, "text": "Hyrule Castle" }],
              "question": "Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?",
              "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1531, "text": "Zelda's" }],
              "question": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?",
              "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa6740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Shadow Crystal" }],
              "question": "What allows Link to switch between his two forms?",
              "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Gerudo Desert" }],
              "question": "What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?",
              "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Midna" }],
              "question": "Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?",
              "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Ganondorf" }],
              "question": "Who did Zant form a pact with?",
              "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1582, "text": "beast" }],
              "question": "What does Ganondorf transform into?",
              "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna's helmet. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback, and, assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits not only bring Midna back to life, but restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home before destroying the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. Near the end, as Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link is shown leaving Ordon Village heading to parts unknown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "helmet" }],
              "question": "What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?",
              "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "Ordon Village" }],
              "question": "Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?",
              "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Zelda" }],
              "question": "Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?",
              "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "chest" }],
              "question": "To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?",
              "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Light Spirits" }],
              "question": "Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?",
              "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa674a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Link and Zelda" }],
              "question": "Who does Midna teleport?",
              "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Midna's helmet" }],
              "question": "What does Ganondorf crush?",
              "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "Mirror of Twilight" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Midna destroy?",
              "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker. At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat.[l]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Game Developers Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?",
              "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "North American" }],
              "question": "What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?",
              "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "horseback combat" }],
              "question": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?",
              "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?",
              "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Eiji Aonuma" }],
              "question": "Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?",
              "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "horseback combat" }],
              "question": "What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?",
              "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass. Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?",
              "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?",
              "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Nintendo DS" }],
              "question": "What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?",
              "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Phantom Hourglass" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?",
              "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?",
              "id": "56d12d5117492d1400aabb71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a \"Light World\" and a \"Dark World\"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods. The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment. It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past.[m] The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku. Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and suggested that Aonuma consider using it.[n]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "rabbit" }],
              "question": "What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?",
              "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "The Minish Cap" }],
              "question": "Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?",
              "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1219, "text": "Revolution" }],
              "question": "What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?",
              "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1232, "text": "Miyamoto" }],
              "question": "Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Mitsuhiro Takano" }],
              "question": "Who created the script for the story scenes?",
              "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1292, "text": "Wii Remote" }],
              "question": "What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?",
              "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be called the Wii, but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first. His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass. Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release. Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel.[o]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "pointing-based" }],
              "question": "What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?",
              "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Satoru Iwata" }],
              "question": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What was the original release date for Gamecube?",
              "id": "56d12ed617492d1400aabb96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "GameCube" }],
              "question": "What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?",
              "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "E3 2005" }],
              "question": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?",
              "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Wii" }],
              "question": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?",
              "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "At E3 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?",
              "id": "56d12fb517492d1400aabba1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.[p] Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p] Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "swinging gesture" }],
              "question": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "NGC Magazine" }],
              "question": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?",
              "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "Wii controller" }],
              "question": "What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?",
              "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1152, "text": "a month" }],
              "question": "How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?",
              "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "NGC Magazine" }],
              "question": "What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?",
              "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 956, "text": "E3 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?",
              "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease.[q] The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses.[r] In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image.[s] Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users.[t]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "control scheme" }],
              "question": "What did early users find hard to use about the game?",
              "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "sword" }],
              "question": "Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?",
              "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "E3 attendees" }],
              "question": "Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?",
              "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "right" }],
              "question": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?",
              "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "comfort and ease" }],
              "question": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?",
              "id": "56d1314217492d1400aabbc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of Kondo. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game's title screen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Koji Kondo" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?",
              "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Michiru \u014cshima" }
              ],
              "question": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?",
              "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Koji Kondo" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?",
              "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Michiru \u014cshima" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?",
              "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Yasuzo Takemoto" }],
              "question": "Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?",
              "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "live" }],
              "question": "What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?",
              "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?",
              "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "November 19, 2006" }],
              "question": "When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?",
              "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Nintendo Power" }],
              "question": "Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?",
              "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Media" }],
              "question": "Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?",
              "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "November 19, 2006" }],
              "question": "When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?",
              "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "soundtrack" }],
              "question": "What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?",
              "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "buffer overflow vulnerability" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?",
              "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "Executable and Linkable Format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ELF stand for?",
              "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "4.0" }],
              "question": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Twilight Hack" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the hack discovered?",
              "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "3.3 and 3.4" }],
              "question": "What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?",
              "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "4.0" }],
              "question": "What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?",
              "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Tantalus Media" }],
              "question": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Wii U" }],
              "question": "For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?",
              "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "November 12, 2015" }],
              "question": "When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?",
              "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "March 5, 2016" }],
              "question": "On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?",
              "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the remastered game?",
              "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Tantalus Media" }],
              "question": "What company is developing the remaster?",
              "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Amiibo" }],
              "question": "What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?",
              "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "March 4, 2016" }],
              "question": "When will the game be released in America?",
              "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the \"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game. Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine" }
              ],
              "question": "What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?",
              "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "Link and Toon Link" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?",
              "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Zelda and Sheik" }],
              "question": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?",
              "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Ganondorf" }],
              "question": "Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?",
              "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Cave of Shadows" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?",
              "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Wolf Link Amiibo" }],
              "question": "What will special bundles of the game contain?",
              "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Cave of Shadows" }],
              "question": "What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock?",
              "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Link and Toon" }],
              "question": "What characters will be able to replenish arrows?",
              "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Zelda and Sheik" }],
              "question": "What figures restore health?",
              "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States; it is included in all bundles in Japan, Europe, and Australia.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "GameStop" }],
              "question": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?",
              "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?",
              "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Japan, Europe, and Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game?",
              "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "CD" }],
              "question": "What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?",
              "id": "56d13400e7d4791d00901fdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess has average scores of 95% and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95% and 96 for the GameCube version. GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "perfect" }],
              "question": "What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?",
              "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "GameRankings and Metacritic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?",
              "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "GameTrailers" }],
              "question": "Who counted the game among the best ever made?",
              "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "universal critical acclaim" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reception of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "perfect" }],
              "question": "What scores did it receive from major game publications?",
              "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "95" }],
              "question": "What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?",
              "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "GameTrailers" }],
              "question": "What reviewer called Twilight Princess \"One of the greatest games ever created\"?",
              "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post. Game Informer called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as \"a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation\". Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as \"the single greatest videogame experience\". Twilight Princess's graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles. Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters. Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game, and regarded Twilight Princess's Hyrule as the best version ever created. PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games\". Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although 1UP.com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess's soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. Hyper's Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticised it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "IGN and GameSpy" }],
              "question": "Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1153, "text": "Jeff Gerstmann" }],
              "question": "Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?",
              "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1142, "text": "GameSpot" }],
              "question": "Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for?",
              "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1532, "text": "Javier Glickman" }],
              "question": "Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?",
              "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1524, "text": "Hyper" }],
              "question": "Which publication does Javier Glickman write for?",
              "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "IGN and GameSpy" }],
              "question": "What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution?",
              "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1313, "text": "Gaming Nexus" }],
              "question": "What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation?",
              "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1532, "text": "Javier Glickman" }],
              "question": "Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?",
              "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901fff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, Games Radar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power. It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP.com, and Nintendo Power. The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy. The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "GameCube" }],
              "question": "The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?",
              "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?",
              "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "4th" }],
              "question": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?",
              "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?",
              "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "IGN and Nintendo Power" }
              ],
              "question": "What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?",
              "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Best Console Game" }],
              "question": "What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?",
              "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?",
              "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "4th" }],
              "question": "What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?",
              "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902018"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "PAL" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?",
              "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "5.82 million" }],
              "question": "How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?",
              "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1.32 million" }],
              "question": "How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?",
              "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "PAL region" }],
              "question": "What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?",
              "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "5.82 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?",
              "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1.32 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?",
              "id": "56d13669e7d4791d00902020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Japan-exclusive manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Akira Himekawa" }],
              "question": "Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?",
              "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?",
              "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Shogakukan" }],
              "question": "Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?",
              "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "mobile" }],
              "question": "What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?",
              "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Spectre_(2015_film)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Spectre (2015) is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions. It features Daniel Craig in his fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltz as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the character's re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, and was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Eon Productions" }],
              "question": "Which company made Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Daniel Craig" }],
              "question": "Who is the star of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "James Bond" }],
              "question": "What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?",
              "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "$245" }],
              "question": "How much money did it take to make Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "twenty-four" }],
              "question": "How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?",
              "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?",
              "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?",
              "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Sam Mendes" }],
              "question": "Who directed Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "What group is the enemy of the protagonist?",
              "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Diamonds Are Forever" }
              ],
              "question": "Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?",
              "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Dave Bautista" }],
              "question": "Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?",
              "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Lucia Sciarra" }],
              "question": "What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?",
              "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny" }
              ],
              "question": "Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "L\u00e9a Seydoux" }],
              "question": "What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Dave Bautista" }],
              "question": "What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was Diamonds are Forever released?",
              "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release. It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015. It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release; although criticised for its length, lack of screen time for new characters, and writing, it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography. The theme song, \"Writing's on the Wall\", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category. As of 20 February 2016[update], Spectre has grossed over $879 million worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "26 October 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?",
              "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Royal Albert Hall in London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first screening of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "6 November 2015" }],
              "question": "What was the US release date for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "action sequences and cinematography"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "Best Original Song" }
              ],
              "question": "For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?",
              "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa6820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?",
              "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Writing's on the Wall" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Garreth Mallory's promotion to M, on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M, 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra, an assassin who survived the attack. In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter. Upon returning to London, Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries \"Nine Eyes \", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Day of the Dead" }],
              "question": "On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?",
              "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "M" }],
              "question": "Who removed James Bond from active service?",
              "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "Who is M's rival?",
              "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "Nine Eyes" }],
              "question": "What group does C support England joining?",
              "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa6870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Garreth Mallory" }],
              "question": "Which character is promoted to M?",
              "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Day of the Dead" }],
              "question": "Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?",
              "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "MI5 and MI6" }],
              "question": "Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?",
              "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "his ring" }],
              "question": "What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?",
              "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx, a Spectre assassin. Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where does Bond go after his suspension?",
              "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "What group did Sciarra belong to?",
              "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "assassin" }],
              "question": "What is Mr. Hinx's job?",
              "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Moneypenny" }],
              "question": "Who performs research for Bond?",
              "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa687a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?",
              "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser" }],
              "question": "Who is the leader of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Mr. Hinx" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?",
              "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser" }],
              "question": "Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?",
              "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik, but she is abducted by Hinx. Bond rescues her and the two meet Q, who discovers that Sciarra's ring links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that L'Am\u00e9ricain is a hotel in Tangier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "thallium poisoning" }],
              "question": "What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?",
              "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Dr. Madeline Swann" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is White's daughter?",
              "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "commits suicide" }],
              "question": "How does White deal with his condition?",
              "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Hoffler Klinik" }],
              "question": "Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?",
              "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Tangier" }],
              "question": "Where is L'Americain located?",
              "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "thallium poisoning." }
              ],
              "question": "What is Mr. White dying of?",
              "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?",
              "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Tangier." }],
              "question": "Where is the L'Americain hotel?",
              "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Hinx." }],
              "question": "Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?",
              "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two travel to the hotel and discover White's secret room where they find co-ordinates pointing to Oberhauser's operations base in the desert. They travel by train to the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance. After arriving at the station, Bond and Swann are escorted to Oberhauser's base. There, he reveals that Spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return Spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre. Bond and Swann escape, destroying the base in the process, leaving Blofeld to apparently die during the explosion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "train" }],
              "question": "What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?",
              "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "Hannes" }],
              "question": "Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?",
              "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 951, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?",
              "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 951, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld" }
              ],
              "question": "After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?",
              "id": "56cf35f7aab44d1400b88e5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death. Meanwhile, Bond is taken to the old MI6 building, which is scheduled for demolition, and frees himself. Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth, he encounters a disfigured Blofeld, who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls away from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "the old MI6 building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?",
              "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Blofeld" }],
              "question": "Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?",
              "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 929, "text": "Westminster Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Blofeld get arrested?",
              "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "Who does M fight with?",
              "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Q" }],
              "question": "Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?",
              "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "Which characters falls to their death, M or C?",
              "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ownership of the Spectre organisation\u2014originally stylised \"SPECTRE\" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion\u2014and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham\u2014including characters and plot points\u2014into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball\u2014with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers\u2014and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. Under the terms of the 1963 settlement, the literary rights stayed with Fleming, allowing the Spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did SPECTRE originally stand for?",
              "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory" }
              ],
              "question": "Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?",
              "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?",
              "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 874, "text": "Never Say Never Again" }
              ],
              "question": "Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?",
              "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "Warhead 2000 A.D." }],
              "question": "What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?",
              "id": "56cdd33362d2951400fa68c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?",
              "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 874, "text": "Never Say Never Again" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?",
              "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Thunderball." }],
              "question": "Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "MGM" }],
              "question": "Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "SPECTRE" }],
              "question": "What was Spectre's original name?",
              "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Eon Productions" }],
              "question": "Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?",
              "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?",
              "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "MGM" }],
              "question": "Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "How was the Spectre acronym originally written?",
              "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Danjaq" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?",
              "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "What company was targeted by leaks of company information?",
              "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "hackers" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?",
              "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "John Logan" }],
              "question": "Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?",
              "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Eon Productions" }],
              "question": "Which company verified contents of the leaked information?",
              "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2014" }],
              "question": "When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?",
              "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "John Logan" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Eon Productions" }],
              "question": "What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?",
              "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ecb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite being an original story, Spectre draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz. Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser, a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection, and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters, screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Christoph Waltz" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?",
              "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?",
              "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the writers of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "Quantum" }],
              "question": "Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?",
              "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Octopussy" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared?",
              "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Charmian Bond" }],
              "question": "Who was Bond's full time guardian?",
              "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Octopussy" }],
              "question": "In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?",
              "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Christoph Waltz." }],
              "question": "What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?",
              "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "Quantum of Solace" }],
              "question": "In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?",
              "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "Quantum is a division of what other organization? ",
              "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called \"Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques\", a reference to the short story \"The Hildebrand Rarity\" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?",
              "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Kingsley Amis" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?",
              "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "The Hildebrand Rarity" }
              ],
              "question": "What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?",
              "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "For Your Eyes Only" }
              ],
              "question": "\"The Hildebrand Rarity\"  is from what short story collection?",
              "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Blofeld" }],
              "question": "Which character tortures Bond?",
              "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?",
              "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "December 2014" }],
              "question": "When were the actors in Spectre announced?",
              "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Ralph Fiennes" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrayed M?",
              "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Naomie Harris" }],
              "question": "Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?",
              "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Ben Whishaw" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrayed Q?",
              "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Rory Kinnear" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?",
              "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?",
              "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Rory Kinnear" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?",
              "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Franz Oberhauser" }],
              "question": "Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?",
              "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?",
              "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Quantum of Solace" }],
              "question": "In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?",
              "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?",
              "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?",
              "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 785, "text": "Quantum of Solace." }
              ],
              "question": "In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?",
              "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88eeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "fifteen hundred" }],
              "question": "How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Alessandro Cremona" }],
              "question": "Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?",
              "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Stephanie Sigman" }],
              "question": "Estrella was played by which actress?",
              "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "February 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?",
              "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Mexico" }],
              "question": "Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?",
              "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Austria." }],
              "question": "In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot?",
              "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Alessandro Cremona" }],
              "question": "Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?",
              "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Estrella" }],
              "question": "What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?",
              "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989. Skyfall writer John Logan resumed his role of scriptwriter, collaborating with Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who returned for their sixth Bond film.[N 4] The writer Jez Butterworth also worked on the script, alongside Mendes and Craig. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of Spectre numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than Skyfall. Craig is listed as co-producer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "John Glen" }],
              "question": "Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?",
              "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Dennis Gassner" }],
              "question": "Who served as production designer for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Roger Deakins" }],
              "question": "Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?",
              "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa6920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Skyfall and Spectre" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?",
              "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?",
              "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Spectre" }],
              "question": "Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?",
              "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "John Glen" }],
              "question": "Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?",
              "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?",
              "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "London, Mexico City and Rome" }
              ],
              "question": "What were three sites used for filming Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Kodak 35 mm" }],
              "question": "What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?",
              "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Pinewood Studios" }],
              "question": "Where did initial shoots for the film take place?",
              "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "seven months." }],
              "question": "How long did it take to film Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Kodak 35 mm film stock" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of film was used?",
              "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Pinewood Studios" }],
              "question": "In what film studio was some of the film shot?",
              "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "December 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Spectre begin production in Austria?",
              "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "February 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?",
              "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Ice Q Restaurant" }],
              "question": "What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?",
              "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "knee" }],
              "question": "What part of his body did Craig injure?",
              "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Ice Q Restaurant" }],
              "question": "What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?",
              "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Austrian Alps." }],
              "question": "Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?",
              "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Rettenbach glacier" }
              ],
              "question": "Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?",
              "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?",
              "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1113, "text": "Williams" }],
              "question": "Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "Jaguar" }],
              "question": "For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?",
              "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?",
              "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa6980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?",
              "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the Ponte Sisto bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What bridge in Rome was a filming location?",
              "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?",
              "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1113, "text": "Williams" }],
              "question": "Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.",
              "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1166, "text": "Jaguar." }],
              "question": "What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?",
              "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Mexico City" }],
              "question": "Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?",
              "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Day of the Dead" }],
              "question": "Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?",
              "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?",
              "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City?",
              "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "Palenque" }],
              "question": "Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?",
              "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Day of the Dead festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?",
              "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?",
              "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot?",
              "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following filming in Mexico, and during a scheduled break, Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury. It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on 22 April.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?",
              "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "22 April" }],
              "question": "When did Craig go back to work?",
              "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?",
              "id": "56cf4a71aab44d1400b88f5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which bridges were shut down because of filming?",
              "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "London Fire Brigade" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization provided water for weather effects?",
              "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Thames" }],
              "question": "Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?",
              "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Vauxhall Cross" }],
              "question": "Where is MI6 based?",
              "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Filming closed which two bridges in London?",
              "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "The London Fire Brigade" }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?",
              "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Covent Garden." }],
              "question": "Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?",
              "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "night" }],
              "question": "Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?",
              "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After wrapping up in England, production travelled to Morocco in June, with filming taking place in Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud, after preliminary work was completed by the production's second unit. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for Spectre was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?",
              "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Largest film stunt explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?",
              "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Chris Corbould" }],
              "question": "Who was the Guinness record attributed to?",
              "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "128 days" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to shoot Spectre?",
              "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Morocco" }],
              "question": "Where did production go to after leaving London?",
              "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Largest film stunt explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "What Guinness World Record does the film hold?",
              "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "128 days." }],
              "question": "How many day did filming take",
              "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Chris Corbould" }],
              "question": "The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer?",
              "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities\u2014reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a \"positive light\"\u2014in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "$20 million" }],
              "question": "How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?",
              "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Michael G. Wilson" }],
              "question": "Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?",
              "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?",
              "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Istanbul" }],
              "question": "Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?",
              "id": "56cf5415aab44d1400b88fe8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas Newman returned as Spectre's composer. Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's On Her Majesty's Secret Service theme. Mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thomas Newman" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the music for Spectre?",
              "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "23 October 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?",
              "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Decca Records" }],
              "question": "What company published the Spectre soundtrack?",
              "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thomas Newman" }],
              "question": "Who composed the score for the film?",
              "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Decca Records" }],
              "question": "Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?",
              "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "during filming." }],
              "question": "Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?",
              "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "July 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?",
              "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film's title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the demo was used in the final release.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Writing's on the Wall" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?",
              "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?",
              "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "demo" }],
              "question": "Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?",
              "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Sam Smith" }],
              "question": "Who is the vocalist on Writing's on the Wall?",
              "id": "56cf55adaab44d1400b8902a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\". The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film, which went unused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "25 September 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?",
              "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?",
              "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Shirley Bassey" }],
              "question": "What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?",
              "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Radiohead" }],
              "question": "What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?",
              "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Adele" }],
              "question": "What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?",
              "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Shirley Bassey" }],
              "question": "The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?",
              "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Radiohead" }],
              "question": "Which English band also composed a song for the film?",
              "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b89050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the December 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for Spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Aston Martin and Eon" }
              ],
              "question": "Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?",
              "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many DB10s were made for the movie?",
              "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Williams F1" }],
              "question": "Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?",
              "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "promotional work" }],
              "question": "What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?",
              "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many DB10's were produced?",
              "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "007" }],
              "question": "What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?",
              "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "clapperboards" }],
              "question": "Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?",
              "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?",
              "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Eon's official social media accounts."
                }
              ],
              "question": "On which social media accounts was the film promoted?",
              "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "What other Bond film was promoted on social media?",
              "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore, appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of Spectre. The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?",
              "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "BBC One" }],
              "question": "On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?",
              "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?",
              "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "March 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?",
              "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?",
              "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?",
              "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre. In March 2015 IMAX corporation announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas, following Skyfall's success with the company. In the UK it received a wider release than Skyfall, with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 IMAX screens, compared to Skyfall's 587 locations and 21 IMAX screens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Royal Albert Hall" }],
              "question": "Where was the first showing of Spectre held?",
              "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "26 October 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?",
              "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre?",
              "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What film opening was changed so it didn't compete with Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Spectre." }],
              "question": "Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 21 February 2016[update] Spectre has grossed $879.3 million worldwide; $138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $199.8 million from North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "$879.3 million" }],
              "question": "How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016?",
              "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "$199.8 million" }],
              "question": "How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States, Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016?",
              "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "$138.1 million" }],
              "question": "How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British, Scottish, and Irish market by 2/21/2016?",
              "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United Kingdom, the film grossed \u00a34.1 million ($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed \u00a36.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then \u00a35.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed \u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's \u00a323.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday\u2013Saturday gross was \u00a320.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to Skyfall's \u00a320.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the U.K., it surpassed Avatar to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "\u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Spectre make in its first week?",
              "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days?",
              "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Avatar" }],
              "question": "What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?",
              "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "$9.2 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?",
              "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?",
              "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Avatar" }],
              "question": "Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?",
              "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "The Dark Knight" }],
              "question": "Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?",
              "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spectre opened in Germany with $22.45 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of Skyfall with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.66 million) and Norway ($2.91 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.38 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of Skyfall. It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $6.32 million tickets in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?",
              "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "4%" }],
              "question": "How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?",
              "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1275, "text": "Spider-Man 3" }],
              "question": "In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?",
              "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "$8.2 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?",
              "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1275, "text": "Spider-Man 3" }],
              "question": "What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "Minions" }],
              "question": "What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after grossing $5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28 million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than Skyfall's $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that Spectre earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.85 million in 112 XD locations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "374" }],
              "question": "How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?",
              "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "$70.4 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?",
              "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "$5.25" }],
              "question": "How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?",
              "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?",
              "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "374" }],
              "question": "How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?",
              "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Thursday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?",
              "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89129"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In China, it opened on 12 November and earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Through its opening weekend, it earned $48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198% ahead of Skyfall, a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening. IMAX contributed $4.6 million on 246 screens, also a new record for a three-day opening for a November release (breaking Interstellar's record). In its second weekend, it added $12.1 million falling precipitously by 75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends. Albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $100 million mark as projected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "12 November" }],
              "question": "On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?",
              "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "198%" }],
              "question": "How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?",
              "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?",
              "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "$84.7 million" }],
              "question": "How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?",
              "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie?",
              "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "$84.7 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?",
              "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89139"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spectre has received mixed reviews, with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback. Many critics praised the film's opening scene, action sequences, stuntwork, cinematography and performances from the cast. In some early reviews, the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor, Skyfall. Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64% of the critiques to be positive, saying that the film \"nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "60 out of 100" }],
              "question": "What was Metacritics score for Spectre?",
              "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?",
              "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "64%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?",
              "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "Audiences" }],
              "question": "Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?",
              "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?",
              "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b8913f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "60 out of 100" }],
              "question": "What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?",
              "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b89140"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it \"inventive, intelligent and complex\", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as \"a swaggering show of confidence'\", lauding it as \"a feat of pure cinematic necromancy.\" In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre \"solid if unspectacular\", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that \"the film falls frustratingly short of greatness.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Robbie Collin" }],
              "question": "Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?",
              "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "IGN" }],
              "question": "A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?",
              "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "four out of five stars" }
              ],
              "question": "What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?",
              "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "four out of five" }],
              "question": "How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?",
              "id": "56cf5e5eaab44d1400b8914f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had \"come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: \u201cOne of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone\u2019s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.\u201d Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: \u201cCraig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn\u2019t leave a huge impression as this film\u2019s \u201cBond girl,\u201d perhaps it\u2019s because we\u2019ve already met \u2014 far too briefly \u2014 the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real \u201cBond woman\u201d since Diana Rigg.\u201d Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cThis is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it\u2019s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.\u201d Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cFor all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \u201cSpectre\u201d works best when everyone\u2019s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\u201d Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: \u201cWhat\u2019s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \u201cSkyfall,\u201d as the film sustains its predecessor\u2019s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Scott Mendelson" }],
              "question": "Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?",
              "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1373, "text": "Mick LaSalle" }],
              "question": "Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?",
              "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2118, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?",
              "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2982, "text": "Skyfall" }],
              "question": "The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?",
              "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christopher Orr, writing in The Atlantic, also criticised the film, saying that Spectre \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for The Washington Post, stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional Bond film.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christopher Orr" }],
              "question": "Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?",
              "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Bored" }],
              "question": "What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?",
              "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "The Washington Post" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?",
              "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Bored, James Bored" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?",
              "id": "56cf6093aab44d1400b89180"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci, Daniel Craig, and L\u00e9a Seydoux. They also muted all profanity. This prompted criticism of the board online, especially on Twitter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Indian Central Board of Film Certification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?",
              "id": "56cef6ccaab44d1400b88d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Twitter." }],
              "question": "Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?",
              "id": "56cf6133aab44d1400b89191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Craig" }],
              "question": "Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?",
              "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "spring 2016" }],
              "question": "When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?",
              "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "spring 2016." }],
              "question": "When will the sequel to Spectre being development?",
              "id": "56cf61b5aab44d1400b8919d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "2008_Sichuan_earthquake",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?",
              "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Great Sichuan earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the earthquake named?",
              "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "69,197" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed as a result?",
              "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?",
              "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw" }],
              "question": "What did the quake measure?",
              "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "May 12" }],
              "question": "What day did the earthquake occur?",
              "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "02:28:01 PM China Standard Time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What time of the day did the quake happen?",
              "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "69,197" }],
              "question": "How many people died?",
              "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: \u6c76\u5ddd\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: W\u00e8nchu\u0101n d\u00e0 d\u00eczh\u00e8n; literally: \"Great Wenchuan earthquake\"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u20141,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Beijing and Shanghai" }
              ],
              "question": "Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?",
              "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "19 km" }],
              "question": "What was the focal depth of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "months after" }],
              "question": "How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?",
              "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the Wenchuan earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Wenchuan County, Sichuan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "80 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How far was it from Chengdu?",
              "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "19 km" }],
              "question": "What was the focal depth of the quake?",
              "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "69,197" }],
              "question": "How many people were confirmed dead?",
              "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "68,636" }],
              "question": "How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?",
              "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "4.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "15 million" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in the affected area?",
              "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "1 trillion RMB" }],
              "question": "How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?",
              "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "68,636" }],
              "question": "How many people died in Sichuan Province?",
              "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "374,176" }],
              "question": "How many were injured in Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "18,222" }],
              "question": "How many people are listed as missing?",
              "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "4.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many people are homeless because of the quake?",
              "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "11 million" }],
              "question": "How high could the homeless number possibly go?",
              "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes, in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the epicenter?",
              "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "2 minutes" }],
              "question": "How long did the earthquake last?",
              "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed?",
              "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "2 minutes" }],
              "question": "How long did the main tremor last?",
              "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "almost 80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?",
              "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10 km.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Longmenshan fault" }],
              "question": "On what fault did the earthquake occur?",
              "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Longmenshan fault located?",
              "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "120 sec" }],
              "question": "How long did the rupture last?",
              "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "10 km" }],
              "question": "How deep was the focus of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Longmenshan fault" }],
              "question": "Along what fault line did the quake happen?",
              "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture" }
              ],
              "question": "On which fracture did the quake focus?",
              "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "first 80 sec." }],
              "question": "When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?",
              "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "9 meters" }],
              "question": "What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that \"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same Yazhou Zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "April 30, 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?",
              "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa6858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?",
              "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa685b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "written report" }],
              "question": "What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?",
              "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this report warn about?",
              "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "around May 8" }],
              "question": "What was the predicted time of the quake?",
              "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "droughts" }],
              "question": "What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?",
              "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1290,
                  "text": "reports predicting the earthquake"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?",
              "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947151"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "up to 9 meters" }],
              "question": "How large was the displacement?",
              "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Tom Parsons" }],
              "question": "Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?",
              "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "9 meters" }],
              "question": "What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?",
              "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "240 km long" }],
              "question": "How long was the fault where the quake occurred?",
              "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "20 km deep" }],
              "question": "How deep is the fault?",
              "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "northeastern and southwestern ends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?",
              "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "high risk" }],
              "question": "What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?",
              "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards.\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "6,000 people" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?",
              "id": "56cdcff062d2951400fa6884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "in two stages" }],
              "question": "How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?",
              "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Longmenshan Fault" }],
              "question": "What fault tore in two places?",
              "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "shallowness of the epicenter" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?",
              "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "30 times" }],
              "question": "How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?",
              "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "firmness of the terrain" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the seismic waves travel so far?",
              "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 64 and 104" }],
              "question": "How many aftershocks were there?",
              "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "within 72 hours of the main quake."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the aftershocks recorded?",
              "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "on August 5, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?",
              "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 64 and 104" }],
              "question": "How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?",
              "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "42,719" }],
              "question": "What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?",
              "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "6.4 MS" }],
              "question": "What did the strongest aftershock measure?",
              "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "246" }],
              "question": "How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?",
              "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "August 5, 2008" }],
              "question": "At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?",
              "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "(The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "August 30, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did this earthquake occur?",
              "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa689f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "southern Sichuan" }],
              "question": "Where did this earthquake occur?",
              "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "because it was caused by a different fault."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was it not included in the series?",
              "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "2008 Panzhihua earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "Where should you look for more details?",
              "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "southern Sichuan" }],
              "question": "Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?",
              "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae05ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Ms 6.1" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?",
              "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Panzhihua earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0602"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"very disastrous\".) Two south-west-north-east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km2. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan\u2013Dujiangyan\u2013Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County\u2013Beichuan\u2013Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km2. The area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu VI totals 440,442 km2, occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide, spanning three provinces and one autonomous region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "CEA" }],
              "question": "Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?",
              "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "XI" }],
              "question": "What was the intensity scaled at?",
              "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "very destructive" }],
              "question": "What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "very disastrous" }],
              "question": "How did the USGS rate the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Yingxiu, Wenchuan" }],
              "question": "What town was closest to the main epicenter?",
              "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical, 3.5 metres (11 ft) horizontal-parallel to the fault, and 4.8 metres (16 ft) horizontal-perpendicular to the fault. In the area about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the epicenter, the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres (9.8 ft), while the average slip in Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault was about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical and 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?",
              "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres" }],
              "question": "What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?",
              "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "3 metres" }],
              "question": "How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?",
              "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "2 metres" }],
              "question": "What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?",
              "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "2.3 metres" }],
              "question": "What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?",
              "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Tibetan Plateau" }],
              "question": "Where is the Longmen shan fault located?",
              "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Longmen Shan Fault System" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?",
              "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres" }],
              "question": "What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?",
              "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres" }],
              "question": "What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?",
              "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "4.8 metres" }],
              "question": "What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?",
              "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0615"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Shanghai's financial district" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were office buildings evacuated?",
              "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "calm" }],
              "question": "How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?",
              "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "10 minutes" }],
              "question": "How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?",
              "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which airport was shut down?",
              "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "May 12" }],
              "question": "When did the airport re-open?",
              "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "evacuated" }],
              "question": "What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?",
              "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which airport was shut down?",
              "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "disruption in air traffic services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were flights delayed and diverted?",
              "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "relief operations" }],
              "question": "What were they using the airport to stage for?",
              "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "in Chengdu" }],
              "question": "Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?",
              "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "Where were office towers evacuated?",
              "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Hui County, Gansu" }],
              "question": "Where did a cargo train derail as a result?",
              "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "caught on fire" }],
              "question": "What happened to the cargo train?",
              "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "cracks on walls" }],
              "question": "What was reported in Chengdu?",
              "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "office towers" }],
              "question": "What was evacuated in Beijing?",
              "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "venues" }],
              "question": "What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?",
              "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Hui County, Gansu" }],
              "question": "Where did a cargo train derail?",
              "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "rail was distorted" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the train catch fire?",
              "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "All of the highways" }],
              "question": "How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?",
              "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?",
              "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Dujiangyan" }],
              "question": "Where did two chemical plants collapse?",
              "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?",
              "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "All of the highways" }],
              "question": "What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?",
              "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "delayed arrival" }],
              "question": "What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?",
              "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?",
              "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "two chemical plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?",
              "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "fewer than 60" }],
              "question": "How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?",
              "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "southwestern China" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the exchanges based?",
              "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa693f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Copper" }],
              "question": "What metal rose in value?",
              "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "oil" }],
              "question": "What natural resource dropped in value?",
              "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "suspended trading" }],
              "question": "What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?",
              "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "southwestern China" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended?",
              "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Copper" }],
              "question": "What metal rose due to speculation?",
              "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?",
              "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "mobile and terrestrial" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of telecommunications were cut?",
              "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "internet" }],
              "question": "What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?",
              "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "months" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?",
              "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "telecommunications" }],
              "question": "What was cut after the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Sichuan area" }],
              "question": "Where were the internet cut?",
              "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "the government" }],
              "question": "Who restored communications over a period of months?",
              "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "news and media websites" }
              ],
              "question": "What internet services were decreased in the area?",
              "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "major news and media" }
              ],
              "question": "What services were finally online again?",
              "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "2,300" }],
              "question": "How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?",
              "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "more than 700" }],
              "question": "How many Unicom towers were suspended?",
              "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "2,300" }],
              "question": "How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?",
              "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "traffic congestion" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?",
              "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Half" }],
              "question": "How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "China Unicom" }],
              "question": "Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?",
              "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?",
              "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "the Wolong National Nature Reserve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What place could officials not contact?",
              "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "around 280" }],
              "question": "How many pandas live at the Reserve?",
              "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?",
              "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many pandas were injured?",
              "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Wolong National Nature Reserve" }
              ],
              "question": "What nature center was cutoff?",
              "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Six" }],
              "question": "How many pandas escaped the reserve?",
              "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many security guards died at the reserve?",
              "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "Mao Mao" }],
              "question": "What famous panda was killed under the rubble?",
              "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant (simplified Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u94fa\u6c34\u5e93; traditional Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u92ea\u6c34\u5eab) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. The Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Hydropower Plant" }],
              "question": "What power plant was damaged?",
              "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "20 km east" }],
              "question": "How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?",
              "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?",
              "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "391" }],
              "question": "How many dams were damaged?",
              "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Zipingpu Hydropower Plant" }
              ],
              "question": "What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "20 km" }],
              "question": "How near to the epicenter was the power plant?",
              "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "less severe" }],
              "question": "What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?",
              "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Tulong reservoir" }],
              "question": "What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?",
              "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "391" }],
              "question": "What is the total number of dams damaged?",
              "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in.[dated info] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "69,180" }],
              "question": "How many deaths were reported?",
              "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "68,636" }],
              "question": "How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?",
              "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "18,498" }],
              "question": "How many people were listed as missing?",
              "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "374,176" }],
              "question": "How many people were injured?",
              "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "158" }],
              "question": "How many earthquake relief workers were killed?",
              "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "68,636" }],
              "question": "How many died in Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "69,180" }],
              "question": "What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "18,498" }],
              "question": "What is the number of missing persons?",
              "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "374,176" }],
              "question": "How many people were injured?",
              "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "tried to repair roads" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?",
              "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: \u6731\u7d39\u7dad; simplified Chinese: \u6731\u7ecd\u7ef4; pinyin: Zh\u016b Sh\u00e0ow\u00e9i) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "2,300" }],
              "question": "How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?",
              "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "in Wenchuan" }],
              "question": "Where is Yingxiu located?",
              "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "9,000" }],
              "question": "How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?",
              "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "3,000 to 5,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in Beichuan County?",
              "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were injured in Beichuan County?",
              "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "2,300" }],
              "question": "How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?",
              "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "about 9,000" }],
              "question": "What was the previous population of Yingxiu?",
              "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "3,000 to 5,000" }],
              "question": "How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?",
              "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?",
              "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Eight schools" }],
              "question": "What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?",
              "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Health care" }],
              "question": "What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?",
              "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Gao Qiang" }],
              "question": "Who was the Vice Minister of Health?",
              "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "public health care system in China is insufficient"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?",
              "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "neglected and untouched" }
              ],
              "question": "How economically forward has this area been?",
              "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "inland areas" }],
              "question": "Where is health care poor in China?",
              "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "insufficient" }],
              "question": "What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?",
              "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "medical treatment" }],
              "question": "What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?",
              "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many school children died due to shoddy construction?",
              "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?",
              "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1,700" }],
              "question": "How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?",
              "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "How many school buildings collapsed in the province?",
              "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?",
              "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "shoddy construction" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the deaths of many school children?",
              "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City",
              "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1,700" }],
              "question": "How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?",
              "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "How many school buildings fell in the entire province?",
              "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?",
              "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "December 2008" }],
              "question": "When did an investigation occur under school casualties?",
              "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "May 7, 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?",
              "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "5,335" }],
              "question": "How many students were killed in Xinhua?",
              "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "546" }],
              "question": "How many students were disabled in Xinhua?",
              "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "May 7, 2009" }],
              "question": "What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?",
              "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Ai Weiwei" }],
              "question": "Who kept a blog about the school deaths?",
              "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "5,335" }],
              "question": "What is the total of school children killed?",
              "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "546" }],
              "question": "How many children are disabled?",
              "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "fertility clinics" }],
              "question": "Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?",
              "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307add"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were left without housing?",
              "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b88959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "11 million" }],
              "question": "How many people could be potentially without housing?",
              "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "12.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many animals were killed?",
              "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1 million" }],
              "question": "How many pigs died in Sichuan?",
              "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "at least 5 million" }],
              "question": "Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?",
              "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "11 million" }],
              "question": "How many people might actually be homeless?",
              "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "12.5 million animals" }
              ],
              "question": "How much livestock was lost?",
              "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "a million" }],
              "question": "How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?",
              "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Reginald DesRoches" }],
              "question": "Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?",
              "id": "56cebcb4aab44d1400b88963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "professor of civil and environmental engineering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?",
              "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did China create a seismic design code for building?",
              "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Tangshan earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ ",
              "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened days following the disaster?",
              "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the team of engineers do?",
              "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did their findings show?",
              "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "team of engineers" }],
              "question": "After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?",
              "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "survey of damaged buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the team sent to China to make?",
              "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "variety of reasons" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of reasons do their findings show?",
              "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just built; they were not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the poorer, rural villages" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas were the hardest hit?",
              "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Swaminathan Krishnan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?",
              "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "rural part" }],
              "question": "What part of China did the earthquake occur in?",
              "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "not designed" }],
              "question": "What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?",
              "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "very strong" }],
              "question": "What manner of building codes are there in China?",
              "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "regulations" }],
              "question": "What were many of these old buildings built without?",
              "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307b01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "$75 billion" }],
              "question": "What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?",
              "id": "56cebdd0aab44d1400b8897f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "minor damage" }],
              "question": "What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?",
              "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "US$75 billion" }],
              "question": "What is an estimate of losses to economics?",
              "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Chinese history" }],
              "question": "Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?",
              "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "five largest cities" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?",
              "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 Ms (5.8 and 5.5 Mw, respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 Ms earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 Ms aftershock (5.7 Mw according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, collapse of 707 homes, damages to over 1,000 homes, and blocked 25 kilometres (16 mi) of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 Ms (6.2 Mw according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "420,000" }],
              "question": "How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?",
              "id": "56cebe75aab44d1400b88985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "6.0 Mw" }],
              "question": "How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?",
              "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?",
              "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "more than 420,000" }],
              "question": "How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?",
              "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "63" }],
              "question": "During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?",
              "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1123, "text": "Qingchuan, Sichuan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?",
              "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Wei Hong" }],
              "question": "Who was the executive vice governor?",
              "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many homes were rebuilt?",
              "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1.94 million" }],
              "question": "How many homes were left without permanent shelter?",
              "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1,300" }],
              "question": "How many schools were reconstructed?",
              "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Wei Hong" }],
              "question": "Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?",
              "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "90,000" }],
              "question": "How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?",
              "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many homes had been rebuilt?",
              "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "685,000" }],
              "question": "How many houses were still under construction?",
              "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1.94 million" }],
              "question": "How many families were still without permanent homes?",
              "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Premier Wen Jiabao" }
              ],
              "question": "Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?",
              "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "geomechanics" }],
              "question": "What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?",
              "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "the rescue work" }],
              "question": "What did Jiabao oversee in the region?",
              "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?",
              "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "90 minutes after" }],
              "question": "How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?",
              "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?",
              "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?",
              "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "proximity of the quake's epicenter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?",
              "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Level II emergency contingency plan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate?",
              "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "the most serious class of natural disasters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?",
              "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "at 22:15 CST, May 12" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the plan rise to Level I?",
              "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Level II emergency" }],
              "question": "What level alert was instated for the quake?",
              "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "most serious" }],
              "question": "What class of disasters is a level II emergency?",
              "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Level II" }],
              "question": "What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?",
              "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "National Disaster Relief Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?",
              "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "184" }],
              "question": "How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?",
              "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?",
              "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many of the team were from the military?",
              "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "How many of the team were from the police?",
              "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "earthquake emergency relief" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?",
              "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "184" }],
              "question": "How many people comprised the relief team?",
              "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?",
              "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Armed Police General Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did 22 of the relief team come from?",
              "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "in two military transport planes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?",
              "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (\u4e66\u5251\u5b50), who stated:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the China Digital Times report?",
              "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Book Blade" }],
              "question": "Who was the construction engineer known as?",
              "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "China Digital Times" }],
              "question": "Where was an article reported about the scandal?",
              "id": "56d64d231c85041400947089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Book Blade" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?",
              "id": "56d64d231c8504140094708b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Children's Day" }],
              "question": "What was June 1, 2008 called?",
              "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "living in relief centres" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were most of the surviving children?",
              "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "performed ceremonies" }
              ],
              "question": "What did these children do on that day?",
              "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "rubble of schools" }],
              "question": "Where did parents go to mourn their children?",
              "id": "56d64dca1c8504140094708f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "June 1" }],
              "question": "When is Children's Day?",
              "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "in relief centres" }],
              "question": "Where were surviving children living?",
              "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "more than $48.6 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?",
              "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "10 million yuan" }],
              "question": "How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?",
              "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "48.6 million" }],
              "question": "How much have Central state enterprises donated?",
              "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "10 million yuan each" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?",
              "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "$457 million" }],
              "question": "How much did China receive in donated money and goods?",
              "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "19 countries" }],
              "question": "How many countries donated?",
              "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many international organizations donated?",
              "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Saudi Arabia" }],
              "question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?",
              "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "\u20ac40,000,000" }],
              "question": "How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?",
              "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "83 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was donated from foreign sources?",
              "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Saudi Arabia" }],
              "question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?",
              "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many international organizations made donations?",
              "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "a counterpart support plan" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the State Council establish in 2008?",
              "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "3 years" }],
              "question": "How long did the plan last?",
              "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "counterpart support plan" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the state council set up in 2008?",
              "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "one province to one affected county"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis for this plan?",
              "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "3 years" }],
              "question": "How long is the plan due to last?",
              "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "one percent" }],
              "question": "What is the cost per province's budget?",
              "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947119"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was concluded about the construction?",
              "id": "56cec3e8aab44d1400b88a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Zipingpu Dam" }],
              "question": "What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?",
              "id": "56d677f31c85041400947143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "25 times more" }],
              "question": "What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?",
              "id": "56d677f31c85041400947144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "The government" }],
              "question": "Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?",
              "id": "56d677f31c85041400947145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "seismically active" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of area is Sichuan?",
              "id": "56d677f31c85041400947146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 659,
                  "text": "access to seismological and geological data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have researchers been denied?",
              "id": "56d677f31c85041400947147"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the earthquake allow?",
              "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the professors predict?",
              "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "time prediction method" }
              ],
              "question": "What did they try to establish?",
              "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "statistics" }],
              "question": "What did they collect to use in this method?",
              "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "that earthquake prediction was a global issue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was stated in the press conference?",
              "id": "56cec4d0aab44d1400b88a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "no proven methods exist" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?",
              "id": "56d674591c85041400947133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "a global issue" }],
              "question": "What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?",
              "id": "56d674591c85041400947134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "no prediction notification" }
              ],
              "question": "What was received before the quake occurred?",
              "id": "56d674591c85041400947135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "did not see anything" }
              ],
              "question": "What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?",
              "id": "56d674591c85041400947136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific date and time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2002" }],
              "question": "When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?",
              "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Chen Xuezhong" }],
              "question": "Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?",
              "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Chen Xuezhong" }],
              "question": "Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?",
              "id": "56d672d21c85041400947129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?",
              "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "over 7.0" }],
              "question": "What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?",
              "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "over 30 years" }],
              "question": "How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?",
              "id": "56cec5d1aab44d1400b88a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "30 years" }],
              "question": "How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?",
              "id": "56d6713f1c8504140094711f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "no consensus" }],
              "question": "Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?",
              "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "statistics" }],
              "question": "People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?",
              "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Earthquake prediction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not an established science?",
              "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) \"it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.\" The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Taipei Fire Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?",
              "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1025, "text": "over 300" }],
              "question": "How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?",
              "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "the traffic problem" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?",
              "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "donating cash" }],
              "question": "What action did the Red Cross recommend ?",
              "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "landslides" }],
              "question": "What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?",
              "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "Tibetan village of Sier" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?",
              "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "landslides" }],
              "question": "What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?",
              "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many helicopters were deployed?",
              "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "15,600" }],
              "question": "How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?",
              "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "around 3,000" }],
              "question": "How many survivors were found?",
              "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many troops parachuted into Mao County?",
              "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "heavy rain and landslides" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?",
              "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?",
              "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "15,600" }],
              "question": "By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?",
              "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "around 3,000" }],
              "question": "How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?",
              "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "around 9,000" }],
              "question": "How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?",
              "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?",
              "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?",
              "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?",
              "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "over 150" }],
              "question": "How many aircraft were there in total?",
              "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "over 150" }],
              "question": "What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?",
              "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?",
              "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "civil aviation industry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided the other 30 helicopters?",
              "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "non-combat airlifting" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?",
              "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Tzu Chi Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?",
              "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Taiwan" }],
              "question": "Where was the foundation based?",
              "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "late on May 13" }],
              "question": "When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?",
              "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Tzu Chi Foundation" }],
              "question": "What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?",
              "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "international help" }
              ],
              "question": "What did China say they would accept?",
              "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "cope with the quake" }
              ],
              "question": "What did China need help for?",
              "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "China Airlines" }],
              "question": "Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?",
              "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "May 15" }],
              "question": "What date did the cargo flight leave?",
              "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "May 16" }],
              "question": "When did a rescue team depart?",
              "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "chartered cargo flight" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?",
              "id": "56d613011c85041400946efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what airport did the chartered flight leave?",
              "id": "56d613011c85041400946efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Chengdu" }],
              "question": "Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?",
              "id": "56d613011c85041400946efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "rescue team" }],
              "question": "What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16",
              "id": "56d613011c85041400946eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Chengdu" }],
              "question": "Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?",
              "id": "56d613011c85041400946f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "satellite images of the quake-stricken areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the US share?",
              "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Chinese authorities" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the US share the satellite images with?",
              "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "135,000" }],
              "question": "How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?",
              "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 16" }],
              "question": "When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?",
              "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "satellite images" }],
              "question": "What did the U.S. share with China?",
              "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "tents and generators" }
              ],
              "question": "What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?",
              "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "135,000" }],
              "question": "How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?",
              "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Internet" }],
              "question": "What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?",
              "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "an online rescue request center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Xinhua news agency set up?",
              "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "to find the blind spots of disaster recovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?",
              "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Wenchuan" }],
              "question": "Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?",
              "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Internet" }],
              "question": "What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?",
              "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "news agency Xinhua" }
              ],
              "question": "Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?",
              "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "a student" }],
              "question": "What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?",
              "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "contact information" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of information were websites set up to store?",
              "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "May 31" }],
              "question": "On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?",
              "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "a moment of silence" }
              ],
              "question": "What was done for the anniversary?",
              "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the government open access to?",
              "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "three days" }],
              "question": "How long was it opened for?",
              "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "a moment of silence" }
              ],
              "question": "What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?",
              "id": "56d66b221c85041400947103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "earthquake relic museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?",
              "id": "56d66b221c85041400947104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "several concerts" }],
              "question": "What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?",
              "id": "56d66b221c85041400947105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "the terrible disaster" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?",
              "id": "56d66b221c85041400947106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "blood" }],
              "question": "What was also donated?",
              "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "China Unicom and China Mobile" }
              ],
              "question": "What companies received the money?",
              "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "all over mainland China" }
              ],
              "question": "After the quake, people from where in China made donations?",
              "id": "56d666041c850414009470f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "donated blood" }],
              "question": "What caused long lines in most major cities?",
              "id": "56d666041c850414009470f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "booths" }],
              "question": "What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?",
              "id": "56d666041c850414009470f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "text messaging" }],
              "question": "How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?",
              "id": "56d666041c850414009470f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "$772 million" }],
              "question": "How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?",
              "id": "56d666041c850414009470f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "557" }],
              "question": "How many tents were flown to the region?",
              "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "2,500" }],
              "question": "How many quilts were flown to the region?",
              "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "788,000 yuan" }],
              "question": "How much were both supplies worth?",
              "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Wenchuan County" }],
              "question": "What county were the supplies flown to?",
              "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?",
              "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Red Cross Society of China" }
              ],
              "question": "What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?",
              "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "US$143,000" }],
              "question": "How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?",
              "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?",
              "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "those left homeless" }
              ],
              "question": "What were all these tents and quilts for?",
              "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "The Amity Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?",
              "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (Chinese: \u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u6821\u820d), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?",
              "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses" }
              ],
              "question": "What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?",
              "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "inadequately engineered" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d64a821c85041400947075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "over 7,000" }],
              "question": "What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?",
              "id": "56d64a821c85041400947076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?",
              "id": "56d64a821c85041400947077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "legal replacements" }
              ],
              "question": "What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?",
              "id": "56d64a821c85041400947079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: \u7231\u7684\u5949\u732e; traditional Chinese: \u611b\u7684\u5949\u737b), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "four-hour program called The Giving of Love"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?",
              "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Bai Yansong" }],
              "question": "Who was the show hosted by?",
              "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large were the donations from the program?",
              "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "$1.57 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?",
              "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "Promise" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?",
              "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "The Giving of Love" }],
              "question": "What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?",
              "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "US$208 million" }],
              "question": "What did the donations total for the program?",
              "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "CCTV" }],
              "question": "What company gave the most?",
              "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "1.57 million" }],
              "question": "How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?",
              "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "Promise" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Chan's music video?",
              "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. Los Angeles Times praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?",
              "id": "56cedd04aab44d1400b88b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "foreign aid" }],
              "question": "What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?",
              "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "up to international standards" }
              ],
              "question": "What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?",
              "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Los Angeles Times" }],
              "question": "Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?",
              "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "1976 Tangshan earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?",
              "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "quake lakes" }],
              "question": "What formed behind blockages?",
              "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many quake lakes formed?",
              "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many of the lakes were a danger to people?",
              "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "7.9" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?",
              "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "large landslides" }],
              "question": "What blocked many of the area's rivers?",
              "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "quake lakes" }],
              "question": "What formed behind the blocked rivers?",
              "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?",
              "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Entire villages" }],
              "question": "What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?",
              "id": "56d624261c85041400946f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the most precarious quake lake located?",
              "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "by foot or air" }],
              "question": "How could you only get to this quake lake?",
              "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "tractors" }],
              "question": "What machinery was airlifted into the location?",
              "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were evacuated downstream?",
              "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "the dam bursting" }],
              "question": "What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?",
              "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Mount Tangjia" }],
              "question": "Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?",
              "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Beichuan County, Sichuan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Mount Tangjia?",
              "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?",
              "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The State Council" }],
              "question": "Who declared the mourning period?",
              "id": "56cede78aab44d1400b88b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "national mourning" }],
              "question": "What did the State Council declare a period of?",
              "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Mao Zedong" }],
              "question": "This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?",
              "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "May 19, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?",
              "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "Cars and trucks" }],
              "question": "What came to a halt during the moment of silence?",
              "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "three-day period" }],
              "question": "How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?",
              "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Olympic torch relay" }
              ],
              "question": "What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?",
              "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ningbo" }],
              "question": "Where was the relay scheduled to take place?",
              "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Beijing Olympic torch relay" }
              ],
              "question": "What was suspended during the period of mourning?",
              "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "in Ningbo" }],
              "question": "Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?",
              "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "The route" }],
              "question": "What part of the relay did they change?",
              "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Ruijin, Jiangxi" }],
              "question": "Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?",
              "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "black and white" }],
              "question": "What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?",
              "id": "56cedf2faab44d1400b88b9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "all advertisements" }
              ],
              "question": "What did internet portals remove from their home pages?",
              "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "various gaming sites" }
              ],
              "question": "Many of what shut down completely?",
              "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 695, "text": "burst out cheering" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?",
              "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "Casinos" }],
              "question": "What business closed in Macau?",
              "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ye Zhiping" }],
              "question": "Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? ",
              "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the principal credited with?",
              "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "2,323" }],
              "question": "How many students attended the school?",
              "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "400,000 yuan" }],
              "question": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?",
              "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ye Zhiping" }],
              "question": "What school principal strengthened his school?",
              "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Sangzao" }],
              "question": "Where is the Sangzao Middle School?",
              "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "An County" }],
              "question": "The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?",
              "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "three-year period" }],
              "question": "How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?",
              "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "to gain first-hand material of construction quality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the schools inspected?",
              "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "safety checks" }],
              "question": "What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?",
              "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Chinese prosecutors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?",
              "id": "56d658061c850414009470a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "professional crime" }
              ],
              "question": "What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?",
              "id": "56d658061c850414009470a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "schools across China" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?",
              "id": "56d658061c850414009470a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Reuters" }],
              "question": "What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?",
              "id": "56d658061c850414009470aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York Times reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "money" }],
              "question": "What was given in exchange of signing the document?",
              "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "riot police" }],
              "question": "What other methods were used to break up protests?",
              "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "government officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?",
              "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "limit protests" }],
              "question": "What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?",
              "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "money" }],
              "question": "What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?",
              "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "were threatened" }],
              "question": "What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?",
              "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1026, "text": "on school collapses" }
              ],
              "question": "What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?",
              "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (\u5218\u7ecd\u5764), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d (\u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u5de5\u7a0b) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Liu Shaokun" }],
              "question": "Who was a Sichuan school teacher?",
              "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Liu's family told?",
              "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Sichuan school teacher" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Liu Shaokun's profession?",
              "id": "56d65c671c850414009470b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "crime of inciting subversion" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was he investigated?",
              "id": "56d65c671c850414009470ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "put them online" }],
              "question": "What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?",
              "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "in a media interview" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?",
              "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "one year of re-education" }
              ],
              "question": "What was his assigned punishment ?",
              "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "in 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the sentencing occur?",
              "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2010" }],
              "question": "When was the article published about the case?",
              "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "massive casualties" }
              ],
              "question": "What did he think that the poor construction led to?",
              "id": "56d65f691c850414009470cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "that China formally requested the support of the international community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did UNICEF report?",
              "id": "56cee23caab44d1400b88be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "condolences and assistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?",
              "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "May 14" }],
              "question": "When did China formally ask for help from the international community?",
              "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "UNICEF" }],
              "question": "What organization reported that China asked for help?",
              "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "magnitude of the quake" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the world community notice the need for help?",
              "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "$214,000 and $71,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Yao Ming donate?",
              "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "$26 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?",
              "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "10.7 billion yuan" }],
              "question": "How much money had been donated by May 14?",
              "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Chinese public" }
              ],
              "question": "What group donated the 10.7 yuan?",
              "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Yao Ming" }],
              "question": "What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?",
              "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "26 million" }],
              "question": "How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?",
              "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "swift and very efficient" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?",
              "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "openness" }],
              "question": "What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?",
              "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "secretive" }],
              "question": "What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?",
              "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "10 days" }],
              "question": "How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?",
              "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "International Federation of the Red Cross"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Francis Marcus represent?",
              "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "live earthquake footage" }
              ],
              "question": "What did stations replace programming with?",
              "id": "56d646091c8504140094705d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "CCTV-1" }],
              "question": "What was the source of the live feeds?",
              "id": "56d646091c8504140094705e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "programmes suspended" }
              ],
              "question": "What about pay TV channels?",
              "id": "56d646091c8504140094705f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Myanmar" }],
              "question": "What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?",
              "id": "56d6488e1c8504140094706f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "school construction scandal" }
              ],
              "question": "Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?",
              "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "response to the quake" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Chinese government first praised for?",
              "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged. In the aftermath of the quake, many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses, but as of July 17, 2008 across Sichuan, parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "cutting corners" }],
              "question": "What did parents accuse builders of doing?",
              "id": "56d64c331c85041400947080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "any reports" }],
              "question": "As of July 17, 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving?",
              "id": "56d64c331c85041400947081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 737, "text": "poorly built schools" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of stories were being censored in the media?",
              "id": "56d64c331c85041400947083"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "state-controlled media" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has ignored the school issue?",
              "id": "56d650911c8504140094709f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "propaganda bureau" }],
              "question": "Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?",
              "id": "56d650911c850414009470a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The AP" }],
              "question": "What media source has reported this happening?",
              "id": "56d650911c850414009470a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "builders cut corners" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the buildings so shoddily built?",
              "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "thin iron wires" }],
              "question": "What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?",
              "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "supervising agencies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?",
              "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "corrupt government officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has not been brought to justice?",
              "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "many families" }],
              "question": "Who is still looking for compensation and justice?",
              "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "threat of arrest" }],
              "question": "What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?",
              "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "the Times" }],
              "question": "What media reported the threat of arrest?",
              "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "their only child" }],
              "question": "What did many families lose in the earthquake?",
              "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "New_York_City",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "New York\u2014often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part\u2014is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What city in the United States has the highest population?",
              "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what city is the United Nations based?",
              "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?",
              "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?",
              "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?",
              "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "The most populated city in the United States is which city?",
              "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2014 census estimates, the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs comprise New York City?",
              "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?",
              "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "8,491,079" }],
              "question": "In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?",
              "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "305" }],
              "question": "What is the size of New York City in square miles?",
              "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "23.6 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?",
              "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How man boroughs does New York City contain?",
              "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The five boroughs of New York City are named what?",
              "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?",
              "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "8,491,079" }],
              "question": "What is the population of New York City as of 2014?",
              "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?",
              "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "New Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?",
              "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Dutch Republic" }],
              "question": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?",
              "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?",
              "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1664" }],
              "question": "When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?",
              "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?",
              "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1624" }],
              "question": "When was New York City established?",
              "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1626" }],
              "question": "New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?",
              "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1664" }],
              "question": "The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?",
              "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?",
              "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's \"heart\" and its \"Crossroads\", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 469 stations in operation. New York City's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "56 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2014?",
              "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1303, "text": "469" }],
              "question": "How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?",
              "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Wall Street located?",
              "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1386, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many school and universities are in NYC?",
              "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 906,
                  "text": "New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ"
                }
              ],
              "question": "NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?",
              "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Staten Island" }],
              "question": "What island was once a part of Long Island?",
              "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Wisconsinan glaciation" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?",
              "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "ice sheet" }],
              "question": "Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?",
              "id": "56cf9f4b234ae51400d9be35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Lenapehoking" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Lenape homeland?",
              "id": "56ce33aaaab44d1400b8856a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1524" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?",
              "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Giovanni da Verrazzano" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?",
              "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "La Dauphine" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?",
              "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?",
              "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?",
              "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1524" }],
              "question": "When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?",
              "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "La Dauphine" }],
              "question": "Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?",
              "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?",
              "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel \"La Anunciada\" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padr\u00f3n Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez in his honor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1525" }],
              "question": "In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?",
              "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the Spanish expedition?",
              "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes?",
              "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Charles V" }],
              "question": "What monarch did Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes serve?",
              "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "La Anunciada" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes's ship?",
              "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Rio de San Antonio" }
              ],
              "question": "The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?",
              "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Padr\u00f3n Real" }],
              "question": "What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?",
              "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Henry Hudson" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?",
              "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Dutch East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Henry Hudson working for?",
              "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "1614" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?",
              "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?",
              "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "North River" }],
              "question": "What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?",
              "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Dutch East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?",
              "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "1614" }],
              "question": "In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?",
              "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Henry Hudson" }],
              "question": "Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?",
              "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Santo Domingo" }],
              "question": "Where was Juan Rodriguez born?",
              "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Jan Rodrigues" }],
              "question": "What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?",
              "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "trader" }],
              "question": "What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?",
              "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Juan Rodriguez Way" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?",
              "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?",
              "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Juan Rodriguez" }],
              "question": "Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?",
              "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?",
              "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States  \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Governors Island" }],
              "question": "On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?",
              "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Manhattan Island" }],
              "question": "On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?",
              "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1625" }],
              "question": "In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?",
              "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Peter Minuit" }],
              "question": "What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?",
              "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "1626" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1624" }],
              "question": "New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?",
              "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1625" }],
              "question": "What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?",
              "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "glass beads" }],
              "question": "What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?",
              "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?",
              "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "James II" }],
              "question": "What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?",
              "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Peter Stuyvesant" }],
              "question": "What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?",
              "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Director-General" }],
              "question": "What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?",
              "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1664" }],
              "question": "In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?",
              "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Peter Stuyvesant" }],
              "question": "Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?",
              "id": "56cfb240234ae51400d9be96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it \"New Orange\" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "William III" }],
              "question": "What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?",
              "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 24, 1673" }],
              "question": "What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?",
              "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "New Orange" }],
              "question": "What did Colve call New York after he captured it?",
              "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "1674" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?",
              "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Anthonio Colve" }],
              "question": "August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?",
              "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?",
              "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "King William III" }],
              "question": "New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?",
              "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9bead"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War" }
              ],
              "question": "After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?",
              "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?",
              "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Run" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?",
              "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?",
              "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War" }
              ],
              "question": "After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?",
              "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "42%" }],
              "question": "In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?",
              "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Charleston, South Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?",
              "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Foley Square" }],
              "question": "Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?",
              "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "courthouse" }],
              "question": "What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?",
              "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Charleston, South Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?",
              "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?",
              "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1735" }],
              "question": "In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?",
              "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "On what island did Zenger's trial occur?",
              "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1754" }],
              "question": "In what year was Columbia University chartered?",
              "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "George II" }],
              "question": "Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?",
              "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "King's College" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of Columbia University?",
              "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "John Peter Zenger" }],
              "question": "Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?",
              "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1754" }],
              "question": "Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?",
              "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?",
              "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Long Island" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?",
              "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?",
              "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "August 1776" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?",
              "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?",
              "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?",
              "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Battle of Long Island" }
              ],
              "question": "Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?",
              "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?",
              "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?",
              "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "September 11, 1776" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?",
              "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Lord Howe" }],
              "question": "Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?",
              "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Great Fire of New York" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?",
              "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?",
              "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Trinity Church" }],
              "question": "What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?",
              "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Lord Howe" }],
              "question": "Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?",
              "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9beff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "the Great Fire of New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9bf00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1785" }],
              "question": "In what year did New York become the United States capital?",
              "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "George Washington" }],
              "question": "Who was the United States' first President?",
              "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Federal Hall" }],
              "question": "In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?",
              "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Wall Street" }],
              "question": "On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?",
              "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?",
              "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Congress of the Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?",
              "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "capital" }],
              "question": "New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?",
              "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?",
              "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?",
              "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?",
              "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?",
              "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Alexander Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?",
              "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?",
              "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "16,000" }],
              "question": "In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?",
              "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?",
              "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?",
              "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Commissioners' Plan" }
              ],
              "question": "What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?",
              "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Tammany Hall" }],
              "question": "What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?",
              "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Irish" }],
              "question": "Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?",
              "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?",
              "id": "56cfbc57234ae51400d9bf31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Central Park" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?",
              "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "In what year was Central Park founded?",
              "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "first landscaped" }],
              "question": "Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?",
              "id": "56cfbc81234ae51400d9bf3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Great Irish Famine" }],
              "question": "What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?",
              "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?",
              "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "a quarter" }],
              "question": "In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?",
              "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?",
              "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "revolutions" }],
              "question": "What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?",
              "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Great Irish Famine" }],
              "question": "Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?",
              "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Over 200,000" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?",
              "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Fernando Wood" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? ",
              "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "$300" }],
              "question": "What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?",
              "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Irish" }],
              "question": "People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?",
              "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1073, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?",
              "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1304, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?",
              "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 836, "text": "Colored Orphan Asylum" }
              ],
              "question": "The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?",
              "id": "56cfcf61234ae51400d9bf5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "In what year was the modern City of New York founded?",
              "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "In what year did the subway begin operation?",
              "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "the Bronx" }],
              "question": "Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?",
              "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "The subway of New York was first available in what year?",
              "id": "56cfcffa234ae51400d9bf5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?",
              "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1,021" }],
              "question": "How many people died on the General Slocum?",
              "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory" }
              ],
              "question": "In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?",
              "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "146" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?",
              "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?",
              "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?",
              "id": "56cfd219234ae51400d9bf64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "36,620" }],
              "question": "How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?",
              "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Harlem Renaissance" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?",
              "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "36,620" }],
              "question": "What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?",
              "id": "56cfda93234ae51400d9bf7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?",
              "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "megacity" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?",
              "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Fiorello La Guardia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?",
              "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "eighty" }],
              "question": "For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?",
              "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "megacity" }],
              "question": "In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?",
              "id": "56cfdb8d234ae51400d9bf83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?",
              "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?",
              "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "abstract expressionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?",
              "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?",
              "id": "56cfdc1e234ae51400d9bf85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Stonewall Inn" }],
              "question": "The Stonewall riots are named after what building?",
              "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Greenwich Village" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?",
              "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "June 28, 1969" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?",
              "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?",
              "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "a police raid" }],
              "question": "What event provoked the Stonewall riots?",
              "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Stonewall riots happen?",
              "id": "56cfdc71234ae51400d9bf88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?",
              "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?",
              "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Silicon Alley" }],
              "question": "What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?",
              "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?",
              "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?",
              "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?",
              "id": "56cfdceb234ae51400d9bf95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently under construction. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "American Airlines Flight 11" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?",
              "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "United Airlines Flight 175" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?",
              "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "343" }],
              "question": "How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?",
              "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "July 19, 1909" }],
              "question": "On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?",
              "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1154, "text": "541.3" }],
              "question": "How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?",
              "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?",
              "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?",
              "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "American Airlines Flight 11" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?",
              "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "September 17, 2011" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence?",
              "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Zuccotti Park" }],
              "question": "In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?",
              "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?",
              "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Financial District" }],
              "question": "In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?",
              "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "September 17, 2011" }
              ],
              "question": "The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date?",
              "id": "56cfde18234ae51400d9bfaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of \"New York values\" in January 2016, Donald Trump, leading in the polls, vigorously defended his city. The National Review, a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley, Jr. in 1955, commented, \"By hearkening back to New York's heart after 9/11, for a moment Trump transcended politics. How easily we forget, but for weeks after the terror attacks, New York was America.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "What individual established the National Review?",
              "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year was the National Review founded?",
              "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Donald Trump" }],
              "question": "What public figure defended New York in January 2016?",
              "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?",
              "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Northeastern" }],
              "question": "In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?",
              "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "southeastern" }],
              "question": "In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?",
              "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?",
              "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "New York City is adjacent to what ocean?",
              "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Hudson River" }],
              "question": "What river is New York City located on?",
              "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Hudson" }],
              "question": "New York City is at the base of which American river?",
              "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "The Hudson River flows into which body of water?",
              "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The three islands that make up New York city are named what?",
              "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?",
              "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Harlem River" }],
              "question": "What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?",
              "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Bronx River" }],
              "question": "What is the city's sole fresh water river?",
              "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "New York Bay" }],
              "question": "Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?",
              "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Troy, New York" }],
              "question": "Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?",
              "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?",
              "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "The Bronx River" }],
              "question": "The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?",
              "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "The Harlem River" }],
              "question": "Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?",
              "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Battery Park City" }],
              "question": "What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?",
              "id": "56cef671aab44d1400b88d3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2). 164.1 sq mi (425 km2) of this is water and 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) is land. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "468.9" }],
              "question": "What is the total area of New York City in square miles?",
              "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "164.1" }],
              "question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is composed of water?",
              "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "304.8" }],
              "question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is land?",
              "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Todt Hill" }],
              "question": "What is the name of New York City's highest point?",
              "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Staten Island" }],
              "question": "On what island is New York City's highest point located?",
              "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "468.9" }],
              "question": "How many square miles in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "164.1" }],
              "question": "How many square miles are water in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "304.8" }],
              "question": "How many square miles are land in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Todt Hill" }],
              "question": "The highest peak in the city is what location?",
              "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "409.8" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?",
              "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House" }
              ],
              "question": "What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?",
              "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?",
              "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "One World Trade Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What building is the priciest office tower in the world?",
              "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is One World Trade Center located?",
              "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1656" }],
              "question": "In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?",
              "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "One World Trade Center" }
              ],
              "question": "The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?",
              "id": "56cfe15f234ae51400d9bfe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "5,937" }],
              "question": "How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?",
              "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?",
              "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "550" }],
              "question": "How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?",
              "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Woolworth Building completed?",
              "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?",
              "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?",
              "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "550" }],
              "question": "How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?",
              "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Empire State Building completed?",
              "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Art Deco" }],
              "question": "The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?",
              "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "61st" }],
              "question": "What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?",
              "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Seagram Building" }],
              "question": "What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?",
              "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 855,
                  "text": "American Institute of Architects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?",
              "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "eagles" }],
              "question": "Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?",
              "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When was the Empire State Building constructed?",
              "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bfff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the Bronx" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?",
              "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?",
              "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?",
              "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?",
              "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Victorian" }],
              "question": "Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?",
              "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "brownstone rowhouses" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe293234ae51400d9c007"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Great Fire of 1835" }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?",
              "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Jackson Heights" }],
              "question": "What area was known for its garden apartments?",
              "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stone and brick" }],
              "question": "After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?",
              "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "wooden roof-mounted water towers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?",
              "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c00a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "July 2014" }],
              "question": "When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis?",
              "id": "56cf1c53aab44d1400b88d9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?",
              "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs does New York City have?",
              "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?",
              "id": "56cfe3ae234ae51400d9c00d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) coldest month (January) isotherm, New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa). The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "humid subtropical" }],
              "question": "What is the name of New York City's climate using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification?",
              "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "234" }],
              "question": "How many sunny days does New York average each year?",
              "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "2,535" }],
              "question": "How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?",
              "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "humid continental" }],
              "question": "The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?",
              "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "January" }],
              "question": "What month in New York City is the coldest?",
              "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "humid subtropical" }],
              "question": "What type of climate does NYC possess?",
              "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c00f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "234" }],
              "question": "How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?",
              "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "USDA 7b" }],
              "question": "What planting zone does the city land in?",
              "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c011"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Appalachians" }],
              "question": "What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?",
              "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "0.3" }],
              "question": "What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?",
              "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "72%" }],
              "question": "What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?",
              "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?",
              "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1297, "text": "July 9, 1936" }],
              "question": "On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?",
              "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1279, "text": "106" }],
              "question": "What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1267, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1305, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?",
              "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm), but this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "1,270" }],
              "question": "In millimeters, how much precipitation does New York receive a year?",
              "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "66" }],
              "question": "In centimeters, what is the average winter snowfall?",
              "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "October 29, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?",
              "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "49.9" }],
              "question": "How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?",
              "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Hurricane Sandy" }],
              "question": "Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "25.8" }],
              "question": "The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches?",
              "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c025"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "New York City Department of Parks and Recreation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?",
              "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the state office that operates New York City parks?",
              "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "National Park Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What federal service operates New York City parks?",
              "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Minneapolis" }],
              "question": "What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?",
              "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?",
              "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Minneapolis" }],
              "question": "The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?",
              "id": "56cfe594234ae51400d9c02d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, the park includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "10,521.83" }],
              "question": "How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares?",
              "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "9,000" }],
              "question": "About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres?",
              "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Fort Tilden" }],
              "question": "What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?",
              "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Jacob Riis Park" }],
              "question": "What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?",
              "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Jamaica Bay" }],
              "question": "What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?",
              "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "over 26,000" }],
              "question": "How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?",
              "id": "56cfe608234ae51400d9c02f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "National Park Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?",
              "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Grant's Tomb" }],
              "question": "What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?",
              "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Greenwich Village" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located?",
              "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 784, "text": "gay rights movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?",
              "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "National Park Service" }
              ],
              "question": "The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?",
              "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?",
              "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?",
              "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Stonewall Inn" }],
              "question": "Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?",
              "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Grant's Tomb" }],
              "question": "The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?",
              "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area which includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many state parks exist in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?",
              "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?",
              "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many New York state parks are within New York City?",
              "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "69 feet" }],
              "question": "Riverbank State park's highest point is how high above the Hudson River?",
              "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows\u2013Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres (1,093 ha).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "28,000" }],
              "question": "New York has approximately how many acres of parks?",
              "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Pelham Bay Park" }],
              "question": "What is the biggest public park in the city?",
              "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1,093" }],
              "question": "How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?",
              "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "over 28,000" }],
              "question": "New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks?",
              "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How long are all the public beaches together in miles?",
              "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Pelham Bay Park" }],
              "question": "What is the largest park in New York City?",
              "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "2,700" }],
              "question": "How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have?",
              "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c056"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers as well as for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Fort Hamilton" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the military base in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?",
              "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?",
              "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "North Atlantic Division" }
              ],
              "question": "What division is based at Fort Hamilton?",
              "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "1179th Transportation Brigade" }
              ],
              "question": "What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?",
              "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Fort Hamilton" }],
              "question": "The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?",
              "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "When was Fort Hamilton built?",
              "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?",
              "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?",
              "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c067"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is the most-populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,491,079 residents as of 2014, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. city. New York City's population amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "8,491,079" }],
              "question": "What was the population of New York City in 2014?",
              "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "What is the US city with the second largest population?",
              "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "316,000" }],
              "question": "How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?",
              "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?",
              "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage is New York City's population of the New York metropolitan area's population?",
              "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "8,491,079" }],
              "question": "What is the population of NYC as of 2014?",
              "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "The second largest city in the US is what?",
              "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?",
              "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "27,858" }],
              "question": "How many people live in a square mile of New York City?",
              "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "27,673" }],
              "question": "What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer?",
              "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Hudson County" }],
              "question": "Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City?",
              "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?",
              "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "25.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the city's population is African-American?",
              "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Asians" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "28.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic?",
              "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?",
              "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "44" }],
              "question": "As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "the Civil War" }],
              "question": "Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Asians" }],
              "question": "Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "25.5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Africans make up NYC?",
              "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout its history, the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "12 million" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924?",
              "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Lower East Side" }],
              "question": "'Melting pot' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city?",
              "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Germans" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century?",
              "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "92%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?",
              "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Irish" }],
              "question": "What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?",
              "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "more than 12 million" }
              ],
              "question": "Between 1892-1924, how many immigrants came through Ellis Island?",
              "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?",
              "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c09b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "37%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?",
              "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Dominican Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011?",
              "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "74,000" }],
              "question": "About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?",
              "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?",
              "id": "56cfe9c0234ae51400d9c09f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (\u7d10\u7d04\u83ef\u57e0), in Brooklyn (\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u83ef\u57e0), and around Flushing, Queens (\u6cd5\u62c9\u76db\u83ef\u57e0), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (\u62ff\u9a37\u7e23) on Long Island (\u9577\u5cf6), as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: \u671d\u9c9c\u65cf) or Joseonjok (Hangul: \uc870\uc120\uc871)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos, as well as Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?",
              "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?",
              "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "6.3%" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?",
              "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?",
              "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1536, "text": "0.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?",
              "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?",
              "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "550,000" }],
              "question": "What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?",
              "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "201,000" }],
              "question": "How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?",
              "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "65,000" }],
              "question": "How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?",
              "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1437, "text": "the Bronx" }],
              "question": "What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?",
              "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2.7 million" }],
              "question": "NYC has the largest white population by how many people?",
              "id": "56cfed4d234ae51400d9c0df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The wider New York City metropolitan area, with over 20 million people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States, is also ethnically diverse. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami, the next most popular gateway regions. It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone, with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates, the largest outside of Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?",
              "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?",
              "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area?",
              "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1147, "text": "4.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?",
              "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1182, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "1.3 million" }],
              "question": "In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the Dominican Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?",
              "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "El Salvador" }],
              "question": "Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ecuador" }],
              "question": "Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "568,903" }],
              "question": "How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?",
              "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "June 24, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?",
              "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?",
              "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "568,903" }],
              "question": "How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "June 24, 2011" }],
              "question": "Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?",
              "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?",
              "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% self-identified with no organized religious affiliation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "59%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?",
              "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "33%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?",
              "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1.1 million" }],
              "question": "About how many Jews live in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?",
              "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What is the third most popular faith in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?",
              "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Judaism" }],
              "question": "The second most prominent religion in New York is what?",
              "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?",
              "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?",
              "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "The third most popular religion in NYC is what?",
              "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. The disparity is driven by wage growth in high-income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower-income brackets. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. In 2013, New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, higher than the next five U.S. cities combined, including former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "0.5" }],
              "question": "What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?",
              "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?",
              "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "Michael R. Bloomberg" }
              ],
              "question": "What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?",
              "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "4.6%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?",
              "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "$2,749" }],
              "question": "What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "2,749" }],
              "question": "The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?",
              "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c0ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?",
              "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c100"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York is a global hub of international business and commerce. In 2012, New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index, published by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities. The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Silicon Alley" }],
              "question": "What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?",
              "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "The Atlantic" }],
              "question": "Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?",
              "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?",
              "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?",
              "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "One out of ten" }],
              "question": "What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?",
              "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "FDi Magazine" }],
              "question": "What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings?",
              "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to Forbes, in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "US$914.8 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?",
              "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "US$1.1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?",
              "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "$1,589" }],
              "question": "What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007?",
              "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "$15,887" }],
              "question": "What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007?",
              "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Time Warner Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Which building has the highest market value in NYC?",
              "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "660 Madison Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?",
              "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c12a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Madison Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?",
              "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "180,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?",
              "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "$11 billion" }],
              "question": "About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?",
              "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Omnicom Group" }],
              "question": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?",
              "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "180,000" }],
              "question": "NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?",
              "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what?",
              "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "19,000" }],
              "question": "How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?",
              "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "US$5 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?",
              "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the garment business prominent?",
              "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn as of 2014, while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "US$234 million" }],
              "question": "What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually?",
              "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Where is the \"Chocolate District\" located?",
              "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Godiva based?",
              "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chocolate" }],
              "question": "What is the number one specialty food export of New York?",
              "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chocolate" }],
              "question": "What type of food is NYC's leading food export?",
              "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Godiva" }],
              "question": "Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c140"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "163,400" }],
              "question": "As of 2013, how many people worked for a securities business in New York?",
              "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?",
              "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "US$3.8 billion" }],
              "question": "How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?",
              "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "US$360,700" }],
              "question": "What is the average income in the New York securities industry?",
              "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?",
              "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "The city's securities" }
              ],
              "question": "22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?",
              "id": "56cff29a234ae51400d9c149"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.:31\u201332 In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.:34\u201335 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Wall Street" }],
              "question": "On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?",
              "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "165 Broadway" }],
              "question": "What is the street address of NASDAQ?",
              "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "$40 billion" }],
              "question": "In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?",
              "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "19%" }],
              "question": "In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?",
              "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1036, "text": "British Bankers Association" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?",
              "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b89000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Wall Street" }],
              "question": "The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?",
              "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "165 Broadway" }],
              "question": "The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?",
              "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015, is the largest central business district in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "46.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?",
              "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "500 million square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?",
              "id": "56cff567234ae51400d9c16f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (\"fintech\"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In the first half of 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$3.7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Silicon Alley located?",
              "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1090, "text": "140 West Street" }],
              "question": "What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?",
              "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1174, "text": "US$3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?",
              "id": "56cff593234ae51400d9c171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Technion-Israel Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?",
              "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "US$2 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?",
              "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Roosevelt Island" }],
              "question": "On what island is Cornell Tech located?",
              "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "US$30 million" }],
              "question": "About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?",
              "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "65,000" }],
              "question": "How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?",
              "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Cornell Tech" }],
              "question": "In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?",
              "id": "56cff61d234ae51400d9c17f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists \u2013 receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011, 54 million in 2013, and a record 56.4 million in 2014. Tourism generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "51 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2011?",
              "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "54 million" }],
              "question": "How many people came to visit New York in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "56.4 million" }],
              "question": "What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?",
              "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "US$61.3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?",
              "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "56.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record?",
              "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "54 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited NYC in 2013?",
              "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c189"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "I Love New York (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York" }],
              "question": "What English phrase does I \u2764 NY represent?",
              "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b89069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When was I \u2764 NY first used in advertisements?",
              "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "New York State Empire State Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the trademark to I \u2764 NY?",
              "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York" }],
              "question": "What is the state song of New York?",
              "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?",
              "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York" }],
              "question": "What is the state song of New York?",
              "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Greenwich Village" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place?",
              "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b89089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Macy's" }],
              "question": "What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?",
              "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Rockefeller Center" }
              ],
              "question": "At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?",
              "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Summerstage" }],
              "question": "Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?",
              "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Unisphere located?",
              "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "90,000" }],
              "question": "About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?",
              "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?",
              "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Anbang Insurance Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?",
              "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "US$1.95 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?",
              "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Waldorf Astoria New York" }
              ],
              "question": "The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?",
              "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "90,000" }],
              "question": "How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?",
              "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Anbang Insurance Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?",
              "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "1.95 billion" }],
              "question": "The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?",
              "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. As of 2012, New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals, and generating an estimated $7.1 billion in direct expenditures, and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013, with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year?",
              "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "130,000" }],
              "question": "How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?",
              "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "$7.1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year?",
              "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?",
              "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Sony Music Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?",
              "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "What city is North America's biggest media market?",
              "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Seven" }],
              "question": "Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?",
              "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many people work in the New York publishing industry?",
              "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "The New York Times" }
              ],
              "question": "Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?",
              "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "The Wall Street Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?",
              "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?",
              "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Alexander Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the New York Post?",
              "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "More than 200" }],
              "question": "How many newspaper offices are located in New York?",
              "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "350" }],
              "question": "How many magazines can call NYC home?",
              "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York?",
              "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two national newspapers are located in New York?",
              "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When was the New York Daily News founded?",
              "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "CBS" }],
              "question": "Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?",
              "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "NYCTV" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city's public television service?",
              "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Comedy Central" }],
              "question": "What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?",
              "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Fox News" }],
              "question": "What cable news channel is based in New York?",
              "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?",
              "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?",
              "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "WNET" }],
              "question": "What is the primary public television station in New York?",
              "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "WNYC" }],
              "question": "What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?",
              "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?",
              "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?",
              "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?",
              "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "WNYC" }],
              "question": "The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?",
              "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "New York City Department of Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What city department runs the public school system?",
              "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many students are in New York City public schools?",
              "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "1,700" }],
              "question": "About how many public schools are there in New York City?",
              "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?",
              "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?",
              "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many highschools are specialized in NYC?",
              "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "New York City Charter School Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?",
              "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "900" }],
              "question": "About how many private schools does New York have?",
              "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system also serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "half million" }],
              "question": "About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?",
              "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "three out of five" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?",
              "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "one out of four" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?",
              "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?",
              "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "600,000" }],
              "question": "How many students in New York partcipate in higher education?",
              "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The New York Public Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest library in the United States?",
              "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Queens Borough Public Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest library in the US?",
              "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Queens Borough Public Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the library system in Queens?",
              "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Brooklyn Public Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Brooklyn's public library system called?",
              "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?",
              "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab72a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). It is similar to a municipal agency but has a Board of Directors. HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?",
              "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many hospitals does HHC operate?",
              "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "$6.7 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?",
              "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many patients are served annually by HHC?",
              "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "475,000" }],
              "question": "How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?",
              "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?",
              "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many nursing homes does HHC operate?",
              "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab738"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital" }],
              "question": "The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?",
              "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Ramanathan Raju" }],
              "question": "Who is the president of HHC?",
              "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital" }],
              "question": "What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?",
              "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital" }],
              "question": "If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?",
              "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Ramanathan Raju, MD" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the HHC president?",
              "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Illinois" }],
              "question": "In what state did the president of HHC previously work?",
              "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "CEO" }],
              "question": "What was the president of HHC's previous job title?",
              "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": "The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?",
              "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "New York's Finest" }],
              "question": "NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?",
              "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Police Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym NYPD stand for?",
              "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": "About how many police work for the NYPD?",
              "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "New York's Finest" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?",
              "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, New York City had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In the first six months of 2010, 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City were black or Hispanic; additionally, 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or Hispanic. New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1033, "text": "328" }],
              "question": "What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?",
              "id": "56cffde2234ae51400d9c22b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?",
              "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Provo, Utah" }],
              "question": "As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?",
              "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?",
              "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1033, "text": "328" }],
              "question": "How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?",
              "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "95.9%" }],
              "question": "In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?",
              "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?",
              "id": "56cffe23234ae51400d9c22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "the Five Families" }],
              "question": "What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "the Five Points" }],
              "question": "The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?",
              "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "the Black Spades" }],
              "question": "What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?",
              "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab77a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Tokyo Fire Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest fire department force in the world?",
              "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The New York City Fire Department"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest fire department force in the world?",
              "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "New York's Bravest" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?",
              "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Fire Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What does FDNY stand for?",
              "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Tokyo" }],
              "question": "What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?",
              "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "11,080" }],
              "question": "How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?",
              "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "3,300" }],
              "question": "The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?",
              "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "New York's Bravest" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?",
              "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab790"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York City Fire Department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "subway systems" }],
              "question": "New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?",
              "id": "56cfff2d234ae51400d9c237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "brush fires" }],
              "question": "What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?",
              "id": "56d107ab17492d1400aab796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications. The Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "9 MetroTech Center" }],
              "question": "What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?",
              "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Randalls Island" }],
              "question": "Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?",
              "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "9 MetroTech Center" }],
              "question": "What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?",
              "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?",
              "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Randalls Island" }],
              "question": "Where is the fire department's training academy located?",
              "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "11 Metrotech Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?",
              "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?",
              "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "the Harlem Renaissance" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?",
              "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "jazz" }],
              "question": "What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?",
              "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "abstract expressionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?",
              "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, and Jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for books, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?",
              "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "New York Fashion Week" }
              ],
              "question": "One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?",
              "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "the New York School" }
              ],
              "question": "By what other name is abstract expressionism known?",
              "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "New York Fashion Week" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?",
              "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 722, "text": "the Global Language Monitor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?",
              "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1880s" }],
              "question": "The Broadway Musical began in what decade?",
              "id": "56d0036a234ae51400d9c252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?",
              "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "42nd Street" }],
              "question": "Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?",
              "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Harrigan" }],
              "question": "Who was Hart's writing partner?",
              "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?",
              "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "electric lighting" }],
              "question": "What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? ",
              "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forty of the city's theaters, with more than 500 seats each, are collectively known as Broadway, after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square Theater District, sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "12.21 million" }],
              "question": "How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?",
              "id": "56d003cd234ae51400d9c257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "The Great White Way" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?",
              "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "US$1.27 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?",
              "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "11.4%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?",
              "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "12.21 million" }],
              "question": "How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?",
              "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "11.57 million" }],
              "question": "In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?",
              "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City's food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central European and Italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza, while Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern New York street food. The city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world, according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants are there in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00431234ae51400d9c25b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "4,000" }],
              "question": "How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?",
              "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants is New York home to?",
              "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?",
              "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "one thousand" }],
              "question": "According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?",
              "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?",
              "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 691,
                  "text": "MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?",
              "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 869,
                  "text": "the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?",
              "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?",
              "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Major League Soccer" }
              ],
              "question": "What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?",
              "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?",
              "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "forty" }],
              "question": "About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York?",
              "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series twice. The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Baseball" }],
              "question": "NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?",
              "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?",
              "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Baseball" }],
              "question": "It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?",
              "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many World Series have New York teams won?",
              "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "73" }],
              "question": "How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?",
              "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?",
              "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?",
              "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Subway Series" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?",
              "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab844"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "MetLife Stadium" }],
              "question": "The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?",
              "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?",
              "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "New York Giants" }],
              "question": "Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?",
              "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "MetLife Stadium" }],
              "question": "What stadium do the New York Jets call home?",
              "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "East Rutherford, New Jersey" }
              ],
              "question": "What city is MetLife Stadium located in?",
              "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Super Bowl XLVIII" }],
              "question": "What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?",
              "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?",
              "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?",
              "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Newark" }],
              "question": "Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?",
              "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Newark, New Jersey" }
              ],
              "question": "In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?",
              "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Hockey" }],
              "question": "What sport do the New York Rangers play?",
              "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "New York Islanders" }],
              "question": "Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?",
              "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab856"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two national basketball teams play in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "New York Liberty" }],
              "question": "New York City's women's basketball team is called what?",
              "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?",
              "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "New York Liberty" }],
              "question": "What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?",
              "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "National Invitation Tournament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?",
              "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?",
              "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "New York Knicks" }],
              "question": "Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?",
              "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004\u20132006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?",
              "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Millrose Games" }],
              "question": "The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?",
              "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Belmont Stakes" }],
              "question": "The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?",
              "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 921, "text": "1930 and 1939" }],
              "question": "Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?",
              "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "Madison Square Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?",
              "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Queens" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?",
              "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "United States Open Tennis Championships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?",
              "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "37,866" }],
              "question": "How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?",
              "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Millrose Games" }],
              "question": "What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?",
              "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "Madison Square Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?",
              "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab884"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Stickball" }],
              "question": "A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56d0071a234ae51400d9c2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Stickball Boulevard" }
              ],
              "question": "What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?",
              "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "the Bronx" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?",
              "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 469, and by length of routes. New York's subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "New York City Subway system" }
              ],
              "question": "Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?",
              "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "469" }],
              "question": "How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?",
              "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "Grand Central Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?",
              "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "1.75 billion" }],
              "question": "How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?",
              "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "Grand Central Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?",
              "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab89a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "38.4" }],
              "question": "How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?",
              "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "54.6" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?",
              "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?",
              "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "54.6%" }],
              "question": "In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?",
              "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?",
              "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "38.4" }],
              "question": "In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?",
              "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "52%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?",
              "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "22%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?",
              "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal" }
              ],
              "question": "The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?",
              "id": "56d0090d234ae51400d9c2b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?",
              "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?",
              "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is New York's primary bus terminal?",
              "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?",
              "id": "56d009f6234ae51400d9c2b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Newark Liberty International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area?",
              "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?",
              "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 717, "text": "Newburgh, New York" }
              ],
              "question": "What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?",
              "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "109 million" }],
              "question": "How many travelers visited JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012?",
              "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Staten Island Ferry" }
              ],
              "question": "The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? ",
              "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?",
              "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "8.4" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how long is the Staten Island Ferry route?",
              "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?",
              "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?",
              "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The George Washington Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?",
              "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?",
              "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "The Brooklyn Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?",
              "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "George Washington Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?",
              "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Bergen" }],
              "question": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?",
              "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?",
              "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "neo-Gothic" }],
              "question": "What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?",
              "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?",
              "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab981"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "The Lincoln Tunnel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?",
              "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?",
              "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?",
              "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?",
              "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Hudson River" }],
              "question": "What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?",
              "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?",
              "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Jersey City" }],
              "question": "In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?",
              "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?",
              "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00beb234ae51400d9c2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?",
              "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "21%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?",
              "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Citibank" }],
              "question": "What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?",
              "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "Quinnipiac University" }
              ],
              "question": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?",
              "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Walk Score" }],
              "question": "Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015?",
              "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Catskill Mountains watershed" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?",
              "id": "56d00c3f234ae51400d9c2d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Catskill Mountains" }],
              "question": "From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?",
              "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "US$3.2 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?",
              "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "290 million gallons" }
              ],
              "question": "After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?",
              "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?",
              "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?",
              "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "51" }],
              "question": "How many members are on the NYC city council?",
              "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?",
              "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "four-year" }],
              "question": "What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?",
              "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "51" }],
              "question": "How many councilors sit on the City Council?",
              "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?",
              "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "the City Record" }],
              "question": "What is the official journal of New York City?",
              "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?",
              "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Democrats" }],
              "question": "Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?",
              "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "67" }],
              "question": "In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?",
              "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?",
              "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?",
              "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Calvin Coolidge" }],
              "question": "Which president won all of NYC in 1924?",
              "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Democratic Party" }],
              "question": "What party are most public officials of New York members of?",
              "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "67%" }],
              "question": "In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?",
              "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?",
              "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?",
              "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?",
              "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan\u2013Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "43,523" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?",
              "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Roosevelt Island" }],
              "question": "Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?",
              "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "127" }],
              "question": "As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?",
              "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab714"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each year HHC's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions, one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "225,000" }],
              "question": "How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?",
              "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "one million" }],
              "question": "How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?",
              "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "five million" }],
              "question": "How many people visit HHC clinics annually?",
              "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "one-fifth" }],
              "question": "What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?",
              "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "one third" }],
              "question": "What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?",
              "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab742"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "lead" }],
              "question": "Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?",
              "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "crack" }],
              "question": "The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?",
              "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab775"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Tom Wolfe" }],
              "question": "Who commented on New York that \"culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather\"?",
              "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "the National Library of Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 be found?",
              "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Baruch College" }],
              "question": "What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?",
              "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Iceland" }],
              "question": "Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?",
              "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?",
              "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Upper West Side" }],
              "question": "In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?",
              "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Union Square" }],
              "question": "In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?",
              "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "New York University" }
              ],
              "question": "At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?",
              "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Central Park" }],
              "question": "In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?",
              "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, however its Museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Fifth Avenue" }],
              "question": "What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?",
              "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Museum Mile located?",
              "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When was the Guggenheim built?",
              "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?",
              "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Upper East Side" }],
              "question": "In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?",
              "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab80a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of European descent. However, the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Brooklynese" }],
              "question": "Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?",
              "id": "56d10ccf17492d1400aab820"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [\u0279] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no [\u0279] in words like park [p\u0251\u0259k] or [p\u0252\u0259k] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [b\u028c\u027e\u0259], or here [hi\u0259]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [\u0254] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [\u0254r] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like \"girl\" and of words like \"oil\" became a diphthong [\u025c\u026a]. This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced \"goil\" and oil is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (played by Carroll O'Connor) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech, which continues to fade in its overall presence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1120, "text": "All in the Family" }
              ],
              "question": "What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?",
              "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1149, "text": "Carroll O'Connor" }],
              "question": "What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?",
              "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "New Yawk" }],
              "question": "What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?",
              "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab82a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "New York City FC" }],
              "question": "What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?",
              "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Yankee Stadium" }],
              "question": "What stadium does the New York City FC call home?",
              "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Harrison, New Jersey" }
              ],
              "question": "In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?",
              "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Pel\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?",
              "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Hofstra University" }
              ],
              "question": "At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?",
              "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab870"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?",
              "id": "56d1109d17492d1400aab894"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, as well as long-distance train service to other North American cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?",
              "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?",
              "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "JFK International Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "The AirTrain has a station at what airport?",
              "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Pennsylvania Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use?",
              "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?",
              "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?",
              "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "PATCO Speedline" }],
              "question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Copenhagen Metro" }],
              "question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?",
              "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Port Authority Trans-Hudson" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym PATH stand for?",
              "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Multibillion US$ heavy-rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Second Avenue Subway" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?",
              "id": "56d1174417492d1400aab904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs; various competing startup transportation network companies; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?",
              "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Manhattan Island" }],
              "question": "Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?",
              "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab933"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "the theater" }],
              "question": "What industry is Broadway associated with?",
              "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "finance" }],
              "question": "What industry is Wall Street associated with?",
              "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "advertising" }],
              "question": "What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?",
              "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Seventh Avenue" }],
              "question": "What New York street is associated with fashion?",
              "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "rush hour" }],
              "question": "At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?",
              "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "southwestern" }],
              "question": "What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?",
              "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?",
              "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab949"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels. Nearly all of the city's major bridges and tunnels are notable, and several have broken or set records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Long Island" }],
              "question": "What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?",
              "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "the west end" }],
              "question": "Queens is located on what part of Long Island?",
              "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Staten Island" }],
              "question": "The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?",
              "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab971"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Structural Expressionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?",
              "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "cantilever" }],
              "question": "The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?",
              "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab994"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "3,715" }],
              "question": "How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?",
              "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "28%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?",
              "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive \"Green Buildings\" plan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?",
              "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Hearst Tower" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?",
              "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?",
              "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system, and other accumulation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?",
              "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "110,000" }],
              "question": "How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek?",
              "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "the Greenpoint oil spill" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?",
              "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "mayor-council" }],
              "question": "What type of government does New York City have?",
              "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?",
              "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Second" }],
              "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?",
              "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?",
              "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "executive" }],
              "question": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?",
              "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?",
              "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "the Eastern District of New York"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?",
              "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Foley Square" }],
              "question": "What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?",
              "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "the District Court for the Eastern District of New York"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?",
              "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "In what borough is the New York City Hall found?",
              "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry. The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough?",
              "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "10021" }],
              "question": "What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?",
              "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "83" }],
              "question": "How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?",
              "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "$11 billion" }],
              "question": "How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?",
              "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "$11.4 billion" }],
              "question": "Each year, how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back?",
              "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "New York City Global Partners" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?",
              "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?",
              "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "To_Kill_a_Mockingbird",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?",
              "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Pulitzer Prize" }],
              "question": "What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win?",
              "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Harper Lee" }],
              "question": "Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Harper Lee" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?",
              "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "her family and neighbors" }
              ],
              "question": "Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?",
              "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab788"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?",
              "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Southern Gothic novel" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "racial injustice and the destruction of innocence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?",
              "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Deep South" }],
              "question": "Which region of America was the novel set in?",
              "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "racial epithets" }],
              "question": "What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?",
              "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab824"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Mary McDonough Murphy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?",
              "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?",
              "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?",
              "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?",
              "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Robert Mulligan" }],
              "question": "Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?",
              "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b8855a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Bible" }],
              "question": "British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?",
              "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Horton Foote" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?",
              "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Robert Mulligan" }],
              "question": "Who directed the 1962 film?",
              "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "Monroeville, Alabama" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Harper Lee's hometown?",
              "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee's only published book until Go Set a Watchman, an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "February 2016" }],
              "question": "When did Harper Lee pass away?",
              "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Go Set a Watchman" }],
              "question": "What is the only other work Harper Lee published?",
              "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Go Set a Watchman" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Lee's second published work?",
              "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "July 14, 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the second book published?",
              "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "February 2016" }],
              "question": "When did Lee die?",
              "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Truman Capote" }],
              "question": "Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?",
              "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?",
              "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "reservation clerk" }],
              "question": "What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?",
              "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Alabama" }],
              "question": "Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?",
              "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "What year was Harper Lee born?",
              "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Truman Capote" }],
              "question": "Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?",
              "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Huntingdon College" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Lee attend college?",
              "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "University of Alabama" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Lee attend law school?",
              "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "J. B. Lippincott" }],
              "question": "What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey \u2014 known professionally as Tay Hohoff \u2014 a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. \u201c[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,\u201d she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \u201cmore a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.\u201d During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Go Set a Watchman" }],
              "question": "The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?",
              "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Tay Hohoff" }],
              "question": "Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Therese von Hohoff Torrey" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?",
              "id": "56d11b1c17492d1400aab991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee had lost her mother, who suffered from mental illness, six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott\u2019s offices. Her father, a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled, would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "mental illness" }],
              "question": "What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?",
              "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "lawyer" }],
              "question": "What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?",
              "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Her father" }],
              "question": "Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?",
              "id": "56d11b8d17492d1400aab997"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ultimately, Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. The book was published on July 11, 1960. After rejecting the \"Watchman\" title, it was initially re-titled Atticus, but Lee renamed it \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, \"I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.\" Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "July 11, 1960" }],
              "question": "What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?",
              "id": "56ce3631aab44d1400b885d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "over two and a half years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Lee spend writing the book?",
              "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 917,
                  "text": "Reader's Digest Condensed Books"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?",
              "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Maycomb, Alabama" }],
              "question": "Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?",
              "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?",
              "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Dill" }],
              "question": "Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?",
              "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Maycomb, Alabama" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the town the story takes place in?",
              "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "the Great Depression" }
              ],
              "question": "In what historical era does the book take place?",
              "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Jean Louise Finch (Scout)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the main character of the book?",
              "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Mayella Ewell" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?",
              "id": "56ce6318aab44d1400b8872d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Tom Robinson" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?",
              "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Scout, Jem, and Dill" }
              ],
              "question": "Who stopped the mob by shaming them?",
              "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk\u2014are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Jem and Scout" }],
              "question": "What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?",
              "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "balcony" }],
              "question": "Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?",
              "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the colored balcony" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the three children watch the trial?",
              "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "shot and killed" }],
              "question": "What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?",
              "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he \"destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial.\" Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. One of Jem's arms is broken in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Jem and Scout" }],
              "question": "Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?",
              "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Halloween pageant" }],
              "question": "What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?",
              "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Boo Radley" }],
              "question": "Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?",
              "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b88740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Bob Ewell" }],
              "question": "Who attacked Scout and Jem?",
              "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Boo Radley" }],
              "question": "Who rescued Scout and Jem?",
              "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective, and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sheriff Tate" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?",
              "id": "56ce6635aab44d1400b8874f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "fell on his own knife" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?",
              "id": "56d1255017492d1400aaba75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee had a brother named Edwin, who\u2014like the fictional Jem\u2014was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "autobiography" }],
              "question": "Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?",
              "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?",
              "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?",
              "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "editor and publisher" }
              ],
              "question": "What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?",
              "id": "56d126c117492d1400aaba94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote were atypical children: both loved to read. Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "next door" }],
              "question": "Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?",
              "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?",
              "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 869, "text": "In Cold Blood" }],
              "question": "Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?",
              "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Truman Capote" }],
              "question": "Who was the character Dill modeled after?",
              "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "old Underwood typewriter" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?",
              "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "apart people" }],
              "question": "What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?",
              "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabad0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served \"the same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?",
              "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Walter Lett" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?",
              "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "Emmett Till" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?",
              "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1023, "text": "Civil Rights Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?",
              "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 841, "text": "display Southern prejudices" }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?",
              "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "Emmett Till" }],
              "question": "Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?",
              "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: \"Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at.\" Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her \"hysterically funny\". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking\u2014of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "Satire and irony" }],
              "question": "What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?",
              "id": "56ce6d47aab44d1400b8877d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "parody, satire, and irony" }
              ],
              "question": " Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?",
              "id": "56d13b3ae7d4791d00902049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church, which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "church basement" }],
              "question": "Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?",
              "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b8877f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Calpurnia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?",
              "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b88780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "distracted and embarrassed" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Scout respond to the audience?",
              "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "ham costume" }],
              "question": "What saves Scout's life?",
              "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902052"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel. The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?",
              "id": "56ce6f81aab44d1400b8878b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Gothic" }],
              "question": "What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?",
              "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "Atticus" }],
              "question": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else?",
              "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902058"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like\". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Miss Maudie" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?",
              "id": "56ce70aaaab44d1400b8878f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "separations of race and class" }
              ],
              "question": "What des Jem struggle to understand?",
              "id": "56d18bcde7d4791d0090205e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: \"To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?",
              "id": "56ce98e7aab44d1400b888bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "race relations" }],
              "question": "Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?",
              "id": "56d198dce7d4791d0090206f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholar Patrick Chura, who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson, enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired, which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of, but also crippled him in other ways. Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as \"stupid, pathetic, defenseless, and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites, rather than his own intelligence to save him\". Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?",
              "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1237, "text": "shot seventeen times" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?",
              "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?",
              "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "poor white farmers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who comprised Tom's jury?",
              "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1242, "text": "seventeen" }],
              "question": "How many times was Tom shot?",
              "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902075"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "a rabid dog" }],
              "question": "Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?",
              "id": "56ce99a5aab44d1400b888c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "fight against the town's racism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?",
              "id": "56d19cf4e7d4791d00902079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Calpurnia" }],
              "question": "Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?",
              "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Aunt Alexandra" }],
              "question": "Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?",
              "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Walter Cunningham" }],
              "question": "Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?",
              "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Jane Austen" }],
              "question": "Which author did Lee aspire to be like?",
              "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "individual worth" }],
              "question": "Both authors valued what over social standing?",
              "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "poor" }],
              "question": "Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?",
              "id": "56cf48feaab44d1400b88f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "gender and class" }],
              "question": "What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?",
              "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d0090207f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1038,
                  "text": "people's motives and behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?",
              "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d00902081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "morphine" }],
              "question": "Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?",
              "id": "56cf4943aab44d1400b88f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Atticus" }],
              "question": "Who is the moral center of the novel?",
              "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "courage" }],
              "question": "The novel explores various forms of what trait?",
              "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902086"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view\u2014until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Shields" }],
              "question": "Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?",
              "id": "56cf4ad1aab44d1400b88f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Shields" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?",
              "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "human dignity and respect for others"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?",
              "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Mayella Ewell" }],
              "question": "Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?",
              "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development. Scout's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider. Scout's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie, both of whom are strong willed, independent, and protective. Mayella Ewell also has an influence; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him. The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South, for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1103, "text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?",
              "id": "56cf4b12aab44d1400b88f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1103, "text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Scout's two primary female models?",
              "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "Mrs. Dubose" }],
              "question": "Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?",
              "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1203, "text": "feminist" }],
              "question": "Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?",
              "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Bob Ewell" }],
              "question": "In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?",
              "id": "56cf4b72aab44d1400b88f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Atticus" }],
              "question": "Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?",
              "id": "56d2581659d6e41400145edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird, particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, has drawn the attention from legal scholars. Claudia Durst Johnson writes that \"a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals\". The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads: \"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once.\" Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children: is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "Dolphus Raymond" }],
              "question": "Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?",
              "id": "56cf4ba7aab44d1400b88f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Lawyers" }],
              "question": "Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?",
              "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "frilly clothes" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?",
              "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. The family's last name of Finch also shares Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Songbirds" }],
              "question": "Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?",
              "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Finch" }],
              "question": "Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?",
              "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird" }],
              "question": "Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a \"sin to kill?\"",
              "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird" }],
              "question": "According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?",
              "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird" }],
              "question": "According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?",
              "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 835,
                  "text": "that which is innocent and harmless"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?",
              "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Book of the Month Club" }
              ],
              "question": "Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?",
              "id": "56cf4debaab44d1400b88f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Book of the Month Club" }
              ],
              "question": "The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?",
              "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are \"most often cited as making a difference\".[note 1] It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?",
              "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?",
              "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "30 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?",
              "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "more than 30 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many copies of the book have been sold?",
              "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "more than 40" }],
              "question": "How many languages has the book been translated into?",
              "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo" }
              ],
              "question": "Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?",
              "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Alice Lee" }],
              "question": "Who was Harper Lee's sister?",
              "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo" }
              ],
              "question": "What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?",
              "id": "56d3996b59d6e414001467eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether, \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "lawyer" }],
              "question": "Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?",
              "id": "56cf542daab44d1400b88fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "integrity" }],
              "question": "Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?",
              "id": "56d39a7759d6e414001467fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus, saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?",
              "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Alabama State Bar" }],
              "question": "Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?",
              "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "honorary special membership" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?",
              "id": "56d39b8159d6e41400146804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?",
              "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?",
              "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?",
              "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?",
              "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146822"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of \"the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice\". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations\u2014after Little Black Sambo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?",
              "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "rape" }],
              "question": "What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?",
              "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?",
              "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 827, "text": "Little Black Sambo" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?",
              "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War. Childress states the novel \"gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they've been brought up with and to find another way. And most white people in the South were good people. Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do, because it was popular art, because it was told from a child's point of view.\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "civil rights movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?",
              "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin" }],
              "question": "Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?",
              "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin" }],
              "question": "What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?",
              "id": "56d3df022ccc5a1400d82f02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, \"Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable.\" This comment has been construed to suggest that Capote wrote the book or edited it heavily. In 2003, a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote's biological father, Archulus Persons, as claiming that Capote had written \"almost all\" of the book. In 2006, a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville's literary heritage museum; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959, Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon. Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote's authorship. Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: \"That's the biggest lie ever told.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Archulus Persons" }],
              "question": "Who was Truman Capote's father?",
              "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Truman Capote" }],
              "question": "Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?",
              "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "Alice" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?",
              "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Truman Capote" }],
              "question": "Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?",
              "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "her editor" }],
              "question": "Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?",
              "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?",
              "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "41" }],
              "question": "How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?",
              "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?",
              "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?",
              "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "the Pulitzer Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "What major award did the book receive in 1961?",
              "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?",
              "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, as the first title of the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?",
              "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?",
              "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?",
              "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?",
              "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?",
              "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "University of Notre Dame" }
              ],
              "question": "Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?",
              "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
              "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
              "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Notre Dame" }],
              "question": "What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?",
              "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
              "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham, the actress who played Scout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?",
              "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Gregory Peck" }],
              "question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?",
              "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Gregory Peck" }],
              "question": "Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?",
              "id": "56d3e8402ccc5a1400d82f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Harper Lee was pleased with the movie, saying: \"In that film the man and the part met... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art.\" Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film's release, and Lee was so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocketwatch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, he said she responded, \"'Well, it's only a watch.' Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things.\" Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "father's pocketwatch" }
              ],
              "question": "What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?",
              "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "grandson" }],
              "question": "Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?",
              "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "her father's pocketwatch" }
              ],
              "question": "What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?",
              "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "grandson" }],
              "question": "Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?",
              "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: \"She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?",
              "id": "56cf5ab3aab44d1400b890e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "a national treasure" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Peck's widow call Lee?",
              "id": "56d3ead62ccc5a1400d82f55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Christopher Sergel" }],
              "question": "Who turned the novel into a play?",
              "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?",
              "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Monroeville" }],
              "question": "What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?",
              "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "townspeople" }],
              "question": "Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?",
              "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "racially segregated" }
              ],
              "question": "During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?",
              "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK Tour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "the UK" }],
              "question": "What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?",
              "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?",
              "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Duncan Preston" }],
              "question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?",
              "id": "56d3ee6e2ccc5a1400d82f5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "July 14, 2015" }],
              "question": "When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?",
              "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?",
              "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?",
              "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Tonja Carter" }],
              "question": "Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?",
              "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Go Set a Watchman" }],
              "question": "What is the earlier draft of the book titled?",
              "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "What year was Watchman completed?",
              "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?",
              "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, \"In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "rape and racial inequality" }
              ],
              "question": "What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?",
              "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Atticus Finch" }],
              "question": "Who is the protagonist of the novel?",
              "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition.\" Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a \"delightfully deceptive\" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "narration" }],
              "question": "What is Lee's strongest style of writing?",
              "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "flashback" }],
              "question": "What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??",
              "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: \"Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "all Southerners" }],
              "question": "According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?",
              "id": "56d1900ee7d4791d00902065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of \"fine folks\" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "the neighborhood" }],
              "question": "Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?",
              "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "Southern romantic regionalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?",
              "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1110, "text": "fine folks" }],
              "question": "Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?",
              "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1197, "text": "The South itself" }],
              "question": "What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?",
              "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d0090206a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'\u2014that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tom Robinson" }],
              "question": "Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?",
              "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Boo Radley" }],
              "question": "What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?",
              "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "real nice" }],
              "question": "According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?",
              "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and \"reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races\" while giving the \"appearance of gentility, piety, and morality\". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "classical tragedy" }],
              "question": "Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?",
              "id": "56d2639159d6e41400145f48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it \"skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious\", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice\u2014\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"\u2014to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it \"teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life\" and calls Scout Finch \"the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding\". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: \"This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "The Chicago Sunday Tribune" }
              ],
              "question": "What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?",
              "id": "56d3949f59d6e414001467b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Granville Hicks" }],
              "question": "Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?",
              "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Flannery O'Connor" }],
              "question": "Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?",
              "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one\u2019s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "William Faulkner" }],
              "question": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?",
              "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Jane Austen" }],
              "question": "Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?",
              "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a \"repository of cracker-barrel epigrams\" and the novel represents a \"sugar-coated myth\" of Alabama history. Barra writes, \"It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated\". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout \"a kind of highly constructed doll\" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's \"wildly unstable\" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that \"the book has begun to cherish its own goodness\" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice \"is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all.\" Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Allen Barra" }],
              "question": "Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?",
              "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 957, "text": "Akin Ajayi" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?",
              "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the \"contented slave\" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice \"functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us\u2014black and white, male and female\u2014to find our relative position in society\". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, \"what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another\". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Calpurnia" }],
              "question": "Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?",
              "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 930, "text": "black students" }],
              "question": "According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?",
              "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1090, "text": "poor rural \"white trash\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?",
              "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual\u2014by its very existence an act of protest.\"[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: \"I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches.\" McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with \"honesty and integrity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the harsh reality of inequality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?",
              "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "an act of protest" }],
              "question": "McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?",
              "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "like Scripture" }],
              "question": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?",
              "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "Mockingbird groupies" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?",
              "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f77"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Solar_energy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Sun" }],
              "question": "Where does solar energy come from?",
              "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar energy" }],
              "question": "What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?",
              "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?",
              "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b8888f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "radiant light and heat from the Sun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is solar energy?",
              "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b88890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "174,000" }],
              "question": "How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?",
              "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?",
              "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "3.5 to 7.0" }],
              "question": "The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?",
              "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "174,000" }],
              "question": "How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?",
              "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9becf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Approximately 30%" }],
              "question": "How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?",
              "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?",
              "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "clouds, oceans and land masses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?",
              "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "71" }],
              "question": "The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?",
              "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?",
              "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?",
              "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "about 71%" }],
              "question": "How much of the earth is covered by oceans?",
              "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?",
              "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?",
              "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?",
              "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?",
              "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "3,850,000" }],
              "question": "Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?",
              "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "one year" }],
              "question": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?",
              "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?",
              "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "one year" }],
              "question": "Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?",
              "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?",
              "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "approximately 3,000 EJ per year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?",
              "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?",
              "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Sun" }],
              "question": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?",
              "id": "56ce5ce6aab44d1400b886f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "passive or active" }],
              "question": "How are solar technologies defined?",
              "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?",
              "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "geothermal and tidal" }
              ],
              "question": "Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?",
              "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "direct or indirect" }
              ],
              "question": "How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?",
              "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Active" }],
              "question": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?",
              "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Passive" }],
              "question": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?",
              "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "solar thermal collectors" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?",
              "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?",
              "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "increase the supply of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an active solar technique do?",
              "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "reduce the need for alternate resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a passive solar technique do?",
              "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Frank Shuman" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?",
              "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?",
              "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?",
              "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Frank Shuman?",
              "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?",
              "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "steam engine" }],
              "question": "What was the solar engine used to power?",
              "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company established?",
              "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?",
              "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shuman built the world\u2019s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman\u2019s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45\u201352 kilowatts (60\u201370 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman\u2019s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Maadi, Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?",
              "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "22,000" }],
              "question": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?",
              "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?",
              "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Maadi, Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?",
              "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "parabolic troughs" }],
              "question": "What was used to power the plants engine?",
              "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Nile River" }],
              "question": "From what river did the engine pump water?",
              "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What slowed down the growth of solar energy?",
              "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "When was the interest in solar energy restored?",
              "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c077"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?",
              "id": "56ce5e92aab44d1400b88709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "sunlight" }],
              "question": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?",
              "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?",
              "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "evacuated tube collectors" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common type of solar water heater?",
              "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "unglazed plastic collectors" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?",
              "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c094"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "154" }],
              "question": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?",
              "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Israel and Cyprus" }],
              "question": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?",
              "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "approximately 154 thermal gigawatt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?",
              "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?",
              "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "over 90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?",
              "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "United States, Canada and Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?",
              "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?",
              "id": "56ce5f72aab44d1400b8870f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)" }],
              "question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?",
              "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)" }],
              "question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?",
              "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?",
              "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermal" }],
              "question": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?",
              "id": "56ce5ff2aab44d1400b88711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "any material that can be used to store heat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is thermal mass?",
              "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "stone, cement and water" }
              ],
              "question": "What are typical thermal mass material?",
              "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?",
              "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "climates" }],
              "question": "What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?",
              "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "auxiliary heating and cooling equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does thermal mass reduce the need for?",
              "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "passive solar ventilation" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?",
              "id": "56ce602faab44d1400b88713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "a passive solar ventilation system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a solar chimney?",
              "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a solar chimney made of?",
              "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?",
              "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?",
              "id": "56ce60e4aab44d1400b88715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "trees and plants" }],
              "question": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?",
              "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1/3 to 1/2" }],
              "question": "How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?",
              "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "they will interfere with winter solar availability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?",
              "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "east and west" }],
              "question": "What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?",
              "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 \u00b0C (599 \u00b0F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1767" }],
              "question": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?",
              "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "315" }],
              "question": "Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?",
              "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "cooking, drying and pasteurization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are solar cookers used for?",
              "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?",
              "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Horace de Saussure" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the box cooker?",
              "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?",
              "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "direct light" }],
              "question": "What do reflector cookers require to function?",
              "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 \u00b0C (40 \u00b0F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45\u201360 \u00b0C (113\u2013140 \u00b0F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "114" }],
              "question": "The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?",
              "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1444, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?",
              "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?",
              "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?",
              "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?",
              "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 913,
                  "text": "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?",
              "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1178,
                  "text": "perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Unglazed transpired collectors?",
              "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?",
              "id": "56ce6382aab44d1400b88732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar distillation" }],
              "question": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?",
              "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "16th-century Arab alchemists" }
              ],
              "question": "By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?",
              "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When was the first large solar distillation plant created?",
              "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much water was produced by the plant?",
              "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "single-slope" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a solar distillation design?",
              "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c247"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "the World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?",
              "id": "56ce64a8aab44d1400b88745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?",
              "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c25f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?",
              "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "Over two million people in developing countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?",
              "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "toxic chemicals" }],
              "question": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?",
              "id": "56ce659aaab44d1400b88749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?",
              "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "algae may produce toxic chemicals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?",
              "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c270"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "2050" }],
              "question": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?",
              "id": "56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "2050" }],
              "question": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?",
              "id": "56d00697234ae51400d9c297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world\u2019s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Mojave Desert" }],
              "question": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?",
              "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?",
              "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "354 MW SEGS CSP" }],
              "question": "What is the largest solar power plant in the world?",
              "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Mojave Desert of California" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?",
              "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?",
              "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Charles Fritts" }],
              "question": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?",
              "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?",
              "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?",
              "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "a device that converts light directly into electricity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a solar cell?",
              "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Charles Fritts" }],
              "question": "Who created the first solar cell?",
              "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Dr Bruno Lange" }],
              "question": "Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?",
              "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 726,
                  "text": "Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?",
              "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "a working fluid" }],
              "question": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?",
              "id": "56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?",
              "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "a heat source for a conventional power plant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?",
              "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "the Stirling dish" }],
              "question": "What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?",
              "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?",
              "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c321"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Megaron House" }],
              "question": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?",
              "id": "56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "orientation relative to the Sun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?",
              "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?",
              "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Socrates' Megaron House" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of passive solar design?",
              "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "pumps, fans and switchable windows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of equipment can improve system performance?",
              "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical \"cool communities\" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 \u00b0C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban heat islands" }],
              "question": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?",
              "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?",
              "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban heat islands" }],
              "question": "What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?",
              "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "asphalt and concrete" }
              ],
              "question": "What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?",
              "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "paint buildings and roads white and plant trees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?",
              "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "fruit walls" }],
              "question": "During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?",
              "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1168, "text": "power grape presses" }
              ],
              "question": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?",
              "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "to optimize the productivity of plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?",
              "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some techniques used to improve crop production?",
              "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "employed fruit walls" }
              ],
              "question": "What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?",
              "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?",
              "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c343"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Roman times" }],
              "question": "When were the first greenhouses used?",
              "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "the 16th" }],
              "question": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?",
              "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "convert solar light to heat" }
              ],
              "question": "What do greenhouses do with solar energy?",
              "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one purpose of a greenhouse?",
              "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?",
              "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where were the first modern greenhouses built?",
              "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "The World Solar Challenge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?",
              "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "90.87" }],
              "question": "What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?",
              "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "a biannual solar-powered car race"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is The World Solar Challenge?",
              "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was The World Solar Challenge started?",
              "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?",
              "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?",
              "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?",
              "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?",
              "id": "56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "When was the first solar powered boat made?",
              "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Kenichi Horie" }],
              "question": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?",
              "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the sun21 catamaran" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?",
              "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?",
              "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "Solar Impulse" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?",
              "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?",
              "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "29 April 1979" }],
              "question": "When was the first solar powered manned flight made?",
              "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "July 1981" }],
              "question": "When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?",
              "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "California to North Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?",
              "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1193, "text": "36 hours" }],
              "question": "How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?",
              "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c364"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 \u2013  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "hydrogen production from protons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?",
              "id": "56ce771daab44d1400b887cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar chemical processes" }
              ],
              "question": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?",
              "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "artificial photosynthesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?",
              "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300\u20132,600 \u00b0C or 4,200\u20134,700 \u00b0F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 \u00b0C (2,200 \u00b0F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 688, "text": "The Solzinc process" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?",
              "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "pure zinc" }],
              "question": "The Solznic process produces what?",
              "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Hydrogen production technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?",
              "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?",
              "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Solzinc process" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?",
              "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "heat" }],
              "question": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?",
              "id": "56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermal mass systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?",
              "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "water, earth and stone" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?",
              "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "reduce overall heating and cooling requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?",
              "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c390"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "thermal" }],
              "question": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?",
              "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "The \"Dover House\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?",
              "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of phase change materials?",
              "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?",
              "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Dover House" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?",
              "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are salts good  for thermal storage?",
              "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 664, "text": "1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?",
              "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c398"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "rechargeable batteries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?",
              "id": "56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "rechargeable batteries" }
              ],
              "question": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?",
              "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Net metering programs" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?",
              "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the credit to households accomplished?",
              "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 747,
                  "text": "Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?",
              "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "a hydroelectric power generator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?",
              "id": "56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?",
              "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?",
              "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?",
              "id": "56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?",
              "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "SERI, now NREL" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?",
              "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "NEDO" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?",
              "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?",
              "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "the 1920s" }],
              "question": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?",
              "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "20% per year" }],
              "question": "Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?",
              "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "in the 1890s" }],
              "question": "When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?",
              "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "falling petroleum prices" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999",
              "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "154 GW" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?",
              "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Energy Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?",
              "id": "56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Energy Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?",
              "id": "56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "glass in building" }],
              "question": "ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?",
              "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "materials used in solar water heaters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?",
              "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "ISO 9050" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?",
              "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "ISO 10217" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?",
              "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "passive solar or active solar" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?",
              "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?",
              "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "orienting a building to the Sun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a passive solar technique?",
              "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "559.8 EJ" }],
              "question": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?",
              "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b88899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is solar energy's yearly potential?",
              "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The large magnitude of solar energy available"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>",
              "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "The United Nations Development Programme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?",
              "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How will solar energy increase energy security?",
              "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "the costs of mitigating global warming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What costs will solar energy lower?",
              "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "learning investments" }
              ],
              "question": "What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?",
              "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?",
              "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?",
              "id": "56cfbb5c234ae51400d9bf29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?",
              "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "photovoltaics" }],
              "question": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?",
              "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?",
              "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?",
              "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?",
              "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?",
              "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year (see table below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?",
              "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?",
              "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c02a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "conversion of sunlight into electricity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is solar power?",
              "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?",
              "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a concentrated solar power system use?",
              "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?",
              "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "photoelectric effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?",
              "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunlight" }],
              "question": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?",
              "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Greeks and Chinese" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first utilized solar architecture?",
              "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "toward the south" }],
              "question": "In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?",
              "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c328"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a solar balloon?",
              "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?",
              "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "the toy market" }],
              "question": "What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?",
              "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?",
              "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?",
              "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world\u2019s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "2060" }],
              "question": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?",
              "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?",
              "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Tajikistan",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?",
              "id": "57335842d058e614000b588e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other culutres has ruled the area?",
              "id": "57335842d058e614000b588d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "city of Sarazm" }],
              "question": "What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?",
              "id": "57335842d058e614000b588c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?",
              "id": "57335842d058e614000b588f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "1992 to 1997" }],
              "question": "What years did the civil war take place?",
              "id": "57335842d058e614000b5890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?",
              "id": "5733eb534776f419006614ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?",
              "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?",
              "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "1992 to 1997" }],
              "question": "What years did the war last through?",
              "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957\u201358 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?",
              "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "260,000 Tajik" }],
              "question": "How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?",
              "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?",
              "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "living conditions, education and industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?",
              "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "by clan loyalties" }],
              "question": "How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?",
              "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 983,
                  "text": "30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ceasefire guaranteed?",
              "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b6040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Emomali Rahmon" }],
              "question": "Who came into power in 1992?",
              "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did more than half a million people flee?",
              "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Russian border troops" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was stationed along the boarder?",
              "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b6059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "at the Dushanbe Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?",
              "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?",
              "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?",
              "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "28 Tajik soldiers" }],
              "question": "How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?",
              "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "November 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?",
              "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there concerns in 2010?",
              "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6083"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "a republic" }],
              "question": "What type of government does Tajikistan have?",
              "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Kokhir Rasulzoda" }],
              "question": "Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733b390d058e614000b60af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?",
              "id": "5733b390d058e614000b60b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "November 1994" }],
              "question": "When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?",
              "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of system is a dominant-party system?",
              "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "independent press outlets remain restricted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?",
              "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "no public criticism of the regime is tolerated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?",
              "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "all direct protest is severely suppressed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is not covered by local media?",
              "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What access is blocked?",
              "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N (a small area is north of 41\u00b0), and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E (a small area is east of 75\u00b0). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tajikistan" }],
              "question": "What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?",
              "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "the Pamir range" }],
              "question": "What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Dushanbe located?",
              "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N (a small area is north of 41\u00b0), and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E (a small area is east of 75\u00b0)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where exactly is Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is under sea level?",
              "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" (Persian: \u0640\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e -st\u0101n) is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the word Tajik come from?",
              "id": "573358b94776f41900660866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "\"Land of the Tajiks\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Tajikistan mean?",
              "id": "573358b94776f41900660864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "\"place of\" or \"country\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the suffix -stan mean?",
              "id": "573358b94776f41900660865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?",
              "id": "573358b94776f41900660867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680" }],
              "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?",
              "id": "573366944776f419006609f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads" }],
              "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?",
              "id": "573366944776f419006609f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire," }
              ],
              "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?",
              "id": "573366944776f419006609f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?",
              "id": "573366944776f419006609f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680" }],
              "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?",
              "id": "573366934776f419006609ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads" }],
              "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?",
              "id": "573366934776f419006609ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680" }],
              "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?",
              "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire," }
              ],
              "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?",
              "id": "573366934776f419006609ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads" }],
              "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?",
              "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire," }
              ],
              "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?",
              "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?",
              "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?",
              "id": "573366934776f419006609f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680" }],
              "question": "When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?",
              "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "710" }],
              "question": "When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?",
              "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "The Kara-Khanid Khanate" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conquered Tansaxania?",
              "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?",
              "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "during the late 19th century's Imperial Era"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?",
              "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?",
              "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "gaining access to a supply of cotton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?",
              "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Russia do between 1864-1885?",
              "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?",
              "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "an Islamic social movement throughout the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Russians" }],
              "question": "Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?",
              "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "between 1910 and 1913" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?",
              "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "the threat of forced conscription during World War I"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?",
              "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?",
              "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "to maintain independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What did they go to war against Bolshevick?",
              "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "The Bolsheviks" }],
              "question": "Who won the war?",
              "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "Islam, Judaism, and Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?",
              "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?",
              "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "in the southern region" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?",
              "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happeded between 1927-1934?",
              "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956\u201361), Jabbor Rasulov (1961\u20131982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982\u20131985, 1991\u20131992).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Who directed the purges of Soviets?",
              "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "nearly 10,000 people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were expelled??",
              "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Ethnic Russians" }],
              "question": "Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?",
              "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "grew from less than 1% to 13%" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?",
              "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?",
              "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\" The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "PDPT lose four seats in Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in the Feb 2010 election?",
              "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?",
              "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "\"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?",
              "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Tajikistan governments response?",
              "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan (i/t\u0251\u02d0\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0k\u1d7bst\u0251\u02d0n/, /t\u0259\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0k\u1d7bst\u00e6n/, or /t\u00e6\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0ki\u02d0st\u00e6n/; Persian: \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d [t\u0254d\u0361\u0292ik\u026as\u02c8t\u0254n]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e Tajik: \u04b6\u0443\u043c\u04b3\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u00c7umhuriji To\u00e7ikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "in Central Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is Tajikistan located?",
              "id": "573353674776f4190066083c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "8 million people" }],
              "question": "How many people are living in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "573353674776f4190066083d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area of Tajikistan?",
              "id": "573353674776f4190066083e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country lies to Tajikistans east?",
              "id": "573353674776f4190066083f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Wakhan Corridor" }],
              "question": "What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?",
              "id": "573353674776f41900660840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the east?",
              "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "8 million" }],
              "question": "How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "143,100 km2" }],
              "question": "What is the area of Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the south?",
              "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Uzbekistan" }],
              "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the west?",
              "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e583"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141\u201387 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "about 500 BCE" }],
              "question": "What was the first recorded history of this region?",
              "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Achaemenid Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?",
              "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?",
              "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Yuezhi tribes" }],
              "question": "What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?",
              "id": "57336314d058e614000b59ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "in the early eighth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Islam brought to the region?",
              "id": "57336314d058e614000b59cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Hephthalite Empire," }
              ],
              "question": "What empire brought Islam practices with them?",
              "id": "57336314d058e614000b59cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?",
              "id": "57336314d058e614000b59c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "an average rate of 9.6%" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the rate that the GDP expanded?",
              "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?",
              "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "Tajik Aluminum Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?",
              "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b6440"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the government" }],
              "question": "Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "hydropower potential" }
              ],
              "question": "What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?",
              "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Nurek Dam" }],
              "question": "What is the highest dam in the world?",
              "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 722,
                  "text": "CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will the project named CASA 1000 do?",
              "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "US$1.25 per day" }],
              "question": "What is the average amount lived on per day?",
              "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "estimated $2.1 billion US dollars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?",
              "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Tajikistan change their economy?",
              "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "remittances" }],
              "question": "What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?",
              "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "opium poppy" }],
              "question": "What is raised locally for the domestic market?",
              "id": "5733e4294776f41900661436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What all has helped with the fight against drugs?",
              "id": "5733e4294776f41900661437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "heroin and raw opium confiscations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?",
              "id": "5733e4294776f41900661438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 949,
                  "text": "strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?",
              "id": "5733e4294776f41900661439"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "via roads, air, and rail." }
              ],
              "question": "What are the majority of transportation options?",
              "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b64fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Iran and Pakistan" }],
              "question": "What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?",
              "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b64ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?",
              "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b6500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year was the agreement signed?",
              "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b6501"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "26 airports" }],
              "question": "How many airports does Tajikistan have?",
              "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "Dushanbe International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the country's main airport?",
              "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Where are the international flights maining going to?",
              "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Khorog Airport" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?",
              "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "7,349,145" }],
              "question": "What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?",
              "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population is under 30 years old?",
              "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?",
              "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Tajik" }],
              "question": "What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?",
              "id": "5733e682d058e614000b6530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Tajikistanis" }],
              "question": "What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?",
              "id": "5733e682d058e614000b6531"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pamiri people" }],
              "question": "What people live in the southeast area of the country?",
              "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "distinct linguistically and culturally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are they different than most Tajiks?",
              "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Pamir Mountains" }],
              "question": "What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?",
              "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%\u201395% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi" }
              ],
              "question": "What school has been recognized by the government?",
              "id": "5733e80f4776f41900661499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?",
              "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two national Islamic holidays?",
              "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "98%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population is muslim?",
              "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992\u20131997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "minority religious groups undermine national unity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of religions concerns are there?",
              "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concerns for the religions institutions are there?",
              "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Hizb ut-Tahrir" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?",
              "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6569"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do religions communities have to register with?",
              "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the SCRA require?",
              "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "a physical structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?",
              "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "can result in large fines and closure of place of worship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen if you do not register?",
              "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b6580"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": ", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "104,272" }],
              "question": "How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?",
              "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the GDP was spent on health?",
              "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?",
              "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "11 years of primary and secondary education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?",
              "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "a 12-year system" }],
              "question": "What do they want to impliment in 2016?",
              "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Khujand State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?",
              "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "17%" }],
              "question": "What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?",
              "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Anthropology",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "humans and their societies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is anthropology a study of?",
              "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "social" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?",
              "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "linguistic anthropology" }
              ],
              "question": "What investigates the influence of language in social life?",
              "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "physical" }],
              "question": "What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?",
              "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?",
              "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "Vienna created it's society in what year?",
              "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?",
              "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "When was the American Anthropological Association founded?",
              "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?",
              "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "empirical foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?",
              "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6005"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "anthropological societies" }
              ],
              "question": "What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?",
              "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "international" }],
              "question": "What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?",
              "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "The major theorists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?",
              "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?",
              "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?",
              "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "late 19th and early 20th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?",
              "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "gender equality and sexual liberation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Margaret Mead advocate for?",
              "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "cross-cultural comparisons" }
              ],
              "question": "What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?",
              "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "19th-century racial ideology" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Boas' argue against?",
              "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?",
              "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "humanities, social, and natural sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?",
              "id": "5733af354776f4190066101e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Anthropology" }],
              "question": "What builds upon natural and social sciences?",
              "id": "5733af354776f4190066101f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "global" }],
              "question": "What type of discipline is anthropology?",
              "id": "5733af354776f4190066101d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Greece and Persia" }],
              "question": "Where did early anthropology originate?",
              "id": "5733af354776f41900661020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 817,
                  "text": "cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?",
              "id": "5733af354776f41900661021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "structuralist and postmodern theories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?",
              "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "During the 1970s and 1990s" }
              ],
              "question": "When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?",
              "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "nature and production of knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?",
              "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "archaeology and biological anthropology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two fields remained largely positivist? ",
              "id": "5733afdc4776f4190066102a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "cohesion" }],
              "question": "What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?",
              "id": "5733afdc4776f4190066102b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sociocultural anthropology" }
              ],
              "question": "What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?",
              "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "social" }],
              "question": "Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?",
              "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "social structures," }
              ],
              "question": "What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?",
              "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "hard-and-fast" }],
              "question": "What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?",
              "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Cultural anthropology" }
              ],
              "question": "What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?",
              "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6062"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "cultural relativism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?",
              "id": "5733b177d058e614000b6079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Ethnography" }],
              "question": "What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?",
              "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Participant observation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?",
              "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "emic" }],
              "question": "What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?",
              "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?",
              "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Sociocultural" }],
              "question": "Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?",
              "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "consumption and exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?",
              "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "kinship" }],
              "question": "What is a human universal?",
              "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?",
              "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "resolution" }],
              "question": "Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?",
              "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661072"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Archaeology" }],
              "question": "What field studies human's past through material remains?",
              "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "human behavior and cultural practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?",
              "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "past human groups" }],
              "question": "What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?",
              "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "in similar ways" }],
              "question": "How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?",
              "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "cultural and material lives of past societies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?",
              "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661086"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "anthropological" }],
              "question": "What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?",
              "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "interpretation of sociocultural processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?",
              "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Linguistic" }],
              "question": "What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?",
              "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?",
              "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "art" }],
              "question": "What is a cultural phenomenon? ",
              "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "do not exist" }],
              "question": "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?",
              "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "evident 'aesthetic' qualities" }
              ],
              "question": "What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?",
              "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was Art as Cultural System penned?",
              "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 751,
                  "text": "culturally specific 'aesthetics'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?",
              "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 was abandoned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "\u00c9tienne Serres" }
              ],
              "question": "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?",
              "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?",
              "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1850" }],
              "question": "When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?",
              "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?",
              "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?",
              "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "comparative methods" }
              ],
              "question": "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?",
              "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "similarities" }],
              "question": "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?",
              "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "processes or laws unknown to them then"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?",
              "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "epiphany" }],
              "question": "What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?",
              "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "comparison of species" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?",
              "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "late 1850s." }],
              "question": "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?",
              "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "bring it into the social sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?",
              "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Paul Broca reside?",
              "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?",
              "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Transformisme" }],
              "question": "What did the French call evolutionism?",
              "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker, 1859\u20131864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "neurosurgeon" }],
              "question": "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?",
              "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the pathology of speech" }
              ],
              "question": "What particularly interested Broca?",
              "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "speech center" }],
              "question": "What did Broca discover in the human brain?",
              "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "psychology" }],
              "question": "What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?",
              "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many volumes was Waitz work?",
              "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "the science of the nature of man"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Waitz define anthropology?",
              "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "an animist" }],
              "question": "What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?",
              "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?",
              "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "empirical" }],
              "question": "What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?",
              "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "civilization" }],
              "question": "What history was to be brought into the comparison?",
              "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "British ethnologists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Waitz influential among?",
              "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?",
              "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "anthropology" }],
              "question": "What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?",
              "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?",
              "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Waitz" }],
              "question": "Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?",
              "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "majority of the world's higher educational institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?",
              "id": "5733addf4776f41900661009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "subdivisions" }],
              "question": "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?",
              "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Practical" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?",
              "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "recreate the final scene" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?",
              "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "about three dozen" }],
              "question": "From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?",
              "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Media anthropology" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?",
              "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "ethnographic" }],
              "question": "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?",
              "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "early 1990s" }],
              "question": "Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?",
              "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "media reception" }],
              "question": "Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?",
              "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "cyber" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?",
              "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Visual" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?",
              "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "visual representation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?",
              "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?",
              "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "ethnographic film" }],
              "question": "What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?",
              "id": "5733c775d058e614000b623a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Economic" }],
              "question": "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?",
              "id": "5733c827d058e614000b623f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "historic, geographic and cultural"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?",
              "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "discipline of economics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is economic anthropology highly critical of?",
              "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Bronislaw Malinowski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?",
              "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "exchange" }],
              "question": "What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?",
              "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6243"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "traditional concerns" }
              ],
              "question": "What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?",
              "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "history and colonialism" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?",
              "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Hunter-gatherers" }],
              "question": "Who were the original affluent society?",
              "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "population" }],
              "question": "What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?",
              "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 991,
                  "text": "industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?",
              "id": "5733cb994776f41900661260"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Applied" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?",
              "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b629f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "change or stability" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?",
              "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "direct" }],
              "question": "What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?",
              "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "the practical side" }
              ],
              "question": "What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?",
              "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "participating" }],
              "question": "Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?",
              "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "critical" }],
              "question": "What perspective does development anthropology view development from?",
              "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "pondering" }],
              "question": "What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?",
              "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "increasing" }],
              "question": "Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?",
              "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "gap" }],
              "question": "When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?",
              "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "fail" }],
              "question": "What does a lot of planned development apparently do?",
              "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kinship" }],
              "question": "What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?",
              "id": "5733cf984776f419006612aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "anthropology" }],
              "question": "What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?",
              "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Over its history" }],
              "question": "When has anthropology developed related terms?",
              "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "one's social relations during development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean if people are related by descent?",
              "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "marriage" }],
              "question": "Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?",
              "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Feminist" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?",
              "id": "5733dc134776f4190066138e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "male bias" }],
              "question": "What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?",
              "id": "5733dc134776f4190066138f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "systematic bias" }],
              "question": "What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?",
              "id": "5733dc134776f41900661390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "gender" }],
              "question": "What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?",
              "id": "5733dc134776f41900661391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 834, "text": "birth anthropology" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?",
              "id": "5733dc134776f41900661392"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nutritional" }],
              "question": "What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?",
              "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "food security" }],
              "question": "Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?",
              "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "globalization" }],
              "question": "If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?",
              "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Nutritional status" }
              ],
              "question": "What affects overall health status?",
              "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "economic" }],
              "question": "What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?",
              "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6456"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group\u2014with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories\u2014shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Psychological" }],
              "question": "What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? ",
              "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "humans' development and enculturation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?",
              "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What aspects define a cultural group?",
              "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "cultural group" }],
              "question": "What shapes processes of human cognition?",
              "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "understanding" }],
              "question": "Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?",
              "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cognitive" }],
              "question": "What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?",
              "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "cognitive sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?",
              "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "experimental psychology and evolutionary biology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?",
              "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "implicit knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?",
              "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on \"Negara\", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Political" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?",
              "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "structure of societies" }
              ],
              "question": "From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?",
              "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did the new development of a stateless society come about?",
              "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "\"complex\"" }],
              "question": "The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?",
              "id": "5733e009d058e614000b648a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1086, "text": "Geertz" }],
              "question": "Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?",
              "id": "5733e009d058e614000b648b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cyborg" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?",
              "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?",
              "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "the Society for the Social Studies of Science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?",
              "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Donna Haraway" }],
              "question": "Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?",
              "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "its relations" }],
              "question": "What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?",
              "id": "5733e0d64776f41900661400"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Environmental" }],
              "question": "Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?",
              "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "political ecology" }],
              "question": "What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?",
              "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?",
              "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "corporate" }],
              "question": "The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?",
              "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 950, "text": "people of Hyde Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?",
              "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "by examining historical records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?",
              "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "ethnic" }],
              "question": "Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?",
              "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "its foundation" }],
              "question": "What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?",
              "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "documents and manuscripts" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?",
              "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Practitioners" }],
              "question": "Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?",
              "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban" }],
              "question": "What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?",
              "id": "5733e44a4776f4190066143e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Ulf Hannerz" }],
              "question": "Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?",
              "id": "5733e44a4776f4190066143f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "notoriously agoraphobic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? ",
              "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?",
              "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "social issues" }],
              "question": "One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?",
              "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661442"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "human\u2013animal studies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Anthrozoology also known as?",
              "id": "5733e5704776f41900661451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Anthrozoology" }],
              "question": "What is the study of interaction between living things?",
              "id": "5733e5704776f41900661452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "number of other disciplines" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?",
              "id": "5733e5704776f41900661453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "positive" }],
              "question": "What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?",
              "id": "5733e5704776f41900661454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?",
              "id": "5733e5704776f41900661455"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Evolutionary" }],
              "question": "What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?",
              "id": "5733e7014776f41900661484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "natural science and social science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?",
              "id": "5733e7014776f41900661485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "past and present" }],
              "question": "Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?",
              "id": "5733e7014776f41900661486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "scientific" }],
              "question": "What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?",
              "id": "5733e7014776f41900661487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "many lines" }],
              "question": "What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?",
              "id": "5733e7014776f41900661488"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ethical" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?",
              "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "mutilation" }],
              "question": "What is the proper term for circumcision?",
              "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "racism, slavery, and human sacrifice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?",
              "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "man" }],
              "question": "Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?",
              "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b655a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "depth of an anthropological approach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?",
              "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b655b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the \"Axis\" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "active in the allied war effort"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?",
              "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b656e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups formed the Axis forces?",
              "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b656f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the armed forces" }],
              "question": "What did many anthropologists serve in?",
              "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "intelligence" }],
              "question": "The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?",
              "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "communist sympathies." }
              ],
              "question": "Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?",
              "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6572"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "the state" }],
              "question": "What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?",
              "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "secret" }],
              "question": "What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?",
              "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "certain scholarship" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?",
              "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "The AAA" }],
              "question": "Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?",
              "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "given" }],
              "question": "Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?",
              "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment \u2013 all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application \u2013 it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "the US military" }],
              "question": "Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? ",
              "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "US Army's strategy in Afghanistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the anthropologists part of?",
              "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Counterinsurgency" }],
              "question": "What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?",
              "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Iraq" }],
              "question": "Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?",
              "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1173, "text": "ethics" }],
              "question": "What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?",
              "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Biological" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?",
              "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "human universals" }],
              "question": "What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?",
              "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "into the field" }],
              "question": "Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?",
              "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "a community in its own setting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?",
              "id": "5733ebf24776f4190066150a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "genetic" }],
              "question": "Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?",
              "id": "5733ebf24776f4190066150b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "relevant time periods and geographic regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?",
              "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "cultural traditions based on material"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has human time on Earth been divided up?",
              "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "tool" }],
              "question": "Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?",
              "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "geographers" }],
              "question": "Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?",
              "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 828, "text": "comparative method" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a central part of the science of anthropology?",
              "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "\"other cultures" }],
              "question": "What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?",
              "id": "5733edbe4776f4190066152f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "time" }],
              "question": "A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?",
              "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "non-European/non-Western societies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?",
              "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Ulf Hannerz" }],
              "question": "Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology\"?",
              "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "only in late 1960s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to \"look across the tracks\"?",
              "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661533"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?",
              "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "research to a single locale" }
              ],
              "question": "Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?",
              "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "daily life of ordinary people" }
              ],
              "question": "What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?",
              "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "scientific laboratories" }
              ],
              "question": "What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?",
              "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b661a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?",
              "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b661b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Portugal",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "wounded in an attempted assassination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Joseph I in 1758?",
              "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?",
              "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "The Jesuits" }],
              "question": "Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?",
              "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "1759" }],
              "question": "In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?",
              "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b6021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?",
              "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b6020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the T\u00e1vora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal\u2019s \"enlightenment,\" while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "1770" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?",
              "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "until Joseph I's death in 1779"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?",
              "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "autocracy" }],
              "question": "What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?",
              "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "knew no opposition" }],
              "question": "Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?",
              "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b604f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Pombal's \"enlightenment\" an apparatus for?",
              "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6053"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?",
              "id": "5733b1924776f41900661055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "1822" }],
              "question": "In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?",
              "id": "5733b1924776f41900661057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?",
              "id": "5733b1924776f41900661058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?",
              "id": "5733b1924776f41900661059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "until the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Portugal's decline last?",
              "id": "5733b1924776f41900661056"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?",
              "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "until the Liberal Revolution of 1820"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?",
              "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Porto" }],
              "question": "Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?",
              "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?",
              "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?",
              "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, S\u00e1 da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo, Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "before the turn of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?",
              "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "When was the Conference of Berlin held?",
              "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Scramble for Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?",
              "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?",
              "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo, Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?",
              "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Lu\u00eds Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt \u2013 on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 \u2013 causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'\u00e9tat, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 February 1908" }],
              "question": "On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?",
              "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?",
              "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Manuel II of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?",
              "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "5 October 1910" }],
              "question": "On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?",
              "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "Political instability and economic weaknesses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?",
              "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Estado Novo?",
              "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Estado Novo established?",
              "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?",
              "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?",
              "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?",
              "id": "57333879d058e614000b578d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "unitary semi-presidential republican"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form of government does Portugal maintain?",
              "id": "57333879d058e614000b578a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "18th highest" }],
              "question": "What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?",
              "id": "57333879d058e614000b578b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "France, Spain and Italy" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?",
              "id": "57333879d058e614000b578c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "decriminalized the usage of all common drugs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?",
              "id": "57333879d058e614000b578e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Crist\u00e3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Pelayos' plan?",
              "id": "5733429d4776f419006607c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Moors" }],
              "question": "Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?",
              "id": "5733429d4776f419006607c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Battle of Covadonga" }
              ],
              "question": "In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?",
              "id": "5733429d4776f419006607ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "722 AD" }],
              "question": "In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?",
              "id": "5733429d4776f419006607cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Reconquista Crist\u00e3" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?",
              "id": "5733429d4776f419006607cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia \u2014 the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of Le\u00f3n, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (Le\u00f3n and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of Le\u00f3n.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?",
              "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "King Alfonso III" }],
              "question": "Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?",
              "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "868 AD" }],
              "question": "In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?",
              "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "First Count of Portus Cale" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Vimara knighted as?",
              "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?",
              "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5807"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?",
              "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "the Kingdom of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?",
              "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "Galician" }],
              "question": "Portugese diverged from which language? ",
              "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1069, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?",
              "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1296, "text": "Castilian (Spanish Language)" }
              ],
              "question": "By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?",
              "id": "573348bd4776f419006607fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1738, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was de Melo's second marriage to?",
              "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?",
              "id": "573356a5d058e614000b5878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Queen consort of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?",
              "id": "573356a5d058e614000b5879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Queen consort of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?",
              "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "King John V of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?",
              "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "earthquakes" }],
              "question": "What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?",
              "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "marching troops around the models"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?",
              "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Lisbon suffered no epidemics" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?",
              "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?",
              "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?",
              "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal (Portuguese: [pu\u027etu\u02c8\u0263a\u026b]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal\u2013Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Portuguese Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?",
              "id": "573323754776f419006606fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Portugal located?",
              "id": "573323754776f419006606ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Which ocean does Portugal border?",
              "id": "573323754776f41900660700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1,214 km (754 mi)" }],
              "question": "How long is the Portugal-Spain border?",
              "id": "573323754776f41900660701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Azores and Madeira" }
              ],
              "question": "What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?",
              "id": "573323754776f41900660702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Portuguese Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?",
              "id": "57326292e17f3d1400422929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Portugal located?",
              "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "What other country does Portugal border?",
              "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "What ocean does Portugal border?",
              "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Portugal\u2013Spain" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?",
              "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "The Celts and the Romans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?",
              "id": "573324834776f41900660708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?",
              "id": "573324834776f41900660709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1139" }],
              "question": "By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?",
              "id": "573324834776f4190066070a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Age of Discovery" }],
              "question": "What age did Portugal pioneer?",
              "id": "573324834776f4190066070b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "15th and 16th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?",
              "id": "573324834776f4190066070c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Lisbon" }],
              "question": "In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?",
              "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "1822" }],
              "question": "In which year did Brazel become independent?",
              "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?",
              "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Macau" }],
              "question": "Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?",
              "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "250 million" }],
              "question": "How many Portugese speakers are there today?",
              "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Portus Cale" }],
              "question": "From what name is Portugal derived?",
              "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Pre-Celts and Celts" }
              ],
              "question": "By what group was the Portugal region settled?",
              "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?",
              "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "45 BC until 298 AD" }
              ],
              "question": "During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?",
              "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Alankerk" }],
              "question": "From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?",
              "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Con\u00edmbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "27 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?",
              "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Gallaecia" }],
              "question": "What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?",
              "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?",
              "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "hill forts" }],
              "question": "What are castros?",
              "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "16 km" }],
              "question": "How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?",
              "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "a few months" }],
              "question": "How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?",
              "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "711" }],
              "question": "In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?",
              "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "750" }],
              "question": "In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?",
              "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Abd-ar-Rahman" }],
              "question": "Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?",
              "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "almost two centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?",
              "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Emir" }],
              "question": "What were the governors of the taifas called?",
              "id": "57334124d058e614000b57dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "the Christian kingdoms of the north"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?",
              "id": "57334124d058e614000b57dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Taifa of Badajoz" }],
              "question": "To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?",
              "id": "57334124d058e614000b57de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "1086" }],
              "question": "In which year did the taifa period end?",
              "id": "57334124d058e614000b57df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Battle of Sagrajas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which battle took place in 1147?",
              "id": "57334124d058e614000b57e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or \"Moors\"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Muwallad or Muladi" }
              ],
              "question": "What are converts to Islam called?",
              "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "noblemen from Oman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Arabs principally consist of?",
              "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Berbers originally from?",
              "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "Algarve region, and south of the Tagus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?",
              "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?",
              "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A year before Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first Garc\u00eda died childless and Le\u00f3n passed to Ordo\u00f1o. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?",
              "id": "57334596d058e614000b5818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?",
              "id": "57334596d058e614000b5819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?",
              "id": "57334596d058e614000b581a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "910" }],
              "question": "In which year did Alfonso III likely die?",
              "id": "57334596d058e614000b581b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "1230" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?",
              "id": "57334596d058e614000b581c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1348 and 1349" }],
              "question": "Which years were plagued by the Black Death?",
              "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?",
              "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "Portugal made an alliance with England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest standing alliance in the world?",
              "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "NATO" }],
              "question": "The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?",
              "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Oporto region" }],
              "question": "In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?",
              "id": "5733496fd058e614000b5830"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Age of Discovery" }
              ],
              "question": "What European age did Portugal spearhead?",
              "id": "57334d274776f4190066081e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "King Jo\u00e3o I" }],
              "question": "Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?",
              "id": "57334d274776f4190066081f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?",
              "id": "57334d274776f41900660820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Cape of Good Hope" }],
              "question": "By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?",
              "id": "57334d274776f41900660821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What South American country did Portugal discover?",
              "id": "57334d274776f41900660822"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?",
              "id": "573357944776f4190066085a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "What title was given to de Melo in 1755?",
              "id": "573357944776f4190066085b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?",
              "id": "573357944776f4190066085c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who abolished slavery in Portugal?",
              "id": "573357944776f4190066085d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?",
              "id": "573357944776f4190066085e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "economic and financial" }
              ],
              "question": "What were de Melo's greatest reforms?",
              "id": "573360d64776f41900660928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "to ensure the wine's quality" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?",
              "id": "573360d64776f41900660929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "especially among the high nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?",
              "id": "573360d64776f4190066092b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?",
              "id": "573360d64776f4190066092c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?",
              "id": "573360d64776f4190066092a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "April 1974" }],
              "question": "Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?",
              "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "left-wing military coup in Lisbon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Carnation Revolution?",
              "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what was the PREC characterized by?",
              "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entity governed Portugal until 1976?",
              "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Socialist Party" }],
              "question": "Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?",
              "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "M\u00e1rio Soares" }],
              "question": "Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?",
              "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977\u201378 and 1983\u201385.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?",
              "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?",
              "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "to accommodate socialist and communist principles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?",
              "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661228"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8\u201312 \u00b0C (46.4\u201353.6 \u00b0F) in the mountainous interior north to 16\u201319 \u00b0C (60.8\u201366.2 \u00b0F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de F\u00f3ia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "What type of climate does Portugal have?",
              "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "8\u201312 \u00b0C (46.4\u201353.6 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?",
              "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "16\u201319 \u00b0C (60.8\u201366.2 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?",
              "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 681, "text": "900 metres (3,000 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?",
              "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661237"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to K\u00f6ppen-Geiger classification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "subtropical" }],
              "question": "What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?",
              "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "rough topography" }],
              "question": "What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?",
              "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?",
              "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Ger\u00eas both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arr\u00e1bida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Ger\u00eas, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "deciduous and coniferous" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of forests can be found in Geres?",
              "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "the Tertiary period" }
              ],
              "question": "To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?",
              "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Pyrenean" }],
              "question": "What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733deb64776f419006613ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "Boars" }],
              "question": "What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many national parks does Portugal have?",
              "id": "5733deb64776f419006613d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Ger\u00eas) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "a unique type of subtropical rainforest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Laurisilva?",
              "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?",
              "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "migratory birds" }],
              "question": "What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?",
              "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661424"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "more than 100" }],
              "question": "How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "in the Tagus International Natural Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?",
              "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "because of habitat loss, pollution and drought"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "plankton" }],
              "question": "What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently Ant\u00f3nio Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "For how many years is the Portugal president elected?",
              "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current president of Portugal?",
              "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "230" }],
              "question": "How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?",
              "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "four-year" }],
              "question": "For how long of a term are deputies elected?",
              "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?",
              "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661524"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?",
              "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b660f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "national-, regional- and local-levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?",
              "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?",
              "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "5 and 15%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?",
              "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the \"moderator power\" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "President of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Head of State of Portugal?",
              "id": "5733ef714776f41900661557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?",
              "id": "5733ef714776f41900661558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "by direct, universal suffrage" }
              ],
              "question": "By what means is the President of the Republic elected?",
              "id": "5733ef714776f41900661559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "President of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5733ef714776f4190066155a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Council of Ministers \u2013 under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) \u2013 acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Council of Ministers" }
              ],
              "question": "What group acts as the presidential cabinet?",
              "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What process is required of each government's policies?",
              "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "an absolute majority of deputies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?",
              "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "former colonies and territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?",
              "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "a civilian police force who work in urban areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?",
              "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "a highly specialized criminal investigation police"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?",
              "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "the Public Ministry." }
              ],
              "question": "Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?",
              "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than \"10 days worth of personal use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?",
              "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "10 days worth of personal use" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of a drug is legal to possess?",
              "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "go to a rehab facility" }
              ],
              "question": "What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?",
              "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "50 percent" }],
              "question": "By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?",
              "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: munic\u00edpios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "308" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?",
              "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "3,092" }],
              "question": "How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?",
              "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?",
              "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661585"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?",
              "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b664f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Navy, Army and Air Force" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?",
              "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?",
              "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "7,500" }],
              "question": "How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?",
              "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?",
              "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "21,000" }],
              "question": "What is the number of personnel in the army?",
              "id": "5733f4004776f41900661599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Pandur II APC" }],
              "question": "With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?",
              "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?",
              "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "paratroopers, commandos and rangers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?",
              "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "10,700" }],
              "question": "How many personnel does the Navy have?",
              "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961\u20131974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?",
              "id": "5733f568d058e614000b667f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1961\u20131974" }],
              "question": "During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?",
              "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?",
              "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?",
              "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6682"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Pedro Passos Coelho" }
              ],
              "question": "Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?",
              "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "improve the State's financial situation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?",
              "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?",
              "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?",
              "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b668a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A report released in January 2011 by the Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?",
              "id": "5733f743d058e614000b6699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?",
              "id": "5733f743d058e614000b669a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias" }
              ],
              "question": "By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?",
              "id": "5733f743d058e614000b669b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "2007\u201308" }],
              "question": "In what two years was there a financial crisis?",
              "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?",
              "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?",
              "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "its size, market share, and the political implications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the case of BPN more serious?",
              "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "fraud" }],
              "question": "On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?",
              "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Portuguese currency is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas\u2014the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "the euro (\u20ac)" }],
              "question": "What currency does Portugal use?",
              "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Portuguese Escudo" }],
              "question": "What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Banco de Portugal" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Portugal's central bank?",
              "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?",
              "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Golf" }],
              "question": "According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?",
              "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?",
              "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "PREC period" }],
              "question": "What period followed the Carnation Revolution?",
              "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?",
              "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "textiles, clothing, footwear and cork"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?",
              "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "cork" }],
              "question": "What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?",
              "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?",
              "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?",
              "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "\u20ac78 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?",
              "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "May 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Portugal exit the bailout?",
              "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "15.3 percent" }],
              "question": "By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?",
              "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661629"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?",
              "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?",
              "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of crops does Portugal produce?",
              "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "dairy products, poultry and beef"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?",
              "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olh\u00e3o, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portim\u00e3o and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world\u2019s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, L\u00edder, Mann\u00e1, Murtosa, Pescador, Pit\u00e9u, Ten\u00f3rio, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Ramirez" }],
              "question": "Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?",
              "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, L\u00edder, Mann\u00e1, Murtosa, Pescador, Pit\u00e9u, Ten\u00f3rio, Torreira and Vasco da Gama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?",
              "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "fish" }],
              "question": "What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?",
              "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves\u2014mainly in the north\u2014after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?",
              "id": "573405584776f4190066170d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "tin, tungsten and uranium" }
              ],
              "question": "What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?",
              "id": "573405584776f4190066170e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "hydrocarbon" }],
              "question": "What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?",
              "id": "573405584776f4190066170f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?",
              "id": "573405584776f41900661710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?",
              "id": "573405584776f41900661711"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What automotive brands exist in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Embraer and OGMA" }],
              "question": "What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Palmela" }],
              "question": "Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?",
              "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?",
              "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?",
              "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?",
              "id": "573406cd4776f41900661729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Eastern European destinations" }
              ],
              "question": "With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?",
              "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "focus upon its niche attractions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?",
              "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "health, nature and rural tourism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?",
              "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe\". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% \u2013 a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to \"negative\" from \"stable,\" voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "The Economist" }],
              "question": "What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"",
              "id": "573407b6d058e614000b6809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?",
              "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "10.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?",
              "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?",
              "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?",
              "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 April 2011, after his proposed \"Plan for Stability and Growth IV\" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 S\u00f3crates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF\u2014the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?",
              "id": "57340865d058e614000b6823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?",
              "id": "57340865d058e614000b6824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Carnation's Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?",
              "id": "57340865d058e614000b6825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "financial weakness" }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?",
              "id": "57340865d058e614000b6826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors\u2014over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "70.8" }],
              "question": "In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?",
              "id": "573409cd4776f41900661773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "62.4" }],
              "question": "What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?",
              "id": "573409cd4776f41900661774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "slow and inefficient" }
              ],
              "question": "In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?",
              "id": "573409cd4776f41900661775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?",
              "id": "573409cd4776f41900661776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "over 30" }],
              "question": "How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?",
              "id": "573409cd4776f41900661777"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund\u2014the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of \u20ac4.8 billion over a three-year period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Passos Coelho" }],
              "question": "Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?",
              "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?",
              "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?",
              "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?",
              "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "66" }],
              "question": "To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?",
              "id": "57340b90d058e614000b6879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?",
              "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?",
              "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the instituting of these policies lead to?",
              "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%\u2014 up from 17% in the previous quarter \u2014 and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "third quarter of 2014" }
              ],
              "question": "Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?",
              "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "17.7%" }],
              "question": "To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?",
              "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "7.3%" }],
              "question": "In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?",
              "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "December 2009" }],
              "question": "By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?",
              "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit F\u00e1tima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of F\u00e1tima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006, a number that grew 11.8% compared to previous year). Lisbon in recent years surpassed the Algarve as the leading tourist region in Portugal. Porto and Northern Portugal, especially the urban areas north of Douro River valley, was the tourist destination which grew most (11.9%) in 2006, surpassing Madeira (in 2010), as the third most visited destination.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?",
              "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "F\u00e1tima" }],
              "question": "Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?",
              "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?",
              "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?",
              "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b68a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Lisbon" }],
              "question": "What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?",
              "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b68a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?",
              "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "new motorways" }],
              "question": "After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?",
              "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "68,732 km (42,708 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is Portugal's total road network?",
              "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?",
              "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA \u2013 Aeroportos de Portugal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?",
              "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many national airports does Portugal have?",
              "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja" }
              ],
              "question": "Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?",
              "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "geographical position" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?",
              "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "TAP Portugal" }],
              "question": "What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?",
              "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?",
              "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Comboios de Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?",
              "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "2,791 km (1,734 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the total railway system in Portugal?",
              "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1,430 km (889 mi)" }],
              "question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?",
              "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "900 km (559 mi)" }],
              "question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?",
              "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two subway systems in Portugal?",
              "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "more than 35 km (22 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long are each of the subway systems?",
              "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?",
              "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "over a century" }],
              "question": "For how long has the Libon tram service existed?",
              "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o and the INRB \u2013 Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?",
              "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?",
              "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?",
              "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "neuroscience and oncology research centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Champalimaud Foundation?",
              "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?",
              "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "1779" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?",
              "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ci\u00eancia Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Lisbon Oceanarium" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest European aquarium?",
              "id": "573413df4776f41900661807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?",
              "id": "573413df4776f41900661808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?",
              "id": "573413df4776f41900661809"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilh\u00e3). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?",
              "id": "573414b84776f41900661813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?",
              "id": "573414b84776f41900661814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?",
              "id": "573414b84776f41900661815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Agu\u00e7adoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "wind and river power" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?",
              "id": "573415824776f41900661823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Moura, in the south" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?",
              "id": "573415824776f41900661824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Norte region" }],
              "question": "Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?",
              "id": "573415824776f41900661825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "29%" }],
              "question": "By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?",
              "id": "573415824776f41900661826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal\u2019s national energy transmission company, Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal\u2019s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?",
              "id": "573416864776f4190066182b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does REN do?",
              "id": "573416864776f4190066182c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "hydropower plants on its rivers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?",
              "id": "573416864776f4190066182d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "wind-driven turbines" }
              ],
              "question": "What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?",
              "id": "573416864776f4190066182e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 813, "text": "setting a premium price" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?",
              "id": "573416864776f4190066182f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Crist\u00e3os Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "10,562,178" }],
              "question": "What was the Portuguese population in 2011?",
              "id": "573417154776f41900661845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "52%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?",
              "id": "573417154776f41900661846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "48%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?",
              "id": "573417154776f41900661847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Catholicism" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant religion in Portugal?",
              "id": "573417154776f41900661848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Mouriscos" }],
              "question": "What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?",
              "id": "573417154776f41900661849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Paleolithic peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?",
              "id": "5734188e4776f41900661861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "45,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did people first start arriving in the European continent?",
              "id": "5734188e4776f41900661862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Paleolithic" }],
              "question": "What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?",
              "id": "5734188e4776f41900661863"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "colonial history" }],
              "question": "What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?",
              "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Which ocean does Portugal border?",
              "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Angola and Mozambique" }
              ],
              "question": "What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?",
              "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?",
              "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1073, "text": "10,617,575" }],
              "question": "How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?",
              "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "81.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?",
              "id": "57341a094776f41900661873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other religious communities exist in Portugal?",
              "id": "57341a094776f41900661874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "6.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?",
              "id": "57341a094776f41900661875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "8.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?",
              "id": "57341a094776f41900661876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910\u201326) changed the role and importance of organized religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?",
              "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "13th and 14th" }],
              "question": "In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?",
              "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 839,
                  "text": "formation of the First Portuguese Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?",
              "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "1910\u201326" }],
              "question": "During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?",
              "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the \"Miracle of Ourique\". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "25 July 1139" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?",
              "id": "57341dde4776f419006618bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Afonso heard Jesus promising what?",
              "id": "57341dde4776f419006618be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 848,
                  "text": "in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did God want to act through Afonso?",
              "id": "57341dde4776f419006618bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?",
              "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Romance" }],
              "question": "What type of language is Portuguese?",
              "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Galicia and Northern Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Portuguese originate?",
              "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Galician-Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?",
              "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago\u2014particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From what language is Portuguese derived?",
              "id": "57342084d058e614000b698c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what group of people is Portuguese derived?",
              "id": "57342084d058e614000b698d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1415 and 1999" }],
              "question": "Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?",
              "id": "57342084d058e614000b698e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?",
              "id": "57342084d058e614000b698f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?",
              "id": "57342084d058e614000b6990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "99 percent" }],
              "question": "What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "100 percent" }],
              "question": "Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?",
              "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Over 35%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?",
              "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1290" }],
              "question": "Since when have Portuguese universities existed?",
              "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Lisbon" }],
              "question": "Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?",
              "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Coimbra" }],
              "question": "Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?",
              "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?",
              "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica of Goa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest medical college in Asia?",
              "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the Bologna process adopted?",
              "id": "573422234776f4190066190d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "public money" }],
              "question": "What are most higher education student costs supported with?",
              "id": "573422234776f4190066190e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "over 23 years old" }],
              "question": "Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?",
              "id": "573422234776f4190066190f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "developing health policy as well as managing the SNS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?",
              "id": "57342458d058e614000b69ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Five" }],
              "question": "How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342458d058e614000b69ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the regional health administrations in charge of?",
              "id": "57342458d058e614000b69f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "noncommunicable diseases" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most Portuguese people die from?",
              "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?",
              "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "cerebrovascular disease" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest killer in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "12%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?",
              "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "children as well as among women younger than 44 years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "self-reporting at the household level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What survey results complement on data on health status?",
              "id": "573425ecd058e614000b6a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "one third" }],
              "question": "What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?",
              "id": "573425ecd058e614000b6a09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1990s and 2000s" }],
              "question": "Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?",
              "id": "573426c64776f41900661987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?",
              "id": "573426c64776f41900661988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Lisbon" }],
              "question": "Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?",
              "id": "573426c64776f41900661989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da M\u00fasica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?",
              "id": "573426c64776f4190066198a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?",
              "id": "573426c64776f4190066198b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Portuguese late Gothic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Manueline style also known as?",
              "id": "5734275c4776f41900661991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Manueline style?",
              "id": "5734275c4776f41900661992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Soft Portuguese style?",
              "id": "5734275c4776f41900661993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?",
              "id": "5734275c4776f41900661994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "stadium design" }],
              "question": "For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?",
              "id": "5734275c4776f41900661995"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "In which period was cinema born?",
              "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?",
              "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some noted Portuguese actors?",
              "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "In which period was cinema born?",
              "id": "573427dc4776f419006619af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?",
              "id": "573427dc4776f419006619b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some noted Portuguese actors?",
              "id": "573427dc4776f419006619b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adventurer and poet Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es (c. 1524\u20131580) wrote the epic poem \"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888\u20131935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is Jos\u00e9 Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adventurer and poet" }],
              "question": "Who was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es?",
              "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "\"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (The Lusiads)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What epic poem did Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es write?",
              "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Virgil's Aeneid" }],
              "question": "What was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es main influence?",
              "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "neoclassic and contemporary styles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?",
              "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some modern Portuguese authors?",
              "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido \u00e0 portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leit\u00e3o (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco \u00e0 alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "bacalhau" }],
              "question": "What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?",
              "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "grilled sardines and caldeirada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is caldeirada?",
              "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "beef, pork, lamb, or chicken" }
              ],
              "question": "What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?",
              "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?",
              "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or past\u00e9is de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?",
              "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?",
              "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?",
              "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or past\u00e9is de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?",
              "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Set\u00fabal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "since the times of the Romans" }
              ],
              "question": "Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?",
              "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Bacchus" }],
              "question": "With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?",
              "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the best Portuguese wines?",
              "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Port and Madeira" }],
              "question": "Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?",
              "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico, Lisbon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto" }
              ],
              "question": "What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Boom Festival?",
              "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 681,
                  "text": "European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?",
              "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 920, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?",
              "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Gra\u00e7a, Emmanuel Nunes and S\u00e9rgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?",
              "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?",
              "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?",
              "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?",
              "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?",
              "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "French painters, particularly by the Delaunays"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?",
              "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?",
              "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "Vieira da Silva, J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel Jos\u00e9 among the most renowned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Football" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular sport in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Eus\u00e9bio" }],
              "question": "What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?",
              "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "FIFA World Player of the Year" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did both Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?",
              "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel Jos\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as \"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"the big three\"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the \"big three\", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  \u2013 Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol \u2013 annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "\"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"the big three\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?",
              "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have \"the big three\" won?",
              "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?",
              "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  \u2013 Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?",
              "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Kanye_West",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Kanye Omari West (/\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0nje\u026a/; born June 8, 1977) is an American hip hop recording artist, record producer, rapper, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. He is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century, attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "What year was Kanye born?",
              "id": "56cf4da7aab44d1400b88f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "What kind of music does Kanye West perform?",
              "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Omari" }],
              "question": "What is Kanye West's middle name?",
              "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "June 8, 1977" }],
              "question": "When is Kanye West's birthday?",
              "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raised in Chicago, West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success, and founded record label GOOD Music. He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque-inflected Late Registration (2005), the arena-inspired Graduation (2007), and the starkly polarizing 808s & Heartbreak (2008). In 2010, he released his critically acclaimed fifth album, the maximalist My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and the following year he collaborated with Jay-Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne (2011). West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. Following a series of recording delays and work on non-musical projects, West's seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Roc-A-Fella Records" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first label that Kanye produced for?",
              "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Jay-Z and Alicia Keys" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career?",
              "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?",
              "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Jay-Z" }],
              "question": "With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?",
              "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye West live as a child?",
              "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "producer" }],
              "question": "What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?",
              "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?",
              "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?",
              "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age. Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone's 2012 \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list; two of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Best Albums of 2010\u20132014. He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "32 million" }],
              "question": "How many albums has Kanye sold?",
              "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?",
              "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Grammy" }],
              "question": "Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?",
              "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many albums does Kanye have on the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list?",
              "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Time" }],
              "question": "What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?",
              "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "32 million" }],
              "question": "How many CDs has Kanye West sold?",
              "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?",
              "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?",
              "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "2005 and 2015" }],
              "question": "Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?",
              "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kanye Omari West was born on June 8, 1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?",
              "id": "56cf5e7eaab44d1400b89158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Atlanta" }],
              "question": "What Georgia city was Kanye West born?",
              "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?",
              "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Chicago State University" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?",
              "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 706, "text": "Polaris High School" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's high school?",
              "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Nanjing, China" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?",
              "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "foreigner" }],
              "question": "While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?",
              "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "A's and B's" }],
              "question": "How well did Kanye do in high school?",
              "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?",
              "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Nanjing University" }],
              "question": "What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?",
              "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in the city,[which?] West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene. He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and began to persuade his mother to pay $25 an hour for time in a recording studio. It was a small, crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger. Although this wasn't what West's mother wanted, she nonetheless supported him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "poetry" }],
              "question": "What was Kanye creating when he was five?",
              "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "\"Green Eggs and Ham\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?",
              "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "DJ No I.D." }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?",
              "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "writing poetry" }],
              "question": "What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?",
              "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Green Eggs and Ham" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?",
              "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "No I.D." }],
              "question": "What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?",
              "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "American Academy of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?",
              "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?",
              "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "Chicago's American Academy of Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?",
              "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What subject was Kanye West's focus at Chicago State University?",
              "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?",
              "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "College Dropout" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?",
              "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth, the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "local artists" }],
              "question": "Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?",
              "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "classic soul records" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.",
              "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Go-Getters" }],
              "question": "What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?",
              "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b8917a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "mid-1990s" }],
              "question": "In what time period did Kanye begin producing?",
              "id": "56d0fe7217492d1400aab705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "mid-1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye West start his production career?",
              "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie" }
              ],
              "question": "For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? ",
              "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Go-Getters" }],
              "question": "What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?",
              "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "Hustle Period" }],
              "question": "What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? ",
              "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 978, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year was the first Go-Getters album released? ",
              "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West spent much of the late-1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters. His songs featured rappers Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas. The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Foxy Brown" }],
              "question": "Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?",
              "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1117, "text": "Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem." }
              ],
              "question": "What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?",
              "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Foxy Brown" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?",
              "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 845, "text": "Tell 'Em Why U Madd" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?",
              "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab70a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album The Blueprint. The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip-hop albums, and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer. Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, West produced records for other artists from the label, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, and Cam'ron. He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris, Alicia Keys, and Janet Jackson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Roc-A-Fella Records" }
              ],
              "question": "What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?",
              "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "The Blueprint" }],
              "question": "What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?",
              "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?",
              "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "The Blueprint" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?",
              "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite his success as a producer, West's true aspiration was to be a rapper. Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing, it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper, and he struggled to attain a record deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "rapper" }],
              "question": "Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?",
              "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Capitol Records" }],
              "question": "What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?",
              "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "rapper" }],
              "question": "What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?",
              "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "gangsta image" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?",
              "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Capitol Records" }],
              "question": "Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?",
              "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab71a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Joe Weinberger" }],
              "question": "Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?",
              "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Roc-A-Fella" }],
              "question": "What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?",
              "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "a producer" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?",
              "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Joe Weinberger" }],
              "question": "What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?",
              "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Roc-A-Fella" }],
              "question": "What record company eventually signed Kanye West?",
              "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's Get Well Soon... mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to \"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Through The Wire" }],
              "question": "What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?",
              "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "Get Well Soon..." }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?",
              "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 958, "text": "The College Dropout" }
              ],
              "question": "After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?",
              "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "October 23, 2002" }],
              "question": "What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?",
              "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "\"Through The Wire\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?",
              "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "Get Well Soon" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?",
              "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\" with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "it was leaked" }],
              "question": "What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?",
              "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 972, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?",
              "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "In what city did West finish recording his first album?",
              "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 972, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?",
              "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "August 2003" }],
              "question": "What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?",
              "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab730"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?",
              "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?",
              "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Jesus Walks" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?",
              "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1201, "text": "GOOD Music" }],
              "question": "What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?",
              "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "February 2004" }],
              "question": "When was The College Dropout finally released?",
              "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "\"Slow Jamz\"" }],
              "question": "What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?",
              "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?",
              "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1201, "text": "GOOD Music" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the record label that West founded?",
              "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab756"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning his second effort that fall, West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album. West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in his career, the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip-hop production. Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration. West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "string orchestra" }],
              "question": "What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?",
              "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "Jon Brion" }],
              "question": "What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?",
              "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Late Registration" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?",
              "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1048, "text": "2.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?",
              "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Portishead" }],
              "question": "What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?",
              "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Late Registration" }],
              "question": "What was the name of West's second album?",
              "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1048, "text": "2.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?",
              "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab765"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Best New Artist" }],
              "question": "The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?",
              "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Hurricane Katrina" }],
              "question": "Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?",
              "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?",
              "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Best New Artist" }],
              "question": "In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?",
              "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Mike Myers" }],
              "question": "Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?",
              "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?",
              "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?",
              "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "U2" }],
              "question": "What band did Kanye tour with for a year?",
              "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "large arenas" }],
              "question": "What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?",
              "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 713, "text": "Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?",
              "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "U2" }],
              "question": "Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?",
              "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?",
              "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "The Rolling Stones" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?",
              "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Bob Dylan" }],
              "question": "What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?",
              "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis. Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Graduation" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's third album?",
              "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "50 Cent" }],
              "question": "Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?",
              "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "957,000" }],
              "question": "How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? ",
              "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Daft Punk" }],
              "question": "What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?",
              "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Graduation" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?",
              "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "50 Cent" }],
              "question": "What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?",
              "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Daft Punk" }],
              "question": "What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?",
              "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Alexis Phifer" }],
              "question": "Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?",
              "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Auto-Tune" }],
              "question": "What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?",
              "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?",
              "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Alexis Phifer" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?",
              "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Glow in the Dark Tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?",
              "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?",
              "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 946, "text": "\"Love Lockdown\"" }],
              "question": "What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?",
              "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Island Def Jam" }],
              "question": "What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?",
              "id": "56cf6a0f4df3c31400b0d757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "808s & Heartbreak" }],
              "question": "Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?",
              "id": "56d10a6617492d1400aab7de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Island Def Jam" }],
              "question": "808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? ",
              "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "November 2008" }],
              "question": "When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? ",
              "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Heartless" }],
              "question": "What was the second song released off of 808s? ",
              "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Roland TR-808 drum machine" }
              ],
              "question": "The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?",
              "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Matthew Trammell" }],
              "question": "What journalist gave \"808s and Hearbreak\" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?",
              "id": "56cf6aa44df3c31400b0d75f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Matthew Trammell" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?",
              "id": "56d10ab617492d1400aab7ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?",
              "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?",
              "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?",
              "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?",
              "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?",
              "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?",
              "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "52nd Grammy Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?",
              "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for Complex, was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?",
              "id": "56cf6c824df3c31400b0d773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "fashion" }],
              "question": "What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?",
              "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?",
              "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab803"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics, many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and Billboard hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 - December 17, 2010. Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?",
              "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d78d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 902, "text": "Album of the Year" }],
              "question": "What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?",
              "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?",
              "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "November 2010" }],
              "question": "When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? ",
              "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "\"All of the Lights\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?",
              "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "GOOD Fridays" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?",
              "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. Cruel Summer produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Coachella" }],
              "question": "What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?",
              "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Jay-Z" }],
              "question": "With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?",
              "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 831, "text": "Cannes Film Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?",
              "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Coachella" }],
              "question": "What event did Kanye headline in 2011?",
              "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Watch the Throne" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?",
              "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "\"Niggas in Paris\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?",
              "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?",
              "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "2012 Cannes Film Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?",
              "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013 to rave reviews from critics. It became the rapper's sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. On September 6, 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?",
              "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "Yeezus" }],
              "question": "What became the name of his sixth studio album?",
              "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Kendrick Lamar" }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?",
              "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?",
              "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "architecture" }],
              "question": "What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?",
              "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "Yeezus" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?",
              "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "June 18, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what date was Yeezus released?",
              "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Kendrick Lamar" }],
              "question": "What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?",
              "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2013, West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child, North. In October 2013, the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention. November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip. In December 2013, Adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with West, to be premiered the following year. In May 2014, West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance. West released a single, \"Only One\", featuring Paul McCartney, on December 31, 2014. \"FourFiveSeconds\", a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney, was released in January 2015. West also appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan, Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "North" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?",
              "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Adidas" }],
              "question": "What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?",
              "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "Paul McCartney" }],
              "question": "What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?",
              "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1317, "text": "2015 BRIT Awards" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?",
              "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Kim Kardashian" }],
              "question": "Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?",
              "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "North" }],
              "question": "What is Kanye West's first child's name?",
              "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Florence" }],
              "question": "In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?",
              "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "Paul McCartney" }],
              "question": "What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?",
              "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "Yeezy Season 1" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?",
              "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab87a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH. Later that month, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. At one point, he told the audience: \"You are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were sharply divided on his performance. NME stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" The Guardian said that \"his set has a potent ferocity \u2013 but there are gaps and stutters, and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "SWISH" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?",
              "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Art Institute of Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?",
              "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "135,000" }],
              "question": "How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?",
              "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "So Help Me God" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of Kanye's album \"SWISH\"?",
              "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "School of the Art Institute of Chicago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?",
              "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "135,000" }],
              "question": "How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?",
              "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2015, West released a song titled \"Facts\". He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11, after releasing new song \"Real Friends\" and a snippet of \"No More Parties in L.A.\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves, and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. As of February 2, 2016, West and Khalifa had reconciled. Several days ahead of the album's release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo. On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "February 11" }],
              "question": "What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?",
              "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Waves" }],
              "question": "What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?",
              "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "Wiz Khalifa" }],
              "question": "With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?",
              "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1072, "text": "The Life of Pablo" }
              ],
              "question": "What became the final title of Kanye's next album?",
              "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1508, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?",
              "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "\"Facts\"" }],
              "question": "What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?",
              "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Waves" }],
              "question": "On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?",
              "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "Wiz Khalifa" }],
              "question": "What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?",
              "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Yeezy Season 3" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?",
              "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts, and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work. When asked about his musical inspirations, he has named A Tribe Called Quest, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, George Michael, LL Cool J, Phil Collins and Madonna as early interests. He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his \"most important inspirations,\" and named producer Puff Daddy as the \"most important cultural figure in my life.\" Early in his career, West pioneered a style of production dubbed \"chipmunk soul\" which utilized pitched-up vocal samples, usually from soul and R&B songs, along with his own drums and instrumentation. His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was \"This Can't Be Life\", a track from Jay-Z\u2019s The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style, and has named Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard as inspirations. RZA spoke positively of the comparisons, stating in an interview for Rolling Stone, \"All good. I got super respect for Kanye [...] [he] is going to inspire people to be like him.\" West further developed his style on his 2004 debut album, The College Dropout. After a rough version was leaked, he meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "David Bowie" }],
              "question": "What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?",
              "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "Wu-Tang Clan" }],
              "question": "Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?",
              "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "chipmunk soul" }],
              "question": "What name did Kanye's early production style coin.",
              "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "David Bowie" }],
              "question": "What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?",
              "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Puff Daddy" }],
              "question": "Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?",
              "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 817, "text": "\"This Can't Be Life\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's \"chipmunk soul\" style?",
              "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For his second album, Late Registration (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's elaborate chamber pop orchestration, the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation. It also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music, let alone hip hop, such as a celesta, harpsichord, Chamberlin, CS-80 analog synthesizer, Chinese bells and berimbau, vibraphones, and marimba. Rolling Stone described Late Registration as West claiming \"the whole world of music as hip-hop turf\" chronicling the album as \"his mad quest to explode every clich\u00e9 about hip-hop identity.\" Critic Robert Christgau wrote that \"there's never been hip-hop so complex and subtle musically.\" For a period of time, Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section, as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Jon Brion" }],
              "question": "What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?",
              "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?",
              "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "a string section" }],
              "question": "What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?",
              "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Jon Brion" }],
              "question": "What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?",
              "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Portishead" }],
              "question": "What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?",
              "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape. The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. Towards this end, West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy, gothic synthesizers, distorted synth-chords, rave stabs, house beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Graduation" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye's third record?",
              "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?",
              "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 778, "text": "melody and chord progression" }
              ],
              "question": "Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?",
              "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was Kanye West's third album released?",
              "id": "56d113b717492d1400aab8b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a \"minimal but functional\" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "electropop" }],
              "question": "What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?",
              "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?",
              "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?",
              "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Boy George" }],
              "question": "What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?",
              "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 922, "text": "post-punk" }],
              "question": "What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?",
              "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1043, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?",
              "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's The College Dropout, the symphonic pomp of Late Registration, the gloss of 2007's Graduation, and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's 808s & Heartbreak\". Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West \"absorb[ed] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators, and occasionally elevat[ed] them\" on previous studio albums, noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration, DJ Toomp for Graduation, and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Kanye's fifth album titled? ",
              "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Simon Vozick-Levinson" }
              ],
              "question": "What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?",
              "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "Jon Brion" }],
              "question": "What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?",
              "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "DJ Toomp" }],
              "question": "What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?",
              "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "808s & Heartbreak" }],
              "question": "Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?",
              "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?",
              "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music, acid house, dancehall, punk, electro, and Chicago drill. Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature, the album features distorted drum machines and \"synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds.\" To this end, the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3's, and Auto-Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher. It also continues West's practice of eclectic samples: he employs a sample of Nina Simone's \"Strange Fruit,\" an obscure Hindi sample on \"I Am a God\", and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on \"New Slaves\". \"On Sight\" interpolates a melody from \"Sermon (He'll Give Us What We Really Need)\" by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family. Rolling Stone called the album a \"brilliant, obsessive-compulsive career auto-correct\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "a protest to music" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?",
              "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Le Corbusier" }],
              "question": "What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?",
              "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?",
              "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Yeezus" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?",
              "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab908"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "clothing line" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?",
              "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "cancelled" }],
              "question": "What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?",
              "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?",
              "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?",
              "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Nike" }],
              "question": "What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?",
              "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Louis Vuitton" }],
              "question": "For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?",
              "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?",
              "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "mixed-to-negative reviews" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?",
              "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "March 6, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?",
              "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?",
              "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "DW Kanye West" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?",
              "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? ",
              "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "DW Kanye West" }],
              "question": "What was the name of West's fashion line for women?",
              "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "mixed-to-negative" }],
              "question": "The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?",
              "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "March 6, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what day did West release his second fashion line?",
              "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d8311a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year. The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February 28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Adidas" }],
              "question": "What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?",
              "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?",
              "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?",
              "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "9000" }],
              "question": "How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?",
              "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts" }
              ],
              "question": "What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?",
              "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?",
              "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1085, "text": "The Life of Pablo" }
              ],
              "question": "What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?",
              "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Fatburger" }],
              "question": "What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?",
              "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants did Kanye open?",
              "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "shut down" }],
              "question": "What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?",
              "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Fatburger" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?",
              "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?",
              "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?",
              "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "KW Foods LLC" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Kanye West's food company?",
              "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab978"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "GOOD Music" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?",
              "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Pusha T" }],
              "question": "As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?",
              "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?",
              "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "John Legend" }],
              "question": "What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?",
              "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Pusha T" }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?",
              "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left off\"; DONDA would operate as \"a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas\" with the \"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford.\" West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence. In stating DONDA's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to \"put creatives in a room together with like minds\" in order to \"simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel.\". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative projects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "to make products and experiences that people want and can afford"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?",
              "id": "56cf7b7e4df3c31400b0d81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "mother Donda West" }],
              "question": "Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?",
              "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 5, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?",
              "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?",
              "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Jay-Z" }],
              "question": "What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?",
              "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 739, "text": "low payout of royalties" }
              ],
              "question": "What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?",
              "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Tidal" }],
              "question": "What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?",
              "id": "56d11c7317492d1400aab9b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "lossless audio and high definition music videos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Tidal's specialization?",
              "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Jay Z" }],
              "question": "Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?",
              "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "Spotify" }],
              "question": "What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?",
              "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Kanye West Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?",
              "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?",
              "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Kanye West Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?",
              "id": "56d11ed617492d1400aab9dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? ",
              "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?",
              "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "music education" }],
              "question": "What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?",
              "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "\"Ed in '08\"" }],
              "question": "What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?",
              "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "In what month was the inaugural concert held for the \"Ed in '08\" campaign?",
              "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83134"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\"  The foundation ceased operations in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?",
              "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d83f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did the foundation end its run?",
              "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? ",
              "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? ",
              "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did the foundation stop operating? ",
              "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?",
              "id": "56cf7cb54df3c31400b0d843"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West (a featured speaker) accused President George W. Bush of not \"car[ing] about black people\". When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?",
              "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? ",
              "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?",
              "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "September 2, 2005" }],
              "question": "On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?",
              "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment reached much of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?",
              "id": "56cf7d414df3c31400b0d849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "George Bush" }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?",
              "id": "56d123f217492d1400aaba4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show, West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush. \"I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist\", he told Lauer. \"I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don't always choose the right words.\" The following day, Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper's remorse. \"I'm not a hater\", Bush said. \"I don't hate Kanye West. I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt. Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races.\" Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. \"It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long\", argued Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons. Bush himself was receptive to the apology, saying, \"I appreciate that. It wasn't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina, I cited him as an example, I cited others as an example as well. You know, I appreciate that.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "\"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?",
              "id": "56cf7db14df3c31400b0d84b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Matt Lauer" }],
              "question": "To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?",
              "id": "56d1247817492d1400aaba5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Kazakhstan" }],
              "question": "Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?",
              "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "$3 million" }],
              "question": "How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?",
              "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "one of the poorest" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?",
              "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Kazakhstan" }],
              "question": "What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?",
              "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Arizona" }],
              "question": "Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?",
              "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "human rights concerns" }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? ",
              "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83143"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" }
              ],
              "question": "What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?",
              "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "an apology" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?",
              "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Jimmy Kimmel" }],
              "question": "What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?",
              "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Zane Lowe" }],
              "question": "The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?",
              "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "BBC Radio 1" }],
              "question": "On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself \"the biggest rockstar on the planet\"?",
              "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d8314a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a November 26, 2013 radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don\u2019t know how being told you have money is an insult.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Obama" }],
              "question": "What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?",
              "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Jewish people" }],
              "question": "What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?",
              "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "November 26, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?",
              "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "December 21, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?",
              "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Bill Cosby" }],
              "question": "What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?",
              "id": "56cf7f274df3c31400b0d85f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Bill Cosby" }],
              "question": "What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?",
              "id": "56d1270917492d1400aaba9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Gretchen Wilson" }],
              "question": "To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?",
              "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "Touch the Sky" }],
              "question": "The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?",
              "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Gretchen Wilson" }],
              "question": "What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?",
              "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "Touch the Sky" }],
              "question": "Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?",
              "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 991, "text": "November 7, 2006" }],
              "question": "On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?",
              "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1197, "text": "Saturday Night Live" }
              ],
              "question": "What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?",
              "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin\u2019s not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?",
              "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Stronger" }],
              "question": "With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?",
              "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "his race" }],
              "question": "What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?",
              "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "\"Stronger\"" }],
              "question": "What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?",
              "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyonc\u00e9 later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?",
              "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Obama" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?",
              "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 665, "text": "President Barack Obama" }
              ],
              "question": "Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?",
              "id": "56d128e817492d1400aabad5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?",
              "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Famous" }],
              "question": "What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?",
              "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?",
              "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "November 8, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?",
              "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "The Life of Pablo" }],
              "question": "What album by Kanye was released in 2016?",
              "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Beck" }],
              "question": "Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9" }],
              "question": "To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?",
              "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Beck" }],
              "question": "What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?",
              "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "February 26, 2015" }],
              "question": "What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?",
              "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?",
              "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "When does Kanye intend to run for president?",
              "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?",
              "id": "56d12a1817492d1400aabb1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Glastonbury Festival 2015" }
              ],
              "question": "For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?",
              "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "2015 Pan American Games" }
              ],
              "question": "What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?",
              "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Change.org" }],
              "question": "What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?",
              "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Glastonbury Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?",
              "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?",
              "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North \"Nori\" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Alexis Phifer" }],
              "question": "Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?",
              "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Amber Rose" }],
              "question": "What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?",
              "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Kim Kardashian" }],
              "question": "Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?",
              "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim?",
              "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?",
              "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "August 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?",
              "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Amber Rose" }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?",
              "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "April 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?",
              "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 782,
                  "text": "Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?",
              "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 10, 2007, at approximately 7:35 pm, paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West's mother, Donda West, to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey, California. She was unresponsive in the emergency room, and after resuscitation attempts, doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8:30 pm, at age 58. The Los Angeles County coroner's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering \"multiple post-operative factors\" after plastic surgery. She had undergone liposuction and breast reduction. Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack. Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue. She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor, Jan Adams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "58" }],
              "question": "How old was Kanye's mother when she died?",
              "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bdd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Andre Aboolian" }],
              "question": "What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?",
              "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "7:35 pm" }],
              "question": "At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?",
              "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "heart disease" }],
              "question": "What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?",
              "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Andre Aboolian" }],
              "question": "What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?",
              "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "Jan Adams" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?",
              "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure, citing confidentiality. West\u2019s family, through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death. Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board. He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007, but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to \"defend himself\". He said that the recently released autopsy results \"spoke for themselves\". The final coroner's report January 10, 2008, concluded that Donda West died of \"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Larry King Live" }],
              "question": "What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?",
              "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "\"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?",
              "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Ed McPherson" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?",
              "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "violating patient confidentiality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?",
              "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Larry King Live" }],
              "question": "On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?",
              "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "January 10, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?",
              "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007. West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where was Donda West's funeral?",
              "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?",
              "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?",
              "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "November 20, 2007" }],
              "question": "On what day was the funeral of Donda West?",
              "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "November 22" }],
              "question": "What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?",
              "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Glow in the Dark tour" }
              ],
              "question": "On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?",
              "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. \"It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that\", he told reporters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?",
              "id": "56cf83db234ae51400d9bde7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?",
              "id": "56d12e3817492d1400aabb81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?",
              "id": "56cf8400234ae51400d9bde9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }
              ],
              "question": "What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?",
              "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "\"Donda West Law\"" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for \"Touch the Sky\". Knievel took issue with a \"sexually charged video\" in which West takes on the persona of \"Evel Kanyevel\" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the \"vulgar and offensive\" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?",
              "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "days before his death in November 2007"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the suit settled?",
              "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?",
              "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Evel Kanyevel" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?",
              "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "November 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Knievel settle the argument with West?",
              "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 11, 2008, West and his road manager/bodyguard Don \"Don C.\" Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers' cameras. West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond. On September 26, 2008, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident. Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney's office, which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18, 2009. West's and Crowley's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14, 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "felony vandalism" }],
              "question": "What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?",
              "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "$20,000" }],
              "question": "How much was Kanye's bail bond?",
              "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kanye finally charged with?",
              "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 11, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?",
              "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "felony vandalism" }],
              "question": "What were the charges filed against Kanye West?",
              "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Don \"Don C.\" Crowley" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?",
              "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "$20,000" }],
              "question": "What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?",
              "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was later released \"with no further action\", according to a police spokesperson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kanye second arrest for?",
              "id": "56cf84e0234ae51400d9bdf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "November 14, 2008" }],
              "question": "What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?",
              "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Hilton hotel near Gateshead" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?",
              "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Tup Tup Palace nightclub" }
              ],
              "question": "At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?",
              "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, \"I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit.\" Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Daniel Ramos" }],
              "question": "What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?",
              "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 844,
                  "text": "misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?",
              "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Daniel Ramos" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?",
              "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?",
              "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1029, "text": "anger management" }],
              "question": "He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?",
              "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?",
              "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album The College Dropout, West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual. I have accepted Jesus as my Savior. And I will say that I fall short every day.\" More recently, in September 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What are Kanye's religious beliefs?",
              "id": "56cf85ec234ae51400d9bdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "The College Dropout" }
              ],
              "question": "\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?",
              "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?",
              "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, \"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold.\" Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been \"a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them).\" Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while Complex called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "among the most critically acclaimed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?",
              "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9bdff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1105, "text": "David Bowie" }],
              "question": "What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?",
              "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9be00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Jon Caramanic" }],
              "question": "What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?",
              "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "Ben Westhoff" }],
              "question": "Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?",
              "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1071, "text": "The Guardian" }],
              "question": "What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?",
              "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [...]\", and called him \"as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced\u2014a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up.\" His 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically, as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Frank Ocean, The Weeknd, Drake, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Lil Durk, Chief Keef, and Soulja Boy. According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine, West effectively led a new wave of artists, including Kid Cudi, Wale, Lupe Fiasco, Kidz in the Hall, and Drake, who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "homophobia in hip hop" }
              ],
              "question": "What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?",
              "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "gangsta rap" }],
              "question": "The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?",
              "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "middle-class" }],
              "question": "What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?",
              "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "50 Cent" }],
              "question": "Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?",
              "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1668, "text": "Ben Detrick" }],
              "question": "Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?",
              "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by, or complimented, West's work, including hip hop artists RZA of Wu-Tang Clan, Chuck D of Public Enemy, and DJ Premier of Gang Starr. Both Drake and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. Non-rap artists such as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, rock band Arctic Monkeys, pop singer Halsey, Sergio Pizzorno of English rock band Kasabian and American indie rock group MGMT have cited West as an influence. Experimental and electronic artists such as James Blake Daniel Lopatin, and Tim Hecker have also cited West's work as an inspiration. Experimental rock pioneer and Velvet Underground founder Lou Reed, in a review of West's album Yeezus, wrote that \"the guy really, really, really is talented. He's really trying to raise the bar. No one's near doing what he\u2019s doing, it\u2019s not even on the same planet.\" Musicians such as Paul McCartney and Prince have also commended West's work. Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine's 100 most influential people list, writing that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1130, "text": "influential" }],
              "question": "A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?",
              "id": "56cf87de234ae51400d9be07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1053, "text": "inventor Elon Musk" }
              ],
              "question": "Who complimented West in Time Magazine?",
              "id": "56d133ee17492d1400aabc30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's first six solo studio albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with \"Gold Digger\" selling 3,086,000, \"Stronger\" selling 4,402,000, \"Heartless\" selling 3,742,000, \"E.T.\" selling over 4,000,000, \"Love Lockdown\" selling over 3,000,000, and \"Niggas in Paris\" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?",
              "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "over 30 million" }],
              "question": "How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?",
              "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?",
              "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Yeezus" }],
              "question": "What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?",
              "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "3,086,000" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of \"Golddigger\"?",
              "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?",
              "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "30 million" }],
              "question": "How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?",
              "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2013, West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\" On December 17, 2010, Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV. Billboard ranked Kanye West No. 3 on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes annual lists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?",
              "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Bob Dylan" }],
              "question": "With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?",
              "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?",
              "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "What rank did About.com give Kanye \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list?",
              "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "May 16, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\"?",
              "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "MTV Man of the Year" }
              ],
              "question": "December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?",
              "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Bob Dylan" }],
              "question": "What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?",
              "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums\u2014The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?",
              "id": "56cf8915234ae51400d9be15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?",
              "id": "56d13983e7d4791d00902041"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums. During the same week, the song \"Runaway\" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 \"best tracks\" released since 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?",
              "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?",
              "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pitchfork" }],
              "question": "What online music publication ranked Kanye's album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album so far?",
              "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Yeezus" }],
              "question": "What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?",
              "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "\"Runaway\"" }],
              "question": "What song was ranked third in a list of 200 \"best tracks\" since 2010?",
              "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West's outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows, on social media, and in other public settings. His more publicized comments include his declaration that President George W. Bush \"doesn't care about black people\" during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief, and his interruption of singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. West's efforts as a designer include collaborations with Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy Season collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?",
              "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Taylor Swift" }],
              "question": "Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?",
              "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "clothing and footwear" }
              ],
              "question": "What fashion items does Kanye West design?",
              "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "DONDA" }],
              "question": "What company did Kanye West begin?",
              "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?",
              "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Buddhism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Buddhism /\u02c8bud\u026az\u0259m/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e dharma; Pali: \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "nontheistic" }],
              "question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the practices of Buddhism based on?",
              "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "present-day Nepal" }],
              "question": "Where did the Buddha live?",
              "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?",
              "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "ignorance and craving" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?",
              "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "nontheistic religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?",
              "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Buddha alive?",
              "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "present-day Nepal" }],
              "question": "Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?",
              "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?",
              "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Nepal" }],
              "question": "Where was Buddha thought to live?",
              "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When approximately was Buddha alive?",
              "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?",
              "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many noble truths are there?",
              "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "Buddha was part of what subcontinent?",
              "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who is \"the awakened one\"",
              "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai) is found throughout East Asia. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India, is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas, Mongolia and Kalmykia. Buddhists number between an estimated 488 million[web 1] and 535 million, making it one of the world's major religions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two major branches of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana" }],
              "question": "What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Theravada have the largest following?",
              "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "488 million[web 1] and 535 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world?",
              "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?",
              "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana" }],
              "question": "What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?",
              "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana" }],
              "question": "What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?",
              "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Indian siddhas" }],
              "question": "Vajrayana is attributed to who?",
              "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "The School of the Elders" }
              ],
              "question": "Theravada means what?",
              "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Theravada Buddhism, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening. Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is Nirvana achieved?",
              "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the bodhisattva path?",
              "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Buddhahood or rainbow body" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?",
              "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is Nirvana attained?",
              "id": "56d0e19c17492d1400aab676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?",
              "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Tibetan" }],
              "question": "What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?",
              "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "the Middle Way" }],
              "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?",
              "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "bodhisattva" }],
              "question": "Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?",
              "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "suffering and rebirth" }
              ],
              "question": "Theravada escapes what cycle?",
              "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community). Taking \"refuge in the triple gem\" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?",
              "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "Ten Meritorious Deeds" }
              ],
              "question": "What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?",
              "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 741,
                  "text": "renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?",
              "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "creator" }],
              "question": "Buddhism denies what kind of deity?",
              "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "greediness" }],
              "question": "Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?",
              "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?",
              "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d00902101"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This narrative draws on the Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhagho\u1e63a in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra, give different accounts. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?",
              "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?",
              "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "5th century CE" }],
              "question": "When was the Buddhagohosa written?",
              "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "the Buddhacarita" }],
              "question": "What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who founded a monastic order in his life?",
              "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?",
              "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d0090211f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "monastic" }],
              "question": "Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?",
              "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "5th ce" }],
              "question": "The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?",
              "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902121"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\" In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, \"It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could.\"[dubious \u2013 discuss]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Michael Carrithers" }],
              "question": "Who said \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\"?",
              "id": "56d077d6234ae51400d9c2fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "birth, maturity, renunciation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the outlines of life?",
              "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Karen Armstrong" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a biography of Buddha?",
              "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Siddhatta Gotama" }],
              "question": "What do some say is Buddha's real name?",
              "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "disciples" }],
              "question": "What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?",
              "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Michael Carrithers" }],
              "question": "Who believes \"the outline of the life must be true\" in reference to Buddha?",
              "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "the Buddha" }],
              "question": "Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?",
              "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Siddhatta Gotama" }],
              "question": "Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?",
              "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "fifth century BCE" }],
              "question": "According to early texts, when was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?",
              "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to early texts, where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?",
              "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of community was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama raised in?",
              "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "the northeastern Indian subcontinent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?",
              "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "fifth century BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama live?",
              "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "a small republic" }],
              "question": "What size was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's birthplace?",
              "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "early texts" }],
              "question": "Where did we find proof of his existence?",
              "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "an oligarchy" }],
              "question": "What was most likely Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's father?",
              "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was born in a northeastern part of India/",
              "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d00902139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "elected chieftain" }],
              "question": "If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?",
              "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d0090213b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Asita" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?",
              "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the prediction made by Asita?",
              "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?",
              "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "an astrologer" }],
              "question": "What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?",
              "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Suddhodana" }],
              "question": "What was the name of his father?",
              "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "a great king" }],
              "question": "What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?",
              "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Asita" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?",
              "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d00902149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Suddhodana" }],
              "question": "What is Gautama's fathers name?",
              "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "holy man" }],
              "question": "Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?",
              "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\u015auddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters\u2014known in Buddhist literature as the four sights\u2014he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "prevented him from leaving the palace grounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did \u015auddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?",
              "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?",
              "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "he learned of the suffering of ordinary people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?",
              "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four sights in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "a king" }],
              "question": "What did Buddha's father want him to become?",
              "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "By what age was he venturing outside?",
              "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "the four sights" }],
              "question": "What were his first four encounters called?",
              "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "abandon royal life" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?",
              "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "a king" }],
              "question": "Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?",
              "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?",
              "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many \"sights\" did Gautama have that are well known?",
              "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "corpse" }],
              "question": "Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?",
              "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the \u015brama\u1e47as, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyam\u0101-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "went to study with famous religious teachers of the day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?",
              "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "the Middle Way" }],
              "question": "What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?",
              "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?",
              "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "meditation" }],
              "question": "What was the first skill Gautama learnt?",
              "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "asceticism" }],
              "question": "What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?",
              "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "milk and rice" }],
              "question": "What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?",
              "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "Middle Way" }],
              "question": "What is the path of moderation called he followed?",
              "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "they did not provide a permanent end to suffering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?",
              "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d00902179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "milk and rice" }],
              "question": "What did Gautama accept from a village girl?",
              "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "anapanasati" }],
              "question": "Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?",
              "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "the Middle Way" }],
              "question": "Buddhists call anapanasati what?",
              "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksa\u1e43buddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?",
              "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa" }],
              "question": "What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?",
              "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?",
              "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?",
              "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 843, "text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?",
              "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa" }],
              "question": "What was the tree called he sat under?",
              "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Bodhi Tree" }],
              "question": "What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?",
              "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "At what age did Gautama come to pass?",
              "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Bodhi Tree" }],
              "question": "When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?",
              "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa" }],
              "question": "What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?",
              "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Bodh Gaya" }],
              "question": "What town was the Bodhi Tree in?",
              "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 843, "text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi" }
              ],
              "question": "The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?",
              "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d0090218a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is samsara?",
              "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "What is avidya?",
              "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is dukkha?",
              "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is liberation from samsara possible?",
              "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Samsara" }],
              "question": "The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "avidya is what kind of samsara?",
              "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "by following the Buddhist path"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you be freed from samsara?",
              "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is samsara defined as?",
              "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d00902199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?",
              "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "psychological" }],
              "question": "Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?",
              "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "avidya" }],
              "question": "Samsara is caused by what?",
              "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "following the Buddhist path" }
              ],
              "question": "A person can get away from samsara by doing what?",
              "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "action, work" }],
              "question": "What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?",
              "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is karma according to Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla" }],
              "question": "What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?",
              "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "action, work" }],
              "question": "What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?",
              "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla" }],
              "question": "What is the avoidance of bad acts called?",
              "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "cetan\u0101" }],
              "question": "Karma's actions come from what?",
              "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "vip\u0101ka" }],
              "question": "What is the result of Karma called?",
              "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Karma?",
              "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla" }],
              "question": "Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?",
              "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "result" }],
              "question": "what does vipaka mean?",
              "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amit\u0101bha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in sa\u1e43s\u0101ra.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada Buddhism" }],
              "question": "In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?",
              "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?",
              "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Vajrayana" }],
              "question": "The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha" }],
              "question": "According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?",
              "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?",
              "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha" }],
              "question": "Who has the power to destroy bad karma?",
              "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?",
              "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?",
              "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Genshin" }],
              "question": "Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?",
              "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha" }],
              "question": "According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?",
              "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine\u2014Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da (\"dependent arising\") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebirth" }],
              "question": "What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?",
              "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?",
              "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 708, "text": "the laws of cause and effect" }
              ],
              "question": "In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?",
              "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "from conception to death." }
              ],
              "question": "Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?",
              "id": "56d1271017492d1400aaba9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "karma" }],
              "question": "The laws of cause and effect can also be called?",
              "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebirth" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?",
              "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "anatta" }],
              "question": "What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?",
              "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 654, "text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da" }
              ],
              "question": "\"dependent arising\" is the meaning of what word?",
              "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "eternal soul" }],
              "question": "Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?",
              "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners). Rebirths in the \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rebirth into the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?",
              "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?",
              "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many planes of existence are there?",
              "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Pure Abodes" }],
              "question": "What are the higher heavens called?",
              "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis" }
              ],
              "question": "What are skilled Buddhists called?",
              "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "formless realms" }],
              "question": "What is another name for \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu?",
              "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the highest object of meditation called?",
              "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many planes of existence?",
              "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis" }
              ],
              "question": "Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?",
              "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the highest object of meditation?",
              "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "formless realms" }],
              "question": "What does arupyadhatu mean?",
              "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian and Tibetan" }
              ],
              "question": "There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?",
              "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?",
              "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "bardo" }],
              "question": "What is the state called between lives?",
              "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?",
              "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Samyutta Nikaya" }],
              "question": "What book discusses bardo?",
              "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian" }],
              "question": "Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?",
              "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian and Tibetan" }
              ],
              "question": "There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?",
              "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "orthodox" }],
              "question": "What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?",
              "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Pali" }],
              "question": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?",
              "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the Four Noble Truths" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Four Noble Truths explain?",
              "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the Four Noble Truths" }
              ],
              "question": "What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "suffering" }],
              "question": "What part of Dukkha deals with pain?",
              "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Four Noble Truths" }],
              "question": "What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "dukkha" }],
              "question": "The four truths explain the nature of what?",
              "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902228"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as \"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the nature of dukkha" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?",
              "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "\"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Dukkha?",
              "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Dukkha" }],
              "question": "What does the first truth cover?",
              "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "suffering" }],
              "question": "What is another word for Dukkha?",
              "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "anxiety" }],
              "question": "What is another nature of Dukkha?",
              "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many aspects are there to Dukkha?",
              "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "unsatisfactoriness" }
              ],
              "question": "Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?",
              "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Dukkha" }],
              "question": "Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?",
              "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many aspects does dukkha have?",
              "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902236"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things. The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible, and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation.[note 7]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "that the origin of dukkha can be known"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?",
              "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of dukkha?",
              "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "the complete cessation of dukkha is possible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?",
              "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "identifies a path to this cessation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?",
              "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "dukkha can be known." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second truth?",
              "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "craving" }],
              "question": "How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?",
              "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?",
              "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "the origin of dukkha can be known"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The second truth is?",
              "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?",
              "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "true nature of things" }
              ],
              "question": "The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?",
              "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "dukkha" }],
              "question": "The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?",
              "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902246"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Noble Eightfold Path\u2014the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths\u2014consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Noble Eightfold Path" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?",
              "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "lead to the cessation of dukkha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?",
              "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?",
              "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "the fourth" }],
              "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?",
              "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Eight" }],
              "question": "The fourth truth consists of how many factors?",
              "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the cessation of dukkha" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?",
              "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Right Action" }],
              "question": "What is one of the eight factors?",
              "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d0090200a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "the fourth" }],
              "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?",
              "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?",
              "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "dukkha" }],
              "question": "When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?",
              "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\" The eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next. Rather, they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour\u2014mental, spoken, and bodily\u2014that operate in dependence on one another; taken together, they define a complete path, or way of living.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ajahn Sucitto" }],
              "question": "Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\"?",
              "id": "56d0a894234ae51400d9c400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?",
              "id": "56d0a895234ae51400d9c401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "mental, spoken, and bodily" }
              ],
              "question": "What can one's behaviour be divided into?",
              "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ajahn Sucitto" }],
              "question": "Who describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other\"?",
              "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902271"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\".[dubious \u2013 discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious \u2013 discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the \"Four Immeasurable Minds\" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n calls them the \"four limitless ones\". Of the four, mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates \"wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings.\"[web 6][web 7]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?",
              "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "one without egotism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?",
              "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?",
              "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the best known of the four immeasurables?",
              "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?",
              "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Kalama" }],
              "question": "Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?",
              "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d0090227f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "egotism" }],
              "question": "Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?",
              "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "love, compassion, joy, and equanimity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the \"four Immeasurable minds\"?",
              "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n" }
              ],
              "question": "Who calls the four immeasurable minds \"four limitless ones\"?",
              "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "meditation" }],
              "question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?",
              "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902283"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "prior to his enlightenment" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?",
              "id": "56d0a9c3234ae51400d9c40e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Middle Way" }],
              "question": "An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?",
              "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d00902289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "enlightenment" }],
              "question": "Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?",
              "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d0090228a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?",
              "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?",
              "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhist scholars" }],
              "question": "Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "doctrinal" }],
              "question": "Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?",
              "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of liberation (nirv\u0101\u1e47a)\u2014the goal of the Buddhist path\u2014is closely related to overcoming ignorance (avidy\u0101), a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality. In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "liberation" }],
              "question": "What is the goal of the Buddhist path?",
              "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?",
              "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a" }],
              "question": "Liberation is know as what?",
              "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a" }],
              "question": "What is the goal of the buddhist path?",
              "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "objects" }],
              "question": "In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?",
              "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?",
              "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902294"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Impermanence (P\u0101li: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c418"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?",
              "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "because things are impermanent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is attachment to things futile?",
              "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Everything" }],
              "question": "What is in a constant flux?",
              "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "ceasing to be" }],
              "question": "Everything is continuously coming into being and what?",
              "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "sa\u1e43s\u0101ra" }],
              "question": "The cycle of rebirth is also called what?",
              "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "suffering" }],
              "question": "According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?",
              "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Suffering (P\u0101li: \u0926\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0916 dukkha; Sanskrit \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916 du\u1e25kha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as \"suffering\", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to \"disquietude\" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, \"suffering\" is too narrow a translation with \"negative emotional connotations\"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from P\u0101li, \"dukkha\" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?",
              "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude" }],
              "question": "Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?",
              "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "realistic" }],
              "question": "Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?",
              "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "Suffering is a central concept in what?",
              "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude" }],
              "question": "The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?",
              "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude" }],
              "question": "The condition of being disturbed is what?",
              "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "dukkha" }],
              "question": "In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?",
              "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really \"I\" or \"mine\"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "suffering" }],
              "question": "The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as views that bind one to what?",
              "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "the Buddha refused to answer" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?",
              "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?",
              "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Not-self" }],
              "question": "What is the 3rd mark of existence?",
              "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Nikayas" }],
              "question": "In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?",
              "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "\"I have no Self\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Buddha rejected the assertion \"I have a Self\" and what other related assertion?",
              "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "skandhas" }],
              "question": "What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?",
              "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902394"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The doctrine of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as \"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?",
              "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "\"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Translated into English, what does prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da mean?",
              "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?",
              "id": "56d1e7abe7d4791d00902407"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The best-known application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da is the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas (from P\u0101li \"nid\u0101na\" meaning \"cause, foundation, source or origin\"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail.[note 10]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da?",
              "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas explain?",
              "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Twelve Nid\u0101nas" }
              ],
              "question": "An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?",
              "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d00902429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "cause, foundation, source or origin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What doe nidana mean?",
              "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d0090242a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas" }
              ],
              "question": "What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?",
              "id": "56d0bcc5234ae51400d9c434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas" }
              ],
              "question": "What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?",
              "id": "56d1e851e7d4791d00902443"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sentient beings always suffer throughout sa\u1e43s\u0101ra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nid\u0101na\u2014ignorance\u2014leads to the absence of the others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "by attaining Nirvana" }
              ],
              "question": "How are sentient beings freed from suffering?",
              "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "What is the first Nid\u0101na?",
              "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "the absence of the others" }
              ],
              "question": "The absence of ignorance leads to what?",
              "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sentient beings" }],
              "question": "Who always suffers throughout samsara?",
              "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "dukkha" }],
              "question": "What is suffering also called?",
              "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "attaining Nirvana" }],
              "question": "How do you free yourself of dukkha?",
              "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "ignorance" }],
              "question": "What is the first Nidana?",
              "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902466"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150\u2013250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally \"own-nature\" or \"self-nature\"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are \"empty\" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the M\u0101dhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the M\u0101dhyamaka system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?",
              "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "emptiness" }],
              "question": "What does sunyata mean?",
              "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "\u0101tman" }],
              "question": "Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?",
              "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "phenomena" }],
              "question": "What does dharmas mean?",
              "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sarvastivada teachings\u2014which were criticized by N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2014were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the M\u0101dhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sarvastivada teachings" }
              ],
              "question": "What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?",
              "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga" }
              ],
              "question": "What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?",
              "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "cittamatra" }],
              "question": "What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?",
              "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga" }
              ],
              "question": "What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?",
              "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101) and Buddha-nature (tath\u0101gatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tath\u0101gatagarbha in Mah\u0101y\u0101na thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nik\u0101yas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tath\u0101gatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tath\u0101gatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha Sutras\" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Buddha-nature" }],
              "question": "What does tathagatagarbha mean?",
              "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "perfected spiritual insight" }
              ],
              "question": "what does prajnaparamita mean?",
              "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Sakya" }],
              "question": "According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?",
              "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Jonang" }],
              "question": "According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?",
              "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "tath\u0101gatagarbha" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?",
              "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: \"Nibb\u0101na\") means \"cessation\", \"extinction\" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)), \"extinguished\", \"quieted\", \"calmed\"; it is also known as \"Awakening\" or \"Enlightenment\" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nirvana" }],
              "question": "What term means cessation?",
              "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "nirvana" }],
              "question": "What term means awakening?",
              "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "arahant" }],
              "question": "What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?",
              "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902583"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bodhi (P\u0101li and Sanskrit, in devanagari: \u092c\u094a\u0927\u093f) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means \"awakening\", but it is more commonly translated into English as \"enlightenment\". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bodhi" }],
              "question": "What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?",
              "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "nirvana" }],
              "question": "In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?",
              "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "raga" }],
              "question": "What is the term for greed or craving?",
              "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "dosa" }],
              "question": "what is the word for hate or aversion?",
              "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "delusion" }],
              "question": "What does moha mean?",
              "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "bodhisattva" }],
              "question": "What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?",
              "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "a buddha" }],
              "question": "If bodhi is attained what do you become?",
              "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "nirvana" }],
              "question": "In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?",
              "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "parinirvana" }],
              "question": "What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?",
              "id": "56d1eeece7d4791d00902597"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "a Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?",
              "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d00902599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Samsara" }],
              "question": "A Buddha is no longer bound by what?",
              "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "suffering" }],
              "question": "What do unawakend people experience?",
              "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taish\u014d Shinsh\u016b Daiz\u014dky\u014d numbers 439\u2013448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?",
              "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d0090259f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Maitreya" }],
              "question": "A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?",
              "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "celestial" }],
              "question": "Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?",
              "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "reality" }],
              "question": "A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?",
              "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "arahants" }],
              "question": "At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?",
              "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bodhi" }],
              "question": "Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?",
              "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "anagami" }],
              "question": "What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?",
              "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?",
              "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?",
              "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?",
              "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "existence" }],
              "question": "Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?",
              "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "monks" }],
              "question": "Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?",
              "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?",
              "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "bodhisattvas" }],
              "question": "Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?",
              "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\nThe method of self-exertion or \"self-power\"\u2014without reliance on an external force or being\u2014stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (\u5b89\u6a02), Pure Land (\u6de8\u571f) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Pure Land" }],
              "question": "What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha",
              "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Pure Land" }],
              "question": "What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Amitabha" }],
              "question": "What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?",
              "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?",
              "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "A Buddha era" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?",
              "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?",
              "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?",
              "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as \"world realm\", between the various schools of Buddhism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana Buddhists" }],
              "question": "Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?",
              "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?",
              "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amit\u0101bha.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Pure Land" }],
              "question": "What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?",
              "id": "56d1f878e7d4791d009025cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bodhisattva means \"enlightenment being\", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "enlightenment being" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bodhisattva mean?",
              "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "bodhicitta" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?",
              "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Jan Nattier, the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Great Vehicle\" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvay\u0101na \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" The A\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101 Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: \"Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mah\u0101sattva is so called.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What term means \"great vehicle\"?",
              "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?",
              "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?",
              "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?",
              "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "bodhisattva vow" }],
              "question": "What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?",
              "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?",
              "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: \"For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world.\"[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "the 14th Dalai Lama" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?",
              "id": "56d20c26e7d4791d0090262c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Buddhists" }],
              "question": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?",
              "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d0090262f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the devotional practices?",
              "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d00902630"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jh\u0101na; Skt: dhy\u0101na). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "meditative" }],
              "question": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?",
              "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "the Buddha" }],
              "question": "The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?",
              "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Brahminic" }],
              "question": "The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?",
              "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "liberating" }],
              "question": "According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?",
              "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902638"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the yogis" }],
              "question": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?",
              "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "mindfulness and clear awareness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?",
              "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religious knowledge or \"vision\" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Sama\u00f1\u00f1aphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of \"meditation\" coupled with the perfection of \"discipline\" (Pali s\u012bla; Skt. \u015b\u012bla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of \"transcendent wisdom\" (Pali pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101; Skt. praj\u00f1\u0101) was original.[web 18]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "vision" }],
              "question": "Religious knowledge is also known as what?",
              "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "meditative" }],
              "question": "What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?",
              "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "transcendent wisdom" }
              ],
              "question": "There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?",
              "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902645"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Buddhist texts" }],
              "question": "What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?",
              "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d00902649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Buddhist texts" }],
              "question": "What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Upanishads" }],
              "question": "What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "meditation" }],
              "question": "In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?",
              "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d0090264f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "contemplative" }],
              "question": "The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?",
              "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Nasadiya Sukta" }],
              "question": "What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?",
              "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902652"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, P\u0101li: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: \"The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "the Three Jewels" }],
              "question": "What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Majjhima Nikaya" }],
              "question": "What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?",
              "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Tibetan" }],
              "question": "What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?",
              "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 915, "text": "essence." }],
              "question": "The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?",
              "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "The Three Jewels" }],
              "question": "What has an irreversable effect?",
              "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Gautama Buddha" }],
              "question": "Who presented himself as a model?",
              "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Dharma" }],
              "question": "What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?",
              "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Sangha" }],
              "question": "What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902663"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\u015a\u012bla (Sanskrit) or s\u012bla (P\u0101li) is usually translated into English as \"virtuous behavior\", \"morality\", \"moral discipline\", \"ethics\" or \"precept\". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (s\u012bla, sam\u0101dhi, and pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) and the second p\u0101ramit\u0101. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of \u015b\u012bla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "\u015a\u012bla" }],
              "question": "What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?",
              "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "p\u0101ramit\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "Sila is the second what?",
              "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902673"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\u015a\u012bla is the foundation of Sam\u0101dhi/Bh\u0101vana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "keeping the precepts" }
              ],
              "question": "What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?",
              "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "\u015a\u012bla" }],
              "question": "What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?",
              "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "keeping the precepts" }
              ],
              "question": "What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?",
              "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\u015a\u012bla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of s\u012bla, which correspond to \"basic morality\" (five precepts), \"basic morality with asceticism\" (eight precepts), \"novice monkhood\" (ten precepts) and \"monkhood\" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "overall principles of ethical behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does sila refer to?",
              "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "precepts" }],
              "question": "Lay people tend to live by the five what?",
              "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "asceticism." }],
              "question": "Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?",
              "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "training rules" }],
              "question": "Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?",
              "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "ethical" }],
              "question": "The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?",
              "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "lower" }],
              "question": "Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?",
              "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?",
              "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "a precept of celibacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?",
              "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many precepts are on the list?",
              "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "seventh" }],
              "question": "In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?",
              "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "the ten precepts" }],
              "question": "How many basic precepts are there for monastics?",
              "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "vinaya" }],
              "question": "What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?",
              "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "227" }],
              "question": "How many rules dows the patimokkha have?",
              "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "vinayapitaka" }],
              "question": "What are the scriptures on vinaya called?",
              "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "counts" }],
              "question": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?",
              "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "life" }],
              "question": "The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?",
              "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "higher attainments" }
              ],
              "question": "The rules are a perfect springboard for what?",
              "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "islands unto themselves" }
              ],
              "question": "Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?",
              "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Mahayana Brahmajala" }
              ],
              "question": "Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?",
              "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "meat" }],
              "question": "Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?",
              "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?",
              "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: \u015bamatha) and vipassan\u0101 meditation (Sanskrit: vipa\u015byan\u0101). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Ch\u00e1n (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jh\u0101nas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?",
              "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "jh\u0101nas" }],
              "question": "Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?",
              "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksam\u0101dhi is \"right concentration\". The primary means of cultivating sam\u0101dhi is meditation. Upon development of sam\u0101dhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "right concentration" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?",
              "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "sam\u0101dhi" }],
              "question": "Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?",
              "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?",
              "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jh\u0101na, Sanskrit \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 dhy\u0101na), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan\u0101) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "jh\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What is powerful concentration called?",
              "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "vipassan\u0101" }],
              "question": "What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?",
              "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "insight" }],
              "question": "Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?",
              "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jh\u0101na). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "idea" }],
              "question": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?",
              "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "jh\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What is the term for tranquility?",
              "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassan\u0101 meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (j\u00f1\u0101na; P\u0101li \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a) and understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 P\u0101li pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101), and thus can lead to nirv\u0101\u1e47a (P\u0101li nibb\u0101na). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "mind" }],
              "question": "In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?",
              "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "disturbed" }],
              "question": "Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?",
              "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "j\u00f1\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What is the term for insight knowledge?",
              "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "praj\u00f1\u0101" }],
              "question": "What is the term for understanding?",
              "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "understanding" }],
              "question": "What eradicates the defilements completely?",
              "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Therav\u0101da Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jh\u0101na, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibb\u0101na. Nibb\u0101na is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "craving" }],
              "question": "In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?",
              "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "defilements" }],
              "question": "What does craving carry with it?",
              "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "suffering and stress" }
              ],
              "question": "Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?",
              "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Nibb\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?",
              "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Praj\u00f1\u0101 (Sanskrit) or pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 (P\u0101li) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Praj\u00f1\u0101 is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirv\u0101\u1e47a, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Praj\u00f1\u0101 is also listed as the sixth of the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s of the Mahayana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many Noble Truths are there?",
              "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "bodhi" }],
              "question": "Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?",
              "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101" }],
              "question": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?",
              "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, praj\u00f1\u0101 is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "sermons" }],
              "question": "Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?",
              "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "at any point" }],
              "question": "In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?",
              "id": "56d246e7b329da140004eccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "conceptual understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?",
              "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced Ch\u00e1n in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhy\u0101na, meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "seon" }],
              "question": "Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?",
              "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?",
              "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?",
              "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "spiritual" }],
              "question": "Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?",
              "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or \"just sitting\".[note 13]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?",
              "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Rinzai" }],
              "question": "Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?",
              "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little \"I\" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: \"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence.\" Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?",
              "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "True Self" }],
              "question": "What type of self is equated with the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Thinking and thought" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?",
              "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or \"Diamond Vehicle\" (also referred to as Mantray\u0101na, Tantray\u0101na, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mah\u0101y\u0101na, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajray\u0101na is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?",
              "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Diamond Vehicle" }],
              "question": "What is the English term for Vajrayana?",
              "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Tantric" }],
              "question": "What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?",
              "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "ritual" }],
              "question": "Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?",
              "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ed00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "second half of the first millennium BCE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "the shramanas" }],
              "question": "Scholars believe that karma originated in what?",
              "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "shramanas" }],
              "question": "What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?",
              "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "non-Vedic" }],
              "question": "Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?",
              "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Greater Magadha" }],
              "question": "Buddhism arose in what area?",
              "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Rajagrha" }],
              "question": "Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?",
              "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "2nd or 3rd centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?",
              "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary\u2014atman (\"Self\"), buddha (\"awakened one\"), dhamma (\"rule\" or \"law\"), karma (\"action\"), nirvana (\"extinguishing\"), samsara (\"eternal recurrence\") and yoga (\"spiritual practice\").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "in the Upanishads" }],
              "question": "Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?",
              "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Pakudha Kaccayana" }],
              "question": "The movement included atomists such as what?",
              "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ajnanas" }],
              "question": "What is the term for agnostics?",
              "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Jains" }],
              "question": "What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?",
              "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic \"hymn of the cosmic man\". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by \"Kashyapa\" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Vedic animal sacrifice" }
              ],
              "question": "A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?",
              "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "hymn of the cosmic man" }
              ],
              "question": "The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?",
              "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "animal sacrifices" }],
              "question": "The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?",
              "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Vedas" }],
              "question": "The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?",
              "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "The reliability" }],
              "question": "What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?",
              "id": "56d25056b329da140004ed51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting \"liberating insight\", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "insight" }],
              "question": "A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?",
              "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Rupa Jhanas" }],
              "question": "Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?",
              "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Majjhima Nikaya" }],
              "question": "Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?",
              "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "rebirth" }],
              "question": "According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?",
              "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "karma" }],
              "question": "Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?",
              "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhy\u0101na. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that \"the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices.\" Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "dhyana" }],
              "question": "What was the earliest Buddhism type?",
              "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "meditative" }],
              "question": "Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? ",
              "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Mah\u0101saccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] \"Liberating insight\" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting \"liberating insight\" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?",
              "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "liberating insight" }
              ],
              "question": "A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?",
              "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "linear" }],
              "question": "The four truths depict what type of path of practice?",
              "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although \"Nibb\u0101na\" (Sanskrit: Nirv\u0101na) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Nirv\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?",
              "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Nikayas" }],
              "question": "Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?",
              "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Nirv\u0101na" }],
              "question": "The desired goal for buddhism is what?",
              "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "the middle way" }],
              "question": "A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?",
              "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "eightfold" }],
              "question": "The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?",
              "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "prajna" }],
              "question": "Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?",
              "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "liberating insight" }],
              "question": "What is prajna called in english?",
              "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "person" }],
              "question": "Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?",
              "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?",
              "id": "56d2647159d6e41400145f58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?",
              "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Early Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is the first period of Buddhism called?",
              "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Sectarian" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?",
              "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Esoteric Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is the last period of Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Vajrayana" }],
              "question": "What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?",
              "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pre-sectarian" }],
              "question": "Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?",
              "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "rebirth" }],
              "question": "Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?",
              "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Noble Eightfold" }],
              "question": "Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?",
              "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirv\u0101\u1e47a (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, \u0100nanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (s\u016btras, P\u0101li suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Up\u0101li, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?",
              "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "\u0100nanda" }],
              "question": "Who was cousin of the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "s\u016btras" }],
              "question": "What are the discourses of the Buddha called?",
              "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "abhidhamma" }],
              "question": "Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?",
              "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the P\u0101li tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Second" }],
              "question": "The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?",
              "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Second Council" }],
              "question": "According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?",
              "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "100 BCE" }],
              "question": "The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?",
              "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Therav\u0101da says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Mahasanghikas" }],
              "question": "The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?",
              "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Mahasanghika" }],
              "question": "The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?",
              "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "the vinaya" }],
              "question": "The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?",
              "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Therav\u0101da school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sthaviras" }],
              "question": "Who gave rise to the Theravada school?",
              "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "monasteries" }],
              "question": "Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?",
              "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "doctrinal" }],
              "question": "By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?",
              "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Abhidharma" }],
              "question": "What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?",
              "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "summaries or numerical lists" }
              ],
              "question": "The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?",
              "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "3rd century BCE" }],
              "question": "The Abhidharma texts are from what time?",
              "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "Mahasanghika" }],
              "question": "There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?",
              "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btras, which are among the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River in the \u0100ndhra region of South India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?",
              "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "\u0100ndhra" }],
              "question": "The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?",
              "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145fab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 genre, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, \"Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 probably developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas in southern India, in the \u0100ndhra country, on the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River.\" A.K. Warder believes that \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the \u0100ndhra country.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?",
              "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "1st century BCE" }],
              "question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?",
              "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "\u0100ndhra" }],
              "question": "Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?",
              "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that \"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, Dignaga, Candrak\u012brti, \u0100ryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in \u0100ndhra.\" They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a Valley, including Amaravati, N\u0101g\u0101rjunako\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101 and Jaggayyape\u1e6da \"can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier.\" Akira Hirakawa notes the \"evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?",
              "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?",
              "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no evidence that Mah\u0101y\u0101na ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvay\u0101na (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhik\u1e63u or bhik\u1e63u\u1e47\u012b adhering to the Mah\u0101y\u0101na formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the M\u016blasarv\u0101stiv\u0101da ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mah\u0101y\u0101na was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?",
              "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Vinaya" }],
              "question": "The mahayana never tried to have separte what?",
              "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 869, "text": "monasteries" }],
              "question": "We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?",
              "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mah\u0101y\u0101na teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?",
              "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Lokak\u1e63ema" }],
              "question": "The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?",
              "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?",
              "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "1st" }],
              "question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?",
              "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?",
              "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Buddhist Logic" }],
              "question": "What was the latest thought type?",
              "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Yogacara" }],
              "question": "In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?",
              "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Ashoka" }],
              "question": "Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?",
              "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "st\u016bpas" }],
              "question": "The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?",
              "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Buddhist religious memorials" }
              ],
              "question": "What does stupas mean in English?",
              "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?",
              "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "missionaries" }],
              "question": "Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?",
              "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "to spread Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the emissaries used for?",
              "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146008"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions\u2014themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Persian and Greek" }],
              "question": "The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?",
              "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Menander" }],
              "question": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?",
              "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "3rd century" }],
              "question": "The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?",
              "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "3rd century" }],
              "question": "The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?",
              "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "2nd century CE" }],
              "question": "When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?",
              "id": "56d2786c59d6e41400146025"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2nd century CE" }],
              "question": "Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?",
              "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Korea and Japan" }],
              "question": "What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?",
              "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "8th century onwards" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?",
              "id": "56d278ee59d6e4140014602a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?",
              "id": "56d28a5d59d6e41400146055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "the teachings of the Buddha" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Dharma?",
              "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "the Buddhist community" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Sangha?",
              "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "progressive" }],
              "question": "West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?",
              "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "Modern influences" }],
              "question": "New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?",
              "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146066"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "second half of the 20th Century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?",
              "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "neo-Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?",
              "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as \"the most diverse\" and \"the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world\".[web 21]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai" }
              ],
              "question": "What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?",
              "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Value Creation Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?",
              "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Soka Gakkai International" }
              ],
              "question": "What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?",
              "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "SGI" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?",
              "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?",
              "id": "56d28c4259d6e41400146082"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country has the largest population of Buddhists?",
              "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "244 million" }],
              "question": "How many Buddhists are in China?",
              "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146087"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "360 million" }],
              "question": "How may adherents does Mahayana have?",
              "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "150 million" }],
              "question": "How many adherents does Thervada have?",
              "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Seven million" }],
              "question": "How many Buddists are outside of Asia?",
              "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910\u20132010). More recently (2000\u20132010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "138 million" }],
              "question": "How many Buddhists were there in 1910?",
              "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "495 million" }],
              "question": "How many Buddhists are there in 2010?",
              "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "487 million" }],
              "question": "How many buddhists are in Asia?",
              "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "lesser vehicle" }],
              "question": "What does Hinayana mean in English?",
              "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Hinayana" }],
              "question": "What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?",
              "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "concepts" }],
              "question": "Each tradition has its own core what?",
              "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "Buddhist ecumenical organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?",
              "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theravada (\"Doctrine of the Elders\", or \"Ancient Doctrine\") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Therav\u0101da comes from the ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?",
              "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the name theravada come from?",
              "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Pali Canon" }],
              "question": "Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?",
              "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Therav\u0101da is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the west" }],
              "question": "Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?",
              "id": "56d291c759d6e414001460be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Theravadin" }],
              "question": "What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?",
              "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "merit" }],
              "question": "Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?",
              "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mah\u0101y\u0101na centres of learning were established, the most important one being the N\u0101land\u0101 University in north-eastern India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "N\u0101land\u0101 University" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?",
              "id": "56d2929e59d6e414001460c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Mahayana Sutras" }],
              "question": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?",
              "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the Buddha" }],
              "question": "A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?",
              "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?",
              "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as \"Eastern Buddhism\"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Eastern Buddhism" }],
              "question": "Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?",
              "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Northern Buddhism" }],
              "question": "The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?",
              "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "the Pure Land school of Mahayana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?",
              "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Ma\u00f1jusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Saivism" }],
              "question": "The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?",
              "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Buddhists" }],
              "question": "Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?",
              "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra" }
              ],
              "question": "What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?",
              "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in P\u0101li, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "There is a great variety of what type of scripture?",
              "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "objects" }],
              "question": "Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?",
              "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mah\u0101y\u0101na considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the \u0101gamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "text" }],
              "question": "Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?",
              "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "\u0101gamas" }],
              "question": "Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?",
              "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "core" }],
              "question": "Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?",
              "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?",
              "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Dhammapada" }],
              "question": "In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?",
              "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?",
              "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Theravada" }],
              "question": "condensed study texts where created in what tradition?",
              "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in \"The Buddha and His Dhamma\". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?",
              "id": "56d298dd59d6e41400146118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "The Buddha and His Dhamma" }
              ],
              "question": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?",
              "id": "56d298dd59d6e4140014611a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka, which means \"three baskets\", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka" }],
              "question": "What means \"three baskets\"?",
              "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"three baskets\" refer to?",
              "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Vinaya Pitaka" }],
              "question": "What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?",
              "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "the Sutta Pitaka" }],
              "question": "What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?",
              "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Abhidhamma Pitaka" }],
              "question": "What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?",
              "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146122"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripi\u1e6daka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the S\u0101rv\u0101stiv\u0101da, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika, K\u0101\u015byap\u012bya, and Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka" }],
              "question": "What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?",
              "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "five or seven" }],
              "question": "Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?",
              "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146129"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa (P\u0101li: Mah\u0101kassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Up\u0101li recited the vinaya. \u0100nanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the s\u016btras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "to record the Buddha's teachings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the council?",
              "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Up\u0101li" }],
              "question": "the vinaya was recited by?",
              "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "\u0100nanda" }],
              "question": "Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?",
              "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "dhamma" }],
              "question": "Ananda was called upon to recite what?",
              "id": "56d29bca59d6e41400146130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Theravadin" }],
              "question": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?",
              "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "The Theravadins" }],
              "question": "Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?",
              "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146137"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana sutras" }],
              "question": "What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?",
              "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana sutras" }],
              "question": "What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?",
              "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Sarvastivada Abhidharma" }
              ],
              "question": "What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?",
              "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146146"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mah\u0101y\u0101na (lit., the Great Vehicle).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?",
              "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "the Great Vehicle" }],
              "question": "What does Mahayana mean?",
              "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "bodhisattva path" }],
              "question": "What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?",
              "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What sutras were transmitted in secret?",
              "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?",
              "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana tradition" }],
              "question": "What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?",
              "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146152"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "six hundred" }],
              "question": "How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?",
              "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "East Asian Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?",
              "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: \"But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different\u2014in fact seemingly older\u2014ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.\" These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "after the 5th century CE" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?",
              "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "Hinayana" }],
              "question": "What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?",
              "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "the Theravada" }],
              "question": "What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?",
              "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Sri Lanka" }],
              "question": "The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?",
              "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "hinayana" }],
              "question": "What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?",
              "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146164"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinay\u0101na, the Inferior Way,\" \"the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts.\" She notes that the term \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na was \"the more politically correct and much more usual\" term used by Mah\u0101y\u0101nists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term \"Hinayana\" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Hinayana" }],
              "question": "The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?",
              "id": "56d2a16f59d6e41400146168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na" }
              ],
              "question": "What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?",
              "id": "56d2a16f59d6e4140014616a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought\u2014for example, with various tenets of Christianity\u2014have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?",
              "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "ethics" }],
              "question": "Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?",
              "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "moral and spiritual" }
              ],
              "question": "Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?",
              "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?",
              "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "scientific" }],
              "question": "Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?",
              "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?",
              "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?",
              "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146179"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "American_Idol",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Simon Fuller" }],
              "question": "Who is the creator of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "What company produces American idol?",
              "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did American Idol begin airing?",
              "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol" }],
              "question": "What British show is American Idols format based on?",
              "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "What television network does American Idol air on?",
              "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "What company produces American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol" }],
              "question": "What British series is American Idols format based on?",
              "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Simon Fuller" }],
              "question": "Who created American Idol?",
              "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "Who produced American Idol?",
              "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "June 11, 2002" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol first air on TV?",
              "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol" }],
              "question": "What British show was American Idol based on?",
              "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d00902679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Brian Dunkleman" }],
              "question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Jennifer Lopez" }],
              "question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Brian Dunkleman" }],
              "question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Paula Abdul" }],
              "question": "What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Jennifer Lopez" }],
              "question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?",
              "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Paula Abdul" }],
              "question": "Which original judge was a choreographer?",
              "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Which original judge was a music executive?",
              "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Keith Urban" }],
              "question": "Which judge is a country music singer?",
              "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Harry Connick, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "Which judge is a jazz singer?",
              "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The success of American Idol has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, \"Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "345" }],
              "question": "How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?",
              "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Kelly Clarkson" }],
              "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "a rival TV executive" }
              ],
              "question": "Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?",
              "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Fantasia" }],
              "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d366bb59d6e414001462ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Fantasia" }],
              "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d366bb59d6e414001462ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "345" }],
              "question": "How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?",
              "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "a rival TV executive" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that American Idol is \"the most impactful show in the history of televsion?",
              "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?",
              "id": "56d223d5e7d4791d009026a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "For how many seasons did American Idol air? ",
              "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?",
              "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "May 11, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?",
              "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner\u200d\u2014\u200cthe executive producer and production leader\u200d\u2014\u200cand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Popstars" }],
              "question": "What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?",
              "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Simon Fuller" }],
              "question": "Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?",
              "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?",
              "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?",
              "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?",
              "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Popstars" }],
              "question": "What show was Pop Idols based on?",
              "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?",
              "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "telephone voting" }],
              "question": "In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?",
              "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?",
              "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?",
              "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show in the U.S., a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?",
              "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did American Idol first air on FOX?",
              "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? ",
              "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "his daughter Elisabeth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX?",
              "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Rupert Murdoch" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of Fox's parent company?",
              "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "American Idol: The Search for a Superstar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut?",
              "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?",
              "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Angie Martinez" }],
              "question": "What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?",
              "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Stryker" }],
              "question": "What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?",
              "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many judges were originally intended for the show?",
              "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "DJ Stryker" }],
              "question": "Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?",
              "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Angie Martinez" }],
              "question": "During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?",
              "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "season eight" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?",
              "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer\u2013songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Kara DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "The X Factor" }],
              "question": "What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3692959d6e4140014631a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Kara DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?",
              "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "before season nine" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?",
              "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "January 11, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?",
              "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres" }],
              "question": "Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?",
              "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "season ten" }],
              "question": "When did Steven Tyler become a judge?",
              "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "season two" }],
              "question": "In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?",
              "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "season three" }],
              "question": "In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "season six" }],
              "question": "In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "season nine" }],
              "question": "Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?",
              "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the guest judges in season two?",
              "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "season eight" }],
              "question": "When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?",
              "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "season three" }],
              "question": "When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?",
              "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?",
              "id": "56d369f459d6e4140014632b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Brian Dunkleman" }],
              "question": "Which host quit after the first season?",
              "id": "56daf29ee7c41114004b4b66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr..",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season? ",
              "id": "56d36a6c59d6e4140014632e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Scott Borchetta" }],
              "question": "Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36a6c59d6e41400146330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "song choice and performance" }
              ],
              "question": "What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?",
              "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Jimmy Iovine" }],
              "question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?",
              "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was the mentor for season 13?",
              "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Scott Borchetta" }],
              "question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?",
              "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The eligible age-range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty-eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in season four, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten. The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "twenty-eight" }],
              "question": "What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36a9f59d6e41400146339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "season four" }],
              "question": "When was the age limit increased to 28?",
              "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "semi-final stage" }],
              "question": "Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? ",
              "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts. The first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sing in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood[citation needed].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "at least three" }],
              "question": "How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?",
              "id": "56d36b3d59d6e4140014633f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "the judges" }],
              "question": "Which audition stage is televised?",
              "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "a few hundred" }],
              "question": "How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?",
              "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "in front of the judges" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?",
              "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?",
              "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "producers" }],
              "question": "Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?",
              "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Hollywood" }],
              "question": "If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?",
              "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together. In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band\u200d\u2014\u200cdepending on the season. In seasons two and three, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In season twelve, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?",
              "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "two and three" }],
              "question": "In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?",
              "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "usually three" }],
              "question": "How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?",
              "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?",
              "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?",
              "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "groups" }],
              "question": "What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?",
              "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "seasons two and three" }
              ],
              "question": "Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?",
              "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In seasons ten and eleven, a further round was added in Las Vegas, where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In season thirteen, a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants, those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles, and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Las Vegas" }],
              "question": "In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?",
              "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Sudden Death" }],
              "question": "What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?",
              "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?",
              "id": "56d36c0559d6e41400146350"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "178 million" }],
              "question": "How many text message votes were there in season eight?",
              "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "In which season was online voting introduced?",
              "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1270, "text": "Telescope Inc" }],
              "question": "What company counts the votes on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "the semi-finals" }],
              "question": "At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?",
              "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "Over 110 million" }],
              "question": "How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?",
              "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 873, "text": "nearly 750 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?",
              "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36ce959d6e4140014635e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "wildcard" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?",
              "id": "56d36ce959d6e41400146360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "three groups of ten" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?",
              "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "four groups of eight" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?",
              "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "season one" }],
              "question": "When did the wildcard round become a factor?",
              "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were chosen for season one?",
              "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?",
              "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "twenty-four" }],
              "question": "How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?",
              "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "by gender" }],
              "question": "How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?",
              "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36d2859d6e4140014636a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?",
              "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?",
              "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?",
              "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were there in season eight?",
              "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "season eight" }],
              "question": "What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?",
              "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many contestants moved forward from each round?",
              "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many wildcard contestants were chosen?",
              "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many contestants were finalists for season 12?",
              "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "CBS Television City" }
              ],
              "question": "Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Jimmy Iovine" }],
              "question": "Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?",
              "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?",
              "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "CBS Television City" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the finals broadcast from?",
              "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Jimmy Iovine" }],
              "question": "Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?",
              "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?",
              "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "top four or five" }],
              "question": "When do contestants start singing two songs?",
              "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show. Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage. One of these three is usually sent to safety; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant's time on the show is played and they give their final performance. However, in season six, during the series' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a \"Judges' Save\" if they unanimously agree to. \"The save\" can only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently, a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "In what season was the \"Judges Save\" introduced to give contestants a second chance?",
              "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "once" }],
              "question": "How many time can the judges save be used each season?",
              "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "safety" }],
              "question": "When three are called, one is often sent to what?",
              "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "season six" }],
              "question": "Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?",
              "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Fan Save\" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "In which season was the \"Fan Save\" first used?",
              "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Twitter" }],
              "question": "How do people vote using the fan save?",
              "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Fan Save" }],
              "question": "What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?",
              "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Twitter" }],
              "question": "How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?",
              "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Top 8" }],
              "question": "When does the Fan Save start?",
              "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "the Nokia Theatre" }],
              "question": "What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?",
              "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "3,400" }],
              "question": "How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?",
              "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The finale" }],
              "question": "In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?",
              "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Dolby Theatre" }],
              "question": "Where was the season one finale broadcast from?",
              "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "3,400" }],
              "question": "How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?",
              "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?",
              "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Nokia Theatre" }],
              "question": "For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?",
              "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The winner receives a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, have also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in season 11, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (seasons 1\u20139) and UMG (season 10\u2013) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in seasons 10 and 12) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a six-figure sum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "19 Management" }],
              "question": "Which company manages the winners of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 795, "text": "Big Machine Records" }
              ],
              "question": "What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "a record deal" }],
              "question": "What does the winner of American Idol receive?",
              "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "19 Management" }],
              "question": "The winner also receives a management contract with which company?",
              "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 795, "text": "Big Machine Records" }
              ],
              "question": "In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?",
              "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onwards), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night. The results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top-three results show also features the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two-hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "a golden ticket" }],
              "question": "What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?",
              "id": "56d36fe159d6e414001463a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "a golden ticket" }],
              "question": "In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?",
              "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "the public" }],
              "question": "Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?",
              "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards. In the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?",
              "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Ray Chew" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?",
              "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?",
              "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Rickey Minor" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?",
              "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Rickey Minor" }],
              "question": "Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?",
              "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Ray Chew" }],
              "question": "Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?",
              "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?",
              "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "What network aired the first season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did American Idol first debut?",
              "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Brian Dunkleman" }],
              "question": "Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "June 2002" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol debut?",
              "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "What network did American Idol debut on?",
              "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who co-hosted American Idol?",
              "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "121" }],
              "question": "How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?",
              "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "around 10,000" }],
              "question": "How many people initially auditioned?",
              "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Jim Verraros" }],
              "question": "Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Tamyra Gray" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? ",
              "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "the hospital" }],
              "question": "Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?",
              "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "121" }],
              "question": "How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?",
              "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?",
              "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Delano Cagnolatti" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age?",
              "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "top four" }],
              "question": "When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?",
              "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Christina Christian" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?",
              "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Kelly Clarkson win?",
              "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Justin Guarini" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?",
              "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "What month did Kelly Clarkson win?",
              "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Justin Guarini" }],
              "question": "Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?",
              "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Kelly Clarkson" }],
              "question": "Who won the first season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "September 4, 2002" }],
              "question": "When did Clarkson win the crown?",
              "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "From Justin to Kelly" }
              ],
              "question": "What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "more than 23 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?",
              "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?",
              "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "the coronation song" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Clarkson sing during the finale?",
              "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the song?",
              "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "The Beatles" }],
              "question": "Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?",
              "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "From Justin to Kelly" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?",
              "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "more than 23 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?",
              "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did season two of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Kristin Adams" }],
              "question": "Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "January 2003" }],
              "question": "When did season two air?",
              "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Kristin Adams" }],
              "question": "Who was a correspondent for season two?",
              "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Paula Abdul" }],
              "question": "Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?",
              "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Frenchie Davis" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?",
              "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Corey Clark" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?",
              "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Jaered Andrews" }],
              "question": "Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?",
              "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Corey Clark" }],
              "question": "Who was disqualified for having a police record?",
              "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Frenchie Davis" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?",
              "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Jaered Andrews" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?",
              "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ruben Studdard" }],
              "question": "Who was the season two winner of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "24 million" }],
              "question": "How many votes were cast during the final week?",
              "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "134,000" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?",
              "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the shows executive producer?",
              "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ruben Studdard" }],
              "question": "Who won season two?",
              "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up for season two?",
              "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "134,000" }],
              "question": "How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?",
              "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "24 million" }],
              "question": "How many votes were cast for the finale?",
              "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken" }],
              "question": "Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?",
              "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4cab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Flying Without Wings" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Josh Gracin" }],
              "question": "What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "This Is the Night" }],
              "question": "What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?",
              "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Flying Without Wings" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "This Is the Night" }],
              "question": "What was Aiken's single release named?",
              "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Aiken" }],
              "question": "Which of the final two had more success with his first album?",
              "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Josh Gracin" }],
              "question": "Who finished fourth on season two?",
              "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did the third season of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of \"She Bangs\"?",
              "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung" }],
              "question": "Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "January 19, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did season three premiere?",
              "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung" }],
              "question": "Which contestant sang an off-key \"She Bangs\"?",
              "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?",
              "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Three Divas" }],
              "question": "What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?",
              "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Jennifer Hudson" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?",
              "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "John Stevens" }],
              "question": "Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?",
              "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Three Divas" }],
              "question": "What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?",
              "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Jennifer Hudson" }],
              "question": "Which of the three was eliminated?",
              "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "Who said that the results were racist?",
              "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "John Stevens" }],
              "question": "Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?",
              "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Diana DeGarmo" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "I Believe" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Dreams" }],
              "question": "What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Summertime" }],
              "question": "What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?",
              "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?",
              "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the final two contestants?",
              "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Fantasia" }],
              "question": "Who was declared the season winner?",
              "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "I Believe" }],
              "question": "What was Fantasia's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Nikko Smith" }],
              "question": "Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?",
              "id": "56d3741959d6e4140014642f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Nikko Smith" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?",
              "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Freemantle Media" }],
              "question": "What company produces the show?",
              "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Vazquez" }],
              "question": "A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?",
              "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "top 11 week" }],
              "question": "During what week was there a problem with voting?",
              "id": "56d3743659d6e41400146433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "the following night" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the results show happen?",
              "id": "56db1a7de7c41114004b4d1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\". Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide, and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more  Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards, the most Grammys by an \"American Idol\" alumnus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "65 million" }],
              "question": "How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Inside Your Heaven" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?",
              "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2005" }],
              "question": "When was the winner declared?",
              "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of this season?",
              "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Inside Your Heaven" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did the two finalists release?",
              "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "14 million" }],
              "question": "How many records has Underwood sold in America?",
              "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season five" }],
              "question": "Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings?",
              "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Brittenum twins" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?",
              "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season five" }],
              "question": "Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?",
              "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "January 17, 2006" }],
              "question": "When did season five premiere?",
              "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Brittenum twins" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?",
              "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?",
              "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?",
              "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?",
              "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Who performed a Fuel song on this season?",
              "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "lead singer" }],
              "question": "Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?",
              "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?",
              "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "I Walk the Line" }],
              "question": "Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?",
              "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "not crediting the arrangement to Live"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line",
              "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named American Idol, with Katharine McPhee the runner-up. \"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Taylor Hicks" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?",
              "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Do I Make You Proud" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "My Destiny" }],
              "question": "What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3753559d6e41400146450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 30, 2006" }],
              "question": "When was the winner announced?",
              "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Taylor Hicks" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner for this season?",
              "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Do I Make You Proud" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Hick's debut single?",
              "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "My Destiny" }],
              "question": "What was McPhee's first single?",
              "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?",
              "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Daughtry" }],
              "question": "What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?",
              "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "Who was the most successful artist from this season?",
              "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Daughtry" }],
              "question": "What band does Chris Daughtry sing for?",
              "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d3757559d6e41400146459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "37.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?",
              "id": "56d3757559d6e4140014645a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "January 16, 2007" }],
              "question": "When did season six premiere?",
              "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "37.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?",
              "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on April 18, Sanjaya was voted off.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar" }],
              "question": "Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?",
              "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Howard Stern" }],
              "question": "What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Vote for the Worst" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "April 18" }],
              "question": "What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar" }],
              "question": "What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?",
              "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?",
              "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "hair" }],
              "question": "What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?",
              "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Vote for the Worst" }
              ],
              "question": "Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?",
              "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Howard Stern" }],
              "question": "Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?",
              "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "April 18" }],
              "question": "When was Sanjaya eliminated? ",
              "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "$76 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?",
              "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Melinda Doolittle" }],
              "question": "What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What was the charity event that occurred this season?",
              "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?",
              "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Melinda Doolittle" }],
              "question": "Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?",
              "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Jordin Sparks" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?",
              "id": "56d3762f59d6e41400146479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Blake Lewis" }],
              "question": "Who came in second on season six of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "May 23" }],
              "question": "On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?",
              "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "May 23" }],
              "question": "When was the finale aired?",
              "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Jordin Sparks" }],
              "question": "Which contestant won the season?",
              "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Blake Lewis" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up?",
              "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season four premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did season four of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d3765559d6e4140014647f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season four" }],
              "question": "What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?",
              "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season four" }],
              "question": "In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "January 18, 2005" }],
              "question": "When did season four premiere?",
              "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "high definition" }],
              "question": "Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?",
              "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?",
              "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?",
              "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?",
              "id": "56d3768e59d6e41400146489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "This Is My Now" }],
              "question": "What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "public vote" }],
              "question": "How was \"This is My Now\" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?",
              "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "American Idol Songwriter contest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which contest started during this season?",
              "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "coronation song" }],
              "question": "Fans could vote for what during this contest?",
              "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?",
              "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "This Is My Now" }],
              "question": "What song won the contest?",
              "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "May 24, 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Sparks release her version of the song?",
              "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did season seven of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d376c859d6e4140014648f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "David Hernandez" }],
              "question": "Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Carly Smithson" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "January 15, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did season seven premiere?",
              "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "David Hernandez" }],
              "question": "Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?",
              "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "professional status" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?",
              "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Carly Smithson" }],
              "question": "Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?",
              "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Billie Jean" }],
              "question": "What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?",
              "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "David Cook" }],
              "question": "Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?",
              "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Chris Cornell" }],
              "question": "Who arranged the version of \"Billie Jean\" that David Cook performed on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "March 11, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did the American Idol finals begin?",
              "id": "56d3772859d6e4140014649a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "March 11, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?",
              "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Chris Cornell" }],
              "question": "Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?",
              "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "David Cook" }],
              "question": "Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?",
              "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "David Archuleta" }],
              "question": "Which contestant sang \"Imagine\" on season seven of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3776759d6e4140014649f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "season ten" }],
              "question": "In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?",
              "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Hallelujah" }],
              "question": "What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Buckley" }],
              "question": "Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "John Lennon's \"Imagine\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?",
              "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Jennifer Lopez" }],
              "question": "Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?",
              "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Jason Castro" }],
              "question": "Which finalist sang \"Hallelujah\" during the semi-finals?",
              "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Buckley" }],
              "question": "Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?",
              "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?",
              "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4daf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook" }],
              "question": "Who won season seven of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "May 21, 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the winner announced?",
              "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner?",
              "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "The Time of My Life" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did David Cook release the single, \"The Time of My Life\"?",
              "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "The Time of My Life" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the coronation song?",
              "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "May 22, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?",
              "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Danny Gokey" }],
              "question": "Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?",
              "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "president of alternative programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?",
              "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "January" }],
              "question": "What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?",
              "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "January 13, 2009" }],
              "question": "When did season eight premiere?",
              "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Mike Darnell" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?",
              "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Danny Gokey" }],
              "question": "Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?",
              "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Kara DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?",
              "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "two weeks" }],
              "question": "How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "So You Think You Can Dance" }
              ],
              "question": "What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?",
              "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "the Kodak Theatre" }],
              "question": "What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?",
              "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "the global recession" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?",
              "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many judges were on the panel for this season?",
              "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Kara DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Which judge joined the panel?",
              "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "So You Think You Can Dance" }
              ],
              "question": "Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?",
              "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Kodak Theatre" }],
              "question": "Where was the Hollywood round moved to?",
              "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What was canceled for this year of Idol?",
              "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Matt Giraud" }],
              "question": "Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?",
              "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?",
              "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?",
              "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?",
              "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were on this season?",
              "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?",
              "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Matt Giraud" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?",
              "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen and Adam Lambert" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen" }],
              "question": "Who won season eight of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Arkansas" }],
              "question": "What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?",
              "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?",
              "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen" }],
              "question": "Who won the season?",
              "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "season two" }],
              "question": "The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was?",
              "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many votes were cast for the final two?",
              "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "AT&T employees" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?",
              "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4ded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "No Boundaries" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?",
              "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "No Boundaries" }],
              "question": "What was the coronation song for this season?",
              "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "DioGuardi" }],
              "question": "Who co-wrote the coronation song?",
              "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "gold album status" }],
              "question": "Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?",
              "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "none" }],
              "question": "How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status?",
              "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did season nine of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres" }],
              "question": "Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Hollywood Week" }],
              "question": "At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?",
              "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "January 12, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did season nine premiere?",
              "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Paula Abdul" }],
              "question": "Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?",
              "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Abdul?",
              "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Hollywood Week" }],
              "question": "When did Ellen join the judges' panel?",
              "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Crystal Bowersox" }],
              "question": "Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?",
              "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Ken Warwick" }],
              "question": "What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?",
              "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "diabetic ketoacidosis" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Crystal Bowersox" }],
              "question": "Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?",
              "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "top 20 week" }],
              "question": "When was Crystal hospitalized?",
              "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "The schedule" }],
              "question": "What was changed so she could still qualify?",
              "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Ken Warwick" }],
              "question": "Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?",
              "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "producer" }],
              "question": "What role does Warwick have on the show?",
              "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Michael Lynche" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "top nine" }],
              "question": "At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?",
              "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?",
              "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "$45 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Michael Lynche" }],
              "question": "Who was saved with the Judges' Save?",
              "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Which former contestant was a mentor this season?",
              "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who had their final season in the show in season nine?",
              "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "tribute to Simon Cowell" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who had a special tribute at the finale?",
              "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Paula Abdul" }],
              "question": "Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?",
              "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Lee DeWyze" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?",
              "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Beautiful Day" }],
              "question": "What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "May 26" }],
              "question": "When was the finale held?",
              "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "DeWyze" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Beautiful Day" }],
              "question": "What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?",
              "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Up to the Mountain" }
              ],
              "question": "Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?",
              "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did season ten of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d37ccd59d6e41400146509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?",
              "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Jimmy Iovine" }],
              "question": "Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? ",
              "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "The X Factor" }],
              "question": "What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?",
              "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "January 19, 2011" }],
              "question": "When did season ten premiere?",
              "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe" }],
              "question": "Who returned as executive producer this season?",
              "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?",
              "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Jimmy Iovine" }],
              "question": "Who was the in-house mentor this season?",
              "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season ten" }],
              "question": "What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?",
              "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace" }],
              "question": "What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?",
              "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace" }],
              "question": "How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?",
              "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "online" }],
              "question": "This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?",
              "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace" }],
              "question": "Where could contestants submit a video audition?",
              "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Chris Medina" }],
              "question": "Which contestant had a fianc\u00e9 that had suffered brain damage?",
              "id": "56d37d7f59d6e41400146519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Top 40" }],
              "question": "In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams" }],
              "question": "Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?",
              "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams" }],
              "question": "Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Chris Medina" }],
              "question": "Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?",
              "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Top 40 round" }],
              "question": "When was Medina eliminated from the competition?",
              "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams" }],
              "question": "Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?",
              "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Top 13 result show" }
              ],
              "question": "Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?",
              "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Abrams" }],
              "question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?",
              "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pia Toscano" }],
              "question": "What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Tom Hanks" }],
              "question": "What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pia Toscano" }],
              "question": "Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?",
              "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Tom Hanks" }],
              "question": "Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?",
              "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "country" }],
              "question": "What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?",
              "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Scotty McCreery" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?",
              "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "I Love You This Big" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Like My Mother Does" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Soulful" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?",
              "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "May 25" }],
              "question": "When was the season finale of Idol?",
              "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Scotty McCreery" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Ruben Studdard" }],
              "question": "Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?",
              "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?",
              "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Jermaine Jones" }],
              "question": "What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?",
              "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "January 18, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did season 11 premiere?",
              "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Jermaine Jones" }],
              "question": "Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?",
              "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "March 14" }],
              "question": "When was Jones removed from the show?",
              "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "concealing arrests and outstanding warrants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Jones disqualified?",
              "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips" }],
              "question": "Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?",
              "id": "56d37e5059d6e41400146539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "kidney stones" }],
              "question": "Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips" }],
              "question": "Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?",
              "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips" }],
              "question": "Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?",
              "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "kidney pain" }],
              "question": "What kind of pain did Phillips endure?",
              "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez" }],
              "question": "Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Colton Dixon" }],
              "question": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "final two" }],
              "question": "How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Top 7" }],
              "question": "When did the judges use their save this season?",
              "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez" }],
              "question": "Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?",
              "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Colton Dixon" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was sent home the following week?",
              "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4ea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she accepted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Diana DeGarmo" }],
              "question": "What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?",
              "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Phillips" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "season five" }],
              "question": "Which season was Ace Young on?",
              "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "season three" }],
              "question": "Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?",
              "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Home" }],
              "question": "What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Change Nothing" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Home" }],
              "question": "What was Phillip's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Change Nothing" }],
              "question": "What song did Sanchez release?",
              "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Home" }],
              "question": "Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?",
              "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4ebb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d37f7059d6e41400146559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Judges" }],
              "question": "What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "TMZ" }],
              "question": "What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?",
              "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "January 16, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did season 12 premiere?",
              "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many judges did this season have?",
              "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Lazaro Arbos" }],
              "question": "Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many contestants did this season have?",
              "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?",
              "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Lazaro Arbos" }],
              "question": "Who as the last man to be eliminated?",
              "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?",
              "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Candice Glover" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?",
              "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Kree Harrison" }],
              "question": "Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "I Am Beautiful" }],
              "question": "What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "All Cried Out" }],
              "question": "What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3802e59d6e4140014657b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Candice Glover" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Kree Harrison" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up?",
              "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "I Am Beautiful" }],
              "question": "What was Glover's first single?",
              "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "All Cried Out" }],
              "question": "What was Harrison's first single?",
              "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "not signed by a music label" }
              ],
              "question": "This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?",
              "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?",
              "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?",
              "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the other judges to leave after this season?",
              "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?",
              "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?",
              "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "in-mentor" }],
              "question": "What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?",
              "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Gregg Gelfand" }],
              "question": "Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d380a459d6e4140014658b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "January 15, 2014" }],
              "question": "When did season 13 premiere?",
              "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was the mentor this season?",
              "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Jennifer Lopez" }],
              "question": "Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?",
              "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Harry Connick, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?",
              "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick" }
              ],
              "question": "Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?",
              "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Sam Woolf" }],
              "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Top 3 performance night" }
              ],
              "question": "At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?",
              "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "songs they wrote themselves" }
              ],
              "question": "Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?",
              "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Sam Woolf" }],
              "question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?",
              "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Top 8" }],
              "question": "When did the judges use their save on Woolf?",
              "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Top 3 performance night" }
              ],
              "question": "What episode was the 500th of the entire series?",
              "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Caleb Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who won season 13 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Jena Irene" }],
              "question": "Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "As Long as You Love Me" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "We Are One" }],
              "question": "What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Caleb Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Jena Irene" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up this season?",
              "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "As Long as You Love Me" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Johnson's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "We Are One" }],
              "question": "What was Irene's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest returned to host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?",
              "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? ",
              "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?",
              "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "judges" }],
              "question": "What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? ",
              "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Randy Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?",
              "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "January 7, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did season 14 premiere?",
              "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?",
              "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?",
              "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Coca Cola" }],
              "question": "What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?",
              "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Ford Motor Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?",
              "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Big Machine Records" }
              ],
              "question": "What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?",
              "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?",
              "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Coca Cola" }],
              "question": "Who ended their sponsorship this season?",
              "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Ford Motor Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?",
              "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Big Machine Records" }
              ],
              "question": "This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?",
              "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nick Fradiani" }],
              "question": "Who won American Idols fourteenth season?",
              "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Clark Beckham" }],
              "question": "Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?",
              "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Jax" }],
              "question": "Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?",
              "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Beautiful Life" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?",
              "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Forcefield" }],
              "question": "What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nick Fradiani" }],
              "question": "Who won this season of Idol?",
              "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Clark Beckham" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner up of Idol?",
              "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Beautiful Life" }],
              "question": "What was Nick's coronation song?",
              "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Champion" }],
              "question": "What was Beckham's first release?",
              "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Jax" }],
              "question": "Which contestant came in third place?",
              "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returns as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?",
              "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many seasons of American Idol have there been?",
              "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "judges" }],
              "question": "What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?",
              "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who hosted American Idol in its last season?",
              "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "May 11, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?",
              "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Ryan Seacrest" }],
              "question": "Who is returning as host?",
              "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "131" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? ",
              "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol begin? ",
              "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Southern" }],
              "question": "What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? ",
              "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?",
              "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? ",
              "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?",
              "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Chris Daughtry" }],
              "question": "In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?",
              "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The show itself is popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern United States 10% more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "47 million" }],
              "question": "How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? ",
              "id": "56d3844659d6e414001465f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "16 percent" }],
              "question": "In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?",
              "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "47 million" }],
              "question": "How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010?",
              "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "85 percent" }],
              "question": "Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?",
              "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to season five winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Taylor Hicks" }],
              "question": "Who won season five of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Alabama" }],
              "question": "What state is Taylor Hicks from? ",
              "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "church" }],
              "question": "Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? ",
              "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "church" }],
              "question": "Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?",
              "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Alabama" }],
              "question": "Where is Taylor Hicks from?",
              "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that Idol pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as .... who's the nicest guy in a popularity contest,\" he says, \"And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "White guy with guitar" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym WGWG stand for? ",
              "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Phillip Phillips" }],
              "question": "Who won season eleven of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "American Idol: The Untold Story"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? ",
              "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "guitar" }],
              "question": "What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?",
              "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "White guy with guitar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the WGWG factor?",
              "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Richard Rushfield" }],
              "question": "Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?",
              "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Phillip Phillips" }],
              "question": "Who was named the winner of Season 11?",
              "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4fa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d384e559d6e4140014660b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Ruben Studdard" }],
              "question": "Who won season two of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3852a59d6e41400146619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Clay Aiken" }],
              "question": "Who came in second on season two of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? ",
              "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? ",
              "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "season two" }],
              "question": "Which season had the biggest voting controversy?",
              "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "season eight" }],
              "question": "Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?",
              "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "power voting" }],
              "question": "Which voting concern has been present since the first season?",
              "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Vote for the Girls start?",
              "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Vote for the Worst close?",
              "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4faf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "$185 million" }],
              "question": "How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? ",
              "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the charity that Idol has?",
              "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "season six" }],
              "question": "When was the first Idol Gives Back?",
              "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did American Idol being to air on television? ",
              "id": "56d385c459d6e41400146629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "9.9 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "23 million" }],
              "question": "How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? ",
              "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? ",
              "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "June 2002" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol premiere?",
              "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "9.9 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?",
              "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "23 million" }],
              "question": "What was the average for viewership by finale night?",
              "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18\u201349 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By season three, the show had become the top show in the 18\u201349 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode, and season five remains the highest-rated season of the series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "26.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? ",
              "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "21.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? ",
              "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Ruben Studdard" }],
              "question": "What contestant won the second season of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "season four" }],
              "question": "During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? ",
              "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "season five" }],
              "question": "Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? ",
              "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "26.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?",
              "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "21.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched on average for season two?",
              "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?",
              "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season six premiered with the series' highest-rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol. During this time, many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30- or 60-minute reach of previous hits such as NBC's The Cosby Show. The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Season six" }],
              "question": "Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched?",
              "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Season six" }],
              "question": "During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?",
              "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "the Death Star" }],
              "question": "What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?",
              "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "NBC" }],
              "question": "Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? ",
              "id": "56d3867b59d6e41400146640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Season six" }],
              "question": "Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?",
              "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "the Death Star" }],
              "question": "What was the show called by other networks?",
              "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "decline" }],
              "question": "Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?",
              "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "results show" }],
              "question": "Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?",
              "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven" }],
              "question": "During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? ",
              "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "Writers Guild of America strike"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season? ",
              "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven" }],
              "question": "On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Kristy Lee Cook" }],
              "question": "Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?",
              "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven" }],
              "question": "What was the series' third most watched finale?",
              "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "the most watched TV network" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?",
              "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "Writers Guild of America strike"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?",
              "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "NBC" }],
              "question": "Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? ",
              "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "CBS" }],
              "question": "Which television network originally aired All in the Family? ",
              "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?",
              "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "2010 Winter Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?",
              "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "30.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?",
              "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?",
              "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12\u201313%, and by up to 23% in the 18\u201349 demo compared to season nine. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale \u2013 up 12% for the adults 18\u201349 demo and a 21% increase in total viewers from the season nine finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. By the time of the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "32.1" }],
              "question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? ",
              "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "47.2" }],
              "question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season? ",
              "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "47.2" }],
              "question": "What is the median age of viewers this season?",
              "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "32.1" }],
              "question": "What was the median age for viewers for season one?",
              "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16\u201321% in overall viewer numbers and 24\u201327% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18-49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? ",
              "id": "56d3876659d6e41400146663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "Sunday Night Football" }
              ],
              "question": "What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?",
              "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "eight years" }],
              "question": "How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?",
              "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44% in the 18-49 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18\u201349 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013\u201314 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the Nielsen Top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "13.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? ",
              "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did American Idol first air on television? ",
              "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "7.2 million" }],
              "question": "The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?",
              "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "13.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many viewers watched on average this season?",
              "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Coca-Cola" }],
              "question": "What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?",
              "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "8.03 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?",
              "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "After what season will American Idol be cancelled? ",
              "id": "56d3881459d6e41400146671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "May 11, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?",
              "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "8.03 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the season 14 finale?",
              "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "9" }],
              "question": "For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?",
              "id": "56d3883859d6e41400146678"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as Glee and New Girl. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "What television network originally aired the show Glee?",
              "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "What television network originally aired the show House? ",
              "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Simon Fuller" }],
              "question": "Who created American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The show's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as Rock Star, Nashville Star, The Voice, Rising Star, The Sing-Off, and The X Factor. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance, most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Dancing with the Stars" }
              ],
              "question": "What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?",
              "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "The Voice" }],
              "question": "What is another singing show similar to American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, American Idol has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol" }],
              "question": "What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? ",
              "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol" }],
              "question": "What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? ",
              "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol" }],
              "question": "What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? ",
              "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146693"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "345" }],
              "question": "How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? ",
              "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "Rich Meyer" }],
              "question": "Who is the president of Mediabase? ",
              "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "Kelly Clarkson" }],
              "question": "Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? ",
              "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "345" }],
              "question": "How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?",
              "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Fred Bronson" }],
              "question": "Who authored books on Billboard charts?",
              "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?",
              "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "over four million" }],
              "question": "How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?",
              "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5025"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2013, the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "59 million" }],
              "question": "How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?",
              "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "120 million" }],
              "question": "How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013? ",
              "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "59 million" }],
              "question": "How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?",
              "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "120 million" }],
              "question": "How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?",
              "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Jennifer Hudson" }],
              "question": "Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? ",
              "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "vocal coach" }],
              "question": "What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "musical theatre" }],
              "question": "In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?",
              "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b502f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Jennifer Hudson" }],
              "question": "Which Idol won an Academy Award?",
              "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Dreamgirls" }],
              "question": "What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?",
              "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Debra Byrd" }],
              "question": "Who recommended the role for Hudon?",
              "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that \"As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations \u2013 Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is \"a conniving multimedia monster\" that has \"absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil\". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that \"The terrorists have won\" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who \"gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome).\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Entertainment Weekly" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication does Ken Tucker work for? ",
              "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "the national anthem" }
              ],
              "question": "What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? ",
              "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Ken Tucker" }],
              "question": "Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?",
              "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b5039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Entertainment Weekly" }
              ],
              "question": "Which publication did Tucker work for?",
              "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Karla Peterson" }],
              "question": "Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?",
              "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "Lincoln Memorial" }],
              "question": "Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?",
              "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Entertainment Weekly" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication does Michael Slezak write for?",
              "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1039, "text": "John Mayer" }],
              "question": "What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "Newsweek" }],
              "question": "What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? ",
              "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "commercialism" }],
              "question": "Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?",
              "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Ann Powers" }],
              "question": "Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?",
              "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "Simon Cowell" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?",
              "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1039, "text": "John Mayer" }],
              "question": "Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?",
              "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5046"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the \"true art form of music\", thought that shows like American Idol made it seem \"so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight\", and that \"television is a lie\". Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol \"isn't really about music. It's about all the bad aspects of the music business \u2013 the arrogance of commerce, this sense of 'I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves don't know.' \" That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? ",
              "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? ",
              "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "LeAnn Rimes" }],
              "question": "What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? ",
              "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Usher" }],
              "question": "Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?",
              "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?",
              "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "Faith Hill" }],
              "question": "Who did Carrie beat out for the award?",
              "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "LeAnn Rimes" }],
              "question": "Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?",
              "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?",
              "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having \"proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records\". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone,\" and that country music and Idol \"go together well\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "country" }],
              "question": "Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38a2359d6e414001466b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "country music" }],
              "question": "Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?",
              "id": "56db6302e7c41114004b5055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "9" }],
              "question": "How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  ",
              "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Bruce Gower" }],
              "question": "What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? ",
              "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Idol Gives Back" }],
              "question": "What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?",
              "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?",
              "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b5059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Governor's Award in 2007" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?",
              "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b505b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "$900 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did American Idol make in 2004?",
              "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "$6.4 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? ",
              "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 932, "text": "The American Idol Experience" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? ",
              "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "$900 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?",
              "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "Disney" }],
              "question": "Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?",
              "id": "56db63dbe7c41114004b5064"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "season four" }],
              "question": "In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? ",
              "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "$1.3 million" }],
              "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?",
              "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 952, "text": "less than $300,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? ",
              "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "$737,000" }],
              "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? ",
              "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?",
              "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b5069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "800 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?",
              "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b506d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "season one" }],
              "question": "In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "season one" }],
              "question": "In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "AT&T Wireless" }],
              "question": "Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? ",
              "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "after season 13" }],
              "question": "When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "10 million" }],
              "question": "How much did it cost each company for the first season?",
              "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "35 million" }],
              "question": "How much did it cost each company in season 7?",
              "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "AT&T" }],
              "question": "Who was the third largest sponsor?",
              "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5076"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "text-messaging" }],
              "question": "What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? ",
              "id": "56d38c2d59d6e4140014670d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "4,349" }],
              "question": "How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?",
              "id": "56db64e9e7c41114004b507d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "PepsiCo" }],
              "question": "Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? ",
              "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "The X Factor" }],
              "question": "What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "PepsiCo" }],
              "question": "Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?",
              "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b507f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "The X Factor" }],
              "question": "In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?",
              "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?",
              "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "season five" }],
              "question": "Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?",
              "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? ",
              "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "a semi-finalist who won a sing-off"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was added to the tour in season 12?",
              "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Kellogg's Pop-Tarts" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sponsored the first seven tours?",
              "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who sponsored the ninth tour?",
              "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "season five" }],
              "question": "Which was the most successful tour?",
              "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5089"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "season seven" }],
              "question": "When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? ",
              "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?",
              "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the winner's coronation single" }
              ],
              "question": "Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?",
              "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b508f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "as a compilation album" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?",
              "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "the most successful soundtrack franchise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?",
              "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "iTunes" }],
              "question": "Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?",
              "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5092"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "19 Recordings" }],
              "question": "What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?",
              "id": "56d38d1a59d6e4140014673f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "UMG" }],
              "question": "What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?",
              "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "BMG" }],
              "question": "What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? ",
              "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "Who owns 19 Recordings?",
              "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "19 Recordings" }],
              "question": "Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?",
              "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "BMG" }],
              "question": "Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?",
              "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Sony Music Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?",
              "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 670,
                  "text": "UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?",
              "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "The Walt Disney Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? ",
              "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? ",
              "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 956, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? ",
              "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "19 Entertainment" }],
              "question": "What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? ",
              "id": "56d38d5a59d6e4140014674a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 14, 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the American Idol Experience open?",
              "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Walt Disney World" }],
              "question": "Where did it open?",
              "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "Dream Ticket" }],
              "question": "What did the winner win?",
              "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 945, "text": "August 30, 2014" }],
              "question": "When did the Experience close?",
              "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "How many different countries air American Idol on television? ",
              "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "CTV" }],
              "question": "What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? ",
              "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Yes TV" }],
              "question": "What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? ",
              "id": "56d38d9359d6e4140014675a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?",
              "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "CTV and/or CTV Two" }
              ],
              "question": "Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?",
              "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Yes TV" }],
              "question": "Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?",
              "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008\u201311 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it is aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013, from 2008 to 2012 on Fox8, from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. In the United Kingdom, episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. As of season 12, the episodes air on 5*. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1116, "text": "La3" }],
              "question": "What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? ",
              "id": "56d38dcc59d6e4140014675f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? ",
              "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "STAR World" }],
              "question": "What television network in Asia shows American Idol? ",
              "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Thursday and Friday" }
              ],
              "question": "On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? ",
              "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "STAR World" }],
              "question": "Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?",
              "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1116, "text": "La3" }],
              "question": "Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?",
              "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "ringers" }],
              "question": "Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?",
              "id": "56db3f98e7c41114004b4fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol. It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?",
              "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?",
              "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dog",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Canis lupus familiaris" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?",
              "id": "56d47d7d2ccc5a1400d8314e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "domestic dog" }],
              "question": "What is Canis familiaris?",
              "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "millennia" }],
              "question": "How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?",
              "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "sensory capabilities" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?",
              "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "2010s" }],
              "question": "What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?",
              "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?",
              "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Eurasia" }],
              "question": "What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?",
              "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "starch-rich" }],
              "question": "What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?",
              "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "extensive genetic studies" }
              ],
              "question": "What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?",
              "id": "56d997d0dc89441400fdb590"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "man's best friend" }],
              "question": "What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?",
              "id": "56d4bb172ccc5a1400d83186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "man's best friend" }],
              "question": "What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?",
              "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "meat" }],
              "question": "Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?",
              "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"domestic dog\" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a \"powerful dog breed\". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukk\u014dn, represented in Old English finger-docce (\"finger-muscle\"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga \"frog\", picga \"pig\", stagga \"stag\", wicga \"beetle, worm\", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "dukk\u014dn" }],
              "question": "What is the Proto-Germanic word that \"dog\" may have come from?",
              "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Proto-Indo-European" }
              ],
              "question": "What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?",
              "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Old English docga" }],
              "question": "Where does the word dog originate?",
              "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Proto-Indo-European" }
              ],
              "question": "Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?",
              "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb598"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this \"dog\" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category \"hound\". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word \"hound\" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- \"dog\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "hound" }],
              "question": "What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?",
              "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "mastiff." }],
              "question": "What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?",
              "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?",
              "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "hound" }],
              "question": "What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?",
              "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When did the word dog become the common term for canines?",
              "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "hunting" }],
              "question": "Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?",
              "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "*kwon- \"dog\"" }],
              "question": "What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?",
              "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poup\u00e9e, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "a litter." }],
              "question": "What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?",
              "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "sire" }],
              "question": "What is the male who is father of the pups called?",
              "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "poup\u00e9e" }],
              "question": "What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?",
              "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "whelping" }],
              "question": "What is giving birth to dogs called?",
              "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "bitch" }],
              "question": "What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?",
              "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "bitch" }],
              "question": "A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?",
              "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "litter" }],
              "question": "What are canine offspring referred as?",
              "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "sire" }],
              "question": "What is the father of a litter referred as?",
              "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "dam" }],
              "question": "What is the mother of a litter referred as?",
              "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "pups" }],
              "question": "What are the individual litter canines called?",
              "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means \"Dog-family\" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means \"Dog-wolf\". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that \"Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus.\" In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species\", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Canis" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"",
              "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1758" }],
              "question": "What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?",
              "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Linnaeus" }],
              "question": "Who published Systema Naturae?",
              "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "wolf" }],
              "question": "What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?",
              "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "Mammal Species of the World" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?",
              "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Canis" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin word for dog?",
              "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "family dog" }],
              "question": "Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?",
              "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Canis lupus" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin name for a wolf?",
              "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Canis dingo" }],
              "question": "Feral dogs have what Latin classification?",
              "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?",
              "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: \"Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding\". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?",
              "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Mammal Species of the World" }
              ],
              "question": "What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?",
              "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "Canis familiaris." }],
              "question": "What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?",
              "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "ICZN" }],
              "question": "What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?",
              "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "Canis familiaris." }],
              "question": "Many researchers prefer what term?",
              "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "ICZN" }],
              "question": "Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?",
              "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Opinion 2027" }],
              "question": "What was this decision called?",
              "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "genetic studies" }],
              "question": "What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?",
              "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "extinct." }],
              "question": "The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?",
              "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000\u201340,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "hunter-gatherers" }],
              "question": "Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?",
              "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "Taimyr wolf of North Asia" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?",
              "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "human hunter-gatherers" }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?",
              "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "gray wolf" }],
              "question": "Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?",
              "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Taimyr" }],
              "question": "Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?",
              "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Modern dog breeds" }],
              "question": "What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?",
              "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "catching and tearing." }
              ],
              "question": "What are dog teeth best suited for?",
              "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "scavengers" }],
              "question": "Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?",
              "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "wrist" }],
              "question": "What bones in dog legs are fused?",
              "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "endurance" }],
              "question": "A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?",
              "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "catching and tearing" }
              ],
              "question": "What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?",
              "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "scavengers" }],
              "question": "Dogs originated as predators and what?",
              "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "height and weight." }],
              "question": "Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?",
              "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "English Mastiff" }],
              "question": "What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?",
              "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "English Mastiff" }],
              "question": "What is the biggest known dog?",
              "id": "56d99d69dc89441400fdb5f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "double" }],
              "question": "Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?",
              "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "soft down hair" }],
              "question": "Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?",
              "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "double" }],
              "question": "What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?",
              "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "topcoat only" }],
              "question": "What is a single coat?",
              "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional \"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "countershading" }],
              "question": "When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?",
              "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "upper surfaces" }],
              "question": "A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?",
              "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "countershading" }],
              "question": "A natural camo pattern is known as what?",
              "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "dark coloring" }],
              "question": "What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?",
              "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "visibility" }],
              "question": "What is reduced when a dog has countershading?",
              "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb610"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "tails" }],
              "question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?",
              "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "emotional state" }],
              "question": "What does a dog communicate with its tail?",
              "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "tails" }],
              "question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?",
              "id": "56d99ea7dc89441400fdb620"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "genetic ailments" }],
              "question": "What are some dogs prone to?",
              "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "parasites" }],
              "question": "What are all dogs susceptible to?",
              "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "unspayed" }],
              "question": "Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?",
              "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "unspayed females" }],
              "question": "Who does pyometra affect?",
              "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "parasites" }],
              "question": "What are fleas, ticks and mites called?",
              "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "toxic" }],
              "question": "Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?",
              "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "xylitol" }],
              "question": "Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?",
              "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "macadamia" }],
              "question": "What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?",
              "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "theobromine" }],
              "question": "What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?",
              "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "toxic" }],
              "question": "Some human foods can be what to dogs?",
              "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "nicotine" }],
              "question": "What in tobacco can hurt dogs?",
              "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "dark" }],
              "question": "What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?",
              "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb652"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1.2 years" }],
              "question": "Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?",
              "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "shorter" }],
              "question": "Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?",
              "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?",
              "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1.2 years longer" }],
              "question": "Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?",
              "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "10 to 13 years." }],
              "question": "What is the median lifespan of canines?",
              "id": "56d5cc661c85041400946de2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Dogue de Bordeaux" }],
              "question": "What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?",
              "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "5.2 years" }],
              "question": "What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?",
              "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "6 to 7 years." }],
              "question": "What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?",
              "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Dogue de Bordeaux" }],
              "question": "Which dog has the shortest lifespan?",
              "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "5.2 years" }],
              "question": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?",
              "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb663"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "14 to 15 years." }],
              "question": "What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?",
              "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Bluey" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?",
              "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Pusuke" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?",
              "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?",
              "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Bluey" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?",
              "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When did Bluey die?",
              "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Pusuke" }],
              "question": "Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?",
              "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?",
              "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "pregnancy." }],
              "question": "What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?",
              "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?",
              "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "first estrous cycle" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?",
              "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb682"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "58 to 68 days" }],
              "question": "How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?",
              "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "63 days" }],
              "question": "What is the average length of dog pregnancy?",
              "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "about six" }],
              "question": "What is the average number of pups in a litter?",
              "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "one to four" }],
              "question": "For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?",
              "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "63 days" }],
              "question": "What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?",
              "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "What is the average number of pups per litter?",
              "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "one to four" }],
              "question": "Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?",
              "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Neutering" }],
              "question": "What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?",
              "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?",
              "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "testicles" }],
              "question": "What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?",
              "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "ovaries and uterus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?",
              "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "testicles" }],
              "question": "In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?",
              "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "ovaries and uterus" }
              ],
              "question": "In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?",
              "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "neutered" }],
              "question": "What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?",
              "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Neutering" }],
              "question": "Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?",
              "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "urinary incontinence" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?",
              "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Spayed" }],
              "question": "Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?",
              "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "urinary incontinence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is increased in female dogs with neutering?",
              "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "prostate cancer" }],
              "question": "What is increased in male dogs with neutering?",
              "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Rico" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?",
              "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Chaser" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?",
              "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "gesturing and pointing" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?",
              "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "Australian dingos" }],
              "question": "What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?",
              "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1297,
                  "text": "to solve their problems for them."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?",
              "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "intelligence" }],
              "question": "Perceiving information and retaining it is what?",
              "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "over 200" }],
              "question": "How many labels does Rico the dog know?",
              "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "advanced" }],
              "question": "What kind of memory skills do dogs have?",
              "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "over 1,000" }],
              "question": "How many words did Chaser know?",
              "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "9,000\u201330,000 years BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?",
              "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "humans." }],
              "question": "Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?",
              "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 826,
                  "text": "social-cognitive skills of human children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?",
              "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "humans." }],
              "question": "Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?",
              "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "humans." }],
              "question": "Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?",
              "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dog behavior" }],
              "question": "What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?",
              "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "understand and communicate" }
              ],
              "question": "More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?",
              "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 853, "text": "human children" }],
              "question": "Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?",
              "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dog communication is about how dogs \"speak\" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "scents, pheromones and taste" }
              ],
              "question": "What is gustatory communication include in dogs?",
              "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "hand signals" }],
              "question": "People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?",
              "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dog communication" }],
              "question": "Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?",
              "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "hand signals" }],
              "question": "In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "dogs." }],
              "question": "Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?",
              "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1018, "text": "atrophy of the jaw muscles." }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?",
              "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "diagnostic features" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "once a year." }],
              "question": "How often do female wolves enter estrus?",
              "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "behaviors." }],
              "question": "Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?",
              "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?",
              "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "morphology and behavior" }
              ],
              "question": "The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?",
              "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "tameness" }],
              "question": "What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?",
              "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "fear and aggression" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most dogs show less of than wolves?",
              "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "production-related traits" }
              ],
              "question": "Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?",
              "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "for their behaviors." }
              ],
              "question": "Why were dogs initially selected?",
              "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?",
              "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "aggression" }],
              "question": "Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?",
              "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available \u2013 all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "525 million" }],
              "question": "What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?",
              "id": "56d5f7181c85041400946e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "525 million" }],
              "question": "How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?",
              "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "human population densities" }
              ],
              "question": "What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?",
              "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "apex" }],
              "question": "Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?",
              "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "fearless" }],
              "question": "Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?",
              "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "dogs" }],
              "question": "What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?",
              "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "apex" }],
              "question": "Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "sheep" }],
              "question": "Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?",
              "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Wolves" }],
              "question": "What limits the feral dog population in Russia?",
              "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "leopards." }],
              "question": "What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?",
              "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Striped hyenas" }],
              "question": "What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?",
              "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "alligators and pythons" }
              ],
              "question": "What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?",
              "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Leopards" }],
              "question": "What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Tigers" }],
              "question": "What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "alligators and pythons" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of reptiles eat dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Striped hyenas" }],
              "question": "What is a known predator of village dogs in India?",
              "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb729"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "omnivores" }],
              "question": "Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?",
              "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "vegetables and grains" }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?",
              "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "obligate" }],
              "question": "Cats are known as what type of carnivore?",
              "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "carnivores or omnivores" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?",
              "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "protein" }],
              "question": "Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?",
              "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "starch" }],
              "question": "Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?",
              "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "a few hundred years" }
              ],
              "question": "The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?",
              "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "particular morphologies and behaviors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?",
              "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "selective breeding" }
              ],
              "question": "Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?",
              "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Irish Wolfhound" }],
              "question": "Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?",
              "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "a few hundred years old" }
              ],
              "question": "How old are most dog breeds?",
              "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "hundreds" }],
              "question": "How many different breeds are there?",
              "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "selective breeding" }],
              "question": "Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?",
              "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "breed" }],
              "question": "What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?",
              "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "modern kennel clubs." }
              ],
              "question": "Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?",
              "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "natural selection and selective breeding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?",
              "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "breeds" }],
              "question": "Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?",
              "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "non-scientific" }],
              "question": "Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?",
              "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the \"old world dogs\" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), \"Mastiff\"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), \"herding\"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and \"all others\" (also called \"modern\"- or \"hunting\"-type).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "unsystematic." }],
              "question": "The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?",
              "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?",
              "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Malamute and Shar Pei" }
              ],
              "question": "What, according to the text, are two examples of \"old world\" dogs?",
              "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "herding" }],
              "question": "the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?",
              "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many main types of dogs are there?",
              "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "old world dogs" }],
              "question": "What type of dogs are Shar Peis?",
              "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "all others" }],
              "question": "What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?",
              "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb788"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "bite inhibition" }],
              "question": "What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?",
              "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?",
              "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "one of the most successful species on the planet today."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?",
              "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "bite inhibition" }],
              "question": "What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?",
              "id": "56d9c0c0dc89441400fdb798"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "hunter-gatherers" }],
              "question": "Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?",
              "id": "56d601b61c85041400946ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "aiding handicapped individuals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?",
              "id": "56d601b61c85041400946eca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "man's best friend" }],
              "question": "Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?",
              "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "a source of meat" }],
              "question": "Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?",
              "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "food scraps." }],
              "question": "What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?",
              "id": "56d626661c85041400946f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "three dog night" }],
              "question": "What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? ",
              "id": "56d626661c85041400946f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "early warning." }],
              "question": "What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?",
              "id": "56d626661c85041400946f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "cleaning up food scraps" }
              ],
              "question": "How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?",
              "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "three dog night" }],
              "question": "What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?",
              "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "cooperative hunting" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?",
              "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?",
              "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "sense of smell" }],
              "question": "What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?",
              "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "the domestication of the wolf" }
              ],
              "question": "The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?",
              "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "sled dogs" }],
              "question": "What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?",
              "id": "56d629291c85041400946f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Bering land bridge" }],
              "question": "What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?",
              "id": "56d629291c85041400946f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "9,400 years" }],
              "question": "How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?",
              "id": "56d629291c85041400946f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "12,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "Evidence places dogs in North America when?",
              "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Athabascan" }],
              "question": "Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?",
              "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "Apache and Navajo tribes" }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?",
              "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "horse" }],
              "question": "People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?",
              "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "puppy" }],
              "question": "A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?",
              "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "humans and dogs" }],
              "question": "What two species have the most widespread bonding?",
              "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "after World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?",
              "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?",
              "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "outside" }],
              "question": "In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?",
              "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "elites" }],
              "question": "Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?",
              "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "outside" }],
              "question": "Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?",
              "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?",
              "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "commodification" }],
              "question": "Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?",
              "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "dogs." }],
              "question": "The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?",
              "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?",
              "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "commodification" }],
              "question": "When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?",
              "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "everyday routines" }],
              "question": "A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?",
              "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "commodity forms" }],
              "question": "It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?",
              "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "Dog training can be researched back to what century?",
              "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "urine marking" }],
              "question": "How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?",
              "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "How far back can dog training be found?",
              "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "urine marking" }],
              "question": "How do dogs mark their territory?",
              "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "training" }],
              "question": "What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?",
              "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "part of the family" }],
              "question": "How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?",
              "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Dog Whisperer." }],
              "question": "What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?",
              "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "part of the family" }],
              "question": "Most people today describe their dogs as what?",
              "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Dog Whisperer" }],
              "question": "What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?",
              "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "newspaper" }],
              "question": "A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?",
              "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "plates" }],
              "question": "Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?",
              "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "dog yoga." }],
              "question": "In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?",
              "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "set tasks or routines" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?",
              "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "the newspaper" }],
              "question": "What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?",
              "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "77.5 million" }],
              "question": "The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?",
              "id": "56d62dc31c85041400946f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "77.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people in the United States are said to own dog?",
              "id": "56d9e5dfdc89441400fdb8c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "magnetic resonance imaging" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?",
              "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "voices" }],
              "question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?",
              "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "the brain" }],
              "question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?",
              "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "emotion" }],
              "question": "Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?",
              "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "MRI" }],
              "question": "What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?",
              "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "emotional" }],
              "question": "Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?",
              "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, \"man's best friend\", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "man's best friend" }],
              "question": "What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?",
              "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "hunt" }],
              "question": "Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?",
              "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "nets" }],
              "question": "Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?",
              "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Laika" }],
              "question": "Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?",
              "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "husky-terrier mix" }],
              "question": "What breed was Laika?",
              "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "man's best friend" }],
              "question": "What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?",
              "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "pointers and hounds" }
              ],
              "question": "What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?",
              "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "nets" }],
              "question": "Some dogs help fishermen with what?",
              "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Laika" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?",
              "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "What year was the first dog sent into space?",
              "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Service dogs" }],
              "question": "What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?",
              "id": "56d62f941c85041400946fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "medical care." }],
              "question": "Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?",
              "id": "56d9e67edc89441400fdb8de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "breed shows" }],
              "question": "What are conformation shows also known as?",
              "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "a judge" }],
              "question": "Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?",
              "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "conformity with their established breed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?",
              "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "externally observable qualities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only standard judged?",
              "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "conformation shows." }
              ],
              "question": "What is another word for \"breed shows\"?",
              "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "a judge" }],
              "question": "What is the evaluator called in a breed show?",
              "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "externally observable qualities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The breed standard only is about what?",
              "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "health" }],
              "question": "Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?",
              "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "East Asian countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do some people eat dogs?",
              "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "taboo." }],
              "question": "In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?",
              "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "dog fat" }],
              "question": "In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?",
              "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "western hypocrisy" }],
              "question": "What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?",
              "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "taboo" }],
              "question": "The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?",
              "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "medicinal properties" }
              ],
              "question": "Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?",
              "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "gaejang-guk" }],
              "question": "What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?",
              "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "a spicy stew" }],
              "question": "What is Gaejang-guk?",
              "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "to balance the body's heat" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?",
              "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "scallions and chili powder." }
              ],
              "question": "What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?",
              "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the summer months" }],
              "question": "When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?",
              "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "scallions and chili powder." }
              ],
              "question": "What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?",
              "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "4.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?",
              "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?",
              "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?",
              "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "4.5 million" }],
              "question": "According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?",
              "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?",
              "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "less severe" }],
              "question": "According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?",
              "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "12.9" }],
              "question": "Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?",
              "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "60.7" }],
              "question": "Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?",
              "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "the face or neck." }],
              "question": "Children are often bit where by dogs?",
              "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "infections." }],
              "question": "A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?",
              "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "Colorado" }],
              "question": "Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?",
              "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "60.7" }],
              "question": "About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?",
              "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "infections." }],
              "question": "According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?",
              "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb905"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "cats" }],
              "question": "In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?",
              "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "two-wheeled vehicles." }
              ],
              "question": "Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?",
              "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "two-wheeled vehicles" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?",
              "id": "56d9e518dc89441400fdb8bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "dog roundworm" }],
              "question": "What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?",
              "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "dog feces" }],
              "question": "How are Toxicara canis infections spread?",
              "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?",
              "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "retinal damage and decreased vision."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?",
              "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "roundworm" }],
              "question": "Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?",
              "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?",
              "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?",
              "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?",
              "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "retinal damage and decreased vision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?",
              "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb85a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?",
              "id": "56d636bb1c85041400946fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "absenteeism from school" }
              ],
              "question": "What is lowered in children who have pets?",
              "id": "56d636bb1c85041400947000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?",
              "id": "56d9db72dc89441400fdb864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "exercise" }],
              "question": "People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?",
              "id": "56d637a01c85041400947005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "exercise" }],
              "question": "People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?",
              "id": "56d9dc00dc89441400fdb86a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "immune-stimulating microorganisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?",
              "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "social interactions" }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?",
              "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?",
              "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "anxiety" }],
              "question": "What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?",
              "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb86f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "strangers" }],
              "question": "People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?",
              "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb871"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "mental institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?",
              "id": "56d639a01c85041400947016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "social behaviors" }],
              "question": "Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?",
              "id": "56d639a01c85041400947017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "antisocial and violent behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?",
              "id": "56d639a01c85041400947018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "the late 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did people start using dogs as therapy?",
              "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "mental institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?",
              "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "dogs" }],
              "question": "Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?",
              "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "animal-assisted therapy" }
              ],
              "question": "People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?",
              "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb893"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "diseases" }],
              "question": "What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?",
              "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "40 times larger" }],
              "question": "How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?",
              "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "trillion" }],
              "question": "A dog can detect smells in one part per what?",
              "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "40 times larger" }],
              "question": "How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?",
              "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "551" }],
              "question": "How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?",
              "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb89b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Cerberus" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?",
              "id": "56d63b2c1c8504140094702f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the gates of Hades." }
              ],
              "question": "What did Cerberus guard?",
              "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Garmr" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?",
              "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Kimat" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?",
              "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "thunder" }],
              "question": "Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?",
              "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Persian" }],
              "question": "In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?",
              "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Cerberus" }],
              "question": "Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?",
              "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Garmr" }],
              "question": "Who is the dog that guards Helheim?",
              "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "god of thunder" }],
              "question": "Who is Tadaklan?",
              "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Kimat" }],
              "question": "Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?",
              "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "the gates of Naraka." }
              ],
              "question": "In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?",
              "id": "56d63b901c85041400947039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Yama" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the god of death?",
              "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "bronze dog figurines." }
              ],
              "question": "Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?",
              "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Yama" }],
              "question": "Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?",
              "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "the gates of Naraka" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Yama's dogs watch over?",
              "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "mount" }],
              "question": "What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?",
              "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "bronze dog figurines" }
              ],
              "question": "Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?",
              "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in L\u00e9rida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "as unclean" }],
              "question": "How are dogs viewed in Islam?",
              "id": "56d63c501c85041400947041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "scavengers" }],
              "question": "Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?",
              "id": "56d63c501c85041400947042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "The Hague" }],
              "question": "What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?",
              "id": "56d63c501c85041400947043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "leather dog booties" }
              ],
              "question": "In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?",
              "id": "56d63c501c85041400947045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "scavengers" }],
              "question": "Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?",
              "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?",
              "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "L\u00e9rida, Spain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?",
              "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "their luggage" }],
              "question": "What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?",
              "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "faithfulness." }],
              "question": "What do dogs represent to Christians?",
              "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "themselves" }],
              "question": "Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?",
              "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "feed" }],
              "question": "If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?",
              "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "faithfulness" }],
              "question": "What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?",
              "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "kind protectors." }],
              "question": "Three Asian countries see dogs as what?",
              "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?",
              "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "as kind protectors" }],
              "question": "How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?",
              "id": "56d9de64dc89441400fdb876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "caves." }],
              "question": "Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?",
              "id": "56d63d821c85041400947055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Hunting" }],
              "question": "What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56d63d821c85041400947057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "caves" }],
              "question": "Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?",
              "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Hunting scenes" }],
              "question": "What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "became more elaborate" }
              ],
              "question": "As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?",
              "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "humans" }],
              "question": "Dogs can have the same health issues as who?",
              "id": "56d9a1bbdc89441400fdb658"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Male French Bulldogs" }
              ],
              "question": "Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?",
              "id": "56d9a5d0dc89441400fdb692"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\" regarding 17\u201324% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "run away" }],
              "question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?",
              "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "respond with aggression" }
              ],
              "question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?",
              "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "pet dogs living in human homes."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?",
              "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb715"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "significant benefits" }
              ],
              "question": "What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?",
              "id": "56d9c243dc89441400fdb7aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the domestication of dogs" }
              ],
              "question": "What has likely led to human success?",
              "id": "56d9c649dc89441400fdb7e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "poorly controlled" }],
              "question": "Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?",
              "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "to the doctor" }],
              "question": "People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?",
              "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb861"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "1936 Summer Olympics." }
              ],
              "question": "When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?",
              "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "129 days" }],
              "question": "How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "one world, one dream" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the theme for the torch relay?",
              "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Journey of Harmony" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?",
              "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "one world, one dream" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?",
              "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Beijing, China." }],
              "question": "Where were the details of the torch relay made known?",
              "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "\"Journey of Harmony\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?",
              "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "85,000 mi" }],
              "question": "How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?",
              "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "March 24" }],
              "question": "What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?",
              "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Olympia, Greece" }],
              "question": "Where did the Olympics originate?",
              "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "March 31" }],
              "question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?",
              "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?",
              "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Silk Road" }],
              "question": "The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?",
              "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Olympia, Greece" }],
              "question": "Where was the Olympic torch lit?",
              "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "March 24" }],
              "question": "What date was the Olympic torch lit?",
              "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Panathinaiko Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?",
              "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "March 31." }],
              "question": "What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?",
              "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Mount Everest" }],
              "question": "What mountain was the torch taken up?",
              "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "hundreds" }],
              "question": "How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?",
              "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "effectively none" }],
              "question": "How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?",
              "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "protesting" }],
              "question": "What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?",
              "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Chinese security officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Who put out the torch along the route for protection?",
              "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the Chinese government, condemning them as \"deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France\" and who \"tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit\", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to \"impede the Olympic spirit\". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the Chinese government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?",
              "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b770f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "supporters" }],
              "question": "In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? ",
              "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "counter-protesters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?",
              "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "counter-protesters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who amassed in large scale against protesters?",
              "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "skirmishes" }],
              "question": "What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?",
              "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 800,
                  "text": "Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?",
              "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Jacques Rogge" }],
              "question": "Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?",
              "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b7719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Tibetan" }],
              "question": "Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?",
              "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "global relays" }],
              "question": "Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?",
              "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Jacques Rogge" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?",
              "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "could be expelled" }],
              "question": "What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?",
              "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "IOC members." }],
              "question": "Who asked that the torch relay be ended?",
              "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "global relays" }],
              "question": "What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?",
              "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Paralympic Games" }],
              "question": "The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?",
              "id": "56d8d444bfea0914004b7723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Paralympic Games" }],
              "question": "For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?",
              "id": "56dafa15e7c41114004b4bf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Lucky Cloud" }],
              "question": "What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?",
              "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "aluminum." }],
              "question": "What is the Olympic Torch made from?",
              "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "985 grams" }],
              "question": "How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?",
              "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "An ignition key" }],
              "question": "What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?",
              "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b772b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Lucky Cloud" }],
              "question": "What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?",
              "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "aluminum." }],
              "question": "What metal is the torch constructed from?",
              "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?",
              "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?",
              "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "propane." }],
              "question": "What fuel is used for the torch?",
              "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "a chartered Air China Airbus A330"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?",
              "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "red and yellow" }],
              "question": "What color was the chartered plane?",
              "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "March 2008" }],
              "question": "When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?",
              "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "130 days" }],
              "question": "How many days did the plane travel?",
              "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Airbus A330" }],
              "question": "What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?",
              "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "red and yellow" }],
              "question": "What colors was the aircraft painted?",
              "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Air China" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?",
              "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "130" }],
              "question": "How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?",
              "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?",
              "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many continents did the torch visit?",
              "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Taipei" }],
              "question": "What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Hong Kong and Macau" }
              ],
              "question": "The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?",
              "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "continents" }],
              "question": "The torch route covered six what?",
              "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "Taiwan." }],
              "question": "What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?",
              "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Hong Kong and Macau" }
              ],
              "question": "What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?",
              "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?",
              "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "March 24, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?",
              "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Olympia, Greece." }],
              "question": "Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?",
              "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch?",
              "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Maria Nafpliotou" }],
              "question": "Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?",
              "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "March 30, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?",
              "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Olympia, Greece." }],
              "question": "Where is the location of the original Olympic events?",
              "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Maria Nafpliotou" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?",
              "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?",
              "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?",
              "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1175, "text": "Nepal." }],
              "question": "What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?",
              "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. According to the Washington Times on April 15, however, the Chinese government was attempting to \"calm the situation\" through censorship: \"All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted.\" Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Nazism's Swastika to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. The Carrefour boycott was met with anti-boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming, only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Carrefour" }],
              "question": "Action was taken to boycott which company?",
              "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "the LVMH Group" }],
              "question": "Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?",
              "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1099, "text": "the French flag" }],
              "question": "What did some protesters burn?",
              "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "Kunming" }],
              "question": "Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?",
              "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "the LVMH Group" }],
              "question": "Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "censorship" }],
              "question": "What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?",
              "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Carrefour" }],
              "question": "What French company was being boycotted?",
              "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the People's Daily urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?",
              "id": "56d8da16dc89441400fdb344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?",
              "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "legal" }],
              "question": "The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?",
              "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Kazakhstan: The first torchbearer in Almaty, where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2, was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square. There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Almaty" }],
              "question": "What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?",
              "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?",
              "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "the President of Kazakhstan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?",
              "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Astana Square." }],
              "question": "The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?",
              "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Uighur activists" }],
              "question": "What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?",
              "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb34a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "Kazakhstan" }],
              "question": "What country did the torch get to for the first time?",
              "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?",
              "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?",
              "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Uighur" }],
              "question": "What activists were reported to have been arrested?",
              "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "April 3" }],
              "question": "When was the torch in Istanbul?",
              "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Taksim Square" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?",
              "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Sultanahmet Square" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch start in Instanbul?",
              "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Uyghurs living in Turkey" }
              ],
              "question": "Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?",
              "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Istanbul" }],
              "question": "What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?",
              "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Sultanahmet Square" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?",
              "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Taksim Square." }],
              "question": "Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?",
              "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Uyghurs" }],
              "question": "What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?",
              "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "arrested" }],
              "question": "What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?",
              "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "April 5" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?",
              "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Victory Square" }],
              "question": "Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?",
              "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Palace Square" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?",
              "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Fedor Emelianenko" }],
              "question": "Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?",
              "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Saint Petersburg" }],
              "question": "Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?",
              "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4cca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Victory Square" }],
              "question": "What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?",
              "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Palace Square." }],
              "question": "What was the last location for the relay in Russia?",
              "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Fedor Emelianenko" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?",
              "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as \"thugs\". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost \u00a3750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, \"We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "April 6" }],
              "question": "When did the torch route begin in London?",
              "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "\u00a3750,000" }],
              "question": "How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?",
              "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What city held the Olympics in 2012?",
              "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Wembley Stadium" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?",
              "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "O2 Arena" }],
              "question": "Where did the relay end in London?",
              "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "30 mi" }],
              "question": "How many miles was the relay in England?",
              "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "thugs" }],
              "question": "What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?",
              "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers took part in the London route?",
              "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Sir Steve Redgrave" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?",
              "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Richard Vaughan" }],
              "question": "Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?",
              "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Prime Minister Gordon Brown" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?",
              "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Sir Steve Redgrave" }],
              "question": "Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?",
              "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?",
              "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two people in England declined to bear the torch?",
              "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "10 Downing Street" }],
              "question": "Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?",
              "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "Ladbroke Grove" }],
              "question": "Where was an attempt made to take the torch?",
              "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n France: The torch relay leg in Paris, held on April 7, began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charl\u00e9ty. The relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km, but it was shortened at the demand of Chinese officials following widespread protests by pro-Tibet and human rights activists, who repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities, and, also at the request of Chinese authorities, the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes. Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading \"Paris defends human rights throughout the world\" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values \"of all humanity and of human rights.\" Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: \"I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "April 7" }],
              "question": "When did the torch relay in Paris occur?",
              "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "the Eiffel Tower" }],
              "question": "Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?",
              "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "by bus" }],
              "question": "Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?",
              "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1898, "text": "Teddy Riner" }],
              "question": "The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?",
              "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb37a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "April 7" }],
              "question": "What date did the torch relay begin in France?",
              "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What city in France did the torch relay start at?",
              "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Eiffel Tower" }],
              "question": "Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?",
              "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1015, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?",
              "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1343, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?",
              "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ceb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Green Party officials." }
              ],
              "question": "Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?",
              "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Jin Jing" }],
              "question": "Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?",
              "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Angel in Wheelchair" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?",
              "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "torch relay ceremony" }
              ],
              "question": "What was stopped due to protest interruptions?",
              "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Jin Jing" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?",
              "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Angel in Wheelchair" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?",
              "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Green Party officials." }
              ],
              "question": "Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?",
              "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization planned several protests?",
              "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "the Eiffel Tower" }],
              "question": "What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?",
              "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Notre Dame cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?",
              "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "banner" }],
              "question": "What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?",
              "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?",
              "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Notre Dame cathedral." }
              ],
              "question": "Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?",
              "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro" }],
              "question": "Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?",
              "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Jane Birkin" }],
              "question": "Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?",
              "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Thupten Gyatso" }],
              "question": "Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?",
              "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Trocad\u00e9ro" }],
              "question": "Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?",
              "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "peaceful" }],
              "question": "The Trocad\u00e9ro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?",
              "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Jane Birkin" }],
              "question": "Who, of the Trocad\u00e9ro protest, spoke to the media?",
              "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "freedom of speech" }],
              "question": "What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocad\u00e9ro say China lacked?",
              "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "the National Assembly's session"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the political parties request a brief stop in?",
              "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Respect for Human Rights in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?",
              "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Freedom for Tibet!" }
              ],
              "question": "What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?",
              "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "Various French politicians started protests including members of what?",
              "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "National Assembly's session" }
              ],
              "question": "All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?",
              "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Respect for Human Rights in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?",
              "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Freedom for Tibet!" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?",
              "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Lib\u00e9ration commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Tibetan flags" }],
              "question": "What did French police take from demonstrators?",
              "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?",
              "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?",
              "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Minister of the Interior?",
              "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Tibetan flags" }],
              "question": "What did French law enforcement take from protesters?",
              "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro." }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?",
              "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?",
              "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "a police officer" }],
              "question": "Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?",
              "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to \"thwart any organized protest that had been planned.\" San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a \"cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money.\" Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in \"everyone's best interest\" and that he believed people had been \"afforded the right to protest and support the torch\" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, \"The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded.\" People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that \"exponential\" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch start it's North American route?",
              "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "April 9" }],
              "question": "What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?",
              "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Lin Li" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?",
              "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "San Francisco International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?",
              "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1330, "text": "Peter Ueberroth" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?",
              "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?",
              "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "April 9." }],
              "question": "What was the date of the relay in the United States?",
              "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Norman Bellingham" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?",
              "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Justin Herman Plaza" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?",
              "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?",
              "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "human rights abuses" }
              ],
              "question": "The concern was over what in China and Tibet?",
              "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "April 8" }],
              "question": "What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?",
              "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 1, 2008" }],
              "question": "When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?",
              "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who approved the resolution?",
              "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "United Nations Plaza" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?",
              "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Richard Gere" }],
              "question": "What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?",
              "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?",
              "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "KPIX-CBS5" }],
              "question": "Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?",
              "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?",
              "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?",
              "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Laurel Sutherlin" }],
              "question": "Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?",
              "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?",
              "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?",
              "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city.\" International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had \"fortunately\" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but \"was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "a warehouse" }],
              "question": "Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??",
              "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "Andrew Michael" }],
              "question": "Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?",
              "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "Andrew Michael" }],
              "question": "What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?",
              "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1515, "text": "Marina district" }],
              "question": "Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?",
              "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1560,
                  "text": "San Francisco International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?",
              "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Van Ness Avenue" }],
              "question": "After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?",
              "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Esp\u00ednola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "April 11" }],
              "question": "When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "the Lola Mora amphitheatre" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Mauricio Macri" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Buenos Aires" }],
              "question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?",
              "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Lola Mora amphitheatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What place held an opening show for the relay?",
              "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Mauricio Macri" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?",
              "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Carlos Esp\u00ednola." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?",
              "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1083, "text": "confetti" }],
              "question": "What was showered along the route in some places?",
              "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. \"I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Jorge Carcavallo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?",
              "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "from the Obelisk to the city hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What route was planned for an alternative march?",
              "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Free Tibet" }],
              "question": "What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?",
              "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Jorge Carcavallo." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?",
              "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Obelisk to the city hall" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the other march travel form and to?",
              "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Human Rights Torch." }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?",
              "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Free Tibet" }],
              "question": "What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?",
              "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 632, "text": "Human Rights Torch Relay" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?",
              "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Susan Prager" }],
              "question": "Who was the outreach director of HRTR?",
              "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Friends of Falun Gong" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?",
              "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Diego Maradona" }],
              "question": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?",
              "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "1200" }],
              "question": "How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?",
              "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "water balloons" }],
              "question": "What was thrown to try and put out the flame?",
              "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Friends of Falun Gong" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Susan Prager communication director of?",
              "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Diego Maradona" }],
              "question": "What football star backed out due to relay controversy?",
              "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "1200" }],
              "question": "How many police officers were part of the security operative?",
              "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "water balloons" }],
              "question": "What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?",
              "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "peaceful" }],
              "question": "The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?",
              "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Dar es Salaam" }],
              "question": "Where was the only African destination for the torch?",
              "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "April 13" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?",
              "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the TAZARA Railway" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?",
              "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Dar es Salaam" }],
              "question": "Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?",
              "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "TAZARA" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?",
              "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the relay terminate in Africa?",
              "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country paid for the stadium through aid money?",
              "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who it the torch in Africa?",
              "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Muscat" }],
              "question": "Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?",
              "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "April 14" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Muscat?",
              "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Sulaf Fawakherji" }],
              "question": "Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?",
              "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Muscat" }],
              "question": "Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?",
              "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?",
              "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Sulaf Fawakherji." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?",
              "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the \"most sensitive leg\" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding \"militant threats or anti-China protests\", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "April 16" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?",
              "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb3fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Jinnah Stadium" }],
              "question": "Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?",
              "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?",
              "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Islamabad" }],
              "question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?",
              "id": "56db2d05e7c41114004b4ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Jinnah Stadium." }],
              "question": "Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?",
              "id": "56db2e27e7c41114004b4ee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing \"personal reasons\", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to \"stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle\" and protest against the PRC \"crackdown\" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the \"Olympic Games do not belong to China\" and confirms taking part in the torch relay \"with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations\". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "April 17" }],
              "question": "When did the torch visit New Delhi?",
              "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?",
              "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Baichung Bhutia" }],
              "question": "Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?",
              "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?",
              "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch relay happen in India?",
              "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "1.5" }],
              "question": "How long was the route in India in miles?",
              "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many bearers of the torch were used in India?",
              "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many bearers decided not to participate?",
              "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Baichung Bhutia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?",
              "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Republic Day celebrations" }
              ],
              "question": "The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?",
              "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Nirupama Sen." }],
              "question": "The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?",
              "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 654, "text": "India's Commerce Minister" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?",
              "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "Kamal Nath" }],
              "question": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?",
              "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "2 am" }],
              "question": "At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?",
              "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Republic Day" }],
              "question": "The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?",
              "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "terrorist targets." }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?",
              "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?",
              "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb418"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "a democracy" }],
              "question": "India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?",
              "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where is the exiled Tibetan government?",
              "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?",
              "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "protests" }],
              "question": "A wholesale ban on what was denied?",
              "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Olympic group was denied by India?",
              "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "relations" }],
              "question": "What deteriorated between India and China?",
              "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "the Tibetan government in exile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said they did not support relay interruptions?",
              "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Kiran Bedi" }],
              "question": "Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?",
              "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Indian Police Service" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Bedi retired from?",
              "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Soha Ali Khan" }],
              "question": "Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?",
              "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "April 16" }],
              "question": "When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?",
              "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Kiran Bedi" }],
              "question": "What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?",
              "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Soha Ali Khan" }],
              "question": "What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?",
              "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?",
              "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "police." }],
              "question": "Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?",
              "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "caged woman" }],
              "question": "The retired police officer said she would not run as what?",
              "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "April 18" }],
              "question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?",
              "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?",
              "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "students" }],
              "question": "The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?",
              "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "April 18" }],
              "question": "When did the torch go through Bankok?",
              "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?",
              "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 532, "text": "foreign protesters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?",
              "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 821,
                  "text": "Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?",
              "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "April 21" }],
              "question": "When did the torch visit Malaysia?",
              "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Kuala Lumpur" }],
              "question": "What is the capital city of Malaysia?",
              "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Independence Square" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the route begin in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?",
              "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Independence Square" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Petronas Twin Towers." }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the relay end in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many Special Police protected the relay event?",
              "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Falun Gong" }],
              "question": "Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56d96bdbdc89441400fdb43a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Falun Gong" }],
              "question": "Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?",
              "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "plastic air-filled batons" }
              ],
              "question": "What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?",
              "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Chinese group yell?",
              "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "placards" }],
              "question": "What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?",
              "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to \"security worries\", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "April 22" }],
              "question": "When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?",
              "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "the Chinese embassy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who requested that the original route be cancelled?",
              "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "journalists" }],
              "question": "Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?",
              "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Jakarta" }],
              "question": "Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?",
              "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?",
              "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "security worries" }],
              "question": "Why was the first route not taken?",
              "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "stadium." }],
              "question": "What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.",
              "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "outside the stadium." }
              ],
              "question": "Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?",
              "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "April 24" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Canberra?",
              "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Agnes Shea" }],
              "question": "Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?",
              "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "a message stick" }],
              "question": "What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?",
              "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "Australian and Chinese officials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who publicly argued at a press conference?",
              "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Canberra" }],
              "question": "Where was the relay held in Australia?",
              "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers was the route in Australia?",
              "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Reconciliation Place" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?",
              "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Australian Federal Police." }
              ],
              "question": "Who kept the demonstrators separated?",
              "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Agnes Shea" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?",
              "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "People's Liberation Army personnel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?",
              "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "sacred torch" }],
              "question": "Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?",
              "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Tony Goh" }],
              "question": "Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?",
              "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Stephen Smith" }],
              "question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?",
              "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "People's Liberation Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?",
              "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Australian police" }],
              "question": "Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?",
              "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Tony Goh" }],
              "question": "Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?",
              "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Zhang Rongan" }],
              "question": "Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?",
              "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Stephen Smith" }],
              "question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?",
              "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds" }],
              "question": "Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?",
              "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "Foreign Minister Stephen Smith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?",
              "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds" }],
              "question": "Who withdrew from the torch event?",
              "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Stephen Smith" }],
              "question": "Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?",
              "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said \"the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet.\" At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ted Quinlan" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?",
              "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?",
              "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "the Chinese embassy" }
              ],
              "question": "ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?",
              "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "Ian Thorpe" }],
              "question": "Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?",
              "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Up to 600" }],
              "question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?",
              "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "between 2,000 and 10,000" }
              ],
              "question": "It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?",
              "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Ted Quinlan" }],
              "question": "Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?",
              "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "the Chinese embassy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?",
              "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenk\u014d-ji temple's main building (Zenk\u014d-ji Hond\u014d), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Nagano" }],
              "question": "Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?",
              "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "April 26" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Nagano?",
              "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Nagano" }],
              "question": "Where was the torch relay held in Japan?",
              "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "1998 Winter Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Olympics did Nagano host?",
              "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?",
              "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "a municipal building" }
              ],
              "question": "When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?",
              "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1603, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?",
              "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: \"Free North Korean refugees in China.\" The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, \"Go China, go Olympics!\" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were \"lynching\" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find \"every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice.\" Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Seoul" }],
              "question": "Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?",
              "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "1988 Summer Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Seoul host the Olympics?",
              "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Olympic Park" }],
              "question": "Where was the start point for the relay?",
              "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Chinese students" }],
              "question": "Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?",
              "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb47a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Seoul" }],
              "question": "Where was the relay event held in South Korea?",
              "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "1988 Summer Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Olympics did Seoul host?",
              "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\n North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or \"self-reliance\", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "April 28" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?",
              "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Kim Yong Nam" }],
              "question": "Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?",
              "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Pak Du Ik" }],
              "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?",
              "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "the Juche Tower" }],
              "question": "Where did the relay start?",
              "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "Pyongyang." }],
              "question": "Where was the relay event held in North Korea?",
              "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "April 28." }],
              "question": "What date did the torch relay event take place?",
              "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "pink paper flowers and small flags"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?",
              "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Pak Du Ik" }],
              "question": "Who was the first runner with the torch?",
              "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "a propaganda stunt." }
              ],
              "question": "The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?",
              "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "against human rights." }
              ],
              "question": "North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?",
              "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "UNICEF" }],
              "question": "What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?",
              "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b50ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "their staff" }],
              "question": "Both organizations withdrew what?",
              "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "raising awareness of conditions for children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mission of the organizations?",
              "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?",
              "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5102"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng warning government agencies that \"hostile forces\" may try to disrupt the torch relay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "April 29" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?",
              "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Ho Chi Minh City" }],
              "question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?",
              "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?",
              "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the downtown Opera House" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?",
              "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the torch event end?",
              "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Ho Chi Minh City." }],
              "question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?",
              "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "the Spratly and Paracel Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?",
              "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Sansha" }],
              "question": "The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?",
              "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City." }
              ],
              "question": "As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?",
              "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?",
              "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?",
              "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "\u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y" }
              ],
              "question": "Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?",
              "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu" }
              ],
              "question": "Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?",
              "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb49a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?",
              "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i" }
              ],
              "question": "What is blogger \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y's real name?",
              "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "tax evasion." }],
              "question": "Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i was charged with what crime?",
              "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?",
              "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1001,
                  "text": "disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was removed from the website that L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu had written about?",
              "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "May 2" }],
              "question": "When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Lee Lai Shan" }],
              "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Hong Kong Cultural Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "May 2." }],
              "question": "When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Donald Tsang" }],
              "question": "Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?",
              "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "a dragon boat" }],
              "question": "What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?",
              "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch?",
              "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 667, "text": "pro-Beijing camp politicians." }
              ],
              "question": "The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?",
              "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.\" Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like \"running dog,\" \"traitor,\" \"get out!,\" and \"I love the Communist Party.\" At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying \"Aren't you Chinese?\" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, \"Olympic flame for democracy\", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "plastic Olympic flames" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?",
              "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Tiananmen Square protests" }
              ],
              "question": "This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?",
              "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1242, "text": "Christina Chan" }],
              "question": "Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?",
              "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1531, "text": "police" }],
              "question": "Who removed Chan from the protest?",
              "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1640,
                  "text": "her human rights were breached."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?",
              "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "democracy." }],
              "question": "Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?",
              "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Leung Kwok-hung" }],
              "question": "Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?",
              "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1269, "text": "Tibetan snow lion flag" }
              ],
              "question": "What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?",
              "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Color Orange democracy group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?",
              "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Pillar of Shame" }],
              "question": "What did Galschi\u00f8t construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?",
              "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "immigration reasons" }
              ],
              "question": "Galschi\u00f8t and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?",
              "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Mia Farrow" }],
              "question": "Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?",
              "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1110, "text": "one country, two systems" }
              ],
              "question": "A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?",
              "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Color Orange" }],
              "question": "What group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?",
              "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Pillar of Shame" }],
              "question": "What structure did Jens Galschi\u00f8t build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?",
              "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "immigration reasons" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Mia Farrow" }],
              "question": "Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?",
              "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "May 3" }],
              "question": "When did the torch visit Macao?",
              "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Macau Fisherman's Wharf" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?",
              "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers participated in Macao?",
              "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Leong Hong Man" }],
              "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?",
              "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 906, "text": "athletes" }],
              "question": "A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?",
              "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "May 3" }],
              "question": "When was the torch relay event held in Macao?",
              "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?",
              "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Leong Hong Man" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?",
              "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "Stanley Ho." }],
              "question": "Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?",
              "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "Macao Daily News" }],
              "question": "Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?",
              "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "cyberctm.com" }],
              "question": "A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?",
              "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "orchidbbs.com" }],
              "question": "In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?",
              "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A Macau resident" }],
              "question": "Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?",
              "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "cyberctm.com" }],
              "question": "Where was the message posted?",
              "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?",
              "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b5141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "May 4" }],
              "question": "After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?",
              "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Jackie Chan" }],
              "question": "What actor attended a torch celebration in China?",
              "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "May 4" }],
              "question": "When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?",
              "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "April." }],
              "question": "When was the last time the torch had been in China?",
              "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "IOC" }],
              "question": "Who attended the celebrations?",
              "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Jackie Chan." }],
              "question": "Which actor also attended the celebrations?",
              "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b514a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Lib\u00e9ration was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Lib\u00e9ration needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "partial and censored" }
              ],
              "question": "The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?",
              "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "biased." }],
              "question": "In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?",
              "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration" }],
              "question": "Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?",
              "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "media coverage" }],
              "question": "What was under scrutiny?",
              "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "censored" }],
              "question": "Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?",
              "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?",
              "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration" }],
              "question": "Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?",
              "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "saboteurs" }],
              "question": "The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?",
              "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5127"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists\" intent on \"disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games\". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the more disruptive protesters" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?",
              "id": "56d97c68dc89441400fdb4dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "condemned the protests" }
              ],
              "question": "Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?",
              "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec" }
              ],
              "question": "Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?",
              "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "radicals" }],
              "question": "What did Xinhua call protesters?",
              "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec" }
              ],
              "question": "Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?",
              "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Xinhua" }],
              "question": "Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?",
              "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "spirit of Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?",
              "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "sports and politics" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?",
              "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "run for spirit of Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?",
              "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "sports and politics" }
              ],
              "question": "Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?",
              "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" Lib\u00e9ration also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "The Daily Telegraph" }
              ],
              "question": "Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?",
              "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration" }],
              "question": "What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?",
              "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Western media bias." }
              ],
              "question": "Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?",
              "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Fu Ying" }],
              "question": "Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?",
              "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "The Daily Telegraph" }
              ],
              "question": "Which newspaper published these accusations?",
              "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration" }],
              "question": "What other newspaper was accused of bias?",
              "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5167"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "CNN" }],
              "question": " Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?",
              "id": "56d9868bdc89441400fdb4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "CNN" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?",
              "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the Chinese government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?",
              "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "The challenges of reporting in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?",
              "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Paul Danahar" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?",
              "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1,300" }],
              "question": "How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?",
              "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Paul Danahar" }],
              "question": "Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?",
              "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Where is BBC banned from reporting?",
              "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5174"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?",
              "id": "56d98814dc89441400fdb4fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?",
              "id": "56db78e9e7c41114004b5179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "an anti-CNN website" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?",
              "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "a Beijing citizen." }
              ],
              "question": "Who supposedly created the site?",
              "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "a Beijing citizen." }
              ],
              "question": "Who takes credit for creating the site?",
              "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "foreign correspondents" }
              ],
              "question": "Who felt that the government was involved in the website?",
              "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?",
              "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "August 2007" }],
              "question": "When were the 30 team members sworn in?",
              "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "matching blue tracksuits" }
              ],
              "question": "What were their official team outfits?",
              "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Second Right Brother" }
              ],
              "question": "Which team member has his own fan following?",
              "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?",
              "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "August 2007" }],
              "question": "When were these 30 sworn in?",
              "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "blue tracksuits" }],
              "question": "What did these 30 attendants wear?",
              "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Second Right Brother" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?",
              "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5187"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Carrefour" }],
              "question": "Which French company was boycotted?",
              "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "LVMH Group" }],
              "question": "Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?",
              "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "the Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?",
              "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "the French flag" }],
              "question": "What was burned during these boycotts?",
              "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "LVMH Group" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "anti-Chinese racism." }
              ],
              "question": "Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?",
              "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5193"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "anti-Japanese protests" }
              ],
              "question": "The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?",
              "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?",
              "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Sohu.com" }],
              "question": "Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?",
              "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 953, "text": "May 1" }],
              "question": "When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?",
              "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "the anti-Japanese protests in 2005."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?",
              "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "People's Daily" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?",
              "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Chinese government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?",
              "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 953, "text": "May 1." }],
              "question": "What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?",
              "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.\u3000A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said \"They are doing something foolish\", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"Such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Shoichi Washizawa" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?",
              "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "great nuisance" }],
              "question": "How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?",
              "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 659, "text": "a major Buddhist temple" }
              ],
              "question": "What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?",
              "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Shoichi Washizawa" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?",
              "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "great nuisance" }],
              "question": "What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?",
              "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 659, "text": "a major Buddhist temple" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?",
              "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "lanterns." }],
              "question": "In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?",
              "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "during protests" }],
              "question": "The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?",
              "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Hong Kong legislator" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?",
              "id": "56db74fee7c41114004b5138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Jin Jing" }],
              "question": "Which athlete did the official website call an angel?",
              "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b515f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Western media" }],
              "question": "Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?",
              "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b5160"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?",
              "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many members are on each of these two teams?",
              "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alfred_North_Whitehead",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57332caa4776f41900660748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "mixed" }],
              "question": "What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? ",
              "id": "57332caa4776f41900660744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del" }],
              "question": "Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?",
              "id": "57332caa4776f41900660745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57332caa4776f41900660746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was G\u00f6dels finding ironic?",
              "id": "57332caa4776f41900660747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?",
              "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?",
              "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "Principia Mathematica" }
              ],
              "question": "Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?",
              "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "metaphysics" }],
              "question": "Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?",
              "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d245"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of the title of the book?",
              "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?",
              "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "\"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?",
              "id": "57332e96d058e614000b5770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published?",
              "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "between 1912 and 1927" }
              ],
              "question": "During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" composed?",
              "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?",
              "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "numerous essays and addresses" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?",
              "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "inert ideas" }],
              "question": "What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?",
              "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?",
              "id": "573330eb4776f41900660762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?",
              "id": "573330eb4776f41900660763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?",
              "id": "573330eb4776f41900660764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?",
              "id": "573330eb4776f41900660765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "a relatively few important concepts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead's education style was to teach what?",
              "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?",
              "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "value-free school model" }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?",
              "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?",
              "id": "573332b94776f4190066077e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?",
              "id": "573332b94776f41900660780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?",
              "id": "573332b94776f41900660781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Bertrand Russell" }],
              "question": "With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?",
              "id": "573332b94776f4190066077f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "undergraduate" }],
              "question": "What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? ",
              "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "friend and former student" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?",
              "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "rank amateur" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? ",
              "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?",
              "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: \"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "\"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?",
              "id": "5733349d4776f41900660790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?",
              "id": "5733349d4776f41900660791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 646,
                  "text": "people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?",
              "id": "5733349d4776f41900660792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?",
              "id": "5733349d4776f41900660793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?",
              "id": "5730938d069b53140083219d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "they remain unexamined and unquestioned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?",
              "id": "5730938d069b53140083219e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "basic assumptions about how the universe works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?",
              "id": "5730938d069b53140083219f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 883, "text": "metaphysical investigations" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?",
              "id": "5730938d069b5314008321a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?",
              "id": "573338734776f419006607a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?",
              "id": "573338734776f419006607a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did whitehead define \"experience\"?",
              "id": "573338734776f419006607a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?",
              "id": "573338734776f419006607a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 869, "text": "\"philosophy of organism\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?",
              "id": "573338734776f419006607a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Cartesian idea" }],
              "question": "What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?",
              "id": "5730956e396df919000961c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "an event-based or \"process\" ontology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?",
              "id": "5730956e396df919000961c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "interrelated and dependent" }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?",
              "id": "5730956e396df919000961c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "experiential" }],
              "question": "Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?",
              "id": "5730956e396df919000961c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 937, "text": "process philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?",
              "id": "5730956e396df919000961c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 712,
                  "text": "By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead define the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"?",
              "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "\"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?",
              "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?",
              "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "a continuum of overlapping events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?",
              "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "a \"society\" of events" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?",
              "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "\"classical\" concepts" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?",
              "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "change" }],
              "question": "Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?",
              "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?",
              "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "society" }],
              "question": "What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?",
              "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9cef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "continuum of overlapping events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?",
              "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9cef0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?",
              "id": "573344744776f419006607de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "\"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?",
              "id": "573344744776f419006607dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "qualitative and secondary to their core identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In that line of thinking, how are changes described?",
              "id": "573344744776f419006607dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "defining essence" }],
              "question": "The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?",
              "id": "57309b8f396df91900096206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "occasions of experience" }
              ],
              "question": "In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?",
              "id": "57309b8f396df91900096207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "time and space" }],
              "question": "Where do occasions of experience overlap?",
              "id": "57309b8f396df91900096208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1060, "text": "all things flow\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?",
              "id": "57309b8f396df9190009620a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 913, "text": "people define identities" }
              ],
              "question": "In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?",
              "id": "57309b8f396df91900096209"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?",
              "id": "57335187d058e614000b5855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?",
              "id": "57335187d058e614000b5856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?",
              "id": "57335187d058e614000b5854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 940,
                  "text": "it is not philosophically or ontologically sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?",
              "id": "57335187d058e614000b5857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language" }
              ],
              "question": "Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?",
              "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?",
              "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?",
              "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the general materialistic view of an object?",
              "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?",
              "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?",
              "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?",
              "id": "573352f9d058e614000b5860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "it obscures the importance of relations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?",
              "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "materialism" }],
              "question": "What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?",
              "id": "57309e35069b5314008321c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "distinct and discrete" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Materialism see each object as?",
              "id": "57309e35069b5314008321ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "externally" }],
              "question": "How is each object related to other things?",
              "id": "57309e35069b5314008321cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities \u2013 its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities \u2013 its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?",
              "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does he describe what makes something real?",
              "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?",
              "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?",
              "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?",
              "id": "57309ede396df91900096218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "not be said to really exist." }
              ],
              "question": "If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?",
              "id": "57309ede396df91900096219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "they are what the thing is" }
              ],
              "question": "If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?",
              "id": "57309ede396df9190009621a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "rld around it" }],
              "question": "What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?",
              "id": "57309ede396df9190009621b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "in some way conform to it" }
              ],
              "question": "A real object forces the universe to do what?",
              "id": "57309ede396df9190009621c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Europe and China" }],
              "question": "In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?",
              "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "William Temple" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?",
              "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the basis for \"Nature, Man and God\"?",
              "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?",
              "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?",
              "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "at the University of Chicago's Divinity School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the first followers mainly found?",
              "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?",
              "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "John B. Cobb" }],
              "question": "Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?",
              "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?",
              "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?",
              "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "modernization and industrialization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?",
              "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy?",
              "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "John Cobb and David Ray Griffin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?",
              "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 800,
                  "text": "interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?",
              "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "his assertion that matter is an abstraction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?",
              "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "the sheer difficulty and density of his prose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?",
              "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common opinion of metaphysics?",
              "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?",
              "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "American pragmatism" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?",
              "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "William James and John Dewey" }
              ],
              "question": "What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to \"Process and Reality\"?",
              "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Nicholas Rescher" }],
              "question": "Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?",
              "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Charles Sanders Peirce" }
              ],
              "question": "What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?",
              "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Richard Rorty" }],
              "question": "What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?",
              "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "It has been severely criticized"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?",
              "id": "573392424776f41900660d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1078, "text": "Henry Stapp and David Bohm" }
              ],
              "question": "What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?",
              "id": "573392424776f41900660d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?",
              "id": "573392424776f41900660d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are gravitational waves?",
              "id": "573392424776f41900660d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?",
              "id": "573392424776f41900660d86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?",
              "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?",
              "id": "5733938f4776f41900660db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?",
              "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?",
              "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?",
              "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Xie Bangxiu" }],
              "question": "Who established the FEELS model in China?",
              "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"FEELS\" stand for?",
              "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the FEELS model?",
              "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?",
              "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an \u201corganization studies\u201d discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\" Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Mark Dibben" }],
              "question": "What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?",
              "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "\"applied process thought\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?",
              "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1155,
                  "text": "philosophy of management and business ethics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?",
              "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "philosophy of business administration and organizational theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What business fields has Whitehead influenced?",
              "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 749,
                  "text": "this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?",
              "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly Process and Reality \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "1910s" }],
              "question": "During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?",
              "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?",
              "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "processes" }],
              "question": "As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?",
              "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?",
              "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 603, "text": "Process and Reality" }
              ],
              "question": "What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?",
              "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "mathematics" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead first study?",
              "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "philosophy" }],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's second area of study?",
              "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "metaphysics" }],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's final area of study?",
              "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "metaphysical" }],
              "question": "What type of system did he develop?",
              "id": "573013b0b2c2fd1400568820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "processes" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?",
              "id": "573013b0b2c2fd1400568821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Ramsgate, Kent, England" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?",
              "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "In what year was Whitehead born?",
              "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded Chatham House Academy?",
              "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?",
              "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Whitehead's mother?",
              "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Ramsgate, Kent, England" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? ",
              "id": "57301444947a6a140053d070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What year was Whitehead born?",
              "id": "57301444947a6a140053d071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "minister and schoolmaster" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?",
              "id": "57301444947a6a140053d072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Maria Sarah Whitehead," }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's mother's name?",
              "id": "57301444947a6a140053d073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Evelyn" }],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's wife's name?",
              "id": "57301444947a6a140053d074"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "University of London system" }
              ],
              "question": "In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?",
              "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?",
              "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?",
              "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?",
              "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "Bachelor of Science" }
              ],
              "question": "What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?",
              "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?",
              "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was he elected at the University of London?",
              "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "University of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?",
              "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did Whitehead go to America?",
              "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d7727a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Victor Lowe" }],
              "question": "Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?",
              "id": "57332015d058e614000b570e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?",
              "id": "57332015d058e614000b570f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?",
              "id": "57332015d058e614000b5710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "\"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?",
              "id": "57332015d058e614000b5711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?",
              "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Victor Lowe" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?",
              "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "all of his papers be destroyed after his death."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?",
              "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "right to privacy" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?",
              "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "A Treatise on Universal Algebra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?",
              "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Bertrand Russell" }],
              "question": "With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "professional mathematicians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?",
              "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "An Introduction to Mathematics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?",
              "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?",
              "id": "5733229dd058e614000b571a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "mathematics" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?",
              "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?",
              "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Bertrand Russell" }],
              "question": "Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?",
              "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "Principia Mathematica" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?",
              "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "When did Whitehead write his first book? ",
              "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, \"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?",
              "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "comparative study of their several structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in \"A Treatise on Algebra\" in his review?",
              "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?",
              "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "expand algebraic structures" }
              ],
              "question": "Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?",
              "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "unity of design" }],
              "question": "What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? ",
              "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "several structures" }
              ],
              "question": "Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?",
              "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d218"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "a year" }],
              "question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "573326c84776f4190066071c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "ten years" }],
              "question": "How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? ",
              "id": "573326c84776f4190066071d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? ",
              "id": "573326c84776f4190066071e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?",
              "id": "573326c84776f4190066071f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?",
              "id": "573326c84776f41900660720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "a year" }],
              "question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "ten years" }],
              "question": "How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many pages was Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Cambridge University Press" }
              ],
              "question": "Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?",
              "id": "57333a74d058e614000b579e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Gifford lectures" }],
              "question": "What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?",
              "id": "57333a74d058e614000b579f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Process and Reality" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what name were those lectures later published?",
              "id": "57333a74d058e614000b57a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "professional philosophers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?",
              "id": "573096d2396df919000961d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Process and Reality" }
              ],
              "question": "Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?",
              "id": "573096d2396df919000961d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "1927\u201328" }],
              "question": "When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?",
              "id": "573096d2396df919000961d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the most difficult to understand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?",
              "id": "573096d2396df919000961d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?",
              "id": "57333c754776f419006607b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?",
              "id": "57333c754776f419006607b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman" }
              ],
              "question": "What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?",
              "id": "57333c754776f419006607b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of that lecture?",
              "id": "57333c754776f419006607b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Mathews" }],
              "question": "Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?",
              "id": "5730976a069b5314008321b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Chicago's Divinity School" }
              ],
              "question": "What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?",
              "id": "5730976a069b5314008321ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?",
              "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?",
              "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "hired" }],
              "question": "What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?",
              "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called \"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\" it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "\"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has \"Process and Reality\" been described? ",
              "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that \"Process and Reality\" is not commonly read and understood?",
              "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?",
              "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Process and Reality" }
              ],
              "question": "Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?",
              "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Isabelle Stengers" }],
              "question": "Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?",
              "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "how the universe works" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?",
              "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "scientific and philosophical problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?",
              "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "novel solutions" }],
              "question": "What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?",
              "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?",
              "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "reaction to them." }],
              "question": "An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?",
              "id": "57309fa8396df91900096222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "consciousness" }],
              "question": "Most entities do not have what?",
              "id": "57309fa8396df91900096223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 762,
                  "text": "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?",
              "id": "57309fa8396df91900096224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?",
              "id": "57309fa8396df91900096225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?",
              "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?",
              "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of the word \"prehension\"?",
              "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "the mind only has private ideas about other entities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?",
              "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "prehension" }],
              "question": "What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?",
              "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language does the term \"prehensio\" come from?",
              "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "to seize" }],
              "question": "What does the word \"Prehensio\" translate into?",
              "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "conscious or unconscious" }
              ],
              "question": "What entities does the term prehension apply to?",
              "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?",
              "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is prehension used to define?",
              "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?",
              "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 883,
                  "text": "causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?",
              "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "unmediated by the senses" }
              ],
              "question": "How do the senses affect causal efficacy?",
              "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 575,
                  "text": "it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?",
              "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "causal efficacy" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?",
              "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Presentational immediacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the other term for \"pure sense perception\"?",
              "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "Presentational immediacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?",
              "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "\"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?",
              "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b591f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "\"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?",
              "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, \"might not have jumped to the notion of a chair\", but instead \"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\" This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog \"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\" In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1126, "text": "causal relationships" }
              ],
              "question": "Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?",
              "id": "57335f23d058e614000b5960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "symbolic reference" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?",
              "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1126, "text": "causal relationships" }
              ],
              "question": "What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?",
              "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "causation" }],
              "question": "What does symbolic reference link appearance with?",
              "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1263, "text": "higher grade mentality" }
              ],
              "question": "What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?",
              "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of symbolic reference?",
              "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?",
              "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?",
              "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 861,
                  "text": "\"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?",
              "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What observation did Whitehead make about life?",
              "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?",
              "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "living, living well, and living better"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?",
              "id": "573360a4d058e614000b598a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "increasing its own satisfaction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?",
              "id": "573360a4d058e614000b598b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "survival value" }],
              "question": "Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?",
              "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "modifying their environment" }
              ],
              "question": "What are higher life forms actively engaged in?",
              "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many goals of living is there?",
              "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "increasing its own satisfaction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?",
              "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "unintelligible" }],
              "question": "Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?",
              "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?",
              "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\":",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's description of God?",
              "id": "573361a8d058e614000b59a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?",
              "id": "573361a8d058e614000b599e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?",
              "id": "573361a8d058e614000b599f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a \"dipolar\" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "God is not necessarily tied to religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?",
              "id": "573363194776f41900660987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "primordial nature of God" }
              ],
              "question": "In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?",
              "id": "573363194776f41900660989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "the consequent nature" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?",
              "id": "573363194776f4190066098a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "dipolar" }],
              "question": "What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?",
              "id": "573363194776f4190066098b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?",
              "id": "573363194776f41900660988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "God's reception of the world's activity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?",
              "id": "573364444776f4190066099f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?",
              "id": "573364444776f419006609a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?",
              "id": "573364444776f419006609a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?",
              "id": "573364444776f419006609a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?",
              "id": "573364444776f419006609a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "deficient in actuality and change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?",
              "id": "573366074776f419006609e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "merely eternally unrealized possibilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?",
              "id": "573366074776f419006609e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?",
              "id": "573366074776f419006609e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does he define entities' need for God?",
              "id": "573366074776f419006609e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?",
              "id": "573366074776f419006609e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that \"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good \u2013 an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "individual" }],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?",
              "id": "573367034776f41900660a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "\"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?",
              "id": "573367034776f41900660a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "a system of general truths that transformed a person's character"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead define religion?",
              "id": "573367034776f41900660a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Whitehead define \"dangerous delusion\" as it relates to religion?",
              "id": "573367034776f41900660a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of \"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\" In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others \u2013 meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity \"can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "solitariness" }],
              "question": "In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?",
              "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?",
              "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?",
              "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 803,
                  "text": "The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?",
              "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 909,
                  "text": "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?",
              "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy \u2013 the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that \"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "through the work of his students and admirers rather"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?",
              "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1120, "text": "Bruno Latour" }],
              "question": "What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century\"?",
              "id": "57337cc94776f41900660bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?",
              "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?",
              "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 924,
                  "text": "\"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?",
              "id": "57337cc94776f41900660baa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "American progressive theology" }
              ],
              "question": "In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?",
              "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Charles Hartshorne" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?",
              "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?",
              "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some other distinguished process theologians?",
              "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "God's relational nature" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?",
              "id": "573384984776f41900660c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is God usually perceived by process theologians?",
              "id": "573384984776f41900660c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?",
              "id": "573384984776f41900660c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?",
              "id": "573384984776f41900660c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 672,
                  "text": "\"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?",
              "id": "573384984776f41900660c75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "biology and economics" }
              ],
              "question": "What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?",
              "id": "573386274776f41900660c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?",
              "id": "573386274776f41900660c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "geneticist" }],
              "question": "What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?",
              "id": "573386274776f41900660c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who authored \"Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age\"?",
              "id": "573386274776f41900660c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?",
              "id": "573386274776f41900660c91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?",
              "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?",
              "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?",
              "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?",
              "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\" This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Mary Parker Follett known for?",
              "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?",
              "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?",
              "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a \"plausible deniability\" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early \"vintages\" of subprime loans was so low.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 744,
                  "text": "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?",
              "id": "573354414776f41900660849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "a conflict of interest" }
              ],
              "question": "What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?",
              "id": "573354414776f41900660846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "Professional investment managers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?",
              "id": "573354414776f41900660847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "to maximize their compensation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?",
              "id": "573354414776f41900660848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "plausible deniability" }
              ],
              "question": "What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?",
              "id": "573354414776f4190066084a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California\u2013based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Countrywide Financial" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?",
              "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "July 11, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did IndyMac fail?",
              "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "IndyMac" }],
              "question": "Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?",
              "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "IndyMac Bank" }],
              "question": "Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?",
              "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "IndyMac Bancorp" }],
              "question": "Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?",
              "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8\u201310% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "April 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?",
              "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "9.27%" }],
              "question": "If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?",
              "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "$160 million" }],
              "question": "What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?",
              "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Moody's" }],
              "question": "What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?",
              "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "minimum 10% risk-based" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a well capitalized ratio?",
              "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Charles Schumer (D-NY)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?",
              "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?",
              "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "a little over $7 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?",
              "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "June 30" }],
              "question": "Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?",
              "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "$500 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?",
              "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This \u201crun\u201d on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator\u2019s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac\u2019s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "$1.55 billion" }],
              "question": "How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?",
              "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "7.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?",
              "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "$10.7 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?",
              "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Charles Schumer" }],
              "question": "Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a \"run\" on IndyMac?",
              "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?",
              "id": "57336d734776f41900660aaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?",
              "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "US$100,000" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?",
              "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "roughly 10,000 depositors" }
              ],
              "question": "How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?",
              "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 11, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?",
              "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "July 14, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?",
              "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Over 100" }],
              "question": "How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?",
              "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Bear Stearns" }],
              "question": "Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?",
              "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "September and October 2008" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?",
              "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Oct. 6, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?",
              "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Lehman Brothers" }],
              "question": "What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?",
              "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "money market funds" }
              ],
              "question": "The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?",
              "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "commercial paper issued by corporations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do money market funds frequently invest in?",
              "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?",
              "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "$144.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?",
              "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "4.65%" }],
              "question": "What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?",
              "id": "5733703c4776f41900660adb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "shadow banking system" }
              ],
              "question": "Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?",
              "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "shadow banking system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?",
              "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "investor funds" }],
              "question": "The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?",
              "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "U.S. Treasury Secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?",
              "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume\". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions\". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "nearly one-third" }],
              "question": "How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?",
              "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 599,
                  "text": "the collapse of the shadow banking system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?",
              "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Brookings Institution" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?",
              "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "some forms of securitization" }
              ],
              "question": "What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?",
              "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "capital" }],
              "question": "As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?",
              "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed] By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30\u201335% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "more than a quarter" }
              ],
              "question": "How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?",
              "id": "573374204776f41900660b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "45%" }],
              "question": "In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?",
              "id": "573374204776f41900660b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?",
              "id": "573374204776f41900660b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "$13 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?",
              "id": "573374204776f41900660b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "$8.8 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?",
              "id": "573374204776f41900660b06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: \"There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "serious" }],
              "question": "According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?",
              "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 985,
                  "text": "loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?",
              "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Tens of millions" }],
              "question": "How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?",
              "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "future profits" }],
              "question": "What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?",
              "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "much worse" }],
              "question": "How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?",
              "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the \"beginning of the end\" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland\u2019s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "global economic collapse" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2008, what type collapse was feared?",
              "id": "573376974776f41900660b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "UBS" }],
              "question": "What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?",
              "id": "573376974776f41900660b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1288, "text": "three quarters" }],
              "question": "On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?",
              "id": "573376974776f41900660b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1472, "text": "Iceland" }],
              "question": "Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?",
              "id": "573376974776f41900660b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "capital injection" }],
              "question": "What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573376974776f41900660b42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "more than a third" }],
              "question": "According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?",
              "id": "573377904776f41900660b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "14.4%" }],
              "question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?",
              "id": "573377904776f41900660b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "21.5%" }],
              "question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?",
              "id": "573377904776f41900660b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "the rest of the world" }
              ],
              "question": "Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?",
              "id": "573377904776f41900660b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "recession in the U.S." }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?",
              "id": "573377904776f41900660b51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3\u20134% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "close to zero" }],
              "question": "What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?",
              "id": "573378a84776f41900660b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "$251 billion" }],
              "question": "How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?",
              "id": "573378a84776f41900660b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?",
              "id": "573378a84776f41900660b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 911,
                  "text": "sound economic policymaking and good governance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?",
              "id": "573378a84776f41900660b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "falls in trade" }],
              "question": "According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?",
              "id": "573378a84776f41900660b5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Arab World" }],
              "question": "What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?",
              "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Foreign Direct Investment" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?",
              "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "global downturn" }],
              "question": "Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?",
              "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "lower oil prices" }],
              "question": "What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?",
              "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "oil prices" }],
              "question": "What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?",
              "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States\u2014decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "10.1%" }],
              "question": "What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?",
              "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?",
              "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "6%" }],
              "question": "What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?",
              "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?",
              "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "patent applications" }
              ],
              "question": "The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?",
              "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn\u2019t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "faulty risk-weightings" }
              ],
              "question": "Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?",
              "id": "573386814776f41900660ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "financial engineering" }
              ],
              "question": "What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?",
              "id": "573386814776f41900660ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Basel III regulations" }
              ],
              "question": "What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?",
              "id": "573386814776f41900660ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Johan Norberg" }],
              "question": "Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?",
              "id": "573386814776f41900660ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "capital ratios" }],
              "question": "What was increased by Basel III regulations?",
              "id": "573386814776f41900660ca3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared \"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\" The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, \"the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?",
              "id": "573387494776f41900660caf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?",
              "id": "573387494776f41900660cb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?",
              "id": "573387494776f41900660cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?",
              "id": "573387494776f41900660cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "January 27, 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?",
              "id": "573387494776f41900660cb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573388854776f41900660cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "69%" }],
              "question": "How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?",
              "id": "573388854776f41900660cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "global economic growth" }
              ],
              "question": "What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "573388854776f41900660cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "31%" }],
              "question": "How much global GDP did \"advanced\" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?",
              "id": "573388854776f41900660cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Advanced economies" }],
              "question": "What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573388854776f41900660cbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): \"We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: \"The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Krugman" }],
              "question": "Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?",
              "id": "57332627d058e614000b5744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "December 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?",
              "id": "57332627d058e614000b5745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?",
              "id": "57332627d058e614000b5746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "commercial mortgage-backed securities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are CMBS?",
              "id": "57332627d058e614000b5747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "the crisis in commercial real estate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?",
              "id": "57332627d058e614000b5748"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a \"Giant Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "collateralized debt obligation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?",
              "id": "573328a6d058e614000b574e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "$70 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?",
              "id": "573328a6d058e614000b574f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "roughly doubled in size" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?",
              "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "mortgage-backed security" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?",
              "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "U.S. Treasury bonds" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?",
              "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5752"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "collateralized debt obligation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?",
              "id": "57332ba74776f41900660730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "extending or increasing the housing bubble"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations?",
              "id": "57332ba74776f41900660731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "investment-grade ratings" }
              ],
              "question": "What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?",
              "id": "57332ba74776f41900660732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "single pool" }],
              "question": "What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?",
              "id": "57332ba74776f41900660733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "Securities with lower priority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?",
              "id": "57332ba74776f41900660734"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "over 20%" }],
              "question": "How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?",
              "id": "57332d064776f4190066074e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "mid-2006" }],
              "question": "When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?",
              "id": "57332d064776f4190066074f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "nearly 1.3 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?",
              "id": "57332d064776f41900660750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "81%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?",
              "id": "57332d064776f41900660751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "14.4%" }],
              "question": "How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?",
              "id": "57332d064776f41900660752"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed \"needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble\". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1.0%" }],
              "question": "Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?",
              "id": "573332054776f41900660774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "to combat a perceived risk of deflation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?",
              "id": "573332054776f41900660775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "a housing bubble" }],
              "question": "In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?",
              "id": "573332054776f41900660776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "excessive credit growth" }
              ],
              "question": "What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "573332054776f41900660777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lower interest rates" }
              ],
              "question": "What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?",
              "id": "573332054776f41900660778"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the U.S.) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the U.S. to finance its imports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "$650 billion" }],
              "question": "Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?",
              "id": "573334094776f41900660786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "5.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?",
              "id": "573334094776f41900660787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "Asia and oil-exporting nations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?",
              "id": "573334094776f41900660788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "capital account" }],
              "question": "What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?",
              "id": "573334094776f41900660789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "foreign funds" }],
              "question": "Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?",
              "id": "573334094776f4190066078a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "July 2004" }],
              "question": "When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?",
              "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "adjustable-rate mortgage" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ARM stand for:",
              "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "inversely" }],
              "question": "How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?",
              "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "raised the Fed funds rate" }
              ],
              "question": "Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?",
              "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "dramatically declined in value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?",
              "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5784"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble (2006\u20132007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents) \u2013 this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased... to over 80% of production\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Citigroup" }],
              "question": "Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?",
              "id": "573337db4776f41900660798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "220" }],
              "question": "How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?",
              "id": "573337db4776f41900660799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?",
              "id": "573337db4776f4190066079a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "1,600" }],
              "question": "In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?",
              "id": "573337db4776f4190066079b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "over 80%" }],
              "question": "During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?",
              "id": "573337db4776f4190066079c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators\u2019 underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting any issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Clayton Holdings" }],
              "question": "Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?",
              "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "54%" }],
              "question": "According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?",
              "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? ",
              "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "28%" }],
              "question": "Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?",
              "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "900,000" }],
              "question": "How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?",
              "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5798"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5% interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid. This created negative amortization, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Predatory lending" }],
              "question": "What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?",
              "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Countrywide Financial" }
              ],
              "question": "What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?",
              "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?",
              "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "negative amortization" }
              ],
              "question": "What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?",
              "id": "57333ba64776f419006607af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "classic bait-and-switch" }
              ],
              "question": "What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?",
              "id": "57333ba64776f419006607b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\" was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "California Attorney General Jerry Brown"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?",
              "id": "57333da94776f419006607be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?",
              "id": "57333da94776f419006607bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "disappeared" }],
              "question": "What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?",
              "id": "57333da94776f419006607c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Office of Thrift Supervision" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?",
              "id": "57333da94776f419006607c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "weak credit" }],
              "question": "What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?",
              "id": "57333da94776f419006607c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Paul Krugman" }],
              "question": "What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?",
              "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Timothy Geithner" }],
              "question": "Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "OECD" }],
              "question": "Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?",
              "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "regulatory framework" }
              ],
              "question": "It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?",
              "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Basel" }],
              "question": "What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?",
              "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "became highly leveraged" }
              ],
              "question": "What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?",
              "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "complex" }],
              "question": "What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?",
              "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "Who bailed out financial institutions?",
              "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "bankruptcy" }],
              "question": "Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?",
              "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "complex financial instruments" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?",
              "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?",
              "id": "5733450ed058e614000b580e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "financial shock" }],
              "question": "U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?",
              "id": "5733450ed058e614000b580f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "capital requirements" }
              ],
              "question": "Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?",
              "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "over $4.1 trillion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?",
              "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Lehman Brothers" }],
              "question": "What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?",
              "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5812"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "saving more during adverse economic conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?",
              "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "paradox of thrift" }],
              "question": "What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?",
              "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "can cause or deepen a recession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?",
              "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Hyman Minsky" }],
              "question": "Who is the economist who described a \"paradox of deleveraging\"?",
              "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "their assets" }],
              "question": "Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?",
              "id": "573346cc4776f419006607f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms\u2014and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state\u2014nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Janet Yellen" }],
              "question": "Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?",
              "id": "57334868d058e614000b5822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "we were in a recession" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?",
              "id": "57334868d058e614000b5823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "recession" }],
              "question": "What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?",
              "id": "57334868d058e614000b5824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "cancelling planned investments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?",
              "id": "57334868d058e614000b5825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "balance sheet deleveraging" }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "57334868d058e614000b5826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "financial innovation" }
              ],
              "question": "What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?",
              "id": "573349f34776f41900660800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "adjustable-rate mortgage" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573349f34776f41900660801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "CDS" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?",
              "id": "573349f34776f41900660802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "mortgage-backed securities (MBS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?",
              "id": "573349f34776f41900660803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "expanded dramatically" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573349f34776f41900660804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As described in the section on subprime lending, the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding, provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found. For example, buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO, when those CDO's became worthless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Q1 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the issuance of CDO peak?",
              "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "$20 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?",
              "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "over $180 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?",
              "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "36%" }],
              "question": "What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?",
              "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "under $20 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?",
              "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse. In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006\u20132008.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "innovative financial products" }
              ],
              "question": "Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?",
              "id": "57334d024776f41900660814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "multiplied the number of actors connected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?",
              "id": "57334d024776f41900660815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "indirect information" }
              ],
              "question": "What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?",
              "id": "57334d024776f41900660816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "computer models of rating agencies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?",
              "id": "57334d024776f41900660817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?",
              "id": "57334d024776f41900660818"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "interest rates or fees" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a measurement of pricing of risk?",
              "id": "57334ed54776f41900660828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "pricing of risk" }],
              "question": "What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?",
              "id": "57334ed54776f41900660829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?",
              "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "straightforward, readily understandable format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?",
              "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "far more disruptive" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?",
              "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450bn of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102bn of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "risk inherent with financial innovation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did market participants fail to measure accurately?",
              "id": "57335048d058e614000b5836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "a variety of reasons" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?",
              "id": "57335048d058e614000b5837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "approximately 32 cents on the dollar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?",
              "id": "57335048d058e614000b5838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "approximately five cents for every dollar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?",
              "id": "57335048d058e614000b5839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "$450bn" }],
              "question": "How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?",
              "id": "57335048d058e614000b583a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "AIG" }],
              "question": "What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?",
              "id": "57335128d058e614000b584a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "credit default swaps" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?",
              "id": "57335128d058e614000b584b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "September 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the government take over AIG?",
              "id": "57335128d058e614000b584c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "over $180 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?",
              "id": "57335128d058e614000b584d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "a premium" }],
              "question": "What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?",
              "id": "57335128d058e614000b584e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "George Soros" }],
              "question": "Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?",
              "id": "573352f24776f41900660832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "more complex" }],
              "question": "What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?",
              "id": "573352f24776f41900660833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "the originators of synthetic products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?",
              "id": "573352f24776f41900660834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "the banks" }],
              "question": "When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?",
              "id": "573352f24776f41900660835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "international bond rating agencies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?",
              "id": "573352f24776f41900660836"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "World Scientific" }],
              "question": "Who published \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" in 2007?",
              "id": "5733558fd058e614000b586e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?",
              "id": "5733558fd058e614000b586f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Merrill Lynch" }],
              "question": "The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?",
              "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "some of the copula limitations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" propose models to rectify?",
              "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?",
              "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5872"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Timothy Geithner" }],
              "question": "Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?",
              "id": "573357204776f41900660850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?",
              "id": "573357204776f41900660851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "\"parallel\" banking system" }
              ],
              "question": "In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?",
              "id": "573357204776f41900660852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "shadow banking system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the \"parallel\" banking system also called?",
              "id": "573357204776f41900660853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "maturity mismatch" }],
              "question": "What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?",
              "id": "573357204776f41900660854"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "spring of 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?",
              "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "fall of 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?",
              "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "More than a third" }],
              "question": "How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?",
              "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Brookings Institution" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?",
              "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "a number of years" }],
              "question": "How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?",
              "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5886"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: \"The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Mark Zandi" }],
              "question": "What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?",
              "id": "573359544776f41900660870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "securitization markets" }
              ],
              "question": "In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?",
              "id": "573359544776f41900660871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "close to $2 trillion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?",
              "id": "573359544776f41900660872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "less than $150 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?",
              "id": "573359544776f41900660873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "TALF" }],
              "question": "Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?",
              "id": "573359544776f41900660874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities, some to monetary policy, and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast-growing world, leading to long positions taken on those markets, such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa. An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows to oil-producing states. A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified. The destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rapid increases" }],
              "question": "Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?",
              "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "nearly tripled from $50 to $147"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?",
              "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "plunging" }],
              "question": "What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?",
              "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "monetary policy" }],
              "question": "What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? ",
              "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "gasoline" }],
              "question": "Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?",
              "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. However, the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001. Mr Greenberger was later corrected on this matter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Michael Greenberger" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?",
              "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "IntercontinentalExchange" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?",
              "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?",
              "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?",
              "id": "57335c77d058e614000b590a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "London and New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are regulated future exchanges located?",
              "id": "57335c77d058e614000b590b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Ailsa McKay" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?",
              "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "mainstream economics" }
              ],
              "question": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?",
              "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "feminist economics" }
              ],
              "question": "According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?",
              "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "a reshaping" }],
              "question": "What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?",
              "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, \"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\", Rajan \"argued that disaster might loom.\" Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to \"take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known as tail risks. But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise, financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Raghuram Rajan" }],
              "question": "Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?",
              "id": "573360014776f4190066090a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?",
              "id": "573360014776f4190066090b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?",
              "id": "573360014776f4190066090c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?",
              "id": "573360014776f4190066090d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "tail risks" }],
              "question": "What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?",
              "id": "573360014776f4190066090e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists with predicting the crisis: Dean Baker (US), Wynne Godley (UK), Fred Harrison (UK), Michael Hudson (US), Eric Janszen (US), Steve Keen (Australia), Jakob Br\u00f8chner Madsen & Jens Kjaer S\u00f8rensen (Denmark), Kurt Richeb\u00e4cher (US), Nouriel Roubini (US), Peter Schiff (US), and Robert Shiller (US). Examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given. Not surprisingly, the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply, a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Raghuram Rajan" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5733612b4776f41900660932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Great Moderation" }],
              "question": "What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?",
              "id": "5733612b4776f41900660933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Dirk Bezemer" }],
              "question": "Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?",
              "id": "5733612b4776f41900660934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "as a vindication" }],
              "question": "How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?",
              "id": "5733612b4776f41900660935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1005, "text": "Alan Greenspan" }],
              "question": "Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?",
              "id": "5733612b4776f41900660936"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him \"Dr. Doom\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "BusinessWeek" }],
              "question": "Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5733625f4776f41900660962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Great Depression" }],
              "question": "The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5733625f4776f41900660963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "The Wharton School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?",
              "id": "5733625f4776f41900660964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Nouriel Roubini" }],
              "question": "Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?",
              "id": "5733625f4776f41900660965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "\"Dr. Doom\"" }],
              "question": "What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?",
              "id": "5733625f4776f41900660966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According to David Brooks from the New York Times, \"Taleb not only has an explanation for what\u2019s happening, he saw it coming.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Nassim Nicholas Taleb" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?",
              "id": "573363724776f41900660995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "David Brooks" }],
              "question": "What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?",
              "id": "573363724776f41900660996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "the breakdown of the banking system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "573363724776f41900660997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "banking stocks" }],
              "question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?",
              "id": "573363724776f41900660998"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist \"between the current market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Phil Dow" }],
              "question": "Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?",
              "id": "5733651b4776f419006609bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?",
              "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "54.7%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?",
              "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Floyd Norris" }],
              "question": "Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?",
              "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Northern Rock" }],
              "question": "Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?",
              "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Bank of England" }],
              "question": "Who did Northern Rock request security from?",
              "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "September 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?",
              "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "February 2008" }],
              "question": "When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?",
              "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Northern Rock" }],
              "question": "Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?",
              "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower\u2019s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac\u2019s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower\u2019s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the borrower\u2019s income" }
              ],
              "question": "IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?",
              "id": "573368994776f41900660a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Appraisals" }],
              "question": "What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?",
              "id": "573368994776f41900660a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "poor" }],
              "question": "IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?",
              "id": "573368994776f41900660a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "risky" }],
              "question": "IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?",
              "id": "573368994776f41900660a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "issuing criteria" }],
              "question": "IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?",
              "id": "573368994776f41900660a43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?",
              "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "63" }],
              "question": "In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?",
              "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?",
              "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?",
              "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "poorest families" }],
              "question": "Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?",
              "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (\u22121.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by \u22120.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large \"help packages\" for their economies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "European Commission at Brussels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?",
              "id": "573381524776f41900660c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "0.1%" }],
              "question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?",
              "id": "573381524776f41900660c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "\u22121.0%" }],
              "question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?",
              "id": "573381524776f41900660c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "the IMF" }],
              "question": "On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?",
              "id": "573381524776f41900660c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?",
              "id": "573381524776f41900660c19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "expand money supplies" }
              ],
              "question": "What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?",
              "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "enacted large fiscal stimulus packages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?",
              "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "lender-of-last-resort" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?",
              "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "expanded liquidity facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?",
              "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "self-reinforcing decline" }
              ],
              "question": "What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?",
              "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy \u2014creating currency\u2014 as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "credit freeze" }],
              "question": "What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?",
              "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "US$2.5 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?",
              "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "$1.5 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?",
              "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "Joseph Stiglitz" }],
              "question": "In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?",
              "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1235,
                  "text": "investing internationally in emerging markets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?",
              "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "a series of regulatory proposals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?",
              "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "consumer protection" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?",
              "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "proprietary" }],
              "question": "Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?",
              "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Paul Volcker" }],
              "question": "Who were proposed new regulations called \"The Volcker Rule\" named after?",
              "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Paul Volcker" }],
              "question": "Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?",
              "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "May 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?",
              "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "December 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?",
              "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Volcker Rule" }],
              "question": "What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?",
              "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Senate" }],
              "question": "Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?",
              "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008\u20132012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing \"a complete evaporation of liquidity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "bailout of banks" }],
              "question": "What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?",
              "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "trillions of U.S. dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "August 9, 2007" }],
              "question": "What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?",
              "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?",
              "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "BNP Paribas" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?",
              "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?",
              "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1268, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?",
              "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "escalate" }],
              "question": "Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?",
              "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "subprime" }],
              "question": "One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?",
              "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "capital" }],
              "question": "In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?",
              "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin\u2013Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of \"high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street.\" The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by \"widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision\", \"dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions\", \"a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency\" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that \"added to the uncertainty and panic\", a \"systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics\", \"collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline\", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and \"the failures of credit rating agencies\" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Levin\u2013Coburn Report" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?",
              "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e6728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1179, "text": "Glass-Steagall Act" }
              ],
              "question": "Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?",
              "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e6729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?",
              "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1321, "text": "credit rating agencies" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?",
              "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1487, "text": "regulatory" }],
              "question": "What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?",
              "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "mortgage-backed securities" }
              ],
              "question": "What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?",
              "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "collateralized debt obligations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?",
              "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "major global financial institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?",
              "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "institutions and investors around the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?",
              "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "mortgage payments and housing prices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "MBS and CDO derive their value from?",
              "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "trillions of U.S. dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?",
              "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "foreclosure" }],
              "question": "What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?",
              "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "late 2006" }],
              "question": "What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?",
              "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "other loan types" }],
              "question": "What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?",
              "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "foreclosure epidemic" }
              ],
              "question": "What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?",
              "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "investment banks and hedge funds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?",
              "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "investment banks and hedge funds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?",
              "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "financialization" }],
              "question": "What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?",
              "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "deregulation" }],
              "question": "What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?",
              "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "U.S. Government policy" }
              ],
              "question": "Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?",
              "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "MBS" }],
              "question": "Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "slowing economic activity" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?",
              "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "central banks" }],
              "question": "Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Governments" }],
              "question": "Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "large loan defaults or MBS losses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "January 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?",
              "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Federal Reserve" }],
              "question": "What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?",
              "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "key policy makers" }],
              "question": "Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?",
              "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "financial firms" }],
              "question": "Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?",
              "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004\u20132007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "tough competition" }],
              "question": "What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?",
              "id": "5732ac07328d981900601ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?",
              "id": "5732ac07328d981900601ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "2004\u20132007" }],
              "question": "What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?",
              "id": "5732ac07328d981900601fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "2004\u20132007" }],
              "question": "What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?",
              "id": "5732ac07328d981900602000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?",
              "id": "5732ac07328d981900602001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans \u2013 a claim that is widely disputed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?",
              "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "Paul Krugman" }],
              "question": "Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?",
              "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "government affordable housing policy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "GSE loans" }],
              "question": "According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?",
              "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?",
              "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "13 million" }],
              "question": "How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? ",
              "id": "5732afd2328d981900602008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "over $2 trillion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?",
              "id": "5732afd2328d981900602009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?",
              "id": "5732afd2328d981900602007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "HUD" }],
              "question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?",
              "id": "5732afd2328d98190060200b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?",
              "id": "5732afd2328d98190060200a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?",
              "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Bush administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?",
              "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "September 10, 2003" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?",
              "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?",
              "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "House Financial Services Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?",
              "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005\u20132006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "$467 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?",
              "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?",
              "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Community Reinvestment Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CRA stand for?",
              "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5732b3a5328d98190060201a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5732b3a5328d98190060201b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve\u2019s classification of CRA loans as \u201cprime\u201d is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal \u201csubprime\u201d loans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?",
              "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "$4.5 trillion" }],
              "question": "How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?",
              "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?",
              "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "prime" }],
              "question": "How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?",
              "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?",
              "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that \"There weren\u2019t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.\" Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?",
              "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "derivatives" }],
              "question": "Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?",
              "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Portfolio Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?",
              "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "derivatives" }],
              "question": "What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?",
              "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some names of derivatives?",
              "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: \"It is not true that every bubble\u2014even a large bubble\u2014has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates.\" Wallison notes that other developed countries had \"large bubbles during the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans \u2013 generally with low or no downpayments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "substandard" }],
              "question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?",
              "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "low or no downpayments" }
              ],
              "question": "What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?",
              "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?",
              "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1997\u20132007" }],
              "question": "Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?",
              "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Krugman" }],
              "question": "Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?",
              "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac40"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barth\u00e9lemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barth\u00e9lemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barth\u00e9lemy including \u00cele Chevreau (\u00cele Bonhomme), \u00cele Fr\u00e9gate, \u00cele Toc Vers, \u00cele Tortue and Gros \u00celets (\u00celots Syndare). A much bigger islet, \u00cele Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "160" }],
              "question": "How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?",
              "id": "573366a64776f419006609fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?",
              "id": "573366a64776f419006609ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "little Turtle rocks" }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"Roques\" mean in English?",
              "id": "573366a64776f41900660a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?",
              "id": "573366a64776f419006609fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "satellite islets" }],
              "question": "What is \u00cele Fr\u00e9gate in relation to St Barts?",
              "id": "573366a64776f41900660a00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Residents of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (Saint-Barth\u00e9lemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barth\u00e9lemy French patois is spoken by some 500\u2013700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Cr\u00e9ole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Cr\u00e9ole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemoise" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the people of St. Barts called?",
              "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What is the native language of St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "500\u2013700" }],
              "question": "About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?",
              "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "racially" }],
              "question": "How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?",
              "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barth\u00e9lemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Saint Martin" }],
              "question": "What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?",
              "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "in March 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the last election held for the executive council positions?",
              "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "15 July 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?",
              "id": "57336cced058e614000b5acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "nineteen" }],
              "question": "How many people are on the Territorial Council?",
              "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barth\u00e9lemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "September 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the last senate election in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "the European Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?",
              "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "One" }],
              "question": "How many senators represent St. Barts in France?",
              "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ae1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Agricultural production" }
              ],
              "question": "What is often difficult on the island?",
              "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Sweet potato" }],
              "question": "What is grown in patches on the island?",
              "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "salt" }],
              "question": "What seasoning is found naturally on the island?",
              "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "fishing" }],
              "question": "What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?",
              "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Gustavia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barth\u00e9lemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as \u20ac61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "the rich and famous" }
              ],
              "question": "St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?",
              "id": "57336eb64776f41900660abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?",
              "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "\u20ac61,200,000" }],
              "question": "What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "wealth generated by wealthy tourists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?",
              "id": "57336eb64776f41900660abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "by airplane" }],
              "question": "Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?",
              "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "About how many hotels does St. Barts have?",
              "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "58" }],
              "question": "How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?",
              "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?",
              "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?",
              "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "succulent" }],
              "question": "What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?",
              "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "The eastern part" }],
              "question": "Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?",
              "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "several hundred" }],
              "question": "A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?",
              "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Sea grapes" }],
              "question": "What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?",
              "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "the Pacific islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?",
              "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "aloe or aloe vera" }],
              "question": "What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?",
              "id": "573376314776f41900660b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "cereus" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?",
              "id": "573376314776f41900660b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "South America" }],
              "question": "Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?",
              "id": "573376314776f41900660b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "1773" }],
              "question": "When did the british army invade the island?",
              "id": "573376314776f41900660b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "barbary" }],
              "question": "What type of fig grows on the island?",
              "id": "573376314776f41900660b33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15\u201350 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?",
              "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "When is the beggining of the whale migration season?",
              "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Turtles" }],
              "question": "What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?",
              "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "jellyfish" }],
              "question": "What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?",
              "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1035, "text": "amidst tall sea grasses" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do green turtles live?",
              "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "pearly-pink" }],
              "question": "What color are conch shells?",
              "id": "57337a234776f41900660b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "conch" }],
              "question": "What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?",
              "id": "57337a234776f41900660b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "shallow waters" }],
              "question": "Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337a234776f41900660b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "ghost" }],
              "question": "What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337a234776f41900660b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 692, "text": "garbage and sewerage" }
              ],
              "question": "What do hermit crabs eat?",
              "id": "57337a234776f41900660b79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1.200" }],
              "question": "How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?",
              "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "sea turtles" }],
              "question": "What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?",
              "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Anchoring" }],
              "question": "What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Reserve Naturelle" }],
              "question": "What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "mooring buoys" }],
              "question": "Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?",
              "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "the Swedes" }],
              "question": "Who built the three forts on St. Barts?",
              "id": "573388fa4776f41900660ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Gustav Adolph" }],
              "question": "What was the former name of Fort Oscar?",
              "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When was Fort Gustav built?",
              "id": "573388fa4776f41900660ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "ruins" }],
              "question": "Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?",
              "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "La Pointe" }],
              "question": "On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?",
              "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barth\u00e9lemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "over 70" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants does the island have?",
              "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "in the hotels" }],
              "question": "Where are most of the nice restaurants located?",
              "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "les petits creux" }],
              "question": "What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?",
              "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "spicier" }],
              "question": "Creole food is often what?",
              "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "gastronomic" }],
              "question": "What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?",
              "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barth\u00e9lemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "every alternate year" }
              ],
              "question": "How often is the AG2R Race held?",
              "id": "57338a774776f41900660cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Concarneau" }],
              "question": "Where does the AG2R originate from?",
              "id": "57338a774776f41900660ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "boats" }],
              "question": "What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?",
              "id": "57338a774776f41900660cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "10 m" }],
              "question": "What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?",
              "id": "57338a774776f41900660ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?",
              "id": "57338a774776f41900660cee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the north coast" }],
              "question": "Where is the airport located on the island?",
              "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "charters" }],
              "question": "What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?",
              "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "Princess Juliana International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?",
              "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Sint Maarten" }],
              "question": "What Island is the nearest major airport located on?",
              "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Gustaf III" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5cff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy, French pronunciation: \u200b[s\u025b\u0303ba\u0281telemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Collectivit\u00e9 territoriale de Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barth\u00e9lemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy a collectivity of?",
              "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Saint-Barth" }],
              "question": "What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?",
              "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "In what language is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy abbreviate St. Barts?",
              "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Ouanalao" }],
              "question": "What did the native peoples of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy call the island?",
              "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?",
              "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "volcanic" }],
              "question": "What kind of island is St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336480d058e614000b59fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "9,035" }],
              "question": "What is the population of St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336480d058e614000b59ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Gustavia" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Swedish" }],
              "question": "What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?",
              "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "the winter holiday season" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barth\u00e9lemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barth\u00e9lemy has retained its free port status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Guadeloupe" }],
              "question": "St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?",
              "id": "573365634776f419006609cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?",
              "id": "573365634776f419006609cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did St. Barts finally received its independence?",
              "id": "573365634776f419006609cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?",
              "id": "573365634776f419006609ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "A senator" }],
              "question": "Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? ",
              "id": "573365634776f419006609cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Colombier Bay" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?",
              "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?",
              "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "visible coral reef" }
              ],
              "question": "The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?",
              "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "shallow" }],
              "question": "Reefs are almost always in what type of water?",
              "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "a marine reserve" }],
              "question": "Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?",
              "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my are known as \"Anse de...\" etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?",
              "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?",
              "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "leeward" }],
              "question": "What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?",
              "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "windward" }],
              "question": "What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?",
              "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "windsurfing" }],
              "question": "The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?",
              "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 \u00b0C with day temperatures rising to 32 \u00b0C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 \u00b0C and 22 \u00b0C, respectively, while in July they are 30 \u00b0C and 24 \u00b0C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 \u00b0C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 \u00b0C.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "arid" }],
              "question": "What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?",
              "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "2,500" }],
              "question": "How many hectares does the island have in total?",
              "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1000 mm" }],
              "question": "How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?",
              "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "When does summer end in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "13 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?",
              "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town\u2019s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as \"Car\u00e9nage\". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1744" }],
              "question": "When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337b914776f41900660b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "1785" }],
              "question": "What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?",
              "id": "57337b914776f41900660b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Car\u00e9nage" }],
              "question": "What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337b914776f41900660b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Gustavia" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?",
              "id": "57337b914776f41900660b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "the Caribbean war" }],
              "question": "What war occurred in the 18th century?",
              "id": "57337b914776f41900660b98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island\u2019s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "St. Barts Municipal Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Gustavia" }],
              "question": "What town is the Museum located in?",
              "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?",
              "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Creole" }],
              "question": "What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?",
              "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Genome",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "molecular biology and genetics" }
              ],
              "question": "In what fields of science is the genome studied?",
              "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "DNA" }],
              "question": "What is the content of the human genome?",
              "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "RNA" }],
              "question": "What constitutes the viral genome?",
              "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed\u2014such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Hans Winkler" }],
              "question": "Who coined the word genome?",
              "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "In what year was the word genome first created?",
              "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "University of Hamburg" }
              ],
              "question": "At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?",
              "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "biome, rhizome" }],
              "question": "Which two similar words share etymology with genome?",
              "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the \"nuclear genome\") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the \"mitochondrial genome\" or the \"chloroplast genome\". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?",
              "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "meiosis" }],
              "question": "What process splits the chromosome between gametes?",
              "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "mitochondria and chloroplasts" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?",
              "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a \"genome sequence\" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase \"genetic makeup\" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "genomics" }],
              "question": "What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?",
              "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 745,
                  "text": "single genes or groups of genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?",
              "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "sequenced" }],
              "question": "What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?",
              "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "C-value paradox" }],
              "question": "What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?",
              "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "trichomoniasis" }],
              "question": "Which organism has the most genes?",
              "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?",
              "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "three times" }],
              "question": "Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?",
              "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage \u03a6-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Walter Fiers" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?",
              "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Bacteriophage MS2" }],
              "question": "Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?",
              "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Fred Sanger" }],
              "question": "Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?",
              "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "Institute for Genomic Research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?",
              "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?",
              "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "US National Institutes of Health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?",
              "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "mouse" }],
              "question": "What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?",
              "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "puffer fish" }],
              "question": "What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?",
              "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "December 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?",
              "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "130,000" }],
              "question": "How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?",
              "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "massive parallel sequencing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a recent development in sequencing methods?",
              "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Manteia Predictive Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?",
              "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "James D. Watson" }],
              "question": "Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?",
              "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "the structure of DNA" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Watson famous for helping discover?",
              "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "genome map" }],
              "question": "What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?",
              "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "The Human Genome Project" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?",
              "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Jean Weissenbach" }],
              "question": "Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?",
              "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Genoscope" }],
              "question": "Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?",
              "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c26800"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genome composition" }],
              "question": "What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?",
              "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "evolutionary history" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?",
              "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85\u201390%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?",
              "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "exon-intron" }],
              "question": "What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?",
              "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "mammals and plants" }
              ],
              "question": "In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?",
              "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, \"genome\" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "pathogenic microbe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?",
              "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "virus" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?",
              "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "plasmids" }],
              "question": "Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?",
              "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "plants, protozoa and animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?",
              "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "plastome" }],
              "question": "What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?",
              "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "mitochondrial genome" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?",
              "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genome size" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?",
              "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "morphological complexity" }
              ],
              "question": "What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "repetitive DNA" }],
              "question": "What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "minimal genomes" }],
              "question": "What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?",
              "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "in vivo and in silico" }
              ],
              "question": "In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?",
              "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?",
              "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "proportion of non-repetitive DNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?",
              "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "genome size" }],
              "question": "What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?",
              "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "E. coli" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?",
              "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "C. elegans and fruit fly" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?",
              "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?",
              "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26837"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?",
              "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "proportion of repetitive DNA" }
              ],
              "question": "What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?",
              "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tandem repeats" }],
              "question": "Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?",
              "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c2683f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "satellite DNA and microsatellites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?",
              "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "interspersed repeats." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?",
              "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26841"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Transposable elements" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main source of interspersed repeats?",
              "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "genome evolution" }],
              "question": "What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "retrotransposons" }],
              "question": "What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?",
              "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "DNA transposons" }],
              "question": "What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?",
              "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26848"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "RNA" }],
              "question": "What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?",
              "id": "56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "cut and paste" }],
              "question": "What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?",
              "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "RNA" }],
              "question": "DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?",
              "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "karyotype" }],
              "question": "What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?",
              "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?",
              "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Duplications" }],
              "question": "What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?",
              "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "genetic novelty" }],
              "question": "What is a possible product of duplications?",
              "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Horizontal gene transfer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?",
              "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "microbes" }],
              "question": "In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?",
              "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?",
              "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Comprehensive_school",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2, "text": "comprehensive school" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?",
              "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "selective school system" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?",
              "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "England and Wales" }],
              "question": "What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?",
              "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?",
              "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "Gesamtschule" }],
              "question": "What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?",
              "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "design and technology and vocational learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?",
              "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?",
              "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1051,
                  "text": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?",
              "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11\u201316 and 11\u201318 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "164" }],
              "question": "How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?",
              "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year were comprehensive schools first created?",
              "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "neighbourhood" }],
              "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?",
              "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1\u20136, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7\u20139, yl\u00e4aste, yl\u00e4koulu) has been discontinued.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "7 to 16" }],
              "question": "What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?",
              "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26886"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "comprehensive" }],
              "question": "What type of school is the Gesamtschule?",
              "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "remedial" }],
              "question": "What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?",
              "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?",
              "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c26890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?",
              "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "less than 1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?",
              "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26896"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Stadtteilschule" }],
              "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?",
              "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c26899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Sekundarschule" }],
              "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?",
              "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2010/2011" }],
              "question": "In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?",
              "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "college preparatory classes" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?",
              "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c2689f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Abitur" }],
              "question": "What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?",
              "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Hauptschule" }],
              "question": "What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?",
              "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of \"Three Plus\". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule \"Abitur light\". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from \"underprivileged groups\" and sneering at their performance was a \"piece of impudence\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "grade inflation" }],
              "question": "What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?",
              "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Barbara Sommer" }],
              "question": "Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?",
              "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1316, "text": "Sigrid Beer" }],
              "question": "Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "Christian Democratic Union" }
              ],
              "question": "Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?",
              "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1329, "text": "Alliance '90/The Greens" }
              ],
              "question": "Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?",
              "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "bright working class students" }
              ],
              "question": "Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?",
              "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "middle class peers" }
              ],
              "question": "From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Hauptschule" }],
              "question": "At which school do students achieve the least success?",
              "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Helmut Fend" }],
              "question": "Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "tripartite system" }],
              "question": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?",
              "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?",
              "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "sixth form" }],
              "question": "Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?",
              "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "A-levels" }],
              "question": "What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?",
              "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Patrick Hillery" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?",
              "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "vocational school system" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?",
              "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "community school" }],
              "question": "What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?",
              "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were community schools conceived?",
              "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "The state" }],
              "question": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?",
              "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "the denominational basis of the schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?",
              "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Community colleges" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?",
              "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Walworth School established?",
              "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "London County Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established the Walworth School?",
              "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Holyhead County School" }
              ],
              "question": "What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?",
              "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was Holyhead County School established?",
              "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Woodlands Boys School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?",
              "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Anthony Crosland" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?",
              "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "Secretary of State for Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?",
              "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Secondary technical schools" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of school was not in widespread usage?",
              "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Margaret Thatcher" }],
              "question": "Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?",
              "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c268ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "comprehensive" }],
              "question": "What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?",
              "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Conservative" }],
              "question": "What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?",
              "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?",
              "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "neighbourhood comprehensives" }
              ],
              "question": "What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?",
              "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "comprehensive schools" }
              ],
              "question": "Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?",
              "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "Sandwell and Dudley" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?",
              "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26908"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "James Callaghan" }],
              "question": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?",
              "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Comprehensive school" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?",
              "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Labour" }],
              "question": "Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?",
              "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Education Reform Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What law enables parents full control over their child's education?",
              "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c26919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?",
              "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "specialisation" }],
              "question": "What concept does the government currently support for education?",
              "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 841,
                  "text": "league tables of school performance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?",
              "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "comprehensive" }],
              "question": "All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?",
              "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "specialist schools" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Scotland refused to adopt?",
              "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?",
              "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26923"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?",
              "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "England and Wales" }],
              "question": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?",
              "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26928"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Republic_of_the_Congo",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Republic of the Congo (French: R\u00e9publique du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "R\u00e9publique du Congo" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Central African Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?",
              "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Gabon" }],
              "question": "Whic country lies on Congo's western border?",
              "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Cameroon" }],
              "question": "Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?",
              "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Central Africa" }],
              "question": "In what part of Africa is the Congo located?",
              "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Bantu" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?",
              "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Denis Sassou Nguesso" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the ruler of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "What title does Nguesso hold?",
              "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9458"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?",
              "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "oil revenues" }],
              "question": "What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Pygmy" }],
              "question": "What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?",
              "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "1500 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?",
              "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bantu" }],
              "question": "The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?",
              "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Diogo C\u00e3o" }],
              "question": "Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?",
              "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What was Diogo Cao's nationality?",
              "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "commodities, manufactured goods, and people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?",
              "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?",
              "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Bantu societies" }],
              "question": "Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?",
              "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?",
              "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Pierre de Brazza" }],
              "question": "Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?",
              "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Middle Congo" }],
              "question": "What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?",
              "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "French Equatorial Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of French colonies was created in 1908?",
              "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "14,000" }],
              "question": "How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?",
              "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Brazzaville" }],
              "question": "What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?",
              "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Brazzaville Conference of 1944"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?",
              "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When did Brazzaville get its own local government?",
              "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "the Fourth Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?",
              "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When was the Fifth Republic founded?",
              "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "the AEF" }],
              "question": "What was disbanded in 1958?",
              "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the Republic of the Congo" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?",
              "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When did the Congo establish its first constitution?",
              "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "August 15, 1960" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?",
              "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Fulbert Youlou" }],
              "question": "Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?",
              "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat" }
              ],
              "question": "Who replaced Youlou?",
              "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "labour elements and rival political parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?",
              "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Congolese military" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?",
              "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'\u00e9tat in September 1968.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1963?",
              "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "scientific socialism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?",
              "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Cuban" }],
              "question": "Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "September 1968" }],
              "question": "When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcec399a695914005b9480"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Marien Ngouabi" }],
              "question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1968?",
              "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "People's Republic of the Congo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?",
              "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Congolese Labour Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?",
              "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?",
              "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "March 16, 1977" }],
              "question": "On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?",
              "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b948a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Eastern Bloc" }],
              "question": "Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?",
              "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?",
              "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "dictatorship" }],
              "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?",
              "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "political repression" }
              ],
              "question": "What was an important tool of the Sassou government?",
              "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pascal Lissouba" }],
              "question": "Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?",
              "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "IMF" }],
              "question": "Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?",
              "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "civil war" }],
              "question": "What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "enhanced structural adjustment facility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ESAF stand for?",
              "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist r\u00e9gime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Lissouba and Sassou" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?",
              "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Cobras" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Sassou's personal army?",
              "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Angolan" }],
              "question": "What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?",
              "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?",
              "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Milongo" }],
              "question": "Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?",
              "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "seven years" }],
              "question": "How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?",
              "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "January 2002" }],
              "question": "When was the new constitution ratified?",
              "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 869, "text": "April 2003" }],
              "question": "When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?",
              "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sassou" }],
              "question": "Who won the presidential election in 2009?",
              "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?",
              "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "very low" }],
              "question": "What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?",
              "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "multi-party" }],
              "question": "What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?",
              "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Congolese Labour Party" }
              ],
              "question": "Which party does Sassou belong to?",
              "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Parti Congolais du Travail" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the French term for Sassou's political party?",
              "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "corruption revelations" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?",
              "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?",
              "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 27, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?",
              "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?",
              "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "the government" }],
              "question": "Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008",
              "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many government TV stations exist?",
              "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?",
              "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Bantus" }],
              "question": "Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?",
              "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "pets" }],
              "question": "The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?",
              "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "December 30, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?",
              "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S" }
              ],
              "question": "Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?",
              "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E" }
              ],
              "question": "Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?",
              "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "What ocean connects to the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Cabinda" }],
              "question": "Which country lies southwest of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Angola" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Cabinda?",
              "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Brazzaville" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Congo River" }],
              "question": "On what river can Brazzaville be found?",
              "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Kinshasa" }],
              "question": "What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?",
              "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?",
              "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "coastal plain" }],
              "question": "What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Kouilou-Niari River" }
              ],
              "question": "Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "plateau" }],
              "question": "The middle of the country features what kind of geography?",
              "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Forests" }],
              "question": "What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?",
              "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F) and nights generally between 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and another in September\u2013November.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Equator" }],
              "question": "On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?",
              "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?",
              "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?",
              "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "June to August" }],
              "question": "When does the Congo experience dry season?",
              "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Wildlife Conservation Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?",
              "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Sangha Region" }],
              "question": "What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?",
              "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "inhospitable swamps" }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?",
              "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Petroleum" }],
              "question": "What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?",
              "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "budget problems and overstaffing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two issues in the Congolese government?",
              "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "forestry" }],
              "question": "What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?",
              "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?",
              "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "92%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?",
              "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "large-scale development projects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?",
              "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?",
              "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?",
              "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "46%" }],
              "question": "How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?",
              "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "civil war" }],
              "question": "What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?",
              "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?",
              "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "December 1998" }],
              "question": "When did military conflict resume in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "stimulating recovery and reducing poverty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?",
              "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Natural gas and diamonds" }
              ],
              "question": "What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?",
              "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?",
              "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "base metal, gold, iron and phosphate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What business organization is the Congo a member of?",
              "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "200,000 hectares" }],
              "question": "How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?",
              "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "land, air and water" }
              ],
              "question": "What forms of transport are available in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When was the Congo's train system built?",
              "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?",
              "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "On what ocean is a major port located?",
              "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "southwest" }],
              "question": "In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?",
              "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "534-kilometre (332 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?",
              "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse\u2014Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country\u2014but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M\u2019Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "62" }],
              "question": "How many languages are used in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Kongo" }],
              "question": "What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "2%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?",
              "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "12%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?",
              "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "about 9,000" }],
              "question": "Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?",
              "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Around 300" }],
              "question": "How many Americans live in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "22.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?",
              "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "19.9%" }],
              "question": "What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?",
              "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "1.6%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "foreign workers" }],
              "question": "Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "8.9%" }],
              "question": "How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?",
              "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "2.8%" }],
              "question": "What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?",
              "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "$30" }],
              "question": "How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?",
              "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?",
              "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "560" }],
              "question": "As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?",
              "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Female genital mutilation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does FGM stand for?",
              "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "59.34" }],
              "question": "How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?",
              "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002\u201305 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University\u2014which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "Public schooling is required for people under what age?",
              "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?",
              "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "baccalaureate" }],
              "question": "What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?",
              "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language is used in Congolese schools?",
              "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabed"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Prime_minister",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "executive" }],
              "question": "What branch of government does the prime minister lead?",
              "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "cabinet" }],
              "question": "What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?",
              "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "civil service" }],
              "question": "In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?",
              "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Westminster system" }],
              "question": "What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?",
              "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "ceremonial" }],
              "question": "What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?",
              "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "ensure the passage of bills" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a central duty of the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "royal prerogative" }],
              "question": "What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?",
              "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "parliament" }],
              "question": "Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?",
              "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9502"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles\u2014the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts\u2014for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?",
              "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Minister of Defence" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?",
              "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1625" }],
              "question": "When was the title of prime minister first used?",
              "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?",
              "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Louis XIV" }],
              "question": "Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?",
              "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Sir Robert Walpole" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?",
              "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9507"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Thomas Cromwell" }],
              "question": "Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?",
              "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Godolphin" }],
              "question": "Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?",
              "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Clarendon" }],
              "question": "Who served as the head minister under Charles II?",
              "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the monarch" }],
              "question": "From whom did ministers derive their power?",
              "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the monarch" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?",
              "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Harley and St John" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?",
              "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Clarendon" }],
              "question": "Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?",
              "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9513"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642\u20131651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Glorious Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?",
              "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Bill of Rights" }],
              "question": "What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?",
              "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "House of Commons" }],
              "question": "What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?",
              "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "George I" }],
              "question": "The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1714" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen Anne die?",
              "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Hanover" }],
              "question": "Where was George I's home?",
              "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9522"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "twenty-one years" }],
              "question": "For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What party did Walpole belong to?",
              "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "doctrine of cabinet solidarity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "resign" }],
              "question": "What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?",
              "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Lord Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?",
              "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b952a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "parliamentarians and legal scholars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "George II and George III" }
              ],
              "question": "Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?",
              "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Benjamin Disraeli" }],
              "question": "During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?",
              "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?",
              "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9534"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?",
              "id": "56dd2e5966d3e219004dac1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bahrain" }],
              "question": "What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\", \"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Statsminister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "parliamentary republics" }
              ],
              "question": "Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?",
              "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "parliamentary republics" }
              ],
              "question": "In whic type of government is the leader elected?",
              "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9546"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Premier of the State Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for the head of China's government?",
              "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Taiwan" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "legislature" }],
              "question": "Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?",
              "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "cohabitation" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?",
              "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "resignation of the government" }
              ],
              "question": "What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bangladesh's" }],
              "question": "Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the process of his/her appointment and dismissal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the National People's Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?",
              "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Z\u014fngl\u012d" }],
              "question": "What is the pinyin form of premier?",
              "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "the Constitution Act" }
              ],
              "question": "Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?",
              "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When was the Constitution Act passed?",
              "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "federal and provincial first ministers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?",
              "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "constitution" }],
              "question": "What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?",
              "id": "56dd312c9a695914005b9558"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "first decade of the twentieth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?",
              "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Balfour" }],
              "question": "Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?",
              "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?",
              "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Margaret Thatcher" }],
              "question": "Which prime minister was appointed only one time?",
              "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did Thatcher last hold power?",
              "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "cabinet" }],
              "question": "What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?",
              "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Taoiseach" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?",
              "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?",
              "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "after every general election" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?",
              "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "lower house of parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?",
              "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "upper houses" }],
              "question": "Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?",
              "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "vote of confidence" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?",
              "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "head of state" }],
              "question": "Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?",
              "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "resignation of the prime minister and his or her government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?",
              "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?",
              "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?",
              "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "the Executive Council" }
              ],
              "question": "The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?",
              "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "cabinet" }],
              "question": "What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?",
              "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9563"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "spill motion" }],
              "question": "What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?",
              "id": "56dd362466d3e219004dac63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Chairman of the government" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Russian term for prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Rosh HaMemshalah" }],
              "question": "What is the Israeli term for prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used in spain for prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Taoiseach" }],
              "question": "What is the Irish term for prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "president of the council of ministers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Italian term for the prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "statsminister" }],
              "question": "What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?",
              "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "premier" }],
              "question": "What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?",
              "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Germany and Austria" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?",
              "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Minister of State" }],
              "question": "What is the head of Monaco's government called?",
              "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Secretary of State" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?",
              "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "What is the head of Iran's government called?",
              "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "non-Commonwealth countries" }
              ],
              "question": "In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?",
              "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Right Honourable" }],
              "question": "What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?",
              "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?",
              "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?",
              "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "devolved" }],
              "question": "What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "First Minister" }],
              "question": "What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?",
              "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Pradhan Mantri" }],
              "question": "What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?",
              "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Wazir-e-Azam" }],
              "question": "What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?",
              "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Grand Vizier" }],
              "question": "What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?",
              "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Office of the Prime Minister" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the head of government's office called in Canada?",
              "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Cabinet Office" }],
              "question": "What is the head of government's office called in the UK?",
              "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac8a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Institute_of_technology",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "IT" }],
              "question": "What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?",
              "id": "56dda3d266d3e219004dac8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \u00c9cole Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd (pol\u00fa or pol\u00fd) meaning \"many\" and \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (tekhnik\u00f3s) meaning \"arts\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?",
              "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique" }
              ],
              "question": "What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?",
              "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does the French word polytechnique come from?",
              "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the terms \"institute of technology\" and \"polytechnic\" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "polytechnic" }],
              "question": "What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?",
              "id": "56dda5689a695914005b9582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as \"Collegium Carolinum\"). Another exception is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, which has educated French \u00e9lites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "the Berg-Schola" }],
              "question": "What was the first institute of technology in the world?",
              "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?",
              "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "Collegium Carolinum" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?",
              "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "1794" }],
              "question": "In what year was the \u00c9cole Polytechnique founded?",
              "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, \u0130YTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "institutions of higher education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?",
              "id": "56dda8f166d3e219004dac99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level\u2014Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)\u2014for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?",
              "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 772, "text": "University of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?",
              "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Regent Street" }],
              "question": "What street is the University of Westminster on?",
              "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9586"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: \u2022 To what degree is technology defined as a concept? \u2022 What is the scope of technology discourse? \u2022 What is the place and relation of science with technology? \u2022 How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? \u2022 Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? \u2022 Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "polytechnics" }],
              "question": "What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?",
              "id": "56ddaea49a695914005b958a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "University of Technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?",
              "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "College of Advanced Education system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?",
              "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s\u20131990s period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "TAFE" }],
              "question": "What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?",
              "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004dac9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Melbourne Polytechnic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?",
              "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004daca0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?",
              "id": "56ddb1249a695914005b958c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?",
              "id": "56ddc59766d3e219004dace3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Fachhochschule" }],
              "question": "What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?",
              "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "master's degrees" }],
              "question": "In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?",
              "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "hogeschool" }],
              "question": "What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?",
              "id": "56ddc6e69a695914005b95ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "academization" }],
              "question": "What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?",
              "id": "56ddcc4666d3e219004dacf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?",
              "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?",
              "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Cambodia" }],
              "question": "What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?",
              "id": "56ddcee466d3e219004dacf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Affiliate Schools" }],
              "question": "What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?",
              "id": "56ddcf2b66d3e219004dacf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Quebec" }],
              "question": "In what city is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al located?",
              "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "public funding" }],
              "question": "In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?",
              "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Polytechnics Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?",
              "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "collaborative institute-industry projects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?",
              "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?",
              "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Capital University" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?",
              "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?",
              "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?",
              "id": "56ddd24566d3e219004dad05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "The Geophysics Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands?",
              "id": "56ddd3909a695914005b95fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Quito Astronomical Observatory" }
              ],
              "question": "What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?",
              "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "National Polytechnic School" }
              ],
              "question": "What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?",
              "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?",
              "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?",
              "id": "56ddd5259a695914005b95fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the country's development" }
              ],
              "question": "If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?",
              "id": "56ddd6da66d3e219004dad1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?",
              "id": "56dddd9d66d3e219004dad4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universit\u00e4t of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and \u00c5bo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Instituts de technologie" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?",
              "id": "56ddde4a9a695914005b9626"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?",
              "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "160" }],
              "question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?",
              "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insin\u00f6\u00f6ri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?",
              "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "ammattikorkeakoulus" }
              ],
              "question": "What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?",
              "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "yrkesh\u00f6gskola" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?",
              "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes \u00e9coles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "technology" }],
              "question": "Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?",
              "id": "56ddf07e9a695914005b96f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "institut universitaire de technologie"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are an institute of technology called in France?",
              "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "IUT" }],
              "question": "What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?",
              "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9703"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Fachhochschule" }],
              "question": "What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e?",
              "id": "56ddf1d166d3e219004dae41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French \u00c9cole polytechnique. Such terms include \u00c9coles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Polytechnicum" }],
              "question": "In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?",
              "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "What century in France's history included the French \u00c9cole polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?",
              "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Escola Polit\u00e9cnica" }
              ],
              "question": "What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?",
              "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?",
              "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "teaching" }],
              "question": "Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?",
              "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "business" }],
              "question": "In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?",
              "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Technische Universit\u00e4t (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "TU" }],
              "question": "What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universit\u00e4t?",
              "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "What's the main focus of a Technische Universit\u00e4t?",
              "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9725"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universit\u00e4ten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "medicine" }],
              "question": "Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?",
              "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many Technische Universit\u00e4ten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?",
              "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universit\u00e4t. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?",
              "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "290,000" }],
              "question": "What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?",
              "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Saxony" }],
              "question": "Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?",
              "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2523"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?",
              "id": "56ddf7914396321400ee2527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Greece, there are 2 \"Polytechnics\" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u2013 \u0391.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (\u039d.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - \u039d. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Higher Education Reform Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?",
              "id": "56ddf8adcffd8e1900b4b542"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Hong Kong Technical College" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?",
              "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?",
              "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?",
              "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?",
              "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b54a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?",
              "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1735" }],
              "question": "What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?",
              "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Court Chamber of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established the Berg-Schola?",
              "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b552"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many private institutes of technology are there in India?",
              "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee2529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?",
              "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "AICTE" }],
              "question": "What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?",
              "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Diploma in Engineering" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?",
              "id": "56ddfd9d4396321400ee252f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?",
              "id": "56ddfdffcffd8e1900b4b55a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?",
              "id": "56ddfe9d4396321400ee2539"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ireland has an \"Institute of Technology\" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms \"IT\" and \"IT's\" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Regional Technical College" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?",
              "id": "56de00884396321400ee253b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dublin Institute of Technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?",
              "id": "56de00f74396321400ee253f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Politecnico" }],
              "question": "What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?",
              "id": "56de02714396321400ee2543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?",
              "id": "56de02714396321400ee2544"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Genoa" }],
              "question": "What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?",
              "id": "56de03d2cffd8e1900b4b562"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Japan, an institute of technology (\u5de5\u696d\u5927\u5b66, k\u014dgy\u014d daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "Imperial College of Engineering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?",
              "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "sciences" }],
              "question": "What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?",
              "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b567"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Malaysia" }],
              "question": "What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?",
              "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "UNESCO" }],
              "question": "What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?",
              "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Ipoh" }],
              "question": "In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?",
              "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?",
              "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "60,840" }],
              "question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?",
              "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "87,440" }],
              "question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?",
              "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country\u2019s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "University of Technology, Mauritius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?",
              "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "technology" }],
              "question": "What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?",
              "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?",
              "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Universal College of Learning" }
              ],
              "question": "What does UCOL stand for?",
              "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?",
              "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b58a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Wellington Polytechnic" }
              ],
              "question": "What school did Massey University combine with?",
              "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?",
              "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Central Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?",
              "id": "56de11834396321400ee25af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "North Island" }],
              "question": "What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?",
              "id": "56de11834396321400ee25b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Auckland University of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?",
              "id": "56de120b4396321400ee25b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?",
              "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "trades" }],
              "question": "What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?",
              "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?",
              "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "BE" }],
              "question": "What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?",
              "id": "56de16894396321400ee25c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "F.Sc" }],
              "question": "What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?",
              "id": "56de1a2a4396321400ee25cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politechnika (translated as a \"technical university\" or \"university of technology\") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Politechnika" }],
              "question": "What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?",
              "id": "56de1ac34396321400ee25cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The designation \"Institute of Technology\" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "bacharelatos" }],
              "question": "What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?",
              "id": "56de49904396321400ee2780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Bologna Process" }],
              "question": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?",
              "id": "56de49904396321400ee2781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970\u20131992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 678, "text": "Millennia Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?",
              "id": "56de4affcffd8e1900b4b7c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?",
              "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?",
              "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "queen Maria Theresa" }
              ],
              "question": "What queen set up the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?",
              "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1735" }],
              "question": "What year was the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia founded?",
              "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "silver and gold" }],
              "question": "The Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?",
              "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "1764" }],
              "question": "What year did teaching start at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?",
              "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "teaching" }],
              "question": "What are the university buildings still standing at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia used for now?",
              "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "South Africa has completed a process of transforming its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Technikons" }],
              "question": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?",
              "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?",
              "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?",
              "id": "56de50decffd8e1900b4b7fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "technical colleges" }],
              "question": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?",
              "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "bachelor's degrees" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?",
              "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Pathumwan Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?",
              "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b80a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?",
              "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?",
              "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?",
              "id": "56de55694396321400ee2815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Suranaree University of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?",
              "id": "56de55694396321400ee2816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?",
              "id": "56de55694396321400ee2817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "Mahanakorn University of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?",
              "id": "56de55694396321400ee2818"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Bursa Technical University" }
              ],
              "question": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?",
              "id": "56de57394396321400ee282f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "56de57394396321400ee2830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Ankara and Trabzon" }
              ],
              "question": "What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?",
              "id": "56de57394396321400ee2831"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain \"at little expense.\" The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?",
              "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "the UK Council for National Academic Awards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?",
              "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Central Institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?",
              "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "Royal Polytechnic Institution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?",
              "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2848"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation \"Institute of Technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two \"Institutes of Science and Technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?",
              "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "Loughborough University of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?",
              "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?",
              "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?",
              "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "CNAA" }],
              "question": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?",
              "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2854"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schools called \"technical institute\" or \"technical school\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "university colleges" }
              ],
              "question": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?",
              "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?",
              "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "high school" }],
              "question": "A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?",
              "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2859"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases \"Institute of Technology\", \"Polytechnic Institute\", \"Polytechnic University\", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level\u2014parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "1824" }],
              "question": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?",
              "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?",
              "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "middle class" }],
              "question": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?",
              "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?",
              "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2862"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Caracas" }],
              "question": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?",
              "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio" }
              ],
              "question": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?",
              "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b835"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Wayback_Machine",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "World Wide Web" }],
              "question": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?",
              "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Internet Archive" }],
              "question": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where is Internet Archive headquartered?",
              "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What individuals founded Internet Archive?",
              "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "three dimensional index" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9592"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Linux" }],
              "question": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?",
              "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "if the content has changed" }
              ],
              "question": "When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?",
              "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "to archive the entire Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show" }
              ],
              "question": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?",
              "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004daca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman" }
              ],
              "question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?",
              "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "WABAC machine" }],
              "question": "What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?",
              "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These \"crawlers\" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?",
              "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "crawlers" }],
              "question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?",
              "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "robots exclusion standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?",
              "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "Archive-It.org" }],
              "question": "What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?",
              "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "digital tape" }],
              "question": "What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?",
              "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "researchers and scientists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?",
              "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "fifth anniversary" }],
              "question": "At what milestone was the archive made public?",
              "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "University of California, Berkeley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?",
              "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Snapshots" }],
              "question": "What are the saved versions of a site called?",
              "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "six months" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?",
              "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "variable" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?",
              "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "After August 2008" }],
              "question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?",
              "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Jeff Kaplan" }],
              "question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?",
              "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "November 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?",
              "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "three petabytes" }],
              "question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?",
              "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "12 terabytes/month" }
              ],
              "question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "PetaBox rack systems" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?",
              "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Capricorn Technologies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who makes PetaBox rack systems?",
              "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004dacce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?",
              "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Sun Open Storage" }],
              "question": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?",
              "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "Sun Microsystems' California campus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?",
              "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?",
              "id": "56ddc21866d3e219004dacd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2011" }],
              "question": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?",
              "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?",
              "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?",
              "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2013, the company announced the \"Save a Page\" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Save a Page" }],
              "question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?",
              "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2013" }],
              "question": "When was Save a Page made available?",
              "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Chordiant" }],
              "question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?",
              "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "the robots.txt file" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?",
              "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Internet Archive" }],
              "question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?",
              "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Chordiant" }],
              "question": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?",
              "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd" }
              ],
              "question": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?",
              "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?",
              "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004dacec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Chordiant" }],
              "question": "Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?",
              "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daced"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "TVP Polonia" }],
              "question": "What does Telewizja Polska operate?",
              "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "the Dish Network" }],
              "question": "What is EchoStar's platform?",
              "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?",
              "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "district Court Judge Ronald Guzman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?",
              "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "in examining a patent application"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?",
              "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "authoritative statement of the archivist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?",
              "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "technical" }],
              "question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?",
              "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "underlying links" }],
              "question": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?",
              "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "forms" }],
              "question": "What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "e-commerce" }],
              "question": "What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?",
              "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "copyright laws" }],
              "question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?",
              "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "delete pages from its system" }
              ],
              "question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?",
              "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "FAQ" }],
              "question": "In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?",
              "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner.\" Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Scientology" }],
              "question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?",
              "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dacff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the site owner" }],
              "question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?",
              "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Church of Scientology" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?",
              "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?",
              "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Healthcare Advocates" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?",
              "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Internet Archive" }],
              "question": "Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?",
              "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?",
              "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "voluntary" }],
              "question": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?",
              "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Robots.txt" }],
              "question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?",
              "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Robots.txt" }],
              "question": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?",
              "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Internet Archive states, however, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the web site says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Internet Archive" }],
              "question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?",
              "id": "56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Suzanne Shell" }],
              "question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?",
              "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "profane-justice.org" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?",
              "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Northern District of California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?",
              "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "District of Colorado" }
              ],
              "question": "In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?",
              "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b9610"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 25, 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?",
              "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Internet Archive" }],
              "question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?",
              "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Suzanne Shell" }],
              "question": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?",
              "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013\u201314 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "DMCA requests" }],
              "question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?",
              "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Federal Court of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?",
              "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dutch_Republic",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?",
              "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?",
              "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?",
              "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9602"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?",
              "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Flanders" }],
              "question": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?",
              "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V" }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?",
              "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "1568" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?",
              "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?",
              "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1579" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?",
              "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?",
              "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "the Act of Abjuration" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?",
              "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1581" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?",
              "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?",
              "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1582" }],
              "question": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?",
              "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "1583" }],
              "question": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?",
              "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "10 July 1584" }],
              "question": "When was William of Orange assassinated?",
              "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?",
              "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "1588" }],
              "question": "In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?",
              "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What events created the Batavian Republic?",
              "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "The republican forces fled to which country?",
              "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Batavian Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?",
              "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?",
              "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?",
              "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?",
              "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Dutch Golden Age" }
              ],
              "question": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?",
              "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "The County of Holland" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?",
              "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9633"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange \u2013 that of the Dutch East-India Company \u2013 went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1602" }],
              "question": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Rotterdam" }],
              "question": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?",
              "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?",
              "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?",
              "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1590\u20131712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1590\u20131712" }],
              "question": "The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?",
              "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Africa and the Pacific" }
              ],
              "question": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?",
              "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?",
              "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?",
              "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the Generality Lands governed by?",
              "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "representatives of each of the seven provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The States General was made up of what?",
              "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9668"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the County of Drenthe" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?",
              "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?",
              "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "raadspensionaris" }],
              "question": "The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?",
              "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "the stadtholder" }],
              "question": "Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?",
              "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "the stadtholder" }],
              "question": "Who commanded the army?",
              "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the states of each province" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appointed the stadtholders?",
              "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?",
              "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht" }
              ],
              "question": "Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?",
              "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Orangists" }],
              "question": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?",
              "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Republicans" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?",
              "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "the Peace of Westphalia" }
              ],
              "question": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?",
              "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?",
              "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?",
              "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The States General of the United Provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?",
              "id": "56dde98866d3e219004daded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Holland and/or Zeeland" }
              ],
              "question": "Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?",
              "id": "56dde98866d3e219004dadee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The framers of the US Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?",
              "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "James Madison" }],
              "question": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"",
              "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?",
              "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?",
              "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "personal religion" }],
              "question": "What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?",
              "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "William of Orange" }],
              "question": "Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?",
              "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Catholic services" }],
              "question": "What was forbidden in all provinces?",
              "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "the Reformed Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?",
              "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the time period and regional or city leaders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?",
              "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?",
              "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "personal freedom of religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?",
              "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "predestination" }],
              "question": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?",
              "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?",
              "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "the Synod of Dort" }],
              "question": "What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?",
              "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "in the 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?",
              "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?",
              "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Symbiosis",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd \"together\" and \u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?",
              "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "lichens" }],
              "question": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?",
              "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?",
              "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9608"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter \"de Bary\" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "130 years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?",
              "id": "56ddd9109a695914005b9617"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "obligate" }],
              "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?",
              "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "facultative" }],
              "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?",
              "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "lichens" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an obligate relationship?",
              "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "mistletoe" }],
              "question": "What is an example of ectosymbiosis?",
              "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "disjunctive symbiosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?",
              "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "endosymbiosis" }],
              "question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?",
              "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?",
              "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Frankia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?",
              "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "algae" }],
              "question": "What endosymbionts live in coral? ",
              "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "barnacles" }],
              "question": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?",
              "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "lice" }],
              "question": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.",
              "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "exosymbiosis" }],
              "question": "What is another name for ectosymbiosis?",
              "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "interspecies reciprocal altruism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for mutualism?",
              "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "lifelong" }],
              "question": "Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?",
              "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "mutualistic" }],
              "question": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?",
              "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Coral reefs" }],
              "question": "What do coral and algae produce together?",
              "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "fix carbon from the air" }
              ],
              "question": "How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?",
              "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "mycorrhyzal" }],
              "question": "What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?",
              "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "ocellaris clownfish" }
              ],
              "question": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?",
              "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "A special mucus" }],
              "question": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?",
              "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "mutual symbiosis" }],
              "question": "What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?",
              "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the goby fish" }],
              "question": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?",
              "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "its tail" }],
              "question": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?",
              "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "non-obligate" }],
              "question": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?",
              "id": "56de24804396321400ee25f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "the late 1980s" }],
              "question": "When were the worms found?",
              "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee2609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "nutrition" }],
              "question": "What does the bacteria give the worm?",
              "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "the Galapagos Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "What land is near the worms' first known location?",
              "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "nutrients" }],
              "question": "What is given to the host cell?",
              "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "specialized cells" }],
              "question": "What does the host make that affect its genes?",
              "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "vertical transmission" }
              ],
              "question": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?",
              "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2613"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont\u2013the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "drastic reduction in its genome size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?",
              "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1182, "text": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?",
              "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1420, "text": "lack of selection mechanisms" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?",
              "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning \"sharing a table\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?",
              "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Commensalism" }],
              "question": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?",
              "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "inquilinism" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?",
              "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "metabiosis" }],
              "question": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?",
              "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "phoresy" }],
              "question": "In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?",
              "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A parasitic relationship" }
              ],
              "question": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?",
              "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "necrotrophic" }],
              "question": "What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?",
              "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "biotrophic" }],
              "question": "What is it called when parasites need their host to live?",
              "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "as many as half" }],
              "question": "What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?",
              "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "a tick" }],
              "question": "Name a biotrophic organism.",
              "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Amensalism" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?",
              "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "competition and antibiosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of amensalism are there?",
              "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "competition" }],
              "question": "When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?",
              "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1155, "text": "juglone" }],
              "question": "What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?",
              "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "weevils" }],
              "question": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?",
              "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "shrub" }],
              "question": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?",
              "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Amensalism" }],
              "question": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?",
              "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2732"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Synnecrosis" }],
              "question": "What type of relationship harms both organisms?",
              "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?",
              "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "uncommon" }],
              "question": "How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?",
              "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "to protect the hive" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?",
              "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "the evolution of all eukaryotes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?",
              "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "symbiosis" }],
              "question": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?",
              "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Dorion Sagan" }],
              "question": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?",
              "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "a major role" }],
              "question": "How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?",
              "id": "56de49434396321400ee2774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "nectar and large sticky pollen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?",
              "id": "56de49434396321400ee2775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "dependent" }],
              "question": "What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?",
              "id": "56de49434396321400ee2776"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Canadian_Armed_Forces",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the National Defence Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What law constitutes the CAF?",
              "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Her Majesty" }],
              "question": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?",
              "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Forces canadiennes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CF stand for in this context?",
              "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many sub components are there?",
              "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "the National Defence Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act defines the CAF?",
              "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" }],
              "question": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "the Governor General of Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?",
              "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who leads the CAF?",
              "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "the Armed Forces Council." }
              ],
              "question": "Who advises the Chief of the Defence?",
              "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9643"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "What war were the CAF involved in?",
              "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the security of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?",
              "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the Soviet military threat" }
              ],
              "question": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?",
              "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "the early 1950s" }],
              "question": "Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?",
              "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "the early 1990s" }],
              "question": "What year did the CAF leave Europe?",
              "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Treaty is the CAF part of?",
              "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "international security operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?",
              "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?",
              "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?",
              "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "out of area" }],
              "question": "Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?",
              "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b965a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Canada First Defence Strategy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?",
              "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dad9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?",
              "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "six core missions" }],
              "question": "How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?",
              "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "North America" }],
              "question": "What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?",
              "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?",
              "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?",
              "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "the American Air Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?",
              "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "military training" }],
              "question": "What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?",
              "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "relationship-building efforts" }
              ],
              "question": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?",
              "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b9670"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?",
              "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "French and British forces" }
              ],
              "question": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?",
              "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "European powers" }],
              "question": "What is one of the threats that faced them?",
              "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "the American Revolutionary War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What American war threatened Canada?",
              "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "invasion by the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Early on, what did they defend against with the British?",
              "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b9680"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias\u2014frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "the British Crown-in-Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Who initially had military command?",
              "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Halifax" }],
              "question": "Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?",
              "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?",
              "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "the Department of Militia and Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?",
              "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "November 1940" }],
              "question": "When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?",
              "id": "56dde6229a695914005b968a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Second Boer War" }],
              "question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?",
              "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "British command" }],
              "question": "Under what command did they serve?",
              "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the First World War" }
              ],
              "question": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?",
              "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Second World War" }],
              "question": "What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?",
              "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Korean War" }],
              "question": "What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?",
              "id": "56dde7259a695914005b969a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "more than 200 operations" }
              ],
              "question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?",
              "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "72" }],
              "question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?",
              "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?",
              "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?",
              "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "an aircraft carrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?",
              "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "the Normandy Landings" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?",
              "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "the strategic bombing of German cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?",
              "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Battle of Vimy Ridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?",
              "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Croatia" }],
              "question": "What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?",
              "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "the largest volunteer army ever"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?",
              "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?",
              "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "Which other country had a sizable naval army?",
              "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1 February 1968" }],
              "question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?",
              "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?",
              "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "the British government" }
              ],
              "question": "What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?",
              "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "the First World War" }
              ],
              "question": "What war aided Canadian legislative independence?",
              "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\";[citation needed] The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Canadian Armed Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?",
              "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "After the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?",
              "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?",
              "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Canadian Forces" }],
              "question": "What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Land Forces" }],
              "question": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?",
              "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?",
              "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "ISAF" }],
              "question": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?",
              "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "the Government of Afghanistan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who requested the aid of the Canadians?",
              "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "peacekeeping" }],
              "question": "What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?",
              "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b606"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "approximately $20.1 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?",
              "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "74th in size" }],
              "question": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?",
              "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "approximately 119,000" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?",
              "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?",
              "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "around 124,000" }],
              "question": "What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?",
              "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CAF as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disasters. Then CDS, Walter Natynczyk, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "the Canada First Defence Strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?",
              "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?",
              "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 990, "text": "loss of existing members" }
              ],
              "question": "What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?",
              "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?",
              "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "C-130 Hercules" }],
              "question": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?",
              "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?",
              "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?",
              "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3db1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas\u2014vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?",
              "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?",
              "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 723,
                  "text": "the Department changed its policies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?",
              "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?",
              "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.",
              "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "5 February 1987" }],
              "question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?",
              "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "the Minister of National Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created an office to study these effects?",
              "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "Combat-Related Employment of Women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the study called?",
              "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?",
              "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "submarine service" }],
              "question": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?",
              "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "100 percent" }],
              "question": "By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?",
              "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "the government of Jean Chretien"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?",
              "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?",
              "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?",
              "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?",
              "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56dee62fc65bf219000b3dfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected House of Commons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Canadian constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?",
              "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "the governor general" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?",
              "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "troop deployment and disposition orders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What orders fall under the royal prerogative?",
              "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "the monarch or governor general"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?",
              "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?",
              "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "115,349" }],
              "question": "The armed forces has approximately how many members?",
              "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "The governor general" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?",
              "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Ottawa, Ontario" }],
              "question": "What location does the National Defense operate out of?",
              "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?",
              "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?",
              "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?",
              "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the place called where initial training happens?",
              "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?",
              "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Halifax" }],
              "question": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?",
              "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What formation is located in Quebec?",
              "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "NATO exercises" }],
              "question": "What international exercises does the RCN partake in?",
              "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Commander of the Canadian Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who heads the Canadian Army?",
              "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "four divisions" }],
              "question": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?",
              "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four divisions?",
              "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "the 5th Canadian Division" }
              ],
              "question": "What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?",
              "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "the 5th Canadian Division" }
              ],
              "question": "The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?",
              "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?",
              "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Each Brigade contains how many regiments?",
              "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 565, "text": "tactical helicopter squadron" }
              ],
              "question": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?",
              "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "a field ambulance" }],
              "question": "What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?",
              "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is most of the major training performed?",
              "id": "56def917c65bf219000b3e64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?",
              "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Winnipeg" }],
              "question": "Where is the commander based out of?",
              "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?",
              "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "tactical commander" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?",
              "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some locations of the air bases?",
              "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Winnipeg and North Bay" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the command facilities located?",
              "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Geilenkirchen, Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?",
              "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Airborne Early Warning Force" }
              ],
              "question": "What NATO force are the Canadians part of?",
              "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Labrador" }],
              "question": "What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?",
              "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d861"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Joint Task Force (North)" }
              ],
              "question": "What does JTFN stand for?",
              "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "a chain of forward operating locations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?",
              "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "fighter operations" }
              ],
              "question": "What can each forwarding operation location provide?",
              "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "CF-18 squadrons" }],
              "question": "What squadrons deploy to these locations?",
              "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Arctic sovereignty patrols." }
              ],
              "question": "What patrols are organized from these locations?",
              "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "October 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?",
              "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?",
              "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the 2012 federal budget" }
              ],
              "question": "What specifically prompted this merger?",
              "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?",
              "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "generating special operations forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?",
              "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "CJOC" }],
              "question": "What do the special forces support?",
              "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "CFB Trenton" }],
              "question": "Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?",
              "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "427" }],
              "question": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?",
              "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?",
              "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Information Management Group located?",
              "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1002,
                  "text": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?",
              "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "June 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?",
              "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 876, "text": "the Director General Cyber" }
              ],
              "question": "Who heads the Directorate?",
              "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?",
              "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Joint Task Force" }],
              "question": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?",
              "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "domestic support" }],
              "question": "What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?",
              "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "in times of national emergency or threat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can the reserve force be called upon?",
              "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "primary and supplementary" }
              ],
              "question": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?",
              "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force \u2013 the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) \u2013 in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commands the reserves?",
              "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the components of the reserve force?",
              "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who conducts training of the cadets?",
              "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "12 to 18 years" }],
              "question": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?",
              "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What branch are the majority of COATS members?",
              "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?",
              "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "provide surveillance and patrol services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?",
              "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "in Canada's arctic" }],
              "question": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?",
              "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "reserve force" }],
              "question": "Which force are the Rangers part of?",
              "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?",
              "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring \"dirty work\" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval \"high-collar\" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "service dress" }],
              "question": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?",
              "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "gloves, swords, and medals" }
              ],
              "question": "What other parts are there to a uniform?",
              "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "operational dress is now the daily uniform"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?",
              "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Approved parkas" }],
              "question": "What can be worn in cold winter weather?",
              "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 730,
                  "text": "a ceremonial/regimental full dress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is only worn for very specific occasions?",
              "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?",
              "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?",
              "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "The beret" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular head dress worn?",
              "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1589, "text": "CG634 helmet" }],
              "question": "What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?",
              "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d907"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008\u20132009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Constitution of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?",
              "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?",
              "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3efb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cardinal_(Catholicism)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? ",
              "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the cardinals assigned? ",
              "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9678"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning \"principal\" or \"chief\". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "cardinal" }],
              "question": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?",
              "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "ninth century" }],
              "question": "How early was this term used?",
              "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "tituli" }],
              "question": "The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?",
              "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "cardo" }],
              "question": "What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?",
              "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "The Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?",
              "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that \"cardinalis\" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean \u201cprincipal,\u201d \u201ceminent,\u201d or \"superior.\" The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the \"title\" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? ",
              "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "8th century" }],
              "question": "When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?",
              "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "769" }],
              "question": "What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?",
              "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 945, "text": "Nicholas II" }],
              "question": "Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?",
              "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1013,
                  "text": "the Papal Bull In nomine Domini"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?",
              "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1291, "text": "1244" }],
              "question": "In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?",
              "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1271, "text": "Pope Innocent IV" }],
              "question": "Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?",
              "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "cardinal" }],
              "question": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?",
              "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "747" }],
              "question": "When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?",
              "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "1567" }],
              "question": "When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?",
              "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Pope Zacharias" }],
              "question": "In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?",
              "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "747" }],
              "question": "In what year was the letter sent?",
              "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Pius V." }],
              "question": "Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?",
              "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "1567" }],
              "question": "In what year did the pope make the declaration?",
              "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council \"nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1563" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? ",
              "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dade9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Pope Pius IV" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?",
              "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dadea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1563" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?",
              "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Pope Pius IV" }],
              "question": "Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?",
              "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "French kings" }],
              "question": "Who were generally temporal rulers?",
              "id": "56dde98d9a695914005b96aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and Andr\u00e9-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the \"four great\" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "secular affairs." }],
              "question": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?",
              "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu" }
              ],
              "question": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?",
              "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?",
              "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Henry, King of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?",
              "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?",
              "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?",
              "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Pope John XXIII" }],
              "question": "During who's term did the ruling exceed? ",
              "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? ",
              "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum age for electors?",
              "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?",
              "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "the number of cardinals generally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?",
              "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the cardinals work?",
              "id": "56ddeba09a695914005b96c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?",
              "id": "56ddec019a695914005b96ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "titular bishopric of Ostia" }
              ],
              "question": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?",
              "id": "56df108ac65bf219000b3f1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been \"illustrissimo\" and \"reverendissimo\")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1630" }],
              "question": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?",
              "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Pope Urban VIII" }],
              "question": "Who decreed this?",
              "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Prince" }],
              "question": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?",
              "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the Pope and crowned monarchs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who held more power then the cardinal?",
              "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Pope Urban VIII" }],
              "question": "Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?",
              "id": "56df057ec65bf219000b3ee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, \"John Card(inal) Doe\" or, in Latin, \"Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen\". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? ",
              "id": "56dded029a695914005b96cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?",
              "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do cardinals sign traditionally?",
              "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 833, "text": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" }
              ],
              "question": "How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?",
              "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 893,
                  "text": "because they do not belong to the Roman clergy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?",
              "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: \"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...\" (Meaning: \"I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...\") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?",
              "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Cardinal" }],
              "question": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?",
              "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "1378" }],
              "question": "When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?",
              "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "1378" }],
              "question": "When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?",
              "id": "56df090bc65bf219000b3ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?",
              "id": "56ddf05366d3e219004dae2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "the cardinalate" }],
              "question": "Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?",
              "id": "56df09693277331400b4d8f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the \"suburbicarian\" sees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal bishops" }],
              "question": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "cardinals of the episcopal order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a cardinal bishop?",
              "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal bishops" }],
              "question": "Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?",
              "id": "56df0a4e3277331400b4d901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "a Roman priest" }],
              "question": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?",
              "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "To preserve apostolic succession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?",
              "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? ",
              "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?",
              "id": "56df0afa3277331400b4d90d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many suburbicarian sees?",
              "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1150 until 1914" }],
              "question": "When were the two sees combined? ",
              "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Pope Pius X" }],
              "question": "Who separated them?",
              "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the seven sees?",
              "id": "56df0b313277331400b4d911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?",
              "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Ostia" }],
              "question": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?",
              "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is in charge of Ostia? ",
              "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?",
              "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Ostia" }],
              "question": "What see is the one exception to this rule?",
              "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has power over the exception?",
              "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "College of Cardinals" }
              ],
              "question": "The entire group of cardinals is known as what?",
              "id": "56def231c65bf219000b3e4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinals have in canon law a \"privilege of forum\" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "the pope" }],
              "question": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?",
              "id": "56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "a gold ring" }],
              "question": "What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?",
              "id": "56def9503277331400b4d857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the pope" }],
              "question": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?",
              "id": "56def9503277331400b4d858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "a galero." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?",
              "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?",
              "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "scarlet biretta" }],
              "question": "What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?",
              "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Eastern Catholic cardinals" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?",
              "id": "56defa45c65bf219000b3e71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments \u2014 the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet \u2014 which is always white \u2014 the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "willingness to die for his faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?",
              "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "rochet" }],
              "question": "Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?",
              "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 928,
                  "text": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?",
              "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "1460s" }],
              "question": "When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?",
              "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "the cardinalate expires" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?",
              "id": "56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Pope Martin V" }],
              "question": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?",
              "id": "56defd5e3277331400b4d86c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "marry" }],
              "question": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?",
              "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?",
              "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?",
              "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d872"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?",
              "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?",
              "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?",
              "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?",
              "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d888"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?",
              "id": "56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. \u201cActing in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.\u201d The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The cardinal protodeacon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who announces the election of a new pope?",
              "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?",
              "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Pope John Paul I" }],
              "question": "Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?",
              "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What color is the hat?",
              "id": "56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?",
              "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "10 years" }],
              "question": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?",
              "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "about half" }],
              "question": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?",
              "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?",
              "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "seven deacons in the Papal Household"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?",
              "id": "56df04563277331400b4d8b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "cardinal deacons" }],
              "question": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?",
              "id": "56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?",
              "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?",
              "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "the Pope" }],
              "question": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?",
              "id": "56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "a suburbicarian see" }
              ],
              "question": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?",
              "id": "56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "cardinal deacons" }],
              "question": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?",
              "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "cardinal bishops" }],
              "question": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal priests" }],
              "question": "Which rank has the most cardinals?",
              "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern times, the name \"cardinal priest\" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means \"hinge\"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel \u2014 the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "priests chosen by the pope" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?",
              "id": "56df0d723277331400b4d91d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "a titular church in Rome" }
              ],
              "question": "Each cardinal priest has what?",
              "id": "56df0de63277331400b4d921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1587" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?",
              "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?",
              "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Pope John XXIII" }],
              "question": "Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?",
              "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d927"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Iranian_languages",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE \u2013 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Iranic languages" }],
              "question": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?",
              "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Indo-Iranian languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?",
              "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Indo-European language family" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?",
              "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "400 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?",
              "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Middle Persian" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a Sassanid language?",
              "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "86" }],
              "question": "How many different Iranian languages exist?",
              "id": "56ddeed19a695914005b96dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Proto-Iranian" }],
              "question": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?",
              "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Persian and Sanskrit" }
              ],
              "question": "From what languages does the word Aryao come?",
              "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?",
              "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Christian Lassen" }],
              "question": "Who first used the term Iranian language?",
              "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Robert Needham Cust" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?",
              "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?",
              "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Proto-Iranian" }],
              "question": "From where did Iranian languages originate?",
              "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Central Asia" }],
              "question": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?",
              "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Andronovo" }],
              "question": "What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?",
              "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "2000 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Andronovo culture exist?",
              "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Indo-European" }],
              "question": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?",
              "id": "56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?",
              "id": "56ddf33166d3e219004dae56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "linguistic diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?",
              "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?",
              "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "the Behistun inscription" }
              ],
              "question": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?",
              "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "520 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Behistun inscription written?",
              "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "4th century BC" }],
              "question": "During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?",
              "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Avestan" }],
              "question": "What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?",
              "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Zoroastrianism" }],
              "question": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?",
              "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Rigvedic Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?",
              "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Old Persian" }],
              "question": "What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?",
              "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a \"Median\" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called \"Scythian\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Kurdish" }],
              "question": "What language is Carduchi thought to have become?",
              "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 874, "text": "Scythian" }],
              "question": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?",
              "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "western and eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?",
              "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Old Persian" }],
              "question": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?",
              "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Avestan" }],
              "question": "Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?",
              "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "*\u0107 and *d\u017a" }
              ],
              "question": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?",
              "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "first-series palatal consonants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of letters are *\u0107 and *d\u017a?",
              "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuristani languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages share a similar situation?",
              "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw" }
              ],
              "question": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?",
              "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "consonant clusters" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the linguistic categorization of *\u0107w and *d\u017aw?",
              "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2534"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *\u0107w).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "other distinct dialect groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What may have also been in use at the time?",
              "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian" }
              ],
              "question": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?",
              "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Old Parthian" }],
              "question": "What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?",
              "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2549"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "9th century" }],
              "question": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?",
              "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Western and Eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?",
              "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Eastern" }],
              "question": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?",
              "id": "56de05334396321400ee2552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Avestan" }],
              "question": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?",
              "id": "56de05334396321400ee2553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Aramaic" }],
              "question": "Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?",
              "id": "56de05334396321400ee2554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Greek script" }],
              "question": "What did the Bactrian language use for writing?",
              "id": "56de05334396321400ee2555"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Pahlavi" }],
              "question": "What is another term for Middle Persian?",
              "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "3rd century CE" }],
              "question": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?",
              "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?",
              "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Syriac script" }],
              "question": "What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?",
              "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?",
              "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Dari" }],
              "question": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?",
              "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Saffarid" }],
              "question": "What was the first dynasty to use Dari?",
              "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "875 CE" }],
              "question": "When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?",
              "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "Khorasan" }],
              "question": "What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?",
              "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2567"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Arabic script" }],
              "question": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?",
              "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "second half of the 8th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?",
              "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Tajik script" }],
              "question": "What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?",
              "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "the 1930s" }],
              "question": "When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?",
              "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "the Soviet government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?",
              "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Khuzestan" }],
              "question": "What is another term for Western Iran?",
              "id": "56de110e4396321400ee259f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Sogdian and Bactrian" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?",
              "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "6th century AD" }],
              "question": "By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?",
              "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Zarafshan valley" }],
              "question": "Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?",
              "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 967, "text": "Saka" }],
              "question": "Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?",
              "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Lighting",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Daylighting" }],
              "question": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?",
              "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "positive" }],
              "question": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?",
              "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "energy consumption" }
              ],
              "question": "Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?",
              "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "artificial light sources" }
              ],
              "question": "Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?",
              "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting or illumination" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?",
              "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Daylighting" }],
              "question": "What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?",
              "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting" }],
              "question": "Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?",
              "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "positive" }],
              "question": "What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?",
              "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "energy consumption" }
              ],
              "question": "What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?",
              "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting or illumination" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the used to achieve a practical effect?",
              "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "light fixtures" }],
              "question": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?",
              "id": "56de10f64396321400ee2599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Indoor lighting" }],
              "question": "What is considered a key part of interior design?",
              "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "lighting" }],
              "question": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?",
              "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "light fixtures" }],
              "question": "What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?",
              "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "lighting" }],
              "question": "What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?",
              "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?",
              "id": "56df12603277331400b4d941"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Recessed lighting" }],
              "question": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?",
              "id": "56df1264c65bf219000b3f27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "400,000 BCE" }],
              "question": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?",
              "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "birds and fish" }],
              "question": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?",
              "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "campfires or torches" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?",
              "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "15,000 years" }],
              "question": "The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?",
              "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "incandescent light" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?",
              "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "early 1800s" }],
              "question": "When did gas powered street lights became economically available.",
              "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "urban crime." }],
              "question": "Street lights help reduce?",
              "id": "56df510196943c1400a5d395"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting fixtures" }],
              "question": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?",
              "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "visual glare" }],
              "question": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?",
              "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "lumen per watt" }],
              "question": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?",
              "id": "56df510696943c1400a5d39c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "6400" }],
              "question": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?",
              "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "incandescent bulb" }],
              "question": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?",
              "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "blue-white" }],
              "question": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?",
              "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Lower color temperature" }
              ],
              "question": "A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?",
              "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "light produced by the fixture."
                }
              ],
              "question": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?",
              "id": "56df513396943c1400a5d3ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Lightolier" }],
              "question": "Who invented track lighting?",
              "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "master transformer" }
              ],
              "question": "What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.",
              "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "cable lighting" }],
              "question": "What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?",
              "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "12 or 24 volts" }],
              "question": "How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?",
              "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "torchiere" }],
              "question": "What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?",
              "id": "56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "table lamp" }],
              "question": "What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?",
              "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "task lighting" }],
              "question": "Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? ",
              "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "dark nightclub" }],
              "question": "When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?",
              "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "illuminated ceiling" }],
              "question": "What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?",
              "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "accent lighting" }],
              "question": "Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?",
              "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "small lights" }],
              "question": "What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?",
              "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "LED based versions" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?",
              "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "translucent tube" }],
              "question": "What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?",
              "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Street Lights" }],
              "question": "What is used to light walkways at night?",
              "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "photovoltaic luminaires" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?",
              "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Floodlights" }],
              "question": "What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?",
              "id": "56df807956340a1900b29c64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "security lighting" }],
              "question": "Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?",
              "id": "56df80fe56340a1900b29c77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Entry lights" }],
              "question": "What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?",
              "id": "56df819456340a1900b29c88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "red" }],
              "question": "What color are tail lights?",
              "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "white or selective yellow" }
              ],
              "question": "What color are headlamps on a vehicle?",
              "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "late 1950s" }],
              "question": "When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?",
              "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "White" }],
              "question": "What color are reversing indicator lamps?",
              "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "turn signals" }],
              "question": "What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?",
              "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "light bulbs" }],
              "question": "What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?",
              "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "electrical energy" }],
              "question": "What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?",
              "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "60 w" }],
              "question": "Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.",
              "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "800 lumens" }],
              "question": "How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?",
              "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29ccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "architectural lighting design" }
              ],
              "question": "What is designing as it applies to built environments?",
              "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "kno" }],
              "question": "Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?",
              "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Radiance" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?",
              "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "tabular" }],
              "question": "Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?",
              "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Daylight factor calculation." }
              ],
              "question": "What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.",
              "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "dark paint" }],
              "question": "What type of paint tends to absorb light?",
              "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "light paint" }],
              "question": "What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?",
              "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Photometric studies" }],
              "question": "What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?",
              "id": "56df89dc38dc421700152022"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "lighting cues" }],
              "question": "What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?",
              "id": "56df8f054a1a83140091eb43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "stage lighting" }],
              "question": "Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?",
              "id": "56df8fcb38dc421700152055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "candela (cd)" }],
              "question": "What is the basic SI unit of measurement?",
              "id": "56df912338dc421700152064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "cd/m2" }],
              "question": "What is the SI unit for lumiance?",
              "id": "56df912338dc421700152066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "stilb" }],
              "question": "What is the CGS unit of lumiance?",
              "id": "56df912338dc421700152067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1076, "text": "lumen (lm)" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? ",
              "id": "56df912338dc421700152068"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "luminosity function" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?",
              "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Lux" }],
              "question": "What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?",
              "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Unified Glare Rating" }
              ],
              "question": "What does UGR stand for?",
              "id": "56df93904a1a83140091eb6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "correlated color temperature" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CCT stand for?",
              "id": "56df945038dc421700152082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "color rendering index" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CRI stand for?",
              "id": "56df945038dc421700152083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "CRI" }],
              "question": "What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?",
              "id": "56df945038dc421700152084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "CCT" }],
              "question": "What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?",
              "id": "56df945038dc421700152085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "gamut area index" }],
              "question": "What does GAI stand for?",
              "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "GAI" }],
              "question": "The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?",
              "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "ano" }],
              "question": "Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?",
              "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "light dosimeters" }],
              "question": "What is typically used to measure light?",
              "id": "56df964438dc42170015208d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Daysimeter" }],
              "question": "What measures the amount of light entering the eye?",
              "id": "56df96e138dc421700152090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "circadian light meter" }
              ],
              "question": "A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?",
              "id": "56df96e138dc421700152092"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?",
              "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "short-wavelength light" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of light stimulates the circadian system?",
              "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Specification of illumination requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? ",
              "id": "56df9b7338dc4217001520d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting control" }],
              "question": "What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? ",
              "id": "56df9c5038dc4217001520e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "wireless mesh open standards" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of standard do newer control systems use? ",
              "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "ZigBee" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one type of control system used? ",
              "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?",
              "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Occupancy sensors" }],
              "question": "What sensor controls light with motion sensors? ",
              "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "changes in heat" }],
              "question": "What does a passive infrared sensor react to? ",
              "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Ultrasonic sensors" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?",
              "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?",
              "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152115"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Daylighting" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest method of interior lighting? ",
              "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?",
              "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "LEDs" }],
              "question": "What is a form of solid state lighting?",
              "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "nonimaging optics" }],
              "question": "What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?",
              "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "higher lighting levels" }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause health effects such headache frequency?",
              "id": "56dfa3d938dc42170015215e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth\u2019s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 733, "text": "Alzheimer's Disease" }
              ],
              "question": "Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? ",
              "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?",
              "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 918,
                  "text": "disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?",
              "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses\u2019 notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Robert Ulrich" }],
              "question": "Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?",
              "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?",
              "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?",
              "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices\u2013all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, \"we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed.\" They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "University of Toronto Scarborough"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?",
              "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Northwestern University" }
              ],
              "question": "What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?",
              "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Dr. Abraham Gesner" }],
              "question": "What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?",
              "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? ",
              "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "coal-gas methods" }],
              "question": "What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?",
              "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Compact fluorescent lamps" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CFL stand for?",
              "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?",
              "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?",
              "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?",
              "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "50,000 hours" }],
              "question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?",
              "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?",
              "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Light pollution" }],
              "question": "What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?",
              "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "glare" }],
              "question": "What causes sharp shadows around buildings? ",
              "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "searchlights and flares" }
              ],
              "question": "In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? ",
              "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? ",
              "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "infrared cameras" }],
              "question": "Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? ",
              "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Flares" }],
              "question": "What can be used by military for targeting?",
              "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "laser-guided and GPS weapons" }
              ],
              "question": "What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?",
              "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "International Commission on Illumination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the CIE stand for?",
              "id": "56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the IESNA stand for? ",
              "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "ANSI and ASHRAE" }],
              "question": "Who else publishes along with IESNA? ",
              "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "distribution of light released"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What defines photo metric data?",
              "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The International Association of Lighting Designers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does IALD stand for?",
              "id": "56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does PLDA stand for?",
              "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "ELDA" }],
              "question": "What was the PLDA formerly known as?",
              "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "NCQLP" }],
              "question": "Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? ",
              "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NCQLP stand for?",
              "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "LC" }],
              "question": "Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?",
              "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "CLEP and CLMC" }],
              "question": "What other national examinations are available?",
              "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does PLASA stand for? ",
              "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "Where is PLASA based?",
              "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "500+" }],
              "question": "How many individuals does PLASA represent?",
              "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 807,
                  "text": "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RoHS stand for?",
              "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Separation of powers" }
              ],
              "question": "Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?",
              "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?",
              "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "United States Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 663, "text": "checks and balances" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?",
              "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "separation of powers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?",
              "id": "56de333b4396321400ee268f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Montesquieu" }],
              "question": "Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?",
              "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "the framers of the United States Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?",
              "id": "56de24b24396321400ee2600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Who was an advocate of separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Who was an opponent of separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Montesquieu" }],
              "question": "Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  ",
              "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2696"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King (\"His Majesty's Government\"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?",
              "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?",
              "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1824, "text": "separate and distinct" }
              ],
              "question": "What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?",
              "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?",
              "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1395,
                  "text": "a member of the Court of Appeals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? ",
              "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?",
              "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Clinton v. City of New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?",
              "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?",
              "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "nondelegation doctrine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?",
              "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Clinton v. City of New York" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?",
              "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?",
              "id": "56de37794396321400ee26af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Wayman v. Southard" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?",
              "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "John Marshall" }],
              "question": "Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "the judiciary" }],
              "question": "In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?",
              "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Wayman v. Southard" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?",
              "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "John Marshall" }],
              "question": "Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?",
              "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "the 1930s" }],
              "question": "When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?",
              "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "National Recovery Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?",
              "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?",
              "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?",
              "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Army and Navy" }],
              "question": "Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?",
              "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Senate" }],
              "question": "Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?",
              "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "impeachment" }],
              "question": "What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?",
              "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "quasi-judicial" }],
              "question": "What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?",
              "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Executive" }],
              "question": "Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?",
              "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the President" }],
              "question": "Who has the authority to make treaties?",
              "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "impeachment" }],
              "question": "What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?",
              "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?",
              "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives\u2014and \u00a7 7\u2014requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House\u2014represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2\u20443 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the performance of their duties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?",
              "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "INS v. Chadha" }],
              "question": "What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?",
              "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?",
              "id": "56de3bf44396321400ee26c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Judicial" }],
              "question": "In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?",
              "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Senate" }],
              "question": "Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "constitutional courts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?",
              "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Judicial power" }],
              "question": "What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?",
              "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "the president" }],
              "question": "Who appoints a judge?",
              "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "the Senate" }],
              "question": "Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?",
              "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "legislative courts" }],
              "question": "What kind of courts did congress establish?",
              "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "judicial power of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?",
              "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?",
              "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The president" }],
              "question": "Who can call congress into emergency session?",
              "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "The Vice President" }
              ],
              "question": "Who serves as president of the Senate?",
              "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The president" }],
              "question": "Who has the power to issue a pardon?",
              "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The president" }],
              "question": "Who has the power to issue a reprieve? ",
              "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The president" }],
              "question": "Who is the commander and chief of the Army?",
              "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who has the power to declare ware?",
              "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "the Senate" }],
              "question": "Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?",
              "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Courts" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for judicial review?",
              "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Marbury v. Madison" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the court case that established judicial review?",
              "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?",
              "id": "56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who can limit judicial review of a law?",
              "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "the Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?",
              "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Chief Justice" }],
              "question": "Who presides over an impeachment trial?",
              "id": "56de41c54396321400ee2726"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "James Madison" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?",
              "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Federalist 51" }],
              "question": "In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?",
              "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?",
              "id": "56de445a4396321400ee273e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many bills did George Washington veto?",
              "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many bills did James Monroe veto?",
              "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto",
              "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Andrew Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was the seventh President of the United States?",
              "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress",
              "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Tenure of Office Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?",
              "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2758"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills\u2014twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more \"deserving\" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, \"These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment.\" Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Grover Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?",
              "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Grover Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? ",
              "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law\u2014in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Franklin Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?",
              "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?",
              "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that \"the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation\" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that \"executive privilege\" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "national security" }],
              "question": "Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?",
              "id": "56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "checks and balances" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?",
              "id": "56de4bd44396321400ee27a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "the Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? ",
              "id": "56de4ce74396321400ee27b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Florida Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?",
              "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Florida Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?",
              "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Architecture",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd arkhitekton \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Architectural" }],
              "question": "What is the latin word for architecture?",
              "id": "56de29c64396321400ee2617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "architectura" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin word for architecture?",
              "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Architecture" }],
              "question": "What do you call the planning and building of buildings?",
              "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Architectural works" }
              ],
              "question": "What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?",
              "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "architectural achievements" }
              ],
              "question": "Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?",
              "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?",
              "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two words is \"architecture\" a combination of?",
              "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "buildings and other physical structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Architecture involves the creation of what?",
              "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "as works of art" }],
              "question": "Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?",
              "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Historical civilizations" }
              ],
              "question": "What can extant architectural works be used to identify?",
              "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347934"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation \u2013 firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "De architectura" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?",
              "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Roman architect Vitruvius" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?",
              "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1st century AD." }],
              "question": "When did Vitruvius create these plans?",
              "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "firmness, commodity and delight."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three principles every plan should consider?",
              "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee2620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "De architectura" }],
              "question": "What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?",
              "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Vitruvius" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of  De architectura?",
              "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "architect" }],
              "question": "What was Vitruvius' profession?",
              "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?",
              "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "firmness, commodity and delight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?",
              "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When were the styles of arts created?",
              "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Vasari" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?",
              "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 801,
                  "text": "Italian, French, Spanish and English"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?",
              "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "architect" }],
              "question": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?",
              "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Leon Battista Alberti" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?",
              "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "proportion" }],
              "question": "What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?",
              "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "the Golden mean" }],
              "question": "What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?",
              "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?",
              "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the book Contrasts?",
              "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee262f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "What year was Contrasts written in?",
              "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee2630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Contrasts" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Pugin's book?",
              "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "In what year was Contrasts written?",
              "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "modern, industrial world" }
              ],
              "question": "What world did Pugin dislike?",
              "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Gothic" }],
              "question": "What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?",
              "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "John Ruskin" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?",
              "id": "56de2d214396321400ee2633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "John Ruskin" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?",
              "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "art critic" }],
              "question": "What was Ruskin's career? ",
              "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?",
              "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "to his mental health, power, and pleasure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?",
              "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?",
              "id": "56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "the aesthetic" }],
              "question": "What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?",
              "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "it is in some way \"adorned\"" }
              ],
              "question": "To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?",
              "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "string courses or rustication" }
              ],
              "question": "What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?",
              "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "20th-century" }],
              "question": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?",
              "id": "56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Le Corbusier" }],
              "question": "Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? ",
              "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Architect" }],
              "question": "What was Le Corbusier 's profession?",
              "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "20th-century" }],
              "question": "When did Le Corbusier live and write?",
              "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "heart" }],
              "question": "What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?",
              "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "I am happy" }],
              "question": "What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?",
              "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Function" }],
              "question": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"utility\"?",
              "id": "56de2e2d4396321400ee2644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?",
              "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Vitruvius" }],
              "question": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?",
              "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?",
              "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "both popularity and skepticism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?",
              "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some philosophies that modern architects use?",
              "id": "56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "philosophies" }],
              "question": "Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?",
              "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "their approach to building design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?",
              "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "poststructuralism" }],
              "question": "Which philosophy followed structuralism?",
              "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "late 20th century" }],
              "question": "When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?",
              "id": "56de308f4396321400ee266e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "sustainability" }],
              "question": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?",
              "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "environment" }],
              "question": "To what should a building be friendly?",
              "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "non-sustainable power sources" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?",
              "id": "56e4793839bdeb1400347950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "shelter, security, worship" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?",
              "id": "56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "knowledge" }],
              "question": "Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?",
              "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "a craft" }],
              "question": "What was building considered?",
              "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "architecture" }],
              "question": "What was the most valued type of building craft called?",
              "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "building materials" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?",
              "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "vernacular buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?",
              "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "a surplus in production" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the economy begin to expand?",
              "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "trial and error" }],
              "question": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?",
              "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "vernacular" }],
              "question": "What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?",
              "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "rural" }],
              "question": "In what environment were many of the first human settlements?",
              "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "urbanization" }],
              "question": "What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?",
              "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "rapidly" }],
              "question": "At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?",
              "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347958"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia" }
              ],
              "question": "What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?",
              "id": "56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of past civilizations?",
              "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "the divine and the supernatural"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?",
              "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "political power" }],
              "question": "What does architectural monumentality often represent?",
              "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Kao Gong Ji" }],
              "question": "Name one Asian architectural writer.",
              "id": "56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?",
              "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "7th\u20135th centuries BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Kao Gong Ji written?",
              "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra" }
              ],
              "question": "What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?",
              "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Shilpa Shastras" }],
              "question": "India produced which early architectural text?",
              "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "pantheistic religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?",
              "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Buddhist architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?",
              "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "3rd century BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?",
              "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "the macrocosm and the microcosm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?",
              "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "the Shastras" }],
              "question": "What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?",
              "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences",
              "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "pantheistic religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?",
              "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "European architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?",
              "id": "56de3de54396321400ee26d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "7th century CE" }],
              "question": "When was Islamic architecture first seen?",
              "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Byzantium" }],
              "question": "In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?",
              "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "religious and social needs" }
              ],
              "question": "What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?",
              "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "pointed arch" }],
              "question": "What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?",
              "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "abbeys and cathedrals." }
              ],
              "question": "What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?",
              "id": "56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "abbeys and cathedrals" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the most important buildings of the time?",
              "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "clerics and tradesmen" }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?",
              "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "pan-European" }],
              "question": "What style is Gothic?",
              "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Romanesque" }],
              "question": "What is another pan-European style?",
              "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "900 CE onwards" }],
              "question": "When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?",
              "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1400" }],
              "question": "When was Renaissance Humanism developed?",
              "id": "56de3fd84396321400ee2702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1400 onwards" }],
              "question": "When did the Classical learning revival begin?",
              "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What continent did this revival take place on?",
              "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What was the name for the time period?",
              "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "role of the individual" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?",
              "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "artist, architect and engineer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?",
              "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? ",
              "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "form, space and ambience" }
              ],
              "question": "In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?",
              "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "pragmatic aspects" }],
              "question": "Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?",
              "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nunzia Rondanini" }],
              "question": "Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?",
              "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "Through its aesthetic dimension"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?",
              "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "social life" }],
              "question": "What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?",
              "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "social development" }
              ],
              "question": "What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?",
              "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "functional aspects" }],
              "question": "What does architecture share with other sciences?",
              "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347948"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "art for art's sake" }],
              "question": "What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?",
              "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "quest for perfection or originality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of quest lacks purpose?",
              "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "form" }],
              "question": "What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?",
              "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "civic ideals" }],
              "question": "From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?",
              "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "new building types" }
              ],
              "question": "These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?",
              "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "religious or empirical ones" }
              ],
              "question": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?",
              "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Architectural \"style\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What owes its development to the Classical orders?",
              "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "ancient time" }],
              "question": "When were architectural writings first made?",
              "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "specific formal prescriptions" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?",
              "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "canons" }],
              "question": "What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?",
              "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1st-century BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Vitruvius write his canons?",
              "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "What is a significant early architectural canonical type?",
              "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347962"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "guilds" }],
              "question": "What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?",
              "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "written contracts" }],
              "question": "What records of the guilds are still in existence?",
              "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "ecclesiastical buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?",
              "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Magister lathomorum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for master mason?",
              "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347973"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "proportions and structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?",
              "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "generalist" }],
              "question": "Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?",
              "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the \"gentleman architect\" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "architecture and engineering" }
              ],
              "question": "What two fields began to grow apart?",
              "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "technical aspects of building design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?",
              "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "\"gentleman architect\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?",
              "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 760, "text": "context and feasibility" }
              ],
              "question": "What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?",
              "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 840,
                  "text": "in the offices of other architects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did most architects learn their trade?",
              "id": "56e48e3239bdeb1400347990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "mass production and consumption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What started with the Industrial Revolution?",
              "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "ornamented products" }
              ],
              "question": "What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?",
              "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Aesthetics" }],
              "question": "As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?",
              "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347998"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "pattern books and architectural journals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of books did housebuilders use?",
              "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "current architectural design" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?",
              "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? ",
              "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Modern Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?",
              "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?",
              "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "to produce better quality machine made objects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?",
              "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "the Bauhaus school" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?",
              "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "avant-garde movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?",
              "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "the middle and working classes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?",
              "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "the rapidly declining aristocratic order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?",
              "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "functionalist" }],
              "question": "What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?",
              "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "historical references and ornament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What details did Modernists' do away with?",
              "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }],
              "question": "Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?",
              "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Robie House and Fallingwater" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two of Wright's designs?",
              "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "to promote harmony" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?",
              "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "the Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?",
              "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "steel-frame construction" }
              ],
              "question": "What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?",
              "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "International Style" }
              ],
              "question": "What style came after Modernism?",
              "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Twin Towers" }],
              "question": "What is an example of International Style?",
              "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Minoru Yamasaki" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Twin Towers?",
              "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "decorative richness" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?",
              "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?",
              "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "unfinished concrete" }
              ],
              "question": "What material was used in Brutalist structures?",
              "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "postwar generation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?",
              "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "the school of metaphoric architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school was a response to Brutalism?",
              "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?",
              "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "nature" }],
              "question": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?",
              "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "expressionist architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?",
              "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "the late 1950s and 1960s" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?",
              "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "modernism" }],
              "question": "What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?",
              "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "human experience" }],
              "question": "What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?",
              "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "Robert Venturi" }],
              "question": "Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?",
              "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "\"ducks\"" }],
              "question": "What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?",
              "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Since the 1980s" }],
              "question": "About when did architecture begin specializing?",
              "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "one person" }],
              "question": "Who can no longer design a large structure?",
              "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 823, "text": "Modernism and Postmodernism" }
              ],
              "question": "What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? ",
              "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Environmental sustainability" }
              ],
              "question": "What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?",
              "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "the environment" }],
              "question": "What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?",
              "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?",
              "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 680, "text": "Buckminster Fuller" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?",
              "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1130,
                  "text": "The U.S. Green Building Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?",
              "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?",
              "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?",
              "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve?",
              "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "modernist and globally uniform architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?",
              "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Human_Development_Index",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to \"be\" and \"do\" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "life expectancy, education, and income per capita"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three statistics does the HDI compile?",
              "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "longer" }],
              "question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?",
              "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Mahbub ul Haq" }],
              "question": "Who developed the HDI?",
              "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "United Nations Development Programme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entity publishes the HDI?",
              "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "longer" }],
              "question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?",
              "id": "56de3d98cffd8e1900b4b6c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality),\" and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?",
              "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does IHDI stand for?",
              "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "the IHDI" }],
              "question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?",
              "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "the HDI" }],
              "question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?",
              "id": "56de3e1bcffd8e1900b4b6d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?",
              "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Amartya Sen" }],
              "question": "Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?",
              "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "people-centered policies" }
              ],
              "question": "Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?",
              "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?",
              "id": "56de3e61cffd8e1900b4b6e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Life expectancy at birth" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LE stand for?",
              "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Mean years of schooling" }
              ],
              "question": "What does MYS stand for?",
              "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Expected years of schooling" }
              ],
              "question": "What does EYS stand for?",
              "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does GNIpc stand for?",
              "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "the United Nations Development Programme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?",
              "id": "56de2f34cffd8e1900b4b63a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "December 14, 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?",
              "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2659"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "July 24, 2014" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?",
              "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Inequality" }],
              "question": "What does the IHDI specifically take into account?",
              "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "the average level" }],
              "question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? ",
              "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b643"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Cuba" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "very high" }],
              "question": "Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?",
              "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b650"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "lack of necessary data" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?",
              "id": "56de3178cffd8e1900b4b659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?",
              "id": "56de412c4396321400ee2710"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "March 14, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de31984396321400ee2672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?",
              "id": "56de31984396321400ee2673"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "the average level" }],
              "question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?",
              "id": "56de31f34396321400ee2680"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Barbados" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de326fcffd8e1900b4b666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Barbados" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de423fcffd8e1900b4b727"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries (equal to the top quartile):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?",
              "id": "56de32904396321400ee2685"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Barbados" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de32ffcffd8e1900b4b66f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Barbados" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de42becffd8e1900b4b73a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "unavailability of certain crucial data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?",
              "id": "56de43294396321400ee2736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?",
              "id": "56de43294396321400ee2738"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "November 4, 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?",
              "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b742"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "income, life expectancy, and education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?",
              "id": "56de43cdcffd8e1900b4b746"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Barbados" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?",
              "id": "56de4421cffd8e1900b4b754"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an \"internationally reported figure for Cuba\u2019s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity\". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "unavailability of certain crucial data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?",
              "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Cuba" }],
              "question": "Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?",
              "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "High Human Development country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?",
              "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled \"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development\". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called \"very high human development\". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "October 5, 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de45944396321400ee274a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "period up to 2007" }],
              "question": "What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?",
              "id": "56de45944396321400ee274b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?",
              "id": "56de45944396321400ee274c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "very high human development" }
              ],
              "question": "What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?",
              "id": "56de45944396321400ee274d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "developed countries" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?",
              "id": "56de45944396321400ee274e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?",
              "id": "56de45d84396321400ee2754"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called \"statistical update\" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "statistical update" }],
              "question": "What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?",
              "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "an accompanying Human Development Report"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?",
              "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "up to 2006" }],
              "question": "What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?",
              "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee2760"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on \"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world.\" Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "November 27, 2007" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?",
              "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?",
              "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?",
              "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?",
              "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Bras\u00edlia, Brazil" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?",
              "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "high income countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?",
              "id": "56de48cc4396321400ee276d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent \"low development\". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the \"medium development\" group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "0.5" }],
              "question": "Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"low development\" country?",
              "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?",
              "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "119th" }],
              "question": "What is Gabon's ranking?",
              "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "121st" }],
              "question": "What is South Africa's ranking?",
              "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Gabon and South Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?",
              "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b799"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent \"high development\". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the \"medium development\" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "0.8" }],
              "question": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?",
              "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?",
              "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?",
              "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "red arrows" }],
              "question": "If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?",
              "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "green arrows" }],
              "question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?",
              "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Blue dash" }],
              "question": "If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?",
              "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Norway" }],
              "question": "Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?",
              "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Iceland" }],
              "question": "Which country has received the top rank twice?",
              "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called \"Western models of development\", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "national performance and ranking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?",
              "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?",
              "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "global" }],
              "question": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?",
              "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "egalitarianism" }],
              "question": "Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?",
              "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country\u2019s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?",
              "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?",
              "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1096, "text": "The Economist" }],
              "question": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?",
              "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "182" }],
              "question": "How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?",
              "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "169" }],
              "question": "How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?",
              "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27cf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Southern_Europe",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Mediterranean Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for southern Europe",
              "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Iberian peninsula" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?",
              "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Balkan countries" }],
              "question": "What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "southern France" }],
              "question": "What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?",
              "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2679"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features \u2014 its geography, climate, and flora.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "political, economic, and cultural attributes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "geography, climate, and flora" }
              ],
              "question": "What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?",
              "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b675"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "The Mediterranean climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Western and Southern coastal regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?",
              "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "vegetations and landscapes" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?",
              "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "north coast of Spain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Atlantic climate" }],
              "question": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?",
              "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "phytochoria" }],
              "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Armen Takhtajan" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term phytochoria?",
              "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "classical antiquity" }
              ],
              "question": "What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?",
              "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "city-states" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?",
              "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?",
              "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b680"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "AD 476" }],
              "question": "What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "300 AD" }],
              "question": "By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?",
              "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b688"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the Byzantine Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?",
              "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Germanic peoples" }],
              "question": "Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "kingdoms and empires of their own"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b694"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "the Crusades" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?",
              "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1204" }],
              "question": "When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?",
              "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Genoa and Venice" }],
              "question": "Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?",
              "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "The Reconquista" }],
              "question": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?",
              "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "the Byzantine Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?",
              "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b6a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Late Middle Ages" }
              ],
              "question": "What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?",
              "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "the Black Death" }],
              "question": "What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "1453" }],
              "question": "When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?",
              "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?",
              "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Florence" }],
              "question": "In what city did the Renaissance begin?",
              "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "science and theology" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?",
              "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Greek and Roman" }],
              "question": "The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?",
              "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Portugal and Spain" }],
              "question": "Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?",
              "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "When did religious conflict end in Europe?",
              "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Spain and France" }],
              "question": "Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?",
              "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "Galileo Galilei" }],
              "question": "Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?",
              "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 945, "text": "Guglielmo Marconi" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for creating the first radio?",
              "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b769"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the rise of colonial empires" }
              ],
              "question": "What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?",
              "id": "56de48464396321400ee2764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Columbian Exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?",
              "id": "56de48464396321400ee2765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?",
              "id": "56de48464396321400ee2766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?",
              "id": "56de48464396321400ee2767"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "between 1815 and 1871" }
              ],
              "question": "When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?",
              "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b79f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?",
              "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "In what year was Rome conquered?",
              "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "The Age of Empire" }],
              "question": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?",
              "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year did World War I begin?",
              "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When did a victor emerge in World War I?",
              "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "the Paris Peace Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?",
              "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Nazi regime" }],
              "question": "Which group took control in 1933?",
              "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Adolf Hitler" }],
              "question": "Who led the Nazis?",
              "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Which country did Hitler align Germany with?",
              "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Mussolini" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?",
              "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "the Warsaw Pact" }],
              "question": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?",
              "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries \u2013 Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "What does EU stand for?",
              "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the European Union tasked with managing?",
              "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did the USSR dissolve?",
              "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?",
              "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Romance languages" }],
              "question": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?",
              "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?",
              "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "eastern Spain" }],
              "question": "Where can people who speak Catalan be found?",
              "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Galician" }],
              "question": "What language is spoken in northwest Spain?",
              "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "over 40 million" }],
              "question": "How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?",
              "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Hellenic" }],
              "question": "What is another term for Greek?",
              "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?",
              "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Macedonian" }],
              "question": "What language is used in Macedonia?",
              "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Bulgarian" }],
              "question": "What do people speak in Bulgaria?",
              "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Slovenia" }],
              "question": "Slovene is a major language in what country?",
              "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?",
              "id": "56de53534396321400ee2807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?",
              "id": "56de53534396321400ee2809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Maltese" }],
              "question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?",
              "id": "56de53534396321400ee280a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Albanian" }],
              "question": "What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?",
              "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Semitic" }],
              "question": "What type of language is Maltese?",
              "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "northern Spain and southwestern France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Basque Country located?",
              "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "380 AD" }],
              "question": "When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?",
              "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?",
              "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "Greek Orthodox" }],
              "question": "Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?",
              "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "regions" }],
              "question": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?",
              "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "statistical convenience" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?",
              "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "sub-regions" }],
              "question": "What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?",
              "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Tourism Decision Metrics" }
              ],
              "question": "What does TDM stand for?",
              "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "European Travel Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group uses TDM as a metric?",
              "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "BBC_Television",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "BBC" }],
              "question": "What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?",
              "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Royal charter" }],
              "question": "Under what auspices does the BBC exist?",
              "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC start creating its own programming?",
              "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "2 November 1936" }],
              "question": "On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "In what country is the BBC headquartered?",
              "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?",
              "id": "56de620fcffd8e1900b4b842"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "television production companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?",
              "id": "56de626d4396321400ee2866"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines \u2013 just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "30 September 1929" }],
              "question": "On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?",
              "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee2869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Long Acre, London" }],
              "question": "From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?",
              "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "June 1932" }],
              "question": "When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?",
              "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "30 March 1930" }],
              "question": "When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?",
              "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Broadcasting House, London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the BBC's first studio located?",
              "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee2889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "telephone line" }],
              "question": "What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?",
              "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "electromechanical" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?",
              "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "16 Portland Place, London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the BBC's second studio located?",
              "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "February 1934" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC first change studios?",
              "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Alexandra Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?",
              "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "VHF" }],
              "question": "What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?",
              "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "240" }],
              "question": "How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?",
              "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "405" }],
              "question": "How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?",
              "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Monday to Saturday" }
              ],
              "question": "On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2897"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "six months" }],
              "question": "For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?",
              "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Farnsworth image dissector" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?",
              "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "13 February 1937" }],
              "question": "When was the Baird system officially abandoned?",
              "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "40 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?",
              "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?",
              "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "RCA" }],
              "question": "What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?",
              "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "a British television set" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?",
              "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Brookmans Park" }],
              "question": "Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?",
              "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "2 August 1932" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?",
              "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 622,
                  "text": "Opening of the BBC Television Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?",
              "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 727,
                  "text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?",
              "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 913, "text": "September 1939" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?",
              "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b948"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "VHF transmissions" }],
              "question": "What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?",
              "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "the radar programme" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?",
              "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Mickey's Gala Premier" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?",
              "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "before the end of the cartoon" }
              ],
              "question": "When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?",
              "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "18,999" }],
              "question": "How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?",
              "id": "56de79d34396321400ee293b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Jasmine Bligh" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?",
              "id": "56de7a464396321400ee293f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "7 June 1946" }],
              "question": "On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?",
              "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Lime Grove Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?",
              "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Mickey Mouse" }],
              "question": "What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?",
              "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.[original research?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Birmingham" }],
              "question": "What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?",
              "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Sutton Coldfield transmitting station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?",
              "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "405-line interlaced image" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?",
              "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "VHF" }],
              "question": "On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?",
              "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee294a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "BBC tv" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?",
              "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "ITV" }],
              "question": "What was the BBC's main competitor?",
              "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Doctor Who" }],
              "question": "What program debuted on November 23, 1963?",
              "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Alexandra Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?",
              "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "ITV" }],
              "question": "What was the first station launched after the original BBC?",
              "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "BBC2" }],
              "question": "What was the third network started in the UK?",
              "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "massive power failure" }
              ],
              "question": "What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?",
              "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Battersea Power Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the cause of the power outage?",
              "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Denis Tuohy" }],
              "question": "Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?",
              "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "BBC Two" }],
              "question": "What was the first station to show programs in color?",
              "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee2969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "15 November 1969" }],
              "question": "When did the other two major British stations start color programming?",
              "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "soap opera or standard news programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?",
              "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "Sir David Attenborough" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first controller of BBC2?",
              "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "documentaries" }],
              "question": "What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?",
              "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00, with occasional morning showings on CBBC. The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?",
              "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?",
              "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?",
              "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "CBBC" }],
              "question": "On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?",
              "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2976"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "BBC Natural History Unit" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?",
              "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1950s" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?",
              "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?",
              "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?",
              "id": "56de81084396321400ee2989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de81084396321400ee298a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "local announcers" }],
              "question": "Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?",
              "id": "56de81084396321400ee298b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "major local events" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?",
              "id": "56de81084396321400ee298c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Give My Head Peace" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?",
              "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "River City" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?",
              "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Gaelic" }],
              "question": "What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?",
              "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a well-known Gaelic program?",
              "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 852, "text": "Patrick Kielty Almost Live" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC is also renowned for its production of costume dramas, such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as Boys from the Blackstuff and Our Friends in the North. The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and indeed is legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable\u2014though no longer shown\u2014examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia. Because of the availability of programmes in English, few programmes need use sub-titles or dubbing unlike much European television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?",
              "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "The Simpsons" }],
              "question": "What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?",
              "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Neighbours" }],
              "question": "What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?",
              "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "teletext" }],
              "question": "What kind of service was Ceefax?",
              "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When was Ceefax launched?",
              "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "BBCi" }],
              "question": "What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?",
              "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "May 2003" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?",
              "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Astra 2D satellite" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?",
              "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "14 July" }],
              "question": "Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "\u00a385 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?",
              "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Western Europe" }],
              "question": "With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?",
              "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "Hollywood studios and sporting organisations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?",
              "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Sky Digital" }],
              "question": "On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?",
              "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?",
              "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-century, as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news; from the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004. A special edition of Radio Times was also produced, as well as a special section of the BBC News Online website. In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series Little Angels won a BAFTA award. Little Angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw Welsh actress Jynine James try to cope with the tantrums of her six-year-old son.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "5 July 2004" }],
              "question": "When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?",
              "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "DVD" }],
              "question": "On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?",
              "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Newsreel" }],
              "question": "In what format were the BBC's first new bulletins shown?",
              "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Little Angels" }],
              "question": "What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?",
              "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Jana Bennett" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?",
              "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "BBC Vision" }],
              "question": "What did BBC Television get absorbed into?",
              "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "the onset of new media outlets and technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?",
              "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?",
              "id": "56de85214396321400ee29dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "November 2008" }],
              "question": "When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?",
              "id": "56de85214396321400ee29de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Keeping Up Appearances" }
              ],
              "question": "As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?",
              "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "nearly 1000" }],
              "question": "How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?",
              "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "BBC Worldwide" }],
              "question": "Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?",
              "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually. This includes viewers who watch real-time streams of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "annually" }],
              "question": "How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?",
              "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "advertisements and subscription"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?",
              "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?",
              "id": "56de86914396321400ee29f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Danny Cohen" }],
              "question": "Who is the current head of BBC Television?",
              "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?",
              "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "December 2004" }],
              "question": "When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?",
              "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "April 2006" }],
              "question": "When did BBC Japan shut down?",
              "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "general entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the genre of BBC Japan?",
              "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Arnold_Schwarzenegger",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (/\u02c8\u0283w\u0254\u02d0rts\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8a\u0250\u032fn\u0254lt \u02c8al\u0254\u028fs \u02c8\u0283va\u0250\u032ftsn\u0329\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0250]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, former professional bodybuilder and politician. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "July 30, 1947" }],
              "question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?",
              "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Alois" }],
              "question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?",
              "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?",
              "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\", one of his best-known movie roles).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?",
              "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?",
              "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Conan the Barbarian" }
              ],
              "question": "For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?",
              "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?",
              "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1098, "text": "Arnie" }],
              "question": "What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?",
              "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?",
              "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?",
              "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Gray Davis" }],
              "question": "What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?",
              "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "January 5, 2007" }],
              "question": "What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?",
              "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, a village bordering the city of Graz in Styria, Austria and christened Arnold Alois. His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger (August 17, 1907 \u2013 December 13, 1972), and Aurelia Schwarzenegger (n\u00e9e Jadrny; July 29, 1922 \u2013 August 2, 1998). Gustav was the local chief of police, and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Arnold's mother on October 20, 1945;\u2013 he was 38, and she was 23 years old. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "What country was Schwarzenegger born in?",
              "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Jadrny" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?",
              "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Gustav" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?",
              "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "chief of police" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?",
              "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 \u2013 May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant,\" which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems.\" Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored and exuberant\" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Meinhard" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?",
              "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1027, "text": "refrigerator" }],
              "question": "What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?",
              "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims: \"At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\" In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. \"It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it.\" When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied: \"I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "soccer" }],
              "question": "What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?",
              "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2155, "text": "John Wayne" }],
              "question": "Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?",
              "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 942, "text": "police officer" }],
              "question": "What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?",
              "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1155, "text": "Steve Reeves" }],
              "question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?",
              "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?",
              "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Patrick" }],
              "question": "What is Meinhard's son named?",
              "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "stroke" }],
              "question": "What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?",
              "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "Barbara Baker" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?",
              "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child abuse\" at the hands of his father: \"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Fortune" }],
              "question": "What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?",
              "id": "56de70eacffd8e1900b4b8e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America \u2013 the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Mr. Universe" }],
              "question": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?",
              "id": "56de719c4396321400ee2909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Junior Mr. Europe" }],
              "question": "Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?",
              "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?",
              "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?",
              "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966\u20131968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Reg Park" }],
              "question": "Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?",
              "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "legs" }],
              "question": "Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?",
              "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 944, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?",
              "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1025, "text": "Rolf Putziger" }],
              "question": "Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?",
              "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?",
              "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?",
              "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?",
              "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Ric Drasin" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?",
              "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b927"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "LA Weekly" }],
              "question": "What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?",
              "id": "56de73fd4396321400ee2939"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success. After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?",
              "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Santa Monica College" }
              ],
              "question": "At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?",
              "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Transcendental Meditation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does TM stand for?",
              "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "anxiety" }],
              "question": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?",
              "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Arnold Classic" }
              ],
              "question": "What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56de7567cffd8e1900b4b942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns Muscle & Fitness and Flex, announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "monthly" }],
              "question": "How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?",
              "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "$250,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?",
              "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "executive editor" }],
              "question": "What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?",
              "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Junior Mr. Europe" }],
              "question": "What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?",
              "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?",
              "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "half an hour" }],
              "question": "In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? ",
              "id": "56de7d2d4396321400ee2967"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Munich stone-lifting contest" }
              ],
              "question": "In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?",
              "id": "56de80edcffd8e1900b4b98e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?",
              "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Sergio Oliva" }],
              "question": "Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?",
              "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?",
              "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?",
              "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Franco Columbu" }],
              "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?",
              "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?",
              "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Mr. Olympia" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?",
              "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Pumping Iron" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?",
              "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?",
              "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Bridges" }],
              "question": "Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?",
              "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Conan" }],
              "question": "For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?",
              "id": "56de83454396321400ee29b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?",
              "id": "56de83454396321400ee29ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?",
              "id": "56de83454396321400ee29bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?",
              "id": "56de8411cffd8e1900b4b9cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Dr. Willi Heepe" }],
              "question": "What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "$10,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?",
              "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "The Globe" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?",
              "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name \"Arnold Strong,\" his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Hercules" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?",
              "id": "56de86024396321400ee29ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Strong" }],
              "question": "What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  ",
              "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Robert Altman" }],
              "question": "In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?",
              "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "New Male Star of the Year" }
              ],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?",
              "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "weird" }],
              "question": "What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?",
              "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?",
              "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee29ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?",
              "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "The Incredible Hulk" }
              ],
              "question": "What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?",
              "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "The Villain" }],
              "question": "What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?",
              "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer, in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, Carnival in Rio. In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following this, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Conan the Destroyer" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?",
              "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year was the first Terminator movie released?",
              "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "James Cameron" }],
              "question": "Who directed The Terminator?",
              "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films, such as the alternative universe poster for Terminator 2: Judgment Day starring Stallone in the comedy thriller Last Action Hero. He made a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), and Red Heat (1988).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Sylvester Stallone" }],
              "question": "What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?",
              "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins. Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Twins" }],
              "question": "What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?",
              "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "$10 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?",
              "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Christmas in Connecticut" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?",
              "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "Tales from the Crypt" }
              ],
              "question": "An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?",
              "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?",
              "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "the National Association of Theatre Owners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?",
              "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "True Lies" }],
              "question": "What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?",
              "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor \u2013 Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Junior" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?",
              "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "$150 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?",
              "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "82" }],
              "question": "How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Forum Stadtpark" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?",
              "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in The Rundown, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. He voiced Baron von Steuben in the Liberty's Kids episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800; he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "The Kid & I" }],
              "question": "Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?",
              "id": "56de8fcccffd8e1900b4b9f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "the Governator" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Stan Lee" }],
              "question": "What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?",
              "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "With Wings as Eagles" }
              ],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?",
              "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Randall Wallace" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?",
              "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 20" }],
              "question": "On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?",
              "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "10 years" }],
              "question": "2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?",
              "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Escape Plan" }],
              "question": "What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?",
              "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "Terminator Genisys" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?",
              "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did Terminator Genisys debut?",
              "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?",
              "id": "56de92a3cffd8e1900b4b9fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "\"Stop the Madness\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?",
              "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?",
              "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "George H.W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?",
              "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Conan the Republican" }
              ],
              "question": "What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56de94c84396321400ee2a41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, \"I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside.\" The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, \"I'm in show business \u2013 I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?",
              "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "The Hollywood Reporter" }
              ],
              "question": "Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?",
              "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the \"Governator\" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "August 6, 2003" }],
              "question": "The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?",
              "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?",
              "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "55.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?",
              "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Cruz Bustamante" }],
              "question": "Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?",
              "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "1.3 million" }],
              "question": "By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?",
              "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "31%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?",
              "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "John G. Downey" }],
              "question": "Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?",
              "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Willie Brown" }],
              "question": "What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?",
              "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Hans and Franz" }],
              "question": "What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?",
              "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?",
              "id": "56debe163277331400b4d701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?",
              "id": "56debe163277331400b4d702"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Susan Kennedy" }],
              "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?",
              "id": "56debe573277331400b4d705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, \"[H]e's becoming a Democrat [\u2026 H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Phil Angelides" }],
              "question": "In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?",
              "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?",
              "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "United States Senate" }
              ],
              "question": "What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?",
              "id": "56debfd9c65bf219000b3d31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential \u2013 I was always fascinated by people in control of other people.\" Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, \"I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes.\" Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the president, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wendy Leigh" }],
              "question": "What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?",
              "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "Sargent Shriver" }],
              "question": "What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?",
              "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1094, "text": "The Simpsons Movie" }
              ],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?",
              "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d709"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?",
              "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Austrian" }],
              "question": "In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?",
              "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "John McCain" }],
              "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?",
              "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Rudy Giuliani" }],
              "question": "Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?",
              "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 811, "text": "the environment and economy" }
              ],
              "question": "On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?",
              "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d713"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?",
              "id": "56dec2c73277331400b4d717"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings (as high as 89% in December 2003), he left office with a record low 23%, only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis's when he was recalled in October 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "89%" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?",
              "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "23%" }],
              "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?",
              "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Gropegate" }],
              "question": "What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?",
              "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?",
              "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Los Angeles Times" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?",
              "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d721"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "bathing suit" }],
              "question": "One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?",
              "id": "56dec571c65bf219000b3d33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, \"[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me.\" His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "GQ" }],
              "question": "What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?",
              "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "marijuana" }],
              "question": "What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?",
              "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d726"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: \"The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled.\" Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Anna Richardson" }],
              "question": "Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?",
              "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "The 6th Day" }],
              "question": "What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?",
              "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Los Angeles Times" }],
              "question": "What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?",
              "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?",
              "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Peter Pilz" }],
              "question": "Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?",
              "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d730"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 27, 2006" }],
              "question": "What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?",
              "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "refineries" }],
              "question": "The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?",
              "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?",
              "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d735"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Northeast" }],
              "question": "What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?",
              "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "solar panels" }],
              "question": "What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? ",
              "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?",
              "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "carbon dioxide emissions" }
              ],
              "question": "What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?",
              "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?",
              "id": "56deccb0c65bf219000b3d3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, \"The law is very clear, but it\u2019s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "Article II, Section I, Clause V"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?",
              "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "the New York Post" }],
              "question": "In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?",
              "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Columbia University" }
              ],
              "question": "Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?",
              "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car \u2013 and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "index cards" }],
              "question": "Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?",
              "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?",
              "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d73a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Franco Columbu" }],
              "question": "With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?",
              "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "San Fernando earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?",
              "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "$10,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?",
              "id": "56decfc63277331400b4d741"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Planet Hollywood" }],
              "question": "What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?",
              "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?",
              "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the Hard Rock Cafe" }
              ],
              "question": "What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?",
              "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Dimensional Fund Advisors" }
              ],
              "question": "What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?",
              "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Columbus, Ohio" }],
              "question": "What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?",
              "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 778, "text": "Oak Productions, Inc." }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?",
              "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "Simon & Schuster" }],
              "question": "What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?",
              "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Schatzi On Main" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?",
              "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Santa Monica" }],
              "question": "Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?",
              "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "little treasure" }],
              "question": "What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?",
              "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?",
              "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006. Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the U.S. and Europe since the late 2000s. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, \"Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million.\" He has also stated, \"I've made many millions as a businessman many times over.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?",
              "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "$38 million" }],
              "question": "What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?",
              "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974. Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: \"Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life.\" Baker has described Schwarzenegger as \"[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic\" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became \"insufferable \u2013 classically conceited \u2013 the world revolved around him\". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S \u2013 their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be \u2013 he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive \u2026 I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?",
              "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1509, "text": "polite society" }],
              "question": "What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?",
              "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1220,
                  "text": "the first Apollo Moon landing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?",
              "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA \u2026 but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Sue Moray" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?",
              "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?",
              "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "August 1978" }],
              "question": "What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?",
              "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "niece" }],
              "question": "What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy",
              "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Hyannis" }],
              "question": "What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?",
              "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?",
              "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "Heather Milligan" }],
              "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?",
              "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. \"After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago,\" Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "25 years" }],
              "question": "How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?",
              "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Los Angeles Times" }
              ],
              "question": "What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?",
              "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d752"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple\u2019s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy \"started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together,\" the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support.\" KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?",
              "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Joseph" }],
              "question": "What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?",
              "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?",
              "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d757"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Bob Kaufman" }],
              "question": "Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?",
              "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Schwarzenegger" }],
              "question": "Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?",
              "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "spousal support" }],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?",
              "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, \"Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on.\" When asked in 2014 \"Of all the things you are famous for \u2026 which are you least proud of?\", Schwarzenegger replied \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Brigitte Nielsen" }],
              "question": "What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?",
              "id": "56ded8513277331400b4d761"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "bicuspid" }],
              "question": "What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?",
              "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?",
              "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d766"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. \"No citations were issued\", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Patrick" }],
              "question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?",
              "id": "56ded9b5c65bf219000b3d77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "right femur" }],
              "question": "What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?",
              "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Sun Valley, Idaho" }],
              "question": "Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?",
              "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Van Nuys Airport" }],
              "question": "At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?",
              "id": "56deda76c65bf219000b3d81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2\" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5\" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "6'2\"" }],
              "question": "How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?",
              "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Herb Wesson" }],
              "question": "What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?",
              "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "5'10\"" }],
              "question": "How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?",
              "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger's autobiography, Total Recall, was released in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Total Recall" }],
              "question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?",
              "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "\"The Secret\"" }],
              "question": "What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?",
              "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "October 2012" }],
              "question": "When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?",
              "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d771"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?",
              "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Hummers" }],
              "question": "In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?",
              "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?",
              "id": "56dedcef3277331400b4d779"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large \u2013 each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide \u2013 that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "6,300" }],
              "question": "How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?",
              "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "$21,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?",
              "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "California Hydrogen Highway Network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?",
              "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "U.S. Department of Energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?",
              "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "the Inner City Games Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?",
              "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Shanghai" }],
              "question": "Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?",
              "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?",
              "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve,\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face.\" Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?",
              "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?",
              "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "chairman" }],
              "question": "What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?",
              "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Plymouth",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Plymouth (i/\u02c8pl\u026am\u0259\u03b8/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?",
              "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "190" }],
              "question": "How many miles away from London is Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Tamar" }],
              "question": "What river borders Plymouth on the west?",
              "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Devon" }],
              "question": "In what county is Plymouth located?",
              "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Plymouth Sound" }],
              "question": "In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?",
              "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2879"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Mount Batten" }],
              "question": "What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de65324396321400ee287f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Sutton" }],
              "question": "What was Plymouth's original name?",
              "id": "56de65324396321400ee2880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "1620" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de65324396321400ee2881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "1646" }],
              "question": "When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?",
              "id": "56de65324396321400ee2882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Plymouth Colony" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?",
              "id": "56de65324396321400ee2883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Devonport" }],
              "question": "What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?",
              "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "In what year did Plymouth become a city?",
              "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Plymouth Blitz" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?",
              "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 899, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year was Plymstock incorporated?",
              "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "East Stonehouse" }],
              "question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?",
              "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b866"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe \u2013 HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "261,546" }],
              "question": "As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "30th" }],
              "question": "Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?",
              "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Santander" }],
              "question": "In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?",
              "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "Plymouth University" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b878"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "TAMARI OSTIA" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Mount Batten" }],
              "question": "Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?",
              "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "mouth/estuaries of the Tamar" }
              ],
              "question": "What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?",
              "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b88a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?",
              "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "south town" }],
              "question": "What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?",
              "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1211" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?",
              "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "King Henry VI" }],
              "question": "During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "mouth of the River Plym" }
              ],
              "question": "What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?",
              "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1340" }],
              "question": "In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Breton raiders" }],
              "question": "Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?",
              "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1034, "text": "1596" }],
              "question": "In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?",
              "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Sutton Pool" }],
              "question": "Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?",
              "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1512" }],
              "question": "In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Sir John Hawkins" }],
              "question": "What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Sir Francis Drake" }],
              "question": "Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?",
              "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1588" }],
              "question": "In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?",
              "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "1620" }],
              "question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Plymouth Colony" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?",
              "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Parliamentarians" }],
              "question": "Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?",
              "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?",
              "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Freedom Fields Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?",
              "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1660" }],
              "question": "In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?",
              "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Drake's Island" }],
              "question": "What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?",
              "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?",
              "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?",
              "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "1690" }],
              "question": "In what year was HMNB Davenport established?",
              "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "River Tamar" }],
              "question": "What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?",
              "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "318" }],
              "question": "How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?",
              "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?",
              "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Stoke Damerel" }],
              "question": "In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?",
              "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "timber" }],
              "question": "Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Devonport" }],
              "question": "What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?",
              "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Stonehouse" }],
              "question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?",
              "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "John Foulston" }],
              "question": "What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "Union Street" }],
              "question": "On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?",
              "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "William Cookworthy" }],
              "question": "Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?",
              "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "1768" }],
              "question": "In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?",
              "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "chemist" }],
              "question": "What was William Cookworthy's profession?",
              "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "John Smeaton" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?",
              "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b963"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?",
              "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee294f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "John Rennie" }],
              "question": "Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?",
              "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1841" }],
              "question": "In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?",
              "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": "When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?",
              "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Devonport" }],
              "question": "Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?",
              "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "guano" }],
              "question": "What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56de7b394396321400ee2959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Devonport" }],
              "question": "In what settlement were the dockyards located?",
              "id": "56de7b394396321400ee295a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Scapa Flow" }],
              "question": "What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?",
              "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "escort vessels" }],
              "question": "What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?",
              "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Mount Batten" }],
              "question": "What location provided a base for flying boats?",
              "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "Royal Australian Air Force" }
              ],
              "question": "What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?",
              "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Western Approaches Command" }
              ],
              "question": "What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?",
              "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?",
              "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "more than 1,000" }],
              "question": "How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?",
              "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "over 3,700" }],
              "question": "How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?",
              "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2961"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "over 1000" }],
              "question": "In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "over 20,000" }],
              "question": "In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When was the Civic Centre built?",
              "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "grade II" }],
              "question": "What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?",
              "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Ark Royal" }],
              "question": "What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?",
              "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?",
              "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "42 Commando of the Royal Marines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military unit is based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2985"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Domesday Book" }],
              "question": "In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?",
              "id": "56de81824396321400ee2991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1086" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?",
              "id": "56de81824396321400ee2992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Sudtone" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?",
              "id": "56de81824396321400ee2993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1254" }],
              "question": "In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?",
              "id": "56de81824396321400ee2994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "1439" }],
              "question": "In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?",
              "id": "56de81824396321400ee2995"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Nancy Astor" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?",
              "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Plymouth Sutton" }],
              "question": "For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?",
              "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "18 October 1928" }],
              "question": "On what date did Plymouth become a city?",
              "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?",
              "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Plymstock" }],
              "question": "What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?",
              "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Plymouth Devonport" }],
              "question": "What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?",
              "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "Secretary of State for Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?",
              "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "1974 Health and Safety at Work Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?",
              "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Labour" }],
              "question": "What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?",
              "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Plymouth" }],
              "question": "In what town was Michael Foot born?",
              "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?",
              "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "1971 Local Government White Paper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?",
              "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Tamarside" }],
              "question": "What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?",
              "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "1 April 1974" }],
              "question": "On what date did Plymouth's county status end?",
              "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "the Banham Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?",
              "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "South West England" }
              ],
              "question": "What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?",
              "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Gary Streeter" }],
              "question": "Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?",
              "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Conservative" }],
              "question": "As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?",
              "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Moor View" }],
              "question": "What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?",
              "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?",
              "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "57" }],
              "question": "How many members are on the Plymouth council?",
              "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?",
              "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Brest" }],
              "question": "With what French city is Plymouth twinned?",
              "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?",
              "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "King George V" }],
              "question": "What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?",
              "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Lord Mayor" }],
              "question": "What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?",
              "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Dr John Mahony" }],
              "question": "Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d447"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "3 Elliot Terrace" }],
              "question": "At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?",
              "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Lady Astor" }],
              "question": "Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Armada Way" }],
              "question": "On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?",
              "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "June 2007" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?",
              "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "\u00a340m" }],
              "question": "What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?",
              "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "River Tamar" }],
              "question": "What river is to the west of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "River Plym" }],
              "question": "To the east of Plymouth lies which river?",
              "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Cornwall" }],
              "question": "The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?",
              "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Plymouth Sound" }],
              "question": "In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?",
              "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Cattewater" }],
              "question": "What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?",
              "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?",
              "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Drake's Island" }],
              "question": "What island is present in Plymouth Sound?",
              "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "30.83" }],
              "question": "How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?",
              "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "155" }],
              "question": "In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?",
              "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "Site of Special Scientific Interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?",
              "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Lower Devonian slates" }
              ],
              "question": "What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?",
              "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "granite" }],
              "question": "Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Upper Devonian slates" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?",
              "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "its geology" }],
              "question": "For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?",
              "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Cremyll" }],
              "question": "Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?",
              "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d47f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Dartmoor" }],
              "question": "What location north of the city possesses granite?",
              "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Tamar" }],
              "question": "What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Cattedown" }],
              "question": "Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?",
              "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "limestone" }],
              "question": "What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?",
              "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d483"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951\u201357 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "27 April 1944" }],
              "question": "On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Armada Way" }],
              "question": "What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?",
              "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "David MacKay" }],
              "question": "Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?",
              "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1208, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many parks exist in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 \u00b0C (52 \u00b0F). Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant, but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 \u00b0C (37 and 39 \u00b0F). Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to 8 inches (20 cm) of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "temperate oceanic" }],
              "question": "What K\u00f6ppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?",
              "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?",
              "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?",
              "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?",
              "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1122, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Atlantic depressions" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?",
              "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "autumn" }],
              "question": "Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?",
              "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "39" }],
              "question": "About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?",
              "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?",
              "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "south-west" }],
              "question": "From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "over 1,600" }],
              "question": "How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?",
              "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "South West England" }],
              "question": "What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?",
              "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "89" }],
              "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?",
              "id": "56df640296943c1400a5d4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "June 1976" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?",
              "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "4.25" }],
              "question": "About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 \u00b0F?",
              "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "\u22128.8 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?",
              "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "January 1979" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?",
              "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "25,895" }],
              "question": "How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "22nd" }],
              "question": "Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?",
              "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "\u00a3160 million" }],
              "question": "About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?",
              "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year was the University of Plymouth established?",
              "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of St Mark & St John (known as \"Marjon\" or \"Marjons\") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The University of St Mark & St John"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?",
              "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "teacher training" }],
              "question": "What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?",
              "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Plymouth College of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?",
              "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "26,000" }],
              "question": "About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "153" }],
              "question": "How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?",
              "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "71" }],
              "question": "How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?",
              "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Plymouth College" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Devonport High School for Girls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the Royal Naval Engineering College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?",
              "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Dockyard Technical College" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?",
              "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?",
              "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "University of Southampton" }
              ],
              "question": "After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?",
              "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Marine Biological Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?",
              "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Marine Institute" }],
              "question": "What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?",
              "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "National Marine Aquarium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "256,384" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?",
              "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "240,720" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?",
              "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "15,664" }],
              "question": "How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?",
              "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "2.3" }],
              "question": "What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?",
              "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "0.5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?",
              "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?",
              "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "5,169" }],
              "question": "What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?",
              "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "\u00a319,943" }],
              "question": "What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?",
              "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "\u00a323,755" }],
              "question": "What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?",
              "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "7.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?",
              "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29af0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "26.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?",
              "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "78.3 years" }],
              "question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?",
              "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "82.1" }],
              "question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?",
              "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "lowest" }],
              "question": "Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?",
              "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?",
              "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "7,500" }],
              "question": "About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?",
              "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1793" }],
              "question": "When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?",
              "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Plymouth Gin Distillery" }
              ],
              "question": "What company produces Plymouth Gin?",
              "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "the 1930s" }],
              "question": "During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?",
              "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?",
              "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Devonport Dockyard" }],
              "question": "What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "270" }],
              "question": "How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many people work in Tamar Science Park?",
              "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Hemsley Fraser" }],
              "question": "What is a notable company based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 pannier meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Pannier Market" }],
              "question": "What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?",
              "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year was Pannier Market finished?",
              "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "29th" }],
              "question": "What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?",
              "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Tinside Pool" }],
              "question": "What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?",
              "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "\u00a33.4 million" }],
              "question": "What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?",
              "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "\"Vision for Plymouth\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?",
              "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "David Mackay" }],
              "question": "What architect is in charge of the \"\"Vision for Plymouth\"?",
              "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?",
              "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?",
              "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "33,000" }],
              "question": "How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?",
              "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was the Charles Cross car park removed?",
              "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "October 2006" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?",
              "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Cattedown" }],
              "question": "Where was TR2 built?",
              "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prize did TR2 almost win?",
              "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "David Mackay" }],
              "question": "Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?",
              "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "the Bretonside bus station" }
              ],
              "question": "What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?",
              "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?",
              "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Millbay" }],
              "question": "What city region is located near a ferry terminal?",
              "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "The Parkway" }],
              "question": "What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?",
              "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Tamar Bridge" }],
              "question": "What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?",
              "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "Plymouth City Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What park and ride service is located at George Junction?",
              "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "First South West" }],
              "question": "Who operates Milehouse park and ride?",
              "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Brittany Ferries" }],
              "question": "Who operates the ferry to Spain?",
              "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Roscoff" }],
              "question": "Where does the ferry to France terminate?",
              "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "MV Armorique" }],
              "question": "Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?",
              "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Stonehouse" }],
              "question": "A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?",
              "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "1204" }],
              "question": "When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?",
              "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. However, FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, which will provide daily services to various destinations including London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Plymouth City Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What local airport closed in 2011?",
              "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?",
              "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "2018" }],
              "question": "By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?",
              "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "FlyPlymouth" }],
              "question": "Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?",
              "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?",
              "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Great Western Railway" }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?",
              "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Cornish Main Line" }],
              "question": "Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?",
              "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "CrossCountry" }],
              "question": "Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?",
              "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "4 February 2014" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?",
              "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "130" }],
              "question": "In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?",
              "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "4 April 2014" }],
              "question": "After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?",
              "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "February 2014" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?",
              "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade\u2014it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many churches are present in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?",
              "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "St Andrew's" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Anglican" }],
              "question": "What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?",
              "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "over twenty" }],
              "question": "How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned \"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Moses" }],
              "question": "What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?",
              "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1762" }],
              "question": "In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?",
              "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Grade II*" }],
              "question": "What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?",
              "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Ashkenazi" }],
              "question": "What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?",
              "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "58.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?",
              "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "0.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?",
              "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "32.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?",
              "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "24.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?",
              "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "7%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?",
              "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "In what year was Union Street constructed?",
              "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Charlie Chaplin" }],
              "question": "Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "30s" }],
              "question": "How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "sailors from the Royal Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?",
              "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "British Firework Championships" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable event occurs each August?",
              "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "August 2006" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?",
              "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Roy Lowry" }],
              "question": "Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?",
              "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "University of Plymouth" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution did Roy Lowry work for?",
              "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Music of the Night begin?",
              "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2. The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy. There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1,315" }],
              "question": "How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?",
              "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?",
              "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?",
              "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?",
              "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?",
              "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "BBC South West" }],
              "question": "What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "ITV West Country" }],
              "question": "What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "16 February 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?",
              "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "ITV West" }],
              "question": "With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?",
              "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "BBC Radio Devon" }],
              "question": "What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Plymouth Argyle F.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What football league team is located in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Football League Two" }
              ],
              "question": "What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?",
              "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Home Park" }],
              "question": "What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?",
              "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "The Pilgrims" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?",
              "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Vospers Oak Villa F.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?",
              "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League \u2013 the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Plymouth Albion R.F.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Plymouth Raiders" }],
              "question": "What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?",
              "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?",
              "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Plymouth Pavilions" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?",
              "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?",
              "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1823" }],
              "question": "When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?",
              "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "September 2011" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?",
              "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?",
              "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Plymouth County Borough Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?",
              "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "24 April 1591" }],
              "question": "When did Drake's Leat open?",
              "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "River Meavy" }],
              "question": "From where did Drake's Leat draw water?",
              "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "1801" }],
              "question": "When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?",
              "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Plymouth City Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What body handles waste management in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "South West Water" }],
              "question": "Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?",
              "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Western Power Distribution" }
              ],
              "question": "Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?",
              "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Plympton" }],
              "question": "What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?",
              "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?",
              "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Crownhill" }],
              "question": "Where is the police divisional headquarters located?",
              "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "Millbay Docks" }],
              "question": "Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?",
              "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "Devon and Cornwall Constabulary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?",
              "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Derriford Hospital" }],
              "question": "What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?",
              "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?",
              "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Royal Eye Infirmary" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?",
              "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Exeter" }],
              "question": "Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?",
              "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?",
              "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Weston Mill" }],
              "question": "Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?",
              "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Drake Memorial Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "a brass plaque" }],
              "question": "In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?",
              "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "mid-19th century" }],
              "question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?",
              "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1666" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?",
              "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "English Civil War" }],
              "question": "In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?",
              "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1759" }],
              "question": "When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?",
              "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?",
              "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Armada Memorial" }],
              "question": "What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?",
              "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Sutton" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1620" }],
              "question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?",
              "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Mayflower Steps" }],
              "question": "What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?",
              "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?",
              "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?",
              "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Crownhill Fort" }],
              "question": "What structure was referred to as a \"Palmerston's Folly\"?",
              "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?",
              "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "the Landmark Trust" }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs Crownhill Fort?",
              "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?",
              "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "over 70" }],
              "question": "How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?",
              "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "south-east Cornwall" }
              ],
              "question": "Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Kingsand" }],
              "question": "Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?",
              "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Tamar Valley" }],
              "question": "Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?",
              "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Henning Larsen" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?",
              "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did the Roland Levinsky building open?",
              "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "University of Plymouth" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?",
              "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Arts" }],
              "question": "What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?",
              "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the city's central quarter" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?",
              "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Plymothians" }],
              "question": "What are Plymouth residents commonly called?",
              "id": "56df81675ca0a614008f9ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Janners" }],
              "question": "What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?",
              "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Cousin Jan" }],
              "question": "After what figure are Janners named?",
              "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?",
              "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9baa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Tavistock" }],
              "question": "What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?",
              "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "El Draco" }],
              "question": "What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?",
              "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1596" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?",
              "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "dysentery" }],
              "question": "What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?",
              "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Sir Joshua Reynolds" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?",
              "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Robert Lenkiewicz" }],
              "question": "What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?",
              "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Plymouth College of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?",
              "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Jazz" }],
              "question": "What genre of music does John Surman play?",
              "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "Keith Rowe" }],
              "question": "What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?",
              "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1110, "text": "Trematon Castle" }],
              "question": "Where do the family of Michael Foot live?",
              "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "footballer" }],
              "question": "What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?",
              "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Canadian" }],
              "question": "What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?",
              "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }],
              "question": "What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?",
              "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "Clear and Present Danger" }
              ],
              "question": "In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?",
              "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "comedian" }],
              "question": "What is Dawn French's job?",
              "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Heresy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "established beliefs or customs" }
              ],
              "question": "What is heresy mainly at odds with?",
              "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "A heretic" }],
              "question": "What is a person called is practicing heresy?",
              "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?",
              "id": "56de6fdecffd8e1900b4b8c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Christian, Islamic and Jewish" }
              ],
              "question": "What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?",
              "id": "56de6fea4396321400ee28c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term heresy is from Greek \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does the term heresy find its roots in?",
              "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "slightly different" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?",
              "id": "56de70004396321400ee28ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "heresiarch" }],
              "question": "What is the head person of a heretical movement called?",
              "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Heresiology" }],
              "question": "What is the study of heresy?",
              "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?",
              "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "two times" }],
              "question": "How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?",
              "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "divisive person" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?",
              "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "sound" }],
              "question": "What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?",
              "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having \"Jewish minds\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Jews and Judaism" }],
              "question": "What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?",
              "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Orthodox Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "What religion were these Fathers of the Church?",
              "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Tertullian" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?",
              "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from \u1f40\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, orthos \"straight\" + \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1, doxa \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Irenaeus" }],
              "question": "Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?",
              "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "orthodox" }],
              "question": "What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?",
              "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "apostolic succession" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?",
              "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Constantine the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?",
              "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Edict of Milan" }],
              "question": "What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Pontifex Maximus" }],
              "question": "What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?",
              "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "the ecumenical councils" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?",
              "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "AD 380" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?",
              "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Thessalonica of Theodosius I" }
              ],
              "question": "Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "state-sponsored support" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?",
              "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "state powers of legal enforcement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?",
              "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "death sentence" }],
              "question": "What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?",
              "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Priscillian" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?",
              "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "excommunicated" }],
              "question": "What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?",
              "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?",
              "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Cayetano Ripoll" }],
              "question": "Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 911,
                  "text": "Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?",
              "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?",
              "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "The Codex Justinianus" }
              ],
              "question": "What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?",
              "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?",
              "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Paulicians" }],
              "question": "What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?",
              "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 882,
                  "text": "Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?",
              "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?",
              "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "The Cathar Crusade" }
              ],
              "question": "What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?",
              "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Heresy" }],
              "question": "What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?",
              "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse and detest\" those opinions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Galileo Galilei" }],
              "question": "Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?",
              "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?",
              "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pope St. Gregory" }],
              "question": "Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?",
              "id": "56de71424396321400ee2901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Christ" }],
              "question": "What were the Jews described as enemies of?",
              "id": "56de71424396321400ee2902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Jewish" }],
              "question": "According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?",
              "id": "56de71424396321400ee2903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Roman-Christian law" }
              ],
              "question": "In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?",
              "id": "56de71424396321400ee2904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "Eastern Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?",
              "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?",
              "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?",
              "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?",
              "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "blasphemous" }],
              "question": "What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?",
              "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Jewish circumcision" }
              ],
              "question": "What is said to be a special spiritual problem?",
              "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "European Reformation" }
              ],
              "question": "What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?",
              "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?",
              "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?",
              "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Edward VI" }],
              "question": "Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?",
              "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1234, "text": "1612" }],
              "question": "In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?",
              "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "1659, 1660, and 1661" }
              ],
              "question": "During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?",
              "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Anglican Puritans" }],
              "question": "Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?",
              "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "purer absolute theocracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?",
              "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Quaker sect" }],
              "question": "What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?",
              "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?",
              "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1826" }],
              "question": "What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?",
              "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Cayetano Ripoll" }],
              "question": "Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?",
              "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\" without using the word \"heresy\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?",
              "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?",
              "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?",
              "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation Labyrinths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Spanish inquisition" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?",
              "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Jorge Luis Borges" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?",
              "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Christian heresy" }],
              "question": "What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?",
              "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Shia Qizilbash" }],
              "question": "What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?",
              "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?",
              "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Sharia law" }],
              "question": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?",
              "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Salman Rushdie" }],
              "question": "What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?",
              "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "heretical" }],
              "question": "What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?",
              "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "right-wing groups" }],
              "question": "What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?",
              "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "The liberal wing" }],
              "question": "Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?",
              "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "squirreling" }],
              "question": "What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?",
              "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "The Religious Technology Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?",
              "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2926"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "innovation" }],
              "question": "What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?",
              "id": "56de739f4396321400ee2929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "an abstraction" }],
              "question": "What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?",
              "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "endoheretics" }],
              "question": "Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?",
              "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "orthodoxy" }],
              "question": "What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?",
              "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "The Dinosaur Heresies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?",
              "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?",
              "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Jurassic Park" }],
              "question": "What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?",
              "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "active poses" }],
              "question": "What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?",
              "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "endoheretic" }],
              "question": "What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?",
              "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "exoheretic" }],
              "question": "What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?",
              "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "scientific journals" }
              ],
              "question": "What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?",
              "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?",
              "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2935"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "an established orthodoxy" }
              ],
              "question": "By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?",
              "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "metaphors" }],
              "question": "What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?",
              "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Warsaw_Pact",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?",
              "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "the Cold War" }],
              "question": "Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?",
              "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "NATO" }],
              "question": "Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56de83744396321400ee29bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Czechoslovakia" }],
              "question": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? ",
              "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "Solidarity" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?",
              "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Czechoslovakia" }],
              "question": "Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? ",
              "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? ",
              "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "Solidarity" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?",
              "id": "56de83e34396321400ee29c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "V\u00e1clav Havel" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? ",
              "id": "56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?",
              "id": "56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56df00c33277331400b4d88d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "socialism and communism" }
              ],
              "question": "Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?",
              "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Brezhnev" }],
              "question": "Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?",
              "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Western Europe" }],
              "question": "The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?",
              "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?",
              "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?",
              "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January\u2013February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that \"the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community\". According to John Gaddis \"there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer\" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that \u201cneutralization means sovietization\u201d was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Molotov" }],
              "question": "Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?",
              "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When was reunification first proposed as an idea?",
              "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe\". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as \"directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation\", the Soviets decided to declare their \"readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc\", specifying that \"the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "the USA" }],
              "question": "The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?",
              "id": "56df047bc65bf219000b3edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Hastings Ismay" }],
              "question": "Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?",
              "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "burglar" }],
              "question": "To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?",
              "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?",
              "id": "56df0bf73277331400b4d919"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?",
              "id": "56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 October 1954 \u2013 only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe \u2013 the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?",
              "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Norway" }],
              "question": "Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?",
              "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: \"a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?",
              "id": "56df12383277331400b4d93e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "East Germany" }],
              "question": "Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56df12853277331400b4d94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the National People's Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the East German armed forces?",
              "id": "56df12853277331400b4d950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?",
              "id": "56df12ec3277331400b4d953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56df13573277331400b4d957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? ",
              "id": "56df13573277331400b4d959"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "containment" }],
              "question": "What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?",
              "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?",
              "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?",
              "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Imre Nagy" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?",
              "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?",
              "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Czechoslovakia" }],
              "question": "Which country did the Pact conquer?",
              "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?",
              "id": "56df18663277331400b4d981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?",
              "id": "56df18663277331400b4d982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "36" }],
              "question": "For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?",
              "id": "56df18663277331400b4d983"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Albania" }],
              "question": "Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?",
              "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In which year did Poland join NATO?",
              "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In which year did Slovakia join NATO? ",
              "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?",
              "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many documents remain classified?",
              "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "Seven Days to the River Rhine" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?",
              "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?",
              "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?",
              "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Materialism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "a form of philosophical monism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is materialism?",
              "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "In nature, this is an essential substance?",
              "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?",
              "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Materialism" }],
              "question": "Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?",
              "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "monist ontology" }],
              "question": "What class does materialism belong to?",
              "id": "56de94434396321400ee2a3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "\"what does reality consist of?\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?",
              "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "\"how does it originate?\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?",
              "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An idealist considers what as the most important?",
              "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "A materialist considers what as the most important?",
              "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by Ren\u00e9 Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "materialist" }],
              "question": "Was Ren\u00e9 Descartes an idealist or a materialist?",
              "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "how material substance should be characterized."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Materialism does not define what?",
              "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "dialectical materialism" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?",
              "id": "56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Karl Jaspers" }],
              "question": "Who coined the Axial Age?",
              "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Eurasia" }],
              "question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?",
              "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "600 BC" }],
              "question": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?",
              "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?",
              "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school" }
              ],
              "question": "What school advanced atomism?",
              "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "600 BC - 100 BC" }],
              "question": "Between what years did the school advance atomism?",
              "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description \u2014 typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in \"special sciences\" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "reductionism" }],
              "question": "Materialism is linked to what?",
              "id": "56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC \u2013 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC \u2013 ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being \"another kind\" of being, indicating that the definition of \"materialism\" is wider than given scope for in this article.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Lucretius" }],
              "question": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?",
              "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "mechanistic explanations" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?",
              "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata text to quote from, or even refer to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.",
              "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?",
              "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "a digest of all philosophies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?",
              "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Madhavacharya" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?",
              "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?",
              "id": "56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1592-1665" }],
              "question": "Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1596-1650" }],
              "question": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1664-1729" }],
              "question": "abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "1713-1784" }],
              "question": "Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "1770-1850" }],
              "question": "William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the \"determiner\" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1788-1860" }],
              "question": "Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?",
              "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did he say that the brain would decide?",
              "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Ludwig Feuerbach" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?",
              "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1841" }],
              "question": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?",
              "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "the outward projection of man's inward nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?",
              "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Karl Marx" }],
              "question": "The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?",
              "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many current and recent philosophers\u2014e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor\u2014operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?",
              "id": "56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "What is hyle?",
              "id": "56dee668c65bf219000b3e01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "matter and energy" }],
              "question": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?",
              "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?",
              "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "fields" }],
              "question": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?",
              "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Lambda-CDM model" }],
              "question": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?",
              "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "dark matter" }],
              "question": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?",
              "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things.\" Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms \"materialism\" and \"physicalism\" interchangeably.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "things" }],
              "question": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?",
              "id": "56dee9483277331400b4d7f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some modern day physicists and science writers\u2014such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin\u2014have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "quantum mechanics and chaos theory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the findings that support their argument?",
              "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "The Matter Myth" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?",
              "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "information" }],
              "question": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?",
              "id": "56deeaae3277331400b4d811"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as \"a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul\". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing \"the truth\". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "religions" }],
              "question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?",
              "id": "56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.\" This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called \"intelligence\" or \"the light of truth\", which like all observable matter \"was not created or made, neither indeed can be\". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 933,
                  "text": "simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?",
              "id": "56deed163277331400b4d827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Christians" }],
              "question": "Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?",
              "id": "56deed163277331400b4d828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "materialism" }],
              "question": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?",
              "id": "56deee36c65bf219000b3e37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Emergence, holism, and process philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?",
              "id": "56deef443277331400b4d82e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism \u2014 claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers \"dual-aspect monism\" to faith in materialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "dual-aspect monism" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?",
              "id": "56def0c53277331400b4d83a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Space_Race",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of d\u00e9tente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "German rocket technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States?",
              "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite?",
              "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1080, "text": "Yuri Gagarin" }],
              "question": "Who was the first human in space?",
              "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1144, "text": "July 20, 1969" }],
              "question": "When did Apollo 11 land on the moon?",
              "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "August 2, 1955" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Space Race begin?",
              "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 990, "text": "October 4, 1957" }],
              "question": "Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?",
              "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1080, "text": "Yuri Gagarin" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person in space?",
              "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1097, "text": "April 12, 1961" }],
              "question": "What was the date that the first human reached space?",
              "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?",
              "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "liquid-fueled rockets" }
              ],
              "question": "What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?",
              "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "Wernher von Braun" }],
              "question": "What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?",
              "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?",
              "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?",
              "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac199"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "technical director of the ballistic missile program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?",
              "id": "56dea3774396321400ee2a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "the Aggregate-4" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?",
              "id": "56dea3774396321400ee2a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "General Dornberger" }],
              "question": "During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?",
              "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first object to enter space?",
              "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1942 and 1943" }],
              "question": "When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?",
              "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e543"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Germany's rocket engineers" }
              ],
              "question": "After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?",
              "id": "56dea480cffd8e1900b4ba41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Operation Paperclip" }
              ],
              "question": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?",
              "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "V2 rockets" }],
              "question": "The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?",
              "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e54a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Sergei Korolev" }],
              "question": "Who led the Soviet rocket engineers",
              "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Siberia" }],
              "question": "Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?",
              "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 732, "text": "the Chief Designer" }
              ],
              "question": "What was his \"secret\" title after World War II?",
              "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Peenem\u00fcnde" }],
              "question": "The German rocket center was located in what city?",
              "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Sergei Korolev" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?",
              "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?",
              "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "Sergei Korolev died in what year?",
              "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?",
              "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e551"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on \"organizational schemes\"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the \"layout\" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951\u201353.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "What year was the R1 rocket born?",
              "id": "56e07b847aa994140058e559"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, \"Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?\"[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Robert H. Goddard" }],
              "question": "What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?",
              "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?",
              "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "New Mexico" }],
              "question": "The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?",
              "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?",
              "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?",
              "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Huntsville, Alabama" }
              ],
              "question": "The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?",
              "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?",
              "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e599"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?",
              "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "the hydrogen bomb" }],
              "question": "What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?",
              "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?",
              "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1220, "text": "Strategic Air Command" }
              ],
              "question": "The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?",
              "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?",
              "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "27 million" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?",
              "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?",
              "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?",
              "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?",
              "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "air force" }],
              "question": "What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Korolev" }],
              "question": "Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?",
              "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "German G-4" }],
              "question": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?",
              "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "August 21, 1957" }],
              "question": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?",
              "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "R-7 Semyorka rocket" }
              ],
              "question": "The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?",
              "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?",
              "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "MX-774" }],
              "question": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?",
              "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?",
              "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Cape Canaveral" }],
              "question": "The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?",
              "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "June 11, 1957" }],
              "question": "The Atlas-A first launched on what date?",
              "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac279"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch \"small Earth circling satellites\" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the \"near future\". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "James C. Hagerty" }],
              "question": "Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?",
              "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 902, "text": "August 30, 1955" }],
              "question": "The starting date for the Space Race was which date?",
              "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac281"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, and he used the 1957\u201358 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a \"warmonger\" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "September 20, 1956" }
              ],
              "question": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?",
              "id": "56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Vanguard" }],
              "question": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?",
              "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "December 6, 195" }],
              "question": "Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?",
              "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Florida" }],
              "question": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?",
              "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "Jupiter-C rocket" }],
              "question": "in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?",
              "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-M\u00fcller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 31, 1958" }],
              "question": "The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?",
              "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 916,
                  "text": "cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?",
              "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?",
              "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?",
              "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was NASA called before it became NASA?",
              "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2, 1958" }],
              "question": "The first US satellite was launched on what date?",
              "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "July 1, 1960" }],
              "question": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?",
              "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "von Braun" }],
              "question": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?",
              "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?",
              "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?",
              "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Luna 3" }],
              "question": "Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?",
              "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?",
              "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Ranger 4" }],
              "question": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?",
              "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 703, "text": "Block III Ranger 7" }
              ],
              "question": "The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?",
              "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "July 31, 1964" }],
              "question": "The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?",
              "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Luna" }],
              "question": "What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?",
              "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft. For this reason, the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule. When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique, the FAI committee decided to investigate, and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch, orbiting, and return, rather than the manner of landing, and so revised their rules accordingly, keeping Gagarin's and Titov's records intact.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?",
              "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Vostok 1" }],
              "question": "The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?",
              "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "108 minutes" }],
              "question": "How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?",
              "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Cosmonautics Day" }],
              "question": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?",
              "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?",
              "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "US Air Force" }],
              "question": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?",
              "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Project Mercury" }],
              "question": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?",
              "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Alan Shepard" }],
              "question": "The first American to travel into space was whom?",
              "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "May 5, 1961" }],
              "question": "When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?",
              "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Freedom 7" }],
              "question": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?",
              "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Alan Shepard" }],
              "question": "The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?",
              "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "John F. Kennedy" }],
              "question": "Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?",
              "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time seemed to be, either establishment of an Earth orbital space station, or a manned landing on the Moon. Johnson in turn consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?",
              "id": "56e0f281231d4119001ac4bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\". Full text ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "May 25" }],
              "question": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?",
              "id": "56e0f2ae231d4119001ac4be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Rice University Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?",
              "id": "56e0f3a5231d4119001ac4d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "John Glenn" }],
              "question": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?",
              "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "February 20, 1962" }],
              "question": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?",
              "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?",
              "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Friendship 7" }],
              "question": "John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?",
              "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?",
              "id": "56e0f5587aa994140058e81b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gherman Titov" }],
              "question": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?",
              "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "August 6, 1961" }],
              "question": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?",
              "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4" }
              ],
              "question": "Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?",
              "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Valentina Tereshkova" }
              ],
              "question": "The first woman that went into space was whom?",
              "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Vostok 6" }],
              "question": "What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?",
              "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "June 16, 1963" }],
              "question": "The first woman to launch into space was on what date?",
              "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "The USSR" }],
              "question": "The first woman to go into space was from which country?",
              "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e837"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "July 1961 Tushino air show" }
              ],
              "question": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?",
              "id": "56e0f6c27aa994140058e83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy's proposal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 20, 1963" }],
              "question": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?",
              "id": "56e0f6f47aa994140058e83f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "November 22, 1963" }],
              "question": "President Kennedy was killed when?",
              "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "assassination" }],
              "question": "How did US President Kennedy die?",
              "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac501"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?",
              "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Gemini and Apollo" }],
              "question": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?",
              "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e842"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?",
              "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?",
              "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac511"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "October 12, 1964" }],
              "question": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?",
              "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Voskhod 1" }],
              "question": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?",
              "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1029, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?",
              "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between October 14\u201316, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\" There would be a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "January 14, 1966" }],
              "question": "Korolev died on what date?",
              "id": "56e0f9d7231d4119001ac51c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics wouldn't overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock. In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level. He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry. The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the town of Perm; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 18, 1965" }],
              "question": "The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?",
              "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Alexey Leonov" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?",
              "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Alexey Leonov" }],
              "question": "Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?",
              "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?",
              "id": "56e0fa807aa994140058e861"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Vladimir Chelomey" }],
              "question": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?",
              "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Soyuz 7K-L1" }],
              "question": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?",
              "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module (\"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl\", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander (\"Lunniy Korabl\", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "N1" }],
              "question": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?",
              "id": "56e0fba6231d4119001ac53b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?",
              "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?",
              "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?",
              "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "December 1962" }],
              "question": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?",
              "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac549"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "January 27, 1967" }],
              "question": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?",
              "id": "56e0fd56231d4119001ac552"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Apollo and Soyuz" }],
              "question": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?",
              "id": "56e0fd867aa994140058e889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 27, 1967" }],
              "question": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?",
              "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "electrical spark" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?",
              "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?",
              "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns \"were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday.\"[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Vladimir Komarov" }],
              "question": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?",
              "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "April 24, 1967" }],
              "question": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?",
              "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "October 11, 1968" }],
              "question": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?",
              "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Walter Schirra" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?",
              "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions. It was the first-ever docking of two manned spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "October 26, 1968" }],
              "question": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?",
              "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "January 1969" }],
              "question": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?",
              "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 729, "text": "Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?",
              "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight. After its successful flight around the Moon, Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Gulf of Guinea" }],
              "question": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?",
              "id": "56e104dfcd28a01900c67447"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?",
              "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "tortoises" }],
              "question": "What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?",
              "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "March 1969" }],
              "question": "The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?",
              "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?",
              "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 21, 1968" }],
              "question": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?",
              "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Christmas Eve" }],
              "question": "During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?",
              "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Pacific" }],
              "question": "Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?",
              "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "47,400 feet" }],
              "question": "How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?",
              "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "March 1969" }],
              "question": "The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?",
              "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "July 3, 1969" }],
              "question": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?",
              "id": "56e106e0cd28a01900c6745d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Sea of Tranquility" }],
              "question": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?",
              "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c67469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "July 16, 1969" }],
              "question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?",
              "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Florida" }],
              "question": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?",
              "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "January 1969" }],
              "question": "When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?",
              "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "three days" }],
              "question": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?",
              "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Eagle" }],
              "question": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?",
              "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Armstrong" }],
              "question": "Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?",
              "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 688, "text": "9:56 pm CDT July 20" }
              ],
              "question": "At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?",
              "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "723 million" }],
              "question": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?",
              "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "The next day" }],
              "question": "When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?",
              "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "July 24, 1969" }],
              "question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?",
              "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?",
              "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "November 1969" }],
              "question": "When was the second landing on the Moon successful?",
              "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1195, "text": "February 1971" }],
              "question": "When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?",
              "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1222, "text": "July 1971" }],
              "question": "Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?",
              "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1245, "text": "April 1972" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?",
              "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1273, "text": "December 1972" }],
              "question": "Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?",
              "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?",
              "id": "56e10a3be3433e1400422b22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "April 19, 1971" }],
              "question": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?",
              "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?",
              "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "October 11" }],
              "question": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?",
              "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "175 days" }],
              "question": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?",
              "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "rocket failure" }],
              "question": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?",
              "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "May 14, 1973" }],
              "question": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?",
              "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "169,950 pounds" }],
              "question": "How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?",
              "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "July 11, 1979" }],
              "question": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?",
              "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?",
              "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1972" }],
              "question": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?",
              "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project" }
              ],
              "question": "ASTP stands for what?",
              "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c6753f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?",
              "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c67540"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "July 15, 1975" }],
              "question": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?",
              "id": "56e111cecd28a01900c67543"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "What year did the USSR disband?",
              "id": "56e11222e3433e1400422b9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "R-7 rocket" }],
              "question": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?",
              "id": "56e11243e3433e1400422b9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?",
              "id": "56e11280e3433e1400422ba0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pub",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "it is licensed to sell alcohol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a pub licensed to sell?",
              "id": "56dede3c3277331400b4d784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "the pub" }],
              "question": "In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?",
              "id": "56dede3c3277331400b4d785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "public house" }],
              "question": "What is the term 'pub' short for?",
              "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "New England" }],
              "question": "Where in the United States are pubs located?",
              "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Denmark" }],
              "question": "What continental European country has pubs?",
              "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?",
              "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Samuel Pepys" }],
              "question": "Who said that pubs are the heart of England?",
              "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e007"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "to Roman taverns" }],
              "question": "How far back does the history of pubs go back?",
              "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "alehouse" }],
              "question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? ",
              "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "the modern tied house system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "taverns" }],
              "question": "What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?",
              "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "alehouse" }],
              "question": "What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?",
              "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the tied house system develop?",
              "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from caf\u00e9s, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "to obscure the clientele from the street"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?",
              "id": "56dee02f3277331400b4d79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fares do most pubs offer?",
              "id": "56dee02f3277331400b4d79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "smoked or frosted glass" }
              ],
              "question": "What are traditional pub windows made out of?",
              "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "clear glass" }],
              "question": "What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?",
              "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "snacks" }],
              "question": "Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?",
              "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the \"pub landlord\". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as \"locals\" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "pub landlord" }],
              "question": "What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?",
              "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "publican" }],
              "question": "What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?",
              "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "for their proximity to home or work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?",
              "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "pub landlord" }],
              "question": "What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?",
              "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "publican" }],
              "question": "What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?",
              "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "locals" }],
              "question": "What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?",
              "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "darts" }],
              "question": "Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?",
              "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "pool or snooker" }],
              "question": "What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "jug and bottle" }],
              "question": "What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? ",
              "id": "56dee2c2c65bf219000b3ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?",
              "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "off-sales counter" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?",
              "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "the jug and bottle" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?",
              "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "supermarkets" }],
              "question": "Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"Pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?",
              "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "tabernae" }],
              "question": "With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?",
              "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?",
              "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 937,
                  "text": "there should be no more than one alehouse per village"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did King Edgar decree in 965?",
              "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?",
              "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1st Century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?",
              "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "tabernae" }],
              "question": "What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?",
              "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "5th Century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Romans leave Britain?",
              "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?",
              "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e061"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "in monasteries" }],
              "question": "In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?",
              "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1446" }],
              "question": "When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?",
              "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Worshipful Company of Innholders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?",
              "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1446" }],
              "question": "When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?",
              "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1514" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?",
              "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "monasteries" }],
              "question": "Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?",
              "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "pilgrimages" }],
              "question": "What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?",
              "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "in the country or along a highway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is an inn typically located?",
              "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "community gathering places" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?",
              "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "several centuries" }],
              "question": "How old are some of the inns in Europe?",
              "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "food and drink" }],
              "question": "Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?",
              "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "highway" }],
              "question": "What road is an inn often located near?",
              "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?",
              "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "several centuries" }],
              "question": "About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?",
              "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "community gathering places" }
              ],
              "question": "What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?",
              "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "accommodation" }],
              "question": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?",
              "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "the UK" }],
              "question": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?",
              "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "The George" }],
              "question": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?",
              "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?",
              "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "horses" }],
              "question": "Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?",
              "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e073"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "lodging" }],
              "question": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?",
              "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?",
              "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "food and drink" }],
              "question": "What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?",
              "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Holiday Inn" }],
              "question": "What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?",
              "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "innkeepers" }],
              "question": "In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?",
              "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Inns of Court" }],
              "question": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?",
              "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?",
              "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Wales" }],
              "question": "Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?",
              "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "fermented malt" }],
              "question": "What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?",
              "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "the Netherlands" }],
              "question": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?",
              "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?",
              "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?",
              "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "commercial breweries" }
              ],
              "question": "What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?",
              "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "the Glorious Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?",
              "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "the Dutch" }],
              "question": "What people introduced gin to England?",
              "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?",
              "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "six times" }],
              "question": "How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?",
              "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?",
              "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "William Hogarth" }],
              "question": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?",
              "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "The Gin Act 1736" }],
              "question": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?",
              "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1742" }],
              "question": "When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? ",
              "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "The Gin Act 1751" }],
              "question": "What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?",
              "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?",
              "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Sketches by Boz" }],
              "question": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?",
              "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1835\u20131836" }],
              "question": "Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?",
              "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "\"Gin Palaces\"" }],
              "question": "What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what British city did gin houses first appear?",
              "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Beer Act of 1830" }],
              "question": "What law allowed the existence of beer houses?",
              "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "low alcohol content" }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?",
              "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "gin" }],
              "question": "What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?",
              "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "reducing public drunkenness" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?",
              "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "\u00a3168" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?",
              "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "beer or cider" }],
              "question": "What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?",
              "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Sundays" }],
              "question": "On what day were beer houses closed?",
              "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "jugs" }],
              "question": "Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?",
              "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "spirits and fortified wines" }
              ],
              "question": "What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?",
              "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?",
              "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "46,000" }],
              "question": "How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?",
              "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?",
              "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e105"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "pubs" }],
              "question": "What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?",
              "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?",
              "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "corners or road junctions" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?",
              "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "real ale micro-brewers" }
              ],
              "question": "What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?",
              "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "The Red Lion" }],
              "question": "Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?",
              "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Smith's Beer House" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a name for a beer house?",
              "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e11a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "ale" }],
              "question": "In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?",
              "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?",
              "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "the crown" }],
              "question": "What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?",
              "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?",
              "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abd9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?",
              "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Local Authorities" }],
              "question": "What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?",
              "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even \"Occasional Licences\" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as f\u00eates would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869" }
              ],
              "question": "What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?",
              "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "special Licensing Sessions courts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what locations were public house licenses granted?",
              "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "ex-servicemen or ex-policemen" }
              ],
              "question": "Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?",
              "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1129, "text": "Occasional Licences" }
              ],
              "question": "What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?",
              "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "London Metropolitan Archives centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can historical licensing records be examined?",
              "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "owner" }],
              "question": "Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?",
              "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Defence of the Realm Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What law further restricted public houses?",
              "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "August 1914" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?",
              "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "12 noon\u20132:30 pm" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the period 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?",
              "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Pembrokeshire" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?",
              "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "the police" }],
              "question": "What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?",
              "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "10:30 pm" }],
              "question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?",
              "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "11 pm" }],
              "question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?",
              "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Carlisle" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?",
              "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?",
              "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Sundays" }],
              "question": "On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?",
              "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "11 pm" }],
              "question": "Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?",
              "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "10:30 pm" }],
              "question": "What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?",
              "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?",
              "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "12 noon" }],
              "question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?",
              "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "11 am" }],
              "question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?",
              "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?",
              "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?",
              "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "24 November 2005" }],
              "question": "When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?",
              "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "the local council" }],
              "question": "After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?",
              "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "11.30 pm" }],
              "question": "Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?",
              "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "207,800" }],
              "question": "How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?",
              "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "1,121" }],
              "question": "How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?",
              "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "\"lock-in\"" }],
              "question": "What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?",
              "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Licensing Act 2003" }
              ],
              "question": "What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?",
              "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?",
              "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1081, "text": "allowing smoking" }],
              "question": "What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?",
              "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2006" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?",
              "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "April 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?",
              "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "July 2007" }],
              "question": "What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?",
              "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 579, "text": "Carlsberg and Heineken" }
              ],
              "question": "What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?",
              "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Wetherspoon" }],
              "question": "What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?",
              "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment\u2014a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\" This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more. The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Balls Pond Road" }],
              "question": "What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?",
              "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "City Road" }],
              "question": "On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?",
              "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "The Eagle" }],
              "question": "What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?",
              "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "weasel" }],
              "question": "What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?",
              "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "In what century did saloons become established?",
              "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "stand-up comedy" }],
              "question": "Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "juke boxes" }],
              "question": "Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]\u2014carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "middle-class" }],
              "question": "What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "working class" }],
              "question": "What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?",
              "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?",
              "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "spit and sawdust" }],
              "question": "What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?",
              "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "saloon" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the lounge bar?",
              "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "the 1960s and 1970s" }
              ],
              "question": "In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?",
              "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "removal of the dividing wall or partition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?",
              "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"snug\", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "snug" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the smoke room?",
              "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?",
              "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "the parish priest" }],
              "question": "Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?",
              "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "frosted glass" }],
              "question": "What were the windows in the snug made out of?",
              "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?",
              "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "very few" }],
              "question": "According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?",
              "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar\u2014they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "bring the beer out to the table"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?",
              "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "taproom" }],
              "question": "Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?",
              "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "gin houses" }],
              "question": "What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?",
              "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1040, "text": "Brierley Hill" }],
              "question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?",
              "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1015, "text": "The Bull and Bladder" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the locals call The Vine?",
              "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who pioneered the circular bar?",
              "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Swindon station pub" }
              ],
              "question": "At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?",
              "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "engineer and railway builder" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?",
              "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?",
              "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "a device for pumping beer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a \"beer engine\"?",
              "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the function of a \"beer engine\"?",
              "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "John Lofting" }],
              "question": "Who invented the beer pump in England?",
              "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city was the beer pump invented?",
              "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Netherlands" }],
              "question": "In what country was John Lofting born?",
              "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1742" }],
              "question": "What was the death year of John Lofting?",
              "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1659" }],
              "question": "When was John Lofting born?",
              "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "London Gazette" }],
              "question": "In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?",
              "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "17 March 1691" }],
              "question": "On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?",
              "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "20 to 30" }],
              "question": "How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?",
              "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "St Thomas Apostle London" }
              ],
              "question": "What location did John Lofting live near?",
              "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Islington" }],
              "question": "In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?",
              "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Turner" }],
              "question": "What was William Tillcar's profession?",
              "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Sun Tavern" }],
              "question": "What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?",
              "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "handpump" }],
              "question": "What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?",
              "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "gas" }],
              "question": "Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?",
              "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e204"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "a Free house" }],
              "question": "What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?",
              "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?",
              "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "landlord" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?",
              "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e209"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Shepherd Neame" }],
              "question": "What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Young's and Fuller's" }
              ],
              "question": "What London breweries each own many pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Greene King" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?",
              "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "The Beer Orders" }],
              "question": "What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?",
              "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Beer Orders passed?",
              "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "O'Neill's" }],
              "question": "Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?",
              "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "PubCo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?",
              "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "PubCo" }],
              "question": "Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?",
              "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "the UK" }],
              "question": "In what country was Punch Taverns established?",
              "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e21a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "renamed" }],
              "question": "When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?",
              "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "closed down" }],
              "question": "What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e220"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A brewery tap" }],
              "question": "What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?",
              "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "the nearest pub" }],
              "question": "If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?",
              "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "brewpub" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?",
              "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others\u2014especially those away from village centres\u2014existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "country pub" }],
              "question": "What is another name for a rural public house?",
              "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "serving travellers as coaching inns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?",
              "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "the last thirty" }],
              "question": "Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?",
              "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "drinking" }],
              "question": "Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "theme pubs" }],
              "question": "What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?",
              "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Irish pubs" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?",
              "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "rock pubs" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?",
              "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "strip pubs" }],
              "question": "What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?",
              "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "karaoke bars" }],
              "question": "In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?",
              "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Richard II" }],
              "question": "Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?",
              "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1393" }],
              "question": "In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?",
              "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?",
              "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "inspectors" }],
              "question": "What was John Shakespeare's profession?",
              "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "forfeit his ale" }],
              "question": "If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?",
              "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?",
              "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "the illustration on the pub's sign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where did pubs without written names derive their names?",
              "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?",
              "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "The Cross" }],
              "question": "Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?",
              "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "the coat of arms" }],
              "question": "What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?",
              "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "hops" }],
              "question": "What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?",
              "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "farming" }],
              "question": "Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?",
              "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Trafalgar" }],
              "question": "What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?",
              "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Crowborough" }],
              "question": "What town is The Crow and Gate located in?",
              "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "East Sussex" }],
              "question": "What county is home to The Crow and Gate?",
              "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "royal" }],
              "question": "Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?",
              "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e244"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "decorated signs" }],
              "question": "What hangs today over most British pub doors?",
              "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the name of the pub" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?",
              "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "directing potential customers to their door"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create \"brand awareness\", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Slug and Lettuce" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?",
              "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "comic" }],
              "question": "What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?",
              "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "to identify and differentiate each pub"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of a pub name?",
              "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "pictorial signs" }],
              "question": "What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?",
              "id": "56dfe8087aa994140058e24f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the \"Marquis of Granby\". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "John Manners, Marquess of Granby"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?",
              "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?",
              "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "general" }],
              "question": "What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?",
              "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?",
              "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "the Royal George" }],
              "question": "What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?",
              "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e255"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as \"The Bag o'Nails\" (Bacchanals), \"The Goat and Compasses\" (God Encompasseth Us), \"The Cat and the Fiddle\" (Chaton Fid\u00e8le: Faithful Kitten) and \"The Bull and Bush\", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at \"Boulogne Bouche\" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Bacchanals" }],
              "question": "The pub \"The Bag o'Nails\" was a corruption of what word?",
              "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "God Encompasseth Us" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase was \"The Goat and Compasses\" a corruption of?",
              "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Faithful Kitten" }],
              "question": "What does Chaton Fid\u00e8le mean in English?",
              "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour" }
              ],
              "question": "What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?",
              "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?",
              "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "pool" }],
              "question": "What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Nine Men's Morris" }],
              "question": "Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "cards" }],
              "question": "Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?",
              "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "cribbage" }],
              "question": "Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Table Football" }],
              "question": "What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?",
              "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e269"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "video games" }],
              "question": "Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e26f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "dance bar" }],
              "question": "What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?",
              "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "sports bar" }],
              "question": "At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?",
              "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Shove ha'penny" }],
              "question": "Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?",
              "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e272"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Sunday League Football" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?",
              "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Bowling" }],
              "question": "What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?",
              "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Pub rock" }],
              "question": "Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?",
              "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Punk music" }],
              "question": "What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?",
              "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was Pub rock popular?",
              "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and \"bar snacks\", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "bar snacks" }],
              "question": "Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?",
              "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "mobile shellfish stalls" }
              ],
              "question": "In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?",
              "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "East End" }],
              "question": "In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?",
              "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "pickled cockles and mussels" }
              ],
              "question": "What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?",
              "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s some British pubs would offer \"a pie and a pint\", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s \"chicken in a basket\", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did some British pubs provide \"a pie and a pint\"?",
              "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?",
              "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw the popularity of \"chicken in a basket\"?",
              "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "a wicker basket" }],
              "question": "What was \"chicken in a basket\" served in?",
              "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "chips" }],
              "question": "Along with chicken, what food was included in \"chicken in a basket\"?",
              "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. \"Pub grub\" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Pub grub" }],
              "question": "What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?",
              "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?",
              "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?",
              "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "the 1990s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?",
              "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "lunches" }],
              "question": "Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?",
              "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "gastropubs" }],
              "question": "What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?",
              "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "dining room" }],
              "question": "Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?",
              "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "pub and gastronomy" }],
              "question": "What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?",
              "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year was the term gastropub invented?",
              "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Mike Belben" }],
              "question": "Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?",
              "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city is the Eagle pub located?",
              "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Clerkenwell" }],
              "question": "In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?",
              "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CAMRA maintains a \"National Inventory\" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "thirty-six" }],
              "question": "How many pubs does the National Trust own?",
              "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city is the George Inn located?",
              "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Belfast" }],
              "question": "What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?",
              "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Northern Ireland" }],
              "question": "What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?",
              "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "CAMRA" }],
              "question": "What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?",
              "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Tan Hill Inn" }],
              "question": "What pub in England is the highest above sea level?",
              "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Yorkshire" }],
              "question": "In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?",
              "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "528" }],
              "question": "How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?",
              "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Inverie" }],
              "question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?",
              "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?",
              "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e285"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Ye Olde Fighting Cocks" }
              ],
              "question": "What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?",
              "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?",
              "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Nottingham" }],
              "question": "Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?",
              "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "1189" }],
              "question": "When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?",
              "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "1086" }],
              "question": "When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?",
              "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Holywell" }],
              "question": "Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?",
              "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "460" }],
              "question": "How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?",
              "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "560" }],
              "question": "When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?",
              "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Lancashire, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "905" }],
              "question": "When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?",
              "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Yorkshire" }],
              "question": "In what county is the Bingley Arms located?",
              "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1240" }],
              "question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?",
              "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Nottingham" }],
              "question": "Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?",
              "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "1631" }],
              "question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?",
              "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e295"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom \u2014 The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Stalybridge" }],
              "question": "What town is the Q Inn located in?",
              "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Cheshire" }],
              "question": "What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?",
              "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "the Q Inn" }],
              "question": "What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?",
              "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Cheshire" }],
              "question": "What county is Stalybridge in?",
              "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?",
              "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "gastro-pubs" }],
              "question": "Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?",
              "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "supermarkets" }],
              "question": "What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?",
              "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "28,095" }],
              "question": "How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?",
              "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?",
              "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?",
              "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876\u20131957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Dick Turpin" }],
              "question": "Who was based out of the Swan Inn?",
              "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Buckinghamshire" }],
              "question": "In what county was the Swan Inn located?",
              "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "John Fothergill" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?",
              "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?",
              "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Chatto & Windus" }],
              "question": "What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?",
              "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" }
              ],
              "question": "What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?",
              "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "the Cock Tavern" }],
              "question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?",
              "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Charles Dickens" }],
              "question": "What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?",
              "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Ye Olde Cock Tavern" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?",
              "id": "56dff154231d4119001abede"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "16 Charlotte Street" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?",
              "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Fitzrovia" }],
              "question": "In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?",
              "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Soho" }],
              "question": "In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?",
              "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "The Canonbury Tavern" }
              ],
              "question": "What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?",
              "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Canonbury" }],
              "question": "In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?",
              "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Parliament Square" }],
              "question": "Where is the Red Lion located?",
              "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "a Division bell" }],
              "question": "What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?",
              "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?",
              "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Mayfair" }],
              "question": "In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?",
              "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "The Coleherne" }],
              "question": "What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?",
              "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "The Blind Beggar" }],
              "question": "At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?",
              "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "The Ten Bells" }],
              "question": "What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?",
              "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "The Magdala" }],
              "question": "Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?",
              "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "The Crown Tavern" }],
              "question": "What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?",
              "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?",
              "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Angel" }],
              "question": "At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?",
              "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Islington" }],
              "question": "In what district of London is The Angel located?",
              "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Charles Dickens" }],
              "question": "What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?",
              "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "a Co-operative Bank" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the present status of the Angel pub?",
              "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "a coaching inn" }],
              "question": "Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?",
              "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "the Lamb and Flag" }],
              "question": "Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?",
              "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "Where is the Eagle and Child located?",
              "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "C. S. Lewis" }],
              "question": "Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?",
              "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Cambridge" }],
              "question": "Where is the Eagle pub located?",
              "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "28 February 1953" }],
              "question": "On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?",
              "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "The Rovers Return" }],
              "question": "What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?",
              "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "The Queen Vic" }],
              "question": "What pub is featured on EastEnders?",
              "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "BBC One" }],
              "question": "What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?",
              "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "ITV" }],
              "question": "What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?",
              "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Woolpack" }],
              "question": "What pub is featured on Emmerdale?",
              "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "themed bars" }],
              "question": "What would be a more accurate classification for many \"British\" pubs found outside Britain?",
              "id": "56dff407231d4119001abef7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Denmark\u2014a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing\u2014a number of pubs have opened which eschew \"theming\", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Denmark" }],
              "question": "What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?",
              "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?",
              "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Copenhagen" }],
              "question": "In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?",
              "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?",
              "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or \"craic\". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach t\u00e1bhairne (\"tavernhouse\") or teach \u00f3il (\"drinkinghouse\"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of \"The Troubles\" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "craic" }],
              "question": "What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?",
              "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "tavernhouse" }],
              "question": "What does teach t\u00e1bhairne mean in English?",
              "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "teach \u00f3il" }],
              "question": "What Irish term means \"drinkinghouse\"?",
              "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "spirit grocers" }],
              "question": "Vis-\u00e0-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?",
              "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?",
              "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "tavern" }],
              "question": "Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?",
              "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did \"bar\" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?",
              "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "public house" }],
              "question": "In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?",
              "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "the student's union" }
              ],
              "question": "What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?",
              "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade could one find an \"English looking\" pub trend in Canada?",
              "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Christian",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A Christian ( pronunciation (help\u00b7info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christ\u00f3s (\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What is a person who follows Christianity called?",
              "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Jesus Christ" }],
              "question": "Whose life do Christians learn from?",
              "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Christ\u00f3s" }],
              "question": "What Greek word is Christian derived from?",
              "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "mashiach" }],
              "question": "Christ\u00f3s is translated from what Biblical term?",
              "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d834"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense \"all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like.\" It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "conflict" }],
              "question": "While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?",
              "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "significance" }],
              "question": "Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?",
              "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "the cultural aspects of Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?",
              "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest religion in 2050, if current trends continue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2.2 billion" }],
              "question": "According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?",
              "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "600 million" }],
              "question": "How many Christians were in the world in 1910?",
              "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?",
              "id": "56def1133277331400b4d840"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant (37%). Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians. Other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. 280 million Christian live as a minority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?",
              "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "158" }],
              "question": "Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?",
              "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7 (Ma\u0161\u00eda\u1e25, messiah), meaning \"[one who is] anointed.\" In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chr\u00e9tien in French and Cristiano in Spanish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek word defines as \"follower of Christ?\"",
              "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos) come from?",
              "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "anointed one" }],
              "question": "What does \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos) mean?",
              "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Chr\u00e9tien" }],
              "question": "What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?",
              "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: \"[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.\" The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, \"Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.\" The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: \"Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Acts 11:26" }],
              "question": "Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?",
              "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Herod Agrippa II" }],
              "question": "Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?",
              "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Peter 4:16" }],
              "question": "When verse was the third mention?",
              "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over \"Nazarenes\" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "the emperor of Rome" }
              ],
              "question": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?",
              "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Antioch" }],
              "question": "In what city did the term Christians start?",
              "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Nazarenes" }],
              "question": "When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?",
              "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d879"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to \"the tribe of Christians, so named from him;\" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that \"by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians\" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Josephus" }],
              "question": "What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?",
              "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Tacitus" }],
              "question": "Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?",
              "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Nero" }],
              "question": "Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?",
              "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d891"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is \"Nazarenes\" which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24. Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that \"the Jews call us Nazarenes,\" while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries \"Christians,\" were once called \"Nazarenes.\" The Hebrew equivalent of \"Nazarenes\", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Nazarenes" }],
              "question": "In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?",
              "id": "56df01783277331400b4d899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Nazoraean" }],
              "question": "What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?",
              "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Notzrim" }],
              "question": "What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?",
              "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "modern Israeli Hebrew" }
              ],
              "question": "Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?",
              "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of \"Christianity\". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "beliefs and practices" }
              ],
              "question": "While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?",
              "id": "56df063dc65bf219000b3eef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Linda Woodhead" }],
              "question": "Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? ",
              "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Michael Martin" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?",
              "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?",
              "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "faith in Jesus" }],
              "question": "What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?",
              "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three creeds Martin studied?",
              "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is \u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05d9 (Notzri\u2014\"Nazarene\"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (Yehudim Meshihi'im\u2014\"Messianic Jews\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Messiah" }],
              "question": "Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?",
              "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Galilean village" }],
              "question": "What village did Jesus come from?",
              "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Nazareth" }],
              "question": "Where was the Galilean village?",
              "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "northern Israel" }],
              "question": "Where is Nazareth located?",
              "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Na\u1e63r\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a), plural Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101 (\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649) is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac (Aramaic); Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a) means followers of the Messiah. The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or \u0646\u2014 the first letter of Nasara\u2014was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "followers of the Messiah" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b mean?",
              "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "July 2014" }],
              "question": "When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?",
              "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "the Fall of Mosul" }],
              "question": "What happened in July 2014?",
              "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "the first letter of Nasara" }
              ],
              "question": "What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?",
              "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. \"blond people.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Nasrani" }],
              "question": "Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?",
              "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Masihi" }],
              "question": "Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?",
              "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Nasrani" }],
              "question": "What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?",
              "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \"Crusader\") from \u1e63al\u012bb (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \"cross\") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c) and Firinj\u012byah (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629) in Arabic\" This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?",
              "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "cross" }],
              "question": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b comes from the word \u1e63al\u012bb, which means what?",
              "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Crusader" }],
              "question": "What does \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b mean?",
              "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "European Christian Crusaders" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Alfranj mean?",
              "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common Persian word is Mas\u012bh\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc), from Arabic.,Other words are Nasr\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc), from Syriac for \"Nazarene\", and Tars\u0101 (\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627), from Middle Persian word Tars\u0101g, also meaning \"Christian\", derived from tars, meaning \"fear, respect\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Mas\u012bh\u012b" }],
              "question": "What is the most common Persian word for Christian?",
              "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Nasr\u0101n\u012b" }],
              "question": "What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?",
              "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "fear, respect" }],
              "question": "What does tars mean?",
              "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Tars\u0101" }],
              "question": "What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?",
              "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908, Urdu: \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u200e), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Nasrani" }],
              "question": "Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?",
              "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Isaai" }],
              "question": "What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Isa Masih" }],
              "question": "What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?",
              "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Nasrani" }],
              "question": "What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?",
              "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f99ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term refer to now? ",
              "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f9a00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chinese word is \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa), literally \"Christ follower.\" The two characters now pronounced J\u012bd\u016b in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin \"Cristo\".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c, and a \"follower of Christianity\" is a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "\u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Chinese word for Christian?",
              "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Christ follower" }],
              "question": "What does \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa) mean?",
              "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Ki-To in Cantonese" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original pronunciation of J\u012bd\u016b?",
              "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? ",
              "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents \u5409\u5229\u652f\u4e39, \u5207\u652f\u4e39, and in modern Japanese histories as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b7\u30bf\u30f3), from Portuguese crist\u00e3o, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92, Kirisuto-ky\u014dto or the English-derived term \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3 kurisuchan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "kirishitan" }],
              "question": "What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?",
              "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "16th and 17th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?",
              "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "the Tokugawa shogunate" }
              ],
              "question": "Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?",
              "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Kirisuto-ky\u014dto" }
              ],
              "question": "How are Christians referenced today in Japan?",
              "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Korean still uses \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do for \"Christian\", though the Greek form Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok, which refers to Christ himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Korean word for Christian?",
              "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Sino-Korean Kidok" }],
              "question": "Which term referred to Jesus himself?",
              "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?",
              "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435) and Russians (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term \"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435\" acquired the meaning \"peasants of Christian faith\" and later \"peasants\" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term \"\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435\" retained its religious meaning and the term \"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the \"Pravoslav faith\" (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 - Orthodox faith) or \"Russian faith\" (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430) from earliest times became almost as known as the original \"Christian faith\" (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430). Also in some contexts the term \"cossack\" (\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote \"free\" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Scythia" }],
              "question": "What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?",
              "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Armenia" }],
              "question": "What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? ",
              "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "301 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Armenia adopt Christianity?",
              "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "337 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Georgia adopt Christianity? ",
              "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1219, "text": "Pravoslav faith" }],
              "question": "What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?",
              "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "100 years" }],
              "question": "How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?",
              "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Christian denomination has the most members?",
              "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "1.17 billion" }],
              "question": "How many people today are Roman Catholics?",
              "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?",
              "id": "56df72c056340a1900b29b8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?",
              "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "2.7" }],
              "question": "On average, how many children do Christians have?",
              "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "10.2 million" }],
              "question": "How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?",
              "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "High birth rates" }],
              "question": "In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?",
              "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?",
              "id": "56df772656340a1900b29bc6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sony_Music_Entertainment",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "American Record Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?",
              "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?",
              "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In what year was it known as CBS Records?",
              "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?",
              "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Universal Music Group." }
              ],
              "question": "What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?",
              "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the \"Big Three\" record companies, with Universal Music Group being the largest and Warner Music Group, SME is middle-sized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did SME merge with another company?",
              "id": "56df12643277331400b4d947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Bertelsmann Music Group" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the other company that SME merged with?",
              "id": "56df12643277331400b4d948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Sony BMG Music Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the company call themselves after the  merger?",
              "id": "56df12643277331400b4d949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME?",
              "id": "56df12643277331400b4d94a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year did ARC form?",
              "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?",
              "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?",
              "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia. RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. This allowed ARC's leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to former owner Warner Bros. which sold the labels to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward which was reissued on the Columbia label as well as the Vocalion label material from the same time period which was reissued on the Okeh label. Wallerstein, who was promoted at the end of 1947 from president to chairman of the record company, restored Columbia's status as a leading record company and spearheaded the successful introduction of the long playing (LP) record before he retired as Columbia's chairman in 1951. James Conkling then became head of Columbia Records. Also in 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name and began a UK distribution deal with Philips Records, whereas Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Columbia Broadcasting System" }
              ],
              "question": "Who bought out ARC?",
              "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was ARC bought?",
              "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Columbia Recording Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBS call ARC after buying it?",
              "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "William S. Paley" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of CBS at the time?",
              "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who convinced Paley to buy ARC?",
              "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953. In 1956, Conkling left Columbia, he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. Records, and Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company. In 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "In what year was Epic Records created?",
              "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Columbia" }],
              "question": "What company created Epic Records?",
              "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Conkling" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?",
              "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Warner Bros. Records" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Conkling later go on to lead?",
              "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "rockabilly" }],
              "question": "What type of music was Date Records known for?",
              "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own global record company. Philips' acquisition of Mercury Records in the US in 1961 paved the way for this. CBS only had the rights to the Columbia name in North America; therefore the international arm founded in 1961 and launched in 1962 utilized the \"CBS Records\" name only, with Philips Records distributing the label in Europe. CBS's Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year was Mercury Records (US) bought out?",
              "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Philips Records" }],
              "question": "Who acquired Mercury Records (US)?",
              "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Discos CBS" }],
              "question": "What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?",
              "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d965"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1962, their Columbia Record Productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey, which manufactured records for not only Columbia's own labels, but also for independent record labels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?",
              "id": "56df14df3277331400b4d969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Oriole Records." }],
              "question": "What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?",
              "id": "56df14f73277331400b4d96b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?",
              "id": "56df152ec65bf219000b3f4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also in late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived. This label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Date's biggest success was \"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies, peaking at #2 in 1969. The label was discontinued in 1970.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "Date Records gave rise to the group \"Peaches and Herb\" in what year?",
              "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "\"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Date Records released what major success in 1969?",
              "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "#2" }],
              "question": "What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on?",
              "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "Despite the success, in what year did Date Records cease to exist?",
              "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d970"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966, CBS reorganized its corporate structure with Leiberson promoted to head the new \"CBS-Columbia Group\" which made the now renamed CBS Records company a separate unit of this new group run by Clive Davis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Leiberson" }],
              "question": "Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966?",
              "id": "56df163f3277331400b4d975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture. With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did CBS and Sony come together?",
              "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year did CDs come to the American market?",
              "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d979"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his dismissal in 1972, after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life, including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son. He was replaced first by former head Goddard Lieberson, then in 1975 by the colourful and controversial lawyer Walter Yetnikoff, who led the company until 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?",
              "id": "56df175bc65bf219000b3f51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2016, over a hundred thousand people signed a petition in just twenty-four hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music but the court denied the request, prompting widespread public and media response. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "over a hundred thousand" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016?",
              "id": "56df1e8dc65bf219000b3f65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Google" }],
              "question": "What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?",
              "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Wikipedia.org" }],
              "question": "What website does Sony have complaints against?",
              "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis. Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists are carried by Feelgood Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market?",
              "id": "56df20353277331400b4d987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Feelgood Records" }],
              "question": "What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella?",
              "id": "56df20353277331400b4d989"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?",
              "id": "56df2093c65bf219000b3f73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, then Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music underwent a restructuring after Morris' arrival. He was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "L.A. Reid" }],
              "question": "What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records?",
              "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Doug Morris" }],
              "question": "Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music?",
              "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music?",
              "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Peter Edge" }],
              "question": "Who became the CEO of RCA Records?",
              "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "Arista, J Records and Jive Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What labels did RCA disband in 2011?",
              "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s to early 1990s, there was a CBS imprint label in the US known as CBS Associated Records. Tony Martell, veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer. This label was a part of (Epic/Portrait/Associated) wing of sub labels at CBS which shared the same national and regional staff as the rest of Epic Records and was a part of the full CBS Records worldwide distribution system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s?",
              "id": "56df2200c65bf219000b3f8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing arm, CBS Songs, to Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman for $125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs?",
              "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "$125 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the sale of CBS Songs?",
              "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs?",
              "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1987, CBS was the only \"big three\" American TV network to have a co-owned record company. ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979, and in 1986, NBC's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric, who then sold off all other RCA units, including the record division (which was bought by Ariola Records, later known as BMG).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?",
              "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "MCA Records" }],
              "question": "What label did ABC sell in 1979?",
              "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "RCA" }],
              "question": "What label did NBC sell in 1986?",
              "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Ge" }],
              "question": "Who bought RCA?",
              "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 17, 1987, SCA acquired CBS Records, which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?",
              "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?",
              "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "$2 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?",
              "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?",
              "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Sony through its RED subsidiary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who distributes CBS Records material?",
              "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $30 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?",
              "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "$30 million" }],
              "question": "How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?",
              "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Nashville" }],
              "question": "In what city was Tree International Publishing located?",
              "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?",
              "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "Island Def Jam and Universal Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company did Barry Weiss move to?",
              "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?",
              "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?",
              "id": "56df24783277331400b4d9a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 11, 2011, Doug Morris announced that Mel Lewinter had been named Executive Vice President of Label Strategy. Lewinter previously served as chairman and CEO of Universal Motown Republic Group. In January 2012, Dennis Kooker was named President of Global Digital Business and US Sales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Mel Lewinter" }],
              "question": "Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011?",
              "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Dennis Kooker" }],
              "question": "Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?",
              "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2004, Sony entered joint venture with equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment. However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge?",
              "id": "56df25403277331400b4d9a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 5, 2008, SCA and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. Sony completed its acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in the companies' joint venture on October 1, 2008. The company, once again named Sony Music Entertainment Inc., became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation through its US subsidiary SCA. The last few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido. A temporary logo was unveiled beginning December 1, 2008. The present logo was unveiled in March 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sony take BMG's half stake in the company?",
              "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label?",
              "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was Sony's new logo revealed to the public?",
              "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "SME and IODA" }],
              "question": "What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?",
              "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did they partner in order to do so?",
              "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2010, Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Michael Jackson Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?",
              "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "$250 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the partnership worth?",
              "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was the partnership initiated?",
              "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA which also owned CBS rival NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold. Davis is still with Sony Music as Chief Creative Officer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?",
              "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Clive Davis" }],
              "question": "Who is the CCO of Sony Music?",
              "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did the merger take place?",
              "id": "56df2767c65bf219000b3faa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark. The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated. Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990. Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company. Thus, until this day, Sony Music Entertainment Japan does not use the Columbia trademark for Columbia label recordings from outside Japan which are issued in Japan. The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, followed by a 2008 buyout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony's record label?",
              "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated?",
              "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label?",
              "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Nippon Columbia" }],
              "question": "Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan?",
              "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Oklahoma_City",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e495f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Which city is the largest in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1,322,429" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014?",
              "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4961"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City, lying in the Great Plains region, features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Great Plains region" }
              ],
              "question": "Which region is Oklahoma City a part of?",
              "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?",
              "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor and is one of the primary travel corridors into neighboring Texas and Mexico. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. The city was the scene of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11, 2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "I-35 Corridor" }],
              "question": "What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in?",
              "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When was the city founded?",
              "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was the Oklahoma City bombing?",
              "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?",
              "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889, when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\". Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser and James W. Maney.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Unassigned Lands" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "James W. Maney" }],
              "question": "Who was an early leader of the city?",
              "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?",
              "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Guthrie" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Route 66" }],
              "question": "What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?",
              "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Bobby Troup" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Jazz oldie \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\"?",
              "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Nat King Cole" }],
              "question": "Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?",
              "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When was oil discovered in the city limits?",
              "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "I-35, I-40 and I-44" }
              ],
              "question": "What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?",
              "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Patience Latting" }],
              "question": "Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?",
              "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was Patience Latting elected?",
              "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d300"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1993, the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS), intended to rebuild the city's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown. The city added a new baseball park; central library; renovations to the civic center, convention center and fairgrounds; and a water canal in the Bricktown entertainment district. Water taxis transport passengers within the district, adding color and activity along the canal. MAPS has become one of the most successful public-private partnerships undertaken in the U.S., exceeding $3 billion in private investment as of 2010. As a result of MAPS, the population living in downtown housing has exponentially increased, together with demand for additional residential and retail amenities, such as grocery, services, and shops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Metropolitan Area Projects" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993?",
              "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "baseball park" }],
              "question": "What is one thing that was added in this project?",
              "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "$3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010?",
              "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?",
              "id": "56df4a428bc80c19004e4a19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995 when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?",
              "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "What year did the memorial first opened?",
              "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of \"Core to Shore\" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?",
              "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?",
              "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles (1,606.7 km2), of which, 601.11 square miles (1,556.9 km2) of it is land and 19.23 square miles (49.8 km2) of it is water. The total area is 3.09 percent water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "620.34 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "19.23 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "Out of the 620.34 square miles, how much of it is water?",
              "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to 400 feet (120 m) and two species of oak: blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata). The northeastern part of the city and its eastern suburbs fall into an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Sandstone Hills region" }
              ],
              "question": "Which region is Oklahoma city located in?",
              "id": "56df4cdc8bc80c19004e4a37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River (recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits). The North Canadian once had sufficient flow to flood every year, wreaking destruction on surrounding areas, including the central business district and the original Oklahoma City Zoo. In the 1940s, a dam was built on the river to manage the flood control and reduced its level. In the 1990s, as part of the citywide revitalization project known as MAPS, the city built a series of low-water dams, returning water to the portion of the river flowing near downtown. The city has three large lakes: Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser, in the northwestern quarter of the city; and the largest, Lake Stanley Draper, in the sparsely populated far southeast portion of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "North Canadian River" }
              ],
              "question": "What river flows through Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Oklahoma River" }],
              "question": "What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits?",
              "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "When was a dam built for the river?",
              "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "low-water dams" }],
              "question": "What was built in the 1990's to help return water to the river near downtown?",
              "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be a bit misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi (630 km2) resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile (2013 est), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "rural watershed areas" }
              ],
              "question": "What covers the remaining 377 square miles?",
              "id": "56df4ef48bc80c19004e4a48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River, which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City. The two halves of the city were actually founded and plotted as separate cities, but soon grew together. The north side is characterized by very diverse and fashionable urban neighborhoods near the city center and sprawling suburbs further north. South Oklahoma City is generally more blue collar working class and significantly more industrial, having grown up around the Stockyards and meat packing plants at the turn of the century, and is currently the center of the city's rapidly growing Latino community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "South Oklahoma City" }
              ],
              "question": "Which side is known for primarily being industrial?",
              "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "North Oklahoma City" }
              ],
              "question": "Which side is more urban and fashionable?",
              "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downtown Oklahoma City, which has 7,600 residents, is currently seeing an influx of new private investment and large scale public works projects, which have helped to resuscitate a central business district left almost deserted by the Oil Bust of the early 1980s. The centerpiece of downtown is the newly renovated Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens, one of the few elements of the Pei Plan to be completed. In the next few years a massive new central park will link the gardens near the CBD and the new convention center to be built just south of it to the North Canadian River, as part of a massive works project known as Core to Shore; the new park is part of MAPS3, a collection of civic projects funded by a 1-cent temporary (seven-year) sales tax increase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df514f8bc80c19004e4a78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during the consistently hot and humid summer months. Prolonged and severe droughts (sometimes leading to wildfires in the vicinity) as well as very heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding and flooding occur with some regularity. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "humid subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of climate does Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df519d8bc80c19004e4a7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The average temperature is 61.4 \u00b0F (16.3 \u00b0C), with the monthly daily average ranging from 39.2 \u00b0F (4.0 \u00b0C) in January to 83.0 \u00b0F (28.3 \u00b0C) in July. Extremes range from \u221217 \u00b0F (\u221227 \u00b0C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C) on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012; the last sub-zero (\u00b0F) reading was \u22125 \u00b0F (\u221221 \u00b0C) on February 10, 2011. Temperatures reach 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) on 10.4 days of the year, 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on nearly 70 days, and fail to rise above freezing on 8.3 days. The city receives about 35.9 inches (91.2 cm) of precipitation annually, of which 8.6 inches (21.8 cm) is snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "35.9 inches" }],
              "question": "How much precipitation on average falls within the city?",
              "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "8.6 inches" }],
              "question": "Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?",
              "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5. On May 3, 1999 parts of southern Oklahoma City and nearby suburban communities suffered from one of the most powerful tornadoes on record, an F5 on the Fujita scale, with wind speeds estimated by radar at 318 mph (510 km/h). On May 20, 2013, far southwest Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit again by a EF5 tornado; it was 0.5 to 1.3 miles (0.80 to 2.09 km) wide and killed 23 people. Less than two weeks later, on May 31, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area, including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was 2.6 miles (4.2 km) in width, the widest tornado ever recorded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin?",
              "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end?",
              "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits?",
              "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1322, "text": "2.6 miles" }],
              "question": "How wide was the widest tornado ever?",
              "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With 19.48 inches of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was record flooding in the latter part of the month ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "May 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df56288bc80c19004e4ac9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km\u00b2). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km\u00b2).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "579,999" }],
              "question": "How many people were counted in the 2010 census?",
              "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "230,233 households" }],
              "question": "How many households were recorded in the 2010 census",
              "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "144,120 families" }],
              "question": "How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?",
              "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "956.4" }],
              "question": "What was the density of the population per square mile?",
              "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "256,930" }],
              "question": "How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?",
              "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 230,233 households, 29.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. One person households account for 30.5% of all households and 8.7% of all households had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "230,233" }],
              "question": "How many households were in Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "married couples" }],
              "question": "What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?",
              "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "2.47" }],
              "question": "What is the average size for households?",
              "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "3.11" }],
              "question": "What is the average size for families?",
              "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "non-families" }],
              "question": "What is the second highest demographic for households?",
              "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2000 Census Oklahoma City's age composition was 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?",
              "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "females" }],
              "question": "Which gender was prominent in that time?",
              "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4aea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s. In May 2014, the U.S. Census announced Oklahoma City had an estimated population of 620,602 in 2014 and that it had grown 5.3 percent between April 2010 and June 2013. Since the official Census in 2000, Oklahoma City had grown 21 percent (a 114,470 raw increase) according to the Bureau estimates. The 2014 estimate of 620,602 is the largest population Oklahoma City has ever recorded. It is the first city in the state to record a population greater than 600,000 residents and the largest municipal population of the Great Plains region (OK, KS, NE, SD, ND).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "late 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "620,602" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014",
              "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest urbanized area?",
              "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "42nd" }],
              "question": "What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?",
              "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4af0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With regards to Mexican drug cartels, Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sure\u00f1os.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Ju\u00e1rez Cartel" }
              ],
              "question": "What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?",
              "id": "56df5ba096943c1400a5d42f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City also has its share of very brutal crimes, particularly in the 1970s. The worst of which occurred in 1978, when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant's freezer. An intensive investigation followed, and the three individuals involved, who also killed three others in Purcell, Oklahoma, were identified. One, Harold Stafford, died in a motorcycle accident in Tulsa not long after the restaurant murders. Another, Verna Stafford, was sentenced to life without parole after being granted a new trial after she had previously been sentenced to death. Roger Dale Stafford, considered the mastermind of the murder spree, was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?",
              "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?",
              "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d433"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma City Police Department, has a uniformed force of 1,169 officers and 300+ civilian employees. The Department has a central police station and five substations covering 2,500 police reporting districts that average 1/4 square mile in size.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many substations does Oklahoma city have?",
              "id": "56df5cdd96943c1400a5d438"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was destroyed by a fertilizer bomb manufactured and detonated by Timothy McVeigh. The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680. The blast shockwave destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 340-meter radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million worth of damage. The main suspect- Timothy McVeigh, was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. It was the deadliest single domestic terrorist attack in US history, prior to 9/11.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Timothy McVeigh" }],
              "question": "Who detonated the bomb in 1995?",
              "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "168" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the bombing?",
              "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "680" }],
              "question": "How many people were injured in the bombing?",
              "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "$652 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was the damage worth?",
              "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "June 11, 2001" }],
              "question": "When was Timothy McVeigh Executed?",
              "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While not in Oklahoma City proper, other large employers within the MSA region include: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many universities are within the MSA region?",
              "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Norman Regional Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What hospital is in the MSA region",
              "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "27,000" }],
              "question": "How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?",
              "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "2,800" }],
              "question": "How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?",
              "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "11,900" }],
              "question": "How many people work in University of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, the metropolitan area's economic output grew by 33 percent between 2001 and 2005 due chiefly to economic diversification. Its gross metropolitan product was $43.1 billion in 2005 and grew to $61.1 billion in 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "$61.1 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009?",
              "id": "56df5f728bc80c19004e4b4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, Forbes magazine named Oklahoma City the most \"recession proof city in America\". The magazine reported that the city had falling unemployment, one of the strongest housing markets in the country and solid growth in energy, agriculture and manufacturing. However, during the early 1980s, Oklahoma City had one of the worst job and housing markets due to the bankruptcy of Penn Square Bank in 1982 and then the post-1985 crash in oil prices.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as \"recession proof\".",
              "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt?",
              "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year did the oil crash?",
              "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus. The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "April 2006" }],
              "question": "When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?",
              "id": "56df61968bc80c19004e4b73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Science Museum Oklahoma (formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex) houses exhibits on science, aviation, and an IMAX theater. The museum formerly housed the International Photography Hall of Fame (IPHF) that exhibits photographs and artifacts from a large collection of cameras and other artifacts preserving the history of photography. IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?",
              "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Museum of Osteology houses more than 300 real animal skeletons. Focusing on the form and function of the skeletal system, this 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) museum displays hundreds of skulls and skeletons from all corners of the world. Exhibits include adaptation, locomotion, classification and diversity of the vertebrate kingdom. The Museum of Osteology is the only one of its kind in America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?",
              "id": "56df625f96943c1400a5d49b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum has galleries of western art and is home to the Hall of Great Western Performers. In contrast, the city will also be home to The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum that began construction in 2009 (although completion of the facility has been held up due to insufficient funding), on the south side of Interstate 40, southeast from Bricktown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction?",
              "id": "56df62d98bc80c19004e4b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, \"to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995\"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?",
              "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?",
              "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Banjo Museum located in the Bricktown Entertainment district is dedicated to preserving and promoting the music and heritage of America's native musical instrument \u2013 the banjo. With a collection valued at $3.5 million it is truly a national treasure. An interpretive exhibits tells the evolution of the banjo from its humble roots in American slavery, to bluegrass, to folk and world music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "the banjo" }],
              "question": "What musical instrument has it's own museum in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "$3.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much is the collection worth in the museum?",
              "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was the Oklahoma History Center created?",
              "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Oklahoma Historical Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the Oklahoma History Center?",
              "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "northeast Oklahoma City" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Oklahoma History Center located?",
              "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association. The Thunder is the city's second \"permanent\" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 NBA seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Thunder" }],
              "question": "What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df66e48bc80c19004e4bdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Dodgers, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the United Soccer League, and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club USA Rugby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Oklahoma City Dodgers" }
              ],
              "question": "What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers?",
              "id": "56df685b8bc80c19004e4be7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown is the principal multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts, NHL exhibition games, and many of the city's pro sports teams. In 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant. Located nearby in Bricktown, the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city's baseball team, the Dodgers. \"The Brick\", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chesapeake Energy Arena" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the downtown arena?",
              "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Oklahoma City Thunder" }
              ],
              "question": "Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?",
              "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the nearby minor league park?",
              "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament, the World Cup of Softball, and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area \u2013 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University \u2013 often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Chesapeake Energy Arena and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Big 12 Baseball Tournament" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts?",
              "id": "56df6d4856340a1900b29b10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Remington Park" }],
              "question": "What park hosts Quarter horse racing?",
              "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "state fairgrounds" }],
              "question": "Where are equine events hosted?",
              "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the largest, the classes are: 6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, and C. Class 6A is broken into two divisions. Oklahoma City area schools in this division include: Edmond North, Mustang, Moore, Yukon, Edmond Memorial, Edmond Santa Fe, Norman North, Westmoore, Southmoore, Putnam City North, Norman, Putnam City, Putnam City West, U.S. Grant, Midwest City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization organizes High School football?",
              "id": "56df6e5156340a1900b29b2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) has called Oklahoma City home since the 2008\u201309 season, when owner Clayton Bennett relocated the franchise from Seattle, Washington. The Thunder plays home games at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown Oklahoma City, known affectionately in the national media as 'the Peake' and 'Loud City'. The Thunder is known by several nicknames, including \"OKC Thunder\" and simply \"OKC\", and its mascot is Rumble the Bison.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Clayton Bennett" }],
              "question": "Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "OKC" }],
              "question": "What is one of the Thunders nicknames?",
              "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Bison" }],
              "question": "What is the Thunders mascot?",
              "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a lackluster arrival to Oklahoma City for the 2008\u201309 season, the Oklahoma City Thunder secured a berth (8th) in the 2010 NBA Playoffs the next year after boasting its first 50-win season, winning two games in the first round against the Los Angeles Lakers. In 2012, Oklahoma City made it to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Miami Heat in five games. In 2013 the Thunder reached the Western Conference semifinals without All-Star guard Russell Westbrook, who was injured in their first round series against the Houston Rockets, only to lose to the Memphis Grizzlies. In 2014 Oklahoma City again reached the NBA's Western Conference Finals but eventually lost to the San Antonio Spurs in six games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs?",
              "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Miami Heat" }],
              "question": "Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012?",
              "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "San Antonio Spurs" }],
              "question": "Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals?",
              "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder has been regarded by sports analysts as one of the elite franchises of the NBA's Western Conference and that of a media darling as the future of the league. Oklahoma City has earned Northwest Division titles every year since 2009 and has consistently improved its win record to 59-wins in 2014. The Thunder is led by first year head coach Billy Donovan and is anchored by several NBA superstars, including perennial All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook, 2014 MVP and four-time NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant, and Defensive Player of the Year nominee and shot-blocker Serge Ibaka.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles?",
              "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Billy Donovan" }],
              "question": "Who is the Thunders head coach?",
              "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Russell Westbrook" }],
              "question": "Who is the Thunders point guard?",
              "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma.[citation needed] The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City. The team ultimately returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007\u201308 season. The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9, 2007 against the Houston Rockets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Ford Center" }],
              "question": "Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?",
              "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Houston Rockets" }],
              "question": "What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the more prominent landmarks downtown is the Crystal Bridge at the Myriad Botanical Gardens, a large downtown urban park. Designed by I. M. Pei, the Crystal Bridge is a tropical conservatory in the area. The park has an amphitheater, known as the Water Stage. In 2007, following a renovation of the stage, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park relocated to the Myriad Gardens. The Myriad Gardens will undergo a massive renovation in conjunction with the recently built Devon Tower directly north of it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "I. M. Pei" }],
              "question": "Who designed the bridge?",
              "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Water Stage" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens?",
              "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden is home to numerous natural habitats, WPA era architecture and landscaping, and hosts major touring concerts during the summer at its amphitheater. Oklahoma City also has two amusement parks, Frontier City theme park and White Water Bay water park. Frontier City is an 'Old West'-themed amusement park. The park also features a recreation of a western gunfight at the 'OK Corral' and many shops that line the \"Western\" town's main street. Frontier City also hosts a national concert circuit at its amphitheater during the summer. Oklahoma City also has a combination racetrack and casino open year-round, Remington Park, which hosts both Quarter horse (March \u2013 June) and Thoroughbred (August \u2013 December) seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Remington Park" }],
              "question": "Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?",
              "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Frontier City" }],
              "question": "Which amusement park is western themed? ",
              "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Lake Stanley Draper" }
              ],
              "question": "Which lake is the cities largest lake?",
              "id": "56df732356340a1900b29b96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City has a major park in each quadrant of the city, going back to the first parks masterplan. Will Rogers Park, Lincoln Park, Trosper Park, and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop, some sections of which no longer exist. Martin Park Nature Center is a natural habitat in far northwest Oklahoma City. Will Rogers Park is home to the Lycan Conservatory, the Rose Garden, and Butterfly Garden, all built in the WPA era. Oklahoma City is home to the American Banjo Museum, which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history. Concerts and lectures are also held there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "American Banjo Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What place hosts concerts and lectures?",
              "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Will Rogers Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?",
              "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2005, the Oklahoma City Skate Park at Wiley Post Park was renamed the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park to recognize Mat Hoffman, an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion. In March 2009, the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park was named by the National Geographic Society Travel Guide as one of the \"Ten Best.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Mat Hoffman" }],
              "question": "Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "March 2009" }],
              "question": "When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society?",
              "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9ace"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City of Oklahoma City has operated under a council-manager form of city government since 1927. Mick Cornett serves as Mayor, having first been elected in 2004, and re-elected in 2006, 2010, and 2014. Eight councilpersons represent each of the eight wards of Oklahoma City. City Manager Jim Couch was appointed in late 2000. Couch previously served as assistant city manager, Metropolitan Area Projects Plan (MAPS) director and utilities director prior to his service as city manager.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Mick Cornett" }],
              "question": "Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was Mick Cornett first elected?",
              "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Jim Couch" }],
              "question": "Who is the city Manager?",
              "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to several colleges and universities. Oklahoma City University, formerly known as Epworth University, was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1, 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts, science, mass communications, business, law, and athletic programs. OCU has its main campus in the north-central section of the city, near the city's chinatown area. OCU Law is located in the Midtown district near downtown, in the old Central High School building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Epworth University" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?",
              "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "September 1, 1904" }],
              "question": "When was the university founded?",
              "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Oklahoma Health Center district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?",
              "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "OU Medicine" }],
              "question": "Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?",
              "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?",
              "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "University of Central Oklahoma" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university is the third-largest in the state?",
              "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Oklahoma Christian University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which private university is located near the Edmond border?",
              "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City Community College" }
              ],
              "question": "Which community college is the second largest in the state?",
              "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Oklahoma State University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university is located in the Furniture district?",
              "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Bethany" }],
              "question": "Where is Southern Nazarene University located?",
              "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Church of the Nazarene" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Southern Nazarene University",
              "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?",
              "id": "56df7e2356340a1900b29c2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is home to the state's largest school district, Oklahoma City Public Schools. The district's Classen School of Advanced Studies and Harding Charter Preparatory High School rank high among public schools nationally according to a formula that looks at the number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and/or Cambridge tests taken by the school's students divided by the number of graduating seniors. In addition, OKCPS's Belle Isle Enterprise Middle School was named the top middle school in the state according to the Academic Performance Index, and recently received the Blue Ribbon School Award, in 2004 and again in 2011. KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader, Tracy McDaniel Sr., being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Oklahoma City Public Schools" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest school district?",
              "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?",
              "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also located in Oklahoma City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?",
              "id": "56df7f0156340a1900b29c38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df7fd756340a1900b29c56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Private career and technology education schools in Oklahoma City include Oklahoma Technology Institute, Platt College, Vatterott College, and Heritage College. The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "The Dale Rogers Training Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?",
              "id": "56df805c56340a1900b29c62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oklahoman is Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state. NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman's online presence. Oklahoma Gazette is Oklahoma City's independent newsweekly, featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, restaurant reviews and movie listings and music and entertainment. The Journal Record is the city's daily business newspaper and okcBIZ is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oklahoman" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "NewsOK.com" }],
              "question": "What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?",
              "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Oklahoma Gazette" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?",
              "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "The Journal Record" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?",
              "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include The Gayly Oklahoman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Eastside" }],
              "question": "Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?",
              "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What international newspapers is in the Asia District?",
              "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "The Campus" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the student newspaper?",
              "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Slice Magazine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?",
              "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Back40" }],
              "question": "What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "WKY Radio" }],
              "question": "What was the third Radio Station in the US?",
              "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When was WKY granted a federal license?",
              "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?",
              "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "KFOR-TV" }],
              "question": "What is the current station called?",
              "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market (ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron, covering a 34-county area serving the central, northern-central and west-central sections Oklahoma); including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5), CBS affiliate KWTV-DT (channel 9, the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications), PBS station KETA-TV (channel 13, the flagship of the state-run OETA member network), Fox affiliate KOKH-TV (channel 25), CW affiliate KOCB (channel 34), independent station KAUT-TV (channel 43), MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV (channel 52), and Ion Television owned-and-operated station KOPX-TV (channel 62). The market is also home to several religious stations including TBN owned-and-operated station KTBO-TV (channel 14) and Norman-based Daystar owned-and-operated station KOCM (channel 46).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "41st" }],
              "question": "What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?",
              "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?",
              "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who \u2013 along with the department chief \u2013 oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1015" }],
              "question": "How many  people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?",
              "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "G. Keith Bryant" }],
              "question": "Who is currently the Chief of the department?",
              "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "How many firestations are there?",
              "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1008, "text": "70,000" }],
              "question": "How many emergency calls are made yearly?",
              "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways \u2013 Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 \u2013 bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df86855ca0a614008f9c1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Airport Road (SH-152), and Broadway Extension (US-77) which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond. Lake Hefner Parkway runs through northwest Oklahoma City, while Airport Road runs through southwest Oklahoma City and leads to Will Rogers World Airport. The Kilpatrick Turnpike loops around north and west Oklahoma City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Lake Hefner Parkway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "56df870c56340a1900b29cfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Shields Boulevard" }],
              "question": "What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?",
              "id": "56df877c5ca0a614008f9c1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with over 3.6 million passengers annually. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Will Rogers World Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "Which airport is the busiest?",
              "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "3.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?",
              "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Tinker Air Force Base" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?",
              "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "METRO Transit is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is located downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. METRO Transit maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "METRO Transit" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?",
              "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Fixed Guideway Study" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?",
              "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eaff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2009" }],
              "question": "When was MAPS 3 passed?",
              "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "$777 million" }],
              "question": "How much will MAPS 3 cost?",
              "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "2017" }],
              "question": "What year should the streetcar become operable?",
              "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?",
              "id": "56df89ec4a1a83140091eb0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "OU Medicine, an academic medical institution located on the campus of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, is home to OU Medical Center. OU Medicine operates Oklahoma's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state's only level-one trauma center for children at Children's Hospital at OU Medicine, both of which are located in the Oklahoma Health Center district. Other medical facilities operated by OU Medicine include OU Physicians and OU Children's Physicians, the OU College of Medicine, the Oklahoma Cancer Center and OU Medical Center Edmond, the latter being located in the northern suburb of Edmond.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "Oklahoma Health Center district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Children's hospital located?",
              "id": "56df8a9638dc42170015202b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals, including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma, and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. INTEGRIS Health operates hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, independent living centers and home health agencies located throughout much of Oklahoma. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center was named in U.S. News & World Report's 2012 list of Best Hospitals. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ranks high-performing in the following categories: Cardiology and Heart Surgery; Diabetes and Endocrinology; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Nephrology; Orthopedics; Pulmonology and Urology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?",
              "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?",
              "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Midwest City" }],
              "question": "Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?",
              "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "347" }],
              "question": "How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?",
              "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "last place" }],
              "question": "What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?",
              "id": "56df8c3638dc421700152032"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hunter-gatherer",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "hunter-gatherer" }],
              "question": "What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?",
              "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "agricultural" }],
              "question": "What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?",
              "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "domesticated species" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?",
              "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hunting and gathering" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?",
              "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hunting and gathering" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first way humans used to find food?",
              "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "invention of agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?",
              "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "farming or pastoralist groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the basic types of agricultural groups?",
              "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Only a few" }],
              "question": "How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?",
              "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "horticulture and/or keeping animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?",
              "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "hunter-gatherers" }],
              "question": "Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?",
              "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "keeping animals" }],
              "question": "Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?",
              "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "horticulture" }],
              "question": "In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?",
              "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "scavenging" }],
              "question": "How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?",
              "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "natural causes" }],
              "question": "In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?",
              "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "sparsely wooded areas" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?",
              "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "dense forest" }],
              "question": "What type of area did early humans avoid?",
              "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use \u2013 sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "persistence hunting" }
              ],
              "question": "What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?",
              "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "endurance running hypothesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?",
              "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "some hunter-gatherer groups" }
              ],
              "question": "Who still practices persistence hunting?",
              "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "scavenging hypothesis" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?",
              "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "both subsistence strategies" }
              ],
              "question": "What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?",
              "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "1.8 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?",
              "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Homo erectus" }],
              "question": "What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?",
              "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "0.2 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?",
              "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "10,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?",
              "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Neolithic Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?",
              "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Middle to Upper Paleolithic" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?",
              "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "80,000 to 70,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?",
              "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "a smaller selection" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the change in gathering?",
              "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "12,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?",
              "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d479"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "jungle-clad river banks" }
              ],
              "question": "In what kind of area did forest gardening start?",
              "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "foothills of monsoon regions" }
              ],
              "question": "In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?",
              "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "tree and vine species" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?",
              "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "identified, protected and improved"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?",
              "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "eliminated" }],
              "question": "What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?",
              "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were\u2014and continue to be\u2014encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene\u2014according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "in the developing world" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?",
              "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "arid regions or tropical forests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?",
              "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "settlements of agriculturalists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?",
              "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "availability of wild foods" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?",
              "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 700, "text": "large mammal species" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?",
              "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "agricultural societies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?",
              "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "first forms of government" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?",
              "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "agricultural centers" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?",
              "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "agriculture-driven" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?",
              "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "agricultural societies increased"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?",
              "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "unsuitable for agricultural use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?",
              "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "few" }],
              "question": "How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?",
              "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What do people basically rely on now?",
              "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "hunter-gatherer cultures" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?",
              "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "reliance upon agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of food production is worldwide now?",
              "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "nomadic or semi-nomadic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?",
              "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "temporary" }],
              "question": "What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?",
              "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "impermanent" }],
              "question": "What kind of building materials do they use?",
              "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "rock shelters" }],
              "question": "What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?",
              "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Mobile communities" }],
              "question": "What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?",
              "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "rich environments" }],
              "question": "What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?",
              "id": "56df907838dc42170015205a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "hunter-gatherer" }],
              "question": "What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?",
              "id": "56df907838dc42170015205b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "sedentary or semi-sedentary" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?",
              "id": "56df907838dc42170015205c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "rich environments" }],
              "question": "What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?",
              "id": "56df907838dc42170015205d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "hunter-gatherer cultures" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?",
              "id": "56df907838dc42170015205e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "egalitarian" }],
              "question": "What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?",
              "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "Northwest Coast of North America"
                }
              ],
              "question": " Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?",
              "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "African" }],
              "question": "what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?",
              "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "in an evolutionary context" }
              ],
              "question": "How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?",
              "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "anything but egalitarian" }
              ],
              "question": "What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?",
              "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "into hierarchies" }],
              "question": "How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?",
              "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "alpha male" }],
              "question": "What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?",
              "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "permanent leaders" }],
              "question": "What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?",
              "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "task being performed" }
              ],
              "question": "Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?",
              "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "matrilocal" }],
              "question": "What group arrangement is usual in family authority?",
              "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "matrilineal" }],
              "question": "What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?",
              "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Western values" }],
              "question": "What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?",
              "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?",
              "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "men" }],
              "question": "What group members are the big game hunters?",
              "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "arrangement oppresses women" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?",
              "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "childcare is collective" }
              ],
              "question": "How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?",
              "id": "56dfa04b38dc42170015212a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, \"About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta.\" Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "sexual division" }],
              "question": "How is labor often divided in these groups?",
              "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Aeta women hunt?",
              "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "31%" }],
              "question": "What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?",
              "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "17%" }],
              "question": "What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?",
              "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 1966 \"Man the Hunter\" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Man the Hunter" }],
              "question": "At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?",
              "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was the Man the Hunter conference?",
              "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "mobility" }],
              "question": "Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?",
              "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "egalitarianism" }],
              "question": "What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?",
              "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "territorial boundaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What other characteristic is variable for these groups?",
              "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, \"Notes on the Original Affluent Society\", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short,\" as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their \"affluence\" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.5 hours a day, where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Marshall Sahlins" }],
              "question": "Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?",
              "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?",
              "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "8.8 hours a day" }],
              "question": "How long a day do people in other societies work?",
              "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a \"gift economy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "sharing" }],
              "question": "What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?",
              "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "gift economy" }],
              "question": "What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?",
              "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "temperature" }],
              "question": "What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?",
              "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "variability" }],
              "question": "What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?",
              "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "significant" }],
              "question": "What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?",
              "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "increased variability of tools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does temperature impact on tool kits?",
              "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "risk of failure" }],
              "question": "What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?",
              "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories \"immediate return\" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and \"delayed return\" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "egalitarian" }],
              "question": "What  does the immediate return system mean?",
              "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "nonegalitarian" }],
              "question": "To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?",
              "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "immediate return" }],
              "question": "Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?",
              "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent \"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "contact with modern civilization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?",
              "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "pristine" }],
              "question": "What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?",
              "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "in uncontacted peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?",
              "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Paleolithic societies" }
              ],
              "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?",
              "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "adaptive strategy" }],
              "question": "What is hunting and gathering argued to be?",
              "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "environmental change" }
              ],
              "question": "What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?",
              "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "transition" }],
              "question": "What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?",
              "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "cultural diffusion" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?",
              "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "last 10,000 years" }],
              "question": "How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?",
              "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, and/or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "agriculturalists" }],
              "question": "If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?",
              "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "pushed into marginal areas" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??",
              "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "migrations" }],
              "question": "What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?",
              "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "violent conflict" }],
              "question": "Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?",
              "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the theorists who advocate this \"revisionist\" critique imply that, because the \"pure hunter-gatherer\" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "nothing meaningful" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?",
              "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "theorists" }],
              "question": "Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?",
              "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "pure hunter-gatherer" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?",
              "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers\u2014especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lee and Guenther" }],
              "question": "Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?",
              "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "prehistoric hunter-gatherers" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?",
              "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "egalitarianism" }],
              "question": "What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?",
              "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Wilmsen" }],
              "question": "Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?",
              "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "the landscape" }],
              "question": "What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?",
              "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "cutting or burning undesirable plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do they manage the landscape?",
              "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "slash-and-burn" }],
              "question": "What technique do they use to make animal habitats?",
              "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?",
              "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "domesticated food" }],
              "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?",
              "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious \u2013 discuss]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "hunt and gather" }],
              "question": "What do some agriculturalists often do?",
              "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "go hunting" }],
              "question": "What do they sometimes do for entertainment?",
              "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "to escape colonial control" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?",
              "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "agriculture became difficult" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?",
              "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Pila Nguru" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Spinifex people?",
              "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Western Australia" }],
              "question": "Where do the Pila Nguru people live?",
              "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Sentinelese" }],
              "question": "Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?",
              "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Indian Ocean" }],
              "question": "Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?",
              "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000\u201314,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "ice-free corridors" }
              ],
              "question": "These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?",
              "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Laurentide and Cordilleran" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?",
              "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "primitive boats" }],
              "question": "What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?",
              "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Great Plains" }],
              "question": "Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?",
              "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "stone tool production" }
              ],
              "question": "What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?",
              "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "common style" }],
              "question": "What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?",
              "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "across the Americas" }
              ],
              "question": "Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?",
              "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "25 to 50 members" }],
              "question": "How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?",
              "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "warmer more arid" }],
              "question": "What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?",
              "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "megafauna" }],
              "question": "What disappeared during the Archaic period?",
              "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "regional adaptations" }
              ],
              "question": "What became the norm for the mobile bands?",
              "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "hunting and gathering" }
              ],
              "question": "What did they rely less and less on?",
              "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "increasing regional generalization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was there a pattern of in this period?",
              "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe09"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "United_Nations_Population_Fund",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it \"is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled.\"  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "United Nations Population Fund" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?",
              "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "reproductive health" }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA's work concerns what general area?",
              "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "wanted" }],
              "question": "One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?",
              "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "safe" }],
              "question": "Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?",
              "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "female genital mutilation" }
              ],
              "question": "What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?",
              "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?",
              "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "three quarters" }],
              "question": "About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?",
              "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "United Nations Development Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?",
              "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?",
              "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "When did UNFPA begin its work?",
              "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "United Nations Fund for Population Activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was UNFPA's original name?",
              "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did the organization change its name?",
              "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "United Nations Development Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?",
              "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?",
              "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?",
              "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "193" }],
              "question": "How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?",
              "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?",
              "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "15 years" }],
              "question": "The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?",
              "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "ambitious" }],
              "question": "Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?",
              "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "health" }],
              "question": "The third of the goals concerns what?",
              "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "What does the fourth goal focus on improving?",
              "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "gender equality" }],
              "question": "What is the topic of the fifth goal?",
              "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d367"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN\n2011\u2013present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)\n2000\u20132010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)\n1987\u20132000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)\n1969\u201387 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Rafael M. Salas" }],
              "question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?",
              "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?",
              "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?",
              "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Dr Nafis Sadik" }],
              "question": "Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?",
              "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d385"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "population and reproductive health programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?",
              "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "In how many countries does UNFPA operate?",
              "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "non-governmental organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?",
              "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "the international community" }
              ],
              "question": "What supports UNFPA's work?",
              "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "young people" }],
              "question": "The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?",
              "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of \"reproductive health\", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "reproductive health" }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?",
              "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "the reproductive system" }
              ],
              "question": "These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?",
              "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "social health" }],
              "question": "What is the third element?",
              "id": "56df55bc96943c1400a5d3d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "developing countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?",
              "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "population concerns" }
              ],
              "question": "To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?",
              "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "policies and strategies" }
              ],
              "question": "What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?",
              "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Dr. Osotimehin" }],
              "question": "Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?",
              "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Goodwill Ambassadors" }
              ],
              "question": "The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?",
              "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "women and young people" }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?",
              "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "governments" }],
              "question": "With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?",
              "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "United Nations agencies" }
              ],
              "question": "With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?",
              "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "raise awareness" }],
              "question": "In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?",
              "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?",
              "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d413"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.  ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "forced-abortions" }],
              "question": "UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?",
              "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "sterilizations" }],
              "question": "UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?",
              "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "anti-family planning groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?",
              "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization\u2019s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "governments and the private sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who contributes to UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "$1 billion" }],
              "question": "Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?",
              "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "$529 million" }],
              "question": "How much of its funding was earmarked?",
              "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "$477 million" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?",
              "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "the mid-to-late '90s" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?",
              "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "sterilizations" }],
              "question": "Peru was found to have been coercing what?",
              "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "reforms and protocols" }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?",
              "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "women seeking assistance" }
              ],
              "question": "UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?",
              "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "laws and practices" }
              ],
              "question": "After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?",
              "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA\u2019s support for China\u2019s population program \u201cfacilitates (its) government\u2019s coercive abortion program\u201d, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "the Bush Administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "From 2002 through 2008" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did the administration deny funding?",
              "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "the US Congress" }],
              "question": "Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?",
              "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "forced abortions and coercive sterilizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "the Kemp-Kasten Amendment" }
              ],
              "question": "What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?",
              "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found \"no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China,\" as has been charged by critics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Which country was administering forced abortions?",
              "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?",
              "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "the State Department" }
              ],
              "question": "Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?",
              "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "population control policies" }
              ],
              "question": "What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?",
              "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Secretary of State" }],
              "question": "What was this official's position at the time?",
              "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Colin Powell" }],
              "question": "Who was the official that accused UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "vehicles and computers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?",
              "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "the Washington Post and the Washington Times"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What papers reported on this incident?",
              "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown \"Potemkin Villages\" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Christopher H. Smith" }
              ],
              "question": "Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?",
              "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Potemkin Villages" }],
              "question": "The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?",
              "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Dr. Nafis Sadik" }],
              "question": "Which former director defended UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Amnesty International" }
              ],
              "question": "Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?",
              "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "coercive techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?",
              "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. \"We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does,\" said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA\u2019s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, \u201dUNFPA\u2019s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.\u201d ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Amnesty International" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?",
              "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Population Research Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?",
              "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "United Nations Members" }
              ],
              "question": "In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?",
              "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "130" }],
              "question": "How many members does the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d have?",
              "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 981, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Bush" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?",
              "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "$244 million" }],
              "question": "How much funding was blocked?",
              "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "the Executive Branch" }
              ],
              "question": "Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?",
              "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Congressionally" }],
              "question": "How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?",
              "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "the Netherlands" }],
              "question": "Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?",
              "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Luxembourg" }],
              "question": "Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?",
              "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?",
              "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "America" }],
              "question": "What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "nonprofit" }],
              "question": "What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?",
              "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Americans for UNFPA" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?",
              "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "federal funding" }],
              "question": "What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? ",
              "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "private donations" }],
              "question": "Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?",
              "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would \"look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries.\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Which president began funding UNFPA again?",
              "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?",
              "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January" }],
              "question": "In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?",
              "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?",
              "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "154" }],
              "question": "The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?",
              "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help\u00b7info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917\u201322, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922\u201391 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990\u201391. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "the Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "Which ocean is along eastern Russia?",
              "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?",
              "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "91" }],
              "question": "When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e098707aa994140058e605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e098707aa994140058e606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "forty" }],
              "question": "The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?",
              "id": "56e098707aa994140058e607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e098707aa994140058e608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many krais were present in the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e098707aa994140058e609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label \"Sovdepia\" for the nascent state of the \"Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "the Bolsheviks" }],
              "question": "Which group originally created the Soviet state?",
              "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Vladimir Lenin" }],
              "question": "Who led the group which created the Soviet state?",
              "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?",
              "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "five months" }],
              "question": "How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?",
              "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Sovdepia" }],
              "question": "What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?",
              "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Vladimir Lenin" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?",
              "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Russian Provisional Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?",
              "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "five months" }],
              "question": "For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?",
              "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Sovdepia" }],
              "question": "What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?",
              "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922" }],
              "question": "When was the Soviet Union created?",
              "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many republics were in the USSR?",
              "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?",
              "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?",
              "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "the Great Northern War" }
              ],
              "question": "In which war was Russia involved in 1700?",
              "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Soviet Union created?",
              "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?",
              "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?",
              "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Soviet Constitution of 1936" }
              ],
              "question": "What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?",
              "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "1700" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Great Northern War fought?",
              "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e647"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and \"Russia\" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 25, 1991" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union break up?",
              "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Russian Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Russian Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current official name of Russia?",
              "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "April 21, 1992" }],
              "question": "When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?",
              "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 25, 1991" }],
              "question": "When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?",
              "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "the collapse of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?",
              "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "April 21, 1992" }],
              "question": "When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?",
              "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "1993 Constitution of Russia" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?",
              "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?",
              "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Norway and Finland" }],
              "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?",
              "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?",
              "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?",
              "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?",
              "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "What country borders Russia on the west?",
              "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?",
              "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Georgian" }],
              "question": "In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?",
              "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?",
              "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "November 7, 1917" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?",
              "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?",
              "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the October Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?",
              "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "five months" }],
              "question": "How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?",
              "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the Russian Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?",
              "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "November 7, 1917" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet government assume power?",
              "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the October Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?",
              "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?",
              "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?",
              "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "the Soviet Russian Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?",
              "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "To which country did Russia give land during World War I?",
              "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk" }
              ],
              "question": "Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?",
              "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "the Russian Civil War" }
              ],
              "question": "What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?",
              "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?",
              "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "the Soviet Russian Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?",
              "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "peace in World War I" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?",
              "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "July 10, 1918" }],
              "question": "On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?",
              "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "the Russian Civil War" }
              ],
              "question": "During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?",
              "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e661"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast" }
              ],
              "question": "Which oblast was broken up in 1943?",
              "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Central Asia" }],
              "question": "Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?",
              "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "the Georgian SSR" }],
              "question": "Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?",
              "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Joseph Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?",
              "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Joseph Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?",
              "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?",
              "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Central Asia" }],
              "question": "To where were the Karachays exiled?",
              "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "alleged collaboration with the Germans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the Karachays exiled?",
              "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Georgian SSR" }],
              "question": "What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?",
              "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "November 7, 1917" }],
              "question": "On what date was the RSFSR established?",
              "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e60f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "October Revolution" }],
              "question": "What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Constitution adopted?",
              "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?",
              "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e099747aa994140058e617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "the United States and Saudi Arabia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?",
              "id": "56e099747aa994140058e618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "23,941,000" }],
              "question": "How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?",
              "id": "56e099747aa994140058e619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "475" }],
              "question": "How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?",
              "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?",
              "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 12, 1990" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?",
              "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who became president on June 12, 1991?",
              "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "December 8, 1991" }],
              "question": "On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?",
              "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "December 12" }],
              "question": "When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?",
              "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?",
              "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Russian Federation" }],
              "question": "What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?",
              "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "December 26, 1991" }],
              "question": "On what date was the USSR dissolved?",
              "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Soviet of Nationalities" }
              ],
              "question": "What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?",
              "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Soviet of the Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?",
              "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "UN membership" }],
              "question": "What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?",
              "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e625"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 25, 1918" }],
              "question": "On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?",
              "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "All-Russian Congress of Soviets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?",
              "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "March 3, 1918" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?",
              "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?",
              "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Russian Constitution of 1918" }
              ],
              "question": "What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?",
              "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Treaty of Tartu" }],
              "question": "What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?",
              "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e63f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Irish Republic" }],
              "question": "Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?",
              "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e640"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as \"Russia,\" even though technically \"Russia\" was only one republic within the larger union\u2014albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "What was the common name of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "republic" }],
              "question": "Technically, what type of state was Russia?",
              "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?",
              "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "the east" }],
              "question": "In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?",
              "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "natural gas" }],
              "question": "Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e659"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on January 31, 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?",
              "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?",
              "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "January 31, 1924" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?",
              "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?",
              "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932\u20131933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "1932\u20131933" }],
              "question": "During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "the 1936 Soviet Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?",
              "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?",
              "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "the Uzbek SSR" }],
              "question": "What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?",
              "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "reduced" }],
              "question": "What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?",
              "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e675"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?",
              "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the Russian Constitution of 1937"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?",
              "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Chechen-Ingush ASSR" }
              ],
              "question": "What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?",
              "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?",
              "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?",
              "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Georgian SSR" }],
              "question": "Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?",
              "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Tuvan Autonomous Oblast" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 11, 1944" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?",
              "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Latvia" }],
              "question": "Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?",
              "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?",
              "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Ivangorod" }],
              "question": "Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?",
              "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Kuril Islands" }],
              "question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?",
              "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "the RSFSR" }],
              "question": "What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?",
              "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "the southernmost Kurils" }
              ],
              "question": "The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?",
              "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e687"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 17, 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast \u2014 the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia\u2014was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 17, 1946" }],
              "question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?",
              "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "East Prussia" }],
              "question": "What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?",
              "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "the Russian SFSR" }],
              "question": "What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?",
              "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 8, 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Malenkov" }],
              "question": "Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?",
              "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "deputy Prime Minister" }
              ],
              "question": "To what position was Malenkov demoted?",
              "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?",
              "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev" }],
              "question": "Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?",
              "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac30a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 9, 1957" }],
              "question": "When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?",
              "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast" }
              ],
              "question": "What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?",
              "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Khrushchev" }],
              "question": "Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?",
              "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "the Russian SFSR" }],
              "question": "To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?",
              "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "the Georgian SSR" }],
              "question": "What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?",
              "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac313"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn\u2019t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev" }],
              "question": "Who lost power in 1964?",
              "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Leonid Brezhnev" }],
              "question": "Who assumed a position of power in 1964?",
              "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did Leonid Brezhnev die?",
              "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?",
              "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?",
              "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the \"War of Laws\", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 12, 1990" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?",
              "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "the \"War of Laws\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?",
              "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac326"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19\u201321, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 17, 1991" }],
              "question": "On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?",
              "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who was the first President of the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?",
              "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "June 12" }],
              "question": "On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?",
              "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "August 19\u201321, 1991" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?",
              "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 23" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?",
              "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "November 6" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?",
              "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac338"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Belarus" }],
              "question": "In what country is Viskuli located?",
              "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 8, 1991" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?",
              "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Belavezha Accords" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?",
              "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 811,
                  "text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?",
              "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?",
              "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac341"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25\u2014just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union\u2014the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991\u20131992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 24" }],
              "question": "When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?",
              "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "December 25" }],
              "question": "On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "the Russian Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?",
              "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?",
              "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" }
              ],
              "question": "In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?",
              "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the Council of People's Commissars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?",
              "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Council of Ministers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?",
              "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Council of Ministers\u2013Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?",
              "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Vladimir Lenin" }],
              "question": "Who led the first government of the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who led the final government of the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?",
              "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the abortive 1991 August coup" }
              ],
              "question": "What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?",
              "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?",
              "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac349"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Universal_Studios",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's \"Big Six\" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced \"LEM-lee\"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "NBCUniversal" }],
              "question": "Which company is directly above Universal Studios?",
              "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Comcast" }],
              "question": "Which company runs NBC Universal?",
              "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Big Six" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?",
              "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "When was Universal Studios created?",
              "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Universal City, California" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Universal's filming take place?",
              "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Universal Pictures" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?",
              "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Comcast" }],
              "question": "Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?",
              "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "100 Universal City Plaza Drive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?",
              "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Universal City, California" }
              ],
              "question": "In what city and state are its production studios located?",
              "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?",
              "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Path\u00e9, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?",
              "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Nordisk" }],
              "question": "Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?",
              "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Gaumont Film Company and Path\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which French companies are older than Universal?",
              "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What is the nationality of Path\u00e9?",
              "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Nordisk Film company" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Path\u00e9 and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?",
              "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?",
              "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?",
              "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?",
              "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Edison" }],
              "question": "What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?",
              "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "the Latham Loop" }],
              "question": "For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?",
              "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67718"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early films in America's first motion picture industry were produced in the early 20th century. Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers. By naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as \"The Biograph Girl\", and actor King Baggot, in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Yankee Film Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company did Laemmle found in June 1909?",
              "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Abe Stern and Julius Stern" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company?",
              "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Fort Lee, New Jersey" }
              ],
              "question": "In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based?",
              "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "The Biograph Girl" }],
              "question": "What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence?",
              "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "King Baggot" }],
              "question": "What actor did Laemmle promote?",
              "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley, and Brulatour. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. The new Universal studio was a vertically integrated company, with movie production, distribution and exhibition venues all linked in the same corporate entity, the central element of the Studio system era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "April 30, 1912" }],
              "question": "On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?",
              "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?",
              "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Laemmle" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912?",
              "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "bought out by Laemmle" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?",
              "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c6772a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "movie production" }],
              "question": "Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?",
              "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c6772b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km\u00b2) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 15, 1915" }],
              "question": "On what date did Universal City Studios open?",
              "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "0.9" }],
              "question": "In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?",
              "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Cahuenga Pass" }],
              "question": "What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?",
              "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Universal" }],
              "question": "What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?",
              "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67734"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films \u2014 Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.:13",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "low-budget programmers" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?",
              "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "more ambitious productions" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of movies came out of Bluebird?",
              "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "prestige motion pictures" }
              ],
              "question": "What motion pictures were made by Jewel?",
              "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Directors" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of George Marshall?",
              "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Lois Weber" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?",
              "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew, Laemmle chose not to develop a theater chain. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands (1919) and Foolish Wives (1922), but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers. Character actor Lon Chaney became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s, appearing steadily in dramas. His two biggest hits for Universal were The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to Irving Thalberg. Thalberg had been Laemmle's personal secretary, and Laemmle was impressed by his cogent observations of how efficiently the studio could be operated. Promoted to studio chief, Thalberg was giving Universal's product a touch of class, but MGM's head of production Louis B. Mayer lured Thalberg away from Universal with a promise of better pay. Without his guidance Universal became a second-tier studio, and would remain so for several decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Erich von Stroheim" }
              ],
              "question": "Who directed Blind Husbands?",
              "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "In what year was Foolish Wives produced?",
              "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Lon Chaney" }],
              "question": "Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera?",
              "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 874, "text": "Irving Thalberg" }],
              "question": "Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?",
              "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the U.S., Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Deutsche Universal-Film AG" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Universal's German production unit?",
              "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Joe Pasternak" }],
              "question": "Who ran Universal's German production unit?",
              "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?",
              "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "three to four" }],
              "question": "How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?",
              "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?",
              "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early years, Universal had a \"clean picture\" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as \"unclean pictures\" from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "\"clean picture\"" }],
              "question": "what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years?",
              "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "April 1927" }],
              "question": "By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on \"unclean pictures\"?",
              "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Universal was losing money" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Laemmle change his position on \"unclean pictures\"?",
              "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal owned the rights to the \"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit\" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first \"sync\" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Ub Iwerks" }],
              "question": "Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?",
              "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Universal" }],
              "question": "Who owned the rights to Oswald?",
              "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Charles Mintz" }],
              "question": "Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?",
              "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Mickey Mouse" }],
              "question": "What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?",
              "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Steamboat Willie" }],
              "question": "What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?",
              "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, after almost 80 years, NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, back to Disney. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's Sunday night NFL football package. However, Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Disney" }],
              "question": "Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006?",
              "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "NBC Universal" }],
              "question": "Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons?",
              "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Al Michaels" }],
              "question": "What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC?",
              "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Walter Lantz" }],
              "question": "Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929?",
              "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?",
              "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67769"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism\u2014at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as \"Uncle Carl.\" Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, \"Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle.\" Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?",
              "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c6776f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Uncle Carl" }],
              "question": "What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?",
              "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Ogden Nash" }],
              "question": "What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?",
              "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?",
              "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "William Wyler" }],
              "question": "What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?",
              "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67773"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Junior\" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musical Broadway (1929) which included Technicolor sequences; and the first all-color musical feature (for Universal), King of Jazz (1930). The more serious All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), won its year's Best Picture Oscar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1, "text": "Junior" }],
              "question": "What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname?",
              "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Show Boat" }],
              "question": "What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel?",
              "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year was the musical Broadway produced?",
              "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "All Quiet on the Western Front"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?",
              "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "King of Jazz" }],
              "question": "What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930?",
              "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67787"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laemmle, Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of horror films which extended into the 1940s, affectionately dubbed Universal Horror. Among them are Frankenstein (1931), Dracula ( also in 1931), The Mummy (1932) and The Invisible Man (1933). Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life (1934) and My Man Godfrey (1936).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula?",
              "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Invisible Man made?",
              "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Imitation of Life" }],
              "question": "What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934?",
              "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?",
              "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?",
              "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "The theater chain" }],
              "question": "What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?",
              "id": "56e1506ee3433e1400422da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "production operations" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?",
              "id": "56e1506ee3433e1400422da7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike the 1929 film was based on the Broadway musical rather than the novel. Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders. They would not allow production to start on Show Boat unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time Universal had borrowed money for a production in its 26-year history. The production went $300,000 over budget; Standard called in the loan, cash-strapped Universal could not pay, Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2, 1936.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?",
              "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?",
              "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "$750,000" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?",
              "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "the Standard Capital Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who granted Universal the production loan?",
              "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "April 2, 1936" }],
              "question": "When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?",
              "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the advertising campaign of the film. Standard Capital's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors, and instituted severe cuts in production budgets. Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had a few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, left.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "J. Cheever Cowdin" }],
              "question": "Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?",
              "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Margaret Sullavan" }],
              "question": "What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?",
              "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "J. Cheever Cowdin" }],
              "question": "Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?",
              "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "William Wyler" }],
              "question": "Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?",
              "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year was Show Boat released?",
              "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Joe Pasternak" }],
              "question": "Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?",
              "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Deanna Durbin" }],
              "question": "Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?",
              "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year was Three Smart Girls made?",
              "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Universal's German subsidiary" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?",
              "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "light musicals" }],
              "question": "What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?",
              "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin's pictures, and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles, the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939; she went on to star with Bing Crosby, W. C. Fields, and Donald O'Connor. A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again (1939), starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount Studios.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How old was Gloria Jean in 1939?",
              "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Bing Crosby" }],
              "question": "Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby, with whom did Gloria Jean star?",
              "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "James Stewart" }],
              "question": "Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again?",
              "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Paramount Studios" }],
              "question": "Prior to working at Universal, what studio employed Marlene Dietrich?",
              "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year was Destry Rides again produced?",
              "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror pictures, the latter now solely B pictures. The studio fostered many series: The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials (1938\u201343); the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy (1938\u201341); comedies with Hugh Herbert (1938\u201342) and The Ritz Brothers (1940\u201343); musicals with Robert Paige, Jane Frazee, The Andrews Sisters, and The Merry Macs (1938\u201345); and westerns with Tom Mix (1932\u201333), Buck Jones (1933\u201336), Bob Baker (1938\u201339), Johnny Mack Brown (1938\u201343); Rod Cameron (1944\u201345), and Kirby Grant (1946\u201347).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "1938\u201343" }],
              "question": "During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?",
              "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "1938\u201341" }],
              "question": "Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?",
              "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1938\u201342" }],
              "question": "In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?",
              "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1932\u201333" }],
              "question": "When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?",
              "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "1946\u201347" }],
              "question": "In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?",
              "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars, and often borrowed talent from other studios, or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich, Margaret Sullavan, and Bing Crosby were two of the major names that made a couple of pictures for Universal during this period. Some stars came from radio, including Edgar Bergen, W. C. Fields, and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello (Bud Abbott and Lou Costello). Abbott and Costello's military comedy Buck Privates (1941) gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello" }
              ],
              "question": "What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?",
              "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Buck Privates" }],
              "question": "What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?",
              "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "W. C. Fields" }],
              "question": "Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?",
              "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942\u201346), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942\u201343), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943\u201345). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Fritz Lang" }],
              "question": "Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?",
              "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "1942\u201346" }],
              "question": "In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?",
              "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "1943\u201345" }],
              "question": "In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?",
              "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "Selznick International Pictures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?",
              "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?",
              "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Arabian Nights" }],
              "question": "What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?",
              "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Maria Montez" }],
              "question": "What actress starred in Arabian Nights?",
              "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Claude Rains" }],
              "question": "Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?",
              "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?",
              "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "In what year was Arabian Nights produced?",
              "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67835"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and International remained interested in Universal, however, culminating in the studio's reorganization as Universal-International. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc., which also served as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films. Goetz, a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring \"prestige\" to the new company. He stopped the studio's low-budget production of B movies, serials and curtailed Universal's horror and \"Arabian Nights\" cycles. Distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "In what year was United World Pictures founded?",
              "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Kenneth Young" }],
              "question": "What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?",
              "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "one year" }],
              "question": "How long did United World Pictures last?",
              "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "William Goetz" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?",
              "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Louis B. Mayer" }],
              "question": "Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?",
              "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Goetz set out an ambitious schedule. Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank's British productions, including such classics as David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948). Broadening its scope further, Universal-International branched out into the lucrative non-theatrical field, buying a majority stake in home-movie dealer Castle Films in 1947, and taking the company over entirely in 1951. For three decades, Castle would offer \"highlights\" reels from the Universal film library to home-movie enthusiasts and collectors. Goetz licensed Universal's pre\u2013Universal-International film library to Jack Broeder's Realart Pictures for cinema re-release but Realart was not allowed to show the films on television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made?",
              "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "David Lean" }],
              "question": "Who directed 1946's Great Expectations?",
              "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Castle Films" }],
              "question": "In 1947, what company did Universal buy a stake in?",
              "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "Jack Broeder" }],
              "question": "Who ran Realart Pictures?",
              "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films?",
              "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. The inexpensive Francis (1950), the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle (1949), part of a series, became mainstays of the company. Once again, the films of Abbott and Costello, including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), were among the studio's top-grossing productions. But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. Besides Abbott and Costello, the studio retained the Walter Lantz cartoon studio, whose product was released with Universal-International's films.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Killers produced?",
              "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c6784f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Francis" }],
              "question": "What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?",
              "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?",
              "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?",
              "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Milton Rackmil" }],
              "question": "Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?",
              "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67853"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s, Universal-International resumed their series of Arabian Nights films, many starring Tony Curtis. The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland, with many directed by Jack Arnold. Other successes were the melodramas directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter, although for film critics they were not so well thought of on first release as they have since become. Among Universal-International's stable of stars were Rock Hudson, Tony Curtis, Jeff Chandler, Audie Murphy, and John Gavin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Tony Curtis" }],
              "question": "Who did many of Universal-International's Arabian Nights films feature?",
              "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "William Alland" }],
              "question": "Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?",
              "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Douglas Sirk" }],
              "question": "What Universal director was known for his melodramas?",
              "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Jack Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who directed monster movies for Universal?",
              "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Ross Hunter" }],
              "question": "Who produced melodramas for Universal?",
              "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though Decca would continue to keep picture budgets lean, it was favored by changing circumstances in the film business, as other studios let their contract actors go in the wake of the 1948 U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. decision. Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose, and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business. Wasserman's deal gave Stewart a share in the profits of three pictures in lieu of a large salary. When one of those films, Winchester '73, proved to be a hit, the arrangement would become the rule for many future productions at Universal, and eventually at other studios as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Lew Wasserman" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable talent agent circa 1950?",
              "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "James Stewart" }],
              "question": "What star did Lew Wasserman represent?",
              "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "James Stewart" }],
              "question": "What actor featured in Winchester '73?",
              "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legal decision resulted in movie studios letting their contract actors go?",
              "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km\u00b2) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "MCA" }],
              "question": "What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?",
              "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Republic Studios" }],
              "question": "Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?",
              "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "1.5" }],
              "question": "In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?",
              "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?",
              "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "$11 million" }],
              "question": "How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?",
              "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA, Inc. happened in mid-1962 as part of the MCA-Decca Records merger. The company reverted in name to Universal Pictures. As a final gesture before leaving the talent agency business, virtually every MCA client was signed to a Universal contract. In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions (officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966). And so, with MCA in charge, Universal became a full-blown, A-film movie studio, with leading actors and directors under contract; offering slick, commercial films; and a studio tour subsidiary launched in 1964. Television production made up much of the studio's output, with Universal heavily committed, in particular, to deals with NBC (which later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal; see below) providing up to half of all prime time shows for several seasons. An innovation during this period championed by Universal was the made-for-television movie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year did MCA take over Universal?",
              "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Universal City Studios, Inc." }
              ],
              "question": "What company did MCA create in 1964?",
              "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Universal Television" }
              ],
              "question": "What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?",
              "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "NBC Universal" }],
              "question": "What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC?",
              "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary?",
              "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and Anne was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Genevi\u00e8ve Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn (1975), a sequel to True Grit (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. Rooster Cogburn co-starred John Wayne, reprising his Oscar-winning role from the earlier film, and Katharine Hepburn, their only film together. The film was only a moderate success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Hal B. Wallis" }],
              "question": "Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days?",
              "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Maxwell Anderson" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on?",
              "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year was the film version of Mary, Queen of Scots made?",
              "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Richard Burton" }],
              "question": "Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod?",
              "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c6787a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Rooster Cogburn" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal?",
              "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c6787b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide. Though Universal did produce occasional hits, among them Airport (1970), The Sting (1973), American Graffiti (also 1973), Earthquake (1974), and a big box-office success which restored the company's fortunes: Jaws (1975), Universal during the decade was primarily a television studio. When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists in 1981, MGM could not drop out of the CIC venture to merge with United Artists overseas operations. However, with future film productions from both names being released through the MGM/UA Entertainment plate, CIC decided to merge UA's international units with MGM and reformed as United International Pictures. There would be other film hits like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Back to the Future (1985), Field of Dreams (1989), and Jurassic Park (1993), but the film business was financially unpredictable. UIP began distributing films by start-up studio DreamWorks in 1997, due to connections the founders have with Paramount, Universal, and Amblin Entertainment. In 2001, MGM dropped out of the UIP venture, and went with 20th Century Fox's international arm to handle distribution of their titles to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Paramount Pictures" }],
              "question": "Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?",
              "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what year was the film Airport made?",
              "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Earthquake" }],
              "question": "What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?",
              "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "United Artists" }],
              "question": "What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?",
              "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?",
              "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anxious to expand the company's broadcast and cable presence, longtime MCA head Lew Wasserman sought a rich partner. He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric (now known as Panasonic), which agreed to acquire MCA for $6.6 billion in 1990. Meanwhile, around this time, the production subsidiary was renamed Universal Studios Inc., and (in 1990) MCA created MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. for the VHS video cassette (later DVD) sales industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Lew Wasserman" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of MCA in 1990?",
              "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Panasonic" }],
              "question": "What is the current name of the company that was called Matsushita Electric in 1990?",
              "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "$6.6 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Matsushita Electric pay for MCA?",
              "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "In what year was MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. created?",
              "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of Matsushita Electric?",
              "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?",
              "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Seagram" }],
              "question": "To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?",
              "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "$5.7 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?",
              "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "its stake in DuPont" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?",
              "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "PolyGram" }],
              "question": "What company did Seagram buy in 1999?",
              "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To raise money, Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal's television holdings, including cable network USA, to Barry Diller (these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices). In June 2000, Seagram was sold to French water utility and media company Vivendi, which owned StudioCanal; the conglomerate then became known as Vivendi Universal. Afterward, Universal Pictures acquired the United States distribution rights of several of StudioCanal's films, such as Mulholland Drive (which received an Oscar nomination) and Brotherhood of the Wolf (which became the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980). Universal Pictures and StudioCanal also co-produced several films, such as Love Actually (an $40 million-budgeted film that eventually grossed $246 million worldwide). In late 2000, the New York Film Academy was permitted to use the Universal Studios backlot for student film projects in an unofficial partnership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Edgar Bronfman Jr." }],
              "question": "Who was the head of Seagram?",
              "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Barry Diller" }],
              "question": "Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram?",
              "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Vivendi" }],
              "question": "Who bought Seagram in June 2000?",
              "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "$40 million" }],
              "question": "What was the budget of the film Love Actually?",
              "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Mulholland Drive" }],
              "question": "What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination?",
              "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "General Electric" }],
              "question": "Who bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004?",
              "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011?",
              "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Comcast" }],
              "question": "Who bought 51% of NBC Universal in 2011?",
              "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "March 2013" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Comcast buy 49% of NBCUniversal?",
              "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "$16.7 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Comcast pay for 49% of NBCUniversal in 2013?",
              "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus Features head David Linde. On October 5, 2009, Marc Shmuger and David Linde were ousted and their co-chairperson jobs consolidated under former president of worldwide marketing and distribution Adam Fogelson becoming the single chairperson. Donna Langley was also upped to co-chairperson. In 2009, Stephanie Sperber founded Universal Partnerships & Licensing within Universal to license consumer products for Universal. In September 2013, Adam Fogelson was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures, promoting Donna Langley to sole-chairman. In addition, NBCUniversal International Chairman, Jeff Shell, would be appointed as Chairman of the newly created Filmed Entertainment Group. Longtime studio head Ron Meyer would give up oversight of the film studio and appointed Vice Chairman of NBCUniversal, providing consultation to CEO Steve Burke on all of the company's operations. Meyers still retains oversight of Universal Parks and Resorts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?",
              "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Stacey Snider" }],
              "question": "What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006?",
              "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Adam Fogelson" }],
              "question": "Who became the chairperson in late 2009?",
              "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Stephanie Sperber" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing?",
              "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Donna Langley" }],
              "question": "Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013?",
              "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Elliott Management" }],
              "question": "Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?",
              "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Legendary Pictures" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?",
              "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "five years" }],
              "question": "How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?",
              "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?",
              "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label, that concentrated on action, sci-fi, and horror films.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Gramercy Pictures" }],
              "question": "What film studio was brought back in May 2015?",
              "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Focus Features" }],
              "question": "What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures?",
              "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "action, sci-fi, and horror" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating?",
              "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422eeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films?",
              "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Minions" }],
              "question": "Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015?",
              "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Universal is the only studio" }
              ],
              "question": "How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year?",
              "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au P\u00e9rou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "Universal Productions France S.A."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?",
              "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Universal Pictures France" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?",
              "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "The Champagne Murders" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the English title of Le scandale?",
              "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "Fred Zinnemann" }],
              "question": "Who directed The Day of the Jackal?",
              "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Les Valseuses" }],
              "question": "What film was known in English as Going Places?",
              "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678fb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alexander_Graham_Bell",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 \u2013 August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born[N 3] scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "telephone" }],
              "question": "What is Bell most famous for inventing?",
              "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "What year did Bell die?",
              "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "practical" }],
              "question": "What was special about his telephone?",
              "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Bell's full name?",
              "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "telephone" }],
              "question": "What is Bell famous for inventing?",
              "id": "56df764f5ca0a614008f9aae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "elocution and speech" }
              ],
              "question": "What were his relatives known for working on?",
              "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "deaf" }],
              "question": "What was interesting about his mother and wife?",
              "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?",
              "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "In what country did Bell patent his telephone?",
              "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "telephone" }],
              "question": "What did Bell never put in his study?",
              "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898 until 1903.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "How many people started the National Geographic Society?",
              "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "National Geographic Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Bell was the second president of what magazine?",
              "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "hydrofoils" }],
              "question": "What field did Bell later work in, apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics?",
              "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine?",
              "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845\u201370) and Edward Charles Bell (1848\u201367), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace (n\u00e9e Symonds). Born as just \"Alexander Bell\", at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers.[N 6] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name \"Graham\", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remained \"Aleck\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Edinburgh" }],
              "question": "What city was Bell born in?",
              "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "stone" }],
              "question": "What material marks Bells family  home as his birthplace?",
              "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What disease did his two brothers die of?",
              "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "At what age did Bell ask for a middle name?",
              "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "Aleck" }],
              "question": "What did those close to him call Bell?",
              "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill, the scene of many forays. Young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years. In return, John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to \"invent\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "botanical specimens" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?",
              "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Ben Herdman" }],
              "question": "Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?",
              "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "flour" }],
              "question": "What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?",
              "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "rotating paddles" }],
              "question": "Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?",
              "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "small workshop" }],
              "question": "What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?",
              "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and \"voice tricks\" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness, (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12) and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?",
              "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "piano" }],
              "question": "What did Bell succeed at without being taught?",
              "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?",
              "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "forehead" }],
              "question": "What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?",
              "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "acoustics" }],
              "question": "What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?",
              "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. In this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Dublin" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell's uncle live?",
              "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "The Standard Elocutionist" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?",
              "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1136, "text": "pronunciation" }],
              "question": "Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?",
              "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "168" }],
              "question": "The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?",
              "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, however, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at age 15, completing only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to the dismay of his demanding father. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. At age 16, Bell secured a position as a \"pupil-teacher\" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy, at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and \u00a310 per session. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh; joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to the University of London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "father" }],
              "question": "Who taught Bell when he was very young?",
              "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Royal High School" }],
              "question": "What school did Bell leave at 15?",
              "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "biology" }],
              "question": "What was Bell's favorite subject?",
              "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How old was Bell when he became a \"pupil-teacher\"?",
              "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary \"mechanical man\" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a \"big prize\" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could \"speak\", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the \"lips\" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable \"Mama\" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?",
              "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Sir Charles Wheatstone" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the automaton Bell saw?",
              "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "human voice" }],
              "question": "What did the automaton mimic?",
              "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Melville" }],
              "question": "Bell built his own automaton with who?",
              "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "skull" }],
              "question": "What part of the automaton did Bell create?",
              "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, \"Trouve\". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding \"Ow ah oo ga ma ma\". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate \"How are you grandma?\" More indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a \"talking dog\". However, these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Skye Terrier" }],
              "question": "What living thing did Bell use in his research?",
              "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Trouve" }],
              "question": "What was Bell's pet's name?",
              "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "How are you grandma?" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?",
              "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "tuning forks" }],
              "question": "Bell investigated resonance using what?",
              "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "growl continuously" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?",
              "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Alexander Ellis" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell get to read his work?",
              "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What country was doing work similar to Bell's?",
              "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Hermann von Helmholtz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?",
              "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?",
              "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Professor Henry Higgins" }
              ],
              "question": "What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?",
              "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork \"contraption\", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: \"Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech.\" He also later remarked: \"I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!\"[N 7]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "electrical" }],
              "question": "By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?",
              "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "consonants" }],
              "question": "What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?",
              "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?",
              "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "electricity" }],
              "question": "What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?",
              "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward \"Ted,\" was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as \"A.G. Bell\") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Bell's move to London?",
              "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Weston House" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell go in work in 1865?",
              "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Somerset College" }],
              "question": "What building was Bell in?",
              "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "A.G. Bell" }],
              "question": "How did Bell sign his letters?",
              "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell move home?",
              "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were \"deaf mute\" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the \"New World\". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "South Kensington" }],
              "question": "What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?",
              "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "deaf" }],
              "question": "What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?",
              "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Melville" }],
              "question": "Who died in 1870?",
              "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?",
              "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "lisp" }],
              "question": "What did Bell help his final student get rid of?",
              "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How old was Bell when he went to Canada?",
              "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "SS Nestorian" }],
              "question": "What boat did Bell travel on?",
              "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Quebec City" }],
              "question": "In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?",
              "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What city did Bell arrive at by train?",
              "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "10.5" }],
              "question": "How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?",
              "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his \"dreaming place\", a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved.[N 10] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances.[N 11]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "carriage house" }],
              "question": "What building did Bell use as a workshop?",
              "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "dreaming place" }],
              "question": "What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?",
              "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Mohawk" }],
              "question": "What Native American language did Bell learn?",
              "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Honorary Chief" }],
              "question": "What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?",
              "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Onondaga" }],
              "question": "Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?",
              "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "melodeon" }],
              "question": "What did Bell rework to send music?",
              "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "pump organ" }],
              "question": "What is a melodeon a kind of?",
              "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When did Bell go to Montreal?",
              "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "father" }],
              "question": "Who went with Bell to Montreal?",
              "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "electrically" }],
              "question": "How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?",
              "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Sarah Fuller" }],
              "question": "Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?",
              "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?",
              "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "April" }],
              "question": "What month did Bell go to Boston?",
              "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "instructors" }],
              "question": "Bell trained who in Boston?",
              "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Hartford" }],
              "question": "What city was the American Asylum in?",
              "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his \"harmonic telegraph\".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many wires did Bell send a signal through?",
              "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "pitch" }],
              "question": "For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?",
              "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "receiver" }],
              "question": "Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?",
              "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Brantford" }],
              "question": "Where was Bell's home?",
              "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his \"School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech\" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that \"inhuman silence which separates and estranges.\" In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to \"the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "What city did Bell decide to return to?",
              "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell open his own school?",
              "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many people were in Bell's first class?",
              "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Helen Keller" }],
              "question": "Which of Bell's students is the most well known?",
              "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing\u2014the only language they knew\u2014in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "sign language" }],
              "question": "Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?",
              "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "tied behind their backs" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen so some children's hands in schools?",
              "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?",
              "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "signing" }],
              "question": "What was the only language many deaf people had?",
              "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was \"swept up\" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping \"night owl\" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Boston University School of Oratory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?",
              "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Vocal Physiology and Elocution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bell's discipline?",
              "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "experiments" }],
              "question": "What did Bell do late at night?",
              "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1080, "text": "headaches" }],
              "question": "What health condition did Bell start to have?",
              "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1119, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?",
              "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old \"Georgie\" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to \"experiment\". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Mabel Hubbard" }],
              "question": "Bell's two remaining students were \"Georgie\" Sanders and who?",
              "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Thomas Sanders" }],
              "question": "What was Georgie's father's name?",
              "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "scarlet fever" }],
              "question": "What disease made Mabel deaf?",
              "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How old was Mabel when she became deaf?",
              "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston \"laboratory\" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a \"phonautograph\", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "smoked glass" }],
              "question": "On what material did the phonautograph operate?",
              "id": "56df890b38dc421700152018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "metal" }],
              "question": "What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?",
              "id": "56df890b38dc421700152019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "sound" }],
              "question": "What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?",
              "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "pen" }],
              "question": "What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?",
              "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?",
              "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become \"the nervous system of commerce\". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Western Union" }],
              "question": "What business was William Orton in charge of?",
              "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "nervous system" }],
              "question": "In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?",
              "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "cost" }],
              "question": "What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?",
              "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Elisha Gray" }],
              "question": "Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?",
              "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had \"the germ of a great invention\". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, \"Get it!\" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Joseph Henry" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell go to see in 1875?",
              "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Joseph Henry" }],
              "question": "Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?",
              "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Get it!" }],
              "question": "What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?",
              "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Thomas A. Watson" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell meet in 1874?",
              "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 715, "text": "electrical machine" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of business did Watson work at?",
              "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the \"gallows\" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Thomas Watson" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell take on to work with him?",
              "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "June 2" }],
              "question": "What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?",
              "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?",
              "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "gallows" }],
              "question": "What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?",
              "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Sanders and Hubbard" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave money to Bell and Watson?",
              "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "U.S. profits" }],
              "question": "What did Bell promise to split with his financers?",
              "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?",
              "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?",
              "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "George Brown" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?",
              "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "acoustic" }],
              "question": "What kind of telegraph did Bell create?",
              "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152038"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?",
              "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "February 14, 1876" }],
              "question": "On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?",
              "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "February 26" }],
              "question": "On what day did Bell get to Washington?",
              "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "U.S. Patent Office" }
              ],
              "question": "What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?",
              "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "telephone" }],
              "question": "What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?",
              "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound\" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "174,465" }],
              "question": "What number is Bell's patent?",
              "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "March 7, 1876" }],
              "question": "On what date did Bell get his patent?",
              "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "apparatus" }],
              "question": "Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?",
              "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "March 7, 1876" }],
              "question": "On what day did Bell go back to Boston?",
              "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Gray" }],
              "question": "Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?",
              "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence \"Mr. Watson\u2014Come here\u2014I want to see you\" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "liquid" }],
              "question": "What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?",
              "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Mr. Watson" }],
              "question": "How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?",
              "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "electrical resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the vibrations cause to change?",
              "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible \"articulate speech\" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "proof of concept" }],
              "question": "Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?",
              "id": "56df930f38dc42170015206f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?",
              "id": "56df930f38dc421700152070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "commercial use" }],
              "question": "Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?",
              "id": "56df930f38dc421700152072"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "variable resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?",
              "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "February 25, 1875" }],
              "question": "When did Bell put in his prior patent?",
              "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "mercury" }],
              "question": "What liquid did Bell use in his first application?",
              "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Zenas Fisk Wilber" }],
              "question": "Who declared himself an alcoholic?",
              "id": "56df93a338dc421700152078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Civil War" }],
              "question": "In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?",
              "id": "56df93a338dc421700152079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "$100" }],
              "question": "How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?",
              "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "technical details" }],
              "question": "What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?",
              "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Mount Pleasant" }],
              "question": "From what city did Bell send his first message?",
              "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "fences" }],
              "question": "Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?",
              "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 672, "text": "reading and singing" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?",
              "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "$100,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?",
              "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Western Union" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?",
              "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "a toy" }],
              "question": "What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?",
              "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "$25 million" }],
              "question": "How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?",
              "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration \"most extraordinary\". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?",
              "id": "56df973238dc421700152096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Emperor Pedro II" }],
              "question": "What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?",
              "id": "56df973238dc421700152097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?",
              "id": "56df973238dc421700152098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Victoria" }],
              "question": "Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?",
              "id": "56df973238dc42170015209a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?",
              "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?",
              "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?",
              "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "carbon microphone" }],
              "question": "What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?",
              "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Western Union" }],
              "question": "What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?",
              "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1915" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?",
              "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "AT&T" }],
              "question": "What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?",
              "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?",
              "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?",
              "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Thomas Watson" }],
              "question": "Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?",
              "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?",
              "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "587" }],
              "question": "How many times were Bell's patents contested?",
              "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Amos Dolbear" }],
              "question": "Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?",
              "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a \"precedent\". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "misrepresentation" }],
              "question": "In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?",
              "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?",
              "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "9" }],
              "question": "How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?",
              "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "precedent" }],
              "question": "What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?",
              "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "November 30, 1897" }],
              "question": "On what date did the US Government stop legal action?",
              "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's \"work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged\", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Antonio Meucci" }],
              "question": "Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?",
              "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many court trials did Meucci participate in?",
              "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "American District Telegraph (ADT)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?",
              "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?",
              "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?",
              "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "royalties" }],
              "question": "Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?",
              "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Brussels" }],
              "question": "What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?",
              "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?",
              "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857\u20131923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a \"working holiday\". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an \"instant\" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fianc\u00e9e was that he use \"Alec\" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of \"Aleck\". From 1876, he would sign his name \"Alec Bell\". They had four children:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Mabel Hubbard" }],
              "question": "Who did Bell marry in 1877?",
              "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many children did Bell and Mabel have?",
              "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?",
              "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "lectures" }],
              "question": "Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?",
              "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C., and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?",
              "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?",
              "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Cambridge, Massachusetts" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?",
              "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "patent disputes" }],
              "question": "What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?",
              "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152134"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: \"I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries.\" Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a \"native son\" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bell officially become an American?",
              "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "What was Bell's original nationality?",
              "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?",
              "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "hyphenated" }],
              "question": "What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?",
              "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Breton Island" }],
              "question": "What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?",
              "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Bras d'Or" }],
              "question": "In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?",
              "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "The Lodge" }],
              "question": "What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?",
              "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?",
              "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as \"their own\".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh" }],
              "question": "Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?",
              "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "December 6, 1917" }],
              "question": "On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?",
              "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh" }],
              "question": "Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?",
              "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Baddeck" }],
              "question": "What city adopted the Bells?",
              "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "mobilized the community" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?",
              "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged \"unfettered across the scientific landscape\" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for \"hydroairplanes\" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" }
              ],
              "question": "What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?",
              "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many solo patents did Bell get?",
              "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many patents did Bell co-author?",
              "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Volta" }],
              "question": "What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?",
              "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "magnetic" }],
              "question": "What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?",
              "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "tape recorder" }],
              "question": "The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?",
              "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "ice" }],
              "question": "What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?",
              "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058df9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Methane gas" }],
              "question": "What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?",
              "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "composting" }],
              "question": "What kind of toilet did Bell work on?",
              "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "solar" }],
              "question": "Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?",
              "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "photophone" }],
              "question": "What did Bell call his cord-free phone?",
              "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Charles Sumner Tainter" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?",
              "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?",
              "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Volta Laboratory Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?",
              "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "normal human conversations" }
              ],
              "question": "In the photophone, light carried sound and what?",
              "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 21, 1880" }],
              "question": "Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?",
              "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many feet did the first photophone message travel?",
              "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Franklin School" }],
              "question": "From what building was the first photophone message sent?",
              "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?",
              "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's \"greatest achievement\", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was \"the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone\". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "The photophone" }],
              "question": "What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?",
              "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "telephone" }],
              "question": "Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?",
              "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "fiber-optic communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?",
              "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "When was fiber-optics first patented?",
              "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?",
              "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "metal detector" }],
              "question": "What did Bell create in 1881?",
              "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "bullet" }],
              "question": "What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?",
              "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "metal bed frame" }],
              "question": "What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?",
              "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?",
              "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "in tests" }],
              "question": "When did Bell's metal detector work well?",
              "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell \"...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect.\" In a footnote, Bell adds that \"The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Science" }],
              "question": "Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?",
              "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dfef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Executive Mansion" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?",
              "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "horse-hair" }],
              "question": "What kind of mattress was the President directly on?",
              "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1062, "text": "footnote" }],
              "question": "Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?",
              "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "William E. Meacham" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?",
              "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Meacham?",
              "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "hydrofoil boat" }],
              "question": "What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?",
              "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?",
              "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Enrico Forlanini" }],
              "question": "Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?",
              "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his world tour of 1910\u201311, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?",
              "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "flying" }],
              "question": "What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?",
              "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "HD-4" }],
              "question": "Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?",
              "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907\u20131912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "maroon" }],
              "question": "What color silk covered Bell's kites?",
              "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Selfridge" }],
              "question": "Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?",
              "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?",
              "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?",
              "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell" }
              ],
              "question": "Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?",
              "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title \"world's fastest man\", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy \u2014Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Aerial Experiment Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?",
              "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "When was the AEA founded?",
              "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Glenn H. Curtiss" }],
              "question": "Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?",
              "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "army" }],
              "question": "Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?",
              "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "gliders" }],
              "question": "What did the AEA work on after kites?",
              "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "bamboo" }],
              "question": "What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?",
              "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "biplane" }],
              "question": "What kind of plane was the Red Wing?",
              "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?",
              "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 946, "text": "Selfridge" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?",
              "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Silver Dart" }],
              "question": "What did the AEA name their last plane?",
              "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "J.A.D. McCurdy" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?",
              "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "a doctor" }],
              "question": "What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?",
              "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "Canadian Aerodrome Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?",
              "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abcea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "February 23" }],
              "question": "On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?",
              "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abceb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a \"defective variety of the human race.\" By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "congenitally deaf parents" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?",
              "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 876,
                  "text": "Second International Congress of Eugenics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?",
              "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "David Starr" }],
              "question": "Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?",
              "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "livestock breeding" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?",
              "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Bell's personal papers known as?",
              "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Manuscript Division" }
              ],
              "question": "In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?",
              "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "online" }],
              "question": "Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?",
              "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Cape Breton University" }
              ],
              "question": "In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?",
              "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Nova Scotia" }],
              "question": "In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?",
              "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his \"proudest achievement\", \"the photophone\", the \"optical telephone\" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "$250,000" }],
              "question": "Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?",
              "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Alexandre Dumas" }],
              "question": "Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?",
              "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first established the Volta Prize?",
              "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1095, "text": "wax" }],
              "question": "The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?",
              "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Volta Bureau" }],
              "question": "Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?",
              "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898\u20131922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891\u201392. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 \"For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Science" }],
              "question": "What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?",
              "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?",
              "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "illustrations" }],
              "question": "What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?",
              "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Albert Medal" }],
              "question": "What award did Bell win in 1902?",
              "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "honorary degrees" }],
              "question": "What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?",
              "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Bell Telephone Memorial" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?",
              "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?",
              "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Brantford" }],
              "question": "In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?",
              "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell Gardens" }
              ],
              "question": "In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?",
              "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "First" }],
              "question": "In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?",
              "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "commemorative stamp" }
              ],
              "question": "What was created in Bell's image in 1940?",
              "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Famous Americans Series" }
              ],
              "question": "Bell's stamp is part of which line?",
              "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "October 28" }],
              "question": "On what date was the stamp officially released?",
              "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "In which city was the stamp officially released?",
              "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e161"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative \u00a31 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "geese" }],
              "question": "What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?",
              "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "genetics" }],
              "question": "What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?",
              "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "C$100 gold coin" }],
              "question": "What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?",
              "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?",
              "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "57th" }],
              "question": "In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?",
              "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?",
              "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Scottish Science Hall of Fame" }
              ],
              "question": "In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?",
              "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "National Library of Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, \"Don't leave me.\" By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for \"no\" in the air \u2014and then he died.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "diabetes" }],
              "question": "What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?",
              "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "August 2" }],
              "question": "On what day and month did Bell die?",
              "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Mabel" }],
              "question": "Who was the last person to see Bell alive?",
              "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Nova Scotia" }],
              "question": "In what Province did Bell die?",
              "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e187"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Requiem\":",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh pine" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?",
              "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "red" }],
              "question": "What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?",
              "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?",
              "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Jean MacDonald" }],
              "question": "Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?",
              "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Bell buried?",
              "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Marian" }],
              "question": "Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?",
              "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?",
              "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The bel" }],
              "question": "What unit is named after Bell?",
              "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "sound intensity" }],
              "question": "What does the bel and decibel measure?",
              "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Bell Labs" }],
              "question": "What lab invented the term \"bel.\"",
              "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "telecommunications" }
              ],
              "question": "In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?",
              "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?",
              "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Internet_service_provider",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "Internet service provider" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ISP stand for?",
              "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "provides services for accessing, using, the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what does an isp do?",
              "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forms can an isp be organized in?",
              "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "ISPs" }],
              "question": "What type of organization provides internet access?",
              "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some services provided by an isp?",
              "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e084"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the internet developed?",
              "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "when was the internet developed?",
              "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?",
              "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?",
              "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "4 years" }],
              "question": "how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?",
              "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Australia and the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the first isps established?",
              "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Brookline, Massachusetts" }
              ],
              "question": "where was the first commercial isp in the us located? ",
              "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "November 1989" }],
              "question": "when was the first commercial isp customer served?",
              "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "when were the first commercial isps established?",
              "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "The World" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?",
              "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying (\"with some caveats\") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would the absence of net neutrality permit? ",
              "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "municipal broadband" }
              ],
              "question": "what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? ",
              "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 788, "text": "a telecommunications service" }
              ],
              "question": "how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? ",
              "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1240, "text": "Title II (common carrier)" }
              ],
              "question": "what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? ",
              "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "telecommunications" }
              ],
              "question": "what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? ",
              "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "February 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the FCC rule on net neturality?",
              "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "in favor" }],
              "question": "How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?",
              "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what did the FCC adopt for the internet? ",
              "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "the First Amendment" }
              ],
              "question": "what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? ",
              "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "free speech" }],
              "question": "what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?",
              "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"Net Neutrality\" regulations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "13 April 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?",
              "id": "56dfbcec231d4119001abd54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Internet access" }],
              "question": "What do ISPs provide?",
              "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "a range of technologies to connect users to their network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "how do isps provide internet access?",
              "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "television cable (CATV)" }
              ],
              "question": "what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? ",
              "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)" }
              ],
              "question": "what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? ",
              "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "telephone lines" }],
              "question": "what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? ",
              "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? ",
              "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Fiber To The Home" }],
              "question": "what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?",
              "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "users and small businesses" }
              ],
              "question": "who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?",
              "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? ",
              "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" }
              ],
              "question": "what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? ",
              "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "customers with more demanding requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is high-speed dsl used for? ",
              "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "synchronous optical networking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is SONET? ",
              "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a mailbox provider? ",
              "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A mailbox provider" }],
              "question": "What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? ",
              "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? ",
              "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A mailbox provider" }],
              "question": "how does a user store electronic mail?",
              "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "What is SMTP?",
              "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "Internet Message Access Protocol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is IMAP?",
              "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is access to mail provided? ",
              "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "access providers" }],
              "question": "what are most mailbox providers as well? ",
              "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who possibly controls their own mail servers? ",
              "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "email, web-hosting, or online storage services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do internet hosting services provide? ",
              "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet hosting services" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides a virtual server service?",
              "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet hosting services" }
              ],
              "question": "who provides cloud services?",
              "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "upstream ISPs" }],
              "question": "Who does an ISP pay for internet access?",
              "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?",
              "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?",
              "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "upstream ISPs" }],
              "question": "what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?",
              "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? ",
              "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what do transit ISPs provide? ",
              "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "a tier 1 carrier" }],
              "question": "A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?",
              "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "point of presence" }],
              "question": "What is a PoP?",
              "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Transit ISPs" }],
              "question": "What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?",
              "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e143"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "virtual ISP" }],
              "question": "What is a VISP?",
              "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "mobile virtual network operators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do VISPs resemble? ",
              "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "a wholesale ISP" }],
              "question": "What do visps purchase services from? ",
              "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Internet service providers that provide service free of charge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are free ISPs?",
              "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "advertisements" }],
              "question": "What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?",
              "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "commercial television" }
              ],
              "question": "What are free ISPs similar to? ",
              "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "on a nonprofit basis" }
              ],
              "question": "How are freenets run? ",
              "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e16b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2,
                  "text": "wireless Internet service provider"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a WISP? ",
              "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technology is part of a WISP?",
              "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? ",
              "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "wireless networking" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?",
              "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e174"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted\u2014data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is peering? ",
              "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does peering allow? ",
              "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is peering used? ",
              "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Internet exchange points" }
              ],
              "question": "What are IXs? ",
              "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "peering points or Internet exchange points"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do multiple ISPs connect? ",
              "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? ",
              "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the most efficient route" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of route does data follow? ",
              "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "intelligence agencies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? ",
              "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "PRISM" }],
              "question": "What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?",
              "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abdde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does PRISM do? ",
              "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? ",
              "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 831,
                  "text": "allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? ",
              "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Comics",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tank\u014dbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "fumetti" }],
              "question": "Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?",
              "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "speech balloons" }],
              "question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?",
              "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "online webcomics" }],
              "question": "What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?",
              "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "narrative pacing" }],
              "question": "The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?",
              "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1830s" }],
              "question": "When did Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer create cartoons?",
              "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "Superman" }],
              "question": "Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?",
              "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "manga" }],
              "question": "What is Japanese cartooning known as?",
              "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es" }
              ],
              "question": "French comics are also known as what?",
              "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "when it refers to the medium" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?",
              "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 792, "text": "recurring characters" }
              ],
              "question": "The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?",
              "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "images and text" }],
              "question": "Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?",
              "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "manga" }],
              "question": "What are Japanese comics called?",
              "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?",
              "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Richard F. Outcault" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?",
              "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?",
              "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "satirical" }],
              "question": "What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?",
              "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Lascaux cave paintings" }
              ],
              "question": "In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?",
              "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?",
              "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "hieroglyphs" }],
              "question": "In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?",
              "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Trajan's Column" }],
              "question": "In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?",
              "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "The Glasgow Looking Glass" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?",
              "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?",
              "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Punch" }],
              "question": "In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?",
              "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Ally Sloper" }],
              "question": "Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?",
              "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "When did Ally Sloper first appear?",
              "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "New York World" }],
              "question": "Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?",
              "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid" }
              ],
              "question": "Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?",
              "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Mutt and Jeff" }],
              "question": "What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?",
              "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "When did Mutt and Jeff appear?",
              "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When did comic books make an appearance?",
              "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Action Comics" }],
              "question": "Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?",
              "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "crime and horror" }],
              "question": "Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?",
              "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Comics Code Authority" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?",
              "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?",
              "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 938, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When did the alternative comics movement begin?",
              "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "Serialization of comics became less popular when?",
              "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "as albums" }],
              "question": "How were comics published when serialization became less common?",
              "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "L'Association" }],
              "question": "Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?",
              "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "print market" }],
              "question": "Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?",
              "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kiby\u014dshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?",
              "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "woodblock prints" }],
              "question": "What is ukiyo-e an example of?",
              "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinp\u014d newspaper\u2014the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?",
              "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "Western expatriates" }
              ],
              "question": "Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?",
              "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When did Jiji Manga debut?",
              "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "Rakuten Kitazawa" }],
              "question": "Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?",
              "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?",
              "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Sazae-san" }],
              "question": "What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?",
              "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "magazines" }],
              "question": "Where were comic strip stories first serialized?",
              "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "after World War II" }],
              "question": "What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?",
              "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "newspapers" }],
              "question": "Where do comics usually appear?",
              "id": "56e02db6231d4119001abf8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines\u2014monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "magazines" }],
              "question": "Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?",
              "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "monthly or weekly" }],
              "question": "How often are European serialized comics in magazines?",
              "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "weekly" }],
              "question": "How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?",
              "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "hundreds of pages" }],
              "question": "How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?",
              "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"\u2014a term normally associated with fiction\u2014\"graphic novel\" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tank\u014dbon following magazine serialization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "graphic novels" }],
              "question": "What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?",
              "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "tank\u014dbon" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?",
              "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "fiction" }],
              "question": "What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?",
              "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "graphic novels" }],
              "question": "What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?",
              "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e311"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?",
              "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "1843" }],
              "question": "When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?",
              "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Punch" }],
              "question": "In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?",
              "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "lowbrow reputation" }],
              "question": "What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?",
              "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "cultural elites" }],
              "question": "Who thought pop culture was a risk?",
              "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Comics" }],
              "question": "What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?",
              "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The graphic novel\u2014book-length comics\u2014began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "graphic novel" }],
              "question": "What is a comic that is as long as a book called?",
              "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Will Eisner" }],
              "question": "Who helped \"graphic novel\" get public attention?",
              "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade did the term \"graphic novel\" become well known by the public?",
              "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "webcomics" }],
              "question": "In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?",
              "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Maus" }],
              "question": "The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize \"graphic novel\" as a term?",
              "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The francophone Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?",
              "id": "56e031847aa994140058e33f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What century had comics in wide production?",
              "id": "56e031847aa994140058e340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Zig et Puce" }],
              "question": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?",
              "id": "56e031847aa994140058e341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Franco-Belgian" }],
              "question": "What comics began to dominate in Europe?",
              "id": "56e031847aa994140058e342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "When was \"The Adventures of Tintin\" serialized?",
              "id": "56e031847aa994140058e343"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934\u201344), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bear up to the slightest serious analysis\",[c] and that comics were \"the sabotage of all art and all literature\".[d]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "literacy" }],
              "question": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?",
              "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "comics" }],
              "question": "What was seen as \"infantile\" in the United States?",
              "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "literature" }],
              "question": "Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?",
              "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1960s, the term bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including Ren\u00e9 Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "drawn strips" }],
              "question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?",
              "id": "56e032247aa994140058e349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Ninth Art" }],
              "question": "Comics for adults began to be called what?",
              "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "What year did Pilote begin?",
              "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Adventures of Asterix" }
              ],
              "question": "What became a best-seller comic in the French language?",
              "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'\u00c9cho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of M\u0153bius and others in M\u00e9tal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "editorial interference" }
              ],
              "question": "Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?",
              "id": "56e032687aa994140058e353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was L'\u00c9cho des savanes begun?",
              "id": "56e032687aa994140058e354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "science fiction" }],
              "question": "M\u00e9tal hurlant was of what genre?",
              "id": "56e032687aa994140058e356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "prestige" }],
              "question": "What format did adult comics begin to be published in?",
              "id": "56e032687aa994140058e357"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a \"grammar\" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a \"manga expression theory\",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Nihon Manga-Shi" }],
              "question": "Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?",
              "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?",
              "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1079,
                  "text": "Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?",
              "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1209, "text": "Frederik L. Schodt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?",
              "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1230,
                  "text": "Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What publication is Schodt responsible for?",
              "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e361"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called \"sequential art\" as \"the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea\"; Scott McCloud defined comics \"juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer\", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as \"pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa\". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting \"the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content\". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Coulton Waugh" }],
              "question": "Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?",
              "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "The Comics" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Waugh's work?",
              "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "David Carrier" }],
              "question": "Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?",
              "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Comics and Sequential Art" }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?",
              "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e375"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for \"comics\" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strip\") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es" }
              ],
              "question": "What word is used in France for comics?",
              "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "manga" }],
              "question": "What word is used in Japan for comics?",
              "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "drawn strip" }],
              "question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?",
              "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "drawn images" }],
              "question": "What is the definitive factor of bandes dessin\u00e9es?",
              "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e389"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas\u2014meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Webcomics" }],
              "question": "What comics are on the Internet?",
              "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "readers" }],
              "question": "Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?",
              "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "archived installments" }
              ],
              "question": "With webcomics, readers have access to what?",
              "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "infinite canvas" }],
              "question": "Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?",
              "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Wordless novels" }],
              "question": "Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?",
              "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Film studios" }],
              "question": "Storyboards are used a lot by what?",
              "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "an end product" }],
              "question": "Storyboards are not considered what?",
              "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "the public" }],
              "question": "Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?",
              "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Wordless novels" }],
              "question": "A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?",
              "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as T\u00f6pffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "consensus" }],
              "question": "What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?",
              "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Theorists" }],
              "question": "R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?",
              "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "pantomime comics" }],
              "question": "What are there prominent examples of in comic history?",
              "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "images" }],
              "question": "Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?",
              "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?",
              "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European comics studies began with T\u00f6pffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual\u2013verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text\u2013image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed \"closure\". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or \"multiframe\", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Beno\u00eet Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' po\u00efetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of \"les litt\u00e9ratures dessin\u00e9es\" (or \"drawn literatures\"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound \"grammars\" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "his own" }],
              "question": "In the 1840s, T\u00f6pffer wrote theories about whose work?",
              "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Henri Vanlier" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the term \"multiframe\"?",
              "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle" }
              ],
              "question": "Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1096, "text": "Neil Cohn" }],
              "question": "Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?",
              "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0441, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "komiks" }],
              "question": "What Russian word is used for comics?",
              "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "comics" }],
              "question": "What German word is used for comics?",
              "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "manhua" }],
              "question": "What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?",
              "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "manhwa" }],
              "question": "What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?",
              "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English term comics derives from the humorous (or \"comic\") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term \"comic book\" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "newspaper comic strips" }
              ],
              "question": "The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?",
              "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001abfff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "non-humorous" }],
              "question": "Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?",
              "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "periodicals" }],
              "question": "Comic books are what type of books?",
              "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "manga" }],
              "question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?",
              "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?",
              "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "specialists" }],
              "question": "Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?",
              "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "penciller" }],
              "question": "What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?",
              "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "finishes the artwork in ink" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an inker do?",
              "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Panels" }],
              "question": "What are the individual images with action called in comics?",
              "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "encapsulation" }],
              "question": "Narrative is placed into panels using what?",
              "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "The reader" }],
              "question": "Who puts the panels together using closure?",
              "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "arrangement" }],
              "question": "Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?",
              "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "asynchronous" }],
              "question": "When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?",
              "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Speech balloons" }],
              "question": "What association with comics is strong?",
              "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "comics" }],
              "question": "The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?",
              "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "onomatopoeia" }],
              "question": "What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?",
              "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "India ink" }],
              "question": "What type of ink is often used in making comics?",
              "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cartooning" }],
              "question": "What method is mostly used in making comics?",
              "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "digital technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?",
              "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "abstract symbols" }],
              "question": "Motion lines and what are often used in comics?",
              "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3fa"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Saint_Helena",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena (/\u02ccse\u026ant h\u0259\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0259/ SAYNT-h\u0259-LEE-n\u0259) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "Saint Helena of Constantinople"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?",
              "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "South Atlantic Ocean" }
              ],
              "question": "What ocean is Saint Helena located in?",
              "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "4,255" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "16 by 8 kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?",
              "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1502" }],
              "question": "When was the island discovered?",
              "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "more than 5,000" }],
              "question": "How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?",
              "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "leading a Zulu army against British rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?",
              "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "environmentalism" }],
              "question": "The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "rainfall" }],
              "question": "What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "environmental change" }
              ],
              "question": "The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?",
              "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator Jo\u00e3o da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it \"Santa Helena\" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Est\u00eav\u00e3o da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thom\u00e9 Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "21 May 1502" }],
              "question": "What date was the island discovered on?",
              "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Jo\u00e3o da Nova" }],
              "question": "What navigator discovered the island?",
              "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "What country was Jo\u00e3o da Nova doing service for?",
              "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Helena of Constantinople" }
              ],
              "question": "What person is Saint Helena Island named after?",
              "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "trees and fresh water." }
              ],
              "question": "What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?",
              "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "livestock, fruit trees and vegetables"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was imported by the settlers of the island?",
              "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "a chapel and one or two houses."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?",
              "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "mariners" }],
              "question": "Who was left on the island to recover when sick?",
              "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?",
              "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake" }
              ],
              "question": "Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?",
              "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Portuguese India carracks" }
              ],
              "question": "What did English ships of war attack on the island?",
              "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "the Dutch" }],
              "question": "Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?",
              "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "The Portuguese and Spanish" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?",
              "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Dutch Republic" }],
              "question": "Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?",
              "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1651" }],
              "question": "What year did the Dutch abandon the island?",
              "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Cape of Good Hope." }
              ],
              "question": "Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?",
              "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "the English East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Oliver Cromwell" }],
              "question": "Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?",
              "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Captain John Dutton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1659" }],
              "question": "What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "East India Company" }],
              "question": "Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?",
              "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e307"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "new immigrants" }],
              "question": "What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?",
              "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Ecological problems" }
              ],
              "question": "What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?",
              "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Isaac Pyke" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Mauritius" }],
              "question": "What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?",
              "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "610" }],
              "question": "How many slaves were on the island in 1723?",
              "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791\u201392 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "1770" }],
              "question": "When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?",
              "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "James Cook" }],
              "question": "What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?",
              "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "St. James' Church" }],
              "question": "What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?",
              "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Plantation House" }],
              "question": "What is the official residence of the governor?",
              "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Edmond Halley" }],
              "question": "Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e031357aa994140058e335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "University of Oxford" }
              ],
              "question": "What university did Edmond Halley attend?",
              "id": "56e031357aa994140058e336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?",
              "id": "56e031357aa994140058e337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Longwood district" }],
              "question": "What district is the telescope set up in?",
              "id": "56e031357aa994140058e338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Southern" }],
              "question": "What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?",
              "id": "56e031357aa994140058e339"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "East India Company" }],
              "question": "Saint Helena was an important port of which company?",
              "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "water and provisions" }
              ],
              "question": "What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "HMS Endeavour" }],
              "question": "What vessel was owned by Captain James?",
              "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "HMS Endeavour" }],
              "question": "What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?",
              "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Royal" }],
              "question": "Vessels of what navy protected convoys?",
              "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802\u20131807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "importation of slaves" }
              ],
              "question": "What was made illegal in 1792?",
              "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "What year did Coolie labourers arrive?",
              "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?",
              "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "3,507" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the island in 1814?",
              "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte" }],
              "question": "The British government detained who in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e036337aa994140058e38f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?",
              "id": "56e036337aa994140058e390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Briars pavilion" }],
              "question": "Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?",
              "id": "56e036337aa994140058e391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Longwood House" }],
              "question": "What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?",
              "id": "56e036337aa994140058e392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1821" }],
              "question": "What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?",
              "id": "56e036337aa994140058e393"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "East India Company" }],
              "question": "Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?",
              "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the packet schooner St Helena" }
              ],
              "question": "The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?",
              "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "wine and provisions" }
              ],
              "question": "The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?",
              "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena\u2019s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "coffee" }],
              "question": "Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?",
              "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?",
              "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "coffee" }],
              "question": "What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?",
              "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?",
              "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "British Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who banned slavery in their colonies?",
              "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "1833 India Act" }],
              "question": "What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?",
              "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "East India Company" }],
              "question": "Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?",
              "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "steam ships" }],
              "question": "During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?",
              "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "1,100" }],
              "question": "How many ships were going to the island in 1855?",
              "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "288" }],
              "question": "By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?",
              "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?",
              "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "over 15,000" }],
              "question": "Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?",
              "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Liberated Africans" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the freed slaves known as?",
              "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?",
              "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?",
              "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Napoleon I" }],
              "question": "Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?",
              "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has authority over Longwood house?",
              "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Joshua Slocum" }],
              "question": "Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?",
              "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "11 April 1898" }],
              "question": "When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?",
              "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "20 April 1898" }],
              "question": "When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?",
              "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Sir R A Standale" }],
              "question": "Who presented two lectures on their voyage?",
              "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?",
              "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Ascension Island" }],
              "question": "What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?",
              "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Wideawake airport" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?",
              "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "What year was Wideawake Airport built?",
              "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "flax" }],
              "question": "What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?",
              "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "What year did flax prices peak?",
              "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "synthetic fibres" }],
              "question": "The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?",
              "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "What year did the Island's flax mills close?",
              "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in Avonmouth, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS (Royal Mail Ship) St Helena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?",
              "id": "56e063197aa994140058e439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Curnow Shipping" }],
              "question": "Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?",
              "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?",
              "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "right of abode in Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?",
              "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "The Development and Economic Planning Department"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?",
              "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "Falkland Islands and Ascension Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?",
              "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?",
              "id": "56e064667aa994140058e441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Prince Andrew" }],
              "question": "Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?",
              "id": "56e064667aa994140058e442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route" }
              ],
              "question": "What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?",
              "id": "56e064667aa994140058e443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "a mixed cargo/passenger layout."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?",
              "id": "56e064667aa994140058e444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?",
              "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?",
              "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "British Overseas Territories" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the dependent territories renamed to?",
              "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac089"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UK government has spent \u00a3250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "250 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?",
              "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "UK government" }],
              "question": "Which government built the island's airport?",
              "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "early 2016" }],
              "question": "When was the airport expected to be fully functional?",
              "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "tourism" }],
              "question": "Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?",
              "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "up to 30,000" }],
              "question": "How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?",
              "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Namibe" }],
              "question": "What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e066467aa994140058e449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?",
              "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "RMS St Helena" }],
              "question": "What is the mail boat that serves the island called?",
              "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "What hemisphere is the island located in?",
              "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "West Africa" }],
              "question": "What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?",
              "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac09f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "volcanic" }],
              "question": "What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?",
              "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "2,684" }],
              "question": "How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?",
              "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Millennium Forest project" }
              ],
              "question": "What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?",
              "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "one kilometre" }],
              "question": "How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?",
              "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?",
              "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Southwest" }],
              "question": "Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?",
              "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "West" }],
              "question": "Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?",
              "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Southeast" }],
              "question": "Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?",
              "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Saint Helena plover" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the national bird of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "wirebird" }],
              "question": "What is the Plover known locally as?",
              "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously. The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21\u201328 \u00b0C (70\u201382 \u00b0F) in the summer (January to April) and 17\u201324 \u00b0C (63\u201375 \u00b0F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5\u20136 \u00b0C (9.0\u201310.8 \u00b0F) lower. Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750\u20131,000 mm (30\u201339 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier. There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Benguela Current" }],
              "question": "What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "5\u20136" }],
              "question": "On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?",
              "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?",
              "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "statistical subdivisions" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the districts also serve as?",
              "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain \u2013 settlers (\"planters\") and soldiers \u2013 and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement \u2013 initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1659" }],
              "question": "When was Saint Helena first settled?",
              "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "4,250" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the island in 1659",
              "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?",
              "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "India and Madagascar" }
              ],
              "question": "Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?",
              "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?",
              "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "a provisioning station" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?",
              "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e46f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "British West Africa Squadron" }
              ],
              "question": "What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?",
              "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?",
              "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?",
              "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "many thousands" }],
              "question": "How many slaves were freed from the island?",
              "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e473"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?",
              "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "618" }],
              "question": "How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?",
              "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1818" }],
              "question": "What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?",
              "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "British Overseas Territories citizenship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?",
              "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "21 May 2002" }],
              "question": "On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?",
              "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of \"Saints\" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since \"Saints\" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "emigration" }],
              "question": "What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?",
              "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "late 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?",
              "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 632, "text": "prospect of higher wages" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?",
              "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e486"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Anglican" }],
              "question": "What communion do most residents of the island belong to?",
              "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?",
              "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Diocese of St Helena" }
              ],
              "question": "Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?",
              "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "bishop" }],
              "question": "The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?",
              "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1852" }],
              "question": "When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?",
              "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?",
              "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "When did Baptists come to the island?",
              "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?",
              "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?",
              "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" }],
              "question": "Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "the Governor" }],
              "question": "Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?",
              "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e49a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a \"Chief Councillor\" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 885, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e49f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "the Governor" }],
              "question": "Who presides over the executive council?",
              "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "the Governor" }],
              "question": "The head of government on the island is who?",
              "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "23 March 2013" }],
              "question": "When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?",
              "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981\u20132002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "loss of full passports" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused high unemployment on the island?",
              "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "King George VI" }],
              "question": "Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?",
              "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "What year did King George VI visit the island?",
              "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?",
              "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015. Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?",
              "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "awareness-raising articles" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of articles were published to help this plan?",
              "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "with human rights queries" }
              ],
              "question": "How was support for members of the public given?",
              "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "reports of child abuse" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the United Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?",
              "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena plover or wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks, in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas. On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "endemic" }],
              "question": "Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?",
              "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "vascular" }],
              "question": "What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "BirdLife International" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?",
              "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "UNESCO World Heritage Sites" }
              ],
              "question": " Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?",
              "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St Helena's biodiversity, however, also includes marine vertebrates, invertebrates (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), fungi (including lichen-forming species), non-vascular plants, seaweeds and other biological groups. To date, very little is known about these, although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded, including 9 endemics, suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "more than 200" }],
              "question": "How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?",
              "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "9" }],
              "question": "How many endemic species of fungi have been found?",
              "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "freshwater, terrestrial and marine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?",
              "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac133"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "monocrop" }],
              "question": "What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?",
              "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "What year did the crop economy change?",
              "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "flax" }],
              "question": "What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?",
              "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "aid from the British government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?",
              "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "How much % of production does the public sector cover?",
              "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena. Some 3,200 short-term visitors arrived on the island in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the tourist industry mostly based around?",
              "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "sportfishing" }],
              "question": "What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?",
              "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many hotels are on the island?",
              "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "the RMS St Helena" }],
              "question": "Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?",
              "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica (\"Tungi\" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "coffee" }],
              "question": "What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?",
              "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Opuntia ficus-indica" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Tungi Spirit made out of?",
              "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "postage stamps" }],
              "question": "Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?",
              "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from \u00a312 million in 1999-2000 to \u00a311 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to \u00a36.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to \u00a30.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were \u00a30.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about \u00a30.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "\u00a312 million" }],
              "question": "What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?",
              "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "\u00a311 million" }],
              "question": "By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?",
              "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the UK and South Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?",
              "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "fish and coffee" }],
              "question": "What are the main exports of the island?",
              "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "\u00a30.4 million" }],
              "question": "Tourists spent how much in  2004-05?",
              "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public expenditure rose from \u00a310 million in 2001-02 to \u00a312 million in 2005-06 to \u00a328m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from \u00a34.6 million in to \u00a36.4 million to \u00a312.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "\u00a310 million" }],
              "question": "How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?",
              "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "\u00a312 million" }],
              "question": "By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?",
              "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "\u00a328m" }],
              "question": "In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?",
              "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "\u00a312.1 million" }
              ],
              "question": "UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?",
              "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "38%" }],
              "question": " Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?",
              "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac167"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena\u2019s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?",
              "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?",
              "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?",
              "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "218" }],
              "question": "How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e525"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than \u00a320 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that represents 20% of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "What % of households were spending less than \u00a320 per week in 2004",
              "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?",
              "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population is over age 60?",
              "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor \u2013 presumably London partners \u2013 that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "70,560" }],
              "question": "How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?",
              "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Saul Solomon" }],
              "question": "Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?",
              "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "a halfpenny" }],
              "question": "How much was each copper token worth?",
              "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When did the Crown take over the island?",
              "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e534"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Georgetown, Ascension Island and it took over the business of the St. Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Saint Helena pound" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Saint Helena currency?",
              "id": "56e079637aa994140058e539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "coinage and banknotes" }
              ],
              "question": "The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?",
              "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?",
              "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "pound sterling" }],
              "question": "The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?",
              "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac19f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "ship" }],
              "question": "What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Ascension Island" }],
              "question": "A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?",
              "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "RAF flights" }],
              "question": "What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?",
              "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. However, its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "RMS Saint Helena" }],
              "question": "What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?",
              "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?",
              "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "the airport" }],
              "question": "What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?",
              "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005. The airport was expected to be completed by 2010. However an approved bidder, the Italian firm Impregilo, was not chosen until 2008, and then the project was put on hold in November 2008, allegedly due to new financial pressures brought on by the Financial crisis of 2007\u20132010. By January 2009, construction had not commenced and no final contracts had been signed. Governor Andrew Gurr departed for London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "March 2005" }],
              "question": "When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?",
              "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "The airport was expected to be completed by what year?",
              "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Impregilo" }],
              "question": "Who was the approved bidder for the airport?",
              "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Andrew Gurr" }],
              "question": "Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?",
              "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa and the UK. In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg, starting from 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "22 July 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Basil Read" }],
              "question": "Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? ",
              "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "February 2016" }],
              "question": "The new airport opening date is when?",
              "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "South Africa and the UK" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?",
              "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Comair" }],
              "question": "Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "South African Beechcraft King Air 200"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?",
              "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "15 September 2015" }],
              "question": "What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?",
              "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "the airport's radio navigation equipment."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?",
              "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?",
              "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "HMS Lancaster" }],
              "question": "Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?",
              "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "23 October 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?",
              "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A minibus" }],
              "question": "What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Jamestown" }],
              "question": "Where does the minibus travel to?",
              "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "weekdays" }],
              "question": "On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?",
              "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e566"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Christmas Day 1967" }],
              "question": "What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?",
              "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "62" }],
              "question": "What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?",
              "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?",
              "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "St Helena Herald" }],
              "question": "What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?",
              "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "25 December 2012" }],
              "question": "What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?",
              "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Independent (which continues).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "January 2005" }],
              "question": "What date was Saint FM radio launched?",
              "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "21 December 2012" }],
              "question": "What date was Saint FM radio closed?",
              "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "St Helena Independent" }
              ],
              "question": "Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?",
              "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Saint FM Community Radio" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?",
              "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "10 March 2013" }],
              "question": "What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?",
              "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "everyone" }],
              "question": "What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?",
              "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist, working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "a former print and BBC journalist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs Saint Helena online?",
              "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Saint FM and the St Helena Independent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?",
              "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sure South Atlantic Ltd (\"Sure\") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "television" }],
              "question": "What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?",
              "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?",
              "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "a satellite dish" }],
              "question": "What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?",
              "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "telecommunications" }],
              "question": "SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?",
              "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "digital copper-based telephone network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?",
              "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "August 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the first fibre-optic network installed?",
              "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?",
              "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When was the satellite dish installed?",
              "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "The Briars" }],
              "question": "Where was the satellite dish installed?",
              "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "sun outages" }],
              "question": "Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?",
              "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit \"2\", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these still shown as 4 digits).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "+290" }],
              "question": "What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Tristan da Cunha" }],
              "question": "Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?",
              "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1 October 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?",
              "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?",
              "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac203"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "10/3.6 Mbit/s" }],
              "question": "What speed is Saint Helena internet access?",
              "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Intelsat 707" }],
              "question": "What is the internet service provided through?",
              "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "SURE" }],
              "question": "Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "more than 4,000" }],
              "question": "What kind of population does SURE service?",
              "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many satellites provide the link to the internet?",
              "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite \u00a316 per month to gold+ at \u00a3190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "ADSL" }],
              "question": "What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?",
              "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?",
              "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "\u00a316 per month" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the lite price of the broadband service?",
              "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "\u00a3190 per month" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the gold price of the broadband service?",
              "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Jamestown" }],
              "question": "What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?",
              "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac221"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the \u00a310m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "6,214" }],
              "question": "How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?",
              "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "eFive" }],
              "question": "Who runs the South Atlantic Express?",
              "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "6 October 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "A Human Right" }],
              "question": "Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?",
              "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many local newspapers does the island have?",
              "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "the Internet" }],
              "question": "Where are both newspapers available?",
              "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "November 2005" }],
              "question": "Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?",
              "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?",
              "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac234"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many primary schools does the island have?",
              "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 primary schools called?",
              "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Prince Andrew School" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the secondary school for the island?",
              "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "230" }],
              "question": "How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?",
              "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "weekly" }],
              "question": "When does the mobile library service operate?",
              "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Education and Employment Directorate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides programs to students with special needs?",
              "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac246"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered \u2013 from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The UK national curriculum" }
              ],
              "question": "What curriculum does the island adapt?",
              "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e59f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the qualifications offered?",
              "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e5a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "International Island Games Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?",
              "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?",
              "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?",
              "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Governor's cup take place? ",
              "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "December/January" }],
              "question": "What months does the Governor's cup take place?",
              "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "December 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?",
              "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "scouting and guiding" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?",
              "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?",
              "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Lord and Lady Baden-Powell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?",
              "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "African Adventures" }
              ],
              "question": "What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?",
              "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac266"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Aspirated_consonant",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "phonetics" }],
              "question": "Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?",
              "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "allophones" }],
              "question": "Aspirated consonants are what in English?",
              "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Indian and East Asian" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?",
              "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac015"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [p\u02b0\u026an] and then spin [sp\u026an]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "pin" }],
              "question": "With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?",
              "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "aspirated" }],
              "question": "In English the first consonant in \"pin\" is what?",
              "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e402"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative \u27e8h\u27e9. For instance, \u27e8p\u27e9 represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and \u27e8p\u02b0\u27e9 represents the aspirated bilabial stop.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "International Phonetic Alphabet" }
              ],
              "question": "What does IPA stand for?",
              "id": "56e042487aa994140058e407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "voiceless consonants" }
              ],
              "question": "Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?",
              "id": "56e042487aa994140058e408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "p" }],
              "question": "What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?",
              "id": "56e042487aa994140058e409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "aspirated bilabial stop" }
              ],
              "question": "p\u02b0 represents what?",
              "id": "56e042487aa994140058e40a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, such as \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Voiced consonants" }],
              "question": "What is not often aspirated?",
              "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "breathy" }],
              "question": "The symbol followed by b\u02b0 would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?",
              "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "breathy-voiced" }],
              "question": "Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?",
              "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e412"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated \u27e8k\u27e9 and aspirated \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9. An old symbol for light aspiration was \u27e8\u02bb\u27e9, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed \u27e8k\u02b0 k\u02b0\u02b0\u27e9 or \u27e8k\u02bb\u27e9 and \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [k\u02b0], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "degrees of aspiration" }
              ],
              "question": "There are no IPA symbols for what?",
              "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "aspiration modifier" }
              ],
              "question": "What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?",
              "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Korean" }],
              "question": "What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?",
              "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "numerically" }],
              "question": "How are voice-onset time details usually presented?",
              "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: \u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9 represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A preaspirated consonant is marked how?",
              "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?",
              "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac024"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration \u27e8\u25cc\u02ed\u27e9, a superscript equal sign: \u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: \u27e8t\u27e9.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "with the modifier letter" }
              ],
              "question": "How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?",
              "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "\u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the superscript equal sign?",
              "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "left unmarked" }],
              "question": "Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?",
              "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "\u27e8t\u27e9" }],
              "question": "How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?",
              "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac02a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Voiceless consonants" }
              ],
              "question": "What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?",
              "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "voiced consonants" }],
              "question": "What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?",
              "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Voiceless aspiration" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?",
              "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Navajo" }],
              "question": "Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?",
              "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "an extended length of the frication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?",
              "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e418"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "consonant clusters" }
              ],
              "question": "In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?",
              "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Wahgi" }],
              "question": "Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?",
              "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "unaspirated stops" }],
              "question": "As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?",
              "id": "56e047997aa994140058e422"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "place of articulation" }
              ],
              "question": "Aspiration alters with what?",
              "id": "56e048cf231d4119001ac039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?",
              "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "An aspirated affricate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?",
              "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac098"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Icelandic and Faroese" }
              ],
              "question": "What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]?",
              "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "consonant clusters" }],
              "question": "What do scholars say the preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k] are too?",
              "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "double stops and single stops" }
              ],
              "question": "What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?",
              "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /t\u0283/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([\u02b0p], [\u02b0t] [\u02b0ts], [\u02b0t\u0283], [\u02b0k]) when they occur in medial or final position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Preaspirated stops" }],
              "question": "The Sami tongue also has what?",
              "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "North Sami" }],
              "question": "Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?",
              "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [s\u02b0], [f\u02b0] or [\u0255\u02b0] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [s\u02b0] [\u0255\u02b0], [\u0282\u02b0] and [x\u02b0].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "up to four" }],
              "question": "How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?",
              "id": "56e06908231d4119001ac0c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [b\u02b1], [d\u02b1], [\u0261\u02b1] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b\u0361p\u02b0, d\u0361t\u02b0, d\u0361ts\u02b0, d\u0361t\u0283\u02b0, \u0261\u0361k\u02b0, \u0262\u0361q\u02b0, \u1da2\u0298\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c0\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c1\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c3\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c2\u02b0].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "True aspirated voiced consonants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?",
              "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "rare" }],
              "question": "True aspirated consonants are considered what?",
              "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Kx'a languages" }],
              "question": "True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?",
              "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aspiration" }],
              "question": "What has a different significance in various languages?",
              "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "allophonic or phonemic" }
              ],
              "question": "What two forms can aspiration be in?",
              "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e47a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "allophonic" }],
              "question": "Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?",
              "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "voicing" }],
              "question": "How are stops distinguished?",
              "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "aspirated" }],
              "question": "Voiceless stops are at times what?",
              "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "unaspirated" }],
              "question": "Voiced stops are most often what?",
              "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [t\u02b0] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "unaspirated" }],
              "question": "When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?",
              "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "compound words" }],
              "question": "If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?",
              "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "aspirated" }],
              "question": "If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?",
              "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "unaspirated" }],
              "question": "If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?",
              "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p\u02ed s\u02ed] and aspirated consonants like [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "phonemic" }],
              "question": "In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?",
              "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "phonemes" }],
              "question": "[p\u02ed s\u02ed] and [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate what?",
              "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the \"lenis\" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9 are distinguished from their fortis counterparts \u27e8p t k\u27e9, mainly in their lack of aspiration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "their lack of aspiration" }
              ],
              "question": "How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?",
              "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "\u27e8p t k\u27e9" }],
              "question": "If the lenis are \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9, what are the fortis counterparts?",
              "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e494"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t t\u02b0/, /t\u0361s t\u0361s\u02b0/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /t\u02b0/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "aspiration" }],
              "question": "Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?",
              "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "pinyin" }],
              "question": "Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?",
              "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "aspirated stops" }],
              "question": "What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?",
              "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p p\u02b0 b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (\u967d y\u00e1ng) tone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wu Chinese" }],
              "question": "What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?",
              "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "/p p\u02b0 b/" }],
              "question": "What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?",
              "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Muddy consonants" }],
              "question": "What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?",
              "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "slack or breathy" }],
              "question": "What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?",
              "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p p\u02b0 b b\u02b1/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p p\u02b0 b/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?",
              "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "breathy-voiced" }],
              "question": "What is another term for voice-aspirated?",
              "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "breathy-voiced consonants" }
              ],
              "question": "Which distinction has Punjabi lost?",
              "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac111"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Dravidian" }],
              "question": "Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?",
              "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "native Dravidian words" }
              ],
              "question": "What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?",
              "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac119"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /t\u02b0 d/. Western Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Western Armenian" }],
              "question": "What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?",
              "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "/d/" }],
              "question": "Western Armenian /t\u02b0/ compares to eastern Armenian /t\u02b0/ and what?",
              "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "/t/" }],
              "question": "The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?",
              "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t t\u02b0 d/. These stops were called \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \"thin, thick, middle\" by Koine Greek grammarians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "aspirated stops." }],
              "question": "Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?",
              "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Classical Attic" }],
              "question": "What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?",
              "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Greek grammarians" }],
              "question": "Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?",
              "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /k\u02b7\u02b0/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "/p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the representation for the three places of articulation?",
              "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Mycenaean Greek" }],
              "question": "Earlier Greek was represented by what?",
              "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "dialect and phonetic environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?",
              "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /t\u02b0/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?",
              "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Ionic and Aeolic" }],
              "question": "Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?",
              "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "fricative" }],
              "question": "Rather than /t\u02b0/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?",
              "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /t\u02b0 d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "voiceless and voiced fricatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Attic Greek lenited to what?",
              "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Medieval and Modern Greek" }
              ],
              "question": "The lenited Attic Greek yielded /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in what periods?",
              "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [\u0294 h \u0266].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "debuccalization" }],
              "question": "Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?",
              "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "glottal stop or fricative" }
              ],
              "question": "Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?",
              "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "lenited" }],
              "question": "What is another term for a consonant being weakened?",
              "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9 after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the \"voiced aspirated\" bilabial stop \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as \u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter \u27e8b\u02b1\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative \u27e8\u0266\u27e9.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is breathy voice?",
              "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "\u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?",
              "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e50d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9 for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "murmured sonorants" }],
              "question": "What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to?",
              "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "vowels and nasals" }],
              "question": "What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?",
              "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "breathy-voiced release of obstruents."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What uses the \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9?",
              "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e515"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hydrogen",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "H" }],
              "question": "What is hydrogens chemical symbol?",
              "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen" }],
              "question": "What element is considered the lightest?",
              "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid\u2013base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schr\u00f6dinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "molecular" }],
              "question": "What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?",
              "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "H2" }],
              "question": "What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "colorless, odorless, tasteless"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?",
              "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?",
              "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1159, "text": "quantum mechanics" }
              ],
              "question": "What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?",
              "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766\u201381, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means \"water-former\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "early 16th century" }],
              "question": "When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?",
              "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Henry Cavendish" }],
              "question": "Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?",
              "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "When it is burned what does hydrogen make?",
              "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "water-former" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "the fertilizer market" }
              ],
              "question": "What market primarily uses ammonia production?",
              "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "hydrocracking" }],
              "question": "Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.",
              "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is \u2212286 kJ/mol:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "286 kJ/mol" }],
              "question": "For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?",
              "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac17f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two forms of hydrogen gas?",
              "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen" }],
              "question": "Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at \u2212286 kJ/mol?",
              "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac181"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4\u201374% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5\u201395% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 \u00b0C (932 \u00b0F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "ultraviolet light" }],
              "question": "What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?",
              "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "hydrogen combustion" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?",
              "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two other dangerous acids?",
              "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "room temperature" }],
              "question": "What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?",
              "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e505"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as \"orbiting\" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Bohr model" }],
              "question": "What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e077207aa994140058e519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "gravity" }],
              "question": "What attracts planets and celestial items?",
              "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "electrons and protons" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?",
              "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, Dirac equation or even the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all\u2014an illustration of how the \"planetary orbit\" conception of electron motion differs from reality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "angular" }],
              "question": "What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?",
              "id": "56e081487aa994140058e588"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1\u20442+1\u20442); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1\u20442\u20131\u20442). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the \"normal form\". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many different spin isomers exist?",
              "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "triplet state" }],
              "question": "What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?",
              "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "normal" }],
              "question": "When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>",
              "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?",
              "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?",
              "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling",
              "id": "56e088e17aa994140058e5ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with other similar molecules between their hydrogens called hydrogen bonding, which is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as the metals and metalloids, in which it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as hydrides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "positive charge" }],
              "question": "What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?",
              "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?",
              "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "hydrides" }],
              "question": "When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?",
              "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?",
              "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac293"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry. By some definitions, \"organic\" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word \"organic\" in chemistry. Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways, which seldom involve elementary hydrogen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "hydrocarbons" }],
              "question": "What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?",
              "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "organic compounds" }],
              "question": "What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?",
              "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "organic chemistry" }],
              "question": "What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?",
              "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "biochemistry" }],
              "question": "What is the study of living organisms known as?",
              "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?",
              "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term \"hydride\" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H\u2212, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH\n2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH\u2212\n4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Gilbert N. Lewis" }],
              "question": " Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?",
              "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "group II" }],
              "question": "What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?",
              "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "How many binary borane hydrides are known?",
              "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?",
              "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "inorganic chemistry" }],
              "question": "What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?",
              "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "link two metal centers" }
              ],
              "question": "What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?",
              "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "group 13" }],
              "question": "What group is briging ligands most common in?",
              "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "electrons" }],
              "question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?",
              "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "H+" }],
              "question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?",
              "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Bronsted-Lowry" }],
              "question": "What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?",
              "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e651"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted \"H+\" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "H+" }],
              "question": "What is another term for a bare proton?",
              "id": "56e09d01231d4119001ac2d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To avoid the implication of the naked \"solvated proton\" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the \"hydronium ion\" (H\n3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H\n9O+\n4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "in acidic solution with other solvents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can oxonium ions be found?",
              "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "hydronium ion" }],
              "question": "What other term is a solvated protons referred as?",
              "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "protonated" }],
              "question": "What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?",
              "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "trihydrogen cation" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?",
              "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac355"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "3H" }],
              "question": "How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>",
              "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "denoted 1H, 2H and 3H" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of these isotopes?",
              "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "4H to 7H" }],
              "question": "Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?",
              "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol for protium, P, is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, 2H, and 3H to be used, although 2H and 3H are preferred.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen" }],
              "question": "Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?",
              "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "deuterium and tritium" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?",
              "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "D and T" }],
              "question": "What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?",
              "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "phosphorus" }],
              "question": "What does the symbol P represent?",
              "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "2H and 3H" }],
              "question": "What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?",
              "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". He speculated that \"flammable air\" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called \"phlogiston\" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf- hydro meaning \"water\" and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 genes meaning \"creator\") when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1671" }],
              "question": "What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?",
              "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Robert Boyle" }],
              "question": "Who discovered Hydrogen gas?",
              "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Henry Cavendish" }],
              "question": "Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?",
              "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1766" }],
              "question": "In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?",
              "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What does gas produce when burned?",
              "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422eda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?",
              "id": "56e16aa1cd28a01900c678c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. Fran\u00e7ois Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The D\u00f6bereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "James Dewar" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "What year was Deuterium discovered?",
              "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Harold Urey" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to discover deuterium?",
              "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "What year was tritium discovered?",
              "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Jacques Charles" }],
              "question": "Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?",
              "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?",
              "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Zeppelins" }],
              "question": "what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?",
              "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?",
              "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?",
              "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year was this done?",
              "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "What year did the airship get destroyed?",
              "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "What city was the ship over when it caught fire?",
              "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?",
              "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Ohio" }],
              "question": "What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?",
              "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67939"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?",
              "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?",
              "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation H+\n2 allowed fuller understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "a proton and an electron" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hydrogen atom made up of?",
              "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "atomic structure" }],
              "question": "What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?",
              "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?",
              "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Maxwell" }],
              "question": "Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?",
              "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?",
              "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "quantum theory" }],
              "question": "What theory supports this?",
              "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percent of atoms is hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "dark matter and dark energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?",
              "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "stars" }],
              "question": "Clouds of H2 form what?",
              "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z=4.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "atomic and plasma" }],
              "question": "In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?",
              "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "plasma" }],
              "question": "Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?",
              "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "neutral atomic state" }
              ],
              "question": "in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?",
              "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 712,
                  "text": "cosmological baryonic density of the Universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?",
              "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "third most abundant" }
              ],
              "question": "How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?",
              "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "bacteria and algae" }
              ],
              "question": "what produces hydrogen gas?",
              "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+\n3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+\n2) is a rare molecule in the universe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "protonated molecular hydrogen" }
              ],
              "question": "What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?",
              "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Jupiter" }],
              "question": "On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "excited form" }],
              "question": "In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?",
              "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "H\n2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does nature produce H2?",
              "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "by-product of other reactions" }
              ],
              "question": "How do labs produce H2?",
              "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however, the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is in the range 80\u201394%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "electrolysis of water" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "anode" }],
              "question": "Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?",
              "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "cathode" }],
              "question": "Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?",
              "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "hydrogen" }],
              "question": "When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?",
              "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "alumina" }],
              "question": "What else can it produce?",
              "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "the expensive gallium" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be reused after the formation?",
              "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H\n2.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "hydrocarbons" }],
              "question": "The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?",
              "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?",
              "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0  MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as \"synthesis gas\" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "high pressures" }],
              "question": "At what pressure does PSA work best in?",
              "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "production of methanol" }
              ],
              "question": "What is synthesis gas used for?",
              "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Hydrocarbons" }],
              "question": "Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?",
              "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H\n2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can it be recovered through steam?",
              "id": "56e19b21e3433e140042300a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "ammonia" }],
              "question": "When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?",
              "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is hydrogen produced as a co product?",
              "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423012"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide\u2013cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?",
              "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "solar energy and water" }
              ],
              "question": "What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?",
              "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries are testing this?",
              "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "anaerobic" }],
              "question": "What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?",
              "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "formation of ferrous hydroxide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?",
              "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "green rust" }],
              "question": "What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?",
              "id": "56e19cebe3433e140042302a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "anaerobic" }],
              "question": "Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?",
              "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "magnetite and molecular hydrogen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this process form?",
              "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Schikorr reaction" }],
              "question": "What reaction describes this process?",
              "id": "56e19d84e3433e1400423030"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O\n2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H\n2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe\n2SiO\n4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe\n3O\n4), quartz (SiO\n2) and hydrogen (H\n2) is the following:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?",
              "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "crystal lattice of the fayalite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you find silicate?",
              "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "hydrogen" }],
              "question": "What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?",
              "id": "56e19edbe3433e140042303e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Large quantities of H\n2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H\n2 is for the processing (\"upgrading\") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H\n2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. H\n2 has several other important uses. H\n2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. H\n2 is also used as a reducing agent of metallic ores.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "petroleum and chemical industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are large quantities of H2 needed?",
              "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?",
              "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "rare earth and transition metals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is hydrogen highly soluble?",
              "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "nanocrystalline and amorphous metals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you find soluble hydrogen?",
              "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?",
              "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are these useful?",
              "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is it damaging?",
              "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H\n2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1\u204414 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "in physics and engineering" }
              ],
              "question": "Where else is H2 applied?",
              "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "as the rotor coolant" }
              ],
              "question": "How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?",
              "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it used as the rotor coolant?",
              "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "cryogenic" }],
              "question": "What research uses liquid H2?",
              "id": "56e1a28ee3433e1400423050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "as a tracer gas for minute leak detection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?",
              "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What industries can you find these applications?",
              "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "allows food package leak testing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is hydrogen used as a food additive?",
              "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423058"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Deuterium" }],
              "question": "What isotope is used in nuclear fission?",
              "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "nuclear reactors" }],
              "question": "Where is tritium produced?",
              "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is tritium used for?",
              "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "as a coolant in generators" }
              ],
              "question": "How is hydrogen used at power stations?",
              "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it used as a coolant?",
              "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are these properties?",
              "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423072"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?",
              "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the sun get its energy from?",
              "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "energy carrier" }],
              "question": "How does hydrogen function when it s burned?",
              "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO\n2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H\n2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "elemental" }],
              "question": "What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?",
              "id": "56e1a588cd28a01900c67a53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is hydrogen employed?",
              "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "a potential electron donor" }
              ],
              "question": "How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?",
              "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?",
              "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "hydrogenases" }],
              "question": "What enzymes are used to produce H2?",
              "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does hydrogen gas occur?",
              "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "hydrogen cycle" }],
              "question": "What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?",
              "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Water splitting" }],
              "question": "What is the decomposition of water into its components called?",
              "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does water splitting occur?",
              "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organisms can form H2 gas?",
              "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are these gases formed?",
              "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?",
              "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "cracks and explosions" }
              ],
              "question": "What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?",
              "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?",
              "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "days or weeks" }],
              "question": "How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?",
              "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "container geometry" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?",
              "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e1400423090"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Web_browser",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "browser" }],
              "question": "What do people typically call a web browser?",
              "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "World Wide Web" }],
              "question": "What platform is a browser used on?",
              "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Uniform Resource Identifier" }
              ],
              "question": "What does URL mean?",
              "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Hyperlinks" }],
              "question": "What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?",
              "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "the World Wide Web" }],
              "question": "The primary function of a browser is to use what?",
              "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "private networks" }],
              "question": "In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?",
              "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "file systems" }],
              "question": "A browser can also access files where?",
              "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac393"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When was the first browser created?",
              "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Sir Tim Berners-Lee" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the first browser?",
              "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "the World Wide Web Consortium" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Berners-Lee a director of?",
              "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "World Wide Web Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Berners-Lee create?",
              "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac39b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, \"the world's first popular browser\", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 \u2013 one of the first graphical web browsers \u2013 led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Marc Andreessen" }],
              "question": "Who released Mosaic?",
              "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When was Mosaic released?",
              "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Netscape" }],
              "question": "When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?",
              "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Netscape Navigator" }
              ],
              "question": "What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?",
              "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Microsoft" }],
              "question": "Who released the Internet Explorer browser?",
              "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?",
              "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "browser war" }],
              "question": "The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?",
              "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Windows" }],
              "question": "What was bundled with Internet Explorer?",
              "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "Opera was introduced in what year?",
              "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Opera-mini version" }
              ],
              "question": "What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?",
              "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "mobile phone web browser" }
              ],
              "question": "Opera focused on which quickly growing market?",
              "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Nintendo's Wii" }],
              "question": "Opera is also available on which video game console?",
              "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e701"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Mozilla Foundation" }],
              "question": "What did Netscape launch in 1998?",
              "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "open source software model" }
              ],
              "question": "Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?",
              "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Firefox" }],
              "question": "What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?",
              "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "late 2004" }],
              "question": "When was Firefox released?",
              "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e70a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "January 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the first beta release for Safari?",
              "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Who created Safari?",
              "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Chrome" }],
              "question": "Which browser is the newest to enter the field?",
              "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "September 2008" }],
              "question": "When was Chrome released?",
              "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Internet Explorer" }],
              "question": "As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?",
              "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "May 2012" }],
              "question": "When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?",
              "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was \"no need\" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through \"lock-in\" to Microsoft's browser.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet Explorer" }],
              "question": "What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?",
              "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?",
              "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Mac" }],
              "question": "What other OS could use Internet Explorer?",
              "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e723"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying \"Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice.\" Microsoft Corp v Commission",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "the European Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?",
              "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?",
              "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "competition between web browsers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?",
              "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "product innovation" }
              ],
              "question": "The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?",
              "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Safari" }],
              "question": "What browser was automatically included with OS X?",
              "id": "56e0cf39231d4119001ac3cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Google" }],
              "question": "Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?",
              "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Chrome" }],
              "question": "What other browser has Google as the default search engine?",
              "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Google Chrome" }],
              "question": "The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?",
              "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e739"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user (\"retrieval\" or \"fetching\"), allowing them to view the information (\"display\", \"rendering\"), and then access other information (\"navigation\", \"following links\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "to bring information resources to the user"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main use of a browser?",
              "id": "56e0d09f7aa994140058e73f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Uniform Resource Locator" }
              ],
              "question": "What does URL stand for?",
              "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "The prefix of the URL" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?",
              "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "What does http stand for?",
              "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "File Transfer Protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ftp stand for?",
              "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 758, "text": "default newsgroup reader" }
              ],
              "question": "A news: prefix is given to the user's what?",
              "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as \"rendering\". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "rendering" }],
              "question": "What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?",
              "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e74f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "Flash applications and Java applets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?",
              "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e750"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "hyperlinks" }],
              "question": "What can resources have to connect to other resources?",
              "id": "56e0d2b2231d4119001ac3f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as \"Internet suites\" rather than merely \"web browsers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "rich user interfaces" }
              ],
              "question": "Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?",
              "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Internet suites" }],
              "question": "When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?",
              "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Internet Relay Chat" }
              ],
              "question": "What does IRC stand for?",
              "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from \"popping up\" without the user's consent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "pop-up blockers" }],
              "question": "What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?",
              "id": "56e0d3c97aa994140058e760"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "browser extension" }],
              "question": "A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?",
              "id": "56e0d451231d4119001ac404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called \"Favorites\" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as \"live bookmarks\" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "bookmarked" }],
              "question": "A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?",
              "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Favorites" }],
              "question": "What are \"bookmarks\" called in Internet Explorer?",
              "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "feed aggregator" }],
              "question": "The top browsers have a built-in what?",
              "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "live bookmarks" }],
              "question": "Firefox does web feeds as what?",
              "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "traditional" }],
              "question": "The Opera feed reader is more what?",
              "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Most browsers" }],
              "question": "HTTP Secure is supported by what?",
              "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "form and search history" }
              ],
              "question": "Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?",
              "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "current security vulnerabilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?",
              "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e765"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "proprietary web browsers" }
              ],
              "question": "Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?",
              "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "problems with interoperability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Non-standard dialects led to what?",
              "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "HTML and XHTML" }],
              "question": "Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?",
              "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "rendered in the same way" }
              ],
              "question": "HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?",
              "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac416"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Web browsers" }],
              "question": "A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?",
              "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "functionalities" }],
              "question": "The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?",
              "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Boston",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Boston (pronounced i/\u02c8b\u0252st\u0259n/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
              "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "655,884" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate population for 2014?",
              "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "48 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles does Boston cover?",
              "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "655,884" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Boston in 2014",
              "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "48 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Boston?",
              "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "24th" }],
              "question": "What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?",
              "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "Which of the United States is Boston located in?",
              "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?",
              "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Greater Boston" }],
              "question": "The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?",
              "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "4.7 million people" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?",
              "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?",
              "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67559"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1630" }],
              "question": "When was Boston founded?",
              "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Shawmut Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where was Boston Founded?",
              "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Boston Massacre" }],
              "question": "List one major event that took place in Boston.",
              "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?",
              "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1630" }],
              "question": "What year was Boston founded?",
              "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "the Shawmut Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?",
              "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "tourists" }],
              "question": "Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?",
              "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?",
              "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "businesses and institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What ranks in the top of the country for investment?",
              "id": "56e0d27c7aa994140058e757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "philanthropy" }],
              "question": "Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?",
              "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "environmental sustainability and investment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?",
              "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "The city has one of the highest costs of living"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?",
              "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "high" }],
              "question": "How does Boston rank on world livability?",
              "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c6759a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "colleges and universities" }
              ],
              "question": "Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?",
              "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c6759b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its \"three mountains\"\u2014only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Trimountaine" }],
              "question": "What was the name before the city was called Boston?",
              "id": "56e0d2f47aa994140058e759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Trimountaine" }],
              "question": "What did Boston's early settlers call the area?",
              "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "three mountains" }],
              "question": "What does Trimountaine mean?",
              "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1630" }],
              "question": "What year was the city renamed Boston?",
              "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "Puritan colonists from England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who named the city Boston?",
              "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "fresh water" }],
              "question": "What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?",
              "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1629" }],
              "question": "What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?",
              "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1635" }],
              "question": "America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?",
              "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "John Winthrop" }],
              "question": "Who was Massachusetts first governor?",
              "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?",
              "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "John Winthrop" }],
              "question": "Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?",
              "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution\u2014the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others\u2014occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "the American Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?",
              "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "seafaring tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?",
              "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "the American Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Boston was the location of many important events of what war?",
              "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67607"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Embargo Act of 1807" }
              ],
              "question": "What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?",
              "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Embargo Act of 1807" }
              ],
              "question": "What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?",
              "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?",
              "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?",
              "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c6762a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "the early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?",
              "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c6762b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families\u2014eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins\u2014coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Boston Brahmins" }],
              "question": "What was the name given to old Boston families?",
              "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Boston Brahmins" }],
              "question": "Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?",
              "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "literary life" }],
              "question": "Boston was admired for what kind of life?",
              "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "artistic patronage" }
              ],
              "question": "Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?",
              "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67634"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "slave trade" }],
              "question": "Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? ",
              "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the abolitionist movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?",
              "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?",
              "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Franklin Pierce" }],
              "question": "What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?",
              "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c6764a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from \"the Town of Boston\" to \"the City of Boston\", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Town of Boston" }],
              "question": "What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1822" }],
              "question": "What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "a city" }],
              "question": "Boston was chartered as what in 1822?",
              "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "about 46,226" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Boston in 1822?",
              "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "4.7 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles was the city in 1822?",
              "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants\u2014Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics\u2014prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Boston's population grew rapidly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?",
              "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the city's ethnic composition" }
              ],
              "question": "The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?",
              "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "about 35,000" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?",
              "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Roman Catholicism" }],
              "question": "What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?",
              "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "What is Bostons largest religious group today?",
              "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67669"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the crown of Beacon Hill" }
              ],
              "question": "What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?",
              "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c67679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "State House" }],
              "question": "What sits on Beacon Hill today?",
              "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "The Great Boston Fire of 1872" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?",
              "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "as landfill along the downtown waterfront"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?",
              "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?",
              "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?",
              "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "with vociferous public opposition."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?",
              "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "What year did the first community health center in the US open?",
              "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the Dorchester neighborhood" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?",
              "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?",
              "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati\u2013based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "The Boston Globe" }],
              "question": "The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?",
              "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Bank of America" }],
              "question": "Who bought FleetBoston Financial?",
              "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?",
              "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Macy's" }],
              "question": "Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?",
              "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Jordan Marsh and Filene's" }
              ],
              "question": "What department stores merged to form Macy's?",
              "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 15, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?",
              "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "near the finish line" }
              ],
              "question": "At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?",
              "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many fatalities were there at the marathon?",
              "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "264" }],
              "question": "About how many people were injured in the explosion?",
              "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67687"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)\u201448.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "89.6 square miles" }],
              "question": "What is the total area of Boston?",
              "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "48.4 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles of land is Boston?",
              "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "41.2 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles of water is Boston?",
              "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "19 ft" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c67690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "oceanic coastline" }],
              "question": "Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?",
              "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c67691"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston is surrounded by the \"Greater Boston\" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Greater Boston" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?",
              "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "The Charles River" }],
              "question": "What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?",
              "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "To the east" }],
              "question": "What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?",
              "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?",
              "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "city of neighborhoods" }
              ],
              "question": "What s Boston sometimes called?",
              "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "23 neighborhoods" }],
              "question": "How many neighborhoods are in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Office of Neighborhood Services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?",
              "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay. Downtown and its immediate surroundings consists largely of low-rise (often Federal style and Greek Revival) masonry buildings, interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings\u2014the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the \"Big Dig\"), which allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "More than two-thirds" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?",
              "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "tidal areas" }],
              "question": "The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?",
              "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Trimountain" }],
              "question": "Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?",
              "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "the Back Bay" }],
              "question": "A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?",
              "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "the Back Bay" }],
              "question": "The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?",
              "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the \u22123 \u00b0C (27 \u00b0F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 \u00b0F (23.0 \u00b0C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 \u00b0F (\u22121.7 \u00b0C). Periods exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from \u221218 \u00b0F (\u221228 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 \u00b0F (\u221217 \u00b0C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 \u00b0F (28 \u00b0C) on August 2, 1975.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "6b" }],
              "question": "Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?",
              "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 797, "text": "Prevailing wind patterns" }
              ],
              "question": "What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?",
              "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "What is the hottest month in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "January" }],
              "question": "What is the coldest month in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)\u2014away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011\u201312 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "the North Atlantic" }],
              "question": "On what coast is Boston located?",
              "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Nor'easter" }],
              "question": "What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?",
              "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "43.8 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?",
              "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "43.8 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "December through March" }
              ],
              "question": "When does most snowfall occur?",
              "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 \u00b0F (11 \u00b0C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "spring and early summer" }
              ],
              "question": "During what seasons is fog common in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "late summer and early autumn" }
              ],
              "question": "When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?",
              "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "late spring" }],
              "question": "Sea breezes occur during what season?",
              "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "May to September" }],
              "question": "What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "2,600" }],
              "question": "What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422cea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,481 housing units\u2014 a 5% population increase over 2000. The city is the third most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "617,594" }],
              "question": "About what was the population of Boston in 2010?",
              "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "272,481" }],
              "question": "How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?",
              "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1.2 million" }],
              "question": "How many people are in Boston during work hours?",
              "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "2 million" }],
              "question": "What can the population of Boston rech during special events?",
              "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "12,200 persons/sq mile" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the density of Boston's population?",
              "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "21.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?",
              "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "14.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?",
              "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "33.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?",
              "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "20.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?",
              "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "10.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?",
              "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "$51,739" }],
              "question": "What is the average household income in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "$61,035" }],
              "question": "What is the average family income in Boston?",
              "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "$52,544" }],
              "question": "What is the average income for a full time male worker?",
              "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "$46,540" }],
              "question": "What is the average income for a full time female worker?",
              "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "16.0%" }],
              "question": "What percent of families fall below the poverty line?",
              "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "94.7%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?",
              "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "49.5%" }],
              "question": "In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?",
              "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?",
              "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "formerly non-white areas" }
              ],
              "question": "In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?",
              "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?",
              "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "People of Irish descent" }
              ],
              "question": "What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?",
              "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "15.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the city's population is Irish?",
              "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Italians" }],
              "question": "What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?",
              "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "8.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the citys population is italian?",
              "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Over 27,000" }],
              "question": "How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?",
              "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22. The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "227,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?",
              "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "What is the total number of congregations in Boston?",
              "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Brookline and Newton" }
              ],
              "question": "What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?",
              "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?",
              "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. Hispanics in Boston are mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. When including all Hispanic national origins, they number 107,917. In Greater Boston, these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "the East Boston neighborhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?",
              "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "107,917" }],
              "question": "How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?",
              "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "175,000+" }],
              "question": "How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?",
              "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "25,000+" }],
              "question": "How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?",
              "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "22,000+" }],
              "question": "How many Colombians live in greater Boston?",
              "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "57%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?",
              "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?",
              "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "29%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?",
              "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "33%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?",
              "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?",
              "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches. The UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious traditions. Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States. It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630). Notable past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams gave the signals from the Old South Meeting House that started the Boston Tea Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "two million" }],
              "question": "How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?",
              "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "339" }],
              "question": "How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?",
              "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "160" }],
              "question": "How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?",
              "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Old South Church" }],
              "question": "What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?",
              "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c67720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1669" }],
              "question": "What year was Old South Church organized?",
              "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c67721"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "among the top 30" }],
              "question": "What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?",
              "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c67739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "$363 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the economy of Boston?",
              "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "sixth-largest" }],
              "question": "What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?",
              "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "12th-largest" }],
              "question": "What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?",
              "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "more than 350,000" }],
              "question": "How many college students does Boston attract?",
              "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "$4.8 billion" }],
              "question": "Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?",
              "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "biotechnology" }],
              "question": "Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?",
              "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "life sciences cluster" }
              ],
              "question": "The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?",
              "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "the National Institutes of Health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?",
              "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "venture capital" }],
              "question": "The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?",
              "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "high-tech companies" }
              ],
              "question": "There is a  high presence of what type of company in the city?",
              "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "venture capital investment" }
              ],
              "question": "Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?",
              "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "high technology" }],
              "question": "What remains an important sector?",
              "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list. Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy. The city is a major seaport along the United States' East Coast and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tourism" }],
              "question": "A large part of Boston's economy is made up of what?",
              "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "21.2 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?",
              "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "$8.3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?",
              "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?",
              "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center \u2014 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers\u2014the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "financial services" }],
              "question": "Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry?",
              "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c67779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Fidelity Investments" }
              ],
              "question": "What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?",
              "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Fidelity Investments" }
              ],
              "question": "What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?",
              "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "venture capital" }],
              "question": "Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?",
              "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1019,
                  "text": "the Seaport District in Boston"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?",
              "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school. The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "57,000" }],
              "question": "How many students are in Boston Public schools?",
              "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "145 schools" }],
              "question": "How many schools are in Boston?",
              "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "The Boston Latin School" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest public high school in the US?",
              "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?",
              "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c67791"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)\u2013Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?",
              "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?",
              "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Boston University" }],
              "question": "Who is the citys fourth largest employer?",
              "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school), and Emerson College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Smaller private schools" }
              ],
              "question": "Babson College is what type of institution?",
              "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "New England School of Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What small private law school is located in Boston?",
              "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "New England School of Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Americas first all female law school?",
              "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States). Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Metropolitan Boston" }],
              "question": "Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?",
              "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Suffolk University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design",
              "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "the New England Conservatory" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US?",
              "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "Berklee College of Music" }
              ],
              "question": "What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz?",
              "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods. Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as \"Boston Tech\", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University, whose main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, locates its medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Harvard University" }],
              "question": "What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?",
              "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Harvard University" }],
              "question": "What is the nations oldest college?",
              "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Allston" }],
              "question": "Where does Harvard plan to expand to?",
              "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Boston Tech" }],
              "question": "What was MIT originally known as?",
              "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Cambridge" }],
              "question": "In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?",
              "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31\u2014not one of them a juvenile\u2014in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "violent crime" }],
              "question": "Since the early 1990's, Boston has had less of what type of crime?",
              "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "joining gangs" }],
              "question": "Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what?",
              "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Murders" }],
              "question": "The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999?",
              "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "26.5 per 100,000" }],
              "question": "What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990?",
              "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides. Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015, the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "62" }],
              "question": "How many reported murders were there in 2008?",
              "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "How many murders were there in 2014?",
              "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "39" }],
              "question": "How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?",
              "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "greater New England" }
              ],
              "question": "Boston is culturally similar to what area?",
              "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Boston English" }],
              "question": "What is the Boston accent known as?",
              "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Irish Americans" }],
              "question": "Who influences Boston's politics and religion?",
              "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Boston slang" }],
              "question": "What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?",
              "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "regional cuisine" }],
              "question": "Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?",
              "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has been called the \"Athens of America\" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States.\" In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be \"cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Athens of America" }],
              "question": "Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?",
              "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "the nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?",
              "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Old Corner Bookstore" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?",
              "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "the Old Corner Bookstore" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?",
              "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "1852" }],
              "question": "What year was the Boston Public Library founded?",
              "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Music is cherished in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the \"Big Five,\" a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras. Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, (and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation) and the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world,\" adding that \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design.\" Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States). The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva. Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Big Five" }],
              "question": "The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?",
              "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Gramophone" }],
              "question": "What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?",
              "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Symphony Hall" }],
              "question": "What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?",
              "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "west of Back Bay" }],
              "question": "Where is Symphony Hall located?",
              "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1364, "text": "south of Boston Common" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the theater District located?",
              "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422dec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several major annual events such as First Night, which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints. The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "First Night" }],
              "question": "What event occurs on New Year's Eve?",
              "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the annual Boston Arts festival?",
              "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "the North End" }],
              "question": "Where are Italian Summer feasts held?",
              "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Catholic saints" }],
              "question": "Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts?",
              "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "week-long" }],
              "question": "How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?",
              "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67807"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several art museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District. The University of Massachusetts Boston campus on Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers), Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "several historic sites" }
              ],
              "question": "What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park?",
              "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "the Freedom Trail" }],
              "question": "What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground?",
              "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "in the Seaport District" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the institute of contemporary Art located?",
              "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 632, "text": "The Boston Athenaeum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the oldest libraries in the US?",
              "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "within the city" }],
              "question": "Where is the New England Aquarium located?",
              "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "from its earliest days" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Boston been a religious center?",
              "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "nearly 300" }],
              "question": "How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?",
              "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "the South End" }],
              "question": "Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?",
              "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Back Bay" }],
              "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?",
              "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "King's Chapel" }],
              "question": "What was the city's first Anglican church?",
              "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422e00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Air quality in Boston is generally very good: during the ten-year period 2004\u20132013, there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "generally very good" }
              ],
              "question": "How is the air quality in Boston?",
              "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "4 days" }],
              "question": "How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?",
              "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "the EPA" }],
              "question": "Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?",
              "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities. Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon footprint of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "cleaner energy facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "Allston Green District is an example of what?",
              "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain?",
              "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "every three years" }],
              "question": "How often is Boston's climate plan updated?",
              "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "in 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the last time the climate plan was modified?",
              "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67818"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Thomas Menino" }],
              "question": "Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?",
              "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Mayor Thomas Menino" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?",
              "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "cost of living" }],
              "question": "The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?",
              "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "The goal is to get how  many residents to sign up?",
              "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c67820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "How much does the program cost?",
              "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c67821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping, to varying degrees, in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. A city agency, the Boston Groundwater Trust, coordinates monitoring of groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. However, Boston's drinking water supply, from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs to the west, is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy federal water quality standards without filtration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "wooden piles" }],
              "question": "Lots of older buildings are supported by what?",
              "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c67827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "air" }],
              "question": "The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?",
              "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c67829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "dropping" }],
              "question": "What has been happening to groundwater levels?",
              "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c6782a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "directly into sewers" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?",
              "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c6782b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new \"TitleTown, USA\", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many major North American sports leagues are there?",
              "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "36 championships" }],
              "question": "How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?",
              "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?",
              "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 712, "text": "financial concerns" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?",
              "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "July 27, 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?",
              "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, encompassing Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates. Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Boston Red Sox" }],
              "question": "Who plays their games at Fenway park?",
              "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "near Kenmore Square" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Fenway park?",
              "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "What year was the first game of the first world series played?",
              "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "What year was fenway Park built?",
              "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "Red Stockings" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?",
              "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the FleetCenter" }],
              "question": "What is the TD Gardens former name?",
              "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Boston Garden" }],
              "question": "What was the FleetCenter built to replace?",
              "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many teams is TD garden the home to?",
              "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "18,624" }],
              "question": "How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden?",
              "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "17,565" }],
              "question": "How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden?",
              "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the National Football League" }
              ],
              "question": "What league do the new England patriots belong to?",
              "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "What year were the new England patriots founded in?",
              "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Boston Patriots" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of the new England patriots?",
              "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "after relocating" }],
              "question": "When dod the Boston patriots change their name?",
              "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Gillette Stadium" }],
              "question": "What stadium do the patriots play in?",
              "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city\u2014Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?",
              "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c67859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Boston College" }],
              "question": "Which college participates in college football at the highest level?",
              "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "the Football Bowl Subdivision" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the highest level of college football?",
              "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Harvard" }],
              "question": "Who participates in the second highest level of college football?",
              "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "Football Championship Subdivision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the second highest level of college football?",
              "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Boston Marathon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?",
              "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "When is the head of Charles Regatta held?",
              "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?",
              "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston Common" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest public park in the US?",
              "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "near the Financial District and Beacon Hill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Boston Common located?",
              "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Boston Public Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What is next to Boston Common?",
              "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "parks" }],
              "question": "The Emerald necklace is a string of what?",
              "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c67870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Frederick Law Olmsted" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Emerald necklace?",
              "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c67871"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "third-best" }],
              "question": "What ranking does the Boston park system have?",
              "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "ParkScore" }],
              "question": "Who ranks city park systems?",
              "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "a half-mile" }],
              "question": "Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?",
              "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston has a strong mayor \u2013 council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history. The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "every fourth year" }],
              "question": "How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?",
              "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "extensive executive power" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of power does the mayor have?",
              "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Marty Walsh" }],
              "question": "Who became Mayor in january, 2014?",
              "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "The School Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?",
              "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities\u2014including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)\u2014play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
              "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "state politics" }],
              "question": "As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?",
              "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "Massachusetts Water Resources Authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the MWRA?",
              "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Massport" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?",
              "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The city" }],
              "question": "Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?",
              "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What court is located in Boston?",
              "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Federal Reserve Bank of Boston"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston?",
              "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Boston is split between how many congressional districts?",
              "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "the 7th district" }],
              "question": "What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?",
              "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Mike Capuano" }],
              "question": "Who represents the 7th district?",
              "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was Capuano elected?",
              "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "the 8th district" }],
              "question": "What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?",
              "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications. The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "daily newspapers" }],
              "question": "The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what?",
              "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters?",
              "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers?",
              "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "weekly" }],
              "question": "How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine?",
              "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Teens in Print" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools?",
              "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Lawrence" }],
              "question": "Where is the main office of Siglo21?",
              "id": "56e16cd4cd28a01900c67902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "El Planeta" }],
              "question": "The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?",
              "id": "56e16cd4cd28a01900c67903"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "The Rainbow Times" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?",
              "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the Rainbow Times founded?",
              "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "all of New England" }
              ],
              "question": "What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?",
              "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?",
              "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67914"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "11th largest" }],
              "question": "What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?",
              "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c67919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "WEEI" }],
              "question": "What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?",
              "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "WZBC" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?",
              "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "WHRB" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Harvards radio station?",
              "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "NPR" }],
              "question": "WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?",
              "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States. The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV and its sister station WSBK-TV (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV (ABC), WHDH (NBC), WFXT (Fox), and WLVI (The CW). The city is also home to PBS station WGBH-TV, a major producer of PBS programs, which also operates WGBX. Spanish-language television networks, including MundoFox (WFXZ-CD), Univision (WUNI), Telemundo (WNEU), and Telefutura (WUTF-DT), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned-and-operated stations. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor. Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "8th largest in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold?",
              "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "WSBK-TV" }],
              "question": "What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?",
              "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "WGBH-TV" }],
              "question": "What is the citys PBS station?",
              "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Spanish-language television networks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "MundoFox is an example of what?",
              "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c67930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 764, "text": "Needham and Newton" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?",
              "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c67931"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents. Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the Fenway district" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?",
              "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "the Beacon Hill area" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?",
              "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Brighton Center" }],
              "question": "Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?",
              "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 803,
                  "text": "The Boston Public Health Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?",
              "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "universities" }],
              "question": "A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?",
              "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Harvard Medical School" }
              ],
              "question": "The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?",
              "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Tufts Medical Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?",
              "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Chinatown" }],
              "question": "What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?",
              "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "Boston City Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?",
              "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Logan Airport" }],
              "question": "What Airport is located in East Boston?",
              "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Massport" }],
              "question": "Who operates Logan Airport?",
              "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Logan Airport" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Bostons main airport?",
              "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Beverly Municipal Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is North of Logan Airport?",
              "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c67960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Norwood Memorial Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is south of Logan Airport?",
              "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c67961"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "organically" }],
              "question": "How did the streets of downtown Boston grow?",
              "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "I-90" }],
              "question": "Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?",
              "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?",
              "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "planned grid" }],
              "question": "The streets of Back bay grew into a what?",
              "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country. Boston's subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA\u2014known as the \"T\") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country, with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "nearly a third" }],
              "question": "How many people in Boston use public transportation?",
              "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "fifth-highest" }],
              "question": "Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?",
              "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "MBTA" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Bostons subway system?",
              "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "T" }],
              "question": "The MBTA is also known as the what?",
              "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c6796a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "65.5 miles" }],
              "question": "How long is bostons subway system?",
              "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c6796b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station, despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs, other than the \"T\" subway lines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "South Station" }],
              "question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?",
              "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Back Bay" }],
              "question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?",
              "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Route 128 Station" }],
              "question": "Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?",
              "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "southwestern" }],
              "question": "What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?",
              "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "North Station" }],
              "question": "Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?",
              "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities. In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States. As of 2015[update], Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "The Walking City" }],
              "question": "What is Bostons nickname?",
              "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "pedestrian" }],
              "question": "What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city?",
              "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "13 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?",
              "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?",
              "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c67990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "What was the walk score given to Boston?",
              "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c67991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling; regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting. In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking, and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009. The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011, logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season. The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in summer 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "cycling" }],
              "question": "Bicycling magazine named Boston one of the worst cities in the US for what?",
              "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Bicycling magazine" }],
              "question": "What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list?",
              "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Hubway" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the bike share program in Boston?",
              "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did Hubway launch?",
              "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c6799a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "more than 140,000" }],
              "question": "How many rides did Hubway log in its first year?",
              "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c6799b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng x\u00ect\u01d2ng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations \u2013 a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "a Chinese satellite navigation system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?",
              "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "two separate satellite constellations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?",
              "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two satellite constellations?",
              "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "since 2000" }],
              "question": "How long has the limited test system been operating?",
              "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "\u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?",
              "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System (simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u8a66\u9a57\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng sh\u00ecy\u00e0n x\u00ect\u01d2ng) and also known as BeiDou-1, consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first BeiDou system called?",
              "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?",
              "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "BeiDou-1" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?",
              "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?",
              "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "since 2000" }],
              "question": "How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?",
              "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac452"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. It is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the second generation of BDS?",
              "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "COMPASS or BeiDou-2" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?",
              "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?",
              "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "January 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?",
              "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "December 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?",
              "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "mid 2015" }],
              "question": "When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "BDS-3" }],
              "question": "What is the third BeiDou system called?",
              "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "30 September 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?",
              "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?",
              "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Fifteen years" }],
              "question": "How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?",
              "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "$31.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?",
              "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?",
              "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as B\u011bid\u01d2u. The name literally means \"Northern Dipper\", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the Big Dipper constellation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?",
              "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "B\u011bid\u01d2u" }],
              "question": "What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?",
              "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Northern Dipper" }],
              "question": "What does B\u011bid\u01d2u translate as?",
              "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "ancient Chinese astronomers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who named the constellation B\u011bid\u01d2u?",
              "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "to locate the North Star Polaris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the B\u011bid\u01d2u constellation used for?",
              "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac542"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Chen Fangyun and his colleagues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?",
              "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "in the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?",
              "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?",
              "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "BeiDou-1A" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?",
              "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "20 December 2000" }],
              "question": "When was BeiDou-1A launched?",
              "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "BeiDou-1C" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?",
              "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "a backup satellite" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?",
              "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "25 May 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?",
              "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 November 2006" }],
              "question": "When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "10 meters" }],
              "question": "What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?",
              "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "BeiDou-1D" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?",
              "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "BeiDou-2A" }],
              "question": "What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?",
              "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "serving as a backup satellite" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?",
              "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "a control system malfunction" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?",
              "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422aa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?",
              "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Compass-M1" }],
              "question": "What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?",
              "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?",
              "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "15 April 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?",
              "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "17 January 2010" }],
              "question": "When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?",
              "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest \u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's \"BeiDou\" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the \"Galileo Joint Undertaking\" (GJU) and the \"National Remote Sensing Centre of China\" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China\u2019s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "\u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?",
              "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "only be used by its armed forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?",
              "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "October 2004" }],
              "question": "When did China join the Galileo project?",
              "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "December 2004" }],
              "question": "When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?",
              "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?",
              "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "an experimental regional navigation system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the BeiDou-1?",
              "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c67449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?",
              "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?",
              "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?",
              "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?",
              "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "medium Earth orbit satellites" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?",
              "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "satellites in geostationary orbit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?",
              "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "the system does not require a large constellation of satellites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?",
              "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?",
              "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "2491.75 MHz" }],
              "question": "What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?",
              "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "October 31, 2000" }],
              "question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?",
              "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c6745f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "BeiDou-1A" }],
              "question": "What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?",
              "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "December 21, 2000" }],
              "question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?",
              "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "BeiDou-1B" }],
              "question": "What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?",
              "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "May 25, 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?",
              "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67463"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "as high as 0.5 metres" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "20m" }],
              "question": "What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "100m" }],
              "question": "What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the official Xinhua News Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?",
              "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c6748a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB was presented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?",
              "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "almost 10 times the price" }
              ],
              "question": "How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?",
              "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "due to the cost of imported microchips"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?",
              "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Shenzhen" }],
              "question": "Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?",
              "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?",
              "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, \"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Sun Jiadong" }],
              "question": "Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?",
              "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "\"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?",
              "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the chief designer of the navigation system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Sun Jiadong?",
              "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "COMPASS" }],
              "question": "What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?",
              "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?",
              "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?",
              "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?",
              "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?",
              "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "the CDMA principle" }],
              "question": "What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?",
              "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "open and restricted (military)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?",
              "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "globally to general users" }
              ],
              "question": "Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?",
              "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Sun Jiadong" }],
              "question": "Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?",
              "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "75+ satellites" }],
              "question": "How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?",
              "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two levels of service provided \u2014 a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?",
              "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "10-meter location-tracking accuracy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?",
              "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "10 centimetres" }],
              "question": "What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?",
              "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?",
              "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "communication" }],
              "question": "What is something the licensed military service can be used for?",
              "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "four bands" }],
              "question": "How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?",
              "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "E1, E2, E5B, and E6" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?",
              "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "E1 and E2" }],
              "question": "Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?",
              "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "E1 and E2" }],
              "question": "Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?",
              "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?",
              "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67517"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "little was officially announced" }
              ],
              "question": "How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?",
              "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c67569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "to study general characteristics of the signals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?",
              "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "to build a COMPASS receiver" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?",
              "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "14 April 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?",
              "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c67579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?",
              "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?",
              "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "21,150 km" }],
              "question": "What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?",
              "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "55.5 degrees" }],
              "question": "What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?",
              "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as \"I\" and \"Q\". The \"I\" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The \"Q\" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "E2, E5B, and E6" }],
              "question": "What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?",
              "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "90 degrees (in quadrature)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?",
              "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "\"I\" and \"Q\"" }],
              "question": "What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?",
              "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "likely to be intended for the open service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"I\" component?",
              "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "probably intended for the restricted service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"Q\" component?",
              "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?",
              "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "the spectrum and structure of the signals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?",
              "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "researchers from Stanford University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components?",
              "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "a group of engineers at Septentrio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the COMPASS receiver?",
              "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?",
              "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422bea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Characteristics of the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Compass signals have somewhat greater power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference between the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?",
              "id": "56e11abce3433e1400422bf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?",
              "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "27 December" }],
              "question": "When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?",
              "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "as more satellites are launched"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?",
              "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "accurate to the nearest 10 m" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?",
              "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "within 0.2 m per second" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?",
              "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "December 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?",
              "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the Asia-Pacific region" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?",
              "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?",
              "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2011, Xinhua stated that \"[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities.\" The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?",
              "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "by 2020" }],
              "question": "When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?",
              "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?",
              "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?",
              "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?",
              "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?",
              "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "functional regional coverage" }
              ],
              "question": "What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?",
              "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many satellites were launched since 2007?",
              "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?",
              "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?",
              "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 25, 2015" }],
              "question": "When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?",
              "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c6761f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "the Xichang Satellite Launch Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?",
              "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?",
              "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Expedition-1?",
              "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67622"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "navigation services" }
              ],
              "question": "What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?",
              "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?",
              "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?",
              "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c5a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Canon_law",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Canon law" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?",
              "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?",
              "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "church council" }],
              "question": "What body was first responsible for creating canon?",
              "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "canons" }],
              "question": "What does canon law consist of?",
              "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac47a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, Arabic Qanun / \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646, Hebrew kaneh / \u05e7\u05e0\u05d4, \"straight\"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is \"reed\" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word \"cane\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "kanon" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek term for canon?",
              "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "kaneh" }],
              "question": "What is the Hebrew term for canon?",
              "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Qanun" }],
              "question": "What is the Arabic term meaning canon?",
              "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "reed" }],
              "question": "What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?",
              "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "cane" }],
              "question": "Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?",
              "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac484"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "eighty-five" }],
              "question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?",
              "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?",
              "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Ecclesiastical Canons" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for Apostolic Canons?",
              "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "When was the First Council of Nicaea held?",
              "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "a rule" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek definition of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd?",
              "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "the Church's hierarchical authorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?",
              "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "canon law" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?",
              "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "external organization and government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does management of canon law aim to regulate?",
              "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "rites" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?",
              "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many major rites exist?",
              "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Supreme Pontiff" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "full union" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?",
              "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "immutable divine and natural law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?",
              "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "changeable circumstantial and merely positive law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?",
              "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "formal authority and promulgation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?",
              "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Supreme Pontiff" }],
              "question": "What is the pope's official title?",
              "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "legislative, executive, and judicial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?",
              "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules (\"canons\") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Catholic Church" }],
              "question": "What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?",
              "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Roman law" }],
              "question": "What is a legal system older than Catholic law?",
              "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "canons" }],
              "question": "What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?",
              "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "first century" }],
              "question": "When was the Council of Jerusalem held?",
              "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?",
              "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "the jus novum" }],
              "question": "Which period followed the jus antiquum?",
              "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "the Code of Canon Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?",
              "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "the jus vetus" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?",
              "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac50a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "different disciplines and practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?",
              "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "process of codification" }
              ],
              "question": "What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?",
              "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?",
              "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?",
              "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?",
              "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "lawyers, judges" }],
              "question": "What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?",
              "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "civilly-binding force" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?",
              "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus" }
              ],
              "question": "What does J.C.B. stand for?",
              "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Bachelor of Canon Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?",
              "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Juris Canonici Licentiatus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?",
              "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e853"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called \"inquisitorial\", from the Latin \"inquirere\", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Roman Law Code of Justinian" }
              ],
              "question": "What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?",
              "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "adversarial" }],
              "question": "What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?",
              "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "inquisitorial" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?",
              "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "to enquire" }],
              "question": "What is the English meaning of inquirere?",
              "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac533"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?",
              "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c67419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "modern civil law and common law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?",
              "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Edson Luiz Sampel" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?",
              "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Europe and Latin American" }
              ],
              "question": "What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?",
              "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "contemporary society" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?",
              "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term \"law\" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as \"...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community\" and reformulates it as \"...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Aristotelian-Thomistic" }
              ],
              "question": "What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?",
              "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Aquinas" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?",
              "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?",
              "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "the common good" }],
              "question": "What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?",
              "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "a rule of conduct" }],
              "question": "What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?",
              "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "the Latin or Western Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?",
              "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "more diversity in legislation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?",
              "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "custom" }],
              "question": "What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?",
              "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?",
              "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "1949 through 1958" }],
              "question": "During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?",
              "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When was the original Code of Canon Law published?",
              "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the Roman Rite" }],
              "question": "For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?",
              "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1962 - 1965" }],
              "question": "During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?",
              "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the Roman Rite" }],
              "question": "For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?",
              "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?",
              "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67441"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the P\u0113d\u00e1lion (Greek: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them n\u00f3moi/\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (laws) rather than kan\u00f3nes/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?",
              "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "canons and commentaries upon them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the constituents of the P\u0113d\u00e1lion?",
              "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Rudder" }],
              "question": "What does P\u0113d\u00e1lion mean in English?",
              "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "bishops" }],
              "question": "Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?",
              "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "the Ecumenical Councils" }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?",
              "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422ace"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called \"doctors\" and \"civilians\") were centered at \"Doctors Commons\", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?",
              "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c674ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?",
              "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "common law" }],
              "question": "What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?",
              "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 795, "text": "Oxford and Cambridge" }
              ],
              "question": "At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?",
              "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?",
              "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67503"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "the Anglican Communion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?",
              "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Episcopal Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?",
              "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "the Anglican Church of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?",
              "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "their own private systems of canon law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?",
              "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "principles of canon law" }
              ],
              "question": "As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?",
              "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "factually" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?",
              "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "its own legal system" }
              ],
              "question": "Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? ",
              "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "living" }],
              "question": "What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?",
              "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "unity" }],
              "question": "What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?",
              "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as \"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "\"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?",
              "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "Presbyterian and Reformed churches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what types of institutions are canon rules called \"practice and procedure\"?",
              "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "What aspect of management is covered by church order?",
              "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "discipline" }],
              "question": "What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?",
              "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "worship" }],
              "question": "What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?",
              "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Presbyterians" }],
              "question": "What group took issue with the Roman canons?",
              "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1572" }],
              "question": "In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?",
              "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?",
              "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "1500 years" }],
              "question": "For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?",
              "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "bishops" }],
              "question": "Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?",
              "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as \"canons.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Book of Concord" }],
              "question": "What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?",
              "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?",
              "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "confessional" }],
              "question": "What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?",
              "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "canons" }],
              "question": "What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?",
              "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "orthodox" }],
              "question": "What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?",
              "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Communications_in_Somalia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?",
              "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "private" }],
              "question": "Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?",
              "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Print media" }],
              "question": "As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?",
              "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?",
              "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "National Communications Act" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?",
              "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "private" }],
              "question": "Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?",
              "id": "56e10cc5cd28a01900c674cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "private" }],
              "question": "Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?",
              "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?",
              "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Print media" }],
              "question": "What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?",
              "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "radio stations and online portals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?",
              "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?",
              "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Somali entrepreneurs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "expertise" }],
              "question": "China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.",
              "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "affordable mobile phone and internet services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?",
              "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "mobile phones" }],
              "question": "Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?",
              "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "infrastructure" }],
              "question": "When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?",
              "id": "56e1b39fcd28a01900c67a84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "multinational corporations" }
              ],
              "question": "Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?",
              "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "Somali telecommunication companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?",
              "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "tele-density" }],
              "question": "what is another word for availability of telephone lines?",
              "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "$40 million" }],
              "question": "How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?",
              "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?",
              "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Hargeisa" }],
              "question": "Where is Somtal network located?",
              "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "mobile banking" }],
              "question": "Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?",
              "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "Somali Telecommunication Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "STC stands for what?",
              "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?",
              "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "telecom industry" }],
              "question": "Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?",
              "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "telecom" }],
              "question": "What sector provides key communication services?",
              "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year was the national Communications act enacted?",
              "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "the National Communications Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?",
              "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "academic and civil society" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?",
              "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "investment" }],
              "question": "The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?",
              "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "service delivery" }],
              "question": "Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?",
              "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67aca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali Post" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Somali postal service?",
              "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali Post" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "during the civil war" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?",
              "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Dubai International" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?",
              "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?",
              "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "ten years" }],
              "question": "Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?",
              "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?",
              "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?",
              "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?",
              "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did postal service in Somalia resume?",
              "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Universal Postal Union" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?",
              "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "technical" }],
              "question": "What type of assistance does the postal union provide?",
              "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "basic mail processing equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of equipment does the postal union provide?",
              "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423111"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "during the colonial period" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Radio Mogadishu established?",
              "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Somali and Italian" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?",
              "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Russian assistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?",
              "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "home service" }],
              "question": "What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?",
              "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?",
              "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?",
              "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?",
              "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?",
              "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Radio Free Somalia" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?",
              "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Galkayo" }],
              "question": "Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?",
              "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Mudug province" }],
              "question": "What province is Galkayo located in?",
              "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?",
              "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Somali National Television" }
              ],
              "question": "What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "Where is Somali National Television located?",
              "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?",
              "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "April 4, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?",
              "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?",
              "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "private television networks" }
              ],
              "question": "Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?",
              "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "private television networks" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?",
              "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Bosaso" }],
              "question": "Where does SBC TV broadcast from?",
              "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Bosaso" }],
              "question": "What is the commercial capital of Puntland?",
              "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?",
              "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "Where was The Mogadishu Times published?",
              "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did free media outlets begin to expand?",
              "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "radio and online commercials" }
              ],
              "question": "Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?",
              "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "Issa Farah" }],
              "question": "Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?",
              "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Information Support Team" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the IST?",
              "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "internet blocking or filtering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?",
              "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "content standards online" }
              ],
              "question": "What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?",
              "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?",
              "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "53%" }],
              "question": "In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?",
              "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "internet commerce and telephony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?",
              "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?",
              "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "106,000" }],
              "question": "What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?",
              "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "rise" }],
              "question": "Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?",
              "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "512,682" }],
              "question": "What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?",
              "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "6.1 million" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?",
              "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Somali Telecommunication Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the STA?",
              "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "ICT sector" }],
              "question": "What sector does the STC oversee?",
              "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "STA" }],
              "question": "In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?",
              "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?",
              "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "234" }],
              "question": "How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?",
              "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?",
              "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "12.5%" }],
              "question": "What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?",
              "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "$10 per month" }],
              "question": "What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?",
              "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Global Internet Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?",
              "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Global Internet Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?",
              "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "major cities" }],
              "question": "Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?",
              "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?",
              "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Wanaag HK" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Dalcom?",
              "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "10% to 15% per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?",
              "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "satellite" }],
              "question": "Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?",
              "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "internet cafes" }],
              "question": "Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?",
              "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 941, "text": "gradually began to fall" }
              ],
              "question": "As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?",
              "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Tri-Band 3G" }],
              "question": "Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?",
              "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "internet and mobile clients" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the 3G service for?",
              "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Tri-Band 3G" }],
              "question": "what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?",
              "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "faster and more secure" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?",
              "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "third generation" }],
              "question": "what does 3G stand for?",
              "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?",
              "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "broadband" }],
              "question": "in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?",
              "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "10,500 mile" }],
              "question": "How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?",
              "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "more affordable" }],
              "question": "How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?",
              "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1166, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?",
              "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Catalan_language",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Catalan (/\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/; autonym: catal\u00e0 [k\u0259t\u0259\u02c8la] or [kata\u02c8la]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Catalonia" }],
              "question": "What place is Catalan named for?",
              "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Romance language" }],
              "question": "What type of language is Catalan?",
              "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Valencian" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan called in Valencia?",
              "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Andorra" }],
              "question": "Where is Catalan the only official language?",
              "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c67481"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the most used language in Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "native" }],
              "question": "What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "The Generalitat of Catalunya" }
              ],
              "question": "What group spends money to promote the language?",
              "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What language is promoted in Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931\u201339). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939\u201375) banned the language again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Vulgar Latin" }],
              "question": "From what language did Catalan come?",
              "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "eastern Pyrenees" }],
              "question": "In what area did Catalan develop?",
              "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "9th century" }],
              "question": "When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?",
              "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Low Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?",
              "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "1479" }],
              "question": "What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?",
              "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975\u20131982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "Spanish transition to democracy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in 1975-1982?",
              "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "increased prestige" }
              ],
              "question": "What has this official language state done for Catalan?",
              "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?",
              "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "mass media" }],
              "question": "Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?",
              "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms \"Catalan\" and \"Valencian\" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Eastern and Western" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the division of Catalan dialects?",
              "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "pronunciation" }],
              "question": "What is the basic difference between the dialects?",
              "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "different varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "the same language" }],
              "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?",
              "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c6752a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "two standard varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?",
              "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c6752b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "many traits" }],
              "question": "What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?",
              "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c6755f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Iberian Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where is Catalonia located?",
              "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?",
              "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "pronunciation" }],
              "question": "Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?",
              "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Gallo-Romance" }],
              "question": "What are these similar Latin derived languages called?",
              "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67563"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many genders does Catalan have?",
              "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c6756f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "singular, plural" }],
              "question": "What numbers does Catalan have?",
              "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "inflectional" }],
              "question": "What style of grammar does Catalan have?",
              "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "consonants" }],
              "question": "What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? ",
              "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67573"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia (\"Land of the Goths\"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Catalonia" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan the derivitive of?",
              "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Gathia Launia" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin for Calalunya?",
              "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "March of Gothia" }],
              "question": "Where did the Catalan  people originate?",
              "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Gothia" }],
              "question": "What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?",
              "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67587"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/, /k\u00e6t\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6n/ or /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u0259n/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "mid 14th century" }],
              "question": "When did the reference Catelaner first appear?",
              "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Catellain" }],
              "question": "What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?",
              "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language is the source of the term Catellain?",
              "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is the language source of the term Catelaner?",
              "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c67590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1652" }],
              "question": "Since what year has this term been used?",
              "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c67591"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The endonym is pronounced /k\u0259.t\u0259\u02c8\u026ba/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.ta\u02c8\u026ba/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valenci\u00e0 (/va.len.si\u02c8a/) is frequently used instead. The names \"Catalan\" and \"Valencian\" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Valencian Community" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "the same language" }],
              "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?",
              "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "dialects" }],
              "question": "What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?",
              "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Vulgar Latin" }],
              "question": "What language did Catalan descend from?",
              "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c6766f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "9th century" }],
              "question": "When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?",
              "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Hispania Tarraconensis" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?",
              "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Catalan counts" }],
              "question": "Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?",
              "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "988" }],
              "question": "When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?",
              "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67673"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "11th century" }],
              "question": "When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "by 1080" }],
              "question": "When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?",
              "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Gallo-Romance" }],
              "question": "To what language did Catalan display similarities?",
              "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Old Occitan" }],
              "question": "What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?",
              "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "11th and 12th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?",
              "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?",
              "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "When Catalan reach Sardinia?",
              "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Murcia" }],
              "question": "Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?",
              "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c6769a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "15th century" }],
              "question": "When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?",
              "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c6769b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232\u20131315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th\u201314th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausi\u00e0s March (1397\u20131459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms \"one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Low Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When was the golden age of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "city of Valencia" }],
              "question": "Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?",
              "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?",
              "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?",
              "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Costa Carreras" }],
              "question": "Who called Catalan one of the great languages?",
              "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Martorell" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?",
              "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "chivalry" }],
              "question": "What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?",
              "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Renaissance values" }
              ],
              "question": "To what does Matorell's work show a transition?",
              "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Metge" }],
              "question": "What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? ",
              "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "movable type" }],
              "question": "In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?",
              "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1479" }],
              "question": "When were Castille and Aragon united?",
              "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "After 1479, what language became more valued?",
              "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?",
              "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language began to supersede Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "urban and literary" }
              ],
              "question": "At this time what classes became bilingual?",
              "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1659" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?",
              "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "northern part" }],
              "question": "What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?",
              "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Treaty of the Pyrenees" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?",
              "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language began to influence Catalan?",
              "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1700" }],
              "question": "When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422ce0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "When did France outlaw Catalan?",
              "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "French Revolution" }],
              "question": "What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?",
              "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Occitan, Flemish, and Basque" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?",
              "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "patois" }],
              "question": "What are French non standard languages called?",
              "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "When did the French obtain Algeria?",
              "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Northern Catalonia and Minorca"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?",
              "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "patuet" }],
              "question": "What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?",
              "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "around 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?",
              "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of France?",
              "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "in public life and education" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?",
              "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "General Council of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?",
              "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What language does the General Council want to promote?",
              "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?",
              "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "War of Spanish Succession" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Catalan experience defeat?",
              "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1714" }],
              "question": "When was the war of Spanish Succession?",
              "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?",
              "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?",
              "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67755"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixen\u00e7a), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimer\u00e0 (drama).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "revival" }],
              "question": "What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?",
              "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Catalan literary revival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Renaixenca?",
              "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?",
              "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "When did this revival period begin?",
              "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "early 20th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?",
              "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975\u20131982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?",
              "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c67798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "in all schools" }],
              "question": "Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?",
              "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c67799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "Since the transition, what is the official language?",
              "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "mass media" }],
              "question": "Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?",
              "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Andorra" }],
              "question": "Where has Catalan always been the only language?",
              "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When was the Andorran constitution produced?",
              "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Andorranization policies" }
              ],
              "question": "What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?",
              "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Catalan medium education" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an Andorran school policy?",
              "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is the only language of Andorra?",
              "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "language shift processes" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?",
              "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "60 or older" }],
              "question": "How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?",
              "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?",
              "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?",
              "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?",
              "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?",
              "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "ingrained diglossic attitudes" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?",
              "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "diglossic attitudes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?",
              "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?",
              "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ram\u00f3n Men\u00e9ndez Pidal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Occitano-Romance" }],
              "question": "To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?",
              "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "linguists" }],
              "question": "Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?",
              "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Spanish ones" }],
              "question": "What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?",
              "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422de2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Occitan language" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan a variety of?",
              "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "varying degrees" }],
              "question": "What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "differences" }],
              "question": "What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?",
              "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "many traits" }],
              "question": "What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "closely related" }],
              "question": "Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Proven\u00e7al, Gallo-Italian).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "many traits" }],
              "question": "What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Iberian Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where is the Catalan language mostly located?",
              "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Ibero-Romance group" }
              ],
              "question": "In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?",
              "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Occitan" }],
              "question": "To what group is Catalan most closely related?",
              "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "87%" }],
              "question": "What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?",
              "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?",
              "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?",
              "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "76%" }],
              "question": "What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?",
              "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "How related is Sardinian to Catalan?",
              "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939\u20131975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "dialect of Spanish" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Catalan often been considered?",
              "id": "56e167b2e3433e1400422ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Francoist" }],
              "question": "During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?",
              "id": "56e167b2e3433e1400422ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir \"to boil\") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taur\u00e8l \"bullock\"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "rest of Roman Hispania" }
              ],
              "question": "What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?",
              "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Occitan" }],
              "question": "What language branch did Catalan share a history with?",
              "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Western Romance" }],
              "question": "What is Occitan a branch of?",
              "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang \"mud\" and rostir \"to roast\", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa \"spinning wheel\" and pols \"temple\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?",
              "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Latin origin" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of some Spanish words?",
              "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Germanic superstrate" }
              ],
              "question": "What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?",
              "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alf\u00e0bia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Arabic element" }],
              "question": "What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Arabic loanwords" }],
              "question": "What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?",
              "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?",
              "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "of Arabic origin" }],
              "question": "Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?",
              "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Latin origin" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?",
              "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67927"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?",
              "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "unique" }],
              "question": "What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?",
              "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "lexical" }],
              "question": "What type of unique choices does Catalan have?",
              "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "enyorar" }],
              "question": "What is the Catalan to miss somebody?",
              "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67943"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These territories are sometimes referred to as the Pa\u00efsos Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Catalan Countries" }],
              "question": "What are the Paisos Catalans",
              "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c67949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "cultural affinity and common heritage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is that determination based on?",
              "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "no official status" }
              ],
              "question": "What status does Catalan Countries have?",
              "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Various interpretations" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the interpretation of the term?",
              "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Pa\u00efsos Catalans" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for Catalan Countries?",
              "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "many monosyllabic words" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "consonant clusters" }
              ],
              "question": "What other type of endings do Catalan words have?",
              "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "obstruent" }],
              "question": "What kind of final devoicing does the language have?",
              "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "couplets" }],
              "question": "What do many words feature?",
              "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67987"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "standard pronunciation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Central Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "standard pronunciation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the descriptions for?",
              "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "section pronunciation" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?",
              "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a \u025b e i \u0254 o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /\u0259/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /\u025b e/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Vulgar Latin" }],
              "question": "Where does Catalan get its vowel system?",
              "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many stressed phenoms are there?",
              "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Western Romance" }],
              "question": "Where is this a common feature?",
              "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the exception to this common characteristic?",
              "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Dialects" }],
              "question": "What differs in vowel reduction?",
              "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e \u025b/ > [\u0259]; /o \u0254 u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?",
              "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "/i/" }],
              "question": "What vowel stays distinct?",
              "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "different" }],
              "question": "What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?",
              "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In Central Catalan" }],
              "question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?",
              "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "section pronunciation" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?",
              "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Catalan sociolinguistics" }
              ],
              "question": "What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?",
              "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Catalan sociolinguistics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Catalan philology" }],
              "question": "What is this a subdiscipline of?",
              "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "analyse the relation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?",
              "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "other languages in contact" }
              ],
              "question": "What outside affects does this study include?",
              "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "uniformity" }],
              "question": "What do the dialects of Catalan feature?",
              "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "other Romance languages" }
              ],
              "question": "In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?",
              "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "intelligibility" }],
              "question": "What is high among dialects?",
              "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "90% to 95%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?",
              "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Alguerese" }],
              "question": "What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?",
              "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /\u0259/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "treatment of unstressed a and e"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major difference between the two blocks?",
              "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "distinct" }],
              "question": "How are a and e in western dialects?",
              "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "merged" }],
              "question": "What have a and e done in eastern dialects?",
              "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Northwestern Catalan and Valencian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two dialects does Western Catalan include?",
              "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many dialects are in the eastern group?",
              "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Eastern block" }],
              "question": "To what division does Central Catalan belong?",
              "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "subdialects" }],
              "question": "What other divisions can be made of dialects?",
              "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Western Catalan" }],
              "question": "What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?",
              "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan" }],
              "question": "What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan" }],
              "question": "Where are the most speakers found?",
              "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Barcelona province" }
              ],
              "question": "In what densely populated area is it spoken?",
              "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "eastern half" }],
              "question": "What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?",
              "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a \u025b e i \u0254 o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /\u0259/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /\u025b e/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Vulgar Latin" }],
              "question": "What is the vowel system of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Western Romance" }],
              "question": "Where is this system common?",
              "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language is the exception?",
              "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Dialects" }],
              "question": "What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?",
              "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e \u025b/ > [\u0259]; /o \u0254 u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [\u0259] to [a].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Eastern Catalan" }],
              "question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?",
              "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Majorcan" }],
              "question": "What is the exception to this reduction?",
              "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "/i/" }],
              "question": "Which vowel remains distinct?",
              "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e \u025b/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o \u0254/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Majorcan" }],
              "question": "In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?",
              "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Eastern Catalan" }],
              "question": "What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?",
              "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Western Catalan" }],
              "question": "What other pattern do other vowels follow?",
              "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "/u/" }],
              "question": "What letter remains distinct?",
              "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Western Catalan" }],
              "question": "/u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e \u025b/ > [e]; /o \u0254/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?",
              "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "/a u i/" }],
              "question": "Which letters remain distinct?",
              "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Proto-Romance" }],
              "question": "Where did this pattern come from?",
              "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Italian and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "In what other languages is this pattern found?",
              "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "further reduction" }],
              "question": "What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?",
              "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /\u025b/. Usually, words with /\u025b/ in Central Catalan correspond to /\u0259/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Balearic" }],
              "question": "What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?",
              "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "/e/" }],
              "question": "What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?",
              "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "higher incidence" }],
              "question": "What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?",
              "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (\u2205 in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.\nE.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or \u2205 in all conjugations.\nE.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Valencian" }],
              "question": "What language is parle or tem ?",
              "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "What language  is parlo or temo ?",
              "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Balearic" }],
              "question": "What language is parl?",
              "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Northern" }],
              "question": "What language form is parli?",
              "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.\nE.g. h\u00f2mens 'men', j\u00f3vens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.\nE.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "nouns and adjectives" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you find medieval plurals?",
              "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "/n/" }],
              "question": "What letter is lost in some words?",
              "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "homes" }],
              "question": "When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?",
              "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "joves" }],
              "question": "The medieval jovens becomes what what word?",
              "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "proparoxytone" }],
              "question": "What kind of plural words lose /n/?",
              "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "word choices" }],
              "question": "What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?",
              "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "as an archaism" }],
              "question": "How can you explain differences in the language groups?",
              "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Central Catalan" }],
              "question": "What form is innovative?",
              "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern and Western" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two blocks of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "lexical divergence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an archaism explain?",
              "id": "56e19be4e3433e140042301a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is Standard based on?",
              "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Standard Catalan" }],
              "question": "What form is excepted by most speakers?",
              "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "traditional ones" }],
              "question": "What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423037"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic \u27e8e\u27e9 accentuation, for instance: franc\u00e8s, angl\u00e8s (IEC) \u2013 franc\u00e9s, angl\u00e9s (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent \u27e8\u00e8\u27e9, without pronouncing this \u27e8e\u27e9 as /\u025b/, in some words like: qu\u00e8 ('what'), or Val\u00e8ncia. Other divergences include the use of \u27e8tl\u27e9 (AVL) in some words instead of \u27e8tll\u27e9 like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "jo compre" }],
              "question": "What is jo compro changed to ?",
              "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "many verbal forms" }],
              "question": "What common Valencian forms are used?",
              "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "verbal forms" }],
              "question": "What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423046"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be \"cantam\" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the Balearic Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is IEC's standard used?",
              "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "adapted for the Balearic dialect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the standard used there?",
              "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "non-ending" }],
              "question": "What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?",
              "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of alg\u00fa ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Alghero" }],
              "question": "Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?",
              "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "lo" }],
              "question": "What definite article is found rather than el?",
              "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "imperfect tense" }],
              "question": "What is -v- used for?",
              "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Alguerese" }],
              "question": "What dialect employs many archaic words?",
              "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "weak pronouns" }],
              "question": "What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?",
              "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acad\u00e8mia Aragonesa del Catal\u00e0, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "La Franja" }],
              "question": "Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?",
              "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?",
              "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What language is the regulator meant to standardize?",
              "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "La Franja" }],
              "question": "Where is the language to be regulated located?",
              "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Western dialect" }],
              "question": "How is Valencian classified?",
              "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "northwestern varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?",
              "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Western Catalonia" }],
              "question": "Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?",
              "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Catalan and Valencian" }
              ],
              "question": "What forms are mutually intelligible?",
              "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "90% to 95%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67ab0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acad\u00e8mia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "as the same language" }
              ],
              "question": "How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "as the same language" }
              ],
              "question": "How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "the Valencian Academy of Language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Valencian Academy of Language" }
              ],
              "question": "Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castell\u00f3 (Normes de Castell\u00f3). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acad\u00e8mia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Valencian parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established the AVL?",
              "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "use of Valencian" }],
              "question": "Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?",
              "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Norms of Castell\u00f3" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the AVL standard based on?",
              "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "everyone who writes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who uses this standard?",
              "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?",
              "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acad\u00e8mia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "different" }],
              "question": "What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "between 2001 and 2004" }
              ],
              "question": "When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?",
              "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "younger generations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?",
              "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "A minority" }],
              "question": "How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?",
              "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "clash of opinions" }],
              "question": "What has produced a great deal of controversy?",
              "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did the EU create the European Constitution?",
              "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Spanish government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?",
              "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "as an archaism" }],
              "question": "As what can divergence in the groups be shown?",
              "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "as an innovative element" }
              ],
              "question": "How does central Catalan behave with the groups?",
              "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern and Western" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What language has a lexical unity?",
              "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Literary Catalan" }],
              "question": "What can use words from different dialects?",
              "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "restricted use" }],
              "question": "What kind of words are excepted from literary use?",
              "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?",
              "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "detriment of others" }
              ],
              "question": "What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?",
              "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "greater freedom of choice" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of choice is now available in word choice?",
              "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423164"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Ro\u00eds de Corella's writings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Greek and Latin" }],
              "question": "Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?",
              "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "very early" }],
              "question": "When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?",
              "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Ramon Llull" }],
              "question": "In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?",
              "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "Ro\u00eds de Corella" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423178"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example el\u00e8ctric [\u0259\u02c8l\u025bktrik] (\"electrical\") vs. electricitat [\u0259l\u0259ktrisi\u02c8tat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure (\"foresee\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "agglutination" }],
              "question": "What is common in Romance languages?",
              "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "morphological" }],
              "question": "What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?",
              "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Prefixes" }],
              "question": "What word additive is usually added to verbs?",
              "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "sound alternations" }
              ],
              "question": "What other word changes can occur in derivations?",
              "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "affixes" }],
              "question": "What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?",
              "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by \u00f8/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa (\"scarce\"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "-o" }],
              "question": "What is the usual masculine suffix?",
              "id": "56e1cd44e3433e140042319d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia (\"boy\"/\"girl\") and gall/gallina (\"cock\"/\"hen\"), whereas French has gar\u00e7on/fille and coq/poule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "suppletive couplets" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of words does Catalan have few of?",
              "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What languages have more couplets than Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Italian and Spanish" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?",
              "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?",
              "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta (\"boiling\") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Occitan and French" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?",
              "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "bullent/bullenta" }],
              "question": "What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?",
              "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "bullent/bullenta" }],
              "question": "What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?",
              "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos (\"the pulse\"/\"the pulses\") vs. la pols/les pols (\"the dust\"/\"the dusts\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "suffix -s" }],
              "question": "What is the usual way to make a plural?",
              "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "morphological alternations" }
              ],
              "question": "What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?",
              "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "gender inflection" }],
              "question": "To what are these morphological changes similar?",
              "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "addition of -o-" }],
              "question": "What is an important plural alternation?",
              "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels (\"of + the [plural]\"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "complex" }],
              "question": "What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?",
              "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "inflection of determinatives" }
              ],
              "question": "What is much like the neighboring languages?",
              "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language does Catalan have more contractions than?",
              "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "Catalan has less contractions than what language?",
              "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "article" }],
              "question": "What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?",
              "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "unstressed possessives" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?",
              "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "What other language shares this type of construction?",
              "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "el meu" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an article +stressed forms?",
              "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "mon" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an unstressed possessive?",
              "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "13 distinct forms" }],
              "question": "How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?",
              "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "9" }],
              "question": "What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?",
              "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "65" }],
              "question": "How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?",
              "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan pronouns exhibit T\u2013V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "all other Romance languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What is this distinction similar to?",
              "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?",
              "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "formality" }],
              "question": "What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?",
              "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren (\"they recommended me to him\"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommand\u00e9 \u00e0 lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a \u00e9l. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "French or Spanish" }],
              "question": "What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? ",
              "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "passive voice" }],
              "question": "What do you not need to use in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "French or English" }],
              "question": "What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "preposition" }],
              "question": "What method does Spanish use to identify the object?",
              "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "more complex" }],
              "question": "What is Catalan verbal inflection ?",
              "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Suffixation" }],
              "question": "What plays a primary part in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "morphological alternations" }
              ],
              "question": "What plays a secondary part in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "active" }],
              "question": "How are vowel alternances in Catalan?",
              "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar (\"to go\") + infinitive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Catalan verbal system" }
              ],
              "question": "What system is common to Western Romance?",
              "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "synthetic indicative perfect" }
              ],
              "question": "What have many dialects replaced?",
              "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "all Western Romance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Catalan verbal system common to?",
              "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "into three conjugations" }
              ],
              "question": "How are Catalan verbs grouped?",
              "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "first conjugation" }],
              "question": "Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?",
              "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many verbs are in the third conjugation?",
              "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?",
              "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i (\"and\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?",
              "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Which one of one's father's surnames is used?",
              "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "joining both surnames" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?",
              "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "in" }],
              "question": "What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?",
              "id": "56e1edbee3433e140042320a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Estonian_language",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Estonian (eesti keel [\u02c8e\u02d0sti \u02c8ke\u02d0l] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Estonia?",
              "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "about 1.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?",
              "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "tens of thousands" }],
              "question": "How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian?",
              "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Finnic" }],
              "question": "What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to?",
              "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Uralic" }],
              "question": "What language family does Estonian belong to?",
              "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "What country has Estonian as its official language?",
              "id": "56e3a635e375b8140053a3cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1.1 million" }],
              "question": "In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language",
              "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Uralic" }],
              "question": "Of what language family is Estonian a part of?",
              "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Finnic" }],
              "question": "On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?",
              "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "tens of thousands" }],
              "question": "How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /s\u0251d\u0251/, /s\u0251\u02d1d\u0251/ and /s\u0251\u02d0d\u0251/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "linguists" }],
              "question": "Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?",
              "id": "56e3a745d654871900275377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "short, long, and \"overlong\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the phonemic length's three degrees?",
              "id": "56e3a745d654871900275378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "the underlying phonological mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?",
              "id": "56e3a745d654871900275379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Finnic" }],
              "question": "What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?",
              "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Finnish, Karelian" }],
              "question": "What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?",
              "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Indo-European languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What language group is Estonian not a part of?",
              "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Hungarian and to the Sami languages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?",
              "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Baltic Germans" }],
              "question": "Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3a927e375b8140053a3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Middle Low German" }],
              "question": "Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?",
              "id": "56e3a927e375b8140053a3e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject\u2013verb\u2013object.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "vowel" }],
              "question": "What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?",
              "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "agglutinative" }],
              "question": "What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? ",
              "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?",
              "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "North and South Estonian languages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?",
              "id": "56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "13th century to 1918" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Northern Crusades happen?",
              "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?",
              "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Estonia" }],
              "question": "Following the crusades which country was dominated?",
              "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "indigenous literacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?",
              "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Originates Livoniae" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can records of Estonian place names be found?",
              "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?",
              "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "words and fragments of sentences."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?",
              "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "a Lutheran manuscript" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Estonian language book to be published?",
              "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1524 and 1528" }],
              "question": "When were the Kallamaa prayers written?",
              "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "destroyed" }],
              "question": "What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?",
              "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "immediately after publication" }
              ],
              "question": "At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?",
              "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaede"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "S. Wanradt and J. Koell" }
              ],
              "question": "What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?",
              "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1535" }],
              "question": "In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?",
              "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of book was it?",
              "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "An Estonian grammar book" }
              ],
              "question": "What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?",
              "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1637" }],
              "question": "What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?",
              "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem \"Kuu\" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Kristjan Jaak Peterson" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?",
              "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "patriotic and philosophical" }
              ],
              "question": "What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?",
              "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "March 14" }],
              "question": "When was Peterson born?",
              "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Mother Tongue Day" }],
              "question": "What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?",
              "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "German-language University of Dorpat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What university did Peterson attend?",
              "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "23,868" }],
              "question": "In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?",
              "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "14,503" }],
              "question": "In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?",
              "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?",
              "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750\u20131840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Age of Enlightenment" }
              ],
              "question": "What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?",
              "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Baltic Germans" }],
              "question": "Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?",
              "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Estophile educated class" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?",
              "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Danes and Germans" }],
              "question": "Who conquered the ancient Estonians?",
              "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?",
              "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?",
              "id": "56e3c50e39bdeb1400347904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?",
              "id": "56e3c50e39bdeb1400347905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "97.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?",
              "id": "56e3c50f39bdeb1400347906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?",
              "id": "56e3c50f39bdeb1400347907"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as \u2018the language of friendship of nations\u2019 and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "invaded and occupied" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Estonia during WWII?",
              "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who invaded Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?",
              "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Latvia" }],
              "question": "What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "pressure of bilingualism" }
              ],
              "question": "What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "collapse of the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What historical event once again freed Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?",
              "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?",
              "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What came into being in January 1989?",
              "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaefa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "above 70%" }],
              "question": "Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?",
              "id": "56e3c76639bdeb140034790e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups \u2013 the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?",
              "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaeff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "the northern and southern dialects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?",
              "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Tallinn" }],
              "question": "What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?",
              "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "the northeastern coast of Estonia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?",
              "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Tartu" }],
              "question": "What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?",
              "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the l\u00e4\u00e4nemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to L\u00e4\u00e4nemaa and P\u00e4rnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the keskmurre" }],
              "question": "What dialect is also known as the central dialect?",
              "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "the idamurre or eastern dialect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?",
              "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa" }
              ],
              "question": "What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?",
              "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "the l\u00e4\u00e4nemurre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?",
              "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and V\u00f5ro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What dialects comprise the southern group?",
              "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "their culture" }],
              "question": "More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and V\u00f5ro dialects set themselves apart from each other?",
              "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "separate languages altogether" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?",
              "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What religion is associated with Seto and V\u00f5ro?",
              "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, and \u00f5, plus the later additions \u0161 and \u017e. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, \u0161, and \u017e appear in loanwords and foreign names only. \u00d6 and \u00fc are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), \u00c4 is pronounced [\u00e6], as in English mat. The vowels \u00c4, \u00d6 and \u00dc are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter \u00f5 denotes /\u0264/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian \u044a /\u0264\u031e/ and the Vietnamese \u01a1, and is used to transcribe the Russian \u044b.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?",
              "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Finnish" }],
              "question": "What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?",
              "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "[\u00e6], as in English mat" }
              ],
              "question": "In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?",
              "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type \u0161 and \u017e, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "phonemic principles" }
              ],
              "question": "What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?",
              "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?",
              "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "some historical and morphological deviations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?",
              "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Where it is very impractical or impossible to type \u0161 and \u017e"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what occasions are \u0161 and \u017e replaced with sh and zh?",
              "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Pasha (pas-ha)" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?",
              "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347916"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography \u2014 for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Newer Orthography" }],
              "question": " In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?",
              "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Eduard Ahrens" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?",
              "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "In what century was the Newer Orthography created?",
              "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Older Orthography" }],
              "question": "Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?",
              "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "standard German orthography" }
              ],
              "question": "From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?",
              "id": "56e42e3739bdeb1400347920"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of \"ya\" for \"\u00e4\" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of P\u00e4rnu), \"y\" instead of \"\u00f5\" (e.g., Pylva instead of P\u00f5lva) and \"yu\" instead of \"\u00fc\" (e.g., Pyussi instead of P\u00fcssi). Even in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica one can find \"ostrov Khiuma\", where \"ostrov\" means \"island\" in Russian and \"Khiuma\" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of \"Hiiumaa\" (Hiiumaa > \u0425\u0438\u0439\u0443\u043c\u0430(\u0430) > Khiuma).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?",
              "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?",
              "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "\"ostrov Khiuma\"" }],
              "question": "What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica?",
              "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject\u2013verb\u2013object).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "transitional" }],
              "question": "What is the typological form of Estonian?",
              "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "an agglutinating language" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?",
              "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "a fusional language" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?",
              "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?",
              "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja (\"a yellow house\") is kollasesse majja (\"into a yellow house\"), but the terminative is kollase majani (\"as far as a yellow house\"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja \u2013 majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja \u2013 majahan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?",
              "id": "56e431558c00841900fbaf2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "adjectives" }],
              "question": "In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?",
              "id": "56e431558c00841900fbaf2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Finnish" }],
              "question": "What other language has a telicity contrast?",
              "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "partitive" }],
              "question": "Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?",
              "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "total objects" }],
              "question": "What is the accusative used for?",
              "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the \"impersonal\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "verbal system" }],
              "question": "From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?",
              "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "present tense" }],
              "question": "What is used in place of the future tense?",
              "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "special forms" }],
              "question": "What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?",
              "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Germanic languages" }],
              "question": "Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?",
              "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Low Saxon" }],
              "question": "What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?",
              "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "during the period of German rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?",
              "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "High German" }],
              "question": "From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?",
              "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "High German" }],
              "question": "Standard German is part of what Germanic language?",
              "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "'b' & 'p'" }],
              "question": "What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?",
              "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "The initial letter 's' is often dropped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?",
              "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "pagas" }],
              "question": "In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?",
              "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s\u201390s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Ursch\u00f6pfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Ado Grenzstein" }],
              "question": "Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?",
              "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1870s\u201390s" }],
              "question": "In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?",
              "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "formation ex nihilo" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for making up words from nothing?",
              "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Ado Grenzstein" }],
              "question": "Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?",
              "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880\u20131973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. \u2018free constructions\u2019, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik\u2019s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Johannes Aavik" }],
              "question": "Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?",
              "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1880\u20131973" }],
              "question": "What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?",
              "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "creations ex nihilo" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?",
              "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Aavik\u2019s dictionary" }
              ],
              "question": "In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?",
              "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "approximately 4000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?",
              "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim \u2018crime\u2019 versus English crime or taunima \u2018to condemn, disapprove\u2019 versus Finnish tuomita \u2018to condemn, to judge\u2019 (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik\u2019s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "Ancient Greek, Latin and French"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages did Aavik know?",
              "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When was Aavik's dictionary published?",
              "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Aavikisms" }],
              "question": "What is another term for words created by Aavik?",
              "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "foreign lexical items" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?",
              "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf64"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Paper",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "wood" }],
              "question": "What is a source for the particles in paper?",
              "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "writing" }],
              "question": "What is a common use for paper?",
              "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "drying" }],
              "question": "What is the last step in paper production?",
              "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "2nd century AD" }],
              "question": "When was the pulp papermaking process developed?",
              "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country was the process developed in?",
              "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country is leading in production of paper?",
              "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country is the second largest produced of paper?",
              "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Cai Lun" }],
              "question": "Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?",
              "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Cai Lun" }],
              "question": "Who is credited with the papermaking process?",
              "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "silk" }],
              "question": "What material did paper replace upon its invention?",
              "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Golden Age" }],
              "question": "Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?",
              "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?",
              "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "13th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?",
              "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Baghdad" }],
              "question": "Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?",
              "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "bagdatikos" }],
              "question": "What name did the process take on in Baghdad?",
              "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?",
              "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Charles Fenerty" }],
              "question": "Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?",
              "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Papyrus" }],
              "question": "What Latin word is paper derived from?",
              "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language is papyrus derived from?",
              "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "maceration" }],
              "question": "What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?",
              "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Cyperus" }],
              "question": "What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?",
              "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "the pith" }],
              "question": "What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?",
              "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers\u2013not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What is separated from the cellulose fibres?",
              "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "wood-free" }],
              "question": "What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?",
              "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?",
              "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of cotton is cellulose?",
              "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many chemical pulping processes are there?",
              "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1840s" }],
              "question": "What decade does the sulfite process date to?",
              "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "The kraft process" }],
              "question": "What process is most commonly used?",
              "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Soda pulping" }],
              "question": "What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?",
              "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "groundwood pulp" }],
              "question": "Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?",
              "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "debarked logs" }],
              "question": "What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?",
              "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "weak" }],
              "question": "What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?",
              "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "virgin" }],
              "question": "Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?",
              "id": "56e7521e37bdd419002c3e69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "china clay" }],
              "question": "What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?",
              "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Additives" }],
              "question": "What is added for sizing purposes?",
              "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "chalk" }],
              "question": "What besides china clay is used as a filler?",
              "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pressing" }],
              "question": "How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?",
              "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "felt" }],
              "question": "What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?",
              "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "blotter sheet" }],
              "question": "What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?",
              "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "felt" }],
              "question": "Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?",
              "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 \u00b0F (93 \u00b0C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "air" }],
              "question": "What is the main component of drying the paper?",
              "id": "56e759ac37bdd419002c3ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?",
              "id": "56e759ac37bdd419002c3ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "china clay" }],
              "question": "Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?",
              "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "calendering" }],
              "question": "What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?",
              "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Gloss" }],
              "question": "What is the shiniest type of coated paper?",
              "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Gloss" }],
              "question": "What papers give the best optical density?",
              "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d7700a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut \"long-grain\", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "reels" }],
              "question": "What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?",
              "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "long-grain" }],
              "question": "In what manner are sheets normally cut?",
              "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "cut into sheets" }],
              "question": "If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?",
              "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "wove paper" }],
              "question": "What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?",
              "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "rollers" }],
              "question": "What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?",
              "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "density" }],
              "question": "What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?",
              "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "wire mesh" }],
              "question": "What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?",
              "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77013"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits \"deckle edges\", or rough and feathery borders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines" }],
              "question": "What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?",
              "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d77018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines" }],
              "question": "What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?",
              "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d77019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "chainlines" }],
              "question": "What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?",
              "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d7701b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines" }],
              "question": "Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?",
              "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d7701c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "caliper" }],
              "question": "What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?",
              "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "thousandths of an inch" }
              ],
              "question": "In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?",
              "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "mm" }],
              "question": "Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?",
              "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "0.0028 and 0.0071 in" }
              ],
              "question": "Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?",
              "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying \"basic sizes\", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in \u00d7 11 in (216 mm \u00d7 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "weight" }],
              "question": "What characteristic is paper usually classified by?",
              "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "a ream" }],
              "question": "In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?",
              "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "card" }],
              "question": "Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?",
              "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77046"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "ISO 216" }],
              "question": "What ISO sizing system does Europe use?",
              "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d77068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "card" }],
              "question": "If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?",
              "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d7706b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "dimensions" }],
              "question": "Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?",
              "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d7706c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "length and width" }],
              "question": "Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?",
              "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "standard paper sizes" }
              ],
              "question": "Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?",
              "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "length and width" }],
              "question": "Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?",
              "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 \u00d7 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "ISO 216" }],
              "question": "Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?",
              "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?",
              "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "A0" }],
              "question": "What is the largest standard size paper?",
              "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?",
              "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "A3" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?",
              "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d77080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "tissue paper" }],
              "question": "What is the lightest density of paper produced?",
              "id": "56e763f737bdd419002c3f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "800 kg/m3" }],
              "question": "What is the common density of printing paper?",
              "id": "56e763f737bdd419002c3f2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not \"run\" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as \"slow fire\". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Alum" }],
              "question": "What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?",
              "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d77098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "sizing" }],
              "question": "Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?",
              "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d77099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "more stable" }],
              "question": "How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?",
              "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d7709b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?",
              "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?",
              "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "light and oxygen" }],
              "question": "What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?",
              "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Library of Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?",
              "id": "56e7671700c9c71400d770b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "oxalic" }],
              "question": "Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?",
              "id": "56e7671700c9c71400d770ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as \"high yield\" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?",
              "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mechanical" }],
              "question": "What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?",
              "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "acid-free" }],
              "question": "What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?",
              "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "400%" }],
              "question": "In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?",
              "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?",
              "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "plant trees" }],
              "question": "What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?",
              "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?",
              "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?",
              "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "71.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?",
              "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "16 billion" }],
              "question": "How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?",
              "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?",
              "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "bleaching" }],
              "question": "What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?",
              "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "through food" }],
              "question": "How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?",
              "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "fatty tissue" }],
              "question": "Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?",
              "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agency internationally regulates dioxins?",
              "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "paperfoam" }],
              "question": "What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?",
              "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "biodegradable" }],
              "question": "What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?",
              "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "paper" }],
              "question": "What is paperfoam primarily made of?",
              "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "recycled" }],
              "question": "How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?",
              "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "corn protein" }],
              "question": "What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?",
              "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "corn protein" }],
              "question": "Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?",
              "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "synthetic" }],
              "question": "PFOA is what type of coating?",
              "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77107"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Arena_Football_League",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was the football league established?",
              "id": "56e67802de9d371400067ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "indoors" }],
              "question": "Where is football played?",
              "id": "56e67802de9d371400067ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Arena Football League" }
              ],
              "question": "What does AFL sand for?",
              "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Jim Foster" }],
              "question": "Who founded The AFL?",
              "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "In what year was the AFL founded?",
              "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was AFL sport invented?",
              "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Jim Foster" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?",
              "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "What was the inaugural year of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?",
              "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "68" }],
              "question": "In yards, how large is an arena football field?",
              "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?",
              "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  \u2013  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for \"reasons not associated with League operations.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many teams were there in the 2015 season?",
              "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many conferences does the AFL have?",
              "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "American Conference and National Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are these conferences in the AFL named?",
              "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "San Jose SaberCats" }
              ],
              "question": "Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?",
              "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?",
              "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Spokane Shock" }],
              "question": "What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?",
              "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "IFL" }],
              "question": "What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?",
              "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "National Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?",
              "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77319"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?",
              "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d7731f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "18-week" }],
              "question": "How long is the AFL regular season?",
              "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?",
              "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "What month did the 2015 AFL season end?",
              "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "ArenaBowl" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the AFL championship game?",
              "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77323"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "af2" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the AFL development league?",
              "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did the AFL development league begin?",
              "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was the first AFL season played?",
              "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What Arena Football League season was cancelled?",
              "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Chicago, Illinois" }],
              "question": "In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?",
              "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a \"test game\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the National Football League" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?",
              "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "an indoor soccer match" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?",
              "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Madison Square Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?",
              "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?",
              "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "NBC" }],
              "question": "What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?",
              "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "the United States Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What football league began in 1982?",
              "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Chicago Blitz" }],
              "question": "What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?",
              "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When did the USFL shut down?",
              "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "April 27, 1986" }],
              "question": "On what date was the arena football test game played?",
              "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "executive vice-president" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?",
              "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77337"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, \"showcase\", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Rockford, Illinois" }],
              "question": "In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?",
              "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Rockford MetroCentre" }
              ],
              "question": "At what venue did the test game occur?",
              "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Chicago Politicians" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?",
              "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "February 26, 1987" }],
              "question": "On what date did the second test game take place?",
              "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d77340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Rosemont Horizon" }],
              "question": "The second test game was played in what arena?",
              "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d77341"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel \"Mouse\" Davis, godfather of the \"run and shoot\" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?",
              "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Washington Commandos" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?",
              "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "executive director of football operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?",
              "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Mouse" }],
              "question": "What was Darrell Davis' nickname?",
              "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Davis" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?",
              "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "June 19, 1987" }],
              "question": "On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?",
              "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Gladiators" }],
              "question": "Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?",
              "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "12,117" }],
              "question": "How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?",
              "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "June 20, 1987" }],
              "question": "On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?",
              "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "the Rosemont Horizon" }
              ],
              "question": "At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?",
              "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77355"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990. The patent expired on September 30, 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 30, 1987" }],
              "question": "On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?",
              "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "March 27, 1990" }],
              "question": "When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?",
              "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "September 30, 2007" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?",
              "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the United States Patent and Trademark Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Foster file his patent?",
              "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?",
              "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "midnight" }],
              "question": "In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?",
              "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Arena Bowl XII" }],
              "question": "What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?",
              "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?",
              "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Wide World of Sports" }
              ],
              "question": "On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?",
              "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento's Arco Arena, as part of the AFL's 'Barnstorming America' tour. Foster had walked onto the field of play to mediate an altercation between the two teams when Haering, a former NFL assistant, punched him in the jaw. Haering was suspended without pay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Joe Haering" }],
              "question": "Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?",
              "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d7736f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week was July 23, 1989?",
              "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Jim Foster" }],
              "question": "Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?",
              "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "USA Today" }],
              "question": "What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Arco Arena" }],
              "question": "In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?",
              "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77373"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988\u20131993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Detroit Drive" }],
              "question": "What team did Art Schlichter play for?",
              "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Joe Louis Arena" }],
              "question": "Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?",
              "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?",
              "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Mike Ilitch" }],
              "question": "Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?",
              "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c4210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Detroit Tigers" }],
              "question": "What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?",
              "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c4211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered \"dynasties\", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?",
              "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?",
              "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Storm" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?",
              "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Orlando Predators" }],
              "question": "What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?",
              "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d77390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "San Jose SaberCats" }
              ],
              "question": "What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?",
              "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d77391"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64\u201340 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two games, the first in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the second being in Beijing, China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "first All-Star Game" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?",
              "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Des Moines, Iowa" }],
              "question": "In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?",
              "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Iowa Barnstormers" }],
              "question": "What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?",
              "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "American Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "What conference lost the first All-Star Game?",
              "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c421a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?",
              "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c421b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including financially weak ownership groups, lack of deep financial support from some owners otherwise capable of providing it, lack of media exposure, and the host city's evident lack of interest in its team or the sport as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "New England Sea Wolves" }
              ],
              "question": "What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?",
              "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Toronto" }],
              "question": "What city did the Sea Wolves move to?",
              "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?",
              "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "two seasons" }],
              "question": "How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?",
              "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?",
              "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Iowa Barnstormers" }],
              "question": "What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?",
              "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Super Bowl XXXIV" }],
              "question": "Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?",
              "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "St. Louis Rams" }],
              "question": "What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?",
              "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "TNN" }],
              "question": "What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?",
              "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "VooDoo" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?",
              "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the \"iron man\" era of one-platoon football. And in 2008, the \"jack\" linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for \"illegal defense\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?",
              "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?",
              "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?",
              "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year introduced the free substitution rule?",
              "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the \"jack\" linebacker?",
              "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL, David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25, 2008, just two days before ArenaBowl XXII; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker's replacement was found. Baker explained, \"When I took over as commissioner, I thought it would be for one year. It turned into 12. But now it's time.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "David Baker" }],
              "question": "Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?",
              "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "July 25, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "ArenaBowl XXII" }],
              "question": "What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?",
              "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Ed Policy" }],
              "question": "Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?",
              "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2008, Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding \"based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team\". Shortly thereafter, an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity; in exchange, Platinum Equity would create a centralized, single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable. Benson's move to shut down the VooDoo came during the Platinum Equity conference call, leading to speculation that he had folded because of the deal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "New Orleans VooDoo" }],
              "question": "What team shut down in October 2008?",
              "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c4249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Tom Benson" }],
              "question": "Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?",
              "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Platinum Equity" }],
              "question": "What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?",
              "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?",
              "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Sports Business Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?",
              "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the sudden loss of the New Orleans franchise, the league announced in October that the beginning of the free agency period would be delayed in order to accommodate a dispersal draft. Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency, but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3. Shortly thereafter, another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11. However, the draft still never took place, and instead another press release was issued stating that both the draft and free agency had been postponed indefinitely. Rumors began circulating that the league was in trouble and on the verge of folding, but owners denied those claims. It was soon revealed the players' union had agreed to cut the salary cap for the 2009 season to prevent a total cessation of operations. However, the announced Platinum Equity investment never materialized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "December 2" }],
              "question": "On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?",
              "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "December 3" }],
              "question": "To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?",
              "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "December 9" }],
              "question": "After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?",
              "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "December 4" }],
              "question": "When was free agency first scheduled to begin?",
              "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c4260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "December 11" }],
              "question": "When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?",
              "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c4261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create \"a long-term plan to improve its economic model\". In doing so, the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season, after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout. The AFL also became the third sports league to lose its postseason (the first being Major League Baseball, which lost its postseason in 1994 because of a strike). Efforts to reformat the league's business model were placed under the leadership of Columbus Destroyers owner Jim Renacci and interim commissioner Policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "tenth" }],
              "question": "What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?",
              "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "December 2008" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?",
              "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "2004-05" }],
              "question": "What National Hockey League season was cancelled?",
              "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "a lockout" }],
              "question": "What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?",
              "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Jim Renacci" }],
              "question": "Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?",
              "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High hopes for the AFL waned when interim commissioner Ed Policy announced his resignation, citing the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league. Two weeks later, the Los Angeles Avengers announced that they were formally folding the franchise. One month later, the league missed the deadline to formally ratify the new collective bargaining agreement and announced that it was eliminating health insurance for the players. Progress on the return stalled, and no announcements were made regarding the future of the league.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "interim commissioner" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the job title of Ed Policy?",
              "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Los Angeles Avengers" }
              ],
              "question": "After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?",
              "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers fold?",
              "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "One month" }],
              "question": "How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?",
              "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason did Policy give for his resignation?",
              "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 20, 2009, Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In early August 2009, numerous media outlets began reporting that the AFL was folding permanently and would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The league released a statement on August 4 to the effect that while the league was not folding, it was suspending league operations indefinitely. Despite this, several of the league's creditors filed papers to force a Chapter 7 liquidation if the league did not do so voluntarily. This request was granted on August 7, though converted to a Chapter 11 reorganization on August 26.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 20, 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?",
              "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c4278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Sports Business Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?",
              "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c4279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "$14 million" }],
              "question": "How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009?",
              "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Chapter 11" }],
              "question": "What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009?",
              "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "August 4" }],
              "question": "On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down?",
              "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the suspension of the AFL's 2009 season, league officials and owners of af2 (which had played its season as scheduled) began discussing the future of arena football and the two leagues. With its 50.1 percent ownership of af2, the AFL's bankruptcy and dissolution prompted the dissolution of af2 as well. That league was formally considered disbanded on September 8, 2009, when no owner committed his or her team to the league's eleventh season by that deadline. For legal reasons, af2 league officials and owners agreed to form a new legal entity, Arena Football 1 (AF1), with former AFL teams the Arizona Rattlers and Orlando Predators joining the former af2.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "50.1" }],
              "question": "What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "September 8, 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?",
              "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Arena Football 1" }],
              "question": "What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?",
              "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Arizona Rattlers" }],
              "question": "Along with the Orlando Predators, what former Arena Football League team joined af2?",
              "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What Arena Football League season was suspended?",
              "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77417"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All assets of the Arena Football League were put up for auction. On November 11, 2009, the new league announced its intention to purchase the entire assets of the former AFL; the assets included the team names and logos of all but one of the former AFL and af2 teams. The lone exception was that of the Dallas Desperados; Desperados owner Jerry Jones had purposely designed the Desperados' properties around those of the Dallas Cowboys, making the two inseparable. The auction occurred on November 25, 2009. The assets were awarded to Arena Football 1 on December 7, 2009, with a winning bid of $6.1 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Jerry Jones" }],
              "question": "Who owned the Dallas Desperados?",
              "id": "56e7a0e400c9c71400d77427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "November 11, 2009" }],
              "question": "When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?",
              "id": "56e7a0e400c9c71400d77428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "November 25, 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?",
              "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d77429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Arena Football 1" }],
              "question": "Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?",
              "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d7742a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "$6.1 million" }],
              "question": "What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?",
              "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d7742b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 17, 2010, AF1 announced it would use the \"Arena Football League\" name. The league announced plans for the upcoming season and details of its contract with NFL Network to broadcast AFL games in 2010. AF1 teams were given the option of restoring historical names to their teams. In addition to the historical teams, the league added two new expansion franchises, the Dallas Vigilantes and the Jacksonville Sharks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 17, 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?",
              "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "NFL Network" }],
              "question": "What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many expansion teams were announced in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Jacksonville Sharks" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Dallas Vigilantes, what expansion team was announced in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77434"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the 2011 season, the Philadelphia Soul, Kansas City Brigade, San Jose SaberCats, New Orleans VooDoo, and the Georgia Force returned to the AFL after having last played in 2008. However, the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers, Los Angeles Avengers, and the New York Dragons did not return. The league added one expansion team, the Pittsburgh Power. Former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Lynn Swann was one of the team's owners. It was the first time the AFL returned to Pittsburgh since the Pittsburgh Gladiators were an original franchise in 1987 before becoming the Tampa Bay Storm. The Brigade changed its name to the Command, becoming the Kansas City Command. Even though they were returning teams, the Bossier\u2013Shreveport Battle Wings moved to New Orleans as the Voodoo, the identity formerly owned by New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson. The Alabama Vipers moved to Duluth, Georgia to become the new Georgia Force (the earlier franchise of that name being a continuation of the first Nashville Kats franchise). On October 25, 2010 the Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz did not return. The Milwaukee Iron also changed names to the Milwaukee Mustangs, the name of Milwaukee's original AFL team that had existed from 1994 to 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "San Jose SaberCats" }],
              "question": "Along with the New Orleans VooDoo, Kansas City Brigade, Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force, what former team returned for the 2011 season?",
              "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d77439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "New York Dragons" }],
              "question": "Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers, what team did not return for the 2011 season?",
              "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Pittsburgh Power" }],
              "question": "What expansion team joined the league in 2011?",
              "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }
              ],
              "question": "For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play?",
              "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Pittsburgh Gladiators" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm?",
              "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations. The season kicked off on March 9, 2012. The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio, Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm. The Dallas Vigilantes were left off the schedule for the 2012 season with no announcement from the management, raising speculations that either the team had suspended operations for the season or was ceasing operations altogether. (Apparently the latter was the case as the organization did not field a team for the 2013 season or any subsequent one either.) Like the National Football League, the AFL postponed the free agency period to October 31 due to Hurricane Sandy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "25th" }],
              "question": "What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?",
              "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "March 9, 2012" }],
              "question": "What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?",
              "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "San Antonio" }],
              "question": "To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?",
              "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Jeffrey Vinik" }],
              "question": "Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?",
              "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Hurricane Sandy" }],
              "question": "What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?",
              "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was announced on December 12, 2012, that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor, renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League. The redesigned website showed the new logo which incorporated the current AFL logo with the one from NET10 Wireless. The title sponsorship agreement ended in 2014 after a two-year partnership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "December 12, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?",
              "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "NET10 Wireless" }],
              "question": "What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "NET10 Wireless Arena Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?",
              "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?",
              "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d77450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?",
              "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d77451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014, the Los Angeles Kiss (owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss) and the Portland Thunder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Kiss" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Gene Simmons" }],
              "question": "Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?",
              "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Portland Thunder" }],
              "question": "Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what expansion team entered in the league in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Kiss" }],
              "question": "Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group?",
              "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d7745a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2014, the league announced the granting of a new franchise to former M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce frontman Vince Neil, previously part-owner of the Jacksonville Sharks. That franchise, the Las Vegas Outlaws, were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015, but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center, previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators. After 20 years as a familiar name to the league, an AFL mainstay, the Iowa Barnstormers, departed the league to join the Indoor Football League. The San Antonio Talons folded on October 13, 2014, after the league (which owned the team) failed to find a new owner. On November 16, 2014, despite a successful season record-wise, the Pittsburgh Power became the second team to cease operations after the 2014 season. This resulted from poor attendance. It was later announced by the league that the Power would go dormant for 2015 and were looking for new ownership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce" }
              ],
              "question": "What band was Vince Neil a part of?",
              "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d7745f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Outlaws" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?",
              "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "MGM Grand Garden Arena" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws?",
              "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "the Thomas & Mack Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Outlaws play their home games?",
              "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Las Vegas Sting" }],
              "question": "Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?",
              "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77463"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jerry Kurz" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d77469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "commissioner" }],
              "question": "What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Scott Butera" }],
              "question": "Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?",
              "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Foxwoods" }],
              "question": "Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?",
              "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "CEO" }],
              "question": "What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?",
              "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 9, 2015, ESPN reported that the New Orleans VooDoo and Las Vegas Outlaws had ceased operations, effective immediately, a claim which was subsequently validated on the AFL website. On September 1, 2015, the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire, becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since bankruptcy (Iowa Barnstormers, Tri-Cities Fever, Green Bay Blizzard and Arkansas Twisters\u2014now the Texas Revolution\u2014left previously).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 9, 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?",
              "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?",
              "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "September 1, 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "IFL" }],
              "question": "What rival league did the Spokane Shock join?",
              "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Spokane Empire" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL?",
              "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, \"News to me.\" Announcements have yet to be made on any sort of expansion plans. An expected \"big announcement\" on Friday, October 30 at a San Antonio Spurs game never came to fruition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Friday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week was October 30, 2015?",
              "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "San Antonio Spurs" }],
              "question": "At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?",
              "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "BJ Pickard" }],
              "question": "Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?",
              "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Austin Wranglers" }],
              "question": "What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?",
              "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "San Antonio Force" }],
              "question": "Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?",
              "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 12, the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to \"reasons unrelated to League operations\". A statement from the league indicated that the AFL is working to secure new, long-term owners for the franchise. This leaves the AFL with eight teams for 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "San Jose SaberCats" }],
              "question": "Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?",
              "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 12" }],
              "question": "When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?",
              "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "reasons unrelated to League operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats?",
              "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016?",
              "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 6, 2016, the league took over \"ownership and operational control\" of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners. The AFL stated this move was made after months of trying work out an arrangement \"to provide financial and operational support.\" On February 3, 2016, it was announced that the franchise will start from scratch and no longer be called the \"Thunder\" as the name and trademarks belong to former franchise owner Terry Emmert (similar to the Jerry Jones move with the Desperados). AFL commissioner Scott Butera announced that a new identity will be announced at a later date.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 6, 2016" }],
              "question": "On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?",
              "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Portland Thunder" }],
              "question": "What team did the league take control of?",
              "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Terry Emmert" }],
              "question": "Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder?",
              "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Jerry Jones" }],
              "question": "Who owned the Desperados trademarks?",
              "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Scott Butera" }],
              "question": "Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?",
              "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c4330"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The league's 2016 schedule, announced on the league's website on December 10, 2015, shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks, with two bye weeks for each team, one on a rotational basis and the other a \"universal bye\" for all teams during the Independence Day weekend, the first weekend in July. All teams will qualify for the postseason, meaning that the regular season will serve only to establish seeding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "December 10, 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?",
              "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?",
              "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?",
              "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?",
              "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Independence Day" }],
              "question": "On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?",
              "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c433a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the league's inception through ArenaBowl XVIII, the championship game was played at the home of the highest-seeded remaining team. The AFL then switched to a neutral-site championship, with ArenaBowls XIX and XX in Las Vegas. New Orleans Arena, home of the New Orleans VooDoo, served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29, 2007. This was the first professional sports championship to be staged in the city since Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005. The San Jose SaberCats earned their third championship in six years by defeating the Columbus Destroyers 55\u201333. ArenaBowl XXI in New Orleans was deemed a success, and the city was chosen to host ArenaBowl XXII, in which the Philadelphia Soul defeated the defending champion San Jose Sabercats. In 2010, the location returned to being decided by which of the two participating teams was seeded higher. In ArenaBowl XXIII, the Spokane Shock defeated the Tampa Bay Storm at their home arena, Spokane Arena, in Spokane, Washington. In ArenaBowl XXIV, the Jacksonville Sharks, coming off of a victory in their conference final game four nights earlier, traveled to US Airways Center in Phoenix and defeated the Arizona Rattlers 73\u201370. ArenaBowl XXV returned to a neutral site and was once again played in New Orleans, where the Rattlers returned and defeated the Philadelphia Soul. Since 2014 the ArenaBowl has been played at the higher-seeded team.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Las Vegas" }],
              "question": "Where did ArenaBowl XX take place?",
              "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "New Orleans Arena" }],
              "question": "What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?",
              "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "July 29, 2007" }],
              "question": "On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?",
              "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "August 2005" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?",
              "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "San Jose SaberCats" }
              ],
              "question": "What team won ArenaBowl XXI?",
              "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4344"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, the regular season league expanded to 18 games, with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "NBC" }],
              "question": "A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?",
              "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many games was the regular season in 1996?",
              "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?",
              "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many games long was the 2011 regular season?",
              "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?",
              "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2012, the AFL announced a new project into China, known as the China American Football League. The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski. The plans were to establish a six-team league that would play a 10-week schedule that was slated to start in October 2014. The AFL coaches and trainers will travel to China to help teach the rules of the sport to squads made up of Chinese and American players with the goal of starting an official Chinese arena league. Ganlan Media International were given exclusive rights to the new Chinese league.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the China American Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What league did the AFL found in China?",
              "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the AFL's China project announced?",
              "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Ron Jaworski" }],
              "question": "Who is leading the China American Football League?",
              "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?",
              "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Philadelphia Soul" }],
              "question": "What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?",
              "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c4360"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge, founder and owner of the Judge Group. The company, called AFL Global, LLC, looks to introduce and launch professional Arena Football teams and franchises in various locations throughout the world (like NFL Europe). After their successful trip to China to help promote the game, they formally announced plans to further develop AFL China by the fall of 2014 by starting a comprehensive training program in May 2013 with exhibition games planned for the cities of Beijing and Guangzhou in October. This is the first time professional football of any kind will be played in China with the support of the Chinese government and the CRFA (Chinese Rugby Football Association). Key persons involved include founder and CEO. Martin E. Judge, partner Ron Jaworski, CAFL CEO Gary Morris and president David Niu. Ganlan Media has since dropped this name and will carry the league's name as its corporate identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Martin E. Judge" }],
              "question": "Who created Ganlan Media?",
              "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "the Judge Group" }],
              "question": "What company is Martin Judge the founder of?",
              "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was AFL Global created?",
              "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?",
              "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "Gary Morris" }],
              "question": "Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?",
              "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November, 2015",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "2016" }],
              "question": "When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?",
              "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?",
              "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?",
              "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?",
              "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4373"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro stated during a radio interview that the reason why a deal failed is because ESPN refused to show highlights or even mention a product being broadcast on NBC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "In what month did the AFL season originally begin?",
              "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c4378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?",
              "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c4379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Friday or Saturday" }
              ],
              "question": "What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?",
              "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?",
              "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "June 30, 2006" }],
              "question": "On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?",
              "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 19, 2006, ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL. This deal included television rights for the ESPN family of networks. ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday nights, and nine playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC. The deal resulted in added exposure on ESPN's SportsCenter. However, after the original AFL filed for bankruptcy, this arrangement did not carry over to the new AFL, which is a separate legal entity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 19, 2006" }],
              "question": "On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?",
              "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?",
              "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Monday" }],
              "question": "On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?",
              "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "ABC" }],
              "question": "What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?",
              "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?",
              "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c4390"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Fox Sports" }],
              "question": "Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?",
              "id": "56e7b28900c9c71400d7750d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "FSN" }],
              "question": "What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?",
              "id": "56e7b28900c9c71400d7750e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?",
              "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "NFL Network" }],
              "question": "What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77512"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Friday" }],
              "question": "On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?",
              "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Ustream" }],
              "question": "What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?",
              "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?",
              "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77515"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league. Briefly, the games were broadcast on a tape delay to prevent the embarrassment that would result should the players stage a work stoppage immediately prior to a scheduled broadcast. (In at least once incidence this actually happened, resulting in a non-competitive game being played with replacement players, and further such incidents were threatened.) Once the labor issues were resolved, the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game. NFL Network dropped the league at the end of the 2012 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?",
              "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "ongoing labor problems" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?",
              "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "the labor issues were resolved"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?",
              "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Friday" }],
              "question": "On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?",
              "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "night" }],
              "question": "At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?",
              "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c439a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the 2013 season, the league's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network. CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games. CBS would also air the ArenaBowl, marking the first time since 2008 that the league's finale aired on network television. Regular season CBSSN broadcast games are usually on Saturday nights. As the games are being shown live, the start times are not uniform as with most football broadcast packages, but vary with the time zone in which the home team is located. This means that the AFL may appear either prior to or following the CBSSN's featured Major League Lacrosse game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "CBS Sports Network" }],
              "question": "Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?",
              "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?",
              "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "CBS" }],
              "question": "On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?",
              "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?",
              "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?",
              "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "WatchESPN" }],
              "question": "What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?",
              "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "CBS Sports Network" }],
              "question": "Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?",
              "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?",
              "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988. On May 18, 2000, Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console. On February 7, 2006 EA Sports released Arena Football for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. EA Sports released another AFL video game, titled Arena Football: Road to Glory, on February 21, 2007, for the PlayStation 2.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Arena Football" }],
              "question": "What was the first Arena Football League video game?",
              "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d7752f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "the C-64" }],
              "question": "For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?",
              "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?",
              "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "May 18, 2000" }],
              "question": "On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?",
              "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Midway Games" }],
              "question": "Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?",
              "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77533"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described \"unathletic writer\" played in three preseason games and had one catch for \u22122 yards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Jeff Foley" }],
              "question": "Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?",
              "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year was War on the Floor released?",
              "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Albany Firebirds" }],
              "question": "What team did Jeff Foley play for?",
              "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many games did Jeff Foley play in?",
              "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds? ",
              "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules, officials, scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure. A pool of money is allotted to teams to aid in travel costs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?",
              "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "the league" }],
              "question": "Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?",
              "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "franchise model" }],
              "question": "What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?",
              "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000\u201311,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008, average attendance was above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007. Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "10,000\u201311,000" }],
              "question": "What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?",
              "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "the September 11, 2001 attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?",
              "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "12,392" }],
              "question": "What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?",
              "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "12,957" }],
              "question": "In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?",
              "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?",
              "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77547"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy, the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135, with only one team (Tampa Bay) exceeding 13,000 per game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "8,135" }],
              "question": "What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?",
              "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Tampa Bay" }],
              "question": "What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Adult_contemporary_music",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Adult contemporary music (AC) is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock influence. Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "easy listening" }],
              "question": "Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock" }],
              "question": "What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "vocal" }],
              "question": "What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?",
              "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adult contemporary" }],
              "question": "What does the acronym AC stand for?",
              "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock" }],
              "question": "Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?",
              "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse\u2013chorus structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "melody" }],
              "question": "Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "verse\u2013chorus structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?",
              "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "pop music" }],
              "question": "With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?",
              "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "inoffensive" }],
              "question": "Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?",
              "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "romantic sentimental ballads" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?",
              "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "drum machines" }],
              "question": "Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "acoustic" }],
              "question": "What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "bass guitar" }],
              "question": "What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "high-pitched" }],
              "question": "Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25\u201344 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years is that many adult contemporary stations play less newer music because they also give ample airtime to hits of the past, so the de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "25\u201344" }],
              "question": "What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?",
              "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?",
              "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic?",
              "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "newer music" }],
              "question": "What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past?",
              "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including \"hot AC\", \"soft AC\" (also known as \"lite AC\"), \"urban AC\", \"rhythmic AC\", and \"Christian AC\" (a softer type of contemporary Christian music). Some stations play only \"hot AC\", \"soft AC\", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music; it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "soft AC" }],
              "question": "What is lite AC otherwise known as?",
              "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "contemporary Christian music" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Christian AC a subgenre of?",
              "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "rhythmic AC" }],
              "question": "Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?",
              "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?",
              "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "70-80%" }],
              "question": "Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?",
              "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "July 17, 1961" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?",
              "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?",
              "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Brook Benton" }],
              "question": "Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?",
              "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068016"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Connie Francis" }],
              "question": "Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?",
              "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "instrumental" }],
              "question": "What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "big band-era recordings" }
              ],
              "question": "What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?",
              "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart's most popular performers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "the Hot 100 chart" }],
              "question": "What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?",
              "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?",
              "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Bobby Vinton" }],
              "question": "Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?",
              "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "rock music continued to harden"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?",
              "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068025"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became popular in the mid-1950s, many more conservative radio stations wanted to continue to play current hit songs while shying away from rock. These middle of the road (or \"MOR\") stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?",
              "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "middle of the road" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym MOR stand for?",
              "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "big band titles" }],
              "question": "Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?",
              "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or \"beautiful music\" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar \"lite\" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "beautiful music" }],
              "question": "What was another term for easy listening stations?",
              "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "instrumental" }],
              "question": "Easy listening was predominately what type of music?",
              "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "hit singles and album cuts" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?",
              "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "lite" }],
              "question": "What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?",
              "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock, with both emerging as major radio formats in the US. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major artists included Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor and Bread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?",
              "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "hard rock" }],
              "question": "Along with soft rock, what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s?",
              "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "acoustic" }],
              "question": "What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock? ",
              "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "folk rock" }],
              "question": "What genre of music was soft rock descended from?",
              "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "James Taylor" }],
              "question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens and Bread, who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era?",
              "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s, when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften. The adult contemporary format began evolving into the sound that later defined it, with rock-oriented acts as Chicago, The Eagles, and Elton John becoming associated with the format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge?",
              "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "During the middle and early parts of what decade did the similarity of Easy Listening and Hot 100 increase?",
              "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "began to soften" }],
              "question": "How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era?",
              "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?",
              "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the mid-to-late 1970s" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?",
              "id": "56e6c83cde9d371400068038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Fleetwood Mac" }],
              "question": "What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?",
              "id": "56e6c83cde9d371400068039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?",
              "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "WYNY" }],
              "question": "What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?",
              "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Walter Sabo" }],
              "question": "Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?",
              "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre; although, most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups, such as disco vs. hard rock. This evolved into specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "disco" }],
              "question": "What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock?",
              "id": "56e6c8a5de9d371400068042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did genres begin to diverge on the basis of demographic groups?",
              "id": "56e6c8a5de9d371400068043"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on \"Top 40\" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations. Also, some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley, Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, and other rock-based artists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Billy Joel" }],
              "question": "Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?",
              "id": "56e6c91cde9d371400068046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the early 1970s" }],
              "question": "During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?",
              "id": "56e6c91cde9d371400068047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the music recorded by singer-songwriters such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian got as much, if not more, airplay on this format than on Top 40 stations. Easy Listening radio also began including songs by artists who had begun in other genres, such as rock and roll or R&B. In addition, several early disco songs, did well on the Adult Contemporary format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "R&B" }],
              "question": "Along with rock and roll, what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio?",
              "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "disco" }],
              "question": "What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio?",
              "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "singer-songwriters" }],
              "question": "What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian?",
              "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary, and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more \"specialized\" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 7, 1979" }],
              "question": "When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?",
              "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "the Easy Listening chart" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?",
              "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?",
              "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?",
              "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow, John Denver, and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency. Collins has been described by AllMusic as \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\". However, with the combination of MTV and AC radio, adult contemporary appeared harder to define as a genre, with established soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits and receiving airplay alongside mainstream radio fare from newer artists at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Along with Richard Marx, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan, what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations?",
              "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts?",
              "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "John Denver" }],
              "question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John, what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Phil Collins" }],
              "question": "Who did Allmusic refer to as \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\"?",
              "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "disco or new wave" }],
              "question": "In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?",
              "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "hip-hop and harder rock music" }
              ],
              "question": "What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?",
              "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?",
              "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068054"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \"You Are\" in 1983 and \"Hello\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "ballad-oriented rock" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56e6cbe0de9d371400068058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock" }],
              "question": "What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?",
              "id": "56e6cbe0de9d371400068059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "six weeks" }],
              "question": "What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lionel Richie record \"You Are\"?",
              "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Hot 100" }],
              "question": "Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's \"Hello\" reach the top spot?",
              "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind, described by critics as \"the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade\", featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks. The album was certified Triple Platinum in the United States alone and became a major success throughout the globe. The Grammy Award-winning singles, \"Don't Know Much\" and \"All My Life\", were both long-running #1 Adult Contemporary hits. Several additional singles from the disc made the AC Top 10 as well. The album won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Linda Ronstadt" }],
              "question": "What artist issued the album known as \"the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade\"?",
              "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind released?",
              "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Aaron Neville" }],
              "question": "What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind?",
              "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Triple Platinum" }],
              "question": "What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind receive?",
              "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "\"All My Life\"" }],
              "question": "Along with \"Don't Know Much,\" what single won a Grammy?",
              "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?",
              "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "softening" }],
              "question": "What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?",
              "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "widening of the market" }
              ],
              "question": "The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?",
              "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers, the 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera, Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts. Latin pop artists such as Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Selena, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel also enjoyed success in the AC charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?",
              "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Savage Garden" }],
              "question": "Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?",
              "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Latin pop" }],
              "question": "What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?",
              "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068064"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Celine Dion, who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain. Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "multiple number ones" }
              ],
              "question": "What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?",
              "id": "56e6ce1bde9d371400068068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Jewel" }],
              "question": "Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?",
              "id": "56e6ce1bde9d371400068069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "AC" }],
              "question": "On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?",
              "id": "56e6ce1bde9d37140006806a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, Billboard created a new chart called Adult Top 40, which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between \"adult contemporary\" music and \"pop\" music. Although they are sometimes mistaken for each other, the Adult Contemporary chart and the Adult Top 40 chart are separate charts, and songs reaching one chart might not reach the other. In addition, hot AC is another subgenre of radio programming that is distinct from the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart as it exists today, despite the apparent similarity in name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Adult Top 40" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the chart created by Billboard in 1996?",
              "id": "56e6ceb06fe0821900b8eb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "\"adult contemporary\" music and \"pop\" music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Adult Top 40 represented a midpoint between what two radio formats?",
              "id": "56e6ceb06fe0821900b8eb8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Adult Contemporary" }
              ],
              "question": "What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with?",
              "id": "56e6ceb06fe0821900b8eb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "hot AC" }],
              "question": "What radio programming genre is sometimes confused with the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart?",
              "id": "56e6ceb06fe0821900b8eb91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the pressure on Hot AC, a new kind of AC format cropped up among American radio recently. The urban adult contemporary format (a term coined by Barry Mayo) usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B (without any form of rapping), gospel music, classic soul and dance music (including disco).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Barry Mayo" }],
              "question": "Who invented the term \"urban adult contemporary format\"?",
              "id": "56e6cf636fe0821900b8eb96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "African Americans" }],
              "question": "What demographic group is the urban adult contemporary format marketed to?",
              "id": "56e6cf636fe0821900b8eb97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "rapping" }],
              "question": "What style of singing is absent from R&B played on urban adult contemporary format stations?",
              "id": "56e6cf636fe0821900b8eb98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "classic soul" }],
              "question": "Along with R&B, gospel and dance music, what type of music is represented on urban adult contemporary stations?",
              "id": "56e6cf636fe0821900b8eb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Hot AC" }],
              "question": "Urban adult contemporary music came into being because of pressure on what previously existing format?",
              "id": "56e6cf636fe0821900b8eb9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another format, rhythmic AC, in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music, past and present, places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits, such as those by Amber, C&C Music Factory and Black Box, and includes dance remixes of pop songs, such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton's \"Unbreak My Heart\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Toni Braxton" }],
              "question": "Who performed the song \"Unbreak My Heart\"?",
              "id": "56e6d3336fe0821900b8ebaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Amber" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?",
              "id": "56e6d3336fe0821900b8ebab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "rhythmic AC" }],
              "question": "What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?",
              "id": "56e6d3336fe0821900b8ebac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Soul Solution" }],
              "question": "What artist notably remixed \"Unbreak My Heart\"?",
              "id": "56e6d3336fe0821900b8ebad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its early years of existence, the smooth jazz format was considered to be a form of AC, although it was mainly instrumental, and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music. For many years, artists like George Benson, Kenny G and Dave Koz had crossover hits that were played on both smooth jazz and soft AC stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "smooth jazz" }],
              "question": "What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6d441de9d37140006806e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "instrumental" }],
              "question": "What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations?",
              "id": "56e6d441de9d37140006806f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "George Benson" }],
              "question": "Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz, what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations?",
              "id": "56e6d441de9d371400068070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "soft AC" }],
              "question": "What other format of station were smooth jazz artists sometimes featured on?",
              "id": "56e6d441de9d371400068071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A notable pattern that developed during the 2000s and 2010s has been for certain pop songs to have lengthy runs on AC charts, even after the songs have fallen off the Hot 100. Adrian Moreira, senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group, said, \"We've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play\". Rather than emphasizing older songs, adult contemporary was playing many of the same songs as top 40 and adult top 40, but only after the hits had become established. An article on MTV's website by Corey Moss describes this trend: \"In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "senior vice president for adult music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Adrian Moreira's job title?",
              "id": "56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "RCA Music Group" }],
              "question": "For what company does Adrian Moreira work?",
              "id": "56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Corey Moss" }],
              "question": "Who wrote, \"In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life\"?",
              "id": "56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "MTV's website" }],
              "question": "Where was Corey Moss' article published?",
              "id": "56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "after the hits had become established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs?",
              "id": "56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "less and less new music fits their bill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?",
              "id": "56e6d7856fe0821900b8ebc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "dance-pop and electronic dance music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?",
              "id": "56e6d7856fe0821900b8ebc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "too alternative" }],
              "question": "Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?",
              "id": "56e6d7856fe0821900b8ebc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads, especially in the US, (for example, the \"Candlelight Mix\" versions of \"Heaven\" by DJ Sammy, \"Listen To Your Heart\" by D.H.T., and \"Everytime We Touch\" by Cascada). Adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly, but edited versions of \"Perfect\" by P!nk and \"Forget You\" by Cee Lo Green showed up in the format in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "the \"Candlelight Mix\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of DJ Sammy's mix of \"Heaven\"?",
              "id": "56e6d8036fe0821900b8ebcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "D.H.T." }],
              "question": "Who recorded the song \"Listen To Your Heart\"?",
              "id": "56e6d8036fe0821900b8ebcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Cascada" }],
              "question": "Who is known for the song \"Everytime We Touch\"?",
              "id": "56e6d8036fe0821900b8ebce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Cee Lo Green" }],
              "question": "What artist performed the song \"Forget You\"?",
              "id": "56e6d8036fe0821900b8ebcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "edited" }],
              "question": "What version of P!nk's \"Perfect\" appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011?",
              "id": "56e6d8036fe0821900b8ebd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bubl\u00e9 and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Michael Bubl\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?",
              "id": "56e6d8a1de9d371400068076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "ballad heavy" }],
              "question": "What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?",
              "id": "56e6d8a1de9d371400068077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Carrie Underwood" }],
              "question": "Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?",
              "id": "56e6d8a1de9d371400068078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "country" }],
              "question": "What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with? ",
              "id": "56e6d8a1de9d371400068079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the mid-2000s, the mainstreaming of bands like Wilco and Feist have pushed indie rock into the adult contemporary conversation. In the early 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "indie rock" }],
              "question": "What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?",
              "id": "56e6d8f9de9d37140006807e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Imagine Dragons" }],
              "question": "Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?",
              "id": "56e6d8f9de9d37140006807f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?",
              "id": "56e6d8f9de9d371400068080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The consolidation of the \"hot AC\" format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats: Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR, along with the top 40, urban and even Latino formats. Diminishing physical record sales also proved a major blow to the AC genre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "the 2005-2007 economic downturn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?",
              "id": "56e6d988de9d371400068084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "urban" }],
              "question": "Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?",
              "id": "56e6d988de9d371400068085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "hot AC" }],
              "question": "What AC format is still viable?",
              "id": "56e6d988de9d371400068086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "physical record" }],
              "question": "Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre?",
              "id": "56e6d988de9d371400068087"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"soft\" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance, adopting a more upmarket, middle-of-the-road approach, with a selection of \"oldies\" (usually from the 1960s/70s onwards), primarily rock, jazz, R&B and pop music. Newer songs are more often (but not limited to) \"easy listening\" fare, this amount varying depending on the age of the station's target demographic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "Generally speaking, what is the earliest decade represented by the \"oldies\" on soft AC stations?",
              "id": "56e6da02de9d37140006808c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "jazz" }],
              "question": "Along with R&B, pop and rock, what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations?",
              "id": "56e6da02de9d37140006808d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "\"easy listening\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to?",
              "id": "56e6da02de9d37140006808e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the late 2000s/early 2010s" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves?",
              "id": "56e6da02de9d37140006808f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Termed \"the acoustic equivalent to Prozac\", soft adult contemporary, a more adult-oriented version of AC, was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s. WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term \"soft rock\", with ad slogans such as, \"Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack\" and \"Joni ... without the baloney\". The vast majority of music played on soft AC stations is mellow, more acoustic, and primarily solo vocalists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "soft adult contemporary" }
              ],
              "question": "What radio format was described as being \"the acoustic equivalent to Prozac\"?",
              "id": "56e6daae6fe0821900b8ebe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format?",
              "id": "56e6daae6fe0821900b8ebe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "WEEI-FM" }],
              "question": "What radio station introduced the term \"soft rock\"?",
              "id": "56e6daae6fe0821900b8ebe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "Where was the station that introduced the term \"soft rock\" based?",
              "id": "56e6daae6fe0821900b8ebe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "baloney" }],
              "question": "What processed meat, featured in WEEI-FM's ad slogan, rhymes with Joni?",
              "id": "56e6daae6fe0821900b8ebe4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other popular names for the format include \"Warm\", \"Sunny\", \"Bee\" (or \"B\") and (particularly in Canada) \"EZ Rock\". The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor to and combination of the middle of the road (MOR), beautiful music, easy listening and soft rock formats. Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers (many of them females aged 25\u201354, a key advertiser demographic), and brand themselves as stations \"everyone at work can agree on\" (KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline, and other soft AC stations have followed suit).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "In what country is soft adult contemporary called \"EZ Rock\"?",
              "id": "56e6db4d6fe0821900b8ebea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "beautiful music" }],
              "question": "Along with MOR, easy listening and soft rock, what format is soft adult contemporary a successor to?",
              "id": "56e6db4d6fe0821900b8ebeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "office workers" }],
              "question": "What occupation is stereotypical held by soft adult contemporary listeners?",
              "id": "56e6db4d6fe0821900b8ebec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "females aged 25\u201354" }
              ],
              "question": "What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards?",
              "id": "56e6db4d6fe0821900b8ebed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "KOST" }],
              "question": "What station first introduced the tagline \"everyone at work can agree on\"?",
              "id": "56e6db4d6fe0821900b8ebee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large portion of music played on this format are either considered oldies or recurrent. It often deals with modern romantic and sexual relationships (and sometimes other adult themes such as work, raising children, and family) in a thoughtful and complex way. Soft AC, which has never minded keeping songs in high rotation literally for years in some cases, does not appear necessarily to be facing similar pressures to expand its format. Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music, especially classic R&B, soul, and 1960s and 1970s music, than hot AC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "raising children" }],
              "question": "Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?",
              "id": "56e6dbd66fe0821900b8ebf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "1960s and 1970s" }],
              "question": "Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?",
              "id": "56e6dbd66fe0821900b8ebf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "soul" }],
              "question": "Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?",
              "id": "56e6dbd66fe0821900b8ebf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "hot AC" }],
              "question": "What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?",
              "id": "56e6dbd66fe0821900b8ebf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today, with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years. Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format, which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics. Some soft AC stations have found a niche by incorporating more oldies into their playlists and are more open to playing softer songs that fit the \"traditional\" definition of AC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "jazz and big band" }],
              "question": "What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?",
              "id": "56e6dd2bde9d37140006809c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "oldies" }],
              "question": "What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?",
              "id": "56e6dd2bde9d37140006809d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "adult standards" }],
              "question": "What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?",
              "id": "56e6dd2bde9d37140006809e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "incorporating more oldies" }
              ],
              "question": "Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?",
              "id": "56e6dd2bde9d37140006809f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "aging demographics" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?",
              "id": "56e6dd2bde9d3714000680a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Artists contributing to this format include mainly soft rock/pop singers such as, Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Frank Sinatra, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Frank Sinatra" }],
              "question": "Along with Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony, what notable artist is featured on the soft AC format?",
              "id": "56e6dd64de9d3714000680a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hot adult contemporary radio stations play a variety of classic hits and contemporary mainstream music aimed at an adult audience. Some Hot AC stations concentrate slightly more on pop music and alternative rock to target the Generation Z audience, though they include the more youth-oriented teen pop, urban and rhythmic dance tracks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "contemporary mainstream music" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with classic hits, what type of music do hot adult contemporary stations feature?",
              "id": "56e6de2cde9d3714000680b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "adult" }],
              "question": "What is the primary audience of hot adult contemporary format stations?",
              "id": "56e6de2cde9d3714000680b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Generation Z" }],
              "question": "What demographic do hot AC stations featuring more pop and alternative rock focus on?",
              "id": "56e6de2cde9d3714000680b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "teen pop" }],
              "question": "Along with urban and rhythmic dance tracks, what genre is featured on hot AC stations with a younger audience?",
              "id": "56e6de2cde9d3714000680b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "dance-pop" }],
              "question": "Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?",
              "id": "56e6df336fe0821900b8ec10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "boybands" }],
              "question": "What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?",
              "id": "56e6df336fe0821900b8ec11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "power pops" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is played by Westlife?",
              "id": "56e6df336fe0821900b8ec12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "soft rock" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is played by The Eagles?",
              "id": "56e6df336fe0821900b8ec13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "18-54" }],
              "question": "What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?",
              "id": "56e6df336fe0821900b8ec14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern adult contemporary can be a variation of hot AC, and includes modern rock titles in its presentation. In 1997, Mike Marino of KMXB in Las Vegas described the format as reaching \"an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but hasn't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs.\" The format's artists included Alanis Morissette, Counting Crows, Gin Blossoms, Bon Jovi, Train, No Doubt, The Script, The Cranberries, Lifehouse, Sarah McLachlan, Sara Bareilles, John Mayer, Jewel, and Ingrid Michaelson. Unlike modern rock, which went after 18-34 men, this format appealed to women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "KMXB" }],
              "question": "What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997?",
              "id": "56e6efa9de9d3714000680ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Las Vegas" }],
              "question": "Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997?",
              "id": "56e6efa9de9d3714000680bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "18-34" }],
              "question": "What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on?",
              "id": "56e6efa9de9d3714000680bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "men" }],
              "question": "What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards?",
              "id": "56e6efa9de9d3714000680bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Unlike modern rock radio, what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to?",
              "id": "56e6efa9de9d3714000680be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences, and therefore, the artists that are played on these stations are most often black, such as Des'ree, whose album I Ain't Movin' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "adult" }],
              "question": "What age group is Urban AC focused towards?",
              "id": "56e6f11ade9d3714000680c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?",
              "id": "56e6f11ade9d3714000680c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Des'ree" }],
              "question": "Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?",
              "id": "56e6f11ade9d3714000680c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "I Ain't Movin'" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?",
              "id": "56e6f11ade9d3714000680c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?",
              "id": "56e6f11ade9d3714000680c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop. This is reflected in many of the urban AC radio stations' taglines, such as \"Today's R&B and classic soul\", \"The best variety of R&B hits and oldies\" and \"(City/Region)'s R&B leader\". Urban AC's core artists include Luther Vandross, Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "soft AC" }],
              "question": "What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to?",
              "id": "56e6f3236fe0821900b8ec4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "hip-hop" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC?",
              "id": "56e6f3236fe0821900b8ec4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "R&B and soul music" }],
              "question": "What two genres of music are popular on urban AC?",
              "id": "56e6f3236fe0821900b8ec4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Luther Vandross" }],
              "question": "Along with Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey, who is a well-known urban AC artist?",
              "id": "56e6f3236fe0821900b8ec4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "hot AC" }],
              "question": "What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to?",
              "id": "56e6f3236fe0821900b8ec4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format, which focuses primarily on \"old school\" R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s, including Motown and disco hits. The format includes soul or disco artists such as ABBA, The Village People, The Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Tina Charles, Gloria Gaynor and the Bee Gees. Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today, but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "rhythmic oldies" }],
              "question": "What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs?",
              "id": "56e6f3976fe0821900b8ec54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format?",
              "id": "56e6f3976fe0821900b8ec55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station?",
              "id": "56e6f3976fe0821900b8ec56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "African-Americans" }],
              "question": "What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format?",
              "id": "56e6f3976fe0821900b8ec57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "quiet storm" }],
              "question": "What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?",
              "id": "56e6f41a6fe0821900b8ec64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "quiet storm" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?",
              "id": "56e6f41a6fe0821900b8ec65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "the evening" }],
              "question": "At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?",
              "id": "56e6f41a6fe0821900b8ec66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Black and Latino" }],
              "question": "What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?",
              "id": "56e6f41a6fe0821900b8ec67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Vanessa L. Williams" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?",
              "id": "56e6f41a6fe0821900b8ec68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anita Baker, Sade, Regina Belle, and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC, urban AC and smooth jazz listeners. Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends. In recent years, the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC, as an attempt to lure younger listeners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "mainstream AC" }],
              "question": "Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?",
              "id": "56e6f47d6fe0821900b8ec6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "smooth jazz" }],
              "question": "What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?",
              "id": "56e6f47d6fe0821900b8ec6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "the weekends" }],
              "question": "When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?",
              "id": "56e6f47d6fe0821900b8ec70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Smooth AC" }],
              "question": "What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?",
              "id": "56e6f47d6fe0821900b8ec71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "to lure younger listeners" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the smooth jazz format renamed?",
              "id": "56e6f47d6fe0821900b8ec72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "urban AC" }],
              "question": "Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?",
              "id": "56e6f4fdde9d3714000680e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "songcraft and sophistication" }
              ],
              "question": "What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?",
              "id": "56e6f4fdde9d3714000680e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Philly soul" }],
              "question": "Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?",
              "id": "56e6f4fdde9d3714000680e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "During what decade was smooth soul popular?",
              "id": "56e6f4fdde9d3714000680e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "sequencers" }],
              "question": "Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?",
              "id": "56e6f4fdde9d3714000680e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott both fit the bill, provided the audience for the material was mature. By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends, no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface, whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele (Two Occasions), a solo artist (Whip Appeal, When Can I See You), and a songwriter/producer (Toni Braxton's Breathe Again, Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "jazz-R&B fusion" }],
              "question": "What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?",
              "id": "56e6f651de9d3714000680f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "crossover R&B" }],
              "question": "Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?",
              "id": "56e6f651de9d3714000680f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?",
              "id": "56e6f651de9d3714000680f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "ballads" }],
              "question": "What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?",
              "id": "56e6f651de9d3714000680f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Babyface" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?",
              "id": "56e6f651de9d3714000680fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contemporary Christian music (CCM) has several subgenres, one being \"Christian AC\". Radio & Records, for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notably Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, Kathy Troccoli, Steven Curtis Chapman, Plumb, and more recently, MercyMe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Contemporary Christian music" }
              ],
              "question": "What is CCM an acronym of?",
              "id": "56e6f6e0de9d371400068100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Christian AC" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?",
              "id": "56e6f6e0de9d371400068101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Radio & Records" }],
              "question": "What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?",
              "id": "56e6f6e0de9d371400068102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "hot AC" }],
              "question": "Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?",
              "id": "56e6f6e0de9d371400068103"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years it has become common for many AC stations, particularly soft AC stations, to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December. While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same few artists featured under the normal format, most stations will also air some vintage holiday tunes from older pop, MOR, and adult standards artists \u2013 such as Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, The Carpenters, Percy Faith, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams \u2013 many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "soft AC" }],
              "question": "What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?",
              "id": "56e6f78d6fe0821900b8ec78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "November and December" }
              ],
              "question": "During what two months does the Christmas season take place?",
              "id": "56e6f78d6fe0821900b8ec79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Johnny Mathis" }],
              "question": "Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?",
              "id": "56e6f78d6fe0821900b8ec7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day, or sometimes extending to New Year's Day. Afterwards, the stations usually resume their normal music fare. Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier, at the beginning of November. The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the beautiful music and easy listening stations of the 1960s and 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "the week before Thanksgiving Day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?",
              "id": "56e6f84ede9d371400068108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "after Christmas Day" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?",
              "id": "56e6f84ede9d371400068109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "New Year's Day" }],
              "question": "When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?",
              "id": "56e6f84ede9d37140006810a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "the beginning of November" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?",
              "id": "56e6f84ede9d37140006810b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "beautiful music and easy listening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?",
              "id": "56e6f84ede9d37140006810c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Matter",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the term matter defined excluding energy phenomena like light and sound?",
              "id": "56e6d2ee6fe0821900b8eba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "What term is used for the substance that composes all observable physical objects?",
              "id": "56e6d2ee6fe0821900b8eba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "interaction energies" }
              ],
              "question": "The mass of an object can come from the motion of its constituents or what other source?",
              "id": "56e6d2ee6fe0821900b8eba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe the type of definition that matter would have if all scientists could agree on its definition?",
              "id": "56e6d2ee6fe0821900b8eba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "at rest" }],
              "question": "Prior to the 20th century, the definition of matter included any object that had mass even when it was in what state? ",
              "id": "56e6d2ee6fe0821900b8eba4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles\u2014usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered \"point particles\" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up \"ordinary matter\", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "atoms" }],
              "question": "What kind of particles make up every object in the world that can be touched?",
              "id": "56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "subatomic" }],
              "question": "The smaller particles that make up atoms, like protons and neutrons, are what kind of particles?",
              "id": "56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "photons" }],
              "question": "What subatomic particle has no volume or rest mass?",
              "id": "56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "point particles" }],
              "question": "What  kind of particles are quarks and leptons?",
              "id": "56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "volume" }],
              "question": "Despite not having size or volume themselves, quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter?",
              "id": "56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose\u2013Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark\u2013gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470\u2013380 BC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many phases of matter are there?",
              "id": "56e6d8836fe0821900b8ebd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "quark\u2013gluon plasma" }
              ],
              "question": "What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles?",
              "id": "56e6d8836fe0821900b8ebd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "particulate theory of matter" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called?",
              "id": "56e6d8836fe0821900b8ebd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Leucippus" }],
              "question": "What colleague of Democritus, also a Greek philosopher, helped him propose the particulate theory of matter?",
              "id": "56e6d8836fe0821900b8ebd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "natural sciences" }],
              "question": "People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?",
              "id": "56e6d8836fe0821900b8ebda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still, special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "mass" }],
              "question": "What similar term is often used interchangeably with matter, although the two differ slightly in modern physics?",
              "id": "56e6dc12de9d371400068094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "closed" }],
              "question": "Being a conserved quantity means that the value of mass doesn't ever change as long as it's in what kind of system?",
              "id": "56e6dc12de9d371400068095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "Special relativity says matter can disappear by conversion into what state?",
              "id": "56e6dc12de9d371400068096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Earth" }],
              "question": "What planet isn't a closed system but sometimes appears to be because of the approximate conservation of matter?",
              "id": "56e6dc12de9d371400068097"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word \"matter\". Scientifically, the term \"mass\" is well-defined, but \"matter\" is not. Sometimes in the field of physics \"matter\" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave\u2013particle duality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for?",
              "id": "56e6de276fe0821900b8ec06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "mass" }],
              "question": "Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now aren't compatible because scientists didn't need to distinguish matter from what other term?",
              "id": "56e6de276fe0821900b8ec07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "matter" }],
              "question": "What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass?",
              "id": "56e6de276fe0821900b8ec08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "wave\u2013particle duality" }
              ],
              "question": "What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics?",
              "id": "56e6de276fe0821900b8ec09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "the speed of light" }
              ],
              "question": "Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they can't travel at what speed?",
              "id": "56e6de276fe0821900b8ec0a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Westminster_Abbey",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England \"Royal Peculiar\"\u2014a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Westminster Abbey's original name?",
              "id": "56e6dcc16fe0821900b8ebfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Gothic" }],
              "question": "What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?",
              "id": "56e6dcc16fe0821900b8ebfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "City of Westminster, London" }
              ],
              "question": "In what city is Westminster Abbey located?",
              "id": "56e6dcc16fe0821900b8ebfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Between 1540 and 1556" }
              ],
              "question": "In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?",
              "id": "56e6dcc16fe0821900b8ebff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "Royal Peculiar" }],
              "question": "What type of building is the Abbey now considered?",
              "id": "56e6dcc16fe0821900b8ec00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "56e8ceee99e8941900975ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "City of Westminster, London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Westminster Abbey located?",
              "id": "56e8ceee99e8941900975ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Between 1540 and 1556" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?",
              "id": "56e8ceee99e8941900975ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "Church of England \"Royal Peculiar\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?",
              "id": "56e8ceee99e8941900975ea9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1245" }],
              "question": "What year did the construction of the church begin?",
              "id": "56e6dde2de9d3714000680a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "King Henry III" }],
              "question": "Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?",
              "id": "56e6dde2de9d3714000680a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the area previously named?",
              "id": "56e6dde2de9d3714000680aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "In what century was the church established at the location?",
              "id": "56e6dde2de9d3714000680ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Mellitus, a Bishop of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Bishop in this time frame?",
              "id": "56e6dde2de9d3714000680ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Thorn Island" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?",
              "id": "56e8cfd799e8941900975eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "When was a church first founded at the site?",
              "id": "56e8cfd799e8941900975eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "a Bishop of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Mellitus?",
              "id": "56e8cfd799e8941900975eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1245" }],
              "question": "When was construction of the present church started?",
              "id": "56e8cfd799e8941900975eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "King Henry III" }],
              "question": "Who ordered the construction of the church?",
              "id": "56e8cfd799e8941900975eb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Aldrich" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?",
              "id": "56e6e10f6fe0821900b8ec1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "salmon" }],
              "question": "What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?",
              "id": "56e6e10f6fe0821900b8ec1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Benedictine" }],
              "question": "What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?",
              "id": "56e6e10f6fe0821900b8ec1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Fishmonger's Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?",
              "id": "56e6e10f6fe0821900b8ec1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Saint Dunstan" }],
              "question": "Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?",
              "id": "56e6e10f6fe0821900b8ec1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Aldrich" }],
              "question": "Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?",
              "id": "56e8d4b899e8941900975eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Thames fishermen" }],
              "question": "Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d4b899e8941900975eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Fishmonger's Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?",
              "id": "56e8d4b899e8941900975ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "960s or early 970s" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the monk community installed?",
              "id": "56e8d4b899e8941900975ebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Romanesque style" }],
              "question": "What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?",
              "id": "56e6ebc66fe0821900b8ec2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1090" }],
              "question": "What year was the building finished?",
              "id": "56e6ebc66fe0821900b8ec2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "28 December 1065" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the Abbey's coronation? ",
              "id": "56e6ebc66fe0821900b8ec30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "William the Conqueror" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?",
              "id": "56e6ebc66fe0821900b8ec31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "King Edward the Confessor" }
              ],
              "question": "What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?",
              "id": "56e6ebc66fe0821900b8ec32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "King Edward the Confessor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?",
              "id": "56e8d58c0b45c0140094cd01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Romanesque" }],
              "question": "What style was the church rebuilt in?",
              "id": "56e8d58c0b45c0140094cd02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "28 December 1065" }],
              "question": "When was the building consecrated?",
              "id": "56e8d58c0b45c0140094cd03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "5 January 1066" }],
              "question": "When did King Edward the Confessor die?",
              "id": "56e8d58c0b45c0140094cd04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "William the Conqueror" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first documented coronation?",
              "id": "56e8d58c0b45c0140094cd05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d28e0b45c0140094ccf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1066" }],
              "question": "Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d28e0b45c0140094ccf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d28e0b45c0140094ccf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Henry I and Richard II" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d28e0b45c0140094ccfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "1100" }],
              "question": "When did royal weddings begin at the church?",
              "id": "56e8d28e0b45c0140094ccfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Bayeux Tapestry" }],
              "question": "Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d6da99e8941900975ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "a dozen" }],
              "question": "What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?",
              "id": "56e8d6da99e8941900975ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "endowments" }],
              "question": "How was the community able to increase?",
              "id": "56e8d6da99e8941900975ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Palace of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "What is adjacent the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d6da99e8941900975ec7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, \"the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life\", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The abbot and monks" }],
              "question": "Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?",
              "id": "56e8d85b0b45c0140094cd0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?",
              "id": "56e8d85b0b45c0140094cd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The abbot" }],
              "question": "Who was employed on royal service?",
              "id": "56e8d85b0b45c0140094cd0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "secular" }],
              "question": "With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?",
              "id": "56e8d85b0b45c0140094cd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Cluniac" }],
              "question": "To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?",
              "id": "56e8d85b0b45c0140094cd0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Lord of the Manor of Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8d9ab99e8941900975ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "the town economy" }],
              "question": "What did the monastery help fuel?",
              "id": "56e8d9ab99e8941900975ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "shops and dwellings" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the abbey build on the west side?",
              "id": "56e8d9ab99e8941900975ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "shops and dwellings" }
              ],
              "question": "What encroached upon the sanctuary?",
              "id": "56e8d9ab99e8941900975ed1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "coronation site" }],
              "question": "What was the abbey to Norman kings?",
              "id": "56e8daed0b45c0140094cd17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Henry Yevele" }],
              "question": "What architect continued work on the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8daed0b45c0140094cd18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Richard II" }],
              "question": "Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8daed0b45c0140094cd19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Cosmati" }],
              "question": "What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?",
              "id": "56e8daed0b45c0140094cd1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "The Confessor's shrine" }
              ],
              "question": "What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?",
              "id": "56e8daed0b45c0140094cd1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the \"Lady Chapel\"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Henry VII" }],
              "question": "Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?",
              "id": "56e8dbaa99e8941900975ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Blessed Virgin Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?",
              "id": "56e8dbaa99e8941900975ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Caen" }],
              "question": "What part of France did the Caen stone come from?",
              "id": "56e8dbaa99e8941900975ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Isle of Portland" }],
              "question": "Where did the Portland stone come from?",
              "id": "56e8dbaa99e8941900975eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1503" }],
              "question": "When was the Lady Chapel added?",
              "id": "56e8dbaa99e8941900975edb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1535, the abbey's annual income of \u00a32400\u20132800[citation needed] (\u00a31,310,000 to \u00a31,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1535" }],
              "question": "When was the abbey's annual income \u00a32400\u20132800?",
              "id": "56e8dca40b45c0140094cd21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "\u00a31,310,000 to \u00a31,530,000"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?",
              "id": "56e8dca40b45c0140094cd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Glastonbury Abbey" }],
              "question": "To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?",
              "id": "56e8dca40b45c0140094cd23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what was the abbey made second in wealth?",
              "id": "56e8dca40b45c0140094cd24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1539" }],
              "question": "When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?",
              "id": "56e8dd8c0b45c0140094cd29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?",
              "id": "56e8dd8c0b45c0140094cd2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "destruction" }],
              "question": "What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?",
              "id": "56e8dd8c0b45c0140094cd2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "the Diocese of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "What did changing the status of the abbey create?",
              "id": "56e8dd8c0b45c0140094cd2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1550" }],
              "question": "When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?",
              "id": "56e8de4b99e8941900975ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "a second cathedral of the Diocese of London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?",
              "id": "56e8de4b99e8941900975ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Saint Peter" }],
              "question": "Who is the abbey dedicated to?",
              "id": "56e8de4b99e8941900975ee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a \"Royal Peculiar\" \u2013 a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop \u2013 and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Mary I of England" }],
              "question": "The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?",
              "id": "56e8df710b45c0140094cd31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?",
              "id": "56e8df710b45c0140094cd32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Collegiate Church of St Peter" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?",
              "id": "56e8df710b45c0140094cd34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "The last of Mary's abbots" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was made the first dean of the new church?",
              "id": "56e8df710b45c0140094cd35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "1640s" }],
              "question": "When did the abbey suffer damage?",
              "id": "56e8e01299e8941900975ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Puritan iconoclasts" }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e01299e8941900975eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "ties to the state during the Commonwealth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What protected the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e01299e8941900975eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Oliver Cromwell" }],
              "question": "Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?",
              "id": "56e8e01299e8941900975eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "January 1661" }],
              "question": "When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?",
              "id": "56e8e01299e8941900975eed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "between 1722 and 1745" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the western towers built?",
              "id": "56e8e4930b45c0140094cd3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Nicholas Hawksmoor" }],
              "question": "Who built the western towers of the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e4930b45c0140094cd3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Purbeck" }],
              "question": "What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e4930b45c0140094cd3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Sir George Gilbert Scott" }
              ],
              "question": "Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?",
              "id": "56e8e4930b45c0140094cd3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Portland stone" }],
              "question": "What were the two western towers built from?",
              "id": "56e8e4930b45c0140094cd3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A narthex" }],
              "question": "What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?",
              "id": "56e8e5520b45c0140094cd45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "mid-20th century" }],
              "question": "When was the narthex designed?",
              "id": "56e8e5520b45c0140094cd47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Yevele" }],
              "question": "The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?",
              "id": "56e8e5520b45c0140094cd48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Oxford and Cambridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?",
              "id": "56e8e69d0b45c0140094cd4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "King James Bible Old Testament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first third of what was translated at the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e69d0b45c0140094cd4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "New Testament" }],
              "question": "The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e69d0b45c0140094cd4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?",
              "id": "56e8e69d0b45c0140094cd50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "the Blitz" }],
              "question": "Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?",
              "id": "56e8e69d0b45c0140094cd51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Sergei Fyodorov" }],
              "question": "Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?",
              "id": "56e8e77a99e8941900975ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?",
              "id": "56e8e77a99e8941900975ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Pope Benedict XVI" }],
              "question": "Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e77a99e8941900975ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "17 September 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8e77a99e8941900975ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?",
              "id": "56e8e77a99e8941900975ef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Gloucester Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Henry III crowned?",
              "id": "56e8e8bf0b45c0140094cd57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1216" }],
              "question": "When was Henry III crowned?",
              "id": "56e8e8bf0b45c0140094cd58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "French prince Louis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?",
              "id": "56e8e8bf0b45c0140094cd59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "the Pope" }],
              "question": "Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?",
              "id": "56e8e8bf0b45c0140094cd5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "The Archbishop of Canterbury" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?",
              "id": "56e8e8bf0b45c0140094cd5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "King Edward's Chair" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the throne used for coronation?",
              "id": "56e8e97d99e8941900975eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "St Edward's Chair" }],
              "question": "What is another name for King Edward's Chair?",
              "id": "56e8e97d99e8941900975f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the Stone of Scone" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?",
              "id": "56e8e97d99e8941900975f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Scottish nationalists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?",
              "id": "56e8e97d99e8941900975f03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "collegiate church" }],
              "question": "What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "56e8ea980b45c0140094cd61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Queen Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?",
              "id": "56e8ea980b45c0140094cd62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "the Dean and Chapter of Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who governs the church?",
              "id": "56e8ea980b45c0140094cd63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "the Dean and four canons residentiary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?",
              "id": "56e8ea980b45c0140094cd64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who assist the chapter of Westminster?",
              "id": "56e8ea980b45c0140094cd65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many lay vicars are there?",
              "id": "56e8ebd40b45c0140094cd6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many choristers are there at the abbey?",
              "id": "56e8ebd40b45c0140094cd6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When was the office of Priest Vicar created?",
              "id": "56e8ebd40b45c0140094cd6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Edward the Confessor" }
              ],
              "question": "Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?",
              "id": "56e8ed4f0b45c0140094cd75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1760" }],
              "question": "When did George II of Great Britain die?",
              "id": "56e8ed4f0b45c0140094cd76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "a royal saint" }],
              "question": "Who was Edward the Confessor?",
              "id": "56e8ed4f0b45c0140094cd77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Henry VI buried?",
              "id": "56e8ed4f0b45c0140094cd78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Leicester Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Richard III buried?",
              "id": "56e8ed4f0b45c0140094cd79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "inside chapels" }],
              "question": "Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56e8ee3299e8941900975f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "master of the King's Works" }
              ],
              "question": "Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?",
              "id": "56e8ee3299e8941900975f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "in the abbey" }],
              "question": "Henry Purcell was buried where?",
              "id": "56e8ee3299e8941900975f0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Admiral Robert Blake" }
              ],
              "question": "Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?",
              "id": "56e8f03d0b45c0140094cd7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Isaac Newton" }],
              "question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?",
              "id": "56e8f03d0b45c0140094cd80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Charles Darwin" }],
              "question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?",
              "id": "56e8f03d0b45c0140094cd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "William Wilberforce" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?",
              "id": "56e8f03d0b45c0140094cd82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "William Pitt" }],
              "question": "Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?",
              "id": "56e8f03d0b45c0140094cd83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "cremated" }],
              "question": "In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?",
              "id": "56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?",
              "id": "56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Frances Challen" }],
              "question": "Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?",
              "id": "56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Percy Family" }],
              "question": "What family has the Northumberland Vault?",
              "id": "56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "11 November 1920" }],
              "question": "When was The Unknown Warrior buried?",
              "id": "56e8f2c599e8941900975f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "At the east end of the Lady Chapel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?",
              "id": "56e8f34d99e8941900975f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Battle of Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?",
              "id": "56e8f34d99e8941900975f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Tudor stained glass window" }
              ],
              "question": "The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?",
              "id": "56e8f34d99e8941900975f1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not \"state\" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "Saturday September 6, 1997" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?",
              "id": "56e8f3ff99e8941900975f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?",
              "id": "56e8f3ff99e8941900975f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Catherine Walker" }],
              "question": "Who designed Diana's dress?",
              "id": "56e8f3ff99e8941900975f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Mother Teresa" }],
              "question": "Who gave Diana the rosary beads?",
              "id": "56e8f3ff99e8941900975f26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "the Pope" }],
              "question": "Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?",
              "id": "56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "1179" }],
              "question": "When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?",
              "id": "56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Westminster Abbey Choir School" }
              ],
              "question": "The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?",
              "id": "56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Harrison & Harrison" }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the organ?",
              "id": "56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "When was the organ built? ",
              "id": "56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "the coronation of King George VI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the organ first used?",
              "id": "56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "pipework" }],
              "question": "What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?",
              "id": "56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "John Loughborough Pearson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the two organ cases?",
              "id": "56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "the Celestial Organ" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the organ is not connected or playable?",
              "id": "56e8f62999e8941900975f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When were the bells overhauled?",
              "id": "56e8f6a899e8941900975f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Ten" }],
              "question": "How many bells make up the abbey ring?",
              "id": "56e8f6a899e8941900975f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When were the ten bells cast?",
              "id": "56e8f6a899e8941900975f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Whitechapel Bell Foundry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who cast the abbey bells?",
              "id": "56e8f6a899e8941900975f38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells\u2014one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver \"dish bell\", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Robert Mot" }],
              "question": "Who cast the two service bells?",
              "id": "56e8f74999e8941900975f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1585 and 1598" }],
              "question": "When were the two service bells cast?",
              "id": "56e8f74999e8941900975f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1738" }],
              "question": "When was the Sanctus bell cast?",
              "id": "56e8f74999e8941900975f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who cast the Sanctus bell?",
              "id": "56e8f74999e8941900975f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "in the refectory" }],
              "question": "Where is the \"dish bell\" kept?",
              "id": "56e8f74999e8941900975f41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Henry III" }],
              "question": "Under whom was the chapter house built?",
              "id": "56e8f8170b45c0140094cda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Sir George Gilbert Scott" }
              ],
              "question": "Who restored the chapter house in 1872?",
              "id": "56e8f8170b45c0140094cda7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Geometrical Gothic style" }
              ],
              "question": "What style is the octagonal chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f8fa99e8941900975f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "crypt" }],
              "question": "There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f8fa99e8941900975f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "vaulted" }],
              "question": "What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f8fa99e8941900975f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "4-light quatre-foiled windows" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of windows are in the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?",
              "id": "56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "mid-13th-century" }],
              "question": "What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1050" }],
              "question": "A door in the vestible dates back to when?",
              "id": "56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "the 14th century" }],
              "question": "When were the exterior flying buttresses added?",
              "id": "56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "King's Great Council and the Commons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who else met in the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pyx Chamber" }],
              "question": "What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?",
              "id": "56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the late 11th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the Pyx Chamber date to?",
              "id": "56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "the Trial of the Pyx" }
              ],
              "question": "When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?",
              "id": "56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "English Heritage" }],
              "question": "The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?",
              "id": "56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "the Dean and Chapter of Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "repairs" }],
              "question": "English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?",
              "id": "56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Westminster Abbey Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?",
              "id": "56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1065" }],
              "question": "The area the museum occupies dates back to when?",
              "id": "56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?",
              "id": "56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "funeral saddle, helm and shield"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?",
              "id": "56e8fc6799e8941900975f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "panels of mediaeval glass" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of panels are in the museum?",
              "id": "56e8fc6799e8941900975f53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "sculptor Patience Wright" }
              ],
              "question": "Who modelled the effigies in the museum?",
              "id": "56e8fd2b99e8941900975f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "wax" }],
              "question": "What are the effigies made of?",
              "id": "56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "some of his own clothes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?",
              "id": "56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "13th-century Westminster Retable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was recently added to the museum exhibit?",
              "id": "56e8fd9c99e8941900975f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "England's oldest altarpiece" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Westminster Retable?",
              "id": "56e8fd9c99e8941900975f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "high altar of the abbey" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the altarpiece designed for?",
              "id": "56e8fd9c99e8941900975f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "altarpiece" }],
              "question": "What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?",
              "id": "56e8fd9c99e8941900975f66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona\u2014a crown-like architectural feature\u2014was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider \u00a323m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, \"[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work\", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "major building work" }
              ],
              "question": "What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?",
              "id": "56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "4 August 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?",
              "id": "56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "a restaurant" }],
              "question": "Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?",
              "id": "56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "English Oak" }],
              "question": "What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?",
              "id": "56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 772, "text": "Luke Hughes and Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?",
              "id": "56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will be created in the medieval triforium?",
              "id": "56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Gothic access tower with lift" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been designed to help with the gallery?",
              "id": "56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "2018" }],
              "question": "When will the new galleries open?",
              "id": "56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nanjing",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: \u5357\u4eac, \"Southern Capital\") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means \"Southern Capital\" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (\u6c5f\u5be7), whose former character Jiang (\u6c5f, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (\u5be7, simplified form \u5b81, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (\u4eac) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (\u91d1\u9675, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "ks" }],
              "question": "k",
              "id": "56e6eb396fe0821900b8ec24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Ch" }],
              "question": "j",
              "id": "56e6eb396fe0821900b8ec25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "n" }],
              "question": "n",
              "id": "56e6eb396fe0821900b8ec26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "b" }],
              "question": "b",
              "id": "56e6eb396fe0821900b8ec27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "v" }],
              "question": "v",
              "id": "56e6eb396fe0821900b8ec28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e780f800c9c71400d771d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "lower Yangtze River region" }
              ],
              "question": "What region is Nanjing in?",
              "id": "56e780f800c9c71400d771d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1419, "text": "Ming dynasty" }],
              "question": "When was the city given the name Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e780f800c9c71400d771d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1359, "text": "Jin dynasty" }],
              "question": "When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?",
              "id": "56e780f800c9c71400d771d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "\"Southern Capital\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Nanjing mean?",
              "id": "56e780f800c9c71400d771d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of \"Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength\" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "East" }],
              "question": "What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?",
              "id": "56e781ea37bdd419002c4058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "inland ports" }],
              "question": "What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?",
              "id": "56e781ea37bdd419002c4059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Yangtze River" }],
              "question": "What river is Nanjing associated with?",
              "id": "56e781ea37bdd419002c405a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?",
              "id": "56e781ea37bdd419002c405b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927\u201337, 1945\u201349) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851\u201364) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940\u201345) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "over a thousand years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Nanjing been important?",
              "id": "56e782c737bdd419002c4069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?",
              "id": "56e782c737bdd419002c406a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e782c737bdd419002c406b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1290, "text": "Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum" }
              ],
              "question": "What mausoleum is in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e782c737bdd419002c406c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?",
              "id": "56e782c737bdd419002c406d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Archaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (\u51b6\u57ce) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (\u8d8a\u57ce) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (\u91d1\u9675\u9091) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (\u79e3\u9675) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "more than 500 thousand years ago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago did \"Nanjing Man\" live?",
              "id": "56e7839137bdd419002c4073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Zun, a kind of wine vessel" }
              ],
              "question": "What vessel was found 5000 years ago?",
              "id": "56e7839137bdd419002c4074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "473 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?",
              "id": "56e7839137bdd419002c4075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1319, "text": "about 400 years" }],
              "question": "How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?",
              "id": "56e7839137bdd419002c4076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "the late period of Shang dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Wu state created?",
              "id": "56e7839137bdd419002c4077"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (\u5efa\u696d), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "229 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Nanjing become a state capital?",
              "id": "56e7845837bdd419002c407d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Sun Quan" }],
              "question": "Who founded Eastern Wu?",
              "id": "56e7845837bdd419002c407e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "during the Three Kingdoms period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Eastern Wu founded?",
              "id": "56e7845837bdd419002c407f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "the Western Jin dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?",
              "id": "56e7845837bdd419002c4080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "211 AD" }],
              "question": "When was Nanjing extended?",
              "id": "56e7845837bdd419002c4081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (\u5efa\u5eb7), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "the unification of the region" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?",
              "id": "56e7853a37bdd419002c4087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "317" }],
              "question": "When did the Jin court head South?",
              "id": "56e7853a37bdd419002c4088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?",
              "id": "56e7853a37bdd419002c4089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "nobles and wealthy families" }
              ],
              "question": "Who fled with the Jin court to the South?",
              "id": "56e7853a37bdd419002c408b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period of North\u2013South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "more than two and a half centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?",
              "id": "56e7860900c9c71400d77231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "During the time of the North\u2013South division, what city was the center of East Asia?",
              "id": "56e7860900c9c71400d77232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "280,000 registered households" }
              ],
              "question": "During the time of the North\u2013South division, how many households were in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7860900c9c71400d77233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "more than 1.4 million residents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?",
              "id": "56e7860900c9c71400d77234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "historical documents" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?",
              "id": "56e7860900c9c71400d77235"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475\u2013518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A number of sculptural ensembles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?",
              "id": "56e786c937bdd419002c40ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Qixia and Jiangning District" }
              ],
              "question": "In what district are these sculptural pieces located?",
              "id": "56e786c937bdd419002c40ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?",
              "id": "56e786c937bdd419002c40ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Xiao Xiu?",
              "id": "56e786c937bdd419002c40ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "475\u2013518" }],
              "question": "When did Xiao Xiu live?",
              "id": "56e786c937bdd419002c40af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (\u6607\u5dde) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (\u91d1\u9675) during the Southern Tang (937\u2013976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (\u6c5f\u5be7) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "during the Southern Tang (937\u2013976)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Nanjing made a capital again?",
              "id": "56e787d900c9c71400d77252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Song dynasty" }],
              "question": "During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?",
              "id": "56e787d900c9c71400d77253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "The court of Da Chu" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?",
              "id": "56e787d900c9c71400d77254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "the Mongol empire" }],
              "question": "Who defeated the court of Song?",
              "id": "56e787d900c9c71400d77255"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang" }],
              "question": "Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?",
              "id": "56e788b100c9c71400d7725b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Yuan dynasty" }],
              "question": "Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?",
              "id": "56e788b100c9c71400d7725c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "long city wall" }],
              "question": "What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e788b100c9c71400d7725d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "21 years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to finish the wall?",
              "id": "56e788b200c9c71400d7725e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many workers worked on the wall?",
              "id": "56e788b200c9c71400d7725f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "from 1358 to 1425" }],
              "question": "When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?",
              "id": "56e7894300c9c71400d77265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "487,000" }],
              "question": "What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?",
              "id": "56e7894300c9c71400d77266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "1421" }],
              "question": "When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?",
              "id": "56e7894300c9c71400d77267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "Where was the capital moved to?",
              "id": "56e7894300c9c71400d77268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "the Yongle Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?",
              "id": "56e7894300c9c71400d77269"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e78a5637bdd419002c40e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Taipings" }],
              "question": "Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?",
              "id": "56e78a5637bdd419002c40e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "in the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?",
              "id": "56e78a5637bdd419002c40e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "superstitious fear of its geomantic properties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?",
              "id": "56e78a5637bdd419002c40e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15\u201320 km (9\u201312 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "15\u201320 km (9\u201312 mi) east of the walled city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?",
              "id": "56e78af900c9c71400d77279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "a gigantic stele" }],
              "question": "What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?",
              "id": "56e78af900c9c71400d7727a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "600 years ago" }],
              "question": "How long ago was the stele abandoned?",
              "id": "56e78af900c9c71400d7727b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "it was impossible to move or complete it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the stele abandoned?",
              "id": "56e78af900c9c71400d7727c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "the Yongle Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered the creation of the stele?",
              "id": "56e78af900c9c71400d7727d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni \u6e24\u6ce5), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "admiral Zheng He" }],
              "question": "What Admiral called Nanjing his home?",
              "id": "56e78bb537bdd419002c4108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "(Boni \u6e24\u6ce5)" }
              ],
              "question": "What visiting king died in China in 1408?",
              "id": "56e78bb537bdd419002c4109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Borneo" }],
              "question": "What country did this visiting king come from?",
              "id": "56e78bb537bdd419002c410a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "a tortoise stele" }],
              "question": "What stele is at Boni's tomb?",
              "id": "56e78bb537bdd419002c410b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "1644" }],
              "question": "When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?",
              "id": "56e78cab00c9c71400d77293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Zhu Yousong" }],
              "question": "What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e78cab00c9c71400d77294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "in June 1644" }],
              "question": "When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?",
              "id": "56e78cab00c9c71400d77295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "the Hongguang Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Zhu Yousong's title?",
              "id": "56e78cab00c9c71400d77296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "the so-called Southern Ming dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?",
              "id": "56e78cab00c9c71400d77297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "late May 1645" }],
              "question": "When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?",
              "id": "56e78da500c9c71400d772a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "Zhao the Earl of Xincheng" }
              ],
              "question": "Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?",
              "id": "56e78da500c9c71400d772a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "shave their heads" }],
              "question": "What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?",
              "id": "56e78da500c9c71400d772a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (\u6c5f\u5be7) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (\u5929\u4eac, \"Heavenly Capital\" or \"Capital of Heaven\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1644\u20131911" }],
              "question": "When was the Qing dynasty in power?",
              "id": "56e78ed237bdd419002c412f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Jiangning" }],
              "question": "What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?",
              "id": "56e78ed237bdd419002c4130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?",
              "id": "56e78ed237bdd419002c4132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "What year did the First Opium War end?",
              "id": "56e78ed237bdd419002c4133"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?",
              "id": "56e78fe637bdd419002c4143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1864" }],
              "question": "When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e78fe637bdd419002c4144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e78fe637bdd419002c4145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Taiping" }],
              "question": "Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?",
              "id": "56e78fe637bdd419002c4146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Zeng Guofan" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Qing troops?",
              "id": "56e78fe637bdd419002c4147"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "January 1912" }],
              "question": "When was the Republic of China founded?",
              "id": "56e7909700c9c71400d772e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Sun Yat-sen" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e7909700c9c71400d772e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Yuan Shikai" }],
              "question": "Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?",
              "id": "56e7909700c9c71400d772e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e791fe37bdd419002c4167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e791fe37bdd419002c4168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?",
              "id": "56e791fe37bdd419002c4169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "the Nanking decade" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 1930's known as, in China?",
              "id": "56e791fe37bdd419002c416a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?",
              "id": "56e791fe37bdd419002c416b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the \"Rape of Nanking\"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When did Japan invade Manchuria?",
              "id": "56e792e237bdd419002c417f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "When did Japan invade all of China?",
              "id": "56e792e237bdd419002c4180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "the Imperial Japanese Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?",
              "id": "56e792e237bdd419002c4181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "between 300,000 and 350,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many died in the Nanking Massacre?",
              "id": "56e792e237bdd419002c4182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?",
              "id": "56e792e237bdd419002c4183"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the \"Nanjing Regime\" or \"Reorganized National Government of China\" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A few days before the fall of the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?",
              "id": "56e797ad00c9c71400d77329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "When was the Nanjing Regime established?",
              "id": "56e797ad00c9c71400d7732a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Wang Jingwei" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?",
              "id": "56e797ad00c9c71400d7732b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e797ad00c9c71400d7732c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "\"Reorganized National Government of China\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?",
              "id": "56e797ad00c9c71400d7732d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "21 April" }],
              "question": "When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?",
              "id": "56e7989c37bdd419002c41d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "April 23, 1949" }],
              "question": "When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?",
              "id": "56e7989c37bdd419002c41d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Canton (Guangzhou)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?",
              "id": "56e7989c37bdd419002c41d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "December 10" }],
              "question": "When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?",
              "id": "56e7989c37bdd419002c41d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "October 1949" }],
              "question": "When was the People's Republic of China formed?",
              "id": "56e7989c37bdd419002c41d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (\u4e0b\u6c5f, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (\u6c5f\u6dee) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (\u6c5f\u6d59) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (\u6771\u5357, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (\u6c5f\u5357, River South, south of Yangtze).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2,548 sq mi" }],
              "question": "How large is Nanjing, in miles?",
              "id": "56e7997100c9c71400d7735b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "past the west side and then north side"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7997100c9c71400d7735c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "190 mi" }],
              "question": "How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?",
              "id": "56e7997100c9c71400d7735d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "750 mi" }],
              "question": "How far is Nanjing from Beijing?",
              "id": "56e7997100c9c71400d7735e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "Hsiajiang (\u4e0b\u6c5f, Downstream River) region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7997100c9c71400d7735f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Yangzhou" }],
              "question": "What city is northeast of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79a5837bdd419002c4203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Changzhou" }],
              "question": "What is southeast of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79a5837bdd419002c4204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Anhui province" }],
              "question": "What province is to the west of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79a5837bdd419002c4205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?",
              "id": "56e79a5837bdd419002c4206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Zhenjiang" }],
              "question": "What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?",
              "id": "56e79a5837bdd419002c4207"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing\u2013Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name \u201cdoor of the east and west, throat of the south and north\u201d. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name \u201cthe Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching\u201d. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the \u201cConstructive Scheme for Our Country\u201d, \u201cThe position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Yangtze River" }],
              "question": "What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79b2d00c9c71400d77383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Nanjing\u2013Beijing railway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the railway that runs South to North called?",
              "id": "56e79b2d00c9c71400d77384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Zhong Mountain" }],
              "question": "What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79b2d00c9c71400d77385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Stone Mountain" }],
              "question": "What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79b2d00c9c71400d77386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "tiger" }],
              "question": "Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?",
              "id": "56e79b2d00c9c71400d77387"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the \"Three Furnacelike Cities\" along the Yangtze River (\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u4e09\u5927\u706b\u7089) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally \"plum rain\") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 \u00b0C (59.8 \u00b0F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 \u00b0C (36.3 \u00b0F) in January to 27.8 \u00b0C (82.0 \u00b0F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from \u221214.0 \u00b0C (7 \u00b0F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 \u00b0C (105 \u00b0F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "a humid subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?",
              "id": "56e79c1c00c9c71400d773a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "the East Asian monsoon" }
              ],
              "question": "What monsoon affects Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79c1c00c9c71400d773a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Chongqing and Wuhan" }
              ],
              "question": "Nanjing is one of three \"Furnacelike\" cities. What are the other two cities?",
              "id": "56e79c1c00c9c71400d773a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1142, "text": "115 days" }],
              "question": "How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?",
              "id": "56e79c1c00c9c71400d773a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1345, "text": "1,983 hours" }],
              "question": "How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?",
              "id": "56e79c1c00c9c71400d773a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79d0e37bdd419002c4235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "iron and sulfur" }],
              "question": "Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?",
              "id": "56e79d0e37bdd419002c4236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "strontium" }],
              "question": "For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?",
              "id": "56e79d0e37bdd419002c4237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "the Yangtze River and groundwater"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Nanjing's main water sources?",
              "id": "56e79d0e37bdd419002c4238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Tangshan Hot Spring" }
              ],
              "question": "What hot spring is in Jiangning?",
              "id": "56e79d0e37bdd419002c4239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (\u79e3\u9675) to Jianye (\u5efa\u9134) shortly thereafter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake" }
              ],
              "question": "What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79e2e00c9c71400d773d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "evergreens and oaks" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?",
              "id": "56e79e2e00c9c71400d773d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Liu Bei" }],
              "question": "Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?",
              "id": "56e79e2e00c9c71400d773d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Nanjing's impeccable geographic position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e79e2e00c9c71400d773d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "the Yangtze River and mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Nanjing surrounded by?",
              "id": "56e79e2e00c9c71400d773d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at \"severely polluted\" for five straight days and \"heavily polluted\" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "2 December 2013" }],
              "question": "When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?",
              "id": "56e79f5337bdd419002c4271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "five straight days" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Nanjing ranked as \"severely polluted\" during this wave?",
              "id": "56e79f5337bdd419002c4272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "From 5 to 6 December" }
              ],
              "question": "On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?",
              "id": "56e79f5337bdd419002c4273"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is \"People's Government of Nanjing City\" and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "\"People's Government of Nanjing City\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the full name for Nanjing's government?",
              "id": "56e7a01d37bdd419002c4282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "one-party" }],
              "question": "How many parties rule Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a01d37bdd419002c4283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "the CPC" }],
              "question": "What party rules Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a01d37bdd419002c4284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a01d37bdd419002c4285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "the mayor" }],
              "question": "who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?",
              "id": "56e7a01d37bdd419002c4286"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "8.005 million" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?",
              "id": "56e7a0d637bdd419002c428c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "8.11 million" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?",
              "id": "56e7a0d637bdd419002c428d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "the Sixth China Census" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?",
              "id": "56e7a0d637bdd419002c428e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "8.86 percent" }],
              "question": "What was Nanjing's birth rate?",
              "id": "56e7a0d637bdd419002c428f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "6.47 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a0d637bdd419002c4290"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Han nationality" }],
              "question": "What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a1d137bdd419002c4296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Hui nationalities" }],
              "question": "What minority nationality is most common?",
              "id": "56e7a1d137bdd419002c4297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Manchu" }],
              "question": "What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a1d137bdd419002c4298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "2,311" }],
              "question": "How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a1d137bdd419002c4299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?",
              "id": "56e7a1d137bdd419002c429a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "minting" }],
              "question": "In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?",
              "id": "56e7a2d137bdd419002c42aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?",
              "id": "56e7a2d137bdd419002c42ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Ming" }],
              "question": "During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?",
              "id": "56e7a2d137bdd419002c42ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "Qing" }],
              "question": "In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?",
              "id": "56e7a2d137bdd419002c42ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "around 200 thousand jobs" }
              ],
              "question": "During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?",
              "id": "56e7a2d137bdd419002c42ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Into the first half of the twentieth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?",
              "id": "56e7a3f737bdd419002c42b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "the rapid expansion of its wealthy population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?",
              "id": "56e7a3f737bdd419002c42b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "huge department stores" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Zhongyang Shangchang?",
              "id": "56e7a3f737bdd419002c42b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?",
              "id": "56e7a3f737bdd419002c42b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "One third of the city population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?",
              "id": "56e7a3f737bdd419002c42b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production centre of East China. Overenthusiastic in building a \u201cworld-class\u201d industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries, namely, electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms. After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy, the state-owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms, hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "a series of state-owned heavy industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?",
              "id": "56e7a55600c9c71400d7747b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "negative economic growth" }
              ],
              "question": "The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?",
              "id": "56e7a55600c9c71400d7747c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Five" }],
              "question": "How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?",
              "id": "56e7a55600c9c71400d7747d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 977, "text": "large numbers of layoff" }
              ],
              "question": "The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?",
              "id": "56e7a55600c9c71400d7747e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "\u201cworld-class\u201d" }
              ],
              "question": "The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?",
              "id": "56e7a55600c9c71400d7747f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past. Service industries are dominating, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries. Big private firms include Suning, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Big state-owned firms include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Nanjing Steel, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city has also attracted foreign investment, multinational firms such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have established their lines, and a number of multinationals such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP established research center there. Many China-based leading firms such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R & D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Service industries" }],
              "question": "What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a68600c9c71400d77485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "about 60 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?",
              "id": "56e7a68600c9c71400d77486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1212,
                  "text": "many R & D centers and institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a68600c9c71400d77487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1014, "text": "research center" }],
              "question": "Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a68600c9c71400d77488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?",
              "id": "56e7a68600c9c71400d77489"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "RMB 801 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "RMB 98,174(US$16041)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?",
              "id": "56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "lower than the national average"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?",
              "id": "56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "land, water and air" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7a86a00c9c71400d7748f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "public transportation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?",
              "id": "56e7a86a00c9c71400d77490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?",
              "id": "56e7a86a00c9c71400d77491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?",
              "id": "56e7a86a00c9c71400d77492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "on the south bank" }],
              "question": "Where is the city centre located?",
              "id": "56e7a86a00c9c71400d77493"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways), Nanjing\u2013Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing\u2013Qidong (Ningqi), and the Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) which encompasses the Hefei\u2013Nanjing Railway. Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high-speed rail lines under construction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "eastern China" }],
              "question": "Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?",
              "id": "56e7a96937bdd419002c42e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)" }
              ],
              "question": "What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?",
              "id": "56e7a96937bdd419002c42e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "the old Jinpu and Huning Railways"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?",
              "id": "56e7a96937bdd419002c42e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?",
              "id": "56e7a96937bdd419002c42e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "several more high-speed rail lines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of railway lines are now under construction?",
              "id": "56e7a96937bdd419002c42ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. In 1999, On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7aa3300c9c71400d774ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which are the two most prominent railway stations?",
              "id": "56e7aa3300c9c71400d774ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?",
              "id": "56e7aa3300c9c71400d774af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?",
              "id": "56e7aa3300c9c71400d774b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Nanjing South Railway Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?",
              "id": "56e7aa3300c9c71400d774b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Express highways such as Hu\u2013Ning, Ning\u2013He, Ning\u2013Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Express highways" }],
              "question": "What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?",
              "id": "56e7ab2337bdd419002c42fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "140 mi" }],
              "question": "How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ab2337bdd419002c42fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ab2337bdd419002c42fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "in the city centre, Xinjiekou" }
              ],
              "question": "Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ab2337bdd419002c42fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "181.15 mi/100 sq mi" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?",
              "id": "56e7ab2337bdd419002c42fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation, which mainly consists of bus, taxi and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas. Nanjing Metro Line 1, started service on September 3, 2005, with 16 stations and a length of 21.72 km. Line 2 and the 24.5 km-long south extension of Line 1 officially opened to passenger service on May 28, 2010. At present, Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 223.6 kilometers (138.9 mi) of route and 121 stations. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 10, Line S1 and Line S8. The city is planning to complete a 17-line Metro and light-rail system by 2030. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intracity transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "bus, taxi and metro systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main types of public transportation?",
              "id": "56e7abd937bdd419002c4304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "three companies" }],
              "question": "How many companies are involved with the network of buses?",
              "id": "56e7abd937bdd419002c4305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "121 stations" }],
              "question": "How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system?",
              "id": "56e7abd937bdd419002c4306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "2030" }],
              "question": "When does Nanjing expect to finish it's light rail line?",
              "id": "56e7abd937bdd419002c4307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "more than 370 routes" }
              ],
              "question": "How many bus routes are there in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7abd937bdd419002c4308"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometre (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line is being built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Lukou International Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Nanjing's airport called?",
              "id": "56e7ac6c37bdd419002c430e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "85 routes" }],
              "question": "How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?",
              "id": "56e7ac6c37bdd419002c430f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "15,011,792 passengers" }
              ],
              "question": "How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7ac6c37bdd419002c4310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "28 June 1997" }],
              "question": "When did the airport open for business?",
              "id": "56e7ac6c37bdd419002c4311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 702, "text": "Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?",
              "id": "56e7ac6c37bdd419002c4312"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region. As of 2010, it operated six public ports and three industrial ports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Port of Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What is the largest inland port for China?",
              "id": "56e7ad0337bdd419002c4318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "98 kilometres (61 mi) in length"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the Port of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ad0337bdd419002c4319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How many berths does the Port contain?",
              "id": "56e7ad0337bdd419002c431a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "March 2004" }],
              "question": "When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?",
              "id": "56e7ad0337bdd419002c431b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "one million container-capacity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle?",
              "id": "56e7ad0337bdd419002c431c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1960s, the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed, and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time. The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise. Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself. Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built. Going in the downstream direction, the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are: Dashengguan Bridge, Line 10 Metro Tunnel, Third Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, First Bridge, Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished?",
              "id": "56e7adfc37bdd419002c4322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "symbol of modern China" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the symbolism of the bridge?",
              "id": "56e7adfc37bdd419002c4323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic?",
              "id": "56e7adfc37bdd419002c4324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "a two-tiered road and rail design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of design is the bridge?",
              "id": "56e7adfc37bdd419002c4325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed?",
              "id": "56e7adfc37bdd419002c4326"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural centre attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past; during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city was the official imperial examination centre (Jiangnan Examination Hall) for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many ancient capitals does China have in its history?",
              "id": "56e7aec600c9c71400d774d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "intellectuals" }],
              "question": "What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture?",
              "id": "56e7aec600c9c71400d774d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the Tang and Song dynasties" }
              ],
              "question": "In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7aec600c9c71400d774d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "the Ming and Qing dynasties" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre?",
              "id": "56e7aec600c9c71400d774d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Jiangnan Examination Hall" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the examination centre?",
              "id": "56e7aec600c9c71400d774d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a \u201ccity of culture\u201d and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "as a \u201ccity of culture\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is Nanjing seen, from a cultural perspective?",
              "id": "56e7af6400c9c71400d774df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "local educational institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides strong support to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7af6400c9c71400d774e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in, by the Chinese?",
              "id": "56e7af6400c9c71400d774e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "a long cultural tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture?",
              "id": "56e7af6400c9c71400d774e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "Where do some of the country's most prominent art groups call home?",
              "id": "56e7afee37bdd419002c434a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which opera company is based in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7afee37bdd419002c434b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What art company is based in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7afee37bdd419002c434c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing:",
              "id": "56e7afee37bdd419002c434d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Kunqu" }],
              "question": "What is the name of China's oldest stage art?",
              "id": "56e7b0b737bdd419002c4366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jiangsu Province Kun Opera" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?",
              "id": "56e7b0b737bdd419002c4367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "a conservative and traditional troupe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?",
              "id": "56e7b0b737bdd419002c4368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b0b737bdd419002c4369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b0b737bdd419002c436a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jiangsu Art Gallery" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?",
              "id": "56e7b14100c9c71400d774fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "traditional and contemporary art pieces of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?",
              "id": "56e7b14100c9c71400d774fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b14100c9c71400d774fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "their own special exhibitions" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?",
              "id": "56e7b14100c9c71400d774fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "January 16" }],
              "question": "When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?",
              "id": "56e7b21237bdd419002c4382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "bathing in Qing Xi" }
              ],
              "question": "On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?",
              "id": "56e7b21237bdd419002c4383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "hill hiking" }],
              "question": "What did citizens used to do on September 9?",
              "id": "56e7b21237bdd419002c4384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Chinese lunar calendar" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?",
              "id": "56e7b21237bdd419002c4385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Almost none of them" }
              ],
              "question": "How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b21237bdd419002c4386"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?",
              "id": "56e7b32400c9c71400d7751b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "a series of government-organised events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?",
              "id": "56e7b32400c9c71400d7751c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Plum Blossom Hill" }],
              "question": "What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?",
              "id": "56e7b32400c9c71400d7751d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "domestically and internationally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?",
              "id": "56e7b32400c9c71400d7751e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What festival involves kites and fruit trees?",
              "id": "56e7b32400c9c71400d7751f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "When was the Nanjing Library completed?",
              "id": "56e7b49000c9c71400d77525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "the third largest library in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?",
              "id": "56e7b49000c9c71400d77526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "more than 10 million volumes" }
              ],
              "question": "How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?",
              "id": "56e7b49000c9c71400d77527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Nanjing University Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?",
              "id": "56e7b49000c9c71400d77528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Peking University Library" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?",
              "id": "56e7b49000c9c71400d77529"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial, Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nanjing" }],
              "question": "What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China?",
              "id": "56e7b57900c9c71400d77539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "National Central Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum?",
              "id": "56e7b57900c9c71400d7753a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Nanjing Museum" }],
              "question": "Which museum was the first modern one in China?",
              "id": "56e7b57900c9c71400d7753b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "Ming and Qing imperial porcelain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?",
              "id": "56e7b57900c9c71400d7753c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "400,000 items" }],
              "question": "How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain?",
              "id": "56e7b57900c9c71400d7753d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of Nanjing's major theatres are multi-purpose, used as convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres on different occasions. The major theatres include the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center. The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre/film.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can most of Nanjing's multi-purpose theatres be used for?",
              "id": "56e7b66337bdd419002c43c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most prominent theatres in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b66337bdd419002c43c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "a museum in theatre/film" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current purpose of The Capital Theatre?",
              "id": "56e7b66337bdd419002c43ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "well known" }],
              "question": "What was the popularity of The Capital Theater, in the past?",
              "id": "56e7b66337bdd419002c43cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived. Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where have Nanjing's after-hours activities typically been located?",
              "id": "56e7b76a00c9c71400d7754d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "night markets, restaurants and pubs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area?",
              "id": "56e7b76a00c9c71400d7754e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Boating at night in the river" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major night attraction for Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b76a00c9c71400d7754f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "courtesans" }],
              "question": "What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators?",
              "id": "56e7b76a00c9c71400d77550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Confucius Temple" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao?",
              "id": "56e7b76a00c9c71400d77551"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The well-established \"Nanjing 1912\" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs. There are two major areas where bars are densely located; one is in 1912 block; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood. Both are popular with international residents of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the past 20 years" }
              ],
              "question": "When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b87f00c9c71400d77557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "the nightlife has become more diverse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7b87f00c9c71400d77558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "\"Nanjing 1912\"" }],
              "question": "What area has lots of types of recreational outlets?",
              "id": "56e7b87f00c9c71400d77559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than at \"Nanjing 1912\", where else are there a lot of bars?",
              "id": "56e7b87f00c9c71400d7755a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "international residents of the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?",
              "id": "56e7b87f00c9c71400d7755b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing, which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China. According to Nanjing.GOV.cn, \"There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb. In the spring, the radish tastes very juicy and sweet. It is well-known that people in Nanjing like eating radish. And the people are even addressed as 'Nanjing big radish', which means they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative. From health perspective, eating radish can help to offset the stodgy food that people take during the Spring Festival\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "radish" }],
              "question": "What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident?",
              "id": "56e7b94300c9c71400d77561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "the southern suburb" }
              ],
              "question": "Which area has the longest history of growing radish?",
              "id": "56e7b94300c9c71400d77562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "very juicy and sweet" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the radish taste like in the spring?",
              "id": "56e7b94300c9c71400d77563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "'Nanjing big radish'" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Nanjing people called by others?",
              "id": "56e7b94300c9c71400d77564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?",
              "id": "56e7b94300c9c71400d77565"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "many professional sports teams" }
              ],
              "question": "Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?",
              "id": "56e7ba3537bdd419002c43d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Jiangsu Sainty" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ba3537bdd419002c43d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Nanjing Olympic Sports Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?",
              "id": "56e7ba3537bdd419002c43d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7ba3537bdd419002c43d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "CBA" }],
              "question": "What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?",
              "id": "56e7ba3537bdd419002c43d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Wutaishan Sports Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Which sports center started in 1952?",
              "id": "56e7bb3400c9c71400d7756b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7bb3400c9c71400d7756c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "comprehensive sports centers" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?",
              "id": "56e7bb3400c9c71400d7756d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?",
              "id": "56e7bb3400c9c71400d7756e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "tennis court" }],
              "question": "Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?",
              "id": "56e7bb3400c9c71400d7756f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing. Compared to Wutaishan Sports Center, which the major stadium's capacity is 18,500, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators. Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000, and natatorium of capacity 3,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?",
              "id": "56e7bbeb37bdd419002c43da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?",
              "id": "56e7bbeb37bdd419002c43db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's stadium hold?",
              "id": "56e7bbeb37bdd419002c43dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "13,000" }],
              "question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's gymnasium hold?",
              "id": "56e7bbeb37bdd419002c43dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's natatorium hold?",
              "id": "56e7bbeb37bdd419002c43de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 10 February 2010, the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was \u201cShare the Games, Share our Dreams\u201d. The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August. The Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (NYOGOC) worked together with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to attract the best young athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level. Off the competition fields, an integrated culture and education programme focused on discussions about education, Olympic values, social challenges, and cultural diversity. The YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "10 February 2010" }],
              "question": "When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games?",
              "id": "56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "\u201cShare the Games, Share our Dreams\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?",
              "id": "56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?",
              "id": "56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 747, "text": "the Olympic spirit" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread?",
              "id": "56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "from 16 to 28 August" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?",
              "id": "56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77579"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "mainland China" }],
              "question": "Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?",
              "id": "56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?",
              "id": "56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "historical buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "List three natural attractions of Nanjing.",
              "id": "56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the national capital" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the designation of Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7c00000c9c71400d7757f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "many structures were built" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?",
              "id": "56e7c00000c9c71400d77580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "some of them still remain" }
              ],
              "question": "Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?",
              "id": "56e7c00000c9c71400d77581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "tourists" }],
              "question": "The structures that still remain are open to whom?",
              "id": "56e7c00000c9c71400d77582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation. It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, some of which are listed as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "more than 1700 years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?",
              "id": "56e7c15800c9c71400d77587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?",
              "id": "56e7c15800c9c71400d77588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?",
              "id": "56e7c15800c9c71400d77589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?",
              "id": "56e7c15800c9c71400d7758a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "some of the most prominent" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?",
              "id": "56e7c15800c9c71400d7758b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Bern",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [b\u025brn] ( listen); French: Berne [b\u025b\u0281n]; Italian: Berna [\u02c8b\u025brna]; Romansh: Berna  [\u02c8b\u025brn\u0250] (help\u00b7info); Bernese German: B\u00e4rn [b\u0325\u00e6\u02d0rn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or \"federal city\".[note 1] With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Berne" }],
              "question": "What city is the de facto capital of Switserland? ",
              "id": "56e6ee276fe0821900b8ec38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Canton of Bern" }],
              "question": " What is the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons?",
              "id": "56e6ee276fe0821900b8ec39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Canton of Bern" }],
              "question": "Which canton is Berne the capital?",
              "id": "56e6ee276fe0821900b8ec3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "36 municipalities" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities are in the Berne agglomeration?",
              "id": "56e6ee276fe0821900b8ec3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "140,634" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Berne?",
              "id": "56e6ee276fe0821900b8ec3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where is Bern located? ",
              "id": "56e85f6300c9c71400d77667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "36" }],
              "question": "How many municiplaities are in Bern?",
              "id": "56e85f6300c9c71400d77669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Canton of Bern" }],
              "question": "Bern is the capitol of which canton?",
              "id": "56e85f6300c9c71400d7766a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e85f6300c9c71400d7766b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official language of Bern is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Bern?",
              "id": "56e6ef806fe0821900b8ec42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Bernese German" }],
              "question": "What is the main language spoken in Bern?",
              "id": "56e6ef806fe0821900b8ec43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Alemannic Swiss" }],
              "question": "What dialect is Bernese German?",
              "id": "56e6ef806fe0821900b8ec44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Bern?",
              "id": "56e85fee00c9c71400d77671"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bern is ranked among the world\u2019s top ten cities for the best quality of life (2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year did the historic old town in the center of Bern become a UNESCO World Heritage Site?",
              "id": "56e6f3ac6fe0821900b8ec5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "the world\u2019s top ten" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Bern's ranking for the best quality of life?",
              "id": "56e6f3ac6fe0821900b8ec5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "the centre of Bern" }],
              "question": "Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site located?",
              "id": "56e6f3ac6fe0821900b8ec5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was Bern ranked as one of the 10 best cities for their quality of life?",
              "id": "56e6f3ac6fe0821900b8ec5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "centre of Bern" }],
              "question": "Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?",
              "id": "56e860fd00c9c71400d77674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "top ten" }],
              "question": "Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?",
              "id": "56e860fd00c9c71400d77675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?",
              "id": "56e860fd00c9c71400d77676"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Z\u00e4hringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna \"cleft\". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the B\u00e4rengraben dates to the 1440s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Berchtold V, Duke of Z\u00e4hringen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the city of Bern?",
              "id": "56e6f5b2de9d3714000680ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "a bear" }],
              "question": "What animal does legend say Bern is named after?",
              "id": "56e6f5b2de9d3714000680ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "the 1440s" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest reference to keeping live bears in the B\u00e4rengraben?",
              "id": "56e6f5b2de9d3714000680ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna \"cleft\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the common assumption of what Bern was named after?",
              "id": "56e6f5b2de9d3714000680ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "the Bern zinc tablet" }
              ],
              "question": "Finding what in the 1980s changed the assumption as to what the city was named after?",
              "id": "56e6f5b2de9d3714000680f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "bear" }],
              "question": "What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?",
              "id": "56e861d000c9c71400d7767b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "bears" }],
              "question": "What live animals did they keep in the B\u00e4rengraben?",
              "id": "56e861d000c9c71400d7767c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "1440s." }],
              "question": "What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the B\u00e4rengraben?",
              "id": "56e861d000c9c71400d7767d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today\u2032s city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel (peninsula) north of Bern, fortified since the 2nd century BC (late La T\u00e8ne period), thought to be one of the twelve oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, there was a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor (\"dwelling of Breno\"). In the Early Middle Ages, there was a settlement in B\u00fcmpliz, now a city district of Bern, some 4 km (2 mi) from the medieval city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre?",
              "id": "56e8629c37bdd419002c44ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Roman era" }],
              "question": "What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site?",
              "id": "56e8629c37bdd419002c44cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Brenodor" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet?",
              "id": "56e8629c37bdd419002c44d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Early Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city?",
              "id": "56e8629c37bdd419002c44d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The medieval city is a foundation of the Z\u00e4hringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Z\u00e4hringen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Z\u00e4hringer" }],
              "question": "The medieval city is a foundation of what family?",
              "id": "56e8630337bdd419002c44d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?",
              "id": "56e8630337bdd419002c44d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Upper Burgundy" }],
              "question": "Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?",
              "id": "56e8630337bdd419002c44d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1191" }],
              "question": "What year was Bern founded?",
              "id": "56e8630337bdd419002c44d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "Berthold V, Duke of Z\u00e4hringen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded Bern?",
              "id": "56e8630337bdd419002c44da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1353" }],
              "question": "what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?",
              "id": "56e8638c37bdd419002c44e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?",
              "id": "56e8638c37bdd419002c44e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1415" }],
              "question": "What year did Bern invade Aargau?",
              "id": "56e8638c37bdd419002c44e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Bern" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?",
              "id": "56e8638c37bdd419002c44e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the River Aare. The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the K\u00e4figturm took over this role until 1345. It was, in turn, succeeded by the Christoffelturm (formerly located close to the site of the modern-day railway station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War, two new fortifications \u2013 the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment) \u2013 were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "River Aare" }],
              "question": "What river was the city near?",
              "id": "56e8648f37bdd419002c44ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Zytglogge" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the tower that was the western boundary?",
              "id": "56e8648f37bdd419002c44eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "K\u00e4figturm" }],
              "question": "What tower took over after Zytglogge?",
              "id": "56e8648f37bdd419002c44ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "the whole area of the peninsula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the big and small Schanze protect?",
              "id": "56e8648f37bdd419002c44ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a major blaze in 1405, the city's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow: mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1405" }],
              "question": "What year was there a huge fire?",
              "id": "56e8653c37bdd419002c44f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "the city's original wooden buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was destroyed in the fire?",
              "id": "56e8653c37bdd419002c44f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802, and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814, it newly acquired the Bernese Jura. At this time, it once again became the largest canton of the confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979. Bern was made the Federal City (seat of the Federal Assembly) within the new Swiss federal state in 1848.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1798" }],
              "question": "What year was Bern occupied by French troops?",
              "id": "56e8668737bdd419002c44fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "French Revolutionary Wars" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were French troops in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8668737bdd419002c44ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "1802" }],
              "question": "When did Bern regain control of Bernese Oberland?",
              "id": "56e8668737bdd419002c4500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Bernese Jura." }],
              "question": "What new territory was aquired in 1814?",
              "id": "56e8668737bdd419002c4501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When did the canton of Jura seceed?",
              "id": "56e8668737bdd419002c4502"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "First and Second Internationals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What congresses were held in Bern?",
              "id": "56e86dc299e8941900975dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Switzerland was neutral" }
              ],
              "question": "In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?",
              "id": "56e86dc299e8941900975dfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000, and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of October 2015, the resident population stood at 140,634, of which 100,634 were Swiss citizens and 40,000 (30%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners?",
              "id": "56e86f5b99e8941900975e04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m (2,835 ft) and Bantiger with a height of 947 m (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46\u00b057\u203208.66\u2033N 7\u00b026\u203222.50\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff46.9524056\u00b0N 7.4395833\u00b0E\ufeff / 46.9524056; 7.4395833.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Bern located?",
              "id": "56e8701b99e8941900975e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "glaciers" }],
              "question": "What helped form the Bern countryside?",
              "id": "56e8701b99e8941900975e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Bantiger" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern?",
              "id": "56e8701b99e8941900975e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Aare" }],
              "question": "What peninsula is Bern located on?",
              "id": "56e870a999e8941900975e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "bridges" }],
              "question": "What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?",
              "id": "56e870a999e8941900975e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?",
              "id": "56e870a999e8941900975e16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern is built on very uneven ground. There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, L\u00e4nggasse).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "uneven ground." }],
              "question": "What type of ground was Bern built on?",
              "id": "56e8711499e8941900975e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "several metres" }],
              "question": "What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?",
              "id": "56e8711499e8941900975e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "L\u00e4nggasse" }],
              "question": "Which city is higher, Matte or Langgasse?",
              "id": "56e8711499e8941900975e1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern has an area, as of 2009[update], of 51.62 square kilometers (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.79 square kilometers (3.78 sq mi) or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.33 square kilometers (6.69 sq mi) or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.25 square kilometers (8.98 sq mi) or 45.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.06 square kilometers (0.41 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.16 square kilometers (0.062 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "forested" }],
              "question": "What is 33.6% of the land in Bern?",
              "id": "56e871f40b45c0140094cc9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?",
              "id": "56e871f40b45c0140094cc9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City Council (Gemeinderat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Gemeinderat/-r\u00e4tin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpr\u00e4sident). In the mandate period 2013\u20132016 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpr\u00e4sident Alexander Tsch\u00e4pp\u00e4t. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht St\u00fcrler after 1747.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "as a collegiate authority." }
              ],
              "question": "How does the government of Bern operate?",
              "id": "56e8733699e8941900975e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many councilors are there?",
              "id": "56e8733699e8941900975e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Alexander Tsch\u00e4pp\u00e4t" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident?",
              "id": "56e8733699e8941900975e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "every four years." }],
              "question": "How after are the elections?",
              "id": "56e8733699e8941900975e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1013, "text": "in the Erlacherhof" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the executive body held?",
              "id": "56e8733699e8941900975e25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2015, Bern's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GB (Green Alliance of Berne), and FDP (FDP.The Liberals), giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats. The last election was held on 25 November 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "left parties" }],
              "question": "Who has the majority of the seats in Bern's City Council?",
              "id": "56e874800b45c0140094cca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Social Democratic Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What party also had the mayor as of 2015?",
              "id": "56e874800b45c0140094cca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "CVP" }],
              "question": "What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as?",
              "id": "56e874800b45c0140094ccaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City Parliament (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The City Parliament" }],
              "question": "Who holds the legislative power?",
              "id": "56e874d50b45c0140094ccaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "How many members are part of the City Parliament?",
              "id": "56e874d50b45c0140094ccb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "every four years." }],
              "question": "How often are elections held for the City Parliament?",
              "id": "56e874d50b45c0140094ccb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus (Town Hall).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public?",
              "id": "56e875710b45c0140094ccb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last regular election of the City Parliament was held on 25 November 2012 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la l\u00e9gislature) from 2013 to 2016. Currently the City Parliament consist of 23 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 11 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 Green Alliance of Berne (GB), 8 Gr\u00fcne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 7 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 1 Gr\u00fcne Partei Bern - Demokratische Alternative (GPB-DA) (or Green Party Bern - Democratic Alternative), 1 Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), 1 Alternative Linke Bern (AL) and finally one independent. The following parties combine their parliamentary power in parliamentary groups (German: Fraktion(en)): Independent and AL and GPB-DA and PdA (4), SP (23), GB and JA! (9), GFL and EVP (10), GLP (7), BDP and CVP (9), FDP (7), and SVP (11). This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1060, "text": "left parties" }],
              "question": "Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?",
              "id": "56e87b7a0b45c0140094ccc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1097, "text": "46" }],
              "question": "How many seats are there?",
              "id": "56e87b7a0b45c0140094ccc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Social Democratic Party" }
              ],
              "question": "Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?",
              "id": "56e87b7a0b45c0140094ccc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern has a population of 140,634 people and 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for \u22122.1%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "140,634" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Bern?",
              "id": "56e87bde99e8941900975e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "34%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?",
              "id": "56e87bde99e8941900975e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": ".6%" }],
              "question": "What was the population change from 2000 and 2010?",
              "id": "56e87bde99e8941900975e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "births and deaths" }],
              "question": "What counted for more of the population change?",
              "id": "56e87bde99e8941900975e2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the main lanuage of Bern?",
              "id": "56e87c2d99e8941900975e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "What is the second most common language?",
              "id": "56e87c2d99e8941900975e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "81.2%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population speaks German?",
              "id": "56e87c2d99e8941900975e36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "having twinned cities" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the city decide again?",
              "id": "56e87d480b45c0140094ccc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "during the UEFA Euro 2008" }
              ],
              "question": "When did they have a temporary twinned city?",
              "id": "56e87d480b45c0140094ccca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Salzburg" }],
              "question": "What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?",
              "id": "56e87d480b45c0140094cccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Austrian" }],
              "question": "What country is Salzburg in?",
              "id": "56e87d480b45c0140094cccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "35.4%" }],
              "question": "How many Swiss men live in Bern?",
              "id": "56e87dae0b45c0140094ccd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "20.1%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e87dae0b45c0140094ccd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "21.6%" }],
              "question": "What percent were born outside of Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e87dae0b45c0140094ccd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0\u201319 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20\u201364 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "15.1%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?",
              "id": "56e87ebf99e8941900975e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population are between 20-64?",
              "id": "56e87ebf99e8941900975e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "19.9%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population are over 64 years old?",
              "id": "56e87ebf99e8941900975e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "adults" }],
              "question": "What age group has most of the population included?",
              "id": "56e87ebf99e8941900975e3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2000[update], there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "59,948" }],
              "question": "How many people were single in Bern in 2000?",
              "id": "56e87f7f0b45c0140094ccdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "49,873" }],
              "question": "How many people were married in Bern in 2000?",
              "id": "56e87f7f0b45c0140094ccdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "9,468" }],
              "question": "How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000?",
              "id": "56e87f7f0b45c0140094ccdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "single" }],
              "question": "Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000?",
              "id": "56e87f7f0b45c0140094ccde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2000[update], there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household. There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1.8 persons" }],
              "question": "What is the average of people per household in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8800d0b45c0140094cce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1,592" }],
              "question": "How many households have 5 or more people living in them?",
              "id": "56e8800d0b45c0140094cce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "90.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000?",
              "id": "56e8800d0b45c0140094cce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "7.4%" }],
              "question": "What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments?",
              "id": "56e8800d0b45c0140094cce7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, \u00a3500, \u20ac710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, \u00a3280, \u20ac400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, \u00a3400, \u20ac560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, \u00a3470, \u20ac670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, \u00a3940, \u20ac1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0.45%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "1108.92 Swiss francs" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern?",
              "id": "56e880ec99e8941900975e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": ".45%" }],
              "question": "What was the vacancy rate for Bern in 2010?",
              "id": "56e880ec99e8941900975e46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 2000 census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question. On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "24.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?",
              "id": "56e8845b99e8941900975e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": ".25%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8845b99e8941900975e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "4,907" }],
              "question": "How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?",
              "id": "56e8845b99e8941900975e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "12.72%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population had no religion?",
              "id": "56e8845b99e8941900975e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for \"Time Bell\"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the M\u00fcnster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "medieval" }],
              "question": "The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?",
              "id": "56e8862699e8941900975e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "a Cultural World Heritage Site" }
              ],
              "question": "What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?",
              "id": "56e8862699e8941900975e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Zytglogge" }],
              "question": "What is Berns most famous site?",
              "id": "56e8862699e8941900975e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "M\u00fcnster" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?",
              "id": "56e8862699e8941900975e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Gothic" }],
              "question": "What type of cathedral is Muster?",
              "id": "56e8862699e8941900975e59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the B\u00e4rengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbr\u00fccke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli zoo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "a bear pit" }],
              "question": "What is the Barengraben?",
              "id": "56e8879699e8941900975e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "the far end of the Nydeggbr\u00fccke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Barengraben located?",
              "id": "56e8879699e8941900975e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "heraldic animals" }],
              "question": "What are held at the Barengraben?",
              "id": "56e8879699e8941900975e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "the Russian president" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave Bern their bears?",
              "id": "56e8879699e8941900975e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli zoo" }
              ],
              "question": "What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?",
              "id": "56e8879699e8941900975e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Federal Palace" }],
              "question": "Where is the national parliment housed?",
              "id": "56e887cd99e8941900975e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Bundeshaus" }],
              "question": "What is the Federal Palace called?",
              "id": "56e887cd99e8941900975e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Kramgasse 49" }],
              "question": "Where is Albert Einstein live?",
              "id": "56e8887799e8941900975e6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Annus Mirabilis Papers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was published the same years?",
              "id": "56e8887799e8941900975e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Einsteinhaus" }],
              "question": "What is the flat that Einstein called?",
              "id": "56e8887799e8941900975e72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Rosengarten" }],
              "question": "What is the Rose Garden also known as?",
              "id": "56e888c799e8941900975e77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "view of the medieval town centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can you see from the Rose Garden?",
              "id": "56e888c799e8941900975e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "a park" }],
              "question": "What was the Rosarium converted into?",
              "id": "56e888c799e8941900975e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "What year was the Rosarium converted?",
              "id": "56e888c799e8941900975e7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Z\u00e4hringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain) which is claimed to represent a Jew, the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "public fountains" }],
              "question": "Where are the statues at in the Old Town?",
              "id": "56e8898599e8941900975e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "disobedient children." }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?",
              "id": "56e8898599e8941900975e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Hans Hiltbrand" }],
              "question": "Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?",
              "id": "56e8898599e8941900975e82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and K\u00e4figturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "a UNESCO World Heritage Site" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?",
              "id": "56e88a380b45c0140094cced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1421" }],
              "question": "When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?",
              "id": "56e88a380b45c0140094ccee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Holy Ghost Church" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e88a380b45c0140094ccef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Hans Gieng" }],
              "question": "Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?",
              "id": "56e88a380b45c0140094ccf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in Switzerland, films are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with German and French subtitles. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "German and French subtitles" }
              ],
              "question": "What subtitles are included in the movies?",
              "id": "56e88fc799e8941900975e89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 3\u20132 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it hosted 3 matches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8904199e8941900975e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "Who won the game?",
              "id": "56e8904199e8941900975e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "BSC Young Boys" }],
              "question": "What football team is based in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8904199e8941900975e90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade. The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "SC Bern" }],
              "question": "What is the major hockey league team of Bern?",
              "id": "56e8909199e8941900975e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "PostFinance Arena" }],
              "question": "Where do they play?",
              "id": "56e8909199e8941900975e96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?",
              "id": "56e8909199e8941900975e98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics?",
              "id": "56e890ee99e8941900975e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did they withdraw their bid?",
              "id": "56e890ee99e8941900975e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Vancouver, Canada" }],
              "question": "Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?",
              "id": "56e890ee99e8941900975ea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010[update], Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008[update], there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "3.3%" }],
              "question": "What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010?",
              "id": "56e961270b45c0140094cdd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "How many businesses are there in the primary sector?",
              "id": "56e961270b45c0140094cdd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "950" }],
              "question": "How many businesses are there in the secondary sector?",
              "id": "56e961270b45c0140094cdd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "7,654" }],
              "question": "How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector?",
              "id": "56e961270b45c0140094cdd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "125,037." }],
              "question": "How many full time jobs were there in 2008?",
              "id": "56e961ae0b45c0140094cddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "184" }],
              "question": "How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture?",
              "id": "56e961ae0b45c0140094cdde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production?",
              "id": "56e961ae0b45c0140094cddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "15,476" }],
              "question": "How many jobs are in the secondary sector?",
              "id": "56e961ae0b45c0140094cde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "109,358" }],
              "question": "How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr?",
              "id": "56e961ae0b45c0140094cde1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000[update], there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "94,367" }],
              "question": "How many workers commute into the municipality?",
              "id": "56e962100b45c0140094cde7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "16,424" }],
              "question": "How many workers had to commute away from the municipality?",
              "id": "56e962100b45c0140094cde8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "50.6%" }],
              "question": "How much of the working population uses public transportation?",
              "id": "56e962100b45c0140094cde9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "20.6%" }],
              "question": "How many of the working population use private cars?",
              "id": "56e962100b45c0140094cdea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the L\u00e4nggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "L\u00e4nggasse quarter" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern?",
              "id": "56e9624799e8941900975f75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "39.2%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?",
              "id": "56e962d799e8941900975f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "18.9%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?",
              "id": "56e962d799e8941900975f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Swiss men" }],
              "question": "The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?",
              "id": "56e962d799e8941900975f7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "non" }],
              "question": "Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?",
              "id": "56e9634c99e8941900975f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "ability and aptitude" }
              ],
              "question": "What seperates the children in secondary school?",
              "id": "56e9634c99e8941900975f82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 2009\u201310 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "10,979" }],
              "question": "How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?",
              "id": "56e963a699e8941900975f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "89" }],
              "question": "How many kindergarten classes were there?",
              "id": "56e963a699e8941900975f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "266" }],
              "question": "How many primary classes were there?",
              "id": "56e963a699e8941900975f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "151" }],
              "question": "How many lower secondary classes were there?",
              "id": "56e963a699e8941900975f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Biblioth\u00e8que nationale suisse, the Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der K\u00fcnste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many libraries are in Bern?",
              "id": "56e9641f99e8941900975f91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2000[update], there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "9,045" }],
              "question": "How many pupils lived in another municipality?",
              "id": "56e9644c0b45c0140094cdef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1,185" }],
              "question": "How many pupils attended school outside of the city?",
              "id": "56e9644c0b45c0140094cdf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A funicular railway" }],
              "question": "What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?",
              "id": "56e965080b45c0140094cdf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "106 m" }],
              "question": "How long is the Marzilibah funicular?",
              "id": "56e965080b45c0140094cdf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Marzilibahn" }],
              "question": "What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?",
              "id": "56e965080b45c0140094cdf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Zagreb funicular" }],
              "question": "What is the shortest public railway in Europe?",
              "id": "56e965080b45c0140094cdf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Z\u00fcrich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all reachable within two hours by car or train from Bern.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Bern Airport" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Bern's airport?",
              "id": "56e965790b45c0140094cdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Bern-Belp or Belpmoos" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the regional airport?",
              "id": "56e965790b45c0140094cdff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Daylight_saving_time",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "summer time" }],
              "question": "What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?",
              "id": "56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "one hour" }],
              "question": "What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?",
              "id": "56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "daylight" }],
              "question": "What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?",
              "id": "56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "autumn" }],
              "question": "In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?",
              "id": "56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "sunrise" }],
              "question": "By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?",
              "id": "56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "George Hudson" }],
              "question": "Who first suggested daylight saving?",
              "id": "56e6fd9cde9d371400068112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "From what country did George Hudson hail?",
              "id": "56e6fd9cde9d371400068113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?",
              "id": "56e6fd9cde9d371400068114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?",
              "id": "56e6fd9cde9d371400068115"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "incandescent lighting" }
              ],
              "question": "What used to be the main draw on electricity?",
              "id": "56e702456fe0821900b8ec88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "retailing" }],
              "question": "What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?",
              "id": "56e702456fe0821900b8ec89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "farming" }],
              "question": "In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?",
              "id": "56e702456fe0821900b8ec8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?",
              "id": "56e702456fe0821900b8ec8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "travel" }],
              "question": "What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?",
              "id": "56e708d0de9d37140006811c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Computer software" }],
              "question": "When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?",
              "id": "56e708d0de9d37140006811d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "policy" }],
              "question": "What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?",
              "id": "56e708d0de9d37140006811e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "sleep patterns" }],
              "question": "What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?",
              "id": "56e708d0de9d37140006811f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Industrialized" }],
              "question": "What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?",
              "id": "56e70ca06fe0821900b8ecac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "agrarian" }],
              "question": "What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?",
              "id": "56e70ca06fe0821900b8ecad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "North and south of the tropics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?",
              "id": "56e70ca06fe0821900b8ecae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "axial tilt" }],
              "question": "What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?",
              "id": "56e70ca06fe0821900b8ecb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour \"fast\"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "one hour" }],
              "question": "How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?",
              "id": "56e71ec800c9c71400d76e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?",
              "id": "56e71ec800c9c71400d76e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "after" }],
              "question": "Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?",
              "id": "56e71ec800c9c71400d76e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Standard Time" }],
              "question": "What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?",
              "id": "56e71ec800c9c71400d76e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical \"nine-to-five\" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "lighting and heating" }
              ],
              "question": "What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?",
              "id": "56e720f137bdd419002c3d77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "equal" }],
              "question": "What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?",
              "id": "56e720f137bdd419002c3d78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "after" }],
              "question": "Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?",
              "id": "56e720f137bdd419002c3d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Supporters" }],
              "question": "Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?",
              "id": "56e720f137bdd419002c3d7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "higher latitudes" }],
              "question": "What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?",
              "id": "56e722d937bdd419002c3d8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "near the equator" }],
              "question": "What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?",
              "id": "56e722d937bdd419002c3d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "little" }],
              "question": "How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?",
              "id": "56e722d937bdd419002c3d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?",
              "id": "56e722d937bdd419002c3d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "extreme" }],
              "question": "As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?",
              "id": "56e722d937bdd419002c3d8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "water clocks" }],
              "question": "What kind of clocks did the Romans use?",
              "id": "56e7246337bdd419002c3d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "hora tertia" }],
              "question": "What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?",
              "id": "56e7246337bdd419002c3da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?",
              "id": "56e7246337bdd419002c3da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "Jewish" }],
              "question": "What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?",
              "id": "56e7246337bdd419002c3da3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, \"Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise\", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Benjamin Franklin" }],
              "question": "Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be \"healthy, wealthy, and wise\"?",
              "id": "56e726f600c9c71400d76ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Parisians" }],
              "question": "Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?",
              "id": "56e726f600c9c71400d76ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "1784" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?",
              "id": "56e726f600c9c71400d76ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "rail" }],
              "question": "What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?",
              "id": "56e726f600c9c71400d76ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "ringing church bells" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?",
              "id": "56e726f600c9c71400d76ebf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "entomologist" }],
              "question": "What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?",
              "id": "56e7287e37bdd419002c3dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?",
              "id": "56e7287e37bdd419002c3dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?",
              "id": "56e7287e37bdd419002c3dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "William Willett" }],
              "question": "Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?",
              "id": "56e7287e37bdd419002c3dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 899, "text": "Robert Pearce" }],
              "question": "Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?",
              "id": "56e7287e37bdd419002c3dd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "What year did Germany decide to try DST?",
              "id": "56e7299137bdd419002c3ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Sommerzeit" }],
              "question": "What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?",
              "id": "56e7299137bdd419002c3ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "coal" }],
              "question": "What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?",
              "id": "56e7299137bdd419002c3ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "What year did the United States get on board with DST?",
              "id": "56e7299137bdd419002c3dde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "energy crisis" }],
              "question": "What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?",
              "id": "56e72ba200c9c71400d76ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?",
              "id": "56e72ba200c9c71400d76eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Second World War" }],
              "question": "Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?",
              "id": "56e72ba200c9c71400d76edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?",
              "id": "56e72ba200c9c71400d76edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "many" }],
              "question": "Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?",
              "id": "56e72d4400c9c71400d76ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "repeals" }],
              "question": "Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?",
              "id": "56e72d4400c9c71400d76ee2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "02:00" }],
              "question": "At what local time does the United States change the time?",
              "id": "56e72ec800c9c71400d76ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?",
              "id": "56e72ec800c9c71400d76ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?",
              "id": "56e72ec800c9c71400d76ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "03:00:00.0" }],
              "question": "At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?",
              "id": "56e72ec800c9c71400d76eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?",
              "id": "56e72ec800c9c71400d76eeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "weekend" }],
              "question": "During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?",
              "id": "56e7305b37bdd419002c3de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "weekday schedules" }],
              "question": "What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?",
              "id": "56e7305b37bdd419002c3de7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Eastern European Time" }
              ],
              "question": "Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?",
              "id": "56e7334700c9c71400d76ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "two hours" }],
              "question": "For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?",
              "id": "56e7334700c9c71400d76ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "October 26" }],
              "question": "In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?",
              "id": "56e7334700c9c71400d76ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "one hour" }],
              "question": "At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?",
              "id": "56e7334700c9c71400d76ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?",
              "id": "56e7334700c9c71400d76ef5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?",
              "id": "56e73e1137bdd419002c3def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?",
              "id": "56e73e1137bdd419002c3df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "the Energy Policy Act of 2005" }
              ],
              "question": "What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?",
              "id": "56e73e1137bdd419002c3df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?",
              "id": "56e73e1137bdd419002c3df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "Halloween" }],
              "question": "Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?",
              "id": "56e73e1137bdd419002c3df3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beginning and ending dates" }
              ],
              "question": "In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?",
              "id": "56e73fb737bdd419002c3df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "24:00" }],
              "question": "At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?",
              "id": "56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?",
              "id": "56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "five hours" }],
              "question": "In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?",
              "id": "56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "southern Brazil" }],
              "question": "Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?",
              "id": "56e7415337bdd419002c3e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "equatorial Brazil" }],
              "question": "What part of Brazil does not observe DST?",
              "id": "56e7415337bdd419002c3e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Asia and Africa" }],
              "question": "Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?",
              "id": "56e7415337bdd419002c3e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "sunrise" }],
              "question": "The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?",
              "id": "56e7415337bdd419002c3e06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges \"the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country\" and pundits have dubbed it \"Daylight Slaving Time\". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "What leader said daylight saving gives people more \"opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness\"?",
              "id": "56e7436700c9c71400d76efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Daylight Slaving Time" }
              ],
              "question": "What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?",
              "id": "56e7436700c9c71400d76efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "agricultural" }],
              "question": "In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?",
              "id": "56e7436700c9c71400d76efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "sports" }],
              "question": "Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?",
              "id": "56e7436700c9c71400d76efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "war" }],
              "question": "Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?",
              "id": "56e7436700c9c71400d76eff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?",
              "id": "56e7462d37bdd419002c3e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Napier Shaw" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?",
              "id": "56e7462d37bdd419002c3e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?",
              "id": "56e7462d37bdd419002c3e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Andrew Peters" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?",
              "id": "56e7462d37bdd419002c3e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Robert Garland" }],
              "question": "What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?",
              "id": "56e7480100c9c71400d76f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?",
              "id": "56e7480100c9c71400d76f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?",
              "id": "56e7480100c9c71400d76f31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a \"deception\". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?",
              "id": "56e74b9f37bdd419002c3e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Easter" }],
              "question": "What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?",
              "id": "56e74b9f37bdd419002c3e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?",
              "id": "56e74b9f37bdd419002c3e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "golf" }],
              "question": "What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?",
              "id": "56e74b9f37bdd419002c3e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?",
              "id": "56e74b9f37bdd419002c3e2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "May 1965" }],
              "question": "What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?",
              "id": "56e74de737bdd419002c3e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Idaho" }],
              "question": "What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?",
              "id": "56e74de737bdd419002c3e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "7-Eleven" }],
              "question": "What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?",
              "id": "56e74de737bdd419002c3e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?",
              "id": "56e74de737bdd419002c3e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?",
              "id": "56e74de737bdd419002c3e4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote \u2013 with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "54.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?",
              "id": "56e74ffe37bdd419002c3e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "Daylight Saving for South East Queensland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?",
              "id": "56e74ffe37bdd419002c3e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "rural" }],
              "question": "In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?",
              "id": "56e74ffe37bdd419002c3e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1135, "text": "Peter Wellington" }],
              "question": "What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?",
              "id": "56e74ffe37bdd419002c3e55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?",
              "id": "56e7516237bdd419002c3e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "postal workers" }],
              "question": "Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?",
              "id": "56e7516237bdd419002c3e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "northern regions" }],
              "question": "What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?",
              "id": "56e7516237bdd419002c3e65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Ramadan" }],
              "question": "What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?",
              "id": "56e753a737bdd419002c3e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "the evening dinner" }
              ],
              "question": "What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?",
              "id": "56e753a737bdd419002c3e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?",
              "id": "56e753a737bdd419002c3e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "July and August" }],
              "question": "When was Ramadan in 2012?",
              "id": "56e753a737bdd419002c3e7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?",
              "id": "56e7560200c9c71400d76fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Belarus" }],
              "question": "What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?",
              "id": "56e7560200c9c71400d76fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?",
              "id": "56e7560200c9c71400d76fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?",
              "id": "56e7560200c9c71400d76fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?",
              "id": "56e7560200c9c71400d76fd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "urban workers" }],
              "question": "Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?",
              "id": "56e757c000c9c71400d76fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?",
              "id": "56e757c000c9c71400d76fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "saves energy" }],
              "question": "Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?",
              "id": "56e757c000c9c71400d76fdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "heart attack" }],
              "question": "What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?",
              "id": "56e7594900c9c71400d76ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Farmers" }],
              "question": "What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?",
              "id": "56e7594900c9c71400d76ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "inconclusive" }],
              "question": "What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?",
              "id": "56e7594900c9c71400d76ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "morning" }],
              "question": "What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?",
              "id": "56e7594900c9c71400d76ffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "get up earlier" }],
              "question": "Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?",
              "id": "56e75c2d37bdd419002c3edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "television" }],
              "question": "What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?",
              "id": "56e75c2d37bdd419002c3edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?",
              "id": "56e75c2d37bdd419002c3edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 838, "text": "coordination with others" }
              ],
              "question": "What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?",
              "id": "56e75c2d37bdd419002c3ede"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "3.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?",
              "id": "56e75e3b37bdd419002c3eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "morning" }],
              "question": "DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?",
              "id": "56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "incandescent" }],
              "question": "When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?",
              "id": "56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "climate" }],
              "question": "Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?",
              "id": "56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Franklin" }],
              "question": "Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?",
              "id": "56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?",
              "id": "56e7608500c9c71400d7704e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?",
              "id": "56e7608500c9c71400d7704f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "extension of DST" }],
              "question": "What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?",
              "id": "56e7608500c9c71400d77050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "sporting goods" }],
              "question": "What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?",
              "id": "56e762fb37bdd419002c3f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "the National Golf Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?",
              "id": "56e762fb37bdd419002c3f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?",
              "id": "56e762fb37bdd419002c3f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?",
              "id": "56e762fb37bdd419002c3f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "$30 million" }],
              "question": "How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?",
              "id": "56e762fb37bdd419002c3f27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "after" }],
              "question": "Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?",
              "id": "56e7666737bdd419002c3f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "cows" }],
              "question": "What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?",
              "id": "56e7666737bdd419002c3f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "disrupts their systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?",
              "id": "56e7666737bdd419002c3f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "earlier" }],
              "question": "Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?",
              "id": "56e7666737bdd419002c3f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "parents of young children" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?",
              "id": "56e7666737bdd419002c3f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?",
              "id": "56e7692a00c9c71400d770de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "William F. Shughart II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?",
              "id": "56e7692a00c9c71400d770df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "decreased economic efficiency" }
              ],
              "question": "What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?",
              "id": "56e7692a00c9c71400d770e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "the daylight-saving effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?",
              "id": "56e7692a00c9c71400d770e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "methodology" }],
              "question": "What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?",
              "id": "56e7692a00c9c71400d770e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?",
              "id": "56e76ba237bdd419002c3f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?",
              "id": "56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "SDST" }],
              "question": "What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?",
              "id": "56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "11%" }],
              "question": "In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?",
              "id": "56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1164, "text": "40 minutes" }],
              "question": "How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?",
              "id": "56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was \"impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide\". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "violent crime rate" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?",
              "id": "56e76d0b00c9c71400d77118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?",
              "id": "56e76d0b00c9c71400d77119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?",
              "id": "56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?",
              "id": "56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "heating" }],
              "question": "There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?",
              "id": "56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "carbon monoxide detectors" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?",
              "id": "56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "the first days of spring and autumn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?",
              "id": "56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "lights" }],
              "question": "What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?",
              "id": "56e76f9037bdd419002c3faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "hazardous materials" }
              ],
              "question": "What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?",
              "id": "56e76f9037bdd419002c3fab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "outdoor exercise" }],
              "question": "What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?",
              "id": "56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "vitamin D" }],
              "question": "What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?",
              "id": "56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Gordon Gund" }],
              "question": "What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?",
              "id": "56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "skin cancer" }],
              "question": "What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?",
              "id": "56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "rise earlier" }],
              "question": "Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?",
              "id": "56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that \"stress of changing clocks\" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "circadian rhythm" }],
              "question": "What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?",
              "id": "56e777fc37bdd419002c3fea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "Kazakhstan" }],
              "question": "In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?",
              "id": "56e777fc37bdd419002c3feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Dmitri Medvedev" }],
              "question": "Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?",
              "id": "56e777fc37bdd419002c3fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the \"spring forward\" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?",
              "id": "56e777fc37bdd419002c3fed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?",
              "id": "56e779ea37bdd419002c4007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "before dawn" }],
              "question": "Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?",
              "id": "56e779ea37bdd419002c4008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "air pollution" }],
              "question": "What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?",
              "id": "56e779ea37bdd419002c4009"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?",
              "id": "56e77c7137bdd419002c4027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "confusion" }],
              "question": "What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?",
              "id": "56e77c7137bdd419002c4028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "change their clocks" }
              ],
              "question": "What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?",
              "id": "56e77c7137bdd419002c4029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "multiple DST rules" }
              ],
              "question": "What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?",
              "id": "56e77c7137bdd419002c402a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?",
              "id": "56e7825400c9c71400d771e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "one hour" }],
              "question": "For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?",
              "id": "56e7825400c9c71400d771ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 483, "text": "software developers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?",
              "id": "56e7825400c9c71400d771eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 828, "text": "Coordinated Universal Time" }
              ],
              "question": "What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?",
              "id": "56e7825400c9c71400d771ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "Unix-based" }],
              "question": "What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?",
              "id": "56e7825400c9c71400d771ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually\u2014for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions\u2014but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "weekly" }],
              "question": "Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?",
              "id": "56e7834800c9c71400d771fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "complexity" }],
              "question": "What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?",
              "id": "56e7834800c9c71400d771fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Some clock-shift problems" }
              ],
              "question": "What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?",
              "id": "56e7834800c9c71400d771ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "disadvantages" }],
              "question": "What does DST inherit from standard time?",
              "id": "56e7851100c9c71400d77213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "magnify" }],
              "question": "Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?",
              "id": "56e7851100c9c71400d77214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?",
              "id": "56e7851100c9c71400d77215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "sun-exposure guidelines" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?",
              "id": "56e7851100c9c71400d77216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "time zone" }],
              "question": "When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?",
              "id": "56e7851100c9c71400d77217"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually accomplished\"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. (\"Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an \"s\") is commonly used.\") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without \"time\"), daylight savings (without \"time\"), and daylight time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Richard Meade" }],
              "question": "What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an \"s\" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?",
              "id": "56e787fb37bdd419002c40bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "daylight savings time" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?",
              "id": "56e787fb37bdd419002c40c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "daylight saving time" }
              ],
              "question": "Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?",
              "id": "56e787fb37bdd419002c40c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "American Heritage" }],
              "question": "Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the \"s\" is still listed first in what dictionary?",
              "id": "56e787fb37bdd419002c40c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 921, "text": "daylight time" }],
              "question": "Along with \"daylight saving\" and \"daylight savings,\" what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?",
              "id": "56e787fb37bdd419002c40c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kes\u00e4aika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'\u00e9t\u00e9 in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to \"ora solare\", solar time, in winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "daylight saving" }],
              "question": "Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?",
              "id": "56e78a2e00c9c71400d7726f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "summer time" }],
              "question": "What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?",
              "id": "56e78a2e00c9c71400d77270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "zomertijd" }],
              "question": "What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?",
              "id": "56e78a2e00c9c71400d77271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "ora legale" }],
              "question": "What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as \"legal time\"?",
              "id": "56e78a2e00c9c71400d77272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "solar time" }],
              "question": "What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?",
              "id": "56e78a2e00c9c71400d77273"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The name of local time" }
              ],
              "question": "What usually changes when a place observes DST?",
              "id": "56e78bd100c9c71400d77283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "standard" }],
              "question": "What word does American English swap out for \"daylight\" when referring to time zones?",
              "id": "56e78bd100c9c71400d77284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Pacific Daylight Time" }
              ],
              "question": "In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?",
              "id": "56e78bd100c9c71400d77285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "British Summer Time" }
              ],
              "question": "When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?",
              "id": "56e78bd100c9c71400d77286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?",
              "id": "56e78bd100c9c71400d77287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The North American mnemonic \"spring forward, fall back\" (also \"spring ahead ...\", \"spring up ...\", and \"... fall behind\") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "spring forward, fall back" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?",
              "id": "56e78dab37bdd419002c411f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "mnemonic" }],
              "question": "What is a language like \"spring forward, fall back\" that acts as a trigger for memory called?",
              "id": "56e78dab37bdd419002c4120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "which direction to shift clocks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"spring forward, fall back\" help people remember?",
              "id": "56e78dab37bdd419002c4121"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Changes to DST rules" }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause issues with installed computer systems?",
              "id": "56e790f337bdd419002c4153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did DST rules change in North America?",
              "id": "56e790f337bdd419002c4154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "upgrades" }],
              "question": "What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?",
              "id": "56e790f337bdd419002c4155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "email" }],
              "question": "In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?",
              "id": "56e790f337bdd419002c4156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "corporate information technologists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?",
              "id": "56e790f337bdd419002c4157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "UTC" }],
              "question": "What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?",
              "id": "56e793ad00c9c71400d772f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "time zone differences" }
              ],
              "question": "By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?",
              "id": "56e793ad00c9c71400d772f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "operating systems" }],
              "question": "In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?",
              "id": "56e793ad00c9c71400d772f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "internally" }],
              "question": "Where do computers usually use UTC?",
              "id": "56e793ad00c9c71400d772fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "local time" }],
              "question": "What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?",
              "id": "56e793ad00c9c71400d772fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the IANA time zone database" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?",
              "id": "56e795ee37bdd419002c41a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "date/time" }],
              "question": "What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?",
              "id": "56e795ee37bdd419002c41a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "zoneinfo" }],
              "question": "What's another name for the IANA database?",
              "id": "56e795ee37bdd419002c41a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "historical and predicted clock shifts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?",
              "id": "56e798c700c9c71400d77347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "system maintenance" }
              ],
              "question": "IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?",
              "id": "56e798c700c9c71400d77348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "TZ" }],
              "question": "What environment variable defines a location's name?",
              "id": "56e798c700c9c71400d77349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 799,
                  "text": "timezone-independent epoch time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?",
              "id": "56e798c700c9c71400d7734a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "tztab" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?",
              "id": "56e798c700c9c71400d7734b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?",
              "id": "56e79ae000c9c71400d77379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "whenever DST rules change" }
              ],
              "question": "When must TZ values be changed on an older system?",
              "id": "56e79ae000c9c71400d7737a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "time for the eastern United States starting in 2007"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?",
              "id": "56e79ae000c9c71400d7737b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "all years" }],
              "question": "What years will a new TZ value apply to?",
              "id": "56e79ae000c9c71400d7737c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "older timestamps" }],
              "question": "What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?",
              "id": "56e79ae000c9c71400d7737d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987\u20132006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "specifying the name of a location"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?",
              "id": "56e79ed037bdd419002c4267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "when DST rules change" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?",
              "id": "56e79ed037bdd419002c4268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?",
              "id": "56e79ed037bdd419002c4269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?",
              "id": "56e79ed037bdd419002c426a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?",
              "id": "56e79ed037bdd419002c426b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?",
              "id": "56e7a23000c9c71400d77443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "marked Israel as not having DST"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?",
              "id": "56e7a23000c9c71400d77444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "twice a year" }],
              "question": "How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?",
              "id": "56e7a23000c9c71400d77445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?",
              "id": "56e7a23000c9c71400d77446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 747, "text": "the Gregorian calendar" }
              ],
              "question": "Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?",
              "id": "56e7a23000c9c71400d77447"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "local time" }],
              "question": "What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?",
              "id": "56e7a89837bdd419002c42dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "a rescue boot disk" }
              ],
              "question": "Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?",
              "id": "56e7a89837bdd419002c42dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "a single system-wide setting" }
              ],
              "question": "As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?",
              "id": "56e7a89837bdd419002c42de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?",
              "id": "56e7a89837bdd419002c42df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?",
              "id": "56e7a89837bdd419002c42e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local\u2014or seasonal\u2014time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "NTFS" }],
              "question": "What file system do recent Windows versions use?",
              "id": "56e7aac737bdd419002c42f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "UTC" }],
              "question": "Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?",
              "id": "56e7aac737bdd419002c42f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "FAT" }],
              "question": "What file system do most removable devices use?",
              "id": "56e7aac737bdd419002c42f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "current local time" }
              ],
              "question": "What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?",
              "id": "56e7aac737bdd419002c42f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A move to \"permanent daylight saving time\" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to \"standard\" or \"winter\" time in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "permanent daylight saving time" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?",
              "id": "56e7adc800c9c71400d774cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "time shifts" }],
              "question": "Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?",
              "id": "56e7adc800c9c71400d774cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "late" }],
              "question": "In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?",
              "id": "56e7adc800c9c71400d774cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "2011 to 2014" }],
              "question": "During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?",
              "id": "56e7adc800c9c71400d774ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?",
              "id": "56e7adc800c9c71400d774cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106\u00b039\u2032 W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105\u00b0 W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90\u00b0 W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "westward" }],
              "question": "In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?",
              "id": "56e7b00300c9c71400d774e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "67" }],
              "question": "About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?",
              "id": "56e7b00300c9c71400d774e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Central Standard Time" }
              ],
              "question": "What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?",
              "id": "56e7b00300c9c71400d774e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "negative DST" }],
              "question": "Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?",
              "id": "56e7b00300c9c71400d774ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?",
              "id": "56e7b00300c9c71400d774eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165\u00b024\u2032 W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165\u00b0 W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135\u00b0 W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as \"Double Summer Time\". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "an extra hour" }],
              "question": "Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?",
              "id": "56e7b1e900c9c71400d77503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?",
              "id": "56e7b1e900c9c71400d77505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Double Summer Time" }
              ],
              "question": "What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?",
              "id": "56e7b1e900c9c71400d77506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Central European Midsummer Time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?",
              "id": "56e7b1e900c9c71400d77507"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Royal Institute of British Architects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RIBA stand for?",
              "id": "56e70a356fe0821900b8ec90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "the advancement of architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of RIBA?",
              "id": "56e70a356fe0821900b8ec91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "When was RIBA founded?",
              "id": "56e70a356fe0821900b8ec92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was RIBA's founding document expanded?",
              "id": "56e70a356fe0821900b8ec93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "In what country does RIBA mainly operate?",
              "id": "56e70a356fe0821900b8ec94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Institute of British Architects in London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Riba's first name?",
              "id": "56e70aba6fe0821900b8ec9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1834" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?",
              "id": "56e70aba6fe0821900b8ec9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?",
              "id": "56e70aba6fe0821900b8ec9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Architects" }],
              "question": "In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?",
              "id": "56e70aba6fe0821900b8ec9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "the grant of the royal charter" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the change of the Institute's name?",
              "id": "56e70b3d6fe0821900b8eca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the reference to London" }
              ],
              "question": "What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?",
              "id": "56e70b3d6fe0821900b8eca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?",
              "id": "56e70b3d6fe0821900b8eca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Portland Place" }],
              "question": "Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?",
              "id": "56e70b3d6fe0821900b8eca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "King George V and Queen Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?",
              "id": "56e70b3d6fe0821900b8eca6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?",
              "id": "56e70bfcde9d371400068124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "King William IV" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70bfcde9d371400068125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "1887, 1909 and 1925" }
              ],
              "question": "In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?",
              "id": "56e70bfcde9d371400068126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?",
              "id": "56e70bfcde9d371400068127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "minor amendments" }],
              "question": "What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?",
              "id": "56e70bfcde9d371400068128"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '\u2026 the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith\u2026'",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "the general advancement of Civil Architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70db4de9d371400068138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The original Charter of 1837" }
              ],
              "question": "What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70db4de9d371400068139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "promoting and facilitating" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?",
              "id": "56e70db4de9d37140006813a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Byelaws" }],
              "question": "What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?",
              "id": "56e70ef5de9d37140006813e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Byelaws" }],
              "question": "What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?",
              "id": "56e70ef5de9d37140006813f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the Privy Council's approval" }
              ],
              "question": "What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70ef5de9d371400068140"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto \u2018Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: \"gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium \".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 836, "text": "Usui civium decori urbium" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70fe037bdd419002c3d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Thomas Leverton Donaldson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?",
              "id": "56e70fe037bdd419002c3d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "honorary secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e70fe037bdd419002c3d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Eric Gill" }],
              "question": "Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?",
              "id": "56e70fe037bdd419002c3d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?",
              "id": "56e70fe037bdd419002c3d0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?",
              "id": "56e7117637bdd419002c3d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?",
              "id": "56e7117637bdd419002c3d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "the Liverpool University School of Architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?",
              "id": "56e7117637bdd419002c3d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica" }
              ],
              "question": "What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?",
              "id": "56e7117637bdd419002c3d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?",
              "id": "56e7117637bdd419002c3d19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?",
              "id": "56e71f6a37bdd419002c3d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Harry Barnes" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?",
              "id": "56e71f6a37bdd419002c3d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "80 per cent" }],
              "question": "In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?",
              "id": "56e71f6a37bdd419002c3d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "architectural associations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?",
              "id": "56e71f6a37bdd419002c3d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "ARCUK" }],
              "question": "What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e71f6a37bdd419002c3d67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the \"Statutory registration of architects\" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on \"Education\" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a \"Visiting Board\" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of \"recognized schools\" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?",
              "id": "56e721ae37bdd419002c3d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "syllabus" }],
              "question": "What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?",
              "id": "56e721ae37bdd419002c3d82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "an approved external examiner" }
              ],
              "question": "What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?",
              "id": "56e721ae37bdd419002c3d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Visiting Board" }],
              "question": "What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?",
              "id": "56e721ae37bdd419002c3d84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper \"Reform of Architects Registration\" (1994). The change of name to \"Architects Registration Board\" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?",
              "id": "56e7231d37bdd419002c3d95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1122, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did the name of ARCUK change?",
              "id": "56e7231d37bdd419002c3d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1068,
                  "text": "the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?",
              "id": "56e7231d37bdd419002c3d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1198,
                  "text": "the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?",
              "id": "56e7231d37bdd419002c3d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 985, "text": "Architects Registration Board" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?",
              "id": "56e7231d37bdd419002c3d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?",
              "id": "56e7248d37bdd419002c3da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?",
              "id": "56e7248d37bdd419002c3daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Architects Registration Board" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ARB stand for?",
              "id": "56e7248d37bdd419002c3dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "RIBA also validates courses outside the UK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e7248d37bdd419002c3dac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "44,000" }],
              "question": "How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e745c100c9c71400d76f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "RIBA" }],
              "question": "What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?",
              "id": "56e745c100c9c71400d76f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Student Members" }],
              "question": "What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?",
              "id": "56e745c100c9c71400d76f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "fellowships" }],
              "question": "What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?",
              "id": "56e745c100c9c71400d76f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "FRIBA" }],
              "question": "Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?",
              "id": "56e745c100c9c71400d76f09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London\u2014a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a caf\u00e9, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "66 Portland Place" }],
              "question": "What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?",
              "id": "56e748ba00c9c71400d76f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "George Grey Wornum" }],
              "question": "Who designed RIBA's headquarters?",
              "id": "56e748ba00c9c71400d76f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "the Library" }],
              "question": "What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?",
              "id": "56e748ba00c9c71400d76f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "events" }],
              "question": "For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?",
              "id": "56e748ba00c9c71400d76f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?",
              "id": "56e7498e00c9c71400d76f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?",
              "id": "56e7498e00c9c71400d76f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Cambridge" }],
              "question": "In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?",
              "id": "56e7498e00c9c71400d76f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "the East of England" }
              ],
              "question": "What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?",
              "id": "56e7498e00c9c71400d76f4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "RIBA Enterprises" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?",
              "id": "56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "15 Bonhill Street in London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?",
              "id": "56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "over 250" }],
              "question": "How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?",
              "id": "56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?",
              "id": "56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?",
              "id": "56e7521e00c9c71400d76fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?",
              "id": "56e7521e00c9c71400d76fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "National Building Specification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NBS stand for?",
              "id": "56e7521e00c9c71400d76fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "130" }],
              "question": "How many people work for the NBS?",
              "id": "56e7521e00c9c71400d76fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Newcastle" }],
              "question": "Where is the NBS located?",
              "id": "56e7521e00c9c71400d76fb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The British Architectural Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?",
              "id": "56e756e037bdd419002c3e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1834" }],
              "question": "When was the RIBA library founded?",
              "id": "56e756e037bdd419002c3ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "over four million" }],
              "question": "How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?",
              "id": "56e756e037bdd419002c3ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?",
              "id": "56e756e037bdd419002c3ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Victoria and Albert Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?",
              "id": "56e756e037bdd419002c3ea3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "9 Conduit Street" }],
              "question": "What was the RIBA Library's first address?",
              "id": "56e75cd337bdd419002c3eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "66 Portland Place" }],
              "question": "Where did RIBA move its library?",
              "id": "56e75cd337bdd419002c3eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "In what year did RIBA move its library?",
              "id": "56e75cd337bdd419002c3eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Adolf Loos" }],
              "question": "Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?",
              "id": "56e75cd337bdd419002c3eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "66 Portland Place" }],
              "question": "Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?",
              "id": "56e75e2d00c9c71400d77022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?",
              "id": "56e75e2d00c9c71400d77023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Art Deco" }],
              "question": "What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?",
              "id": "56e75e2d00c9c71400d77024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?",
              "id": "56e75e2d00c9c71400d77025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "students, education groups and families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?",
              "id": "56e75e2d00c9c71400d77026"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?",
              "id": "56e75e8800c9c71400d77034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?",
              "id": "56e75e8800c9c71400d77035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?",
              "id": "56e75e8800c9c71400d77036"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Room 128" }],
              "question": "In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?",
              "id": "56e7620600c9c71400d7705e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Architecture Exhibition Space" }
              ],
              "question": "What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?",
              "id": "56e7620600c9c71400d7705f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Gareth Hoskins Architects" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?",
              "id": "56e7620600c9c71400d77060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "21 Portman Place" }],
              "question": "Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?",
              "id": "56e7620600c9c71400d77061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "the Henry Cole Wing" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?",
              "id": "56e7620600c9c71400d77062"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than \u00a3500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "the best new building of the year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?",
              "id": "56e766a800c9c71400d770ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?",
              "id": "56e766a800c9c71400d770ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "a distinguished body of work" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?",
              "id": "56e766a800c9c71400d770ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "\u00a3500,000" }],
              "question": "What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?",
              "id": "56e766a800c9c71400d770af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the President's Medals" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?",
              "id": "56e766a800c9c71400d770b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Architectural design competitions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?",
              "id": "56e767c200c9c71400d770c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Brief" }],
              "question": "What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?",
              "id": "56e767c200c9c71400d770c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "design professionals and client representatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?",
              "id": "56e767c200c9c71400d770c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "independence of the jury" }
              ],
              "question": "What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?",
              "id": "56e767c200c9c71400d770c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "public realm artworks" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?",
              "id": "56e767c200c9c71400d770c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "RIBA" }],
              "question": "Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?",
              "id": "56e77bc037bdd419002c4017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "course validation" }],
              "question": "What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?",
              "id": "56e77bc037bdd419002c4018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "international courses" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?",
              "id": "56e77bc037bdd419002c4019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "three-year first degree" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?",
              "id": "56e77c8900c9c71400d7719e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "a two-year post graduate diploma or masters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?",
              "id": "56e77c8900c9c71400d7719f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "professional exams" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?",
              "id": "56e77c8900c9c71400d771a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "seven years" }],
              "question": "How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?",
              "id": "56e77c8900c9c71400d771a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "A further year out" }
              ],
              "question": "What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?",
              "id": "56e77c8900c9c71400d771a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. \"The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe\u2014even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes,\" said RIBA president Jack Pringle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "minimum space standards" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?",
              "id": "56e77e8d00c9c71400d771ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?",
              "id": "56e77e8d00c9c71400d771bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Jack Pringle" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?",
              "id": "56e77e8d00c9c71400d771bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "the 1920s" }],
              "question": "To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?",
              "id": "56e77e8d00c9c71400d771bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Holland" }],
              "question": "What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?",
              "id": "56e77e8d00c9c71400d771be"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "National_Archives_and_Records_Administration",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "National Archives" }],
              "question": "NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?",
              "id": "56e7745537bdd419002c3fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "National Archives and Records Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?",
              "id": "56e7745537bdd419002c3fc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Archivist" }],
              "question": "What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?",
              "id": "56e774f737bdd419002c3fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Archivist" }],
              "question": "What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?",
              "id": "56e774f737bdd419002c3fd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Office of the Federal Register"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What office publishes the Federal Register?",
              "id": "56e7756f00c9c71400d77154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Office of the Federal Register"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What office administers the Electoral College?",
              "id": "56e7756f00c9c71400d77155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Office of the Federal Register"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?",
              "id": "56e7756f00c9c71400d77156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Office of the Federal Register"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?",
              "id": "56e7756f00c9c71400d77157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)\u2014the agency's grant-making arm\u2014awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The National Historical Publications and Records Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which arm of NARA handles grants?",
              "id": "56e7767200c9c71400d77166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?",
              "id": "56e7767200c9c71400d77167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "4,500" }],
              "question": "About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?",
              "id": "56e7767200c9c71400d77168"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "FOIA" }],
              "question": "OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?",
              "id": "56e777aa00c9c71400d7716e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "FOIA disputes" }],
              "question": "What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?",
              "id": "56e777aa00c9c71400d7716f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "FOIA policies" }],
              "question": "NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?",
              "id": "56e777aa00c9c71400d77170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "changes to FOIA" }],
              "question": "What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?",
              "id": "56e777aa00c9c71400d77171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?",
              "id": "56e7784537bdd419002c3ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "In what year did NARA become an independent agency?",
              "id": "56e7784537bdd419002c3ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?",
              "id": "56e7784537bdd419002c3ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "R.D.W. Connor" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?",
              "id": "56e77ae437bdd419002c400d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?",
              "id": "56e77ae437bdd419002c400e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "What branch of the US government established the National Archives?",
              "id": "56e77ae437bdd419002c400f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Hoover Commission" }],
              "question": "What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?",
              "id": "56e77ae437bdd419002c4010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "subordinate official" }
              ],
              "question": "The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?",
              "id": "56e77ae437bdd419002c4011"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to \"reclassify\", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?",
              "id": "56e77d0137bdd419002c4034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "public hearing" }],
              "question": "How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?",
              "id": "56e77d0137bdd419002c4035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year was Executive Order 13526 created?",
              "id": "56e783a900c9c71400d77203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Executive Order 13526" }
              ],
              "question": "What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?",
              "id": "56e783a900c9c71400d77204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "coordinate declassification practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?",
              "id": "56e783a900c9c71400d77206"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NARA's holdings are classed into \"record groups\" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "record groups" }],
              "question": "What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?",
              "id": "56e784a400c9c71400d7720b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "governmental department or agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Each record group is classified based on what?",
              "id": "56e784a400c9c71400d7720c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "documents" }],
              "question": "Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?",
              "id": "56e784a400c9c71400d7720d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "microfilm" }],
              "question": "Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?",
              "id": "56e784a400c9c71400d7720e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Archival Research Catalog (ARC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?",
              "id": "56e7857c00c9c71400d77227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "10 billion" }],
              "question": "As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?",
              "id": "56e7857c00c9c71400d77228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "922,000" }],
              "question": "How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?",
              "id": "56e7857c00c9c71400d77229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "artifacts" }],
              "question": "Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?",
              "id": "56e7857c00c9c71400d7722a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "527,000" }],
              "question": "The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?",
              "id": "56e7857c00c9c71400d7722b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements. Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage, but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "public domain" }],
              "question": "Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?",
              "id": "56e7862c37bdd419002c40a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "copyright" }],
              "question": "Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?",
              "id": "56e7862c37bdd419002c40a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "copyright" }],
              "question": "Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?",
              "id": "56e7862c37bdd419002c40a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Executive Order 13526" }
              ],
              "question": "What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?",
              "id": "56e7862c37bdd419002c40a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "Information Security Oversight Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?",
              "id": "56e7862c37bdd419002c40a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "naturalization records" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?",
              "id": "56e786bf00c9c71400d7723c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1790 to 1930" }],
              "question": "For what time period does NARA have census records available for?",
              "id": "56e786bf00c9c71400d7723d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Archives I" }],
              "question": "What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?",
              "id": "56e7877837bdd419002c40b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Constitution Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "On what street is the The National Archives Building located?",
              "id": "56e7877837bdd419002c40b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Archives Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?",
              "id": "56e7877837bdd419002c40b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "main chamber" }],
              "question": "Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?",
              "id": "56e7877837bdd419002c40b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Archives Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?",
              "id": "56e7877837bdd419002c40b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce. As a result, all filming, photographing, and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25, 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "February 25, 2010" }],
              "question": "Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?",
              "id": "56e788ab37bdd419002c40d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "over 30 years" }],
              "question": "For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?",
              "id": "56e788ab37bdd419002c40d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "no lines" }],
              "question": "What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?",
              "id": "56e788ab37bdd419002c40d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "advent of cameras with automatic flashes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?",
              "id": "56e788ab37bdd419002c40d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001). Largely because of this proximity, NARA and the University of Maryland engage in cooperative initiatives. The College Park campus includes an archaeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Archives II" }],
              "question": "What is the second facility of NARA named?",
              "id": "56e7896737bdd419002c40db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was Archives II opened?",
              "id": "56e7896737bdd419002c40dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "University of Maryland" }
              ],
              "question": "What college is Archives II closest to?",
              "id": "56e7896737bdd419002c40dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "University of Maryland" }
              ],
              "question": "What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?",
              "id": "56e7896737bdd419002c40de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "College Park campus" }
              ],
              "question": "What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?",
              "id": "56e7896737bdd419002c40df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Suitland, Maryland" }],
              "question": "Where is The Washington National Records Center located?",
              "id": "56e78acb37bdd419002c40ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "federal records" }],
              "question": "What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?",
              "id": "56e78acb37bdd419002c40ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "the National Archives" }
              ],
              "question": "After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?",
              "id": "56e78acb37bdd419002c40ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "destroyed" }],
              "question": "What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?",
              "id": "56e78acb37bdd419002c40f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?",
              "id": "56e78acb37bdd419002c40f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine\u2013American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "downtown Washington" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the National Archives Building located?",
              "id": "56e78b7a37bdd419002c40fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?",
              "id": "56e78b7a37bdd419002c40fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Philippine\u2013American War" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?",
              "id": "56e78b7a37bdd419002c4100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "American Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for",
              "id": "56e78b7a37bdd419002c4101"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?",
              "id": "56e78c5900c9c71400d7728e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "facilities across the country" }
              ],
              "question": "Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?",
              "id": "56e78c5900c9c71400d7728f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, Federal Records Centers exist in each region that house materials owned by Federal agencies. Federal Records Centers are not open for public research. For example, the FRC in Lenexa, Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Federal Records Centers" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?",
              "id": "56e78cf937bdd419002c4111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?",
              "id": "56e78cf937bdd419002c4112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "FRC in Lenexa, Kansas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination? ",
              "id": "56e78cf937bdd419002c4113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When was JFK shot?",
              "id": "56e78cf937bdd419002c4114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "NARA" }],
              "question": "What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?",
              "id": "56e78dc200c9c71400d772af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Presidential Library system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?",
              "id": "56e78dc200c9c71400d772b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Herbert Hoover" }],
              "question": "Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?",
              "id": "56e78dc200c9c71400d772b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "nationwide" }],
              "question": "In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?",
              "id": "56e78dc200c9c71400d772b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "state governments" }],
              "question": "Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?",
              "id": "56e78f3100c9c71400d772bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Illinois" }],
              "question": "What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?",
              "id": "56e78f3100c9c71400d772c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?",
              "id": "56e78f3100c9c71400d772c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "state" }],
              "question": "Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?",
              "id": "56e78f3100c9c71400d772c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public\u2013private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?",
              "id": "56e78fd700c9c71400d772c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Google" }],
              "question": "What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?",
              "id": "56e78fd700c9c71400d772c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Allen Weinstein" }],
              "question": "What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?",
              "id": "56e78fd700c9c71400d772c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "digitize and offer NARA video online"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Google helping NARA with?",
              "id": "56e78fd700c9c71400d772ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "to make its holdings more widely available"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?",
              "id": "56e78fd700c9c71400d772cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote) launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would \"allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm\" and \"would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Fold3.com" }],
              "question": "In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?",
              "id": "56e7910400c9c71400d772eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?",
              "id": "56e7910400c9c71400d772ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Allen Weinstein" }],
              "question": "What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?",
              "id": "56e7910400c9c71400d772ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "much greater access" }
              ],
              "question": "Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?",
              "id": "56e7910400c9c71400d772ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?",
              "id": "56e7910400c9c71400d772ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would \"... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives.\" Adding, \"While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area.\" The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?",
              "id": "56e7a8dc00c9c71400d77499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "CreateSpace" }],
              "question": "What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?",
              "id": "56e7a8dc00c9c71400d7749a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?",
              "id": "56e7a8dc00c9c71400d7749d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790\u20131930, passenger lists from 1820\u20131960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?",
              "id": "56e7a9ce00c9c71400d774a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Ancestry.com" }],
              "question": "Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?",
              "id": "56e7a9ce00c9c71400d774a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "turned over to the National Archives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?",
              "id": "56e7a9ce00c9c71400d774a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel \"to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people.\" Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public. A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "YouTube" }],
              "question": "Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?",
              "id": "56e7aa8000c9c71400d774b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "showcase popular archived films"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?",
              "id": "56e7aa8000c9c71400d774b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Flickr" }],
              "question": "What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?",
              "id": "56e7aa8000c9c71400d774b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?",
              "id": "56e7aa8000c9c71400d774ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Wikiproject" }],
              "question": "In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?",
              "id": "56e7ab3b00c9c71400d774c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "expand collaboration" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?",
              "id": "56e7ab3b00c9c71400d774c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "National Archives" }],
              "question": "Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?",
              "id": "56e7ab3b00c9c71400d774c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "holdings widely available" }
              ],
              "question": "What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?",
              "id": "56e7ab3b00c9c71400d774c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?",
              "id": "56e7ab3b00c9c71400d774c5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Tristan_da_Cunha",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Tristan da Cunha /\u02c8tr\u026ast\u0259n d\u0259 \u02c8ku\u02d0nj\u0259/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north\u2013south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "volcanic" }],
              "question": "what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha",
              "id": "56e77fd737bdd419002c4045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "south Atlantic Ocean" }
              ],
              "question": "where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?",
              "id": "56e77fd737bdd419002c4046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "98" }],
              "question": "how many square kilometres  is the island?",
              "id": "56e77fd737bdd419002c4047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "archipelago" }],
              "question": "what type of island group are the islands?",
              "id": "56e77fd737bdd419002c4048"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "the British overseas territory of Saint Helena"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?",
              "id": "56e7814300c9c71400d771db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "267" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the island?",
              "id": "56e7814300c9c71400d771dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Ascension Island" }],
              "question": "what other island is included in the territory?",
              "id": "56e7814300c9c71400d771dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Trist\u00e3o da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Trist\u00e3o da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the L\u00e1s Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1506" }],
              "question": "in what year were the islands first sighted?",
              "id": "56e7828337bdd419002c4061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Trist\u00e3o da Cunha" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?",
              "id": "56e7828337bdd419002c4062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Portuguese explorer Trist\u00e3o da Cunha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who was the main island named after?",
              "id": "56e7828337bdd419002c4063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "1520" }],
              "question": "what year was it said the first island landing was made?",
              "id": "56e7828337bdd419002c4064"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Jonathan Lambert" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the first long term settler? ",
              "id": "56e78afc37bdd419002c40f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "December 1810" }],
              "question": "what year did the first permanent settler arrive?",
              "id": "56e78afc37bdd419002c40f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Islands of Refreshment" }
              ],
              "question": "what did one of the settlers rename the islands?",
              "id": "56e78afc37bdd419002c40f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1816" }],
              "question": "in what year did the UK annex the islands?",
              "id": "56e78d1b37bdd419002c4119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "South Africa" }],
              "question": "where did the UK rule the islands from?",
              "id": "56e78d1b37bdd419002c411a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?",
              "id": "56e78ff500c9c71400d772d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Edinburgh of the Seven Seas" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the main settlement named?",
              "id": "56e78ff500c9c71400d772d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson" }
              ],
              "question": "who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?",
              "id": "56e78ff500c9c71400d772d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the opening of the Suez Canal" }
              ],
              "question": "what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?",
              "id": "56e7921a37bdd419002c4171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 January 1938 by Letters Patent the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena. Prior to roughly this period, passing ships stopped irregularly at the island for a period of mere hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?",
              "id": "56e7c3a600c9c71400d77591"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?",
              "id": "56e7c43300c9c71400d77593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "HMS Atlantic Isle" }],
              "question": "What was the islands codename during World War II?",
              "id": "56e7c43300c9c71400d77594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?",
              "id": "56e7c43300c9c71400d77595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?",
              "id": "56e7c46400c9c71400d7759b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?",
              "id": "56e7c46400c9c71400d7759c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?",
              "id": "56e7c4ee00c9c71400d7759f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year did most families return after being evacuated?",
              "id": "56e7c4ee00c9c71400d775a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Edinburgh of the Seven Seas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?",
              "id": "56e7c4ee00c9c71400d775a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?",
              "id": "56e7c53b00c9c71400d775a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "the British government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?",
              "id": "56e7c53b00c9c71400d775a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "what year was a virus induced flu reported?",
              "id": "56e7c63237bdd419002c43ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 13 February 2008, fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored. This fire was devastating to the island because fishing is a mainstay of the economy. While a new factory was being planned and built, M/V Kelso came to the island and acted as a factory ship, with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week. The new facility was ready in July 2009, for the start of the 2009\u201310 fishing season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?",
              "id": "56e7c6bb37bdd419002c43f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "March 2008" }],
              "question": "When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?",
              "id": "56e7c6bb37bdd419002c43f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "M/V Kelso" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?",
              "id": "56e7c6bb37bdd419002c43f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "July 2009" }],
              "question": "when was the new fishing factory ready for use?",
              "id": "56e7c6bb37bdd419002c43f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "March 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?",
              "id": "56e7c99037bdd419002c43f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "heavy fuel oil" }],
              "question": "What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?",
              "id": "56e7c99037bdd419002c43f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "rockhopper penguins" }
              ],
              "question": "what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?",
              "id": "56e7c99037bdd419002c43fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Tristan da Cunha" }],
              "question": "where were the penguins transported for cleaning?",
              "id": "56e7c99037bdd419002c43fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 2011, the sailing boat Puma's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town. This event made the island, its inhabitants and lifestyle known worldwide thanks to the media reports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2011" }],
              "question": "When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?",
              "id": "56e7ca0937bdd419002c4400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Puma's Mar Mostro" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?",
              "id": "56e7ca0937bdd419002c4401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Volvo Ocean Race" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?",
              "id": "56e7ca0937bdd419002c4402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "mast" }],
              "question": "what was broken/damaged on the boat?",
              "id": "56e7ca0937bdd419002c4403"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "University_of_Kansas",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas. KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence, Wichita, Overland Park, Salina, and Kansas City, Kansas, with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread, the highest location in Lawrence. Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as \"Bleeding Kansas\" during the 1850s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "KU" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?",
              "id": "56e780ac00c9c71400d771c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Lawrence" }],
              "question": "Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?",
              "id": "56e780ac00c9c71400d771c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Mount Oread" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest point in Lawrence?",
              "id": "56e780ac00c9c71400d771c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "the Kansas State Legislature" }
              ],
              "question": "Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e780ac00c9c71400d771ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?",
              "id": "56e780ac00c9c71400d771cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Wichita and Salina" }
              ],
              "question": "In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?",
              "id": "56e7812637bdd419002c404d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "the Association of American Universities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization does KU belong to?",
              "id": "56e7812637bdd419002c404e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "62" }],
              "question": "How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?",
              "id": "56e7812637bdd419002c404f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Kansas City" }],
              "question": "In what city can KU's hospital be found?",
              "id": "56e7812637bdd419002c4050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Overland Park" }],
              "question": "In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?",
              "id": "56e7812637bdd419002c4051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "23,597" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?",
              "id": "56e7822000c9c71400d771e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "3,371" }],
              "question": "In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?",
              "id": "56e7822000c9c71400d771e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "26,968" }],
              "question": "How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?",
              "id": "56e7822000c9c71400d771e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "2,663" }],
              "question": "How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?",
              "id": "56e7822000c9c71400d771e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 ha) of land. If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 20, 1863" }],
              "question": "On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?",
              "id": "56e782a500c9c71400d771f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "$15,000" }],
              "question": "How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?",
              "id": "56e782a500c9c71400d771f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "forty acres" }],
              "question": "What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?",
              "id": "56e782a500c9c71400d771f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Emporia" }],
              "question": "What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?",
              "id": "56e782a500c9c71400d771f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread, which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized. The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Mount Oread" }],
              "question": "On what geographic feature was KU built?",
              "id": "56e7853900c9c71400d7721d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Charles L. Robinson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?",
              "id": "56e7853900c9c71400d7721e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Amos Adams Lawrence" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7853900c9c71400d7721f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Board of Regents" }],
              "question": "What was the governing body of KU?",
              "id": "56e7853900c9c71400d77220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?",
              "id": "56e7853900c9c71400d77221"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "131" }],
              "question": "How many institutions participated in the V-12 program?",
              "id": "56e7857d37bdd419002c4091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "a path to a Navy commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils?",
              "id": "56e7857d37bdd419002c4092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what event did the V-12 program take place?",
              "id": "56e7857d37bdd419002c4093"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of KU serves students learning about government?",
              "id": "56e7860237bdd419002c4097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?",
              "id": "56e7860237bdd419002c4098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "the Spencer Museum of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?",
              "id": "56e7860237bdd419002c4099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Anschutz Library" }],
              "question": "Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7860237bdd419002c409a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Philip Anschutz" }],
              "question": "Whom is the Anschutz Library named for?",
              "id": "56e7860237bdd419002c409b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses. KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare. The university offers more than 345 degree programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many campuses are run by KU?",
              "id": "56e786e700c9c71400d77241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "state-sponsored" }],
              "question": "What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?",
              "id": "56e786e700c9c71400d77242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences?",
              "id": "56e786e700c9c71400d77243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "345" }],
              "question": "At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU?",
              "id": "56e786e700c9c71400d77244"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings. USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "city management and urban policy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers?",
              "id": "56e7878500c9c71400d77249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "special education" }],
              "question": "What KU department was rated second in its field?",
              "id": "56e7878500c9c71400d7724a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "U.S. News & World Report" }
              ],
              "question": "Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs?",
              "id": "56e7878500c9c71400d7724b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "the top 25" }],
              "question": "In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?",
              "id": "56e7878500c9c71400d7724c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning (SADP), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering. The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What KU school is abbreviated as SADP?",
              "id": "56e7882837bdd419002c40c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Marvin Hall" }],
              "question": "Where is the SADP housed?",
              "id": "56e7882837bdd419002c40ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "the School of Architecture and Urban Design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?",
              "id": "56e7882837bdd419002c40cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "civil and environmental engineering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?",
              "id": "56e7882837bdd419002c40cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the SADP assume its current form?",
              "id": "56e7882837bdd419002c40cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the journal DesignIntelligence, which annually publishes \"America's Best Architecture and Design Schools,\" the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "DesignIntelligence" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?",
              "id": "56e78d6b00c9c71400d7729d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?",
              "id": "56e78d6b00c9c71400d7729e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "best in the Midwest" }
              ],
              "question": "What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?",
              "id": "56e78d6b00c9c71400d7729f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?",
              "id": "56e78d6b00c9c71400d772a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "What kind of institution is KU's School of Business?",
              "id": "56e78dc437bdd419002c4125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Lawrence" }],
              "question": "Where is the business school at KU located?",
              "id": "56e78dc437bdd419002c4126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When was the University of Kansas School of Business established?",
              "id": "56e78dc437bdd419002c4127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1500" }],
              "question": "How many students attend the business school at KU?",
              "id": "56e78dc437bdd419002c4128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "more than 80" }],
              "question": "How many educators work at the KU School of Business?",
              "id": "56e78dc437bdd419002c4129"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Princeton Review" }],
              "question": "Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions?",
              "id": "56e78e9800c9c71400d772b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU's?",
              "id": "56e78e9800c9c71400d772b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "AACSB" }],
              "question": "By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known?",
              "id": "56e78e9800c9c71400d772b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "business and accounting" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU's business school?",
              "id": "56e78e9800c9c71400d772ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and 68th nationally, according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report \"Best Graduate Schools\" edition. Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Best Graduate Schools" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2014, what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools?",
              "id": "56e78f1137bdd419002c4139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "68th" }],
              "question": "What was KU's national law school ranking in 2014?",
              "id": "56e78f1137bdd419002c413a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Kansas" }],
              "question": "The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state?",
              "id": "56e78f1137bdd419002c413b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Green Hall" }],
              "question": "In what building do law students attend classes at KU?",
              "id": "56e78f1137bdd419002c413c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "James Green" }],
              "question": "For whom is Green Hall named?",
              "id": "56e78f1137bdd419002c413d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "ABET" }],
              "question": "What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?",
              "id": "56e7906100c9c71400d772d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "main campus" }],
              "question": "On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?",
              "id": "56e7906100c9c71400d772d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1891" }],
              "question": "When was KU's engineering school established?",
              "id": "56e7906100c9c71400d772d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?",
              "id": "56e7906100c9c71400d772da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?",
              "id": "56e7906100c9c71400d772db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the U.S. News & World Report's \"America\u2019s Best Colleges\" 2016 issue, KU\u2019s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "U.S. News & World Report" }
              ],
              "question": "Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?",
              "id": "56e790e237bdd419002c414d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "90th" }],
              "question": "In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?",
              "id": "56e790e237bdd419002c414e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "national universities" }
              ],
              "question": "Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?",
              "id": "56e790e237bdd419002c414f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Alan Mulally" }],
              "question": "What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?",
              "id": "56e7915837bdd419002c415d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Lou Montulli" }],
              "question": "Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU?",
              "id": "56e7915837bdd419002c415e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Brian McClendon" }],
              "question": "What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7915837bdd419002c415f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Charles E. Spahr" }],
              "question": "What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7915837bdd419002c4160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Standard Oil of Ohio" }
              ],
              "question": "For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO?",
              "id": "56e7915837bdd419002c4161"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media when they graduate. The school offers two tracts of study: News and Information and Strategic Communication. This professional school teaches its students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing. The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, KUJH TV and KJHK radio. In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength. In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications finished second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the full name of KU's journalism school?",
              "id": "56e7928637bdd419002c4175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "News and Information and Strategic Communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?",
              "id": "56e7928637bdd419002c4176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "print, online and broadcast" }
              ],
              "question": "What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?",
              "id": "56e7928637bdd419002c4177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Jayplay magazine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a magazine published at KU?",
              "id": "56e7928637bdd419002c4178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "Hearst Foundation" }],
              "question": "Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?",
              "id": "56e7928637bdd419002c4179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU?",
              "id": "56e793cb37bdd419002c4189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "its own programs of graduate study"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each of the component schools of KU's Medical Center offer?",
              "id": "56e793cb37bdd419002c418a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "3,349" }],
              "question": "How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013?",
              "id": "56e793cb37bdd419002c418b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Wichita" }],
              "question": "At what other KU campus is a four year program available?",
              "id": "56e793cb37bdd419002c418c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "rural health care" }],
              "question": "What is the focus of the Salina location's medical program?",
              "id": "56e793cb37bdd419002c418d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas. Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees. About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 32. Programs available at the Edwards Campus include developmental psychology, public administration, social work, systems analysis, information technology, engineering management and design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Overland Park" }],
              "question": "In what city is the Edwards Campus located?",
              "id": "56e7943837bdd419002c4193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When was the Edwards Campus built?",
              "id": "56e7943837bdd419002c4194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "adults" }],
              "question": "Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?",
              "id": "56e7943837bdd419002c4195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "What is the average age of students on KU's Edwards Campus?",
              "id": "56e7943837bdd419002c4196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "college degrees" }],
              "question": "What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7943837bdd419002c4197"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average, according to the College Board, and the University remains a best buy in the region.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "the College Board" }],
              "question": "Who provides statistics on educational costs?",
              "id": "56e794a937bdd419002c419e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "best buy" }],
              "question": "What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?",
              "id": "56e794a937bdd419002c419f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the 2007\u20132008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents. For the 2014\u201315 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshman and $828 for out-of-state freshmen. For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014\u201315 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases. Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888. The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "fixed tuition rate" }],
              "question": "What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?",
              "id": "56e7957600c9c71400d77301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "48 months" }],
              "question": "For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?",
              "id": "56e7957600c9c71400d77302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Four-Year Tuition Compact" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?",
              "id": "56e7957600c9c71400d77303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "$828" }],
              "question": "How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?",
              "id": "56e7957600c9c71400d77304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "additional fees" }],
              "question": "What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?",
              "id": "56e7957600c9c71400d77305"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965. The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU?",
              "id": "56e7960900c9c71400d7730b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "decision science" }],
              "question": "What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape?",
              "id": "56e7960900c9c71400d7730c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "NASA" }],
              "question": "Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU's interdisciplinary management program?",
              "id": "56e7960900c9c71400d7730d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications?",
              "id": "56e7960900c9c71400d7730e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business?",
              "id": "56e7960900c9c71400d7730f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text based web browser. Lynx itself provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "academic computing" }],
              "question": "What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet?",
              "id": "56e7966637bdd419002c41b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "text based web browser" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of software is Lynx?",
              "id": "56e7966637bdd419002c41b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "hypertext browsing and navigation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was made possible by Lynx?",
              "id": "56e7966637bdd419002c41b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "crimson and royal blue" }
              ],
              "question": "What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?",
              "id": "56e7990237bdd419002c41e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Kansas Jayhawks" }],
              "question": "What is the name of KU athletic teams?",
              "id": "56e7990237bdd419002c41e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?",
              "id": "56e7990237bdd419002c41e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e7990237bdd419002c41ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Rim Rock Farm" }],
              "question": "Where does KU's cross country team run?",
              "id": "56e7990237bdd419002c41eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU football dates from 1890, and has played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1968, and 2008. They are currently coached by David Beaty, who was hired in 2014. In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24\u201321 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies. This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12\u20131 (.923). The team plays at Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent a $31 million renovation to add the Anderson Family Football Complex, adding a football practice facility adjacent to the stadium complete with indoor partial practice field, weight room, and new locker room.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "When did KU start fielding a football team?",
              "id": "56e799f200c9c71400d77365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl?",
              "id": "56e799f200c9c71400d77366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "David Beaty" }],
              "question": "Who is the current head of KU's football program?",
              "id": "56e799f200c9c71400d77367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Virginia Tech Hokies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl?",
              "id": "56e799f200c9c71400d77368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Memorial Stadium" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in?",
              "id": "56e799f200c9c71400d77369"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070\u2013806 through the 2011\u201312 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen (\"the Father of basketball coaching\"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e79bf200c9c71400d77397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Bill Self" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?",
              "id": "56e79bf200c9c71400d77398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?",
              "id": "56e79bf200c9c71400d77399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "Wilt Chamberlain" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?",
              "id": "56e79bf200c9c71400d7739a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1508, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?",
              "id": "56e79bf200c9c71400d7739b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sheahon Zenger was introduced as KU's new athletic director in January 2011. Under former athletic director Lew Perkins, the department's budget increased from $27.2 million in 2003 (10th in the conference) to currently over $50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse, a new $26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike, and a new $40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television. The additional funds brought improvements to the university, including:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sheahon Zenger" }],
              "question": "Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU?",
              "id": "56e79c8637bdd419002c4221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Lew Perkins" }],
              "question": "Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?",
              "id": "56e79c8637bdd419002c4222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "ESPN Regional Television" }
              ],
              "question": "With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract?",
              "id": "56e79c8637bdd419002c4223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Adidas" }],
              "question": "What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e79c8637bdd419002c4224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Nike" }],
              "question": "What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e79c8637bdd419002c4225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university. Kansas has won the tournament 5 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, and 2009) and had 12 teams make it to the final four. Kansas trails only Northwestern (13), Dartmouth (6), and Harvard (6) for most tournaments won. Kansas also won the 1981\u201382 Copeland Award.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament?",
              "id": "56e79cf000c9c71400d773b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "How many times has KU won the national debate championship?",
              "id": "56e79cf000c9c71400d773b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships?",
              "id": "56e79cf000c9c71400d773b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "What school has won the most national debate championships?",
              "id": "56e79cf000c9c71400d773b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Copeland Award" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams?",
              "id": "56e79cf000c9c71400d773b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: \"I\u2019m a Jayhawk\", \"Fighting Jayhawk\", \"Kansas Song\", \"Sunflower Song\", \"Crimson and the Blue\", \"Red and Blue\", the \"Rock Chalk, Jayhawk\" chant\", \"Home on the Range\" and \"Stand Up and Cheer.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "commencement and convocation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard?",
              "id": "56e79d9037bdd419002c423f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "\"Crimson and the Blue\", \"Red and Blue\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two songs that reference the school's team colors in their titles?",
              "id": "56e79d9037bdd419002c4241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "\"Kansas Song\"" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves?",
              "id": "56e79d9037bdd419002c4242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "\"Home on the Range\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU?",
              "id": "56e79d9037bdd419002c4243"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called \"The Pulitzers of College Journalism\" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU. They have received student funding for operations in 2008\u201309. The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations. The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "University Daily Kansan" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e79e2737bdd419002c4253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Intercollegiate Writing Competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?",
              "id": "56e79e2737bdd419002c4254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?",
              "id": "56e79e2737bdd419002c4255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "KUpedia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?",
              "id": "56e79e2737bdd419002c4256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Matthew Porubsky" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?",
              "id": "56e79e2737bdd419002c4257"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "print and online" }],
              "question": "In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available?",
              "id": "56e79e9200c9c71400d773dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "William Allen White School of Journalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institution houses the Daily Kansan?",
              "id": "56e79e9200c9c71400d773de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "at least 30,000" }],
              "question": "How big is the Daily Kansan's audience?",
              "id": "56e79e9200c9c71400d773df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations in the nation. KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "KANU" }],
              "question": "What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?",
              "id": "56e79f1700c9c71400d773ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "KJHK" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the station operated by KU students?",
              "id": "56e79f1700c9c71400d773ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When did KJHK first broadcast?",
              "id": "56e79f1700c9c71400d773ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "KUJH-LP" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?",
              "id": "56e79f1700c9c71400d773f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "public affairs" }],
              "question": "What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?",
              "id": "56e79f1700c9c71400d773f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the \"living rooms\" of campus today and include three locations \u2013 the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The Corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds going back to support student programs, such as Student Union Activities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "When was KU's first student union constructed?",
              "id": "56e79f9600c9c71400d77401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "campus community center" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the role the union was intended serve?",
              "id": "56e79f9600c9c71400d77402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Jayhawk Central" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?",
              "id": "56e79f9600c9c71400d77403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "KU Memorial Unions Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?",
              "id": "56e79f9600c9c71400d77404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Student Union Activities" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?",
              "id": "56e79f9600c9c71400d77405"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America\u2019s first foundation for a public university. Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "KU Endowment" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?",
              "id": "56e79feb00c9c71400d7740b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1891" }],
              "question": "When was the KU Endowment founded?",
              "id": "56e79feb00c9c71400d7740c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "donors" }],
              "question": "To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?",
              "id": "56e79feb00c9c71400d7740d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "philanthropic support" }
              ],
              "question": "What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?",
              "id": "56e79feb00c9c71400d7740e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Community Tool Box" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?",
              "id": "56e7a09b00c9c71400d7741d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "the Work Group for Community Health and Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?",
              "id": "56e7a09b00c9c71400d7741e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?",
              "id": "56e7a09b00c9c71400d7741f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "more than 7,000 pages" }
              ],
              "question": "How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?",
              "id": "56e7a09b00c9c71400d77420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "online" }],
              "question": "Where can the Community Tool Box be found?",
              "id": "56e7a09b00c9c71400d77421"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Political_corruption",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "political corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What do you call  government officials using power for illicit private gain?",
              "id": "56e8083500c9c71400d775a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "government officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Who benefits from political corruption?",
              "id": "56e8083500c9c71400d775aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "their official duties" }
              ],
              "question": "It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?",
              "id": "56e8083500c9c71400d775ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "influence" }],
              "question": "Trading in what is considered political corruption?",
              "id": "56e8083500c9c71400d775ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Political corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?",
              "id": "56e9ebac5a205f1900d6d326"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "corruption" }],
              "question": "Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what?",
              "id": "56e80a2837bdd419002c4408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "criminal enterprise" }
              ],
              "question": "Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what?",
              "id": "56e80a2837bdd419002c4409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "corruption" }],
              "question": "Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what?",
              "id": "56e80a2837bdd419002c440a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "nepotism" }],
              "question": "One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?",
              "id": "56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "gombeenism" }],
              "question": "Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?",
              "id": "56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "human trafficking" }],
              "question": "Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?",
              "id": "56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "political opponents" }
              ],
              "question": "The repression of what is also considered political corruption?",
              "id": "56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning \"rule by thieves\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "country or jurisdiction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?",
              "id": "56e80b8000c9c71400d775b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "broad or ill-defined" }
              ],
              "question": "Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?",
              "id": "56e80b8000c9c71400d775b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "1 trillion US dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?",
              "id": "56e80b8000c9c71400d775b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "kleptocracy" }],
              "question": "unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?",
              "id": "56e80b8000c9c71400d775b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "rule by thieves" }],
              "question": "What does kleptocracy mean?",
              "id": "56e80b8000c9c71400d775b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "kleptocracy" }],
              "question": "A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?",
              "id": "56e8e39999e8941900975ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "bribery" }],
              "question": "Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?",
              "id": "56e9f4805a205f1900d6d336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "rule by thieves" }],
              "question": "What does kleptocracy mean?",
              "id": "56e9f4805a205f1900d6d337"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some forms of corruption \u2013 now called \"institutional corruption\" \u2013 are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "institutional corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "Another for of corruption is what?",
              "id": "56e80f8100c9c71400d775c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "institutional corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?",
              "id": "56e80f8100c9c71400d775c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "personal gain" }],
              "question": "Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?",
              "id": "56e80f8100c9c71400d775c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "institutional corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some forms of corruption now  called?",
              "id": "56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "bribery" }],
              "question": "Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?",
              "id": "56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "the primary purpose of the institution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?",
              "id": "56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "democracy" }],
              "question": "What does corruption undermine in politics?",
              "id": "56ea90465a205f1900d6d342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "formal processes" }],
              "question": "What does corruption disregard in politics?",
              "id": "56ea90465a205f1900d6d343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "accountability" }],
              "question": "Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?",
              "id": "56ea90465a205f1900d6d344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "judiciary" }],
              "question": "Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?",
              "id": "56ea90465a205f1900d6d345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "public administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?",
              "id": "56ea90465a205f1900d6d346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "trust and tolerance" }
              ],
              "question": "What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?",
              "id": "56ea91795a205f1900d6d34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "bought and sold" }],
              "question": "Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?",
              "id": "56ea91795a205f1900d6d34d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "accountability" }],
              "question": "The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?",
              "id": "56ea91795a205f1900d6d34e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "private" }],
              "question": "Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?",
              "id": "56ea931e5a205f1900d6d352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "bureaucracy" }],
              "question": "Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?",
              "id": "56ea931e5a205f1900d6d353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?",
              "id": "56ea931e5a205f1900d6d355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "competition" }],
              "question": "Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?",
              "id": "56ea931e5a205f1900d6d356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "public investment" }],
              "question": "Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?",
              "id": "56ea94715a205f1900d6d35c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "bribes and kickbacks" }
              ],
              "question": "What is more plentiful in capital projects?",
              "id": "56ea94715a205f1900d6d35d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "compliance" }],
              "question": "Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?",
              "id": "56ea94715a205f1900d6d360"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Swiss" }],
              "question": "African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?",
              "id": "56ea95025a205f1900d6d366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "rent extraction" }],
              "question": "What form has corruption taken in Africa?",
              "id": "56ea95025a205f1900d6d367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "overseas" }],
              "question": "In Africa, the finances are often moved where?",
              "id": "56ea95025a205f1900d6d368"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "University of Massachusetts Amherst"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?",
              "id": "56ea963e5a205f1900d6d36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "external debts" }],
              "question": "The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?",
              "id": "56ea963e5a205f1900d6d370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "political instability" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?",
              "id": "56ea963e5a205f1900d6d371"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "countries with the smallest per capita incomes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is corruption most noticeable?",
              "id": "56ea97140030b61400a34fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "health services" }],
              "question": "These countries rely on foreign aid for what?",
              "id": "56ea97140030b61400a34fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Local" }],
              "question": "In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?",
              "id": "56ea97140030b61400a34fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the 2006 World Bank Report" }
              ],
              "question": "Which report described this corruption? ",
              "id": "56ea97140030b61400a34fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "about half" }],
              "question": "How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?",
              "id": "56ea97140030b61400a34fc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead, the donated money was expended through \"counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees\". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "ghost employees" }],
              "question": "What kind of employees received payments?",
              "id": "56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "the black market" }],
              "question": "Where were drugs siphoned off to?",
              "id": "56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "counterfeit drugs" }],
              "question": "In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?",
              "id": "56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "money" }],
              "question": "If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?",
              "id": "56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "environmental destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?",
              "id": "56ea98980030b61400a34fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "bribed" }],
              "question": "Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?",
              "id": "56ea98980030b61400a34fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "social rights worker protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?",
              "id": "56ea98980030b61400a34fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "illegitimate economic advantage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?",
              "id": "56ea98980030b61400a34fca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that \"there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem.\" While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Amartya Sen" }],
              "question": "Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?",
              "id": "56ea99270030b61400a34fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "drought" }],
              "question": "What can trigger famine conditions?",
              "id": "56ea99270030b61400a34fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "government action or inaction" }
              ],
              "question": "While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?",
              "id": "56ea99270030b61400a34fd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations \u2013 sometimes intentionally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "kleptocracy" }],
              "question": "Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?",
              "id": "56ea99c90030b61400a34fd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "construction" }],
              "question": "Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?",
              "id": "56ea9a965a205f1900d6d381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "physically diverted" }
              ],
              "question": "How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?",
              "id": "56ea9a965a205f1900d6d382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "assessments" }],
              "question": "Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?",
              "id": "56ea9a965a205f1900d6d383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "workmanship" }],
              "question": "Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?",
              "id": "56ea9b665a205f1900d6d388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "kickbacks" }],
              "question": "What happens with contracts to aid corruption?",
              "id": "56ea9b665a205f1900d6d389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "exclusion" }],
              "question": "Recipients of aid are concerned about what?",
              "id": "56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "forced to give sexual favors" }
              ],
              "question": "Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?",
              "id": "56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "statistics" }],
              "question": "Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?",
              "id": "56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the \"social and culture fund\" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 982, "text": "the public health" }],
              "question": "These types of corruption can harm what?",
              "id": "56ea9d200030b61400a34fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1056, "text": "social relationships" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?",
              "id": "56ea9d200030b61400a34fe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "sports" }],
              "question": "Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?",
              "id": "56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "anti-doping controls" }
              ],
              "question": "Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?",
              "id": "56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "artificial" }],
              "question": "The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?",
              "id": "56ea9f000030b61400a34fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "national anti-corruption initiatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What needs to stay away from loopholes?",
              "id": "56ea9f000030b61400a34ff0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "a bribe" }],
              "question": "What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?",
              "id": "56ea9f495a205f1900d6d392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?",
              "id": "56ea9f495a205f1900d6d393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "culture of corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?",
              "id": "56ea9f495a205f1900d6d394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "harm" }],
              "question": "Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?",
              "id": "56ea9f495a205f1900d6d395"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "active and passive bribery" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?",
              "id": "56ea9f765a205f1900d6d39c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a \"fee\" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, \"corruption\" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "mutual understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?",
              "id": "56eaa0445a205f1900d6d39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 938, "text": "accepting" }],
              "question": "A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?",
              "id": "56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "indirect" }],
              "question": "Bribes can be direct or what?",
              "id": "56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely \"sell\" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of \"improper influence\", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "influence peddling" }],
              "question": "Selling or trading government position influence is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "tri-lateral" }],
              "question": "Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?",
              "id": "56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "an accessory" }],
              "question": "In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?",
              "id": "56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 996, "text": "distinctive criteria" }
              ],
              "question": "Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?",
              "id": "56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1107, "text": "article 12" }],
              "question": "What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?",
              "id": "56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Patronage" }],
              "question": "Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa19a0030b61400a34ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?",
              "id": "56eaa19a0030b61400a35001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an \"old boy network\", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network \u2013 such as the alumni of particular universities \u2013 instead of appointing the most competent candidate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "nepotism" }],
              "question": "What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?",
              "id": "56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "cronyism" }],
              "question": "What is it called when friends are favored over other people?",
              "id": "56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "old boy network" }],
              "question": "Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "enemies" }],
              "question": "Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?",
              "id": "56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "politically sensitive issues" }
              ],
              "question": "False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?",
              "id": "56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gombeenism" }],
              "question": "What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?",
              "id": "56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "parochialism" }],
              "question": "Parish pump politics is also called what?",
              "id": "56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Irish Banking crisis" }
              ],
              "question": "Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?",
              "id": "56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "senior management or committee position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?",
              "id": "56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Electoral fraud" }],
              "question": "Illegal interference with an election is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "voter fraud" }],
              "question": "Another term for electoral fraud is what?",
              "id": "56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "intimidation" }],
              "question": "Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?",
              "id": "56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Embezzlement" }],
              "question": "When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa6a30030b61400a35007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?",
              "id": "56eaa6a30030b61400a35008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "personal" }],
              "question": "One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?",
              "id": "56eaa6a30030b61400a35009"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "kickback" }],
              "question": "What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?",
              "id": "56eaa7590030b61400a3500d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "bidder" }],
              "question": "A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?",
              "id": "56eaa7590030b61400a3500e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kickbacks" }],
              "question": "What is not limited to just government officials?",
              "id": "56eaa8575a205f1900d6d3c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "unholy alliance" }],
              "question": "When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?",
              "id": "56eaa9720030b61400a35015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "patronage" }],
              "question": "While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?",
              "id": "56eaa9720030b61400a35017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1920s and 1930s" }],
              "question": "When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?",
              "id": "56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Du Yuesheng" }],
              "question": "Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?",
              "id": "56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "a gang boss" }],
              "question": "In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?",
              "id": "56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a \"narcokleptocracy\", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "narcokleptocracy" }],
              "question": "What was Noriega's government accused of being?",
              "id": "56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Panama" }],
              "question": "What country did Noriega rule?",
              "id": "56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?",
              "id": "56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "government profiting on illegal drug trade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a narcokleptocracy?",
              "id": "56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Manuel" }],
              "question": "What is Noriega's first name?",
              "id": "56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for \"The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "safe" }],
              "question": "According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?",
              "id": "56eaaabc0030b61400a3501e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found \"evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries.\" They also presented \"evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption.\" Adser\u00e0, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Brunetti and Weder" }],
              "question": "Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?",
              "id": "56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Adser\u00e0, Boix, and Payne" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?",
              "id": "56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "different states in the US." }
              ],
              "question": "About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?",
              "id": "56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Snyder and Str\u00f6mberg found \"that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress.\" Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, \"fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Snyder and Str\u00f6mberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?",
              "id": "56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Cincinnati Post" }],
              "question": "What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?",
              "id": "56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "incumbents" }],
              "question": "Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?",
              "id": "56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "voter turnout" }],
              "question": "Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?",
              "id": "56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: \"The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press\": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "growth of the Internet" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the analysis show mixed results for?",
              "id": "56eaab6f0030b61400a35022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "traditional sources of funding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?",
              "id": "56eaab6f0030b61400a35023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "a tiny fraction" }],
              "question": "How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?",
              "id": "56eaab6f0030b61400a35024"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the \"Government Defence Anti-corruption Index\". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?",
              "id": "56eaac850030b61400a35029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Bribe Payers Index" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?",
              "id": "56eaac850030b61400a3502a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "CPI" }],
              "question": "What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?",
              "id": "56eaac850030b61400a3502b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was the CPI first released?",
              "id": "56eaac850030b61400a3502c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 836,
                  "text": "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?",
              "id": "56eaac850030b61400a3502d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as \"the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests.\" While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from \"is corruption a serious problem?\" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?",
              "id": "56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?",
              "id": "56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Control of Corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?",
              "id": "56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 906,
                  "text": "Millennium Challenge Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?",
              "id": "56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate \"the opposite of corruption\" \u2013 which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "International Budget Partnership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?",
              "id": "56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was the Global Integrity Index first published?",
              "id": "56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "public surveys" }],
              "question": "Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?",
              "id": "56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "in-country experts" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?",
              "id": "56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, \"unpackable\"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "local" }],
              "question": "The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?",
              "id": "56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "worldwide" }],
              "question": "Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?",
              "id": "56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d401"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Drivers of Change" }],
              "question": "What is the British aid agency's research called?",
              "id": "56eab0195a205f1900d6d404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "numbers" }],
              "question": "What does Drivers of Change skip?",
              "id": "56eab0195a205f1900d6d405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "understanding corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Drivers of Change promote?",
              "id": "56eab0195a205f1900d6d406"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "cronyism" }],
              "question": "Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?",
              "id": "56eab0855a205f1900d6d40c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Complicated" }],
              "question": "What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?",
              "id": "56eab0855a205f1900d6d40d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "privatization and deregulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?",
              "id": "56eab0855a205f1900d6d40e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Nordic" }],
              "question": "What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?",
              "id": "56eab0855a205f1900d6d40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?",
              "id": "56eab0855a205f1900d6d410"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "cronyism" }],
              "question": "Selling government property is highly at risk for what?",
              "id": "56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "Those with political connections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?",
              "id": "56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d418"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "non-privatized sectors" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is corruption even more prevalent?",
              "id": "56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "privatized less" }],
              "question": "Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?",
              "id": "56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d41a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "principle of subsidiarity" }
              ],
              "question": "Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?",
              "id": "56eab1020030b61400a35033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "embezzlement" }],
              "question": "What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?",
              "id": "56eab1020030b61400a35034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "centralized" }],
              "question": "Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?",
              "id": "56eab1020030b61400a35035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "kleptocracy" }],
              "question": "What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?",
              "id": "56eab1550030b61400a35039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "diamonds and oil" }],
              "question": "What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?",
              "id": "56eab1550030b61400a3503a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "foreign aid" }],
              "question": "Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?",
              "id": "56eab1550030b61400a3503b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "armaments" }],
              "question": "Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?",
              "id": "56eab1550030b61400a3503c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "economic and social problems" }
              ],
              "question": "In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?",
              "id": "56eab1825a205f1900d6d421"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3\u20134 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for \"help\" in laundering his stolen \"fortunes\", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?",
              "id": "56eab1d05a205f1900d6d426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Zaire used to be known as?",
              "id": "56eab1d05a205f1900d6d427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "kleptocracy" }],
              "question": "What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?",
              "id": "56eab1d05a205f1900d6d428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "General Sani Abacha" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?",
              "id": "56eab1d05a205f1900d6d429"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on \"his control\" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?",
              "id": "56eab22e0030b61400a35041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "a portion" }],
              "question": "The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?",
              "id": "56eab22e0030b61400a35044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Fidel Castro's official title?",
              "id": "56eab22e0030b61400a35045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "Organization of American States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is OAS?",
              "id": "56eab2c15a205f1900d6d430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "the African Union" }],
              "question": "Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?",
              "id": "56eab2c15a205f1900d6d431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "the United Nations Convention against Corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization joined at the universal level?",
              "id": "56eab2c15a205f1900d6d432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?",
              "id": "56eab2c15a205f1900d6d433"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While \"corruption\" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "imprecise definitions of corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it difficult to measure corruption?",
              "id": "56eab5ed0030b61400a3504b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did indices on corruption first appear?",
              "id": "56eab5ed0030b61400a3504c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?",
              "id": "56eab5ed0030b61400a3504d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?",
              "id": "56eab6410030b61400a35051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "executive" }],
              "question": "What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?",
              "id": "56eab6410030b61400a35053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "separation of powers" }
              ],
              "question": "What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?",
              "id": "56eab6410030b61400a35054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "judiciary" }],
              "question": "What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?",
              "id": "56eab6410030b61400a35055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mobile telecommunications" }
              ],
              "question": "Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?",
              "id": "56eab6715a205f1900d6d438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?",
              "id": "56eab6715a205f1900d6d439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "the anti-corruption bureau" }
              ],
              "question": "Who works against corruption in India?",
              "id": "56eab6715a205f1900d6d43a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Jan Lokpal Bill" }],
              "question": "What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?",
              "id": "56eab6715a205f1900d6d43b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?",
              "id": "56eab6970030b61400a3505b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Ministers of the Council of Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who started the Programme of Action?",
              "id": "56eab6970030b61400a3505c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Programme of Action issue?",
              "id": "56eab6970030b61400a3505d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism \u2013 the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Group of States Against Corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does GRECO stand for?",
              "id": "56eab7245a205f1900d6d440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?",
              "id": "56eab7245a205f1900d6d441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "transnational" }],
              "question": "The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?",
              "id": "56eab7245a205f1900d6d442"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dialect",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 di\u00e1lektos, \"discourse\", from \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac di\u00e1, \"through\" and \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 leg\u014d, \"I speak\") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language is the word dialectus from?",
              "id": "56e81e0737bdd419002c441e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "From what language does the word di\u00e1lektos come?",
              "id": "56e81e0737bdd419002c441f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "discourse" }],
              "question": "What does di\u00e1lektos mean in English?",
              "id": "56e81e0737bdd419002c4420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?",
              "id": "56e81e0737bdd419002c4421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?",
              "id": "56e81e0737bdd419002c4422"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One usage\u2014the more common among linguists\u2014refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes \"a dialect\", including any standard varieties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the common definition of dialect?",
              "id": "56e81e5837bdd419002c4428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "regional speech patterns" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term dialect most often applied to?",
              "id": "56e81e5837bdd419002c4429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "social class" }],
              "question": "Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?",
              "id": "56e81e5837bdd419002c442a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "sociolect" }],
              "question": "What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?",
              "id": "56e81e5837bdd419002c442b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "ethnolect" }],
              "question": "What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?",
              "id": "56e81e5837bdd419002c442c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a \"dialect,\" as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the \"dialects\" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian \"dialects,\" are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly \"dialects\" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called \"dialects\" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of \"dialect,\" as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the other definition of the term dialect?",
              "id": "56e81ee337bdd419002c4432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "subordinate to the standard language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?",
              "id": "56e81ee337bdd419002c4433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?",
              "id": "56e81ee337bdd419002c4434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1597, "text": "regional Italian" }],
              "question": "What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?",
              "id": "56e81ee337bdd419002c4435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?",
              "id": "56e81ee337bdd419002c4436"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "vocabulary" }],
              "question": "Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?",
              "id": "56e81f4f37bdd419002c443c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "accent" }],
              "question": "If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?",
              "id": "56e81f4f37bdd419002c443d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "jargons" }],
              "question": "What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?",
              "id": "56e81f4f37bdd419002c443e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "argots" }],
              "question": "Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?",
              "id": "56e81f4f37bdd419002c443f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or \"standard language\") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the \"correct\" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "standard language" }],
              "question": "What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?",
              "id": "56e820ad37bdd419002c4444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "institutions" }],
              "question": "The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?",
              "id": "56e820ad37bdd419002c4445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "textbooks" }],
              "question": "Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?",
              "id": "56e820ad37bdd419002c4446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?",
              "id": "56e820ad37bdd419002c4447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?",
              "id": "56e820ad37bdd419002c4448"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "institutional support" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?",
              "id": "56e8215937bdd419002c444e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language is Scouse a dialect of?",
              "id": "56e8215937bdd419002c444f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "The Dialect Test" }],
              "question": "What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?",
              "id": "56e8215937bdd419002c4450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Joseph Wright" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the Dialect Test?",
              "id": "56e8215937bdd419002c4451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "vocabulary" }],
              "question": "Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?",
              "id": "56e8215937bdd419002c4452"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, there is discussion about if the Lim\u00f3n Creole English must be considered as \"a kind\" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Costa Rica" }],
              "question": "In what country is Lim\u00f3n Creole English spoken?",
              "id": "56e821ca37bdd419002c4458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Caribbean" }],
              "question": "On what coast of Costa Rica is Lim\u00f3n Creole English spoken?",
              "id": "56e821ca37bdd419002c4459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Jamaican" }],
              "question": "Speakers of Lim\u00f3n Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?",
              "id": "56e821ca37bdd419002c445a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common, and most purely linguistic, criterion is that of mutual intelligibility: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other; otherwise, they are said to be different languages. However, this definition becomes problematic in the case of dialect continua, in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other. In this case the criterion of mutual intelligibility makes it impossible to decide whether A and C are dialects of the same language or not. Cases may also arise in which a speaker of dialect X can understand a speaker of dialect Y, but not vice versa; the mutual intelligibility criterion flounders here as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "mutual intelligibility" }
              ],
              "question": "What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?",
              "id": "56e822d000c9c71400d775cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "dialect continua" }],
              "question": "What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?",
              "id": "56e822d000c9c71400d775cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?",
              "id": "56e822d000c9c71400d775cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the \"Middle High German\" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "linguistic authority" }
              ],
              "question": "What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?",
              "id": "56e8239437bdd419002c445e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "East Franconian German" }
              ],
              "question": "Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?",
              "id": "56e8239437bdd419002c445f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 677, "text": "Middle High German" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?",
              "id": "56e8239437bdd419002c4460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?",
              "id": "56e8239437bdd419002c4461"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a \"dialect\" of some language\u2014\"everybody speaks a dialect\". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "everybody" }],
              "question": "According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?",
              "id": "56e823c700c9c71400d775d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss, abstand and ausbau languages, to describe speech communities, that while unified politically and/or culturally, include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Heinz Kloss" }],
              "question": "Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?",
              "id": "56e8242300c9c71400d775d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?",
              "id": "56e8242300c9c71400d775d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "politically and/or culturally" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?",
              "id": "56e8242300c9c71400d775d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The terms \"language\" and \"dialect\" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement \"the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?",
              "id": "56e8245e37bdd419002c4466"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is \"variety\"; \"lect\" is another. A more general term is \"languoid\", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "languoid" }],
              "question": "What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?",
              "id": "56e824c637bdd419002c4468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "variety" }],
              "question": "What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?",
              "id": "56e824c637bdd419002c4469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "lect" }],
              "question": "Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?",
              "id": "56e824c637bdd419002c446a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the elite class, comes to be identified as the \"standard\" or \"proper\" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction, and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts the term \"dialect\" refers specifically to varieties with low social status. In this secondary sense of \"dialect\", language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the elite class" }],
              "question": "With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?",
              "id": "56e8253a37bdd419002c446e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "What social status is the term \"dialect\" sometimes associated with?",
              "id": "56e8253a37bdd419002c446f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "dialects" }],
              "question": "What is another term for language varieties?",
              "id": "56e8253a37bdd419002c4470"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The status of \"language\" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "historical and political" }
              ],
              "question": "What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?",
              "id": "56e825c337bdd419002c4474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Lombardic alpine" }],
              "question": "What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?",
              "id": "56e825c337bdd419002c4475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?",
              "id": "56e825c337bdd419002c4476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "mutual unintelligibility" }
              ],
              "question": "Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?",
              "id": "56e825c337bdd419002c4477"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between \"language\" and \"dialect\" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate \"language\" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate \"people\", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a \"dialect\" tends to be seen not as \"a people\" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "the French Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?",
              "id": "56e826b000c9c71400d775d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "its own independent state" }
              ],
              "question": "If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?",
              "id": "56e826b000c9c71400d775da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "regional autonomy" }],
              "question": "What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?",
              "id": "56e826b000c9c71400d775db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "armed conflict" }],
              "question": "Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?",
              "id": "56e826b000c9c71400d775dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot (\"\u05d0\u05b7 \u05e9\u05e4\u05bc\u05e8\u05d0\u05b7\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05d6 \u05d0\u05b7 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05b7\u05dc\u05e2\u05e7\u05d8 \u05de\u05d9\u05d8 \u05d0\u05b7\u05df \u05d0\u05b7\u05e8\u05de\u05f2 \u05d0\u05d5\u05df \u05e4\u05bf\u05dc\u05d0\u05b8\u05d8\"\u200e: \"A language is a dialect with an army and navy\") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question \"what is a language?\" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?",
              "id": "56e8270200c9c71400d775e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot\" mean in English?",
              "id": "56e8270200c9c71400d775e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When did Max Weinrich write \"A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot\"?",
              "id": "56e8270200c9c71400d775e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When talking about the German language, the term German dialects is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "traditional regional varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?",
              "id": "56e8272b37bdd419002c447c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "the regional varieties of modern standard German"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?",
              "id": "56e8272b37bdd419002c447d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Most of them are not mutually intelligible. German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Germanic tribes" }],
              "question": "After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?",
              "id": "56e82b5c37bdd419002c4480"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?",
              "id": "56e82bec37bdd419002c4482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Northern Germany" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?",
              "id": "56e82bec37bdd419002c4483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "cities" }],
              "question": "Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?",
              "id": "56e82bec37bdd419002c4484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "In what environment are dialects less common?",
              "id": "56e82bec37bdd419002c4485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "familiar" }],
              "question": "In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?",
              "id": "56e82bec37bdd419002c4486"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Swiss German" }],
              "question": "What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e82c3737bdd419002c448c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "standard German" }],
              "question": "What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56e82c3737bdd419002c448d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Liechtenstein" }],
              "question": "Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?",
              "id": "56e82c3737bdd419002c448e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Low German varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "an ausbau language" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56e82c7a00c9c71400d775e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "they are roofed by standard German"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?",
              "id": "56e82c7a00c9c71400d775e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian \"dialects,\" or dialetti (standard Italian for \"dialects\"). However, the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually \"dialects\" of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense, as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian, with little to no influence from what is now known as \"standard Italian.\" They are therefore better classified as individual languages rather than \"dialects.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "dialetti" }],
              "question": "What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?",
              "id": "56e82d0100c9c71400d775eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Vulgar Latin" }],
              "question": "What language are many Italian dialects derived from?",
              "id": "56e82d0100c9c71400d775ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "dialects" }],
              "question": "What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?",
              "id": "56e82d0100c9c71400d775ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "they are not derived from modern standard Italian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?",
              "id": "56e82d0100c9c71400d775ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to having evolved, for the most part, separately from one another and with distinct individual histories, the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true \"dialects\" due to the often high degree in which they lack mutual intelligibility. Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which the regional Italian languages are mutual unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages, with some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each other or closer to each other on the dialect continuum being more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely Eastern Lombard, a language in Northern Italy's Lombardy region that includes the Bergamasque dialect, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely standard Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a speaker of a pure Sicilian language variant. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan, Catalan, or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "they lack mutual intelligibility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?",
              "id": "56e82da500c9c71400d775f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "Lombardy" }],
              "question": "From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?",
              "id": "56e82da500c9c71400d775f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1086, "text": "Gallo-Italic" }],
              "question": "What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?",
              "id": "56e82da500c9c71400d775f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1417, "text": "Neapolitan" }],
              "question": "What type of language is Sicilian?",
              "id": "56e82da500c9c71400d775f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1497, "text": "Sicilian Gallo-Italic" }
              ],
              "question": "What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?",
              "id": "56e82da500c9c71400d775f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Florentine Tuscan" }],
              "question": "What language is modern standard Italian derived from?",
              "id": "56e82e1900c9c71400d775fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?",
              "id": "56e82e1900c9c71400d775fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?",
              "id": "56e82e1900c9c71400d775ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "upper class" }],
              "question": "What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?",
              "id": "56e82e1900c9c71400d77600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Tuscany" }],
              "question": "From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?",
              "id": "56e82e1900c9c71400d77601"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate \"dialects\" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Alessandro Manzoni" }],
              "question": "What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?",
              "id": "56e82e8c00c9c71400d77607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Risorgimento" }],
              "question": "During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?",
              "id": "56e82e8c00c9c71400d77608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "1860s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was Italy unified?",
              "id": "56e82e8c00c9c71400d77609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "2.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?",
              "id": "56e82e8c00c9c71400d7760a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "standard Italian" }],
              "question": "When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?",
              "id": "56e82e8c00c9c71400d7760b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to standard Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak standard Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?",
              "id": "56e82fe000c9c71400d77611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "television" }],
              "question": "Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?",
              "id": "56e82fe000c9c71400d77612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1070, "text": "lower" }],
              "question": "In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?",
              "id": "56e82fe000c9c71400d77613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 979, "text": "outside of one's region" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?",
              "id": "56e82fe000c9c71400d77614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 802, "text": "at home with family" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?",
              "id": "56e82fe000c9c71400d77615"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "standard Italian" }],
              "question": "Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?",
              "id": "56e8307b00c9c71400d7761b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Italo-Dalmatian" }],
              "question": "What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?",
              "id": "56e830b600c9c71400d7761d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language are most languages of Italy derived from?",
              "id": "56e830b600c9c71400d7761e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Romance" }],
              "question": "Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?",
              "id": "56e830b600c9c71400d7761f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sardinian language" }
              ],
              "question": "Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?",
              "id": "56e8311437bdd419002c4492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Italian Tuscan" }],
              "question": "What language is Sassarese closely related to?",
              "id": "56e8311437bdd419002c4493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Italo-Dalmatian" }],
              "question": "What language family does Gallurese belong to?",
              "id": "56e8311437bdd419002c4494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Gallo-Romance" }],
              "question": "What language family does Ligurian belong to?",
              "id": "56e8311437bdd419002c4495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sardinian" }],
              "question": "Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?",
              "id": "56e8311437bdd419002c4496"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as \"languages\" or \"dialects\" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "American English" }],
              "question": "Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?",
              "id": "56e833ff00c9c71400d77623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Serbian and Croatian" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "56e833ff00c9c71400d77624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "dialects of a single language" }
              ],
              "question": "Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?",
              "id": "56e833ff00c9c71400d77625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 818, "text": "distinct languages" }
              ],
              "question": "Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?",
              "id": "56e833ff00c9c71400d77626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 854,
                  "text": "the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?",
              "id": "56e833ff00c9c71400d77627"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Bulgarian" }],
              "question": "Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?",
              "id": "56e8346300c9c71400d7762d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "South Slavic" }],
              "question": "What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?",
              "id": "56e8346300c9c71400d7762e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "a Bulgarian dialect" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?",
              "id": "56e8346300c9c71400d7762f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?",
              "id": "56e8346300c9c71400d77630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Republic of Macedonia" }
              ],
              "question": "In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?",
              "id": "56e8346300c9c71400d77631"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers \"Lebanese\" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?",
              "id": "56e834e000c9c71400d77637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "In what language are Lebanese laws written?",
              "id": "56e834e000c9c71400d77638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Lebanese Arabic" }],
              "question": "During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?",
              "id": "56e834e000c9c71400d77639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What language is Lebanese closely related to?",
              "id": "56e834e000c9c71400d7763a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?",
              "id": "56e834e000c9c71400d7763b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Algeria" }],
              "question": "Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?",
              "id": "56e8355d00c9c71400d77641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Literary Arabic" }],
              "question": "What is the liturgical language of Islam?",
              "id": "56e8355d00c9c71400d77642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Literary Arabic" }],
              "question": "In what language is the Qur'an written?",
              "id": "56e8355d00c9c71400d77643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "spoken North African languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term Dariajs refer to?",
              "id": "56e8355d00c9c71400d77644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant religion of North Africa?",
              "id": "56e8355d00c9c71400d77645"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 19th century, the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?",
              "id": "56e835c200c9c71400d7764b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Tsarist Government" }
              ],
              "question": "What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?",
              "id": "56e835c200c9c71400d7764c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?",
              "id": "56e835c200c9c71400d7764d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The German Empire" }],
              "question": "What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?",
              "id": "56e8361f00c9c71400d77651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Entente" }],
              "question": "What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?",
              "id": "56e8361f00c9c71400d77652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Bolsheviks" }],
              "question": "What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?",
              "id": "56e8361f00c9c71400d77653"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Whites" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?",
              "id": "56e8361f00c9c71400d77654"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?",
              "id": "56e8368700c9c71400d7765b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?",
              "id": "56e8368700c9c71400d7765c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "to gain independence" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?",
              "id": "56e8368700c9c71400d7765d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Ukraine" }],
              "question": "In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?",
              "id": "56e836b537bdd419002c449c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?",
              "id": "56e836b537bdd419002c449d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of \"Romanian expansionism\", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan\u2013Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion B\u0103rbu\u0163\u0103, described the dictionary as a politically motivated \"absurdity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Mircea Snegur" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?",
              "id": "56e8372c37bdd419002c44a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?",
              "id": "56e8372c37bdd419002c44a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Romanian expansionism" }
              ],
              "question": "Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?",
              "id": "56e8372c37bdd419002c44a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "Ion B\u0103rbu\u0163\u0103" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?",
              "id": "56e8372c37bdd419002c44a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "logograms" }],
              "question": "From what did Chinese characters derive?",
              "id": "56e8379037bdd419002c44a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Cantonese" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Yue language?",
              "id": "56e8379037bdd419002c44a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "the south" }],
              "question": "Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?",
              "id": "56e8379037bdd419002c44aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?",
              "id": "56e8379037bdd419002c44ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "Standard Mandarin" }],
              "question": "At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?",
              "id": "56e8379037bdd419002c44ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the \"dialects\" of a \"language\" (which itself may be a \"dialect\" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several \"dialects\" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some \"branches\" of the tree changing more rapidly than others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?",
              "id": "56e837f437bdd419002c44b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Ancient Greek" }],
              "question": "What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?",
              "id": "56e837f437bdd419002c44b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Old Norse" }],
              "question": "From what language is North Germanic derived?",
              "id": "56e837f437bdd419002c44b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?",
              "id": "56e837f437bdd419002c44b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?",
              "id": "56e83b4c00c9c71400d77661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?",
              "id": "56e83b4c00c9c71400d77662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?",
              "id": "56e83b4c00c9c71400d77663"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian \"avere\" and \"essere\" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French \"avoir\" and \"\u00eatre\". Spanish only retains \"haber\" and has done away with \"ser\" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "avere" }],
              "question": "What Italian word is similar to the French word \"avoir\"?",
              "id": "56e83bdf37bdd419002c44ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "\u00eatre" }],
              "question": "What French word is similar to the Italian word \"essere\"?",
              "id": "56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Italian and Spanish" }
              ],
              "question": "What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?",
              "id": "56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "body parts" }],
              "question": "Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?",
              "id": "56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "sere" }],
              "question": "When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?",
              "id": "56e83bdf37bdd419002c44be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Interlingua" }],
              "question": "What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?",
              "id": "56e83cb337bdd419002c44c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "International Auxiliary Language Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?",
              "id": "56e83cb337bdd419002c44c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "Swedish" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?",
              "id": "56e83cb337bdd419002c44c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1006, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?",
              "id": "56e83cb337bdd419002c44c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "the international scientific vocabulary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?",
              "id": "56e83cb337bdd419002c44c8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Classical_music",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500\u20131400) and the Renaissance (1400\u20131600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600\u20131750), Classical (1750\u20131820), and Romantic eras (1804\u20131910); and the 20th century (1901\u20132000) which includes the modern (1890\u20131930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975\u20132015) eras.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the Classical period" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?",
              "id": "56f6e729711bf01900a44858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "1400\u20131600" }],
              "question": "What years are termed the Renaissance period?",
              "id": "56f6e729711bf01900a44859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "1600\u20131750" }],
              "question": "What years are termed the Baroque period? ",
              "id": "56f6e729711bf01900a4485a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "Romantic" }],
              "question": "From 1804-1910 was called what era?",
              "id": "56f6e729711bf01900a4485b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Western music" }],
              "question": "Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? ",
              "id": "56f6e729711bf01900a4485c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?",
              "id": "56f6ed94711bf01900a44874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the Classical period" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?",
              "id": "56f6ed94711bf01900a44875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "between 1550 and 1900" }
              ],
              "question": "What time period is known at the common practice period?",
              "id": "56f6ed94711bf01900a44876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "1400\u20131600" }],
              "question": "When was the Renaissance era?",
              "id": "56f6ed94711bf01900a44877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "1890\u20131930" }],
              "question": "When was the modern era?",
              "id": "56f6ed94711bf01900a44878"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "its system of staff notation" }
              ],
              "question": "How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?",
              "id": "56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Western staff notation" }
              ],
              "question": "What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?",
              "id": "56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "jazz and blues" }],
              "question": "What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?",
              "id": "56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "complexity" }],
              "question": "Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? ",
              "id": "56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "its system of staff notation" }
              ],
              "question": "How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?",
              "id": "56f6ee72711bf01900a4487e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "since about the 16th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has the system of staff notation been in use?",
              "id": "56f6ee72711bf01900a4487f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "improvisation" }],
              "question": "Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? ",
              "id": "56f6ee72711bf01900a44880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "complexity" }],
              "question": "Classic music can a attain a high level of what?",
              "id": "56f6ee72711bf01900a44881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the term \"classical music\" appear? ",
              "id": "56f6e9dd711bf01900a44862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What period is referred to as a \"golden age\"?",
              "id": "56f6e9dd711bf01900a44863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?",
              "id": "56f6e9dd711bf01900a44864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Oxford English Dictionary" }
              ],
              "question": "What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?",
              "id": "56f6e9dd711bf01900a44865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "What term did not appear until the early 19th century?",
              "id": "56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "golden age" }],
              "question": "What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?",
              "id": "56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "What year was the earliest reference to classical music?",
              "id": "56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Oxford English Dictionary" }
              ],
              "question": "In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?",
              "id": "56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble\u2014and the works written for it\u2014have become a defining feature of classical music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "monks" }],
              "question": "Who sang Medieval plainchant?",
              "id": "56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "solo piano" }],
              "question": "Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?",
              "id": "56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?",
              "id": "56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 595,
                  "text": "the entire classical music period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Through what period did the symphony not exist?",
              "id": "56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "the symphony ensemble" }
              ],
              "question": "What has become a defining feature of classical music?",
              "id": "56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "the symphony" }],
              "question": "What did not exist through the entire classical music period?",
              "id": "56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?",
              "id": "56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "monks" }],
              "question": "Who sang medieval plainchant?",
              "id": "56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "live improvisation" }
              ],
              "question": "J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?",
              "id": "56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "rhythm" }],
              "question": "The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?",
              "id": "56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "written notation" }],
              "question": "What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?",
              "id": "56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "J.S. Bach's" }],
              "question": "Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?",
              "id": "56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "perform a historical work" }
              ],
              "question": "The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?",
              "id": "56f6f24c711bf01900a44886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "the Baroque era" }],
              "question": "In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? ",
              "id": "56f6f24c711bf01900a44887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 990, "text": "the human voice" }],
              "question": "Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?",
              "id": "56f6f24c711bf01900a44888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "held notes" }],
              "question": "What are fermatas?",
              "id": "56f6f24c711bf01900a44889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "improvisation" }],
              "question": "Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?",
              "id": "56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "organ performers" }],
              "question": "In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?",
              "id": "56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "instrumental performers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "J.S. Bach" }],
              "question": "Who was noted for his complex improvisations?",
              "id": "56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "his ability to improvise melodies in different styles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Mozart noted for?",
              "id": "56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "the mid-19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?",
              "id": "56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "The symphony orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most widely known medium for classical music?",
              "id": "56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "brass" }],
              "question": "A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?",
              "id": "56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "a string section" }],
              "question": "What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?",
              "id": "56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "vocal" }],
              "question": "What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?",
              "id": "56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "wood" }],
              "question": "What was the medieval flute made from?",
              "id": "56f6f5e1711bf01900a44898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "vielle" }],
              "question": "What was an early version of the fiddle called?",
              "id": "56f6f5e1711bf01900a44899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "sackbut" }],
              "question": "What was an early version of the trombone called? ",
              "id": "56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "singly" }],
              "question": "Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?",
              "id": "56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "bas" }],
              "question": "Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?",
              "id": "56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "liturgical" }],
              "question": "What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?",
              "id": "56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Polyphonic vocal genres" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?",
              "id": "56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "during the high medieval era" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?",
              "id": "56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "monophonic" }],
              "question": "What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?",
              "id": "56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "Many instruments originated during what era?",
              "id": "56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "authentic instruments" }
              ],
              "question": "What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?",
              "id": "56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "percussion" }],
              "question": "Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?",
              "id": "56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?",
              "id": "56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "the hurdy-gurdy" }],
              "question": "Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?",
              "id": "56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "Keyboard instruments with strings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The virginal is what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Percussion" }],
              "question": "The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Woodwind" }],
              "question": "The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "polyphonic style" }],
              "question": "Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?",
              "id": "56f6f981711bf01900a448ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "masses" }],
              "question": "What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?",
              "id": "56f6f981711bf01900a448ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "opera" }],
              "question": "Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?",
              "id": "56f6f981711bf01900a448ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Baroque" }],
              "question": "The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?",
              "id": "56f6fa48711bf01900a448b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "fell into disuse" }],
              "question": "What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?",
              "id": "56f6fa48711bf01900a448b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "Percussion" }],
              "question": "The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6fa48711bf01900a448b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Brass" }],
              "question": "The serpent is what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6fa48711bf01900a448b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "theorbo" }],
              "question": "Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?",
              "id": "56f6fa48711bf01900a448b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "the types of instruments used in ensembles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was less standardized during the Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f6fb773d8e2e1400e37308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "a classical era string quartet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?",
              "id": "56f6fb773d8e2e1400e37309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "clavichord" }],
              "question": "Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?",
              "id": "56f6fb773d8e2e1400e3730a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "a lute" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?",
              "id": "56f6fb773d8e2e1400e3730b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"classical music\" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s\u2014the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Haydn" }],
              "question": "From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?",
              "id": "56f6fc16711bf01900a448ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "the early 1830s" }],
              "question": "Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?",
              "id": "56f6fc16711bf01900a448cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the Medieval era" }],
              "question": "The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?",
              "id": "56f6fc16711bf01900a448d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Baroque" }],
              "question": "Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?",
              "id": "56f6fe26711bf01900a448d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "rackett" }],
              "question": "The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?",
              "id": "56f6fe26711bf01900a448d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "the violin" }],
              "question": "The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?",
              "id": "56f6fe26711bf01900a448d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "the regular valved trumpet" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Baroque trumpet become?",
              "id": "56f6fe26711bf01900a448d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "viola" }],
              "question": "The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?",
              "id": "56f6ff273d8e2e1400e3731a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Woodwinds" }],
              "question": "The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f6ff273d8e2e1400e3731b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "the harpsichord" }],
              "question": "What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?",
              "id": "56f6ff273d8e2e1400e3731c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "the ophicleide" }],
              "question": "What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?",
              "id": "56f6ff273d8e2e1400e3731d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"standard complement\" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral \"palette\" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the \"Eroica\" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of \"choral\" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver \"storm\" and \"sunshine\" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the \"Eroica\" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion\u2014plus chorus and vocal soloists\u2014in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Beethoven" }],
              "question": "To whom is the \"standard complement\" attributed to?",
              "id": "56f7227a711bf01900a449c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "Symphony No. 5" }],
              "question": "PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?",
              "id": "56f7227a711bf01900a449c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1173, "text": "several decades" }],
              "question": "How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?",
              "id": "56f7227a711bf01900a449c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "timbral \"palette\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?",
              "id": "56f7227a711bf01900a449c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "sunshine" }],
              "question": "A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?",
              "id": "56f7227a711bf01900a449c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. \"As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers.\"  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "fortepiano" }],
              "question": "What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?",
              "id": "56f7236e3d8e2e1400e37386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?",
              "id": "56f7236e3d8e2e1400e37387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "the standard orchestral palette"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?",
              "id": "56f7236e3d8e2e1400e37388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "sound" }],
              "question": "Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?",
              "id": "56f7236e3d8e2e1400e37389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 770,
                  "text": "a bell-like keyboard instrument"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a celestes?",
              "id": "56f7236e3d8e2e1400e3738a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Bol\u00e9ro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked \"tenor tuba\", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the late 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When do saxophones first appear in scores?",
              "id": "56f7241a3d8e2e1400e37390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Symphonic Dances" }],
              "question": "Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?",
              "id": "56f7241a3d8e2e1400e37391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "as a member of the orchestral ensemble"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?",
              "id": "56f7241a3d8e2e1400e37392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "\"tenor tuba\"" }],
              "question": "The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?",
              "id": "56f7241a3d8e2e1400e37393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Gustav Holst" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Planets?",
              "id": "56f7241a3d8e2e1400e37394"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Wagner tuba" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?",
              "id": "56f72650711bf01900a449ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Symphony No. 7 in E Major" }
              ],
              "question": "Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?",
              "id": "56f72650711bf01900a449eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?",
              "id": "56f72650711bf01900a449ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "freelance musicians" }
              ],
              "question": "What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?",
              "id": "56f72650711bf01900a449ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "La Mer" }],
              "question": "What Debussy piece features a cornet?",
              "id": "56f72650711bf01900a449ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Electric" }],
              "question": "What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?",
              "id": "56f728d6711bf01900a449fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "popular" }],
              "question": "What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?",
              "id": "56f728d6711bf01900a449ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "electronic" }],
              "question": "What type of instrument is the gamelan?",
              "id": "56f728d6711bf01900a44a00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "early classical music," }
              ],
              "question": "In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?",
              "id": "56f729923d8e2e1400e373b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the acoustic guitar" }
              ],
              "question": "What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?",
              "id": "56f729923d8e2e1400e373b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "popular" }],
              "question": "Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?",
              "id": "56f729923d8e2e1400e373b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "equal temperament" }],
              "question": "What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?",
              "id": "56f72a10711bf01900a44a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?",
              "id": "56f72a10711bf01900a44a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "meantone temperament" }
              ],
              "question": "What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?",
              "id": "56f72a10711bf01900a44a18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be \"classically trained\". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, \"...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level\" is required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "studied classical music" }
              ],
              "question": "What have classical trained performers done extensively?",
              "id": "56f72ad83d8e2e1400e373c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "individual lessons from professors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?",
              "id": "56f72ad83d8e2e1400e373c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "postgraduate" }],
              "question": "To what level is training for classical music often required?",
              "id": "56f72ad83d8e2e1400e373c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "sight-reading" }],
              "question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?",
              "id": "56f72b71711bf01900a44a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "harmonic" }],
              "question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?",
              "id": "56f72b71711bf01900a44a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?",
              "id": "56f72b71711bf01900a44a28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some \"popular\" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Van Halen brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "What brothers have had significant classical training?",
              "id": "56f72c443d8e2e1400e373cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "classical" }],
              "question": "Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?",
              "id": "56f72c443d8e2e1400e373cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "commercial" }],
              "question": "Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?",
              "id": "56f72c443d8e2e1400e373ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be \"gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has\". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that \"compensating for the expected leaves of absence\" of maternity leave would be a problem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?",
              "id": "56f72db03d8e2e1400e373dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "harpist" }],
              "question": "Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?",
              "id": "56f72db03d8e2e1400e373dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?",
              "id": "56f72db03d8e2e1400e373de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "the Berlin Philharmonic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?",
              "id": "56f72db03d8e2e1400e373df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Dieter Flury" }],
              "question": "Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?",
              "id": "56f72db03d8e2e1400e373e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was \"facing protests during a [US] tour\" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, \"after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist.\" As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?",
              "id": "56f72e823d8e2e1400e373f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Anna Lelkes" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?",
              "id": "56f72e823d8e2e1400e373f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "harp" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?",
              "id": "56f72e823d8e2e1400e373f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?",
              "id": "56f72e823d8e2e1400e373f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Albena Danailova" }],
              "question": "Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?",
              "id": "56f72e823d8e2e1400e373f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while \"[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership\u2014women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section\u2014and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists\", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras \"...are still predominantly male.\" A 2014 BBC article stated that the \"...introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "female" }],
              "question": "The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?",
              "id": "56f72f4f711bf01900a44a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?",
              "id": "56f72f4f711bf01900a44a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "'blind' auditions" }],
              "question": "What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?",
              "id": "56f72f4f711bf01900a44a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "violin" }],
              "question": "In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?",
              "id": "56f72f4f711bf01900a44a43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like the concerto, symphony, sonata, and opera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "complexity" }],
              "question": "Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?",
              "id": "56f72fe03d8e2e1400e37402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "popular styles" }],
              "question": "What is usually written in song forms?",
              "id": "56f72fe03d8e2e1400e37403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "sophisticated" }],
              "question": "The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?",
              "id": "56f72fe03d8e2e1400e37404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "movements" }],
              "question": "What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?",
              "id": "56f730d43d8e2e1400e3741c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?",
              "id": "56f730d43d8e2e1400e3741d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "slow" }],
              "question": "What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?",
              "id": "56f730d43d8e2e1400e3741e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "sections" }],
              "question": "A movement broken up further is called what?",
              "id": "56f730d43d8e2e1400e3741f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Allegro" }],
              "question": "The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?",
              "id": "56f730d43d8e2e1400e37420"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500\u20131400) and Renaissance (1400\u20131600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600\u20131750), Classical (1750\u20131830) and Romantic (1804\u20131910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901\u20132000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890\u20131930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975\u2013current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Medieval" }],
              "question": "What period was from 500-1400?",
              "id": "56f731b83d8e2e1400e37430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1600\u20131750" }],
              "question": "What years dictate the Baroque period?",
              "id": "56f731b83d8e2e1400e37431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "by calendar century" }
              ],
              "question": "How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?",
              "id": "56f731b83d8e2e1400e37432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 743,
                  "text": "the contemporary/postmodern musical era"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?",
              "id": "56f731b83d8e2e1400e37433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Romantic" }],
              "question": "The years 1804-1910 marked what era?",
              "id": "56f731b83d8e2e1400e37434"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice \"era\" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic \"periods\". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Haydn" }],
              "question": "What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?",
              "id": "56f732a2711bf01900a44a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Classical" }],
              "question": "Haydn is classified as typical of what era?",
              "id": "56f732a2711bf01900a44a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Beethoven" }],
              "question": "Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?",
              "id": "56f732a2711bf01900a44a5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Brahms" }],
              "question": "Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?",
              "id": "56f732a2711bf01900a44a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "era" }],
              "question": "Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?",
              "id": "56f732a2711bf01900a44a5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "neo" }],
              "question": "A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?",
              "id": "56f735c03d8e2e1400e37474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "20th-century" }],
              "question": "What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?",
              "id": "56f735c03d8e2e1400e37475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Stravinsky's" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Pulcinella?",
              "id": "56f735c03d8e2e1400e37476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Classical" }],
              "question": "What era is Pulcinella similar to?",
              "id": "56f735c03d8e2e1400e37477"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "2695 BC" }],
              "question": "When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?",
              "id": "56f738413d8e2e1400e37490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Burgh" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?",
              "id": "56f738413d8e2e1400e37491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "early Christian liturgical music,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?",
              "id": "56f738413d8e2e1400e37492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "ancient Greeks" }],
              "question": "Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?",
              "id": "56f738413d8e2e1400e37493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Pythagoras" }],
              "question": "Who helped codify musical notation?",
              "id": "56f738413d8e2e1400e37494"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?",
              "id": "56f73beaaef2371900625a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Monophonic chant" }],
              "question": "What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?",
              "id": "56f73beaaef2371900625a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "multi-voiced" }],
              "question": "What does Polyphonic mean? ",
              "id": "56f73beaaef2371900625a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "1100" }],
              "question": "When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?",
              "id": "56f73beaaef2371900625a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "motets" }],
              "question": "Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?",
              "id": "56f73beaaef2371900625a2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "from 1400 to 1600" }],
              "question": "When was the Renaissance era?",
              "id": "56f73c54aef2371900625a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What era was from 1400 to 1600? ",
              "id": "56f73c54aef2371900625a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Renaissance" }],
              "question": "The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?",
              "id": "56f73c54aef2371900625a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Social dancing" }],
              "question": "What became widespread in the Renaissance era?",
              "id": "56f73c54aef2371900625a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Renaissance" }],
              "question": "Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?",
              "id": "56f73c54aef2371900625a39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "staff" }],
              "question": "The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?",
              "id": "56f743d9aef2371900625a63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "oral" }],
              "question": "How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?",
              "id": "56f743d9aef2371900625a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "change" }],
              "question": "What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?",
              "id": "56f743d9aef2371900625a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "the composer's presence" }
              ],
              "question": "What can a musical scored be performed without?",
              "id": "56f743d9aef2371900625a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "the 15th century" }],
              "question": "When was the movable-type printing press invented?",
              "id": "56f743d9aef2371900625a67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp, lute, vielle, and psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder), shawm (an early member of the oboe family), trumpet, and the bagpipes. Simple pipe organs existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "the flute family" }],
              "question": "The record is part of what wind family?",
              "id": "56f74466aef2371900625a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "the oboe" }],
              "question": "The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?",
              "id": "56f74466aef2371900625a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "churches" }],
              "question": "Where were the first pipe organs confined to?",
              "id": "56f74466aef2371900625a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "the 16th century" }],
              "question": "When had the viol emerged by?",
              "id": "56f74466aef2371900625a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Printing" }],
              "question": "What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?",
              "id": "56f74466aef2371900625a71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified. It began with the Baroque era, running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century. The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820. The Romantic era ran through the 19th century, ending about 1910.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The common practice period" }
              ],
              "question": "When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?",
              "id": "56f744beaef2371900625a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The common practice period" }
              ],
              "question": "What began with the Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f744beaef2371900625a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Baroque era" }],
              "question": "What era did the classical era follow?",
              "id": "56f744beaef2371900625a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "around 1820" }],
              "question": "When did the classical era end?",
              "id": "56f744beaef2371900625a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "about 1910" }],
              "question": "When did the romantic era end?",
              "id": "56f744beaef2371900625a7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Baroque" }],
              "question": "Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? ",
              "id": "56f745b8a6d7ea1400e1712c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "a continuous bass line" }
              ],
              "question": "What does basso continuo mean? ",
              "id": "56f745b8a6d7ea1400e1712d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "more complex" }],
              "question": "What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?",
              "id": "56f745b8a6d7ea1400e1712e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "the sonata form" }],
              "question": "What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? ",
              "id": "56f745b8a6d7ea1400e1712f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "tonalities" }],
              "question": "Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?",
              "id": "56f745b8a6d7ea1400e17130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common. Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies. Instrumental ensembles began to distinguish and standardize by size, giving rise to the early orchestra for larger ensembles, with chamber music being written for smaller groups of instruments where parts are played by individual (instead of massed) instruments. The concerto as a vehicle for solo performance accompanied by an orchestra became widespread, although the relationship between soloist and orchestra was relatively simple.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Baroque" }],
              "question": "Keyboard music became popular during what era?",
              "id": "56f7469ca6d7ea1400e17136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "stringed" }],
              "question": "The violin family is what type of instrument?",
              "id": "56f7469ca6d7ea1400e17137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "staged musical drama" }
              ],
              "question": "Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?",
              "id": "56f7469ca6d7ea1400e17138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "vocal forms" }],
              "question": "What became more common during the Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f7469ca6d7ea1400e17139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "embellishments" }],
              "question": "What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f7469ca6d7ea1400e1713a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "equal temperament" }],
              "question": "What theories began to be put in wider practice?",
              "id": "56f74780aef2371900625a99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "a wider range of chromatic possibilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?",
              "id": "56f74780aef2371900625a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "equal temperament" }],
              "question": "What did Bach not use?",
              "id": "56f74780aef2371900625a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "tuned" }],
              "question": "A modern piano is generally what?",
              "id": "56f74780aef2371900625a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "meantone" }],
              "question": "What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?",
              "id": "56f74780aef2371900625a9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1750 to 1820" }],
              "question": "When was the Classical era?",
              "id": "56f74825aef2371900625aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "the piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?",
              "id": "56f74825aef2371900625aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "The basic forces required for an orchestra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What became more standardized during the classical era?",
              "id": "56f74825aef2371900625aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?",
              "id": "56f74825aef2371900625aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "a form of comic opera" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an opera buffa?",
              "id": "56f74825aef2371900625aa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wind" }],
              "question": "What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?",
              "id": "56f7488fa6d7ea1400e1715c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "the clarinet family" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the single reed family called?",
              "id": "56f7488fa6d7ea1400e1715d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "double reeded" }],
              "question": "What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?",
              "id": "56f7488fa6d7ea1400e1715e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Mozart" }],
              "question": "Who expanded the single reeds role?",
              "id": "56f7488fa6d7ea1400e1715f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Romantic" }],
              "question": "Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?",
              "id": "56f74b3caef2371900625ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "the early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Romantic era end?",
              "id": "56f74b3caef2371900625ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Classical" }],
              "question": "Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?",
              "id": "56f74b3caef2371900625ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "key signatures" }],
              "question": "Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?",
              "id": "56f74b3caef2371900625ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "Lied" }],
              "question": "What is a name for an art song?",
              "id": "56f74b3caef2371900625ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in metallurgy) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred a large number of piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era. Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like Franz Liszt and Niccol\u00f2 Paganini, fulfilled both roles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "wealthy patrons" }],
              "question": "Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f74bfcaef2371900625acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "the nobility" }],
              "question": "Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f74bfcaef2371900625acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "middle classes" }],
              "question": "What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f74bfcaef2371900625acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "The piano" }],
              "question": "What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f74bfcaef2371900625ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "symphony orchestras" }
              ],
              "question": "The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?",
              "id": "56f74bfcaef2371900625acf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?",
              "id": "56f74dc0a6d7ea1400e1717c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "over 400" }],
              "question": "What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?",
              "id": "56f74dc0a6d7ea1400e1717d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "over 150" }],
              "question": "What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?",
              "id": "56f74dc0a6d7ea1400e1717e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "rotary valves" }],
              "question": "What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?",
              "id": "56f74dc0a6d7ea1400e1717f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "percussion" }],
              "question": "What array of instrument grew wider?",
              "id": "56f74dc0a6d7ea1400e17180"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "colonial expansion" }],
              "question": "What did European cultural ideas follow?",
              "id": "56f74e42aef2371900625ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "nationalism" }],
              "question": "What type of music rose toward the end of the era?",
              "id": "56f74e42aef2371900625aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "political sentiments of the time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did nationalism in music sometime echo?",
              "id": "56f74e42aef2371900625aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "traditional music of their homelands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?",
              "id": "56f74e42aef2371900625aec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000, 20th century classical music includes late romantic, modern, high-modern, and postmodern styles of composition. Modernism (1890\u20131930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure. The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music. A few authorities have claimed high-modernism as the beginning of postmodern music from about 1930. Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the \"contemporary music\" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "post-Romantic" }],
              "question": "What style does 20th century classical music encompass?",
              "id": "56f74f1ba6d7ea1400e17186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1890\u20131930" }],
              "question": "When did modernism take place?",
              "id": "56f74f1ba6d7ea1400e17187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Modernism" }],
              "question": "Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?",
              "id": "56f74f1ba6d7ea1400e17188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "high-modern era" }],
              "question": "Neo-classical music emerged during what era?",
              "id": "56f74f1ba6d7ea1400e17189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "contemporary music" }
              ],
              "question": "Postmodern music is also know as what?",
              "id": "56f74f1ba6d7ea1400e1718a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked \"[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?\" Citron \"examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works.\" She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the \"...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann  [sic] is one of the only  [sic] female composers mentioned.\" Abbey Philips states that \"[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?",
              "id": "56f74ffbaef2371900625af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Musicologist Marcia Citron" }
              ],
              "question": "Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?",
              "id": "56f74ffbaef2371900625af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 845, "text": "did not write many symphonies" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were women composers deemed not notable?",
              "id": "56f74ffbaef2371900625af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 969, "text": "Clara Shumann" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?",
              "id": "56f74ffbaef2371900625af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "art songs" }],
              "question": "What type of music did women composers typically write?",
              "id": "56f74ffbaef2371900625af5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "modernist" }],
              "question": "What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?",
              "id": "56f75071aef2371900625afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "transmitting classical music" }
              ],
              "question": "Musical notation is effective for what?",
              "id": "56f75071aef2371900625afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "contains the technical instructions for performing the work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is written musical notation effective? ",
              "id": "56f75071aef2371900625afd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996\u20131997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores. Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha; Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. O'Connell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; etc.) and others who had significant results through the discourse of their work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?",
              "id": "56f7515faef2371900625b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "moderately lower" }],
              "question": "What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?",
              "id": "56f7515faef2371900625b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "students who used classical during the course of study"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?",
              "id": "56f7515faef2371900625b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 840, "text": "University of Colorado" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conducted the research study?",
              "id": "56f7515faef2371900625b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1996\u20131997" }],
              "question": "What years was the study conducted in?",
              "id": "56f7515faef2371900625b05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the \"Mozart effect\": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: \"researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter.\" Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented \"I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Mozart" }],
              "question": "Which composer had an effect named after him?",
              "id": "56f7522ea6d7ea1400e171a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Don Campbell" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?",
              "id": "56f7522ea6d7ea1400e171a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Nature" }],
              "question": "Where was the experiment originally published?",
              "id": "56f7522ea6d7ea1400e171a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "8 to 9 points" }],
              "question": "How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?",
              "id": "56f7522ea6d7ea1400e171a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "$105,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?",
              "id": "56f7522ea6d7ea1400e171a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the commercialization of classical music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?",
              "id": "56f7529fa6d7ea1400e171ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Shawn Vancour" }],
              "question": "Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?",
              "id": "56f7529fa6d7ea1400e171af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "inadequate representation." }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? ",
              "id": "56f7529fa6d7ea1400e171b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?",
              "id": "56f75316a6d7ea1400e171b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Walt Disney" }],
              "question": "Who produced Fantasia?",
              "id": "56f75316a6d7ea1400e171b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Tom and Jerry" }],
              "question": "Who starred in Johann Mouse?",
              "id": "56f75316a6d7ea1400e171b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Warner Bros" }],
              "question": "Who produced Rabbit of Seville?",
              "id": "56f75316a6d7ea1400e171b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Warner Bros" }],
              "question": "Who produced What's Opera, Doc?",
              "id": "56f75316a6d7ea1400e171b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clich\u00e9d snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach\u00b4s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "refinement or opulence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does classical music convey in movies and television?",
              "id": "56f75395aef2371900625b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Four Seasons" }],
              "question": "What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?",
              "id": "56f75395aef2371900625b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Eine kleine Nachtmusik" }
              ],
              "question": "What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?",
              "id": "56f75395aef2371900625b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Rossini" }],
              "question": "Who wrote William Tell Overture?",
              "id": "56f75395aef2371900625b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Mussorgsky" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?",
              "id": "56f75395aef2371900625b1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "instructions" }],
              "question": "What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? ",
              "id": "56f7558fa6d7ea1400e171ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "performers" }],
              "question": "Interpretations of written score is left to whom?",
              "id": "56f7558fa6d7ea1400e171cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "the work's idiom" }],
              "question": "Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?",
              "id": "56f7558fa6d7ea1400e171d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century, and especially in the 20th century, that the score began to hold such a high significance. Previously, improvisation (in preludes, cadenzas and ornaments), rhythmic flexibility (e.g., tempo rubato), improvisatory deviation from the score and oral tradition of playing was integral to the style. Yet in the 20th century, this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared. Instead, musicians tend to use just the score to play music. Yet, even with the score providing the key elements of the music, there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works. Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms (just as the music is notated in the score).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "the score" }],
              "question": "Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?",
              "id": "56f756c6a6d7ea1400e171d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "the 20th century" }],
              "question": "When did oral tradition disappear?",
              "id": "56f756c6a6d7ea1400e171d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "key elements of the music" }
              ],
              "question": "There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?",
              "id": "56f756c6a6d7ea1400e171d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "block-rhythms" }],
              "question": "A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?",
              "id": "56f756c6a6d7ea1400e171d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from H\u00e4ndel's Giulio Cesare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Improvisation" }],
              "question": "What once played an important role in classical music?",
              "id": "56f7580ba6d7ea1400e171dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "cadenza" }],
              "question": "Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?",
              "id": "56f7580ba6d7ea1400e171dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "their virtuoso skills on the instrument"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?",
              "id": "56f7580ba6d7ea1400e171de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "authentic performances" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?",
              "id": "56f7580ba6d7ea1400e171df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 855, "text": "Da tempeste il legno infranto" }
              ],
              "question": "An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?",
              "id": "56f7580ba6d7ea1400e171e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clich\u00e9d, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section \"O Fortuna\" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walk\u00fcre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "commercially" }],
              "question": "How are staples of classical music often used?",
              "id": "56f758d1aef2371900625b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "clich\u00e9d" }],
              "question": "TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?",
              "id": "56f758d1aef2371900625b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "\"O Fortuna\" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What piece is often used in the horror genre?",
              "id": "56f758d1aef2371900625b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Wagner" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?",
              "id": "56f758d1aef2371900625b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Edvard Grieg" }],
              "question": "Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?",
              "id": "56f758d1aef2371900625b33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvo\u0159\u00e1k and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bart\u00f3k have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "classically trained" }
              ],
              "question": "Folk musicians are not commonly what?",
              "id": "56f7596ca6d7ea1400e171f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "folk music" }],
              "question": "What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?",
              "id": "56f7596ca6d7ea1400e171f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "folk" }],
              "question": "Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?",
              "id": "56f7596ca6d7ea1400e171f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Bart\u00f3k" }],
              "question": "Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?",
              "id": "56f7596ca6d7ea1400e171f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend\u2014admiration of performers for new \"interpretations\" of the composer's work\u2014can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?",
              "id": "56f75ad1aef2371900625b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "the 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did details that composers put in their scores increase?",
              "id": "56f75ad1aef2371900625b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "a better realization of the original intent than the composer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?",
              "id": "56f75ad1aef2371900625b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 622,
                  "text": "high reputations for their musicianship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do classical performers often achieve?",
              "id": "56f75ad1aef2371900625b50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "the Baroque and early romantic eras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was improvisation in classical music performance common?",
              "id": "56f75c11a6d7ea1400e17202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?",
              "id": "56f75c11a6d7ea1400e17203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "the cadenzas to their piano concertos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?",
              "id": "56f75c11a6d7ea1400e17204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "come scritto" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?",
              "id": "56f75c11a6d7ea1400e17205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 744, "text": "soprano Maria Callas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who strongly supposed ome scritto?",
              "id": "56f75c11a6d7ea1400e17206"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled \"Blues\" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Classical music" }],
              "question": "Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?",
              "id": "56f75e42aef2371900625b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "student drinking songs" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?",
              "id": "56f75e42aef2371900625b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "jazz" }],
              "question": "What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?",
              "id": "56f75e42aef2371900625b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Kurt Weill" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?",
              "id": "56f75e42aef2371900625b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "popular" }],
              "question": "What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?",
              "id": "56f75e42aef2371900625b61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?",
              "id": "56f7607aa6d7ea1400e17220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "the musical crossover phenomenon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?",
              "id": "56f7607aa6d7ea1400e17221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?",
              "id": "56f7607aa6d7ea1400e17222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "electric guitar" }],
              "question": "Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?",
              "id": "56f7607aa6d7ea1400e17223"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Slavs",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?",
              "id": "56f6e8fb3d8e2e1400e372b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?",
              "id": "56f6e8fb3d8e2e1400e372b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was colonised by the East Slavs?",
              "id": "56f6e8fb3d8e2e1400e372b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?",
              "id": "56f6e8fb3d8e2e1400e372b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Slavic mercenaries settled where?",
              "id": "56f6e8fb3d8e2e1400e372b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them \u2013 even within the individual ethnic groups themselves \u2013 are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Poles, Czechs and Slovaks" }
              ],
              "question": "West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?",
              "id": "56f6f4963d8e2e1400e372ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?",
              "id": "56f6f4963d8e2e1400e372eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?",
              "id": "56f6f4963d8e2e1400e372ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "North Slavs" }],
              "question": "West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?",
              "id": "56f6f4963d8e2e1400e372ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slov\u011bnin\u044a, plural *Slov\u011bne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0463\u043d\u0435 Slov\u011bne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0463\u043d\u0463 Slov\u011bn\u011b for \"an East Slavic group near Novgorod.\" However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9 Sklaboi, \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03af Sklab\u0113noi, \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03af Sklauenoi, \u03a3\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03af Sthlabenoi, or \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Proto-Slavic" }],
              "question": "*Slov\u011bnin\u044a, plural *Slov\u011bne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?",
              "id": "56f6fb8f711bf01900a448bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Old Church Slavonic" }
              ],
              "question": "Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?",
              "id": "56f6fb8f711bf01900a448bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Procopius" }],
              "question": "Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?",
              "id": "56f6fb8f711bf01900a448be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?",
              "id": "56f6fb8f711bf01900a448bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Slavic autonym *Slov\u011bnin\u044a is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo \"word\", originally denoting \"people who speak (the same language),\" i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting \"foreign people\" \u2013 n\u011bmci, meaning \"mumbling, murmuring people\" (from Slavic *n\u011bm\u044a \u2013 \"mumbling, mute\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "slovo" }],
              "question": "What slavic word denotes \"people who speak the same language?\"",
              "id": "56f6ff9c711bf01900a448dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "n\u011bmci" }],
              "question": "What slavic word denotes \"foreign people?\"",
              "id": "56f6ff9c711bf01900a448dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Roman Jakobson" }],
              "question": "Who considered *Slov\u011bnin\u044a do be a derivation from slovo?",
              "id": "56f6ff9c711bf01900a448de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word slovo (\"word\") and the related slava (\"fame\") and slukh (\"hearing\") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *\u1e31lew- (\"be spoken of, fame\"), cognate with Ancient Greek \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 (kl\u00eas - \"famous\"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo (\"be called\"), and English loud.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "*\u1e31lew" }],
              "question": "Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?",
              "id": "56f7194f3d8e2e1400e3734a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Pericles" }],
              "question": "The Ancient Greek \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 (kl\u00eas - \"famous\") helped create what famous name?",
              "id": "56f7194f3d8e2e1400e3734b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1,
                  "text": "he word slovo (\"word\") and the related slava (\"fame\") and slukh (\"hearing\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *\u1e31lew- (\"be spoken of, fame\")?",
              "id": "56f7194f3d8e2e1400e3734c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 skl\u00e1bos \"slave,\" which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba \u0635\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 (sing. Saqlabi \u0635\u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "sclave" }],
              "question": "The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?",
              "id": "56f71a1c711bf01900a44964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Sklavinoi" }],
              "question": "The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?",
              "id": "56f71a1c711bf01900a44965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Byzantine Greek \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 skl\u00e1bos \"slave,\" which was in turn apparently derived from what?",
              "id": "56f71a1c711bf01900a44966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "medieval Arab historiographers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?",
              "id": "56f71a1c711bf01900a44967"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slov\u011bnin\u044a propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning \"practicer of a common Slavic religion,\" and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2 la\u00f3s \"population, people,\" which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907\u20131986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Lozinski" }],
              "question": "Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?",
              "id": "56f71b0b711bf01900a4496c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "S.B. Bernstein" }],
              "question": "Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?",
              "id": "56f71b0b711bf01900a4496d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "a man from a certain place" }
              ],
              "question": "The suffix -enin indicates what?",
              "id": "56f71b0b711bf01900a4496e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Henrich Bartek" }],
              "question": "Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?",
              "id": "56f71b0b711bf01900a4496f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "River Danube" }],
              "question": "The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?",
              "id": "56f71bd9711bf01900a44974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Slavic raids" }],
              "question": "The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?",
              "id": "56f71bd9711bf01900a44975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "c. 600 AD" }],
              "question": "No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?",
              "id": "56f71bd9711bf01900a44976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "the Balkans" }],
              "question": "There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?",
              "id": "56f71bd9711bf01900a44977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527\u2013565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "in the early 6th century" }
              ],
              "question": "The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?",
              "id": "56f71d1f711bf01900a44990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "the Antes and the Sclaveni" }
              ],
              "question": "The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?",
              "id": "56f71d1f711bf01900a44991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?",
              "id": "56f71d1f711bf01900a44992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "the Danubian provinces" }
              ],
              "question": "Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?",
              "id": "56f71d1f711bf01900a44993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "under Justinian I" }],
              "question": "Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?",
              "id": "56f71d1f711bf01900a44994"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Procopius wrote in 545 that \"the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.\" He describes their social structure and beliefs:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Procopius" }],
              "question": "Who wrote in 545 that \"the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.\"?",
              "id": "56f71f1c3d8e2e1400e3736e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "545" }],
              "question": "When did Procopius write that \"the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.\"?",
              "id": "56f71f1c3d8e2e1400e3736f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Spori" }],
              "question": "Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?",
              "id": "56f71f1c3d8e2e1400e37370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "their social structure and beliefs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?",
              "id": "56f71f1c3d8e2e1400e37371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the Sclaveni and the Antae" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Procopius write about in 545?",
              "id": "56f71f1c3d8e2e1400e37372"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jordanes" }],
              "question": "Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?",
              "id": "56f71f8e3d8e2e1400e37378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "the Sclaveni" }],
              "question": "Who had swamps and forests for their cities?",
              "id": "56f71f8e3d8e2e1400e37379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?",
              "id": "56f71f8e3d8e2e1400e3737a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577\u2013579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: \"Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs \u2013 so it shall always be for us\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Menander Protector" }],
              "question": "Who mentions a Daurentius (577\u2013579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?",
              "id": "56f7208f711bf01900a449ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Daurentius" }],
              "question": "Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?",
              "id": "56f7208f711bf01900a449af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "the Avars" }],
              "question": "The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?",
              "id": "56f7208f711bf01900a449b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Daurentius" }],
              "question": "Who said, \"Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs \u2013 so it shall always be for us.\"?",
              "id": "56f7208f711bf01900a449b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Khagan Bayan I" }],
              "question": "Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?",
              "id": "56f7208f711bf01900a449b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the Veneti" }],
              "question": "An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?",
              "id": "56f7211e3d8e2e1400e3737e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "east of the River Vistula" }
              ],
              "question": "The Veneti tribe was located where?",
              "id": "56f7211e3d8e2e1400e3737f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Veneti" }],
              "question": "What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?",
              "id": "56f7211e3d8e2e1400e37380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "in the Roman period" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?",
              "id": "56f7211e3d8e2e1400e37381"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia \u2013 such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?",
              "id": "56f7233b711bf01900a449d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?",
              "id": "56f7233b711bf01900a449d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Germans" }],
              "question": "Who started the great migration of the Slavs?",
              "id": "56f7233b711bf01900a449d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 848, "text": "Iberia and north Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?",
              "id": "56f7233b711bf01900a449d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "the Huns and their allies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?",
              "id": "56f7233b711bf01900a449da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around the 6th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?",
              "id": "56f724b9711bf01900a449e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Byzantine borders" }],
              "question": "The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?",
              "id": "56f724b9711bf01900a449e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Peloponnese and Asia Minor" }
              ],
              "question": "Where else reported Slavic settlements?",
              "id": "56f724b9711bf01900a449e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "the Eastern Alps" }],
              "question": "Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?",
              "id": "56f724b9711bf01900a449e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "By the end of the 6th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?",
              "id": "56f724b9711bf01900a449e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the first rudiments of state organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?",
              "id": "56f726613d8e2e1400e373a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "When their migratory movements ended"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?",
              "id": "56f726613d8e2e1400e373a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "a prince with a treasury and a defense force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Early state organizations where headed by what?",
              "id": "56f726613d8e2e1400e373a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?",
              "id": "56f726613d8e2e1400e373a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 7th century" }],
              "question": "When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?",
              "id": "56f728733d8e2e1400e373ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Samo" }],
              "question": "What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?",
              "id": "56f728733d8e2e1400e373ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Carantania" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?",
              "id": "56f728733d8e2e1400e373ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "681" }],
              "question": "When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?",
              "id": "56f728733d8e2e1400e373af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 884,
                  "text": "Slavic literacy and Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?",
              "id": "56f728733d8e2e1400e373b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?",
              "id": "56f729ce711bf01900a44a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?",
              "id": "56f729ce711bf01900a44a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Bulgaria" }],
              "question": "Whose official independence was declared in 1908?",
              "id": "56f729ce711bf01900a44a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "In 1918" }],
              "question": "When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?",
              "id": "56f729ce711bf01900a44a11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Hitler's" }],
              "question": "Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?",
              "id": "56f7302e711bf01900a44a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56f7302e711bf01900a44a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "19.3 million civilians" }
              ],
              "question": "The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?",
              "id": "56f7302e711bf01900a44a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Lebensraum" }],
              "question": "What is the German word for living space?",
              "id": "56f7302e711bf01900a44a4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "succession of wars, famines and other disasters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "56f7366c711bf01900a44a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Stephen J. Lee" }],
              "question": "Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?",
              "id": "56f7366c711bf01900a44a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?",
              "id": "56f7366c711bf01900a44a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Russia and the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56f7366c711bf01900a44a67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "In the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?",
              "id": "56f7397c711bf01900a44a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Russian Empire" }],
              "question": "Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?",
              "id": "56f7397c711bf01900a44a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Pan-Slavism" }],
              "question": "The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?",
              "id": "56f7397c711bf01900a44a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "Yugoslavia" }],
              "question": "What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?",
              "id": "56f7397c711bf01900a44a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1030, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Yugoslavia break apart?",
              "id": "56f7397c711bf01900a44a8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"Slavs\" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945), Yugoslavia (1943\u20131992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992\u20132003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003\u20132006).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1939\u20131945" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?",
              "id": "56f73b54aef2371900625a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1943\u20131992" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f73b54aef2371900625a24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1992\u20132003" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f73b54aef2371900625a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "2003\u20132006" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?",
              "id": "56f73b54aef2371900625a26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?",
              "id": "56f73db4aef2371900625a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Russians" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Slavic minority?",
              "id": "56f73db4aef2371900625a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Kazakhstan" }],
              "question": "Where is the largest Slavic minority located?",
              "id": "56f73db4aef2371900625a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?",
              "id": "56f73db4aef2371900625a42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989\u20131991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pan-Slavism" }],
              "question": "What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?",
              "id": "56f7406ca6d7ea1400e17118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?",
              "id": "56f7406ca6d7ea1400e17119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "The Russian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?",
              "id": "56f7406ca6d7ea1400e1711a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "between 1945 and 1948" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?",
              "id": "56f7406ca6d7ea1400e1711b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "until the period 1989\u20131991"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?",
              "id": "56f7406ca6d7ea1400e1711c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Slavic studies" }],
              "question": "What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?",
              "id": "56f740d5aef2371900625a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "As early as 1833" }],
              "question": "When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?",
              "id": "56f740d5aef2371900625a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Slavic languages" }],
              "question": "What languages were recognized as Indo-European?",
              "id": "56f740d5aef2371900625a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Indo-European" }],
              "question": "In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?",
              "id": "56f740d5aef2371900625a4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "The alphabet" }],
              "question": "What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?",
              "id": "56f7424daef2371900625a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "The Orthodox" }],
              "question": "Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?",
              "id": "56f7424daef2371900625a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "the Roman Catholics" }
              ],
              "question": "Who uses the Latin alphabet?",
              "id": "56f7424daef2371900625a51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the Bosniaks" }],
              "question": "Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?",
              "id": "56f7424daef2371900625a52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "the Lacinka alphabet" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?",
              "id": "56f7424daef2371900625a53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, \"the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Proto-Slavic" }],
              "question": "What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?",
              "id": "56f74318aef2371900625a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Baltic languages" }],
              "question": "Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?",
              "id": "56f74318aef2371900625a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Balto-Slavic" }],
              "question": "The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?",
              "id": "56f74318aef2371900625a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Indo-Europeans" }],
              "question": "Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?",
              "id": "56f74318aef2371900625a5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Proto-Indo-European" }
              ],
              "question": "Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?",
              "id": "56f74318aef2371900625a5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?",
              "id": "56f74522aef2371900625a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Proto-Slavic" }],
              "question": "What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?",
              "id": "56f74522aef2371900625a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Thessaloniki" }],
              "question": "Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?",
              "id": "56f74522aef2371900625a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "Old Church Slavonic manuscripts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?",
              "id": "56f74522aef2371900625a84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East\u2013West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "between the 6th and 10th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?",
              "id": "56f74604aef2371900625a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Orthodox Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?",
              "id": "56f74604aef2371900625a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Roman Catholicism" }],
              "question": "What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?",
              "id": "56f74604aef2371900625a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "11th century" }],
              "question": "When did the East-West Schism begin?",
              "id": "56f74604aef2371900625a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Orthodox" }],
              "question": "The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?",
              "id": "56f74604aef2371900625a8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Slavs" }],
              "question": "Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?",
              "id": "56f7467aaef2371900625a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?",
              "id": "56f7467aaef2371900625a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?",
              "id": "56f7467aaef2371900625a95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "^1 Also considered part of Rusyns\n^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians\n^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of \"Carpatho-Ruthenian\" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad\n^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).\n^5 Also considered Poles.\n^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "the Lemkos" }],
              "question": "Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?",
              "id": "56f746fea6d7ea1400e17140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Transcarpathia and abroad" }
              ],
              "question": "The idea of \"Carpatho-Ruthenian\" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?",
              "id": "56f746fea6d7ea1400e17141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Czechs" }],
              "question": "Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?",
              "id": "56f746fea6d7ea1400e17142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Silesians" }],
              "question": "What group is considered part of the Poles?",
              "id": "56f746fea6d7ea1400e17143"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the \"Muslim\" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Bosniak" }],
              "question": "Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?",
              "id": "56f74783a6d7ea1400e17152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Bosniak and Muslim" }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?",
              "id": "56f74783a6d7ea1400e17153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?",
              "id": "56f74783a6d7ea1400e17154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Yugoslav republics" }],
              "question": "This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?",
              "id": "56f747eca6d7ea1400e17158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "USA and Canada" }],
              "question": "The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?",
              "id": "56f747eca6d7ea1400e17159"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Ba\u010dka), \u0160okci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Ba\u010dka" }],
              "question": "Where are Bunjevci located?",
              "id": "56f7488caef2371900625aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Slavonia and Vojvodina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are \u0160okci located?",
              "id": "56f7488caef2371900625aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Kosovo" }],
              "question": "Where are Janjevci located?",
              "id": "56f7488caef2371900625aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Where are Burgenland Croats located?",
              "id": "56f7488caef2371900625ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "Where are Krashovans located?",
              "id": "56f7488caef2371900625ab1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?",
              "id": "56f74992a6d7ea1400e17164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?",
              "id": "56f74992a6d7ea1400e17165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Kraji\u0161nici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, \u0160umadinci in central Serbia, Vojvo\u0111ani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Ba\u010dvani in northwest Vojvodina, Bana\u0107ani in Banat, Sand\u017eaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "the Grenzers" }],
              "question": "Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?",
              "id": "56f74dbdaef2371900625ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "northern Croatia" }],
              "question": "Where are Zagorci located?",
              "id": "56f74dbdaef2371900625ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "westernmost Croatia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Istrijani located?",
              "id": "56f74dbdaef2371900625ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Adriatic islands" }],
              "question": "Where are Boduli located?",
              "id": "56f74dbdaef2371900625ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "hinterland of Dalmatia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Vlaji located?",
              "id": "56f74dbdaef2371900625ad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a" }
              ],
              "question": "What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?",
              "id": "56f74fcea6d7ea1400e17190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "63.39%" }],
              "question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?",
              "id": "56f74fcea6d7ea1400e17191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "56.4%" }],
              "question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?",
              "id": "56f74fcea6d7ea1400e17192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "54%" }],
              "question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?",
              "id": "56f74fcea6d7ea1400e17193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "52%" }],
              "question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?",
              "id": "56f74fcea6d7ea1400e17194"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 R\u0119ba\u0142a and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did R\u0119ba\u0142a and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?",
              "id": "56f75185aef2371900625b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "R\u0119ba\u0142a" }],
              "question": "Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?",
              "id": "56f75185aef2371900625b0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "the Proto-Slavic homeland" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2007 R\u0119ba\u0142a and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?",
              "id": "56f75185aef2371900625b0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marcin Wo\u017aniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the \"evolutionary effective\" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Wo\u017aniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Marcin Wo\u017aniak and colleagues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?",
              "id": "56f754a3a6d7ea1400e171be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Marcin Wo\u017aniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?",
              "id": "56f754a3a6d7ea1400e171bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Peter Underhill" }],
              "question": "The team that discovered M458 was led by who?",
              "id": "56f754a3a6d7ea1400e171c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called \"Northern Russians\" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pomors" }],
              "question": "What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?",
              "id": "56f75961aef2371900625b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Y Haplogroup N" }],
              "question": "Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?",
              "id": "56f75961aef2371900625b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Uralic peoples" }],
              "question": "Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?",
              "id": "56f75961aef2371900625b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "central-eastern Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?",
              "id": "56f75961aef2371900625b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Northern Russians" }],
              "question": "Pomors are also known as what?",
              "id": "56f75961aef2371900625b3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades \u2013 N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "South Slavic populations" }
              ],
              "question": "I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?",
              "id": "56f75a5faef2371900625b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Bosnia-Herzegovina" }],
              "question": "I2a1b1 is found being highest where?",
              "id": "56f75a5faef2371900625b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "north-eastern Italians" }
              ],
              "question": "Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?",
              "id": "56f75a5faef2371900625b45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "west Balkans" }],
              "question": "Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?",
              "id": "56f75a5faef2371900625b46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Ken Nordtvedt" }],
              "question": "Who has split I2a2 into two clades?",
              "id": "56f75a5faef2371900625b47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of \"Mongoloid\" \"mtDNA lineages\". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of \"Slavic populations\" with \"1.8%\" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that \"Slavic populations\" \"almost always\" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of \"Balto-Slavics\" in 2,000\u20133,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the \"Russian population\" was developed by the \"assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs\" with additional \"assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations\" and \"long-lasting\" interactions with the populations of \"Siberia\" and \"Central Asia\". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs \"Mongoloid component\" was increased during the waves of migration from \"steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)\", especially the decay of the \"Avar Khaganate\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of \"Monigoloid\" \"mtDNA lineages\"?",
              "id": "56f75e0fa6d7ea1400e1720c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk" }
              ],
              "question": "Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of \"Monigoloid\" \"mtDNA lineages\"?",
              "id": "56f75e0fa6d7ea1400e1720d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Slavic populations" }
              ],
              "question": "Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?",
              "id": "56f75e0fa6d7ea1400e1720e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1007,
                  "text": "Malyarchuk said that other Slavs \"Mongoloid component\" was increased during the waves of migration from \"steppe populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of \"Balto-Slavics\" in what time period?",
              "id": "56f75e0fa6d7ea1400e1720f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1112, "text": "steppe populations" }
              ],
              "question": "Malyarchuk said that other Slavs \"Mongoloid component\" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?",
              "id": "56f75e0fa6d7ea1400e17210"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1228" }],
              "question": "DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?",
              "id": "56f7600baef2371900625b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "West Eurasian" }],
              "question": "DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?",
              "id": "56f7600baef2371900625b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?",
              "id": "56f7600baef2371900625b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "0.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?",
              "id": "56f7600baef2371900625b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?",
              "id": "56f7600baef2371900625b75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jire\u010dek Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period \u2013 although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Ukraine" }],
              "question": "What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?",
              "id": "56f7608daef2371900625b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?",
              "id": "56f7608daef2371900625b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "non-Slavic peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?",
              "id": "56f7608daef2371900625b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Paleo-Balkan peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "What peoples where in the Balkans?",
              "id": "56f7608daef2371900625b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "The Thracians and Illyrians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?",
              "id": "56f7608daef2371900625b7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the Western Balkans" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?",
              "id": "56f76139a6d7ea1400e17228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Avar invaders" }],
              "question": "In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?",
              "id": "56f76139a6d7ea1400e17229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Germanic and Celtic" }
              ],
              "question": "In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?",
              "id": "56f76139a6d7ea1400e1722a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "Uralic and Scandinavian peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?",
              "id": "56f76139a6d7ea1400e1722b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the Rus' state" }],
              "question": "Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?",
              "id": "56f76139a6d7ea1400e1722c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Polabian Slavs (Wends)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who settled in parts of England?",
              "id": "56f761b0a6d7ea1400e17232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "parts of England (Danelaw)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?",
              "id": "56f761b0a6d7ea1400e17233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Norse age Iceland" }],
              "question": "Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?",
              "id": "56f761b0a6d7ea1400e17234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Saqaliba" }],
              "question": "What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?",
              "id": "56f761b0a6d7ea1400e17235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "caliph's guards" }],
              "question": "Saqaliba served as what?",
              "id": "56f761b0a6d7ea1400e17236"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Tatars and other Turks" }
              ],
              "question": "Cossacks came from what backgrounds?",
              "id": "56f76216a6d7ea1400e1723c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Ossetians" }],
              "question": "Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?",
              "id": "56f76216a6d7ea1400e1723d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Orthodox Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?",
              "id": "56f76216a6d7ea1400e1723e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descend of this population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "southern Poland and northern Slovakia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Gorals reside?",
              "id": "56f7626aaef2371900625b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gorals" }],
              "question": "Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?",
              "id": "56f7626aaef2371900625b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "14th to 17th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?",
              "id": "56f7626aaef2371900625b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Moravian Wallachia" }
              ],
              "question": "What population descended from the Vlachs?",
              "id": "56f7626aaef2371900625b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "the Magyar or Romanian population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?",
              "id": "56f762fbaef2371900625b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?",
              "id": "56f762fbaef2371900625b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Bulgaria" }],
              "question": "Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?",
              "id": "56f762fbaef2371900625b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Carpathian basin" }],
              "question": "Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?",
              "id": "56f762fbaef2371900625b90"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Southampton",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Southampton (i/sa\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6mpt\u0259n, -h\u00e6mpt\u0259n/) is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 75 miles (121 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to \"So'ton\" or \"Soton\", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "253,651" }],
              "question": "What's the estimated population of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f6f44f711bf01900a4488e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Sotonian" }],
              "question": "What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f6f44f711bf01900a4488f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Hampshire" }],
              "question": "In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?",
              "id": "56f6f44f711bf01900a44890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "How many miles away from London is Southampton?",
              "id": "56f6f44f711bf01900a44891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "north-west" }],
              "question": "In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?",
              "id": "56f6f44f711bf01900a44892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Significant employers in Southampton include The University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival UK. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more generally in the World War II narrative as one of the departure points for D-Day, and more recently as the home port of a number of the largest cruise ships in the world. Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park called WestQuay. In October 2014, the City Council approved a follow-up from the WestQuay park, called WestQuay Watermark. Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015. Hammerson, the owners of the retail park, aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "WestQuay" }],
              "question": "What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?",
              "id": "56f7197b711bf01900a4495a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?",
              "id": "56f7197b711bf01900a4495b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What war is Southampton often associated with?",
              "id": "56f7197b711bf01900a4495c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Hammerson" }],
              "question": "What company owns WestQuay Watermark?",
              "id": "56f7197b711bf01900a4495d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "1,550" }],
              "question": "By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?",
              "id": "56f7197b711bf01900a4495e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Portsmouth" }],
              "question": "What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?",
              "id": "56f83185aef2371900625ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Solent City" }],
              "question": "What's the other name for South Hampshire?",
              "id": "56f83185aef2371900625ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "855,569" }],
              "question": "In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?",
              "id": "56f83185aef2371900625ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "South Hampshire" }],
              "question": "What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?",
              "id": "56f83185aef2371900625ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?",
              "id": "56f83185aef2371900625ee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "AD 43" }],
              "question": "What year did the Romans invade Britain?",
              "id": "56f833afaef2371900625ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Clausentum" }],
              "question": "What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?",
              "id": "56f833afaef2371900625ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "stone age" }],
              "question": "According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f833afaef2371900625ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Bitterne Manor" }],
              "question": "What is the site of Clausentum called now?",
              "id": "56f833afaef2371900625efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "a wall" }],
              "question": "In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?",
              "id": "56f833afaef2371900625efb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Anglo-Saxons" }],
              "question": "What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8366baef2371900625f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Hamwic" }],
              "question": "What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?",
              "id": "56f8366baef2371900625f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Hamtun" }],
              "question": "What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?",
              "id": "56f8366baef2371900625f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Hampshire" }],
              "question": "What county in England was named after Hampton?",
              "id": "56f8366baef2371900625f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Itchen" }],
              "question": "What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?",
              "id": "56f8366baef2371900625f17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Viking" }],
              "question": "What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?",
              "id": "56f837eba6d7ea1400e174b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "840" }],
              "question": "What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?",
              "id": "56f837eba6d7ea1400e174b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?",
              "id": "56f837eba6d7ea1400e174b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Southampton" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?",
              "id": "56f837eba6d7ea1400e174b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1066" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?",
              "id": "56f8393fa6d7ea1400e174c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Winchester" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?",
              "id": "56f8393fa6d7ea1400e174c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Normandy" }],
              "question": "Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?",
              "id": "56f8393fa6d7ea1400e174c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century was Southampton Castle built?",
              "id": "56f8393fa6d7ea1400e174c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "French wine" }],
              "question": "During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?",
              "id": "56f8393fa6d7ea1400e174c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?",
              "id": "56f83b32a6d7ea1400e174e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Black Death" }],
              "question": "What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?",
              "id": "56f83b32a6d7ea1400e174ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?",
              "id": "56f83b32a6d7ea1400e174eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Canute's Palace" }],
              "question": "In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?",
              "id": "56f83b32a6d7ea1400e174ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding\u2014part of the walls dates from 1175\u2014culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380. Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Charles Grimaldi" }],
              "question": "Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?",
              "id": "56f83d50a6d7ea1400e174fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Monaco" }],
              "question": "What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?",
              "id": "56f83d50a6d7ea1400e174fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1339" }],
              "question": "What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?",
              "id": "56f83d50a6d7ea1400e174fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?",
              "id": "56f83d50a6d7ea1400e174fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1175" }],
              "question": "The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?",
              "id": "56f83d50a6d7ea1400e174ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England. Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board. Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were completed in the 15th century, but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "God's House Tower" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?",
              "id": "56f83f77aef2371900625f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1417" }],
              "question": "In what year was the God's House Tower built?",
              "id": "56f83f77aef2371900625f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Museum of Archaeology" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?",
              "id": "56f83f77aef2371900625f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?",
              "id": "56f83f77aef2371900625f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?",
              "id": "56f83f77aef2371900625f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Castle Way" }],
              "question": "The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?",
              "id": "56f84154aef2371900625f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1233" }],
              "question": "About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f84154aef2371900625f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1538" }],
              "question": "What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?",
              "id": "56f84154aef2371900625f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?",
              "id": "56f84154aef2371900625f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Friary House" }],
              "question": "What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f84154aef2371900625f61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1290" }],
              "question": "In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8574aa6d7ea1400e175a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Conduit Head" }],
              "question": "Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?",
              "id": "56f8574aa6d7ea1400e175a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1310" }],
              "question": "What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?",
              "id": "56f8574aa6d7ea1400e175a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "1420" }],
              "question": "When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8574aa6d7ea1400e175a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Conduit House" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?",
              "id": "56f8574aa6d7ea1400e175a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge, Southampton, in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "English Civil War" }],
              "question": "What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?",
              "id": "56f858c6aef2371900626007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?",
              "id": "56f858c6aef2371900626008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Redbridge" }],
              "question": "What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?",
              "id": "56f858c6aef2371900626009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?",
              "id": "56f858c6aef237190062600a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "shipbuilding" }],
              "question": "What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56f85bc0a6d7ea1400e175b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "HMS Grace Dieu" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?",
              "id": "56f85bc0a6d7ea1400e175ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Walter Taylor" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?",
              "id": "56f85bc0a6d7ea1400e175bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Thornycroft" }],
              "question": "Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f85bc0a6d7ea1400e175bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?",
              "id": "56f85bc0a6d7ea1400e175bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the \"Southampton Plot\"\u2014Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton\u2014were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Battle of Agincourt" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?",
              "id": "56f85e22aef2371900626023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Southampton Plot" }],
              "question": "What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?",
              "id": "56f85e22aef2371900626024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Red Lion" }],
              "question": "What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?",
              "id": "56f85e22aef2371900626025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Richard" }],
              "question": "What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?",
              "id": "56f85e22aef2371900626026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "the Bargate" }],
              "question": "Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?",
              "id": "56f85e22aef2371900626027"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton has been used for military embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French, the Crimean war, and the Boer War. Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs. It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "embarkation" }],
              "question": "What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?",
              "id": "56f86064aef237190062602d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "the Crimean war" }],
              "question": "In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?",
              "id": "56f86064aef237190062602e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "the Great War" }],
              "question": "What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?",
              "id": "56f86064aef237190062602f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "POWs" }],
              "question": "What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?",
              "id": "56f86064aef2371900626030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?",
              "id": "56f86064aef2371900626031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1740" }],
              "question": "When did Southampton turn into a spa town?",
              "id": "56f86358aef2371900626037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1760s" }],
              "question": "Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?",
              "id": "56f86358aef2371900626038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "West Quay" }],
              "question": "Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?",
              "id": "56f86358aef2371900626039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "the tide" }],
              "question": "What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?",
              "id": "56f86358aef237190062603a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era. The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842. The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades. The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840. Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Victorian era" }],
              "question": "In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?",
              "id": "56f865baaef237190062603f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "What year was the Southampton Docks company created?",
              "id": "56f865baaef2371900626040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?",
              "id": "56f865baaef2371900626041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?",
              "id": "56f865baaef2371900626042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "The Gateway to the Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?",
              "id": "56f865baaef2371900626043"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his 1854 book \"The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star\" John Choules described Southampton thus: \"I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "John Choules" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star\"?",
              "id": "56f86721aef2371900626049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?",
              "id": "56f86721aef237190062604a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "one mile and a half" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?",
              "id": "56f86721aef237190062604b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "elegant" }],
              "question": "What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?",
              "id": "56f86721aef237190062604c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "clean" }],
              "question": "Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?",
              "id": "56f86721aef237190062604d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Mayflower" }],
              "question": "What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?",
              "id": "56f868b4a6d7ea1400e175e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1620" }],
              "question": "What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f868b4a6d7ea1400e175e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?",
              "id": "56f868b4a6d7ea1400e175e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Cunard" }],
              "question": "What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?",
              "id": "56f868b4a6d7ea1400e175e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?",
              "id": "56f868b4a6d7ea1400e175e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy-winning seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the Portswood area of Southampton, and his house is today marked with a blue plaque. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for a Mulberry harbour were built here. After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied, making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944. Southampton docks was featured in the television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. \u2013 10:00 p.m.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "R J Mitchell" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire?",
              "id": "56f86abca6d7ea1400e175eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Portswood" }],
              "question": "What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?",
              "id": "56f86abca6d7ea1400e175ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?",
              "id": "56f86abca6d7ea1400e175ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?",
              "id": "56f86abca6d7ea1400e175ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Allied forces" }],
              "question": "Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?",
              "id": "56f86abca6d7ea1400e175ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "630" }],
              "question": "How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?",
              "id": "56f86baca6d7ea1400e175ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?",
              "id": "56f86baca6d7ea1400e17600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?",
              "id": "56f86baca6d7ea1400e17601"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Georgian" }],
              "question": "What style of architecture partially survived the war?",
              "id": "56f86db0a6d7ea1400e1760f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?",
              "id": "56f86db0a6d7ea1400e17610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f86db0a6d7ea1400e17611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "the Bargate" }],
              "question": "Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56f86db0a6d7ea1400e17612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "Royal Charter" }],
              "question": "What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?",
              "id": "56f86ea1a6d7ea1400e17617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "University of Southampton" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the new name of University College at Highfield?",
              "id": "56f86ea1a6d7ea1400e17618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When did Southampton officially become a city?",
              "id": "56f86ea1a6d7ea1400e17619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?",
              "id": "56f86ea1a6d7ea1400e1761a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?",
              "id": "56f86ffba6d7ea1400e17633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "the Corporation in Southampton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?",
              "id": "56f86ffba6d7ea1400e17634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?",
              "id": "56f86ffba6d7ea1400e17635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "Hantscire" }],
              "question": "Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?",
              "id": "56f86ffba6d7ea1400e17636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 626, "text": "non-metropolitan district" }
              ],
              "question": "What designation was Southampton given in 1974?",
              "id": "56f86ffba6d7ea1400e17637"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of \u00a3200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth. By a charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 32), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "King John" }],
              "question": "Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?",
              "id": "56f87420a6d7ea1400e17665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "\u00a3200" }],
              "question": "What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?",
              "id": "56f87420a6d7ea1400e17666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Langstone" }],
              "question": "In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?",
              "id": "56f87420a6d7ea1400e17667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Henry VI" }],
              "question": "Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?",
              "id": "56f87420a6d7ea1400e17668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "29 June 1199" }],
              "question": "What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?",
              "id": "56f87420a6d7ea1400e17669"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Charles I" }],
              "question": "What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?",
              "id": "56f8767fa6d7ea1400e1767f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1640" }],
              "question": "What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?",
              "id": "56f8767fa6d7ea1400e17680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Victorian period" }],
              "question": "What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?",
              "id": "56f8767fa6d7ea1400e17681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "Hampshire County Council" }
              ],
              "question": "After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?",
              "id": "56f8767fa6d7ea1400e17682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8767fa6d7ea1400e17683"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Hampshire County" }],
              "question": "What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?",
              "id": "56f87773a6d7ea1400e17697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "unitary authority" }],
              "question": "What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?",
              "id": "56f87773a6d7ea1400e17698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "1992 Local Government Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?",
              "id": "56f87773a6d7ea1400e17699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Hampshire" }],
              "question": "What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?",
              "id": "56f87773a6d7ea1400e1769a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors, 3 for each of the 16 wards. Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out of four. Since the 2015 council elections, the composition of the council is:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?",
              "id": "56f8781aa6d7ea1400e1769f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How man wards are there in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8781aa6d7ea1400e176a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8781aa6d7ea1400e176a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "In what month are council elections held?",
              "id": "56f8781aa6d7ea1400e176a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8781aa6d7ea1400e176a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are three members of parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative) for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which includes a northern portion of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?",
              "id": "56f87cd7a6d7ea1400e176d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Southampton Itchen" }],
              "question": "What is Royston Smith's constituency?",
              "id": "56f87cd7a6d7ea1400e176d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Dr. Alan Whitehead" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?",
              "id": "56f87cd7a6d7ea1400e176d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Conservative" }],
              "question": "To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?",
              "id": "56f87cd7a6d7ea1400e176d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?",
              "id": "56f87cd7a6d7ea1400e176d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor. The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris. Catherine McEwing is the current and 578th sherriff. The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?",
              "id": "56f87f17aef2371900626114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Linda Norris" }],
              "question": "Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f87f17aef2371900626115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Catherine McEwing" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f87f17aef2371900626116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?",
              "id": "56f87f17aef2371900626117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "104" }],
              "question": "How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?",
              "id": "56f87f17aef2371900626118"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France (since 1973), Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany (since 1991), Trieste in Italy (since 2002); Hampton, Virginia in USA, Qingdao in China (since 1998), and Busan in South Korea (since 1978).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Le Havre" }],
              "question": "What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?",
              "id": "56f880ddaef2371900626128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Trieste" }],
              "question": "Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?",
              "id": "56f880ddaef2371900626129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Hampton, Virginia" }],
              "question": "What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?",
              "id": "56f880ddaef237190062612a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?",
              "id": "56f880ddaef237190062612b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?",
              "id": "56f880ddaef237190062612c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge. The Test\u2014which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing\u2014runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two\u2014east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?",
              "id": "56f881ecaef2371900626132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Itchen" }],
              "question": "What river converges with the Test?",
              "id": "56f881ecaef2371900626133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Test" }],
              "question": "Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?",
              "id": "56f881ecaef2371900626134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Itchen" }],
              "question": "Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?",
              "id": "56f881ecaef2371900626135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "The city centre" }],
              "question": "What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?",
              "id": "56f881ecaef2371900626136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme. Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water, to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Town Quay" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?",
              "id": "56f88e4aaef237190062618a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1830s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?",
              "id": "56f88e4baef237190062618b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Southern Railway Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?",
              "id": "56f88e4baef237190062618c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Southampton Water" }],
              "question": "What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?",
              "id": "56f88e4baef237190062618d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?",
              "id": "56f88e4baef237190062618e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks, making the movement of large ships easier. This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching across to France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?",
              "id": "56f890f1a6d7ea1400e17761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Isle of Wight" }],
              "question": "What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?",
              "id": "56f890f1a6d7ea1400e17762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "English Channel" }],
              "question": "What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?",
              "id": "56f890f1a6d7ea1400e17763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "large" }],
              "question": "What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?",
              "id": "56f890f1a6d7ea1400e17764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "depth" }],
              "question": "In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?",
              "id": "56f890f1a6d7ea1400e17765"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "western" }],
              "question": "Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?",
              "id": "56f89289a6d7ea1400e1776b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "New Forest" }],
              "question": "What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f89289a6d7ea1400e1776c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "the M27" }],
              "question": "What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?",
              "id": "56f89289a6d7ea1400e1776d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Mansbridge" }],
              "question": "Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?",
              "id": "56f89289a6d7ea1400e1776e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Woodmill Bridge" }],
              "question": "What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?",
              "id": "56f89289a6d7ea1400e1776f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton is divided into council wards, suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical parishes, and other less formal areas. It has a number of parks and green spaces, the largest being the 148 hectare Southampton Common, parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals, circuses and fun fairs. The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre on the former site of Southampton Zoo, a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Southampton Common" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the largest park in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f89372a6d7ea1400e17775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "148" }],
              "question": "How many hectares is Southampton Common?",
              "id": "56f89372a6d7ea1400e17776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common?",
              "id": "56f89372a6d7ea1400e17777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Southampton Zoo" }],
              "question": "What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre?",
              "id": "56f89372a6d7ea1400e17778"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Council estates are in the Weston, Thornhill and Townhill Park districts. The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "354" }],
              "question": "How many Local Authorities are there in England?",
              "id": "56f894579e9bad19000a0171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Weston" }],
              "question": "In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts, what other district has a council estate?",
              "id": "56f894579e9bad19000a0172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "96th" }],
              "question": "What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?",
              "id": "56f894579e9bad19000a0173"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 \u00b0C (96.1 \u00b0F) since 1976.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "oceanic" }],
              "question": "What kind of climate does Southampton have?",
              "id": "56f89bea9e9bad19000a01bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?",
              "id": "56f89bea9e9bad19000a01be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "35.6" }],
              "question": "What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?",
              "id": "56f89bea9e9bad19000a01bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?",
              "id": "56f89bea9e9bad19000a01c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "96.1" }],
              "question": "What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? ",
              "id": "56f89bea9e9bad19000a01c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme used by many buildings including the WestQuay shopping centre. In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "hot water aquifer" }],
              "question": "What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?",
              "id": "56f89de79e9bad19000a01d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "West Quay" }],
              "question": "In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?",
              "id": "56f89de79e9bad19000a01d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "Southampton District Energy Scheme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?",
              "id": "56f89de79e9bad19000a01d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "British Gas" }],
              "question": "What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?",
              "id": "56f89de79e9bad19000a01d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?",
              "id": "56f89de79e9bad19000a01d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 2001 Census, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace was White\u2014including one per cent White Irish\u20143.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent Black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "White" }],
              "question": "What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population?",
              "id": "56f89fe89e9bad19000a01f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1.0" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black, according to the 2001 Census?",
              "id": "56f89fe89e9bad19000a01f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1.5" }],
              "question": "Going by the 2001 Census, what percentage of Southampton's population is of mixed race?",
              "id": "56f89fe89e9bad19000a01f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish?",
              "id": "56f89fe89e9bad19000a01fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "South Asian" }],
              "question": "According to the 2001 Census, what race comprises 3.8% of people living in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f89fe89e9bad19000a01fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton had an estimated 236,900 people living within the city boundary in 2011. There is a sizeable Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "236,900" }],
              "question": "In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?",
              "id": "56f8a0d99b226e1400dd0d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?",
              "id": "56f8a0d99b226e1400dd0d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a0d99b226e1400dd0d05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females. The 20\u201324 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25\u201329 range with 24,700 people and then 30\u201334 years with 17,800. By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "males" }],
              "question": "Are there more males or females in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a20b9e9bad19000a021b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "20\u201324" }],
              "question": "What age range contains the most people from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a20b9e9bad19000a021c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "17,800" }],
              "question": "How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a20b9e9bad19000a021d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "117,400" }],
              "question": "How many women live in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a20b9e9bad19000a021e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Plymouth" }],
              "question": "What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a20b9e9bad19000a021f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent\u2014the tenth biggest increase in England. In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth respectively. Hampshire County Council expects the city's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013, adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents. The highest increases are expected among the elderly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "4.9" }],
              "question": "By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004?",
              "id": "56f8a3829b226e1400dd0d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a3829b226e1400dd0d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Hampshire County Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization anticipated an additional 2% population growth from 2006 to 2013?",
              "id": "56f8a3829b226e1400dd0d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "the elderly" }],
              "question": "What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most?",
              "id": "56f8a3829b226e1400dd0d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "4,200" }],
              "question": "How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2%, as the council expected?",
              "id": "56f8a3829b226e1400dd0d1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seeker's allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population. This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "120,305" }],
              "question": "How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007?",
              "id": "56f8a6c39b226e1400dd0d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "3,570" }],
              "question": "How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?",
              "id": "56f8a6c39b226e1400dd0d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "2.4" }],
              "question": "In March 2007, what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker's allowance?",
              "id": "56f8a6c39b226e1400dd0d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "2.5" }],
              "question": "What England's average percentage for people claiming job seeker's allowance?",
              "id": "56f8a6c39b226e1400dd0d56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent. Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "health and education" }
              ],
              "question": "What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?",
              "id": "56f8a80b9e9bad19000a026d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?",
              "id": "56f8a80b9e9bad19000a026e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "wholesale and retail" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a80b9e9bad19000a026f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "18.5" }],
              "question": "By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?",
              "id": "56f8a80b9e9bad19000a0270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "16.2" }],
              "question": "What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?",
              "id": "56f8a80b9e9bad19000a0271"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was \u00a322,267. This was \u00a31,700 lower than the national average and \u00a33,800 less than the average for the South East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "\u00a322,267" }],
              "question": "What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?",
              "id": "56f8a89c9b226e1400dd0d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "\u00a31,700" }],
              "question": "How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8a89c9b226e1400dd0d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "\u00a33,800" }],
              "question": "How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?",
              "id": "56f8a89c9b226e1400dd0d7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage, with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development, which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "About how much of UK's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period?",
              "id": "56f8aa0d9b226e1400dd0d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "cruise ships" }],
              "question": "What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8aa0d9b226e1400dd0d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "tonnage" }],
              "question": "Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK?",
              "id": "56f8aa0d9b226e1400dd0d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Southampton's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands?",
              "id": "56f8aa0d9b226e1400dd0d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1098,
                  "text": "Marine Accident Investigation Branch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8aa0d9b226e1400dd0d9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8ab6a9b226e1400dd0db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "aircraft" }],
              "question": "Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?",
              "id": "56f8ab6a9b226e1400dd0db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "electrical" }],
              "question": "What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?",
              "id": "56f8ab6a9b226e1400dd0db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "tobacco" }],
              "question": "Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?",
              "id": "56f8ab6a9b226e1400dd0dba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?",
              "id": "56f8ad379b226e1400dd0ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "3 million" }],
              "question": "How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?",
              "id": "56f8ad379b226e1400dd0ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "palliative care" }],
              "question": "What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?",
              "id": "56f8ad379b226e1400dd0ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Moorgreen Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?",
              "id": "56f8ad379b226e1400dd0dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "West End" }],
              "question": "In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?",
              "id": "56f8ad379b226e1400dd0ddf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton. The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured. Closure of the plant in 2013 was announced in 2012, with the loss of hundreds of jobs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Ordnance Survey" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the UK's national mapping agency?",
              "id": "56f8aea09e9bad19000a02ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did Ordnance Survey's new headquarters open in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8aea09e9bad19000a0300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Lloyd's Register Group" }
              ],
              "question": "What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8aea09e9bad19000a0301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Swaythling" }],
              "question": "What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant?",
              "id": "56f8aea09e9bad19000a0302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Transit" }],
              "question": "Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant?",
              "id": "56f8aea09e9bad19000a0303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton's largest retail centre, and 35th largest in the UK, is the WestQuay Shopping Centre, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase (Watermark Westquay) was put on hold due to the recession. Work is has resumed in 2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade. Southampton has also been granted a licence for a large casino. A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12 February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer IKEA. Marlands is a smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s and located close to the northern side of WestQuay. Southampton currently has two disused shopping centres: the 1970s Eaststreet mall, and the 1980s Bargate centre. Neither of these were ever commercially successful; the former has been earmarked for redevelopment as a Morrison's supermarket, while the future of the latter is uncertain. There is also the East Street area which has been designated for speciality shopping, with the aim of promoting smaller retailers, alongside the chain store Debenhams. In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "WestQuay Shopping Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the largest retail center in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8afe39e9bad19000a031d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "35th" }],
              "question": "What's WestQuay's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK?",
              "id": "56f8afe39e9bad19000a031e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Watermark Westquay" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession?",
              "id": "56f8afe39e9bad19000a031f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?",
              "id": "56f8afe39e9bad19000a0320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "IKEA" }],
              "question": "What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009?",
              "id": "56f8afe39e9bad19000a0321"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina, and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a \u00a3100m development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "skyscrapers" }],
              "question": "What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton's waterfront?",
              "id": "56f8b1c99e9bad19000a0341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be?",
              "id": "56f8b1c99e9bad19000a0342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Ocean Village" }],
              "question": "What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel?",
              "id": "56f8b1c99e9bad19000a0343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "economy" }],
              "question": "What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city?",
              "id": "56f8b1c99e9bad19000a0344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "\u00a3100m" }],
              "question": "What's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels?",
              "id": "56f8b1c99e9bad19000a0345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to 2004 figures, Southampton contributes around \u00a34.2 bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "\u00a34.2 bn" }],
              "question": "Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?",
              "id": "56f8b2c69b226e1400dd0e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the service sector" }
              ],
              "question": "What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?",
              "id": "56f8b2c69b226e1400dd0e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?",
              "id": "56f8b2c69b226e1400dd0e47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England, as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; Southampton Maritime Museum; God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation. The SeaCity Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the RMS Titanic. The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at \u00a328 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Tudor House Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum reopened on July 30th, 2011 after a huge renovation?",
              "id": "56f8b40b9e9bad19000a035f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "God's House Tower" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton's tower walls?",
              "id": "56f8b40b9e9bad19000a0360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Solent Sky" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8b40b9e9bad19000a0361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "\u00a328 million" }],
              "question": "What's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum?",
              "id": "56f8b40b9e9bad19000a0362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "the National Lottery" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum?",
              "id": "56f8b40b9e9bad19000a0363"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present. It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968. The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?",
              "id": "56f8b5149b226e1400dd0e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Mayflower Park" }],
              "question": "What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?",
              "id": "56f8b5149b226e1400dd0e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?",
              "id": "56f8b5149b226e1400dd0e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Sea City" }],
              "question": "What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?",
              "id": "56f8b5149b226e1400dd0e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?",
              "id": "56f8b5149b226e1400dd0e89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les Mis\u00e9rables, The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015. It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Mayflower Theatre" }],
              "question": "What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8b5ef9e9bad19000a037f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "2,300" }],
              "question": "How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?",
              "id": "56f8b5ef9e9bad19000a0380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Gaumont" }],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?",
              "id": "56f8b5ef9e9bad19000a0381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "English National Ballet" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?",
              "id": "56f8b5ef9e9bad19000a0382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Nuffield Theatre" }],
              "question": "Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?",
              "id": "56f8b5ef9e9bad19000a0383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The Southampton City Art Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important Designated Collection, houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions. The Millais Gallery at Southampton Solent University, the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House in Above Bar Street provide a different view. The city's Bargate is also an art gallery run by the arts organisation \"a space\". A space also run the Art Vaults project, which creatively uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "The Southampton City Art Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection?",
              "id": "56f8b7329b226e1400dd0e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "a space" }],
              "question": "What's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton's Bargate?",
              "id": "56f8b7329b226e1400dd0e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Art Vaults" }],
              "question": "What project, also run by a space, showcases art in Southampton's medieval buildings?",
              "id": "56f8b7329b226e1400dd0e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "The Millais Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University?",
              "id": "56f8b7329b226e1400dd0e9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, The Midnight Beast, Modestep, and All Time Low. It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, City of Southampton Orchestra, Southampton Concert Orchestra, Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "the Guildhall" }],
              "question": "In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?",
              "id": "56f8b93d9b226e1400dd0eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Pink Floyd" }],
              "question": "What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall?",
              "id": "56f8b93d9b226e1400dd0eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What orchestra with a name that starts with \"B\" has played at the Guildhall?",
              "id": "56f8b93d9b226e1400dd0eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "Southampton Philharmonic Choir"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall?",
              "id": "56f8b93d9b226e1400dd0eb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, The Talking Heads, The Soul Cellar, The Joiners and Turner Sims, as well as smaller \"club circuit\" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls. The nightclub, Junk, has been nominated for the UK's best small nightclub, and plays host to a range of dance music's top acts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Junk" }],
              "question": "What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?",
              "id": "56f8ba089e9bad19000a03c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "dance" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is featured at Junk?",
              "id": "56f8ba089e9bad19000a03ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "the Dolphin" }],
              "question": "What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?",
              "id": "56f8ba089e9bad19000a03cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in Hand, Thomas Tantrum (disbanded in 2011) and Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014). James Zabiela, a highly regarded and recognised name in dance music, is also from Southampton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Craig David" }],
              "question": "What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8bb289e9bad19000a03cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Will Champion" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8bb289e9bad19000a03d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Holloways" }],
              "question": "What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?",
              "id": "56f8bb289e9bad19000a03d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Kids Can't Fly" }],
              "question": "What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8bb289e9bad19000a03d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "dance" }],
              "question": "What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?",
              "id": "56f8bb289e9bad19000a03d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "South Today" }],
              "question": "What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8bc049b226e1400dd0ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Meridian" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the local ITV division?",
              "id": "56f8bc049b226e1400dd0eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Whiteley" }],
              "question": "Where is the Meridian headquarters located?",
              "id": "56f8bc049b226e1400dd0edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "That's Solent" }],
              "question": "What is the local television channel for Southampton called?",
              "id": "56f8bc049b226e1400dd0edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "Towards the end of what year did That's Solent begin broadcasting?",
              "id": "56f8bc049b226e1400dd0edd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton also has 2 community FM radio stations, the Queens Award winning Unity 101 Community Radio (www.unity101.org) broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and Ethnic communities, and Voice FM (http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk) located in St Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011, playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40. A third station, Awaaz FM (www.awaazfm.co.uk), is an internet only radio stations also catering for Asian and Ethnic community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8bcbf9e9bad19000a03e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Unity 101 Community Radio" }
              ],
              "question": "What local FM station won the Queens Award?",
              "id": "56f8bcbf9e9bad19000a03e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze, previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music, Capital, previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music, Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire, the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music, and 106 Jack FM (www.jackradio.com), previously The Coast 106. In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE, broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "The Breeze" }],
              "question": "What's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint?",
              "id": "56f8bfd99e9bad19000a0410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Hot adult contemporary" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre of music is played on The Breeze?",
              "id": "56f8bfd99e9bad19000a0411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Ocean FM" }],
              "question": "What was the old name of Heart Hampshire?",
              "id": "56f8bfd99e9bad19000a0412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "SURGE" }],
              "question": "What's Southampton University's radio station called?",
              "id": "56f8bfd99e9bad19000a0413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "adult contemporary" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of music does Wave 105 play?",
              "id": "56f8bfd99e9bad19000a0414"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club\u2014nicknamed \"The Saints\"\u2014who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, \"The Dell\". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, \"The Saints\" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. (\"South Coast derby\") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "The Saints" }],
              "question": "What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?",
              "id": "56f8c15c9e9bad19000a0424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "St Mary's Stadium" }],
              "question": "What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?",
              "id": "56f8c15c9e9bad19000a0425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?",
              "id": "56f8c15c9e9bad19000a0426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Manchester United" }],
              "question": "Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?",
              "id": "56f8c15c9e9bad19000a0427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "the Premier League" }
              ],
              "question": "What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992? ",
              "id": "56f8c15c9e9bad19000a0428"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?",
              "id": "56f8c2519e9bad19000a0446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have? ",
              "id": "56f8c2519e9bad19000a0447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "City of Southampton Sunday Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the local league with \"City\" in its name?",
              "id": "56f8c2519e9bad19000a0448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Southampton and District Sunday Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the the local league with \"District\" in its name?",
              "id": "56f8c2519e9bad19000a0449"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Rose Bowl" }],
              "question": "At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play?",
              "id": "56f8c3489e9bad19000a044e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "West End" }],
              "question": "What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?",
              "id": "56f8c3489e9bad19000a044f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "the Antelope Ground" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the County Cricket Ground, at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play?",
              "id": "56f8c3489e9bad19000a0450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the Southampton Evening Cricket League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club, what's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c3489e9bad19000a0451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys\u2019 and girls\u2019 teams from 6 upwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Southampton Hockey Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What's Southampton's hockey club named?",
              "id": "56f8c4059b226e1400dd0f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?",
              "id": "56f8c4059b226e1400dd0f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?",
              "id": "56f8c4059b226e1400dd0f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?",
              "id": "56f8c4059b226e1400dd0f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?",
              "id": "56f8c4059b226e1400dd0f5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former player is Anthony Allen, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC and Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Trojans RFC" }],
              "question": "What's the oldest rugby team in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c50f9e9bad19000a046a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "London South West 2" }
              ],
              "question": "What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9?",
              "id": "56f8c50f9e9bad19000a046b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Anthony Allen" }],
              "question": "What famous player from Trojans RFC also played for the Leicester Tigers?",
              "id": "56f8c50f9e9bad19000a046c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "centre" }],
              "question": "What position did Allen play for the Leicester Tigers?",
              "id": "56f8c50f9e9bad19000a046d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "London South West division 2" }
              ],
              "question": "What division do the Tottonians belong to?",
              "id": "56f8c50f9e9bad19000a046e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "marinas" }],
              "question": "What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting?",
              "id": "56f8c65d9b226e1400dd0f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Volvo Ocean Race" }
              ],
              "question": "What race named after a car company used to be hosted in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c65d9b226e1400dd0f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Volvo Ocean Race?",
              "id": "56f8c65d9b226e1400dd0f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Ocean Village marina" }
              ],
              "question": "Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001?",
              "id": "56f8c65d9b226e1400dd0f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also has the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre, theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes. With the addition of 11 other additional leisure venures which are currently operate by the Council leisure executives. However these have been sold the operating rights to \"Park Wood Leisure.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Southampton Sports Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "What facility is the center of Southampton's public sports and outdoor activities?",
              "id": "56f8c6e09b226e1400dd0fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?",
              "id": "56f8c6e09b226e1400dd0fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Park Wood Leisure" }],
              "question": "What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to?",
              "id": "56f8c6e09b226e1400dd0fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton was named \"fittest city in the UK\" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership. In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Speedway racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Men's Fitness" }],
              "question": "What magazine awarded Southampton \"fittest city in the UK\" in 2006?",
              "id": "56f8c7d79e9bad19000a04b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many spots did Southampton lose in the \"fittest city\" rankings for 2007?",
              "id": "56f8c7d79e9bad19000a04b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Who was the \"fittest city in the UK\" ahead of Southampton in 2007?",
              "id": "56f8c7d79e9bad19000a04b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Banister Court Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "During the pre-war period, where was speedway racing held?",
              "id": "56f8c7d79e9bad19000a04b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year did Banister Court Stadium close its doors for good?",
              "id": "56f8c7d79e9bad19000a04b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK, the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Southampton Stags" }],
              "question": "What College American Football team calls Southampton home?",
              "id": "56f8c85a9b226e1400dd0fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Wide Lane Sports Facility" }
              ],
              "question": "At what sports venue do the Southampton Stags play?",
              "id": "56f8c85a9b226e1400dd0fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Eastleigh" }],
              "question": "Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located?",
              "id": "56f8c85a9b226e1400dd0fdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton's police service is provided by Hampshire Constabulary. The main base of the Southampton operation is a new, eight storey purpose-built building which cost \u00a330 million to construct. The building, located on Southern Road, opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station. Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing of the Civic Centre, however the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move. There are additional police stations at Portswood, Banister Park, Bitterne, and Shirley as well as a British Transport Police station at Southampton Central railway station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Hampshire Constabulary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for policing Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c9389b226e1400dd0fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "\u00a330 million" }],
              "question": "How much did it cost to build the operations base of Southampton's police service?",
              "id": "56f8c9389b226e1400dd0fea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Southern Road" }],
              "question": "On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city?",
              "id": "56f8c9389b226e1400dd0feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did the brand new, eight-story police headquarters open?",
              "id": "56f8c9389b226e1400dd0fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Southampton Central" }
              ],
              "question": "What train station is close to the police force's building?",
              "id": "56f8c9389b226e1400dd0fed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary's, Hightown and Redbridge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who handles fires in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c9c59e9bad19000a04ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits?",
              "id": "56f8c9c59e9bad19000a04eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "St Mary's" }],
              "question": "Along with Hightown and Redbridge, what's the third fire station in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8c9c59e9bad19000a04ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Hampshire Constabulary figures, Southampton is currently safer than it has ever been before, with dramatic reductions in violent crime year on year for the last three years. Data from the Southampton Safer City Partnership shows there has been a reduction in all crimes in recent years and an increase in crime detection rates. According to government figures Southampton has a higher crime rate than the national average. There is some controversy regarding comparative crime statisitics due to inconsistencies between different police forces recording methodologies. For example, in Hampshire all reported incidents are recorded and all records then retained. However, in neighbouring Dorset crimes reports withdrawn or shown to be false are not recorded, reducing apparent crime figures. In the violence against the person category, the national average is 16.7 per 1000 population while Southampton is 42.4 per 1000 population. In the theft from a vehicle category, the national average is 7.6 per 1000 compared to Southampton's 28.4 per 1000. Overall, for every 1,000 people in the city, 202 crimes are recorded. Hampshire Constabulary's figures for 2009/10 show fewer incidents of recorded crime in Southampton than the previous year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1106, "text": "202" }],
              "question": "How many crimes overall are reported for each 1,000 people in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8cb159b226e1400dd1013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1181, "text": "fewer" }],
              "question": "Did Hampshire Constabulary record fewer or more crime incidents in 2009/10 than the year before?",
              "id": "56f8cb159b226e1400dd1014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "For how many consecutive years has violent crime in Southampton decreased?",
              "id": "56f8cb159b226e1400dd1015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "Is Southampton's crime rate higher or lower than the national average?",
              "id": "56f8cb159b226e1400dd1016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "comparative crime statisitics" }
              ],
              "question": "Which statistics are debated because of the different ways various police forces record crime?",
              "id": "56f8cb159b226e1400dd1017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has a strong higher education sector. The University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University together have a student population of over 40,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "strong" }],
              "question": "Is Southampton's higher education sector weak or strong?",
              "id": "56f8cbee9e9bad19000a050e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "over 40,000" }],
              "question": "What's the combined student population of the two major universities in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8cbee9e9bad19000a050f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Southampton Solent University" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the institution of higher learning with \"Solent\" in its name?",
              "id": "56f8cbee9e9bad19000a0510"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has over 22,000 students. The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2010. In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world. The university considers itself one of the top 5 research universities in the UK. The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences, oceanography, chemistry, cancer sciences, sound and vibration research, computer science and electronics, optoelectronics and textile conservation at the Textile Conservation Centre (which is due to close in October 2009.) It is also home to the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS), the focus of Natural Environment Research Council-funded marine research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "What year was the University of Southampton founded?",
              "id": "56f8cd169e9bad19000a052e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When did the University of Southampton receive university designation by official Royal Charter?",
              "id": "56f8cd169e9bad19000a052f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "22,000" }],
              "question": "The University of Southampton has more than what number of students attending?",
              "id": "56f8cd169e9bad19000a0530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What research centre at the University of Southampton is abbreviated NOCS?",
              "id": "56f8cd169e9bad19000a0531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "THES - QS World University Rankings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?",
              "id": "56f8cd169e9bad19000a0532"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton Solent University has 17,000 students and its strengths are in the training, design, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for business and industry. It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "17,000" }],
              "question": "How many students attend Southampton Solent University?",
              "id": "56f8ce109b226e1400dd1037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Warsash Maritime Academy" }
              ],
              "question": "What specialized academy does Southampton Solent University host?",
              "id": "56f8ce109b226e1400dd1038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "off-shore oil" }],
              "question": "In addition to international shipping, what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for?",
              "id": "56f8ce109b226e1400dd1039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to school sixth forms at St Anne's and King Edward's there are two sixth form colleges: Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College. A number of Southampton pupils will travel outside the city, for example to Barton Peveril College. Southampton City College is a further education college serving the city. The college offers a range of vocational courses for school leavers, as well as ESOL programmes and Access courses for adult learners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8cf869b226e1400dd1051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Southampton City College" }
              ],
              "question": "What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs?",
              "id": "56f8cf869b226e1400dd1052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Access courses" }],
              "question": "What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students?",
              "id": "56f8cf869b226e1400dd1053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Barton Peveril College" }
              ],
              "question": "What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8cf869b226e1400dd1054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Richard Taunton Sixth Form College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the sixth form college named after a person?",
              "id": "56f8cf869b226e1400dd1055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over 40 per cent of school pupils in the city that responded to a survey claimed to have been the victim of bullying. More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form, although physical bullying was a close second for boys.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they'd been bullied?",
              "id": "56f8d0349e9bad19000a0576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "About how many pupils took the bullying survey?",
              "id": "56f8d0349e9bad19000a0577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "verbal" }],
              "question": "What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?",
              "id": "56f8d0349e9bad19000a0578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "physical" }],
              "question": "What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey?",
              "id": "56f8d0349e9bad19000a0579"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been revealed that Southampton has the worst behaved secondary schools within the UK. With suspension rates three times the national average, the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children, the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "secondary" }],
              "question": "Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK?",
              "id": "56f8d2049b226e1400dd1083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton's secondary schools?",
              "id": "56f8d2049b226e1400dd1084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "Out of about every 14 students, how many will be suspended from school?",
              "id": "56f8d2049b226e1400dd1085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "verbal" }],
              "question": "In addition to physical attacks, what other kind of assault do Southampton's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country?",
              "id": "56f8d2049b226e1400dd1086"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country. The M27 motorway, linking places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The M3 motorway links the city to London and also, via a link to the A34 (part of the European route E05) at Winchester, with the Midlands and North. The M271 motorway is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "M27" }],
              "question": "Which motorway located north of Southampton links up England's south coast?",
              "id": "56f8d3979e9bad19000a05a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "M3" }],
              "question": "Which motorway connects Southampton to London?",
              "id": "56f8d3979e9bad19000a05a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Winchester" }],
              "question": "What city is located on the A34 where the M3 connects to the North and Midlands?",
              "id": "56f8d3979e9bad19000a05aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "M271" }],
              "question": "What spur of the M27 connects it to Southampton's city centre and Western Docks?",
              "id": "56f8d3979e9bad19000a05ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "good" }],
              "question": "Are Southampton's transport routes around the UK good or bad?",
              "id": "56f8d3979e9bad19000a05ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester, Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff. The route to London was opened in 1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company. Both this and its successor the Southern Railway (UK) played a significant role in the creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the town's docks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "passenger services" }
              ],
              "question": "Southampton's railways provide freight services and what other important services?",
              "id": "56f8d4b69e9bad19000a05b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Southampton Central" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the main train station in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8d4b69e9bad19000a05b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Portsmouth" }],
              "question": "Heading east from Southampton, what city is connected by rail?",
              "id": "56f8d4b69e9bad19000a05b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?",
              "id": "56f8d4b69e9bad19000a05b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open?",
              "id": "56f8d4b69e9bad19000a05b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Local train services operate in the central, southern and eastern sections of the city and are operated by South West Trains, with stations at Swaythling, St Denys, Millbrook, Redbridge, Bitterne, Sholing and Woolston. Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July 2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe (on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley) via Totton to Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys, and Swanwick. The proposal follows a failed plan to bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "central" }],
              "question": "In addition to the southern and eastern sections of Southampton, what other section has local train service?",
              "id": "56f8d6409e9bad19000a05bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "South West Trains" }],
              "question": "What company operates Southampton's local train service?",
              "id": "56f8d6409e9bad19000a05bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Hampshire County Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization announced plans for rail expansion in Southampton in July of 2009?",
              "id": "56f8d6409e9bad19000a05be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail?",
              "id": "56f8d6409e9bad19000a05bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Fawley" }],
              "question": "What's the current destination of the freight-only line the Hampshire County Council wants to use to expand passenger service?",
              "id": "56f8d6409e9bad19000a05c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s?",
              "id": "56f8d83e9e9bad19000a05da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "North" }],
              "question": "In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand?",
              "id": "56f8d83e9e9bad19000a05db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "embankment" }],
              "question": "What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway's work?",
              "id": "56f8d83e9e9bad19000a05dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Eastleigh" }],
              "question": "In what town is Southampton Airport located?",
              "id": "56f8d9209e9bad19000a05ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh?",
              "id": "56f8d9209e9bad19000a05eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "bus" }],
              "question": "If passengers don't want to take a train to the airport, what other transport is available?",
              "id": "56f8d9209e9bad19000a05ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Southampton Airport (Parkway)" }
              ],
              "question": "To take a train to Southampton Airport, what railway station would you need to go through?",
              "id": "56f8d9209e9bad19000a05ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Carnival Corporation & plc" }
              ],
              "question": "What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8da2e9b226e1400dd10ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Royal Caribbean" }],
              "question": "Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? ",
              "id": "56f8da2e9b226e1400dd10eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Princess Cruises" }],
              "question": "In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?",
              "id": "56f8da2e9b226e1400dd10ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations. Cunard ships are regularly launched in the city, for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007, and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011. The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13 June 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Cunard Line" }],
              "question": "What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69e9bad19000a0610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "RMS Queen Elizabeth 2" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11, 2008?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69e9bad19000a0611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "HRH The Duchess of Cornwall" }
              ],
              "question": "Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69e9bad19000a0612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69e9bad19000a0613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Royal Princess" }],
              "question": "What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13, 2013?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69e9bad19000a0614"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At certain times of the year, The Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Arrival of the Three Queens" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city?",
              "id": "56f8dcbe9e9bad19000a061a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Queen Mary 2" }],
              "question": "Which of the \"Three Queens\" has a number in its name?",
              "id": "56f8dcbe9e9bad19000a061b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Queen Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?",
              "id": "56f8dcbe9e9bad19000a061c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "P&O Cruises" }],
              "question": "What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?",
              "id": "56f8de039e9bad19000a0620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "175th" }],
              "question": "Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8de039e9bad19000a0621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?",
              "id": "56f8de039e9bad19000a0622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Ventura" }],
              "question": "Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with \"V\"?",
              "id": "56f8de039e9bad19000a0623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Oceana" }],
              "question": "Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?",
              "id": "56f8de039e9bad19000a0624"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?",
              "id": "56f8def59e9bad19000a063e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Town Quay" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?",
              "id": "56f8def59e9bad19000a063f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?",
              "id": "56f8def59e9bad19000a0640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Red Funnel" }],
              "question": "What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?",
              "id": "56f8def59e9bad19000a0641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Southampton Water" }],
              "question": "What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8def59e9bad19000a0642"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s. However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?",
              "id": "56f8e0b29e9bad19000a065c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?",
              "id": "56f8e0b29e9bad19000a065d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "a retail and housing development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?",
              "id": "56f8e0b29e9bad19000a065e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "a marina" }],
              "question": "What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?",
              "id": "56f8e0b29e9bad19000a065f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Eastern Docks" }],
              "question": "What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?",
              "id": "56f8e0b29e9bad19000a0660"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar. Other operators include Brijan Tours, Stagecoach and Xelabus. The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town. Previously run by Enterprise, it is now run by Bluestar. Free buses are provided by City-link'. The City-link runs from the Red Funnel ferry terminal at Town Quay to Central station via WestQuay and is operated by Bluestar. There is also a door-to-door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buses" }],
              "question": "What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?",
              "id": "56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Bluestar" }],
              "question": "Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Uni-link" }],
              "question": "What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?",
              "id": "56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "midnight" }],
              "question": "What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?",
              "id": "56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Enterprise" }],
              "question": "What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?",
              "id": "56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Pound Tree Road" }],
              "question": "What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?",
              "id": "56f8e38b9e9bad19000a0698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Uni-link" }],
              "question": "Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?",
              "id": "56f8e38b9e9bad19000a0699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Wilts & Dorset" }],
              "question": "What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?",
              "id": "56f8e38b9e9bad19000a069a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?",
              "id": "56f8e38b9e9bad19000a069b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Hanover Buildings" }],
              "question": "Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?",
              "id": "56f8e38b9e9bad19000a069c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Treaty",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "sovereign states and international organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the actors in international law?",
              "id": "56f6f92b3d8e2e1400e37300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A treaty" }],
              "question": "What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?",
              "id": "56f6f92b3d8e2e1400e37301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "equally" }],
              "question": "How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?",
              "id": "56f6f92b3d8e2e1400e37302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "the rules are the same" }
              ],
              "question": "How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?",
              "id": "56f6f92b3d8e2e1400e37303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "live up to their obligations" }
              ],
              "question": "What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?",
              "id": "56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "contracts" }],
              "question": "What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?",
              "id": "56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "international law" }],
              "question": "Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?",
              "id": "56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "willing" }],
              "question": "What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?",
              "id": "56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "obligations" }],
              "question": "What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?",
              "id": "56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "in words" }],
              "question": "How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?",
              "id": "56f6fdb13d8e2e1400e37310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "legally" }],
              "question": "How are states that enter into a treaty bound?",
              "id": "56f6fdb13d8e2e1400e37311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "A treaty" }],
              "question": "What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?",
              "id": "56f6fdb13d8e2e1400e37312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "A treaty" }],
              "question": "What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?",
              "id": "56f6fdb13d8e2e1400e37313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "themselves" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f6fdb13d8e2e1400e37314"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "a fairly consistent format" }
              ],
              "question": "What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?",
              "id": "56f6ff4c3d8e2e1400e37322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "a preamble" }],
              "question": "What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?",
              "id": "56f6ff4c3d8e2e1400e37323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "readability" }],
              "question": "Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?",
              "id": "56f6ff4c3d8e2e1400e37324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "a verb" }],
              "question": "Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?",
              "id": "56f6ff4c3d8e2e1400e37325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "any underlying events (such as a war)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?",
              "id": "56f6ff4c3d8e2e1400e37326"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states) and found them in good or proper form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "boilerplate" }],
              "question": "What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?",
              "id": "56f7046d711bf01900a448e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "full powers" }],
              "question": "What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?",
              "id": "56f7046d711bf01900a448e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "sovereign titles" }],
              "question": "In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7046d711bf01900a448e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "in good or proper form." }
              ],
              "question": "How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7046d711bf01900a448e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "their representatives" }
              ],
              "question": "Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7046d711bf01900a448e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "numbered articles" }],
              "question": "What follows the preamble in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f705ac711bf01900a448ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the substance of the parties' actual agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f705ac711bf01900a448ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "a paragraph" }],
              "question": "What does each article heading usually encompass?",
              "id": "56f705ac711bf01900a448ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "under chapter headings" }
              ],
              "question": "How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?",
              "id": "56f705ac711bf01900a448ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "A long treaty" }],
              "question": "The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?",
              "id": "56f705ac711bf01900a448f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "peaceful" }],
              "question": "What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7083a711bf01900a448f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "articles" }],
              "question": "Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7083a711bf01900a448f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "their interpretation" }
              ],
              "question": "Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7083a711bf01900a448f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the final authentic copies" }
              ],
              "question": "Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?",
              "id": "56f7083a711bf01900a448f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "disputes" }],
              "question": "Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?",
              "id": "56f7083a711bf01900a448fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date is typically written in its most formal, longest possible form. For example, the Charter of the United Nations was \"DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.\" If the treaty is executed in multiple copies in different languages, that fact is always noted, and is followed by a stipulation that the versions in different languages are equally authentic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the eschatocol" }],
              "question": "What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f709cd711bf01900a44900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f709cd711bf01900a44901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "its most formal, longest possible form"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the date typically written in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f709cd711bf01900a44902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "equally authentic" }],
              "question": "What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?",
              "id": "56f709cd711bf01900a44903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The end" }],
              "question": "A clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof\" typically signals what in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f709cd711bf01900a44904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "the parties' representatives" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f715cc711bf01900a44928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "in a collection of treaties currently in effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?",
              "id": "56f715cc711bf01900a44929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "an editor" }],
              "question": "Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?",
              "id": "56f715cc711bf01900a4492a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "ratified the treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?",
              "id": "56f715cc711bf01900a4492b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "came into effect" }],
              "question": "Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?",
              "id": "56f715cc711bf01900a4492c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of these treaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral, not multilateral, treaties. The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss (\"on the one part\") and the EU and its member states (\"on the other part\"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally\u2014it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?",
              "id": "56f71740711bf01900a44932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "It is possible" }],
              "question": "Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?",
              "id": "56f71740711bf01900a44933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "the European Economic Area agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?",
              "id": "56f71740711bf01900a44934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "it does not" }],
              "question": "Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?",
              "id": "56f71740711bf01900a44935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "bilateral" }],
              "question": "The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?",
              "id": "56f71740711bf01900a44936"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A multilateral treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a treaty concluded among several countries?",
              "id": "56f7188d711bf01900a44950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "each party and every other party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?",
              "id": "56f7188d711bf01900a44951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "attack" }],
              "question": "The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?",
              "id": "56f7188d711bf01900a44952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "international compacts" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?",
              "id": "56f7188d711bf01900a44953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "region" }],
              "question": "Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?",
              "id": "56f7188d711bf01900a44954"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Reservations" }],
              "question": "What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f719c23d8e2e1400e37350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Reservations" }],
              "question": "What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?",
              "id": "56f719c23d8e2e1400e37351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "at the time of signing or ratification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When must reservations be included in a treaty?",
              "id": "56f719c23d8e2e1400e37352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "add a reservation" }],
              "question": "What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?",
              "id": "56f719c23d8e2e1400e37353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "exclude or to modify" }
              ],
              "question": "A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?",
              "id": "56f719c23d8e2e1400e37354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While some treaties still expressly forbid any reservations, they are now generally permitted to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "reservations" }],
              "question": "A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?",
              "id": "56f71cd0711bf01900a44986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?",
              "id": "56f71cd0711bf01900a44987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "rejecting them" }],
              "question": "How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?",
              "id": "56f71cd0711bf01900a44988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "all parties" }],
              "question": "Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?",
              "id": "56f71cd0711bf01900a44989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "expressly" }],
              "question": "Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?",
              "id": "56f71cd0711bf01900a4498a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of the reserved legal obligation as concerns their legal obligations to each other (accepting the reservation does not change the accepting state's legal obligations as concerns other parties to the treaty). If the state opposes, the parts of the treaty affected by the reservation drop out completely and no longer create any legal obligations on the reserving and accepting state, again only as concerns each other. Finally, if the state objects and opposes, there are no legal obligations under that treaty between those two state parties whatsoever. The objecting and opposing state essentially refuses to acknowledge the reserving state is a party to the treaty at all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?",
              "id": "56f71ecf711bf01900a449a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "other parties to the treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?",
              "id": "56f71ecf711bf01900a449a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "drop out completely" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?",
              "id": "56f71ecf711bf01900a449a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "no legal obligations" }
              ],
              "question": "What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?",
              "id": "56f71ecf711bf01900a449a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 924,
                  "text": "the reserving state is a party to the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?",
              "id": "56f71ecf711bf01900a449a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty. When determining the legal obligations of states, one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty, the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon. Treaties can also be amended informally by the treaty executive council when the changes are only procedural, technical change in customary international law can also amend a treaty, where state behavior evinces a new interpretation of the legal obligations under the treaty. Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a proc\u00e8s-verbal; but a proc\u00e8s-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted, i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?",
              "id": "56f720ed711bf01900a449b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the ratification process" }
              ],
              "question": "What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?",
              "id": "56f720ed711bf01900a449b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "a proc\u00e8s-verbal" }
              ],
              "question": "What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?",
              "id": "56f720ed711bf01900a449ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "the terms they both agreed upon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?",
              "id": "56f720ed711bf01900a449bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?",
              "id": "56f720ed711bf01900a449bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an \"optional protocol\", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "a protocol" }],
              "question": "What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?",
              "id": "56f722b5711bf01900a449cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "add additional provisions" }
              ],
              "question": "A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?",
              "id": "56f722b5711bf01900a449cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "not required" }],
              "question": "Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?",
              "id": "56f722b5711bf01900a449ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "an \"optional protocol\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?",
              "id": "56f722b5711bf01900a449cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "amend the previous treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?",
              "id": "56f722b5711bf01900a449d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty?",
              "id": "56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "the Kyoto Protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol?",
              "id": "56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "binding greenhouse gas emission limits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what?",
              "id": "56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what?",
              "id": "56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Protocol" }],
              "question": "The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty?",
              "id": "56f72eb0711bf01900a44a30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'\u2014a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would be one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "self-executing" }],
              "question": "A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?",
              "id": "56f730303d8e2e1400e37412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "implementing legislation" }
              ],
              "question": "What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?",
              "id": "56f730303d8e2e1400e37413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "a change in the domestic law of a state party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is \"implementing legislation\" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?",
              "id": "56f730303d8e2e1400e37414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "non-self-executing" }
              ],
              "question": "A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?",
              "id": "56f730303d8e2e1400e37415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?",
              "id": "56f730303d8e2e1400e37416"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "a non-self-executing treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?",
              "id": "56f731ca711bf01900a44a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "pass the necessary domestic laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?",
              "id": "56f731ca711bf01900a44a51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "its legislature" }],
              "question": "What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?",
              "id": "56f731ca711bf01900a44a52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "politicized" }],
              "question": "The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?",
              "id": "56f731ca711bf01900a44a53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "not clear" }],
              "question": "A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?",
              "id": "56f731ca711bf01900a44a54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" according to the \"ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.\" International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "principle of maximum effectiveness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?",
              "id": "56f733273d8e2e1400e3744c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "the fullest force and effect" }
              ],
              "question": "The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?",
              "id": "56f733273d8e2e1400e3744d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "The Vienna Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "What states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" according to the \"ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?\"",
              "id": "56f733273d8e2e1400e3744e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The language" }],
              "question": "What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?",
              "id": "56f733273d8e2e1400e3744f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "a perhaps unforeseen circumstance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f733273d8e2e1400e37450"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty \u2013 this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "impose its particular interpretation of the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?",
              "id": "56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Consent" }],
              "question": "What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "complaint" }],
              "question": "Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?",
              "id": "56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "adding another clause to the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?",
              "id": "56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "an 'authentic interpretation'" }
              ],
              "question": "The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?",
              "id": "56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "substantial disputes over treaty interpretations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?",
              "id": "56f736513d8e2e1400e3747c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "International tribunals and arbiters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?",
              "id": "56f736513d8e2e1400e3747d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?",
              "id": "56f736513d8e2e1400e3747e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "To establish the meaning in context"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f736513d8e2e1400e3747f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "the final, signed treaty itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f736513d8e2e1400e37480"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "compacts" }],
              "question": "What are agreements between states within the United States called?",
              "id": "56f7379e711bf01900a44a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "memoranda of understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?",
              "id": "56f7379e711bf01900a44a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "memoranda of understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?",
              "id": "56f7379e711bf01900a44a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "a sovereign state" }],
              "question": "Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?",
              "id": "56f7379e711bf01900a44a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "international law" }],
              "question": "Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?",
              "id": "56f7379e711bf01900a44a7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "international law" }],
              "question": "Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what?",
              "id": "56f739203d8e2e1400e3749a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "North Korea and the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law?",
              "id": "56f739203d8e2e1400e3749b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "security guarantees and nuclear proliferation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics?",
              "id": "56f739203d8e2e1400e3749c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "to create an obligation under international law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?",
              "id": "56f739203d8e2e1400e3749d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "documents under domestic law" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?",
              "id": "56f73afcaef2371900625a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "convention, protocol, or simply agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f73afcaef2371900625a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "named something other than a treaty,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?",
              "id": "56f73afcaef2371900625a1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the Treaty of Waitangi" }
              ],
              "question": "What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?",
              "id": "56f73afcaef2371900625a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "terminology" }],
              "question": "Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?",
              "id": "56f73afcaef2371900625a1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "consent" }],
              "question": "Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?",
              "id": "56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "procedures of notification" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?",
              "id": "56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "not necessarily" }],
              "question": "Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?",
              "id": "56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?",
              "id": "56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Article 56" }],
              "question": "Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?",
              "id": "56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not possible to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?",
              "id": "56f7477aa6d7ea1400e17148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?",
              "id": "56f7477aa6d7ea1400e17149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "the Secretary-General of the United Nations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?",
              "id": "56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The possibility of withdrawal" }
              ],
              "question": "The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?",
              "id": "56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "sovereignty" }],
              "question": "What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?",
              "id": "56f7489aaef2371900625ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "how other states will react" }
              ],
              "question": "What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?",
              "id": "56f7489aaef2371900625ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "impose sanctions or go to war" }
              ],
              "question": "What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7489aaef2371900625ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In practice" }],
              "question": "Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?",
              "id": "56f7489aaef2371900625aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "at any time" }],
              "question": "Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7489aaef2371900625abb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could be interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "terminated" }],
              "question": "What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?",
              "id": "56f74a32a6d7ea1400e17168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "a bilateral treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?",
              "id": "56f74a32a6d7ea1400e17169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "remain in force" }],
              "question": "What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?",
              "id": "56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "withdrawal" }],
              "question": "After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?",
              "id": "56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "agreed upon between the remaining states parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?",
              "id": "56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "A material breach" }],
              "question": "What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?",
              "id": "56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "temporarily suspending their obligations to that party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?",
              "id": "56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "terminating the treaty itself" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?",
              "id": "56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "the other parties" }],
              "question": "Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?",
              "id": "56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "suspending their obligations to that party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?",
              "id": "56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17176"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "the seriousness of a breach" }
              ],
              "question": "What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f74dd9aef2371900625adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "a tribunal or other independent arbiter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?",
              "id": "56f74dd9aef2371900625ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "does not" }],
              "question": "Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?",
              "id": "56f74dd9aef2371900625ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?",
              "id": "56f74dd9aef2371900625ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "how they resolve to respond to it"
                }
              ],
              "question": " A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?",
              "id": "56f74dd9aef2371900625ae3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under certain conditions.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "self-termination" }],
              "question": "Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?",
              "id": "56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "set to expire on a given date" }
              ],
              "question": "What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?",
              "id": "56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "certain defined conditions are met"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?",
              "id": "56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "automatically terminated" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?",
              "id": "56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "temporarily binding" }
              ],
              "question": "What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?",
              "id": "56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the \u201cessential basis\u201d of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "a fundamental change in circumstances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?",
              "id": "56f75218aef2371900625b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "its own breach of the treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?",
              "id": "56f75218aef2371900625b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "political boundaries" }
              ],
              "question": "The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?",
              "id": "56f75218aef2371900625b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "the extent of obligations" }
              ],
              "question": "The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?",
              "id": "56f75218aef2371900625b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "unforeseen" }],
              "question": "In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?",
              "id": "56f75218aef2371900625b15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624  Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Banu Qaynuqa tribe" }
              ],
              "question": "The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?",
              "id": "56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "the Constitution of Medina" }
              ],
              "question": "Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?",
              "id": "56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 717, "text": "Abdullah ibn Ubayy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?",
              "id": "56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "stripped naked" }],
              "question": "Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?",
              "id": "56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "revenge killings" }],
              "question": "What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?",
              "id": "56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Gabriel" }],
              "question": "What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza?",
              "id": "56f756b2aef2371900625b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Al-Waqidi" }],
              "question": "Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart?",
              "id": "56f756b2aef2371900625b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "600-900" }],
              "question": "How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham?",
              "id": "56f756b2aef2371900625b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "all Males and 1 woman" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers?",
              "id": "56f756b2aef2371900625b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza?",
              "id": "56f756b2aef2371900625b29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as \"already null and void\" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "at the formation of the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?",
              "id": "56f75884a6d7ea1400e171e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?",
              "id": "56f75884a6d7ea1400e171e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as \"already null and void?\"",
              "id": "56f75884a6d7ea1400e171e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "Japan and the Republic of Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?",
              "id": "56f75884a6d7ea1400e171e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "a binding international agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f75884a6d7ea1400e171ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a \"manifest violation\" is required such that it would be \"objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter\". A strong presumption exists internationally that a head of state has acted within his proper authority. It seems that no treaty has ever actually been invalidated on this provision.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "that state's domestic law" }
              ],
              "question": "A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?",
              "id": "56f75adda6d7ea1400e171f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "his proper authority" }
              ],
              "question": "For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?",
              "id": "56f75adda6d7ea1400e171f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "a \"manifest violation\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?",
              "id": "56f75adda6d7ea1400e171fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "the internal affairs and processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?",
              "id": "56f75adda6d7ea1400e171fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "invalid" }],
              "question": "What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?",
              "id": "56f75adda6d7ea1400e171fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations, if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "invalid" }],
              "question": "If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?",
              "id": "56f75cbfaef2371900625b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "his sovereign" }],
              "question": "Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f75cbfaef2371900625b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?",
              "id": "56f75cbfaef2371900625b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "the other parties" }],
              "question": "Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid? ",
              "id": "56f75cbfaef2371900625b58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties, treaties are a source of international law. If an act or lack thereof is condemned under international law, the act will not assume international legality even if approved by internal law. This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law, international law will always prevail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "The Law of Treaties" }
              ],
              "question": "The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law?",
              "id": "56f75e62aef2371900625b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "international law" }],
              "question": "Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law?",
              "id": "56f75e62aef2371900625b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "treaties" }],
              "question": "What are started to be a source of international law in the preamble in The Law of Treaties?",
              "id": "56f75e62aef2371900625b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "internal law" }],
              "question": "Approval under what law will not make an act or lack thereof legal if condemned under international law?",
              "id": "56f75e62aef2371900625b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "international law" }],
              "question": "An act or lack thereof cannot be made legal under what law even if made legal under internal law?",
              "id": "56f75e62aef2371900625b6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Articles 46\u201353 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated\u2014considered unenforceable and void under international law. A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itself. Invalidation is separate from withdrawal, suspension, or termination (addressed above), which all involve an alteration in the consent of the parties of a previously valid treaty rather than the invalidation of that consent in the first place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Articles 46\u201353" }],
              "question": "Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?",
              "id": "56f76011a6d7ea1400e17216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "the content of the treaty itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, why might a treaty be invalidated?",
              "id": "56f76011a6d7ea1400e17217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the content of the treaty itself, why might a treated by invalidated?",
              "id": "56f76011a6d7ea1400e17218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "invalidated" }],
              "question": "A treaty might be considered what if it's considered unenforceable and void under international law?",
              "id": "56f76011a6d7ea1400e17219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "withdrawal, suspension, or termination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely?",
              "id": "56f76011a6d7ea1400e1721a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the \"essential basis\" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "own conduct" }],
              "question": "What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7e9f4a6d7ea1400e172af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "the truth" }],
              "question": "Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?",
              "id": "56f7e9f4a6d7ea1400e172b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A state's consent" }],
              "question": "What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7e9f4a6d7ea1400e172b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "formed the \"essential basis\" of the state's consent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?",
              "id": "56f7e9f4a6d7ea1400e172b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What, if it formed the \"essential basis\" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?",
              "id": "56f7e9f4a6d7ea1400e172b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect \"corruption\" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of either a representative, or the state itself through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "fraudulent conduct" }],
              "question": "What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?",
              "id": "56f7eb38a6d7ea1400e172c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "corruption" }],
              "question": "What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?",
              "id": "56f7eb38a6d7ea1400e172c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "invalidate that consent" }
              ],
              "question": "Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7eb38a6d7ea1400e172c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "representative" }],
              "question": "Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?",
              "id": "56f7eb38a6d7ea1400e172c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must  be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7eb38a6d7ea1400e172c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of force, genocide and other crimes against humanity, piracy, hostilities directed at civilian population, racial discrimination and apartheid, slavery and torture, meaning that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "null and void" }],
              "question": "What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?",
              "id": "56f7ece0aef2371900625c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "peremptory norm" }],
              "question": "What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?",
              "id": "56f7ece0aef2371900625c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?",
              "id": "56f7ece0aef2371900625c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?",
              "id": "56f7ece0aef2371900625c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "genocide" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7ece0aef2371900625c64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "the International Court of Justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?",
              "id": "56f7ee11aef2371900625c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United Nations Charter" }
              ],
              "question": "What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?",
              "id": "56f7ee11aef2371900625c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?",
              "id": "56f7ee11aef2371900625c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "19th and 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?",
              "id": "56f7ee11aef2371900625c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Section 103" }],
              "question": "What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?",
              "id": "56f7ee11aef2371900625c6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature, ratification and entry into force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the United Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?",
              "id": "56f7ef08a6d7ea1400e172e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Office of Legal Affairs" }
              ],
              "question": "Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures?",
              "id": "56f7ef08a6d7ea1400e172e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "After their adoption" }
              ],
              "question": "When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations?",
              "id": "56f7ef08a6d7ea1400e172e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "entry into force" }],
              "question": "In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption?",
              "id": "56f7ef08a6d7ea1400e172e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "signature, ratification and entry into force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption?",
              "id": "56f7ef08a6d7ea1400e172e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?",
              "id": "56f7f0b9aef2371900625c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "function and effectiveness" }
              ],
              "question": "In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?",
              "id": "56f7f0b9aef2371900625c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?",
              "id": "56f7f0b9aef2371900625c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the UN" }],
              "question": "Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?",
              "id": "56f7f0b9aef2371900625c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Articles of Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?",
              "id": "56f7f0b9aef2371900625c8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I). In practice, this has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty, but its ratification by the president is contingent upon the prior approval of Congress. Additionally, the Federal Supreme Court has ruled that, following ratification and entry into force, a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register in order to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?",
              "id": "56f7f1d8a6d7ea1400e172f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7f1d8a6d7ea1400e172f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Federal Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree?",
              "id": "56f7f1d8a6d7ea1400e172f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "the federal register" }
              ],
              "question": "In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid?",
              "id": "56f7f1d8a6d7ea1400e172f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution?",
              "id": "56f7f1d8a6d7ea1400e172f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordin\u00e1rias, or \"ordinary laws\", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above that of ordinary legislation, though they remain beneath the constitution itself. Additionally, as per the 45th amendment to the constitution, human rights treaties which are approved by Congress by means of a special procedure enjoy the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment. The hierarchical position of treaties in relation to domestic legislation is of relevance to the discussion on whether (and how) the latter can abrogate the former and vice versa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "same hierarchical position" }
              ],
              "question": "The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?",
              "id": "56f7f36daef2371900625cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?",
              "id": "56f7f36daef2371900625cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the 45th amendment" }
              ],
              "question": "What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?",
              "id": "56f7f36daef2371900625cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "abrogate" }],
              "question": "The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?",
              "id": "56f7f36daef2371900625cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "leis ordin\u00e1rias" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?",
              "id": "56f7f36daef2371900625cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution, a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "supremacy clause" }],
              "question": "What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects?",
              "id": "56f7f497a6d7ea1400e17313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "state legislation" }],
              "question": "A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discussion on the relation between treaties and what other type of legislation?",
              "id": "56f7f497a6d7ea1400e17314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "supremacy clause" }],
              "question": "What clause of the United States Constitution is relevant to the discussion of the relation between treaties and U.S. legislation?",
              "id": "56f7f497a6d7ea1400e17315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "treaties" }],
              "question": "The Brazilian constitution does not have a supremacy clause that would be of interest to the relation between state legislation and what other legal agreements?",
              "id": "56f7f497a6d7ea1400e17316"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, the term \"treaty\" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements. All four classes are equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal American law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present, sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. And finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate, either before or after the treaty is signed by the President.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "internal American law" }
              ],
              "question": "Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?",
              "id": "56f7f5e9aef2371900625ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "their method of approval" }
              ],
              "question": "Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?",
              "id": "56f7f5e9aef2371900625ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7f5e9aef2371900625cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "sole executive agreements" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?",
              "id": "56f7f5e9aef2371900625ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 778,
                  "text": "congressional-executive agreements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?",
              "id": "56f7f5e9aef2371900625cec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the United States. For example, the deal by the United States, Iran and other countries is not a Treaty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "10:1" }],
              "question": "In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?",
              "id": "56f7f7dea6d7ea1400e1732f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "the relative ease" }],
              "question": "What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?",
              "id": "56f7f7dea6d7ea1400e17330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?",
              "id": "56f7f7dea6d7ea1400e17331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "long-term, complex" }
              ],
              "question": "The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?",
              "id": "56f7f7dea6d7ea1400e17332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?",
              "id": "56f7f7dea6d7ea1400e17333"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that \"treaties\" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law) by any subsequent Act of Congress, just like with any other regular law. The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty provision that conflicts with the Constitution are null and void under U.S. law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Head Money Cases" }],
              "question": "In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?",
              "id": "56f7f923aef2371900625d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Act of Congress" }],
              "question": "The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law?",
              "id": "56f7f923aef2371900625d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Reid v. Covert" }],
              "question": "What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law?",
              "id": "56f7f923aef2371900625d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "any other regular law" }
              ],
              "question": "The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress?",
              "id": "56f7f923aef2371900625d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "null and void" }],
              "question": "Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law?",
              "id": "56f7f923aef2371900625d12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India, for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate. While for Concurrent subjects, both center and state can make laws. But to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject overriding the general division of subject lists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Union List, State List and Concurrent List"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?",
              "id": "56f7fa5da6d7ea1400e1734b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Concurrent subjects" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?",
              "id": "56f7fa5da6d7ea1400e1734c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Parliament of India" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the central legislative body in India?",
              "id": "56f7fa5da6d7ea1400e1734d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "any subject" }],
              "question": "In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?",
              "id": "56f7fa5da6d7ea1400e1734e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the subjects in Union list" }
              ],
              "question": "What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?",
              "id": "56f7fa5da6d7ea1400e1734f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Treaties" }],
              "question": "What formed an important part of European colonization?",
              "id": "56f7fb59aef2371900625d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "indigenous peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?",
              "id": "56f7fb59aef2371900625d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "extremely disadvantageous terms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?",
              "id": "56f7fb59aef2371900625d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "the implications" }],
              "question": "What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?",
              "id": "56f7fb59aef2371900625d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "their sovereignty" }],
              "question": "What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?",
              "id": "56f7fb59aef2371900625d26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?",
              "id": "56f7fcbdaef2371900625d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "the intricacies of European diplomatic customs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?",
              "id": "56f7fcbdaef2371900625d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "the impact of European colonization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?",
              "id": "56f7fcbdaef2371900625d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "by playing different powers against each other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?",
              "id": "56f7fcbdaef2371900625d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "overstepping" }],
              "question": "Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?",
              "id": "56f7fcbeaef2371900625d30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the M\u0101ori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "autonomy" }],
              "question": "What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?",
              "id": "56f7fdf7aef2371900625d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "M\u0101ori" }],
              "question": "What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?",
              "id": "56f7fdf7aef2371900625d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "terra nullius" }],
              "question": "What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?",
              "id": "56f7fdf7aef2371900625d42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Mabo v Queensland" }],
              "question": "The concept of native title was established by what court case?",
              "id": "56f7fdf7aef2371900625d43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "colonizers" }],
              "question": "Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?",
              "id": "56f7fdf7aef2371900625d44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to 1871, the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 (ch. 120, 16 Stat. 563) had a rider (25 U.S.C. \u00a7 71) attached that effectively ended the President\u2019s treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. The federal government continued to provide similar contractual relations with the Indian tribes after 1871 by agreements, statutes, and executive orders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?",
              "id": "56f7ff5faef2371900625d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "agreements, statutes, and executive orders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871?",
              "id": "56f7ff5faef2371900625d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans?",
              "id": "56f7ff5faef2371900625d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "an independent nation, tribe, or power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what?",
              "id": "56f7ff5faef2371900625d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "contract by treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation?",
              "id": "56f7ff5faef2371900625d58"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Josip_Broz_Tito",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: \u0408\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f \u0411\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043e, pronounced [j\u01d2sip br\u00f4\u02d0z t\u00eeto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] \u2013 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was \"seen by most as a benevolent dictator\" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?",
              "id": "56f71177711bf01900a4490a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "the Partisans," }],
              "question": "During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?",
              "id": "56f71177711bf01900a4490b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Yugoslavia" }],
              "question": "For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?",
              "id": "56f71177711bf01900a4490c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 911, "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser" }
              ],
              "question": "In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?",
              "id": "56f71177711bf01900a4490d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "Sukarno" }],
              "question": "In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?",
              "id": "56f71177711bf01900a4490e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939\u201380), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941\u201345). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944\u201363), President (later President for Life) (1953\u201380) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "General Secretary" }],
              "question": "What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?",
              "id": "56f7144e711bf01900a44914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?",
              "id": "56f7144e711bf01900a44915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "98" }],
              "question": "How many foreign decorations did he receive?",
              "id": "56f7144e711bf01900a44916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?",
              "id": "56f7144e711bf01900a44917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1941\u201345" }],
              "question": "During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?",
              "id": "56f7144e711bf01900a44918"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Slovene" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was Tito's mother?",
              "id": "56f714ef711bf01900a4491e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Croat" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was Tito's father?",
              "id": "56f714ef711bf01900a4491f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "the Imperial Russians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who captured him during World War I?",
              "id": "56f714ef711bf01900a44920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Red Guard" }],
              "question": "Tito joined which unit in Omsk?",
              "id": "56f714ef711bf01900a44921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Communist Party" }],
              "question": "What party in Yugoslavia did he join?",
              "id": "56f714ef711bf01900a44922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991\u201392. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as \"national communism\"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the \"brotherhood and unity\" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When did the second Yugoslavia start?",
              "id": "56f715e43d8e2e1400e3732c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Cominform" }],
              "question": "What group did Tito found?",
              "id": "56f715e43d8e2e1400e3732d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries?",
              "id": "56f715e43d8e2e1400e3732e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When did Tito die?",
              "id": "56f715e43d8e2e1400e3732f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Yugoslavia disintegrate?",
              "id": "56f715e43d8e2e1400e37330"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 \u2013 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 \u2013 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javer\u0161ek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May \u2013 Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911\u20131912, factory \"Titan\"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Kumrovec" }],
              "question": "Where was Josip Broz born?",
              "id": "56f7165e3d8e2e1400e37336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "In what year was Broz born?",
              "id": "56f7165e3d8e2e1400e37337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Croat" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was Broz's father?",
              "id": "56f7165e3d8e2e1400e37338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Slovene" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was Broz's mother?",
              "id": "56f7165e3d8e2e1400e37339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "What grade did he fail?",
              "id": "56f7165e3d8e2e1400e3733a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the autumn of 1913, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers and became a sergeant, serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb. In May 1914, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in Budapest. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was sent to Ruma, where he was arrested for anti-war propaganda and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress. In January 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front in Galicia to fight against Russia. He distinguished himself as a capable soldier, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. For his bravery in the face of the enemy, he was recommended for the Silver Bravery Medal but was taken prisoner of war before it could be formally presented. On 25 March 1915, while in Bukovina, he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When was he conscripted into the army?",
              "id": "56f71780711bf01900a4493c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "sergeant" }],
              "question": "What position in the army did he become after office school?",
              "id": "56f71780711bf01900a4493d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "fencing" }],
              "question": "What competition did he win a silver medal in?",
              "id": "56f71780711bf01900a4493e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "anti-war propaganda" }
              ],
              "question": "For what crime was he arrested?",
              "id": "56f71780711bf01900a4493f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Bukovina" }],
              "question": "Where was Tito serioiusly wounded and captured by the Russians at?",
              "id": "56f71780711bf01900a44940"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16\u201317 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "13 months" }],
              "question": "How long was Broz in the hospital?",
              "id": "56f71800711bf01900a44946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Ural Mountains" }],
              "question": "Where was Broz's work camp?",
              "id": "56f71800711bf01900a44947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "camp leader" }],
              "question": "What position was he selected for at work camp?",
              "id": "56f71800711bf01900a44948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Kirgiziya" }],
              "question": "Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?",
              "id": "56f71800711bf01900a44949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "Omsk" }],
              "question": "Where did Broz marry Belousova?",
              "id": "56f71800711bf01900a4494a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1920, Tito and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September. Upon his return, Broz joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The CPY's influence on the political life of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats in the parliament and became the third strongest party. Winning numerous local elections, they gained a stronghold in the second largest city of Zagreb, electing Svetozar Deli\u0107 for mayor. After the assassination of Milorad Dra\u0161kovi\u0107, the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, by a young communist on 2 August 1921, the CPY was declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921. During 1920 and 1921 all Communist-won mandates were nullified. Broz continued his work underground despite pressure on Communists from the government. As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as a machinist. In 1925, Broz moved to Kraljevica where he started working at a shipyard. He was elected as a union leader and a year later he led a shipyard strike. He was fired and moved to Belgrade, where he worked in a train coach factory in Smederevska Palanka. He was elected as Workers' Commissary but was fired as soon as his CPY membership was revealed. Broz then moved to Zagreb, where he was appointed secretary of Metal Workers' Union of Croatia. In 1928, he became the Zagreb Branch Secretary of the CPY. In the same year he was arrested, tried in court for his illegal communist activities, and sent to jail. During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Mo\u0161a Pijade, who became his ideological mentor. After his release, he lived incognito and assumed numerous noms de guerre, among them \"Walter\" and \"Tito\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f718d33d8e2e1400e37340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Svetozar Deli\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats?",
              "id": "56f718d33d8e2e1400e37341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Veliko Trojstvo" }],
              "question": "Where did Broz move in 1921?",
              "id": "56f718d33d8e2e1400e37342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1570, "text": "five years" }],
              "question": "How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for?",
              "id": "56f718d33d8e2e1400e37343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1608, "text": "Mo\u0161a Pijade," }
              ],
              "question": "Who became his ideological mentor in prison?",
              "id": "56f718d33d8e2e1400e37344"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan \u0110ilas, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and Boris Kidri\u010d. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent \"Comrade Walter\" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorki\u0107, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When was Tito sent to Vienna?",
              "id": "56f71a5e3d8e2e1400e3735a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Milan Gorki\u0107" }],
              "question": "Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?",
              "id": "56f71a5e3d8e2e1400e3735b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?",
              "id": "56f71a5e3d8e2e1400e3735c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?",
              "id": "56f71a5e3d8e2e1400e3735d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who is known as \"Comrade Walter\"?",
              "id": "56f71a5e3d8e2e1400e3735e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 April 1941, German forces, with Hungarian and Italian assistance, launched an invasion of Yugoslavia. On 10 April 1941, Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia, and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party. Attacked from all sides, the armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after King Peter II and other members of the government fled the country, the remaining representatives of the government and military met with the German officials in Belgrade. They quickly agreed to end military resistance. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "6 April 1941" }],
              "question": "When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f71ca1711bf01900a4497c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "King Peter II" }],
              "question": "Which king fled the country in 1941?",
              "id": "56f71ca1711bf01900a4497d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "pamphlet" }],
              "question": "What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941?",
              "id": "56f71ca1711bf01900a4497e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 842,
                  "text": "Chief of all project national liberation military forces."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position was Tito appointed to in 1941 by the Central Committee?",
              "id": "56f71ca1711bf01900a4497f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "In 1941, where did representatives of the government and military meet with German officials?",
              "id": "56f71ca1711bf01900a44980"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the \"Republic of U\u017eice\". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Partisans" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?",
              "id": "56f71d1c3d8e2e1400e37364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Chetnik movement" }],
              "question": "Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?",
              "id": "56f71d1c3d8e2e1400e37365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?",
              "id": "56f71d1c3d8e2e1400e37366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "escaping Jews," }],
              "question": "Which group did Tito order his forces to assist?",
              "id": "56f71d1c3d8e2e1400e37367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "2000 of what group fought directly for Tito?",
              "id": "56f71d1c3d8e2e1400e37368"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Ko\u010da Popovi\u0107) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Biha\u0107 on 26\u201327 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member \"presidency\" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?",
              "id": "56f71e4d711bf01900a4499a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?",
              "id": "56f71e4d711bf01900a4499b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?",
              "id": "56f71e4d711bf01900a4499c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Jajce" }],
              "question": "Where was the 67-member \"presidency\" located?",
              "id": "56f71e4d711bf01900a4499d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "67" }],
              "question": "How many members were in the \"presidency\" in Jajce?",
              "id": "56f71e4d711bf01900a4499e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (Operation R\u00f6sselsprung), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Axis" }],
              "question": "Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?",
              "id": "56f725793d8e2e1400e3739a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Axis" }],
              "question": "Who was the opponent of the Allies?",
              "id": "56f725793d8e2e1400e3739b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?",
              "id": "56f725793d8e2e1400e3739c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Drvar" }],
              "question": "In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?",
              "id": "56f725793d8e2e1400e3739d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "airborne" }],
              "question": "What type of assault was there in Bosnia?",
              "id": "56f725793d8e2e1400e3739e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Vi\u0161ki sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Axis" }],
              "question": "Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943?",
              "id": "56f7279f711bf01900a449f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito?",
              "id": "56f7279f711bf01900a449f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito?",
              "id": "56f7279f711bf01900a449f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Tehran Conference" }],
              "question": "At what event was Tito recognized by Stalin?",
              "id": "56f7279f711bf01900a449f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "When was the Balkan air force formed?",
              "id": "56f7279f711bf01900a449f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Who was Tito considered loyal to?",
              "id": "56f72981711bf01900a44a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc?",
              "id": "56f72981711bf01900a44a05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start?",
              "id": "56f72981711bf01900a44a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who considered Tito too independent?",
              "id": "56f72981711bf01900a44a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who was considered loyal to Moscow?",
              "id": "56f72981711bf01900a44a08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were \"traitors\", by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in addition to commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing \"temporary entry\" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "King Peter II" }],
              "question": "In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito's leadership?",
              "id": "56f72a1d3d8e2e1400e373bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944?",
              "id": "56f72a1d3d8e2e1400e373bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Soviet troops" }],
              "question": "Who were allowed \"temporary entry\" into Yugoslav territory?",
              "id": "56f72a1d3d8e2e1400e373be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Red Army" }],
              "question": "Who assisted in operations in ortheastern areas of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f72a1d3d8e2e1400e373bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "the Partisans" }],
              "question": "Who executed a massive offensive and succeeded in breaking through German lines?",
              "id": "56f72a1d3d8e2e1400e373c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting \"in the sternest language\" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? ",
              "id": "56f72af5711bf01900a44a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?",
              "id": "56f72af5711bf01900a44a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Partisans" }],
              "question": "In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?",
              "id": "56f72af5711bf01900a44a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "amnesty" }],
              "question": "What did Tito offer to the retreating column?",
              "id": "56f72af5711bf01900a44a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "military court." }],
              "question": "Where were possible suspects transferred to?",
              "id": "56f72af5711bf01900a44a20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 March 1945, the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija, DFY) was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others Ivan \u0160uba\u0161i\u0107. In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican People's Front, led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by monarchists. During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favor of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King Peter II was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted a new republican constitution soon afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "Where was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?",
              "id": "56f72d2e3d8e2e1400e373d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 March 1945" }],
              "question": "When was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?",
              "id": "56f72d2e3d8e2e1400e373d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who Where assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f72d2e3d8e2e1400e373d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who was seen as the liberator of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f72d2e3d8e2e1400e373d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1517, "text": "King Peter II" }],
              "question": "Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29, 1945?",
              "id": "56f72d2e3d8e2e1400e373d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (Uprava dr\u017eavne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a security agency, the Department of People's Security (Organ Za\u0161tite Naroda (Armije), OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Usta\u0161a regime. Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 was found guilty of collaboration, high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "The State Security Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was formed as the new secret police?",
              "id": "56f72dee3d8e2e1400e373e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Yugoslav intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators?",
              "id": "56f72dee3d8e2e1400e373e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Catholic clergymen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration?",
              "id": "56f72dee3d8e2e1400e373e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?",
              "id": "56f72dee3d8e2e1400e373e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "firing squad" }],
              "question": "How was Draza executed?",
              "id": "56f72dee3d8e2e1400e373ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September, 1945. The following year Stepinac was arrested and put on trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Usta\u0161e terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the \"Informbiro period\", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Aloysius Stepinac" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f72f20711bf01900a44a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "two days" }],
              "question": "How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f72f20711bf01900a44a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Catholic Church" }],
              "question": "What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?",
              "id": "56f72f20711bf01900a44a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Stepinac" }],
              "question": "Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?",
              "id": "56f72f20711bf01900a44a39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "house-arrest" }],
              "question": "What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?",
              "id": "56f72f20711bf01900a44a3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f7302b3d8e2e1400e37408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?",
              "id": "56f7302b3d8e2e1400e37409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "Soviets" }],
              "question": "Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?",
              "id": "56f7302b3d8e2e1400e3740a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?",
              "id": "56f7302b3d8e2e1400e3740b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Axis" }],
              "question": "From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?",
              "id": "56f7302b3d8e2e1400e3740c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Istria" }],
              "question": "What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?",
              "id": "56f731533d8e2e1400e37426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Trieste" }],
              "question": "What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?",
              "id": "56f731533d8e2e1400e37427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?",
              "id": "56f731533d8e2e1400e37428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?",
              "id": "56f731533d8e2e1400e37429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1155, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?",
              "id": "56f731533d8e2e1400e3742a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing \"nationalist elements\" that had \"managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership\" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged \"Titoists\". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Cominform" }],
              "question": "Tito did not attend the second meeting of this.",
              "id": "56f732093d8e2e1400e3743a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?",
              "id": "56f732093d8e2e1400e3743b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1248, "text": "Titoists" }],
              "question": "What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?",
              "id": "56f732093d8e2e1400e3743c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1259, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?",
              "id": "56f732093d8e2e1400e3743d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his. Not every person accused of a political crime was convicted and nobody was sentenced to death for his or her pro-Soviet feelings. However this repression, which lasted until 1956, was marked by significant violations of human rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?",
              "id": "56f732da3d8e2e1400e37442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Rankovi\u0107" }],
              "question": "Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?",
              "id": "56f732da3d8e2e1400e37443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?",
              "id": "56f732da3d8e2e1400e37444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?",
              "id": "56f732da3d8e2e1400e37445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "State Security Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the UBDA?",
              "id": "56f732da3d8e2e1400e37446"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed and he began to receive aid as well from the COMECON. In this way, Tito played East-West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the Non-Aligned Movement, which would function as a 'third way' for countries interested in staying outside of the East-West divide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?",
              "id": "56f733f53d8e2e1400e37456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "ECA" }],
              "question": "What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f733f53d8e2e1400e37457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Marshall Plan" }],
              "question": "What plan was also administered by the ECA?",
              "id": "56f733f53d8e2e1400e37458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West?",
              "id": "56f733f53d8e2e1400e37459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "In what year did Stalin die?",
              "id": "56f733f53d8e2e1400e3745a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled \"Titoism\" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected \"Titoites'\" throughout the Eastern bloc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Informbiro" }],
              "question": "What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?",
              "id": "56f7348f3d8e2e1400e37460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Titoism" }],
              "question": "What was Tito's form of communism called?",
              "id": "56f7348f3d8e2e1400e37461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Who encouraged purges against Titoites?",
              "id": "56f7348f3d8e2e1400e37462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "Eastern bloc" }],
              "question": "Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?",
              "id": "56f7348f3d8e2e1400e37463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?",
              "id": "56f7348f3d8e2e1400e37464"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan \u0110ilas and Tito about \"self-management\" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about \"self Management\"?",
              "id": "56f736683d8e2e1400e37486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Milovan \u0110ilas" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the bill with Tito about \"self management\"?",
              "id": "56f736683d8e2e1400e37487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Ribar" }],
              "question": "Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f736683d8e2e1400e37488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "USSR" }],
              "question": "Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin's death?",
              "id": "56f736683d8e2e1400e37489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country's animosity was decreasing?",
              "id": "56f736683d8e2e1400e3748a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a \"national path to socialism,\" which Tito espoused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?",
              "id": "56f736e2711bf01900a44a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?",
              "id": "56f736e2711bf01900a44a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Czechoslovakia" }],
              "question": "What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?",
              "id": "56f736e2711bf01900a44a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who espoused the \"national path to socialism\"?",
              "id": "56f736e2711bf01900a44a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?",
              "id": "56f736e2711bf01900a44a70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?",
              "id": "56f73856711bf01900a44a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?",
              "id": "56f73856711bf01900a44a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Nasser led which country in 1961?",
              "id": "56f73856711bf01900a44a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Nehru" }],
              "question": "Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?",
              "id": "56f73856711bf01900a44a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?",
              "id": "56f73856711bf01900a44a84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?",
              "id": "56f73a06711bf01900a44a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?",
              "id": "56f73a06711bf01900a44a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "What country does Emperor Selassie rule?",
              "id": "56f73a06711bf01900a44a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor?",
              "id": "56f73a06711bf01900a44a97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Selassie" }],
              "question": "Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954?",
              "id": "56f73a06711bf01900a44a98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?",
              "id": "56f7eff2aef2371900625c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?",
              "id": "56f7eff2aef2371900625c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "developing" }],
              "question": "What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?",
              "id": "56f7eff2aef2371900625c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?",
              "id": "56f7eff2aef2371900625c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Western European nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?",
              "id": "56f7eff2aef2371900625c82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu, J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Nasser was a leader of what country?",
              "id": "56f7f110aef2371900625c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "Nehru was a leader of what country?",
              "id": "56f7f110aef2371900625c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "Gandhi was a leader of what country?",
              "id": "56f7f110aef2371900625c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Eisenhower was a president of what country?",
              "id": "56f7f110aef2371900625c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Nixon was a president of what country?",
              "id": "56f7f110aef2371900625c96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito visited India from December 22, 1954 through January 8, 1955. After his return, he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When did Tito first visit India?",
              "id": "56f7f171aef2371900625c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When did Tito leave India?",
              "id": "56f7f171aef2371900625c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f7f171aef2371900625c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955?",
              "id": "56f7f171aef2371900625c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "spiritual" }],
              "question": "After returning from India, Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions?",
              "id": "56f7f171aef2371900625ca0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Burma" }],
              "question": "What country did U Nu lead?",
              "id": "56f7f1d0aef2371900625ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "U Nu" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?",
              "id": "56f7f1d0aef2371900625ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Ne Win" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?",
              "id": "56f7f1d0aef2371900625ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Burma" }],
              "question": "Ne Win led what country?",
              "id": "56f7f1d0aef2371900625ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Ne Win" }],
              "question": "Who led Burma in 1959?",
              "id": "56f7f1d0aef2371900625caa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garc\u00eda.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Yugoslavia" }],
              "question": "What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?",
              "id": "56f7f364a6d7ea1400e17309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay" }
              ],
              "question": "Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?",
              "id": "56f7f364a6d7ea1400e1730a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Chile" }],
              "question": "Pinochet ruled what country?",
              "id": "56f7f364a6d7ea1400e1730b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Allende" }],
              "question": "Who did Pinochet overthrow?",
              "id": "56f7f364a6d7ea1400e1730c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Guatemala" }],
              "question": "What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead?",
              "id": "56f7f364a6d7ea1400e1730d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting. Tito and Eisenhower discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutralism was \"neutral on his side\", Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant \"not taking sides\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 April 1963" }],
              "question": "When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f7f401aef2371900625cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Americas" }],
              "question": "Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?",
              "id": "56f7f401aef2371900625cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "United Nations General Assembly meeting."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960?",
              "id": "56f7f401aef2371900625cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean \"not taking sides\"?",
              "id": "56f7f401aef2371900625cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N.?",
              "id": "56f7f401aef2371900625cc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican, fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council, accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechize and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in conspiracy headed by Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107. In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of liberal Communism). The State Security Administration (UDBA) saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Stepinac" }],
              "question": "What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?",
              "id": "56f7f512aef2371900625cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Yugoslav" }],
              "question": "Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "56f7f512aef2371900625cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "UDBA" }],
              "question": "What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned?",
              "id": "56f7f512aef2371900625cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "UDBA" }],
              "question": "What acronym describes the State Security Administration?",
              "id": "56f7f512aef2371900625cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Leninist" }],
              "question": "What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism?",
              "id": "56f7f512aef2371900625cd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements. In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. His plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Yugoslavia" }],
              "question": "Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors?",
              "id": "56f7f588aef2371900625cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors?",
              "id": "56f7f588aef2371900625cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did Tito start promoting a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict?",
              "id": "56f7f588aef2371900625ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Whose plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained?",
              "id": "56f7f588aef2371900625ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito start working in Arab Israeli peace processes?",
              "id": "56f7f588aef2371900625ce2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dub\u010dek to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dub\u010dek needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Go\u0161njak and Rade Hamovi\u0107 in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Czechoslovak" }],
              "question": "What country did Dubcek lead?",
              "id": "56f7f60daef2371900625cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "three hours" }],
              "question": "How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?",
              "id": "56f7f60daef2371900625cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Prague" }],
              "question": "Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?",
              "id": "56f7f60daef2371900625cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic?",
              "id": "56f7f60daef2371900625cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Yugoslavia" }],
              "question": "What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia?",
              "id": "56f7f60daef2371900625cf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1971, Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia by the Federal Assembly for the sixth time. In his speech before the Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22-member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly fails to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislature independently from the Communist Party. D\u017eemal Bijedi\u0107 was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralize the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defense, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time?",
              "id": "56f7f7eea6d7ea1400e17339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Federal Assembly" }],
              "question": "Who elected Tito president in 1971?",
              "id": "56f7f7eea6d7ea1400e1733a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito introduce in 1971?",
              "id": "56f7f7eea6d7ea1400e1733b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "Bijedi\u0107" }],
              "question": "Who was chosen as a premier in 1971 in Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f7f7eea6d7ea1400e1733c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "federal" }],
              "question": "What branch of the Yugoslav government would retain control over foreign affairs, defense and internal security?",
              "id": "56f7f7eea6d7ea1400e1733d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists, had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for unity, and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia. This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the Croatian Spring (also referred as the Masovni pokret, maspok, meaning \"Mass Movement\") when the government suppressed both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of maspok's demands were later realized with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the Serbian branch of the party.[citation needed] On 16 May 1974, the new Constitution was passed, and the aging Tito was named president for life, a status which he would enjoy for five years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "What person's calls for unity is credited by western communists of holding together Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f81c7da6d7ea1400e173b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "the Croatian Spring" }
              ],
              "question": "What was referred to as the \"Mass Movement\"?",
              "id": "56f81c7da6d7ea1400e173ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "16 May 1974" }],
              "question": "When was the new Yugoslavian constitution passed?",
              "id": "56f81c7da6d7ea1400e173bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who was named President for Life of Yugoslavia in 1974?",
              "id": "56f81c7da6d7ea1400e173bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "five years." }],
              "question": "How long did the person named \"president for life\" serve?",
              "id": "56f81c7da6d7ea1400e173bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted \"Tito murderer\" outside his New York hotel, for which he protested to United States authorities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Yugoslav" }],
              "question": "What flag did protesters of Tito often burn?",
              "id": "56f81d9ba6d7ea1400e173c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Tito murderer" }],
              "question": "What did protesters scream during Tito's visit to the United Nations in the late 1970's?",
              "id": "56f81d9ba6d7ea1400e173c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "United States authorities." }
              ],
              "question": "Which authorities fielded complaints from TIto about protesters?",
              "id": "56f81d9ba6d7ea1400e173c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What American state did Tito visit when he saw the U.N.?",
              "id": "56f81d9ba6d7ea1400e173c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "protesters" }],
              "question": "Security for Tito's visit was unusually high to keep Tito away from what individuals?",
              "id": "56f81d9ba6d7ea1400e173c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito traveled to the U.S. During the visit strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C. owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "Where did Tito travel in 1977 to reconcile with Chinese leadership?",
              "id": "56f81eceaef2371900625de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito travel to China to reconcile with Chinese leadership?",
              "id": "56f81eceaef2371900625de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Chairman Hua Guofeng" }
              ],
              "question": "What Chinese leader traveled to Yugoslavia in 1979?",
              "id": "56f81eceaef2371900625de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "After the constitutional changes made in what year did Tito reduce his role in the day-to-day running of the state.",
              "id": "56f81eceaef2371900625de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito travel to the U.S. to visit Washington D.C., amist protest by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups?",
              "id": "56f81eceaef2371900625de5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979. During this time Vila Srna was built for his use near Morovi\u0107 in the event of his recovery. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana, the capital city of the SR Slovenia, with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 15:05, three days short of his 88th birthday. His funeral drew many world statesmen. Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, at the time it was the largest state funeral in history; this concentration of dignitaries would be unmatched until the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005 and the memorial service of Nelson Mandela in 2013. Those who attended included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "During what year did Tito become increasingly ill?",
              "id": "56f81fb1aef2371900625deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Vila Srna" }],
              "question": "What was built near Morovic for Tito to use in the event of his recovery?",
              "id": "56f81fb1aef2371900625dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "the Medical Centre in Ljubljana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Tito admitted on 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 with circulatory problems?",
              "id": "56f81fb1aef2371900625ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "4 May 1980" }],
              "question": "When did Tito die?",
              "id": "56f81fb1aef2371900625dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "gangrene" }],
              "question": "Tito's cause of death was what?",
              "id": "56f81fb1aef2371900625def"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito was interred in a mausoleum in Belgrade, which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History (formerly called \"Museum 25 May\" and \"Museum of the Revolution\"). The actual mausoleum is called House of Flowers (Ku\u0107a Cve\u0107a) and numerous people visit the place as a shrine to \"better times\". The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency. The collection also includes original prints of Los Caprichos by Francisco Goya, and many others. The Government of Serbia has planned to merge it into the Museum of the History of Serbia. At the time of his death, speculation began about whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together. Ethnic divisions and conflict grew and eventually erupted in a series of Yugoslav wars a decade after his death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "In what city was Tito interred?",
              "id": "56f82089aef2371900625dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Museum of Yugoslav History" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum was formerly called \"Museum 25 May\"?",
              "id": "56f82089aef2371900625dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "House of Flowers" }],
              "question": "What name was given to Tito's mausoleum?",
              "id": "56f82089aef2371900625dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Francisco Goya" }],
              "question": "Who made the original print of Los Caprichos?",
              "id": "56f82089aef2371900625e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "After whose death did speculation begin concerning whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together?",
              "id": "56f82089aef2371900625e01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were named after Tito. Several of these places have since returned to their original names, such as Podgorica, formerly Titograd (though Podgorica's international airport is still identified by the code TGD), and U\u017eice, formerly Titovo U\u017eice, which reverted to its original name in 1992. Streets in Belgrade, the capital, have all reverted to their original pre\u2013World War II and pre-communist names as well. In 2004, Antun Augustin\u010di\u0107's statue of Broz in his birthplace of Kumrovec was decapitated in an explosion. It was subsequently repaired. Twice in 2008, protests took place in Zagreb's Marshal Tito Square, organized by a group called Circle for the Square (Krug za Trg), with an aim to force the city government to rename it to its previous name, while a counter-protest by Citizens' Initiative Against Usta\u0161ism (Gra\u0111anska inicijativa protiv usta\u0161tva) accused the \"Circle for the Square\" of historical revisionism and neo-fascism. Croatian president Stjepan Mesi\u0107 criticized the demonstration to change the name. In the Croatian coastal city of Opatija the main street (also its longest street) still bears the name of Marshal Tito, as do streets in numerous towns in Serbia, mostly in the country's north. One of the main streets in downtown Sarajevo is called Marshal Tito Street, and Tito's statue in a park in front of the university campus (ex. JNA barrack \"Mar\u0161al Tito\") in Marijin Dvor is a place where Bosnians and Sarajevans still today commemorate and pay tribute to Tito (image on the right). The largest Tito monument in the world, about 10 m (33 ft) high, is located at Tito Square (Slovene: Titov trg), the central square in Velenje, Slovenia. One of the main bridges in Slovenia's second largest city of Maribor is Tito Bridge (Titov most). The central square in Koper, the largest Slovenian port city, is as well named Tito Square.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Podgorica" }],
              "question": "What name was changed to Titograd?",
              "id": "56f82341aef2371900625e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When did Uziece revert to its original name?",
              "id": "56f82341aef2371900625e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Kumrovec" }],
              "question": "Where is the birthplace of Antun Augustincic?",
              "id": "56f82341aef2371900625e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "Croatian" }],
              "question": "What country is Stejpan Mesic president of?",
              "id": "56f82341aef2371900625e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1736, "text": "Slovenia" }],
              "question": "Where is the largest Tito monument located?",
              "id": "56f82341aef2371900625e15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every year a \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race is organized in Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the \"House of Flowers\" in Belgrade on May 25 \u2013 the final resting place of Tito. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec, Tito's birthplace in northern Croatia. The relay is a left-over from Yugoslav times, when young people made a similar yearly trek on foot through Yugoslavia that ended in Belgrade with a massive celebration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "\"House of Flowers\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the annual \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race end?",
              "id": "56f823f3aef2371900625e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "Where is the final resting place of Tito?",
              "id": "56f823f3aef2371900625e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Kumrovec" }],
              "question": "Where is Tito's birthplace in Croatia?",
              "id": "56f823f3aef2371900625e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Every year" }],
              "question": "How often is the \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race done?",
              "id": "56f823f3aef2371900625e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "On what day in May does the \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race end?",
              "id": "56f823f3aef2371900625e1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, some historians stated that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito, particularly in the first decade up until the Tito-Stalin split. On 4 October 2011, the Slovenian Constitutional Court found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional. While several public areas in Slovenia (named during the Yugoslav period) do already bear Tito's name, on the issue of renaming an additional street the court ruled that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional?",
              "id": "56f82554aef2371900625e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Ljubljana" }],
              "question": "Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located?",
              "id": "56f82554aef2371900625e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Several public area of Slovenia bear which person's name.",
              "id": "56f82554aef2371900625e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Under which ruler do historians argue human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f82554aef2371900625e28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The court, however, explicitly made it clear that the purpose of the review was \"not a verdict on Tito as a figure or on his concrete actions, as well as not a historical weighing of facts and circumstances\". Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito, notably Tito Square in Velenje, incorporating a 10-meter statue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Velenje" }],
              "question": "Tito Square is located in what Slovenian city?",
              "id": "56f8262eaef2371900625e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "10-meter" }],
              "question": "How tall is the statue in Tito Square?",
              "id": "56f8262eaef2371900625e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Tito Square" }],
              "question": "Where is a 10-meter statue of Tito located?",
              "id": "56f8262eaef2371900625e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Slovenia" }],
              "question": "Where is Velenje located?",
              "id": "56f8262eaef2371900625e36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German (Danube Swabian) population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the ethnic origin of the Danube Swabian people?",
              "id": "56f826b1aef2371900625e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Vojvodina" }],
              "question": "Where is the location of the Danube Swabian population?",
              "id": "56f826b1aef2371900625e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Vojvodina" }],
              "question": "There were mass executions of Danube Swabian populations in what city?",
              "id": "56f826b1aef2371900625e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Which group of people occupied Yugoslavia at the end of World War II?",
              "id": "56f826b1aef2371900625e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "World War II," }],
              "question": "At the end of what World War did the Germans occupy Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f826b1aef2371900625e3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito carried on numerous affairs and was married several times. In 1918 he was brought to Omsk, Russia, as a prisoner of war. There he met Pelagija Belousova who was then thirteen; he married her a year later, and she moved with him to Yugoslavia. Pelagija bore him five children but only their son \u017darko Leon (born 4 February, 1924) survived. When Tito was jailed in 1928, she returned to Russia. After the divorce in 1936 she later remarried.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Omsk" }],
              "question": "Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918?",
              "id": "56f8275aaef2371900625e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When was Tito brought to Russia as a prisoner of war?",
              "id": "56f8275aaef2371900625e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How old was Pelagija Belousava when Tito met her?",
              "id": "56f8275aaef2371900625e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many children did Pelagija bore for Tito?",
              "id": "56f8275aaef2371900625e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "\u017darko Leon" }],
              "question": "Who was the only surviving child of Tito's?",
              "id": "56f8275aaef2371900625e49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1936, when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow, he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later erased.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?",
              "id": "56f827c4aef2371900625e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?",
              "id": "56f827c4aef2371900625e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Lucia Bauer" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?",
              "id": "56f827c4aef2371900625e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer?",
              "id": "56f827c4aef2371900625e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Lucia Bauer" }],
              "question": "Tito's marriage to what person was later erased in records?",
              "id": "56f827c4aef2371900625e53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His next relationship was with Herta Haas, whom he married in 1940. Broz left for Belgrade after the April War, leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, Aleksandar \"Mi\u0161o\" Broz. All throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito had maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with Davorjanka Paunovi\u0107, who, under the codename \"Zdenka\", served as a courier in the resistance and subsequently became his personal secretary. Haas and Tito suddenly parted company in 1943 in Jajce during the second meeting of AVNOJ after she reportedly walked in on him and Davorjanka. The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946. Davorjanka died of tuberculosis in 1946 and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the Beli Dvor, his Belgrade residence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Herta Haas" }],
              "question": "Who did Tito marry in 1940?",
              "id": "56f82a24aef2371900625e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When did Haas give birth to Tito's son?",
              "id": "56f82a24aef2371900625e76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Aleksandar \"Mi\u0161o\" Broz" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Tito's son born to him and Haas?",
              "id": "56f82a24aef2371900625e77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Davorjanka Paunovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Tito have a parallel life during his marriage to Haas?",
              "id": "56f82a24aef2371900625e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When did Davorjanka die of Tuberculosis?",
              "id": "56f82a24aef2371900625e79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His best known wife was Jovanka Broz. Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday, while she was 27, when they finally married in April 1952, with state security chief Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107 as the best man. Their eventual marriage came about somewhat unexpectedly since Tito actually rejected her some years earlier when his confidante Ivan Krajacic brought her in originally. At that time, she was in her early 20s and Tito, objecting to her energetic personality, opted for the more mature opera singer Zinka Kunc instead. Not one to be discouraged easily, Jovanka continued working at Beli Dvor, where she managed the staff and eventually got another chance after Tito's strange relationship with Zinka failed. Since Jovanka was the only female companion he married while in power, she also went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady. Their relationship was not a happy one, however. It had gone through many, often public, ups and downs with episodes of infidelities and even allegations of preparation for a coup d'\u00e9tat by the latter pair. Certain unofficial reports suggest Tito and Jovanka even formally divorced in the late 1970s, shortly before his death. However, during Tito's funeral she was officially present as his wife, and later claimed rights for inheritance. The couple did not have any children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Jovanka Broz" }],
              "question": "Who was Tito's best known wife?",
              "id": "56f82ae4a6d7ea1400e1744d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How old was Jovanka Broz when she married Tito?",
              "id": "56f82ae4a6d7ea1400e1744e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tito and Jovanka marry?",
              "id": "56f82ae4a6d7ea1400e1744f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the best man at the wedding of Jovanka and Tito?",
              "id": "56f82ae4a6d7ea1400e17450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Jovanka" }],
              "question": "Who went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady?",
              "id": "56f82ae4a6d7ea1400e17451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia; Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Josip \"Jo\u0161ka\" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Aleksandra Broz" }],
              "question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a theatre director?",
              "id": "56f82b9eaef2371900625e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Svetlana Broz" }],
              "question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer?",
              "id": "56f82b9eaef2371900625e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Bosnia-Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Svetlana Broz live?",
              "id": "56f82b9eaef2371900625e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Croatia" }],
              "question": "Where does Leksandra Broz live?",
              "id": "56f82b9eaef2371900625e96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Bosnia-Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Edvard Broz live?",
              "id": "56f82b9eaef2371900625e97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the President, Tito had access to extensive (state-owned) property associated with the office, and maintained a lavish lifestyle. In Belgrade he resided in the official residence, the Beli dvor, and maintained a separate private home. The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. The pavilion was designed by Jo\u017ee Ple\u010dnik, and included a zoo. Close to 100 foreign heads of state were to visit Tito at the island residence, along with film stars such as Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Sophia Loren, Carlo Ponti, and Gina Lollobrigida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Beli dvor" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade?",
              "id": "56f83323a6d7ea1400e17487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Brijuni" }],
              "question": "What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on?",
              "id": "56f83323a6d7ea1400e17488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Jo\u017ee Ple\u010dnik" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the pavilion at the State Summer Residence?",
              "id": "56f83323a6d7ea1400e17489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Belgrade" }],
              "question": "In what city was the official residence for Tito?",
              "id": "56f83323a6d7ea1400e1748a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "State Summer Residence" }
              ],
              "question": "Film stars including Elizabeth Taylor visited what island residence of Tito?",
              "id": "56f83323a6d7ea1400e1748b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another residence was maintained at Lake Bled, while the grounds at Kara\u0111or\u0111evo were the site of \"diplomatic hunts\". By 1974 the Yugoslav President had at his disposal 32 official residences, larger and small, the yacht Galeb (\"seagull\"), a Boeing 727 as the presidential airplane, and the Blue Train. After Tito's death the presidential Boeing 727 was sold to Aviogenex, the Galeb remained docked in Montenegro, while the Blue Train was stored in a Serbian train shed for over two decades. While Tito was the person who held the office of president for by far the longest period, the associated property was not private and much of it continues to be in use by Yugoslav successor states, as public property, or maintained at the disposal of high-ranking officials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Kara\u0111or\u0111evo" }
              ],
              "question": "The grounds at what location were the site of \"diplomatic hunts\"?",
              "id": "56f8360ca6d7ea1400e174ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Galeb" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the yacht the Yugoslav president had at his disposal?",
              "id": "56f8360ca6d7ea1400e174ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Aviogenex" }],
              "question": "What company bought the presidential Boeing 727 after Tito's death?",
              "id": "56f8360ca6d7ea1400e174ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Montenegro" }],
              "question": "Where was the Galeb docked after Tito's death?",
              "id": "56f8360ca6d7ea1400e174ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "seagull" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of Galeb?",
              "id": "56f8360ca6d7ea1400e174af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English. A biographer also stated that he spoke \"Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kirghiz.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Viennese" }],
              "question": "With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer?",
              "id": "56f83708aef2371900625f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "some" }],
              "question": "How much English did Tito speak?",
              "id": "56f83708aef2371900625f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Kirghiz" }],
              "question": "Other than Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, Czech, Slovenian and English, French and Italian, what language does Tito speak?",
              "id": "56f83708aef2371900625f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments, Tito would not enter a church again. As an adult, he frequently declared that he was an atheist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "atheist" }],
              "question": "What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?",
              "id": "56f837f9aef2371900625f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?",
              "id": "56f837f9aef2371900625f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "slapped and shouted at" }
              ],
              "question": "What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?",
              "id": "56f837f9aef2371900625f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "church" }],
              "question": "After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?",
              "id": "56f837f9aef2371900625f26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every federal unit had a town or city with historic significance from the World War II period renamed to have Tito's name included. The largest of these was Titograd, now Podgorica, the capital city of Montenegro. With the exception of Titograd, the cities were renamed simply by the addition of the adjective \"Tito's\" (\"Titov\"). The cities were:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Titograd" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest town or city renamed in Tito's name?",
              "id": "56f83905a6d7ea1400e174bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Podgorica" }],
              "question": "What is Titograd now called?",
              "id": "56f83905a6d7ea1400e174be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Montenegro" }],
              "question": "What is Podgorica the capital city of?",
              "id": "56f83905a6d7ea1400e174bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Tito's" }],
              "question": "Whose name was added to the name for every town or city with historical signiciance from the World War II period?",
              "id": "56f83905a6d7ea1400e174c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years after Tito's death up to nowadays, some people have disputed his identity. Tito's personal doctor, Aleksandar Matunovi\u0107, wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family. Serbian journalist Vladan Dini\u0107 (born 1949), in Tito nije tito, includes several possible alternate identities of Tito.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Aleksandar Matunovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Tito's personal doctor?",
              "id": "56f839d9a6d7ea1400e174cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Aleksandar Matunovi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin?",
              "id": "56f839d9a6d7ea1400e174d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Vladan Dini\u0107" }],
              "question": "What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito?",
              "id": "56f839d9a6d7ea1400e174d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year waas Vladan Dinic born?",
              "id": "56f839d9a6d7ea1400e174d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Dinic gives several alternate identities of what person?",
              "id": "56f839d9a6d7ea1400e174d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that \"a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole\" assumed Tito's identity was included. The report also notes Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107's impressions of Tito's Russian origins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?",
              "id": "56f83a84a6d7ea1400e174d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "NSA" }],
              "question": "What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?",
              "id": "56f83a84a6d7ea1400e174da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Russian and Polish" }
              ],
              "question": "What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke?",
              "id": "56f83a84a6d7ea1400e174db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107's" }
              ],
              "question": "The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito's Russian origins?",
              "id": "56f83a84a6d7ea1400e174dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the NSA's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognize that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje. The acute accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito is perfectly pronouncing, is the strongest proof of Tito's belonging to Kajkavian dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Croatian" }],
              "question": "Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?",
              "id": "56f83b11a6d7ea1400e174e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Zagorje" }],
              "question": "What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?",
              "id": "56f83b11a6d7ea1400e174e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "NSA" }],
              "question": "Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito's ethnic origins?",
              "id": "56f83b11a6d7ea1400e174e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Croatian" }],
              "question": "Tito's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects?",
              "id": "56f83b11a6d7ea1400e174e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920, Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party, including \"Rudi\", \"Walter\", and \"Tito.\" Broz himself explains:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f83bdda6d7ea1400e174f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Communist" }],
              "question": "What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920?",
              "id": "56f83bdda6d7ea1400e174f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Josip Broz" }],
              "question": "\"Rudi\", \"Walter\" and \"Tito\" are names that what person assumed?",
              "id": "56f83bdda6d7ea1400e174f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "30 December" }],
              "question": "On what date in 1920 was the Communist party outlawed in Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "56f83bdda6d7ea1400e174f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Josip Broz" }],
              "question": "What was Tito's former name?",
              "id": "56f83bdda6d7ea1400e174f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "119" }],
              "question": "How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?",
              "id": "56f83f70a6d7ea1400e17505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?",
              "id": "56f83f70a6d7ea1400e17506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?",
              "id": "56f83f70a6d7ea1400e17507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Which government awards the Order of the Bath?",
              "id": "56f83f70a6d7ea1400e17508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?",
              "id": "56f83f70a6d7ea1400e17509"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the Tito\u2013Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980. Tito's reputation as one of the Allied leaders of World War II, along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, was primarily the cause of the favorable international recognition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?",
              "id": "56f83ffaaef2371900625f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?",
              "id": "56f83ffaaef2371900625f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "In what year was Tito's funeral?",
              "id": "56f83ffaaef2371900625f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement?",
              "id": "56f83ffaaef2371900625f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Tito" }],
              "question": "Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953?",
              "id": "56f83ffaaef2371900625f4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Croix de Guerre, Order of the Cross of Grunwald, Czechoslovak War Cross, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Military Order of the White Lion, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Order of Al Rafidain, Order of Carol I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "Tito was awarded the Star of what country?",
              "id": "56f840dea6d7ea1400e1750f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country?",
              "id": "56f840dea6d7ea1400e17510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "Sheba" }],
              "question": "Tito was awarded the Queen of where?",
              "id": "56f840dea6d7ea1400e17511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "Tito was awarded with the Order of the White Rose of what country?",
              "id": "56f840dea6d7ea1400e17512"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "Cambodia" }],
              "question": "Tito was awarded with the Royal Order of what country?",
              "id": "56f840dea6d7ea1400e17513"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Marshall_Islands",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolep\u0101n Aor\u014dkin M\u0327aje\u013c),[note 1] is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 53,158 people (at the 2011 Census) is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,[note 2] Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. About 27,797 of the islanders (at the 2011 Census) live on Majuro, which contains the capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Aolep\u0101n Aor\u014dkin M\u0327aje\u013c"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?",
              "id": "56f78825aef2371900625b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "the equator" }],
              "question": "Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?",
              "id": "56f78825aef2371900625b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "53,158" }],
              "question": "As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78825aef2371900625b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "the Federated States of Micronesia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?",
              "id": "56f78825aef2371900625b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Majuro" }],
              "question": "Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78825aef2371900625b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Republic of the Marshall Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9519a9e9bad19000a0825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?",
              "id": "56f9519a9e9bad19000a0826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "53,158" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?",
              "id": "56f9519a9e9bad19000a0827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9519a9e9bad19000a0828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Majuro" }],
              "question": "On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9519a9e9bad19000a0829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed. The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall, who visited in 1788. The islands were historically known by the inhabitants as \"jolet jen Anij\" (Gifts from God).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Micronesian colonists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f788eeaef2371900625b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "traditional stick charts" }
              ],
              "question": "How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands?",
              "id": "56f788eeaef2371900625ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1526" }],
              "question": "In what year did a European explorer first see the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f788eeaef2371900625ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Alonso de Salazar" }],
              "question": "Which explorer first saw the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f788eeaef2371900625ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "John Marshall" }],
              "question": "For whom are the Marshall Islands named?",
              "id": "56f788eeaef2371900625ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "2nd millennium BC" }],
              "question": "During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled?",
              "id": "56f9525a9b226e1400dd1308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Micronesian colonists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first settled the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9525a9b226e1400dd1309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "1520s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Europeans first visit the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9525a9b226e1400dd130a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "August 1526" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did a European first arrive at the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9525a9b226e1400dd130b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "John Marshall" }],
              "question": "After whom are the Marshall Islands named?",
              "id": "56f9525a9b226e1400dd130c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?",
              "id": "56f78981aef2371900625ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "the German Empire" }],
              "question": "In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78981aef2371900625baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "the South Pacific Mandate" }
              ],
              "question": "What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?",
              "id": "56f78981aef2371900625bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war?",
              "id": "56f78981aef2371900625bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?",
              "id": "56f78981aef2371900625bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874?",
              "id": "56f952ba9b226e1400dd1312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "the German Empire" }],
              "question": "Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884?",
              "id": "56f952ba9b226e1400dd1313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War?",
              "id": "56f952ba9b226e1400dd1314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created?",
              "id": "56f952ba9b226e1400dd1315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation?",
              "id": "56f952ba9b226e1400dd1316"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "presidential republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78a17aef2371900625bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?",
              "id": "56f78a17aef2371900625bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "service" }],
              "question": "What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?",
              "id": "56f78a17aef2371900625bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "aid" }],
              "question": "What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?",
              "id": "56f78a17aef2371900625bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "the United States dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78a17aef2371900625bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "the FCC" }],
              "question": "Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9532e9b226e1400dd131c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "service" }],
              "question": "What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?",
              "id": "56f9532e9b226e1400dd131d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "United States dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9532e9b226e1400dd131e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "presidential republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9532e9b226e1400dd131f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?",
              "id": "56f9532e9b226e1400dd1320"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, Philippines and other Pacific islands. The two official languages are Marshallese, which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and English. Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion, with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ \u2013 Congregational in the Marshall Islands (UCCCMI) or the Assemblies of God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Marshallese" }],
              "question": "What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78ae6a6d7ea1400e17242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Malayo-Polynesian" }],
              "question": "What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?",
              "id": "56f78ae6a6d7ea1400e17243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "United Church of Christ \u2013 Congregational in the Marshall Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does UCCCMI stand for?",
              "id": "56f78ae6a6d7ea1400e17244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "the Assemblies of God" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from UCCCMI, what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78ae6a6d7ea1400e17245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come?",
              "id": "56f78ae6a6d7ea1400e17246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Marshallese" }],
              "question": "Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens?",
              "id": "56f953f49b226e1400dd1326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Along with Marshallese, what is the official language of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f953f49b226e1400dd1327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Malayo-Polynesian" }],
              "question": "Of what language group is the Marshallese language?",
              "id": "56f953f49b226e1400dd1328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "three-quarters" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious?",
              "id": "56f953f49b226e1400dd1329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "the Assemblies of God" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI, what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f953f49b226e1400dd132a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Micronesians" }],
              "question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?",
              "id": "56f78bb1a6d7ea1400e1724c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "historical or oral records" }
              ],
              "question": "What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78bb1a6d7ea1400e1724d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "canoe" }],
              "question": "What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel?",
              "id": "56f78bb1a6d7ea1400e1724e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "traditional stick charts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78bb1a6d7ea1400e1724f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Micronesians" }],
              "question": "Who first settled the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f954419b226e1400dd1330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "2nd millennium BC" }],
              "question": "When were the Marshal Islands first settled?",
              "id": "56f954419b226e1400dd1331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "canoe" }],
              "question": "In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water?",
              "id": "56f954419b226e1400dd1332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "stick charts" }],
              "question": "What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use?",
              "id": "56f954419b226e1400dd1333"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526, commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria, the only surviving vessel of the Loa\u00edsa Expedition. On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14\u00b0N that he named \"San Bartolome\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Alonso de Salazar" }],
              "question": "Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?",
              "id": "56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1526" }],
              "question": "In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Santa Maria de la Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?",
              "id": "56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "San Bartolome" }],
              "question": "What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw?",
              "id": "56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Alonso de Salazar" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f954c09b226e1400dd1338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f954c09b226e1400dd1339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1526" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f954c09b226e1400dd133a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Santa Maria de la Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?",
              "id": "56f954c09b226e1400dd133b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Taongi" }],
              "question": "Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see?",
              "id": "56f954c09b226e1400dd133c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 21, 1529, \u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n commanded the Spanish ship Florida, on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands. He stood off a group of islands from which local inhabitants hurled stones at his ship. These islands, which he named \"Los Pintados\", may have been Ujelang. On October 1, he found another group of islands where he went ashore for eight days, exchanged gifts with the local inhabitants and took on water. These islands, which he named \"Los Jardines\", may have been Enewetak or Bikini Atoll.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "\u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose ship was named Florida?",
              "id": "56f78ce7aef2371900625bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the Maluku Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "From where did Cer\u00f3n attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean?",
              "id": "56f78ce7aef2371900625bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Los Pintados" }],
              "question": "What did Cer\u00f3n name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?",
              "id": "56f78ce7aef2371900625bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Los Jardines" }],
              "question": "What was the name given to the islands reached by Cer\u00f3n in October of 1529?",
              "id": "56f78ce7aef2371900625bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Enewetak or Bikini Atoll" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two possible modern names for the islands called Los Jardines by Cer\u00f3n?",
              "id": "56f78ce7aef2371900625bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "\u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the ship named Florida?",
              "id": "56f955b19b226e1400dd1342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the Maluku Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Cer\u00f3n's expedition begin?",
              "id": "56f955b19b226e1400dd1343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Los Pintados" }],
              "question": "What name did Cer\u00f3n give to the island that might have been Ujelang?",
              "id": "56f955b19b226e1400dd1344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Los Jardines" }],
              "question": "What group of islands might have been Bikini Atoll or Enewetak?",
              "id": "56f955b19b226e1400dd1345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "eight days" }],
              "question": "How long did Cer\u00f3n spend on Los Jardines?",
              "id": "56f955b19b226e1400dd1346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9, 1530, possibly Mejit, at 10\u00b0N, which they named \"Los Barbudos\". The Spaniards went ashore and traded with the local inhabitants. On January 10, the Spaniards sighted another island that they named \"Placeres\", perhaps Ailuk; ten leagues away, they sighted another island that they called \"Pajares\" (perhaps Jemo). On January 12, they sighted another island at 10\u00b0N that they called \"Corrales\" (possibly Wotho). On January 15, the Spaniards sighted another low island, perhaps Ujelang, at 10\u00b0N, where they described the people on \"Barbudos\". After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Los Barbudos" }],
              "question": "What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?",
              "id": "56f78d9daef2371900625bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Mejit" }],
              "question": "What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?",
              "id": "56f78d9daef2371900625bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "January 10" }],
              "question": "On what date did Legazpi's expedition see the island it named Placeres?",
              "id": "56f78d9daef2371900625bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Corrales" }],
              "question": "What name did the expedition give to the island it saw on January 12th?",
              "id": "56f78d9daef2371900625bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "10\u00b0N" }],
              "question": "What was the location of Corrales?",
              "id": "56f78d9daef2371900625bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the expedition involving the ship San Pedro?",
              "id": "56f956539b226e1400dd1356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Los Barbudos" }],
              "question": "What did Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9, 1530?",
              "id": "56f956539b226e1400dd1357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Placeres" }],
              "question": "What did the Spanish call the island that might have been Ailuk?",
              "id": "56f956539b226e1400dd1358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "January 12" }],
              "question": "On what day did the Spanish see the island they named Corrales?",
              "id": "56f956539b226e1400dd1359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Ujelang" }],
              "question": "What island may have been spotted by the Spanish on January 15?",
              "id": "56f956539b226e1400dd135a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home \"jolet jen Anij\" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall, and drew maps of the islands. The designation was repeated later on British maps.[citation needed] In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island. One year later, the American schooner Dolphin arrived and picked up two boys, the last survivors of a massacre by the natives due to their brutal treatment of the women.:2",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?",
              "id": "56f78e35aef2371900625bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "jolet jen Anij" }],
              "question": "What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?",
              "id": "56f78e35aef2371900625bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Adam Johann von Krusenstern" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78e35aef2371900625bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Louis Isidore Duperrey" }
              ],
              "question": "Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f78e35aef2371900625bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Mulgrave" }],
              "question": "At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?",
              "id": "56f78e35aef2371900625bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Thomas Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f956c89b226e1400dd1360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1788" }],
              "question": "In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?",
              "id": "56f956c89b226e1400dd1361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "jolet jen Anij" }],
              "question": "What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f956c89b226e1400dd1362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Gifts from God" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f956c89b226e1400dd1363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Mulgrave Island" }],
              "question": "On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?",
              "id": "56f956c89b226e1400dd1364"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Captain DonSette" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?",
              "id": "56f799d2a6d7ea1400e1725e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Naiad" }],
              "question": "What vessel was attacked in 1845?",
              "id": "56f799d2a6d7ea1400e1725f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Glencoe and Sea Nymph" }
              ],
              "question": "What ships were attacked in 1852?",
              "id": "56f799d2a6d7ea1400e17260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f799d2a6d7ea1400e17261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Ebon" }],
              "question": "On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f799d2a6d7ea1400e17262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Captain DonSette" }],
              "question": "Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?",
              "id": "56f9575c9e9bad19000a0849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?",
              "id": "56f9575c9e9bad19000a084a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "schooner" }],
              "question": "What type of ship was the Naiad?",
              "id": "56f9575c9e9bad19000a084b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?",
              "id": "56f9575c9e9bad19000a084c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Ebon" }],
              "question": "Where did missionaries live as of 1857?",
              "id": "56f9575c9e9bad19000a084d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain R\u00f6tger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as \"King of the Ralik Islands,\" on October 15.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Spanish Empire" }],
              "question": "What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?",
              "id": "56f957e29b226e1400dd136a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "the German Empire" }],
              "question": "What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f957e29b226e1400dd136b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?",
              "id": "56f957e29b226e1400dd136c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "SMS Nautilus" }],
              "question": "On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f957e29b226e1400dd136d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "King of the Ralik Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "What title did the Germans give to Kabua?",
              "id": "56f957e29b226e1400dd136e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by R\u00f6tger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a \"Imperial German Protectorate\" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact \"a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands\", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "November 1" }],
              "question": "On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?",
              "id": "56f9586b9b226e1400dd1374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Imperial German Protectorate" }
              ],
              "question": "What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?",
              "id": "56f9586b9b226e1400dd1375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "What nation had control of the Carolines?",
              "id": "56f9586b9b226e1400dd1376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "copra" }],
              "question": "What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9586b9b226e1400dd1377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?",
              "id": "56f9586b9b226e1400dd1378"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German\u2013Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands, including the Marshalls, under the governor of German New Guinea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Jaluit Gesellschaft" }
              ],
              "question": "What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "56f959019e9bad19000a085d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?",
              "id": "56f959019e9bad19000a085e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "the German\u2013Spanish Treaty of 1899"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document was signed in 1899?",
              "id": "56f959019e9bad19000a085f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "the Carolines" }],
              "question": "Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?",
              "id": "56f959019e9bad19000a0860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "the governor of German New Guinea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?",
              "id": "56f959019e9bad19000a0861"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens, another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Sacred Heart Jesu Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?",
              "id": "56f959be9b226e1400dd137e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f959be9b226e1400dd137f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f959be9b226e1400dd1380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "When was Father Linckens' book published?",
              "id": "56f959be9b226e1400dd1381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f959be9b226e1400dd1382"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "the Meiji Restoration" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?",
              "id": "56f95a099b226e1400dd1388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "East Asia" }],
              "question": "In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?",
              "id": "56f95a099b226e1400dd1389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "traders" }],
              "question": "Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95a099b226e1400dd138a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1914, Japan joined the Entente during World War I and captured various German Empire colonies, including several in Micronesia. On September 29, 1914, Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll, and on September 30, 1914, the Jaluit Atoll, the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands. After the war, on June 28, 1919, Germany signed (under protest) the Treaty of Versailles. It renounced all of its Pacific possessions, including the Marshall Islands. On December 17, 1920, the Council of the League of Nations approved the South Pacific Mandate for Japan to take over all former German colonies in the Pacific Ocean located north of the Equator. The Administrative Centre of the Marshall Islands archipelago remained Jaluit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "September 29, 1914" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?",
              "id": "56f95a919b226e1400dd138e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Entente" }],
              "question": "What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?",
              "id": "56f95a919b226e1400dd138f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "the Jaluit Atoll" }],
              "question": "What did the Japanese occupy on September 30, 1914?",
              "id": "56f95a919b226e1400dd1390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "June 28, 1919" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?",
              "id": "56f95a919b226e1400dd1391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "December 17, 1920" }],
              "question": "When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved?",
              "id": "56f95a919b226e1400dd1392"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1,000" }],
              "question": "About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?",
              "id": "56f95b049e9bad19000a0871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "economic" }],
              "question": "What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95b049e9bad19000a0872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "land" }],
              "question": "What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95b049e9bad19000a0873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Palau" }],
              "question": "Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?",
              "id": "56f95b049e9bad19000a0874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Matrilineality" }],
              "question": "What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?",
              "id": "56f95b769e9bad19000a0879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "the Japanese Patriarchal system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What system of social organization was used in Japan?",
              "id": "56f95b769e9bad19000a087a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "March 27, 1933" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?",
              "id": "56f95b769e9bad19000a087b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?",
              "id": "56f95b769e9bad19000a087c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95b769e9bad19000a087d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service, whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "6th Fleet" }],
              "question": "What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95bb59b226e1400dd13a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Kwajalein" }],
              "question": "On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?",
              "id": "56f95bb59b226e1400dd13a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "defense of the Marshall Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?",
              "id": "56f95bb59b226e1400dd13a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95c439b226e1400dd13a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95c439b226e1400dd13a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95c439b226e1400dd13aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?",
              "id": "56f95c439b226e1400dd13ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Wotje" }],
              "question": "Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?",
              "id": "56f95c439b226e1400dd13ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?",
              "id": "56f95ca49e9bad19000a088b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "5,100" }],
              "question": "How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?",
              "id": "56f95ca49e9bad19000a088c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?",
              "id": "56f95ca49e9bad19000a088d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "lack of food" }],
              "question": "Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?",
              "id": "56f95ca49e9bad19000a088e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95d2a9b226e1400dd13ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "Security Council Resolution 21"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95d2a9b226e1400dd13bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?",
              "id": "56f95d2a9b226e1400dd13bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Micronesia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?",
              "id": "56f95d2a9b226e1400dd13bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands, including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S., code named Castle Bravo. \"The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons, over 7,200 times more powerful than the atomic weapons used during World War II.\" With the 1952 test of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb, code named \"Ivy Mike,\" the island of Elugelab in the Enewetak atoll was destroyed. In 1956, the United States Atomic Energy Commission regarded the Marshall Islands as \"by far the most contaminated place in the world.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Cold War begin?",
              "id": "56f95da19b226e1400dd13c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "67" }],
              "question": "How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?",
              "id": "56f95da19b226e1400dd13c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Castle Bravo" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the United States' largest atmospheric nuclear test?",
              "id": "56f95da19b226e1400dd13c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "108,496" }],
              "question": "What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?",
              "id": "56f95da19b226e1400dd13c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Elugelab" }],
              "question": "Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?",
              "id": "56f95da19b226e1400dd13c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Project 4.1" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?",
              "id": "56f95e089e9bad19000a0893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?",
              "id": "56f95e089e9bad19000a0894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "759" }],
              "question": "In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?",
              "id": "56f95e089e9bad19000a0895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force, granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) its sovereignty. The Compact provided for aid and U.S. defense of the islands in exchange for continued U.S. military use of the missile testing range at Kwajalein Atoll. The independence procedure was formally completed under international law in 1990, when the UN officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Compact of Free Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95e5e9e9bad19000a0899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?",
              "id": "56f95e5e9e9bad19000a089a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Kwajalein Atoll" }],
              "question": "Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?",
              "id": "56f95e5e9e9bad19000a089b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?",
              "id": "56f95e5e9e9bad19000a089c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "Security Council Resolution 683"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f95e5e9e9bad19000a089d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Majuro" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f95ecc9e9bad19000a08a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Christmas" }],
              "question": "On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?",
              "id": "56f95ecc9e9bad19000a08a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "0.91" }],
              "question": "In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?",
              "id": "56f95ecc9e9bad19000a08a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "extreme waves and high tides" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the 2008 floods?",
              "id": "56f95ecc9e9bad19000a08a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?",
              "id": "56f95ecc9e9bad19000a08a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought. The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of water per day. This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, pink eye, and influenza. These emergencies resulted in the United States President declaring an emergency in the islands. This declaration activated support from US government agencies under the Republic's \"free association\" status with the United States, which provides humanitarian and other vital support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "the northern atolls" }],
              "question": "What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?",
              "id": "56f95f3a9e9bad19000a08ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?",
              "id": "56f95f3a9e9bad19000a08ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?",
              "id": "56f95f3a9e9bad19000a08af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "diarrhea" }],
              "question": "Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?",
              "id": "56f95f3a9e9bad19000a08b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "the United States President" }
              ],
              "question": "What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?",
              "id": "56f95f3a9e9bad19000a08b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disasters from battering his country and other similarly vulnerable countries. In September 2013, the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit. De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Tony de Brum" }],
              "question": "As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?",
              "id": "56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "September 2013" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?",
              "id": "56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?",
              "id": "56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?",
              "id": "56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "the Obama administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?",
              "id": "56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution. Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the Nitijela. (Majuro, the capital atoll, elects five senators.) The President, who is head of state as well as head of government, is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela. Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "parliamentary-presidential system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9608b9b226e1400dd13de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?",
              "id": "56f9608b9b226e1400dd13df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "every four years" }],
              "question": "How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9608b9b226e1400dd13e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Nitijela" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?",
              "id": "56f9608b9b226e1400dd13e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?",
              "id": "56f9608b9b226e1400dd13e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: Aelon\u0304 Kein Ad (AKA), United People's Party (UPP), Kien Eo Am (KEA) and United Democratic Party (UDP). Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP. The following senators are in the legislative body:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "the Council of Iroij" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?",
              "id": "56f961049b226e1400dd13e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "twelve tribal chiefs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?",
              "id": "56f961049b226e1400dd13e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?",
              "id": "56f961049b226e1400dd13ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "the AKA" }],
              "question": "Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f961049b226e1400dd13eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "twenty-four" }],
              "question": "How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f961049b226e1400dd13ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Compact of Free Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f963d79e9bad19000a08b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "the U.S." }],
              "question": "What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f963d79e9bad19000a08b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "technical aid" }],
              "question": "Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?",
              "id": "56f963d79e9bad19000a08b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3. In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "August 9, 1991" }],
              "question": "When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?",
              "id": "56f964559e9bad19000a08bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "September 17, 1991" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?",
              "id": "56f964559e9bad19000a08be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?",
              "id": "56f964559e9bad19000a08bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Resolution 704" }],
              "question": "What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?",
              "id": "56f964559e9bad19000a08c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz. The ship had been chartered by Germany's Rickmers Ship Management, which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons. The ship was reported to be under the control of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard according to the Pentagon. Tensions escallated in the region due to the intensifying of Saudi-led coalition attacks in Yemen. The Pentagon reported that the destroyer USS Farragut and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship Tigris and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained. US defense officials have said that they would review U.S. defense obligations to the Government of the Marshall Islands in the wake of recent events and also condemned the shots fired at the bridge as \"inappropriate\". It was reported in May 2015 that Tehran would release the ship after it paid a penalty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "28 April 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?",
              "id": "56f964d89e9bad19000a08c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "MV Maersk Tigris" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?",
              "id": "56f964d89e9bad19000a08c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Rickmers Ship Management" }
              ],
              "question": "Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?",
              "id": "56f964d89e9bad19000a08c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?",
              "id": "56f964d89e9bad19000a08c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Strait of Hormuz" }
              ],
              "question": "Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?",
              "id": "56f964d89e9bad19000a08c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "the Federated States of Micronesia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f965fc9b226e1400dd13f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Wake Island" }],
              "question": "What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?",
              "id": "56f965fc9b226e1400dd13f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1,900,000" }],
              "question": "How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?",
              "id": "56f965fc9b226e1400dd13fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?",
              "id": "56f965fc9b226e1400dd13fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f965fc9b226e1400dd13fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi). In protected waters, all shark fishing is banned and all by-catch must be released. However, some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "772,000" }],
              "question": "How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?",
              "id": "56f9668e9e9bad19000a08cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2011" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?",
              "id": "56f9668e9e9bad19000a08d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1,776,000" }],
              "question": "In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?",
              "id": "56f9668e9e9bad19000a08d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "shark fishing" }],
              "question": "What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?",
              "id": "56f9668e9e9bad19000a08d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Wake Island" }],
              "question": "What island do the Marshall Islands claim?",
              "id": "56f966c39b226e1400dd1402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "Who controls Wake Island?",
              "id": "56f966c39b226e1400dd1403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1899" }],
              "question": "In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?",
              "id": "56f966c39b226e1400dd1404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Enen-kio" }],
              "question": "What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?",
              "id": "56f966c39b226e1400dd1405"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region, and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?",
              "id": "56f968419b226e1400dd140a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?",
              "id": "56f968419b226e1400dd140b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "tropical storms" }],
              "question": "Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f968419b226e1400dd140c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the Philippines" }],
              "question": "Along with the Marianas, where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate?",
              "id": "56f968419b226e1400dd140d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to its very low elevation, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise. According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "its very low elevation" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?",
              "id": "56f968f09e9bad19000a08e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the president of Nauru" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?",
              "id": "56f968f09e9bad19000a08e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "flooding from climate change" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?",
              "id": "56f968f09e9bad19000a08e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Population has outstripped the supply of freshwater, usually from rainfall. The northern atolls get 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rainfall annually; the southern atolls about twice that. The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1,300" }],
              "question": "How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?",
              "id": "56f969499b226e1400dd1412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "rainfall" }],
              "question": "What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f969499b226e1400dd1413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "drought" }],
              "question": "What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with?",
              "id": "56f969499b226e1400dd1414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern?",
              "id": "56f969499b226e1400dd1415"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization, which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may impact business conditions in the islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "the International Labour Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?",
              "id": "56f969b89e9bad19000a08e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?",
              "id": "56f969b89e9bad19000a08e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "business conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?",
              "id": "56f969b89e9bad19000a08e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "US$57.7 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?",
              "id": "56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "US$62.7 million" }],
              "question": "How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?",
              "id": "56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "the Amended Compact of Free Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "a trust fund" }],
              "question": "What will be established in 2023?",
              "id": "56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll. Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Kwajalein Atoll" }],
              "question": "On what atoll is a missile test facility based?",
              "id": "56f96a9d9b226e1400dd1424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Ronald Reagan" }],
              "question": "Who is the missile test facility named after?",
              "id": "56f96a9d9b226e1400dd1425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of the missile test facility?",
              "id": "56f96a9d9b226e1400dd1426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "United States Army" }],
              "question": "What organization operates the missile test site?",
              "id": "56f96a9d9b226e1400dd1427"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.[citation needed] The most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "breadfruit" }],
              "question": "Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?",
              "id": "56f96aca9e9bad19000a08f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "small farms" }],
              "question": "Where does most agricultural production take place?",
              "id": "56f96aca9e9bad19000a08f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue, and the plant's owners tried to partner with the government to prevent closure. But government officials personally interested in an economic stake in the plant refused to help. After the plant closed, it was taken over by the government, which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?",
              "id": "56f96f929b226e1400dd144a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?",
              "id": "56f96f929b226e1400dd144b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?",
              "id": "56f96f929b226e1400dd144c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "tuna steaks" }],
              "question": "Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?",
              "id": "56f96f929b226e1400dd144d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "$2 million" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?",
              "id": "56f96f929b226e1400dd144e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry (of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro) said power authorities, private companies, and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships. Coconut trees abound in the Pacific's tropical islands. Copra, the meat of the coconut, yields coconut oil (1 liter for every 6 to 10 coconuts). In 2009, a 57 kW solar power plant was installed, the largest in the Pacific at the time, including New Zealand. It is estimated that 330 kW of solar and 450 kW of wind power would be required to make the College of the Marshall Islands energy self-sufficient. Marshalls Energy Company (MEC), a government entity, provides the islands with electricity. In 2008, 420 solar home systems of 200 Wp each were installed on Ailinglaplap Atoll, sufficient for limited electricity use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the Tobolar Copra processing plant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Witon Barry work for?",
              "id": "56f970019b226e1400dd145c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Majuro" }],
              "question": "Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?",
              "id": "56f970019b226e1400dd145d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "the meat of the coconut" }
              ],
              "question": "What is copra?",
              "id": "56f970019b226e1400dd145e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "6 to 10" }],
              "question": "How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil?",
              "id": "56f970019b226e1400dd145f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "57" }],
              "question": "How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009?",
              "id": "56f970019b226e1400dd1460"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical population figures are unknown. In 1862, the population was estimated at about 10,000. In 1960, the entire population was about 15,000. In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191. Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urban center, located in Kwajalein Atoll. This excludes many who have relocated elsewhere, primarily to the United States. The Compact of Free Association allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there. A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale, Arkansas, the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?",
              "id": "56f975da9e9bad19000a0949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?",
              "id": "56f975da9e9bad19000a094a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "72,191" }],
              "question": "As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f975da9e9bad19000a094b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Kwajalein Atoll" }],
              "question": "On what atoll is Ebeye located?",
              "id": "56f975da9e9bad19000a094c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "Springdale, Arkansas" }
              ],
              "question": "What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f975da9e9bad19000a094d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Marshallese" }],
              "question": "What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?",
              "id": "56f976e69e9bad19000a095b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "From what continent did the Marshallese originate?",
              "id": "56f976e69e9bad19000a095c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "one-half" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?",
              "id": "56f976e69e9bad19000a095d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?",
              "id": "56f976e69e9bad19000a095e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "several thousand years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?",
              "id": "56f976e69e9bad19000a095f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus (also known as Assembly of God Part Two), 2.2%; Baptist, 1.0%; Seventh-day Adventists, 0.9%; Full Gospel, 0.7%; and the Baha'i Faith, 0.6%; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population. There is also a small community of Ahmadiyya Muslims based in Majuro, with the first mosque opening in the capital in September 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Congregational" }],
              "question": "What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?",
              "id": "56f977339e9bad19000a0965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "24.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?",
              "id": "56f977339e9bad19000a0966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "8.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?",
              "id": "56f977339e9bad19000a0967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "2.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?",
              "id": "56f977339e9bad19000a0968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "September 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the first mosque in Majuro open?",
              "id": "56f977339e9bad19000a0969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9776f9e9bad19000a096f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "College of the Marshall Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?",
              "id": "56f9776f9e9bad19000a0970"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Majuro" }],
              "question": "Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?",
              "id": "56f977939b226e1400dd1480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Bucholz Army Airfield" }
              ],
              "question": "What airfield operates in Kwajalein?",
              "id": "56f977939b226e1400dd1481"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Szlachta",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The szlachta ([\u02c8\u0282laxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569\u20131795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "noble class" }],
              "question": "What class was slackta in Poland?",
              "id": "56f7c172a6d7ea1400e17268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "King Casimir III the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?",
              "id": "56f7c172a6d7ea1400e17269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?",
              "id": "56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1569\u20131795" }],
              "question": "When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?",
              "id": "56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Ducal Prussia" }],
              "question": "What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. ",
              "id": "56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of \"manor farms\" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "manor farms" }],
              "question": "What is another name for folwarks?",
              "id": "56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "obscurity and mystery" }
              ],
              "question": "Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.",
              "id": "56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "late 18th century" }],
              "question": "Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.",
              "id": "56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "political and legal privileges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.",
              "id": "56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17275"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1772 to 1795" }],
              "question": "When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. ",
              "id": "56f7c49eaef2371900625bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Russian Empire" }],
              "question": "What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.",
              "id": "56f7c49eaef2371900625bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When was the March constitution implemented.",
              "id": "56f7c49eaef2371900625bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Mach constitution do?",
              "id": "56f7c49eaef2371900625bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Second Polish Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. ",
              "id": "56f7c49eaef2371900625bdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "social equals" }],
              "question": "What was the notion for all polish nobles?",
              "id": "56f7c511aef2371900625be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Polish saying" }],
              "question": "What ethnic saying is this traditional from?",
              "id": "56f7c511aef2371900625be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "regardless of their financial status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?",
              "id": "56f7c511aef2371900625be7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means \"(noble) family\", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words\u2014e.g., the Polish \"rycerz\" (\"knight\", cognate of the German \"Ritter\") and the Polish \"herb\" (\"coat of arms\", from the German \"Erbe\", \"heritage\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "slahta" }],
              "question": "What german word does the term szlachta come from?",
              "id": "56f7c5b0aef2371900625beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "\"(noble) family\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does slahta mean?",
              "id": "56f7c5b0aef2371900625bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "rycerz" }],
              "question": "What is the polish name for knight?",
              "id": "56f7c5b0aef2371900625bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Ritter" }],
              "question": "German name for knight?",
              "id": "56f7c5b0aef2371900625bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Erbe" }],
              "question": "Where does the word her derive from in german?",
              "id": "56f7c5b0aef2371900625bef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poles of the 17th century assumed that \"szlachta\" came from the German \"schlachten\" (\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\"); also suggestive is the German \"Schlacht\" (\"battle\"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "German \"schlachten\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?",
              "id": "56f7c6e1aef2371900625bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "(\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does schlachtan mean in german?",
              "id": "56f7c6e1aef2371900625c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Schlacht" }],
              "question": "What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?",
              "id": "56f7c6e1aef2371900625c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "battle" }],
              "question": "What does schlacht mean?",
              "id": "56f7c6e1aef2371900625c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?",
              "id": "56f7c6e1aef2371900625c03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as \"magnates\" (Polish singular: \"magnat\", plural: \"magnaci\") and \"mo\u017cny\" (\"magnate\", \"oligarch\"; plural: \"mo\u017cni\"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "magnates" }],
              "question": "What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?",
              "id": "56f7c779aef2371900625c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "magnat" }],
              "question": "What is the singular version of magnates?",
              "id": "56f7c779aef2371900625c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "mo\u017cny" }],
              "question": "What is another name referring polish nobles?",
              "id": "56f7c779aef2371900625c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "mo\u017cni" }],
              "question": "What is the plural version of mozny?",
              "id": "56f7c779aef2371900625c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Lithuania" }],
              "question": "What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?",
              "id": "56f7c779aef2371900625c0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Polish term \"szlachta\" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as \"nobilitas\" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "szlachta" }],
              "question": "What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?",
              "id": "56f7cc5faef2371900625c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "formalized, hereditary" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?",
              "id": "56f7cc5faef2371900625c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "hereditary szlachta" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is referred to as nobilitas?",
              "id": "56f7cc5faef2371900625c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "equivalent in legal status of the English nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legal status of nobilitas?",
              "id": "56f7cc5faef2371900625c16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to \"nobility\". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned manorial estates though they were not noble by birth. In the narrow sense, szlachta denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "nobility" }],
              "question": "What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?",
              "id": "56f7ccffaef2371900625c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "szlachta" }],
              "question": "What were the non noble land owners referred too as?",
              "id": "56f7ccffaef2371900625c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "by courtesy or error" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?",
              "id": "56f7ccffaef2371900625c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "old-Commonwealth nobility" }
              ],
              "question": "What does szlachta mainly denote?",
              "id": "56f7ccffaef2371900625c1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of \"szlachta\" as \"gentry\" rather than \"nobility\".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility). The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage, no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no peasants.:xvi",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?",
              "id": "56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "szlachta" }],
              "question": "Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?",
              "id": "56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17299"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "hereditary juridical status" }
              ],
              "question": "What ultimately determined nobility?",
              "id": "56f7d4f7aef2371900625c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "to become tenants of the wealthier gentry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?",
              "id": "56f7d4f7aef2371900625c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?",
              "id": "56f7d4f7aef2371900625c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "retained all their constitutional prerogatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?",
              "id": "56f7d4f7aef2371900625c26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham\u2014and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham\u2014and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "obscure" }],
              "question": "Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?",
              "id": "56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "odwieczna" }],
              "question": "What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?",
              "id": "56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?",
              "id": "56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?",
              "id": "56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was important and unique about regional leaders?",
              "id": "56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64\u201366 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechit\u00f3w):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones):430 :118 over which they ruled.:482 The Szlachta were differentiated from the rural population. The nobleman's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism.:233 The Szlachta were noble in the Aryan sense -- \"noble\" in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them.:482 The szlachta traced their descent from Lech/Lekh, who probably founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.:482 Lechia was the name of Poland in antiquity, and the szlachta's own name for themselves was Lechici/Lekhi.:482 An exact counterpart of Szlachta society was the Meerassee system of tenure of southern India\u2014an aristocracy of equality\u2014settled as conquerors among a separate race.:484 The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. The szlachta were a caste, a military caste, as in Hindu society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Lechici/Lekhi (Lechit\u00f3w):"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?",
              "id": "56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In this theory, what was the upper class?",
              "id": "56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 836, "text": "about the fifth century." }
              ],
              "question": "WHen did they find the polish kingdom?",
              "id": "56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "military caste" }],
              "question": "WHat caste system does the hindu society have?",
              "id": "56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1255, "text": "The szlachta" }],
              "question": "Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?",
              "id": "56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (G\u00f3recki 1992, pp. 183\u2013185).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?",
              "id": "56f7dbddaef2371900625c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "Middle Ages and in the early modern period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?",
              "id": "56f7dbddaef2371900625c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "the ius militare," }],
              "question": "The polish anem and cry ritualized what?",
              "id": "56f7dbddaef2371900625c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "define knightly status" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?",
              "id": "56f7dbddaef2371900625c38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around the 14th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?",
              "id": "56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "defend the country" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?",
              "id": "56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "geography" }],
              "question": "What contributed to the long standing traditions?",
              "id": "56f7e340aef2371900625c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "wiec" }],
              "question": "What was governing the polish tribes?",
              "id": "56f7e340aef2371900625c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "an assembly of free tribesmen" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the wiec?",
              "id": "56f7e340aef2371900625c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "an elected prince" }],
              "question": "When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?",
              "id": "56f7e340aef2371900625c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "elites" }],
              "question": "What was the governing position limited to?",
              "id": "56f7e340aef2371900625c46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tribes were ruled by clans (r\u00f3d) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the r\u00f3d/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the r\u00f3d/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called gr\u03ccd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "clans (r\u00f3d)" }],
              "question": "What ruled over the tribes?",
              "id": "56f7e518aef2371900625c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "theoretically descending from a common ancestor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the clans people all have in common?",
              "id": "56f7e518aef2371900625c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "related by blood or marriage" }
              ],
              "question": "What gave them a sense of solidarity? ",
              "id": "56f7e518aef2371900625c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "gr\u03ccd" }],
              "question": "What were stronghold called?",
              "id": "56f7e518aef2371900625c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "opole" }],
              "question": "What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?",
              "id": "56f7e518aef2371900625c50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 \u2013 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mieszko I of Poland" }],
              "question": "WHo established an elite knightly retinue?",
              "id": "56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "(c. 935 \u2013 25 May 992)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?",
              "id": "56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "preserving the unity of his state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?",
              "id": "56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Mieszko I's successors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who also established this retinue as well?",
              "id": "56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being the status of \"rycerz\" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the \"rycerstwo\". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility (\"szlachta\" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "rycerz" }],
              "question": "WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?",
              "id": "56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "knight" }],
              "question": "What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?",
              "id": "56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What people did the rycerstwo class represent?",
              "id": "56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 678,
                  "text": "gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What positive did the szlachta class receive?",
              "id": "56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1005,
                  "text": "could serve as officials in state administration."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?",
              "id": "56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 \u2013 A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Boles\u0142aw III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (mo\u017cni/Magnates, both ecclesiastical and lay) from the rycerstwo they originated from. The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty, this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "A.D., 1138 \u2013 A.D., 1314" }
              ],
              "question": "WHen was the period of Division?",
              "id": "56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e172ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Boles\u0142aw III's division of Poland among his sons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stemmed the period of division?",
              "id": "56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What tribe was the prior social structure from?",
              "id": "56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "850 A.D." }],
              "question": "WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?",
              "id": "56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Piast dynasty," }],
              "question": "Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?",
              "id": "56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some mo\u017cni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These mo\u017cni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech \"elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born\" entrusting them with state offices. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 149)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "co-proprietors of Piast realms" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some Mozni regard themselves with?",
              "id": "56f7f437aef2371900625cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "attempted to deprive them of their independence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?",
              "id": "56f7f437aef2371900625ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "mo\u017cni" }],
              "question": "Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?",
              "id": "56f7f437aef2371900625cd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaik\u0161\u010diai' (dukes)\u2014i.e., loanword from Scandinavic konung. They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania. Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai\u2014from Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) \u0431\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0435. This word to this day is used in Lithuanian language to name nobility, not only for own, but also for nobility of other countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "die beste leuten" }],
              "question": "WHat were nobles named in german language?",
              "id": "56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "ponai" }],
              "question": "What were the nobles named in lithuanian?",
              "id": "56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "kunigai' or 'kunigaik\u0161\u010diai'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the higher nobility named?",
              "id": "56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "King of Lithuania." }
              ],
              "question": "The kunigai were subordinate to who?",
              "id": "56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "\u0431\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0435"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What word is used to denominate nobility?",
              "id": "56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Union of Horod\u0142o the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian nobility claimed that they were of Roman extraction, and the Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language. This led to paradox: Polish nobility claimed own ancestry from Sarmatian tribes, but Sarmatians were considered enemies to Romans. Thus new Roman-Sarmatian theory was created. Strong cultural ties with Polish nobility led that in the 16th century the new term to name Lithuanian nobility appeared \u0161l\u0117kta\u2014a direct loanword from Polish szlachta. From the view of historical truth Lithuanians also should use this term, \u0161l\u0117kta (szlachta), to name own nobility, but Lithuanian linguists forbade the usage of this Polish loanword. This refusal to use word szlachta (in Lithuanian text \u0161l\u0117kta) complicates all naming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Polish szlachta" }],
              "question": "What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?",
              "id": "56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "polonized" }],
              "question": "What did the polish szlachta become more of?",
              "id": "56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "they were of Roman extraction" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?",
              "id": "56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "\u0161l\u0117kta" }],
              "question": "What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?",
              "id": "56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 896, "text": "Lithuanian linguists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who forbid the use of the word slekta?",
              "id": "56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17329"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that \"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "the highest members of the nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHo was first invloved in the polonization?",
              "id": "56f7f695aef2371900625cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Russian Empire" }],
              "question": "Who imposed various sanction on the people?",
              "id": "56f7f695aef2371900625cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?",
              "id": "56f7f695aef2371900625cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "\"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?",
              "id": "56f7f695aef2371900625cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "Lithuanian language." }
              ],
              "question": "What language was banned from printing on books?",
              "id": "56f7f695aef2371900625d00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?",
              "id": "56f7f86faef2371900625d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "multicultural and multilingual" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?",
              "id": "56f7f86faef2371900625d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "principalities of Halych and Volhynia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?",
              "id": "56f7f86faef2371900625d08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "intermarried" }],
              "question": "What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?",
              "id": "56f7f86faef2371900625d09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Polish and Lithuanian nobility" }
              ],
              "question": "What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?",
              "id": "56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "convert to Catholicism" }
              ],
              "question": "What social pressure was pressing down the people?",
              "id": "56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Union of Brest" }],
              "question": "What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. ",
              "id": "56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1596" }],
              "question": "What year was the union of brest",
              "id": "56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "by monarch" }],
              "question": "Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?",
              "id": "56f7fd1faef2371900625d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "ennoblement" }],
              "question": "What right was reversed by sijm?",
              "id": "56f7fd1faef2371900625d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "undifferentiated coat of arms" }
              ],
              "question": "What would be given to the enobled one?",
              "id": "56f7fd1faef2371900625d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "sejm" }],
              "question": "After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?",
              "id": "56f7fd1faef2371900625d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "szlachta clan" }],
              "question": "What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?",
              "id": "56f7fd1faef2371900625d3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 \u2013 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?",
              "id": "56f80258a6d7ea1400e17371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "two ennoblements per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.",
              "id": "56f80258a6d7ea1400e17372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "heraldic sources" }],
              "question": "What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?",
              "id": "56f80258a6d7ea1400e17373"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1,600" }],
              "question": "What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth",
              "id": "56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "14th century onward" }
              ],
              "question": "When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?",
              "id": "56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "final years of the late 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were most ennoblements implemented?",
              "id": "56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors\u2014bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Go\u0161tautai, Radvilos, Astikai, K\u0119sgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Vytautas the Great" }],
              "question": "WHo reformed the grand duchy army?",
              "id": "56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "bajorai" }],
              "question": "vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?",
              "id": "56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?",
              "id": "56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Go\u0161tautai," }],
              "question": "What is an example of noble family name?",
              "id": "56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "Union of Horodlo" }],
              "question": "Who gave the coat of arms to others?",
              "id": "56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defined the significant legislative changes?",
              "id": "56f816a9aef2371900625dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "1374 exemption from the land tax,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?",
              "id": "56f816a9aef2371900625dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 1425 requirement entail? ",
              "id": "56f816a9aef2371900625dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "rights of commoners" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?",
              "id": "56f816a9aef2371900625dc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.\u2014yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "service to the state" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a rarest rare to become a noble?",
              "id": "56f81745aef2371900625dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "really usurpers, being commoners,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?",
              "id": "56f81745aef2371900625dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Hieronim Nekanda Trepka" }
              ],
              "question": "Who denounced many nobles?",
              "id": "56f81745aef2371900625dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "first half of the 16th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?",
              "id": "56f81745aef2371900625dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the nobles lose by being denounced?",
              "id": "56f81745aef2371900625dc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class, not of the king or the ruling dynasty. This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty (first the Piasts, then the Jagiellons), and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty's female-line descendants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "many rights" }],
              "question": "THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?",
              "id": "56f81878a6d7ea1400e173af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "What was the nobilities commonwealth?",
              "id": "56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "not of the king or the ruling dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHo elected the king?",
              "id": "56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?",
              "id": "56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 739,
                  "text": "dynasty's female-line descendants."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?",
              "id": "56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "at the time of their election to the throne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?",
              "id": "56f81977aef2371900625dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "king-elect's Pacta conventa" }
              ],
              "question": "What specified the kings privileges?",
              "id": "56f81977aef2371900625dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?",
              "id": "56f81977aef2371900625dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "privileges" }],
              "question": "What did nobles get in from the king during election?",
              "id": "56f81977aef2371900625dd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1355" }],
              "question": "When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?",
              "id": "56f81cabaef2371900625dd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "Buda King Casimir III the Great"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? ",
              "id": "56f81cabaef2371900625dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Louis I of Hungary" }
              ],
              "question": "WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?",
              "id": "56f81cabaef2371900625dd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was promised by Buda King Casimer?",
              "id": "56f81cabaef2371900625dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "the king and the court" }
              ],
              "question": "WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?",
              "id": "56f81cabaef2371900625ddb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Ko\u0161ice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (\u0142anowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from \u0142an (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: \"urz\u0119dy ziemskie\") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1374" }],
              "question": "When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?",
              "id": "56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHy did King louis approve the privilege?",
              "id": "56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "exempted the entire class from all but one tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?",
              "id": "56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "abolished" }],
              "question": "WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?",
              "id": "56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "King to pay indemnities" }
              ],
              "question": "What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?",
              "id": "56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1422 King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o by the Privilege of Czerwi\u0144sk (Polish: \"przywilej czerwi\u0144ski\") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?",
              "id": "56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1422" }],
              "question": "When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?",
              "id": "56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "ceded" }],
              "question": "What happened to the right to mint coinage?",
              "id": "56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Krak\u00f3w in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlne\u0144sko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brze\u015b\u0107 Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as \"neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum).\" Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King W\u0142adys\u0142aw's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "at Krak\u00f3w in 1433" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?",
              "id": "56f8220daef2371900625e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "Brze\u015b\u0107 Kujawski privilege"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?",
              "id": "56f8220daef2371900625e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?",
              "id": "56f8220daef2371900625e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "warrant from a court of justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? ",
              "id": "56f8220daef2371900625e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "King W\u0142adys\u0142aw's quid pro quo for this boon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? ",
              "id": "56f8220daef2371900625e0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a lev\u00e9e en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1454" }],
              "question": "When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?",
              "id": "56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?",
              "id": "56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "judicial abuses" }],
              "question": "THe nobility was protected from what?",
              "id": "56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "magnates" }],
              "question": "Whos power was curbed?",
              "id": "56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "their participation in the Thirteen Years' War."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the szlachta demand privileges?",
              "id": "56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "When did the first free election take place?",
              "id": "56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "no restrictions on the choice of candidates."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was different about later elections then first free election?",
              "id": "56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "senators" }],
              "question": "Who only voted in the election of 1492?",
              "id": "56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "John I Albert" }],
              "question": "Who won the election of 1492?",
              "id": "56f82667a6d7ea1400e17420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Jagiellonian Dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?",
              "id": "56f82667a6d7ea1400e17421"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrk\u00f3w (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: \"mieszcza\u0144stwo\") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "King John I Albert" }],
              "question": "Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?",
              "id": "56f8274ca6d7ea1400e1742f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "On April 26, 1496" }],
              "question": "Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?",
              "id": "56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "increasing" }],
              "question": "WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?",
              "id": "56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "one son (not the eldest)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was allowed to leave the village?",
              "id": "56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "owning land" }],
              "question": "What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?",
              "id": "56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17433"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish\u2013Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives\u2014in the Latin, \"non praestanda oboedientia\"\u2014and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "23 October 1501" }],
              "question": "When did the Mielnik Polish\u2013Lithuanian union reform?",
              "id": "56f82b14aef2371900625e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Union of Mielnik" }],
              "question": "Where was the Mielnik Polish\u2013Lithuanian union refromed?",
              "id": "56f82b14aef2371900625e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Union of Mielnik" }],
              "question": "Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?",
              "id": "56f82b14aef2371900625e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the actof of milno do?",
              "id": "56f82b14aef2371900625e8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "disobey the King or his representatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What right was given to the nobles?",
              "id": "56f82b14aef2371900625e8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run \"Commonwealth\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "3 May 1505" }],
              "question": "When did the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" happen?",
              "id": "56f82bcfaef2371900625e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "King Alexander I Jagiellon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who granted the act Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\"?",
              "id": "56f82bcfaef2371900625e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" Do",
              "id": "56f82bcfaef2371900625e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "greatly strengthened" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the notabilities political position?",
              "id": "56f82bcfaef2371900625ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "legislative power from the king to the Sejm."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has happened to the legislative power?",
              "id": "56f82bcfaef2371900625ea1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrk\u00f3w they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "\"executionist movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?",
              "id": "56f82cb7aef2371900625ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the intentions of executionists movement?",
              "id": "56f82cb7aef2371900625ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "return many leased crown lands to the king,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what did the Sejm in Piotrk\u00f3w forced the magnates to do?",
              "id": "56f82cb7aef2371900625ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1605" }],
              "question": "WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?",
              "id": "56f82cb7aef2371900625eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "movement lost its political force."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?",
              "id": "56f82cb7aef2371900625eab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish\u2013Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents\u2014the Pacta conventa (\"agreed pacts\")\u2014a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artyku\u0142y henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Sigismund II Augustus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?",
              "id": "56f82fdaaef2371900625ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?",
              "id": "56f82fdaaef2371900625ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?",
              "id": "56f82fdaaef2371900625ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "two documents" }],
              "question": "How many documents should the new elected king sign?",
              "id": "56f82fdaaef2371900625ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "basic laws of the Commonwealth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?",
              "id": "56f82fdaaef2371900625ec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1578" }],
              "question": "The crown tribunal was created when?",
              "id": "56f83048aef2371900625ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "king Stefan Batory" }],
              "question": "Who created the crown tribunal?",
              "id": "56f83048aef2371900625ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?",
              "id": "56f83048aef2371900625ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "the nobility class" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?",
              "id": "56f83048aef2371900625ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Lithuanian Tribunal" }
              ],
              "question": "WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?",
              "id": "56f83048aef2371900625ed3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni\u2014the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "gain legal privileges over their peers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?",
              "id": "56f83111aef2371900625ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were most szlachtas class?",
              "id": "56f83111aef2371900625eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Crimsons" }],
              "question": "What is another name for magnates?",
              "id": "56f83111aef2371900625edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "own at least 20 villages or estates."
                }
              ],
              "question": "A proper magnates own what?",
              "id": "56f83111aef2371900625edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "magnates" }],
              "question": "Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?",
              "id": "56f83111aef2371900625edd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200\u2013300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30\u201340 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?",
              "id": "56f83190a6d7ea1400e17473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "200\u2013300" }],
              "question": "Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? ",
              "id": "56f83190a6d7ea1400e17474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "30\u201340" }],
              "question": "Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?",
              "id": "56f83190a6d7ea1400e17475"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw\u2014movement for execution of the laws\u2014which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "monarchs" }],
              "question": "Magnates recieved gifts often from who?",
              "id": "56f831eba6d7ea1400e17479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Magnates" }],
              "question": "What significantly increased the magnates wealth?",
              "id": "56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "temporary leases" }],
              "question": "What terms were these gifts given?",
              "id": "56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "never returned" }],
              "question": "What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?",
              "id": "56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwi\u0142\u0142, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "magnates" }],
              "question": "The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?",
              "id": "56f83269aef2371900625eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "late 16th century" }],
              "question": "When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?",
              "id": "56f83269aef2371900625eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?",
              "id": "56f83269aef2371900625eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "often rivalled" }],
              "question": "What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?",
              "id": "56f83269aef2371900625ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "estates of the king" }
              ],
              "question": "What was an important power basis for the magnates?",
              "id": "56f83269aef2371900625ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1795" }],
              "question": "When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?",
              "id": "56f832afa6d7ea1400e17481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Partitions of Poland" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?",
              "id": "56f832afa6d7ea1400e17482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "szlachta" }],
              "question": "UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?",
              "id": "56f832afa6d7ea1400e17483"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were d\u00e9class\u00e9, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Nicholas I" }],
              "question": "Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?",
              "id": "56f83350a6d7ea1400e17491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "62.8%" }],
              "question": "IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?",
              "id": "56f83350a6d7ea1400e17492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Russian Poland on February 19, 1864"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When and who abolished the serfdom?",
              "id": "56f83350a6d7ea1400e17493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?",
              "id": "56f83350a6d7ea1400e17494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "48.9%" }],
              "question": "How much land was held by the peasants? ",
              "id": "56f83350a6d7ea1400e17495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into an oligarchy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was different between the polish nobility and others?",
              "id": "56f83483aef2371900625f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "actually gained power" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to nobility at expense of the king?",
              "id": "56f83483aef2371900625f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "oligarchy" }],
              "question": "What did the political system eventually evolve into?",
              "id": "56f83483aef2371900625f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "absolute monarchy" }],
              "question": "What did the ruler strive for?",
              "id": "56f83483aef2371900625f0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10\u201312% of the total population of historic Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10\u201312% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1\u20133%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "10\u201312%" }],
              "question": "How much of the total population was polish common wealth?",
              "id": "56f83b2faef2371900625f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?",
              "id": "56f83b2faef2371900625f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?",
              "id": "56f83b2faef2371900625f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "1\u20133%" }],
              "question": "How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?",
              "id": "56f83b2faef2371900625f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1330, "text": "March Constitution of Poland" }
              ],
              "question": "What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?",
              "id": "56f83b2faef2371900625f2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for \"I do not allow\"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "closed class" }],
              "question": "What class was polands nobility?",
              "id": "56f8410daef2371900625f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Many low-born individuals" }
              ],
              "question": "Who could rise into polish ennoblement?",
              "id": "56f8410daef2371900625f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "enormous influence" }
              ],
              "question": "How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?",
              "id": "56f8410daef2371900625f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "any nobleman" }],
              "question": "WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?",
              "id": "56f8410daef2371900625f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "liberum veto" }],
              "question": "What is is called to nullify proceedings?",
              "id": "56f8410daef2371900625f57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: \"indygenat\") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "noble mother and father" }
              ],
              "question": "Children inherited polish nobility from whom?",
              "id": "56f84216aef2371900625f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "special services to the state" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?",
              "id": "56f84216aef2371900625f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Polish king" }],
              "question": "WHo could naturalize a polish noble?",
              "id": "56f84216aef2371900625f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "nobilitacja" }],
              "question": "What is another name for ennoblement? ",
              "id": "56f84216aef2371900625f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "indygenat" }],
              "question": "WHat is another name for polish noble?",
              "id": "56f84216aef2371900625f6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers \"de iure\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "equals" }],
              "question": "In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?",
              "id": "56f85140a6d7ea1400e17555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "not hereditary" }],
              "question": "Was was unique about the dignities?",
              "id": "56f85140a6d7ea1400e17556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "ritual" }],
              "question": "If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?",
              "id": "56f85140a6d7ea1400e17557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "other lords were only peers \"de iure\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nobles held land form whom?",
              "id": "56f85140a6d7ea1400e17558"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemia\u0144stwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "any nobility that owned lands" }
              ],
              "question": "Who could compose the polish landed gentry?",
              "id": "56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "(ziemianie or ziemia\u0144stwo" }
              ],
              "question": "whats is another name for polish landed gentry?",
              "id": "56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Did all hold title of nobility?",
              "id": "56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17569"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Junosza).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Coats of arms" }],
              "question": "What was very important to the polish nobility?",
              "id": "56f85351aef2371900625fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "heraldic system" }],
              "question": "What kind of system was the coats of arms?",
              "id": "56f85351aef2371900625fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "differing in many ways" }
              ],
              "question": "how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?",
              "id": "56f85351aef2371900625fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did polish knightshood originate?",
              "id": "56f85351aef2371900625fdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their arms officially altered upon ennoblement). Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms. Also often noble families claimed inaccurate clan membership. Logically, the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages (40,000 in the late 18th century).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "minorities would be given the noble title"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most notable difference between countries?",
              "id": "56f8542caef2371900625fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "most families sharing origin" }
              ],
              "question": "Coat of arms would be shared with who else?",
              "id": "56f8542caef2371900625fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "on the basis of similarity of arms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?",
              "id": "56f8542caef2371900625fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "low and did not exceed 200" }
              ],
              "question": "Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?",
              "id": "56f8542caef2371900625fe4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "brisure" }],
              "question": "What was rarely used?",
              "id": "56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?",
              "id": "56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "their fathers" }],
              "question": "Where did men get their coat of arms usually?",
              "id": "56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17583"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in \"Sarmatism\", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the \u017cupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's \"Golden Liberty\" (z\u0142ota wolno\u015b\u0107). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, \"macaronisms\"\u2014from \"macaroni\") in everyday conversation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Sarmatism" }],
              "question": "What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? ",
              "id": "56f85519a6d7ea1400e17591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the name sarmatism originate?",
              "id": "56f85519a6d7ea1400e17592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 575,
                  "text": "served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?",
              "id": "56f85519a6d7ea1400e17593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "peace and pacifism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?",
              "id": "56f85519a6d7ea1400e17594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Polish and Latin" }],
              "question": "What languages were freely mixed?",
              "id": "56f85519a6d7ea1400e17595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of all citizens population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Roman Catholic or Orthodox" }
              ],
              "question": "What two religions were most common?",
              "id": "56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Muslims" }],
              "question": "What was the minority group in the polish nobility?",
              "id": "56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 867, "text": "ennoblement" }],
              "question": "What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?",
              "id": "56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?",
              "id": "56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?",
              "id": "56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Virgil",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [\u02c8pu\u02d0.bl\u026a.\u028as w\u025br\u02c8\u0261\u026a.l\u026a.\u028as \u02c8ma.ro\u02d0]; October 15, 70 BC \u2013 September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /\u02c8v\u025c\u02d0rd\u0292\u1d7bl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Augustan" }],
              "question": "During which period was Vigil a poet?",
              "id": "56f7fa54aef2371900625d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?",
              "id": "56f7fa54aef2371900625d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Aeneid" }],
              "question": "Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?",
              "id": "56f7fa54aef2371900625d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Publius Vergilius Maro" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Virgil's full name?",
              "id": "56f7fa54aef2371900625d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Appendix Vergiliana" }
              ],
              "question": "Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil?",
              "id": "56f7fa54aef2371900625d1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy\u2014in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Aeneid" }],
              "question": "Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?",
              "id": "56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Iliad and Odyssey" }],
              "question": "Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?",
              "id": "56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Aeneas" }],
              "question": "Who is the main character in the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Virgil" }],
              "question": "Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?",
              "id": "56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17359"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Varius" }],
              "question": "Who was Virgil's editor?",
              "id": "56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e1735f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Servius and Donatus" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?",
              "id": "56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?",
              "id": "56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "problematic" }],
              "question": "Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?",
              "id": "56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17362"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius says that Virgil's father was of a humble background; however, scholars generally believe that Virgil was from an equestrian landowning family which could afford to give him an education. He attended schools in Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples. After considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Andes" }],
              "question": "In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born?",
              "id": "56f7fe64aef2371900625d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which cities did Virgil attend schools?",
              "id": "56f7fe64aef2371900625d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "rhetoric and law" }],
              "question": "What other career did Virgil consider?",
              "id": "56f7fe64aef2371900625d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "equestrian landowning" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?",
              "id": "56f7fe64aef2371900625d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "humble" }],
              "question": "Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?",
              "id": "56f7fe64aef2371900625d4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona, Milan, and finally Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with Catullus' neoteric circle. However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, according to Servius, and he was nicknamed \"Parthenias\" or \"maiden\" because of his social aloofness. Virgil seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. According to the Catalepton, while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples, he began to write poetry. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen short poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex (\"The Gnat\"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?",
              "id": "56f89312aef23719006261c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "extremely shy and reserved" }
              ],
              "question": "How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?",
              "id": "56f89312aef23719006261c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Parthenias" }],
              "question": "What was Virgil's nickname?",
              "id": "56f89312aef23719006261c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "social aloofness" }],
              "question": "How did Virgil earn his nickname \"Parthenias\" or \"maiden\"?",
              "id": "56f89312aef23719006261c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1100, "text": "the Culex" }],
              "question": "Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?",
              "id": "56f89312aef23719006261c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39\u201338 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek for \"selections\") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry (\"pastoral poetry\") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil's motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues. In Eclogues 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom, but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (Ecl. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, Ecl. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (Ecl. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. The ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (Ecl. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (Ecl. 3). Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called \"Messianic Eclogue\" uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of Daphnis in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of Silenus; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. Virgil is credited[by whom?] in the Eclogues with establishing Arcadia as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts and setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, and later writers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Theocritus" }],
              "question": "Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?",
              "id": "56f894a19b226e1400dd0c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Octavian" }],
              "question": "Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?",
              "id": "56f894a19b226e1400dd0c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "Eclogues" }],
              "question": "Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?",
              "id": "56f894a19b226e1400dd0c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2004, "text": "Asinius Pollio" }],
              "question": "To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?",
              "id": "56f894a19b226e1400dd0c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1919, "text": "Ecl. 2" }],
              "question": "Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?",
              "id": "56f894a19b226e1400dd0c44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues (probably before 37 BC), Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace, in whose poetry he is often mentioned, and Varius Rufus, who later helped finish the Aeneid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Varius Rufus" }],
              "question": "Who helped finish the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f8954b9b226e1400dd0c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "before 37 BC" }],
              "question": "When where the Eclogues likely published?",
              "id": "56f8954b9b226e1400dd0c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Maecenas" }],
              "question": "What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?",
              "id": "56f8954b9b226e1400dd0c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Horace" }],
              "question": "Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?",
              "id": "56f8954b9b226e1400dd0c4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At Maecenas' insistence (according to the tradition) Virgil spent the ensuing years (perhaps 37\u201329 BC) on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics (from Greek, \"On Working the Earth\") which he dedicated to Maecenas. The ostensible theme of the Georgics is instruction in the methods of running a farm. In handling this theme, Virgil follows in the didactic (\"how to\") tradition of the Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days and several works of the later Hellenistic poets. The four books of the Georgics focus respectively on raising crops and trees (1 and 2), livestock and horses (3), and beekeeping and the qualities of bees (4). Well-known passages include the beloved Laus Italiae of Book 2, the prologue description of the temple in Book 3, and the description of the plague at the end of Book 3. Book 4 concludes with a long mythological narrative, in the form of an epyllion which describes vividly the discovery of beekeeping by Aristaeus and the story of Orpheus' journey to the underworld. Ancient scholars, such as Servius, conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced, at the emperor's request, a long section in praise of Virgil's friend, the poet Gallus, who was disgraced by Augustus, and who committed suicide in 26 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Georgics" }],
              "question": "Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years?",
              "id": "56f8961a9e9bad19000a018b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Maecenas" }],
              "question": "To whom was Georgics dedicated to?",
              "id": "56f8961a9e9bad19000a018c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "running a farm" }],
              "question": "The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what?",
              "id": "56f8961a9e9bad19000a018d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1174, "text": "Gallus" }],
              "question": "Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC?",
              "id": "56f8961a9e9bad19000a018e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1203, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who was Gallus disgraced by?",
              "id": "56f8961a9e9bad19000a018f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Georgics' tone wavers between optimism and pessimism, sparking critical debate on the poet's intentions, but the work lays the foundations for later didactic poetry. Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Battle of Actium" }],
              "question": "Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle?",
              "id": "56f896ab9e9bad19000a0195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "31 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?",
              "id": "56f896ab9e9bad19000a0196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Maecenas" }],
              "question": "Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian?",
              "id": "56f896ab9e9bad19000a0197"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aeneid is widely considered Virgil's finest work and one of the most important poems in the history of western literature. Virgil worked on the Aeneid during the last eleven years of his life (29\u201319 BC), commissioned, according to Propertius, by Augustus. The epic poem consists of 12 books in dactylic hexameter verse which describe the journey of Aeneas, a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy, to Italy, his battle with the Italian prince Turnus, and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge. The Aeneid's first six books describe the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Rome. Virgil made use of several models in the composition of his epic; Homer, the preeminent author of classical epic, is everywhere present, but Virgil also makes special use of the Latin poet Ennius and the Hellenistic poet Apollonius of Rhodes among the various other writers to which he alludes. Although the Aeneid casts itself firmly into the epic mode, it often seeks to expand the genre by including elements of other genres such as tragedy and aetiological poetry. Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Aeneid" }],
              "question": "Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?",
              "id": "56f8976b9b226e1400dd0c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?",
              "id": "56f8976b9b226e1400dd0c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many books are included in The Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f8976b9b226e1400dd0c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1220, "text": "Odyssey" }],
              "question": "Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?",
              "id": "56f8976b9b226e1400dd0c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1280, "text": "Iliad" }],
              "question": "Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?",
              "id": "56f8976b9b226e1400dd0c6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Juno" }],
              "question": "Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f8984c9b226e1400dd0c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Dido" }],
              "question": "Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f8984c9b226e1400dd0c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "In which book does Aeneas' father die?",
              "id": "56f8984c9b226e1400dd0c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1087, "text": "Anchises" }],
              "question": "Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?",
              "id": "56f8984c9b226e1400dd0c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1012, "text": "Sibyl" }],
              "question": "Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?",
              "id": "56f8984c9b226e1400dd0c85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Book 7 (beginning the Iliadic half) opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas' arrival in Italy and betrothal to Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus. Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto, and Amata Lavinia's mother. In Book 8, Aeneas allies with King Evander, who occupies the future site of Rome, and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history. Book 9 records an assault by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulians, Book 10, the death of Evander's young son Pallas, and 11 the death of the Volscian warrior princess Camilla and the decision to settle the war with a duel between Aeneas and Turnus. The Aeneid ends in Book 12 with the taking of Latinus' city, the death of Amata, and Aeneas' defeat and killing of Turnus, whose pleas for mercy are spurned. The final book ends with the image of Turnus' soul lamenting as it flees to the underworld.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Lavinia" }],
              "question": "To whom is Aeneas betrothed?",
              "id": "56f899199b226e1400dd0c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "King Evander" }],
              "question": "Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f899199b226e1400dd0c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Turnus" }],
              "question": "Who had Lavinia already been promised to?",
              "id": "56f899199b226e1400dd0c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Turnus" }],
              "question": "Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?",
              "id": "56f899199b226e1400dd0c8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics of the Aeneid focus on a variety of issues. The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome. A strong teleology, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. The Aeneid is full of prophecies about the future of Rome, the deeds of Augustus, his ancestors, and famous Romans, and the Carthaginian Wars; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII in 31 BC. A further focus of study is the character of Aeneas. As the protagonist of the poem, Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the \"pious\" and \"righteous\" Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "31 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur?",
              "id": "56f89a0c9e9bad19000a01af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "Aeneas" }],
              "question": "Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f89a0c9e9bad19000a01b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1140, "text": "Turnus" }],
              "question": "Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas?",
              "id": "56f89a0c9e9bad19000a01b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas?",
              "id": "56f89a0c9e9bad19000a01b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aeneid appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4, and 6 to Augustus; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus' sister Octavia to faint. Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly scepticism, it has served as a basis for later art, such as Jean-Baptiste Wicar's Virgil Reading the Aeneid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint?",
              "id": "56f89b409b226e1400dd0cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Virgil Reading the Aeneid" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f89b409b226e1400dd0cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?",
              "id": "56f89b409b226e1400dd0cb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near Megara. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect. Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Greece" }],
              "question": "According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?",
              "id": "56f89d879b226e1400dd0cc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Brundisium harbor" }],
              "question": "Where did Virgil die?",
              "id": "56f89d879b226e1400dd0cc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "September 21, 19 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "What date did Virgil die?",
              "id": "56f89d879b226e1400dd0cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Virgil's literary executors?",
              "id": "56f89d879b226e1400dd0cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "the poem be burned" }
              ],
              "question": "What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?",
              "id": "56f89d879b226e1400dd0cc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1\u20132, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called \"mini-Aeneid\", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to \"rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps.\" In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called \"Messianic\" Fourth Eclogue\u2014widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ\u2014Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1028, "text": "Silius Italicus" }],
              "question": "Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?",
              "id": "56f89eb29e9bad19000a01e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1126, "text": "Punica" }],
              "question": ".What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?",
              "id": "56f89eb29e9bad19000a01e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1133, "text": "Silius" }],
              "question": "Who bought Virgil's tomb?",
              "id": "56f89eb29e9bad19000a01e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1288, "text": "Fourth Eclogue" }],
              "question": "Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?",
              "id": "56f89eb29e9bad19000a01e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet. Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that \"we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Gregory of Tours" }],
              "question": "Who cautioned \"we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death\"?",
              "id": "56f89fdc9b226e1400dd0cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Western Roman" }],
              "question": "Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?",
              "id": "56f89fdc9b226e1400dd0cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "master" }],
              "question": "Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?",
              "id": "56f89fdc9b226e1400dd0cf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Dante also mentions Virgil in De vulgari eloquentia, along with Ovid, Lucan and Statius, as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Divine Comedy" }],
              "question": "In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?",
              "id": "56f8a0ae9e9bad19000a0201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dante" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?",
              "id": "56f8a0ae9e9bad19000a0202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Virgil" }],
              "question": "Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?",
              "id": "56f8a0ae9e9bad19000a0203"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Eclogues 4" }],
              "question": "Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?",
              "id": "56f8a1fc9b226e1400dd0d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?",
              "id": "56f8a1fc9b226e1400dd0d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?",
              "id": "56f8a1fc9b226e1400dd0d15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possibly as early as the second century AD, Virgil's works were seen as having magical properties and were used for divination. In what became known as the Sortes Vergilianae (Virgilian Lots), passages would be selected at random and interpreted to answer questions. In the 12th century, starting around Naples but eventually spreading widely throughout Europe, a tradition developed in which Virgil was regarded as a great magician. Legends about Virgil and his magical powers remained popular for over two hundred years, arguably becoming as prominent as his writings themselves. Virgil's legacy in medieval Wales was such that the Welsh version of his name, Fferyllt or Pheryllt, became a generic term for magic-worker, and survives in the modern Welsh word for pharmacist, fferyllydd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Naples" }],
              "question": "Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician?",
              "id": "56f8a37b9e9bad19000a023f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "over two hundred years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did legends of Virgil's magical powers remain popular?",
              "id": "56f8a37b9e9bad19000a0240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "fferyllydd" }],
              "question": "What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist?",
              "id": "56f8a37b9e9bad19000a0241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "medieval Wales" }],
              "question": "Where did Virgil's name become a generic term for magic-worker?",
              "id": "56f8a37b9e9bad19000a0242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "When did Virgil's reputation as a great magician begin?",
              "id": "56f8a37b9e9bad19000a0243"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The legend of Virgil in his Basket arose in the Middle Ages, and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the Power of Women literary topos, demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men. In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman, sometimes described as the emperor's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia. She played him along and agreed to an assignation at her house, which he was to sneak into at night by climbing into a large basket let down from a window. When he did so he was only hoisted halfway up the wall and then left him trapped there into the next day, exposed to public ridicule. The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle. Among other artists depicting the scene, Lucas van Leyden made a woodcut and later an engraving.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?",
              "id": "56f8a4a59e9bad19000a0249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Lucretia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?",
              "id": "56f8a4a59e9bad19000a024a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "Phyllis riding Aristotle" }
              ],
              "question": "Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?",
              "id": "56f8a4a59e9bad19000a024b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Lucas van Leyden" }],
              "question": "Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?",
              "id": "56f8a4a59e9bad19000a024c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structure known as \"Virgil's tomb\" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as \"grotta vecchia\") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?",
              "id": "56f8a5a89b226e1400dd0d45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Piedigrotta" }],
              "question": "In which district is \"Virgil's tomb\" located?",
              "id": "56f8a5a89b226e1400dd0d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "grotta vecchia" }],
              "question": "What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where \"Virgil's tomb\" is located also called?",
              "id": "56f8a5a89b226e1400dd0d47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo (\"maiden\" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, \"maiden\"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga (\"wand\") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet \"The Swan of Mantua\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Vergilius" }],
              "question": "Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?",
              "id": "56f8a6f19e9bad19000a0265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Late Empire and Middle Ages" }
              ],
              "question": "During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?",
              "id": "56f8a6f19e9bad19000a0266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?",
              "id": "56f8a6f19e9bad19000a0267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 929, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?",
              "id": "56f8a6f19e9bad19000a0268"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alps",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Alps (/\u00e6lps/; Italian: Alpi [\u02c8alpi]; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [\u02c8\u0294alpm\u0329]; Slovene: Alpe [\u02c8\u00e1\u02d0lp\u025b]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French\u2013Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,123 ft), known as the \"four-thousanders\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What Country are the Alps located in?",
              "id": "56f81f0ea6d7ea1400e173d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1,200 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?",
              "id": "56f81f0ea6d7ea1400e173d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "over tens of millions of years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long has it taken for the Alps to form? ",
              "id": "56f81f0ea6d7ea1400e173d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Mont Blanc" }],
              "question": "What is the highest mountain in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f81f0ea6d7ea1400e173da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 936, "text": "the \"four-thousanders\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The Alpine region is also known as what? ",
              "id": "56f81f0ea6d7ea1400e173db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The altitude and size of the range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What affects the climate in Europe? ",
              "id": "56f81fe6aef2371900625df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "ibex" }],
              "question": "What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?",
              "id": "56f81fe6aef2371900625df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Edelweiss" }],
              "question": "What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?",
              "id": "56f81fe6aef2371900625df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Paleolithic era" }],
              "question": "Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? ",
              "id": "56f81fe6aef2371900625df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian\u2013Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "5,000 years old" }],
              "question": "How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?",
              "id": "56f82171a6d7ea1400e173e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "the Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC? ",
              "id": "56f82171a6d7ea1400e173e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Hannibal" }],
              "question": "Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? ",
              "id": "56f82171a6d7ea1400e173e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes? ",
              "id": "56f82171a6d7ea1400e173ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Bavarian Alps" }],
              "question": "Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?",
              "id": "56f82171a6d7ea1400e173eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "14 million people" }],
              "question": "The alps is home to how many people?",
              "id": "56f824aba6d7ea1400e1740f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "120 million" }],
              "question": "How many visitors go to the Alps annually?",
              "id": "56f824aba6d7ea1400e17410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "tourist industry" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region? ",
              "id": "56f824aba6d7ea1400e17411"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Alpes" }],
              "question": "The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? ",
              "id": "56f82596aef2371900625e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Maurus Servius Honoratus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?",
              "id": "56f82596aef2371900625e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Celtic languages" }],
              "question": "What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? ",
              "id": "56f82596aef2371900625e2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb \"hill\"; \"Albania\" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, \"Albania\" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language \"Albania\" (or \"Albany\") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Indo-European origin" }
              ],
              "question": "There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin? ",
              "id": "56f827e6aef2371900625e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Albania" }],
              "question": "What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe? ",
              "id": "56f827e6aef2371900625e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "the eastern Caucasus" }
              ],
              "question": "Albania was a name for what during Roman Times? ",
              "id": "56f827e6aef2371900625e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language? ",
              "id": "56f827e6aef2371900625e5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It's likely[weasel words] that alb (\"white\") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "alb (\"white\") and albus" }
              ],
              "question": "What words are likely to have common origins?",
              "id": "56f84664aef2371900625f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?",
              "id": "56f84664aef2371900625f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "Alb can also mean what? ",
              "id": "56f84664aef2371900625f7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term \"the Alps\", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont, pic, dent and aiguille in French speaking regions; and monte, picco or cima in Italian speaking regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages? ",
              "id": "56f87461aef23719006260a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "An alp" }],
              "question": "What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?",
              "id": "56f87461aef23719006260a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "German speaking regions" }
              ],
              "question": "Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?",
              "id": "56f87461aef23719006260a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "French speaking regions" }
              ],
              "question": "Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?",
              "id": "56f87461aef23719006260a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues toward Vienna in Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and into Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the south border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Neuschwanstein, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Alps" }],
              "question": "What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?",
              "id": "56f8752baef23719006260b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "2.5 km (1.6 mi)" }],
              "question": "What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?",
              "id": "56f8752baef23719006260b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far does the Alps range stretch?",
              "id": "56f8752baef23719006260b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "alpine territory" }],
              "question": "Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what? ",
              "id": "56f8752baef23719006260b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "the glacial trough of the Rhone valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what? ",
              "id": "56f875e9a6d7ea1400e17679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the easterly portion" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the peaks smaller in the range? ",
              "id": "56f875e9a6d7ea1400e1767a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range? ",
              "id": "56f875e9a6d7ea1400e1767b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Spl\u00fcgen Pass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The variances in nomenclature" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?",
              "id": "56f876bda6d7ea1400e17689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "geologist Stefan Schmid" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came up with the general classification?",
              "id": "56f876bda6d7ea1400e1768a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Spl\u00fcgen Pass" }],
              "question": "Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?",
              "id": "56f876bda6d7ea1400e1768b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Mont Blanc" }],
              "question": "The highest peak of the Western Alps is where? ",
              "id": "56f87739aef23719006260c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "4,810 m" }],
              "question": "How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc? ",
              "id": "56f87739aef23719006260c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Piz Bernina" }],
              "question": "The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?",
              "id": "56f87739aef23719006260c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "4,049 metres" }],
              "question": "How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina",
              "id": "56f87739aef23719006260c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where are the French Prealps located? ",
              "id": "56f8782aaef23719006260d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "the Jura Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?",
              "id": "56f8782aaef23719006260d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "The secondary chain of the Alps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?",
              "id": "56f8782aaef23719006260d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "the line of the main chain" }
              ],
              "question": "What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?",
              "id": "56f8782aaef23719006260d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Alps" }],
              "question": "What have been crossed for war and commerce? ",
              "id": "56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "hospices" }],
              "question": "What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?",
              "id": "56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "the summits of many of the main passes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were hospices established? ",
              "id": "56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Col de l'Iseran" }],
              "question": "What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?",
              "id": "56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the \u00d6tztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile (1.6 km) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in the late 19th century the 14 km (9 mi) long Saint Gotthard Tunnel was built connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial road between Western Europe and Italy. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fr\u00e9jus Road and Rail tunnel. At 2,756 m (9,042 ft), the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy is one of the highest of the Alpine passes; the road was built in the 1820s. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "the Brenner Pass" }],
              "question": "What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?",
              "id": "56f87b15aef23719006260e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "since the 14th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route? ",
              "id": "56f87b15aef23719006260e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "985 m (3,232 ft)" }],
              "question": "The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation? ",
              "id": "56f87b15aef23719006260ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte" }
              ],
              "question": "Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops? ",
              "id": "56f87b15aef23719006260eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1251,
                  "text": "col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the highest point in the alps located? ",
              "id": "56f87b15aef23719006260ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of \"folded\" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "naturalists" }],
              "question": "Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps",
              "id": "56f87c08aef23719006260f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f87c08aef23719006260f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "theory of geosynclines" }
              ],
              "question": "What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of \"folded\" mountain chains? ",
              "id": "56f87c08aef23719006260f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "the theory of plate tectonics" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? ",
              "id": "56f87c08aef23719006260f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia\u2014a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "about 300 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the formation of the alps began?",
              "id": "56f87d46aef23719006260fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "a single tectonic plate" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?",
              "id": "56f87d46aef23719006260fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "the Mesozoic Era" }],
              "question": "When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?",
              "id": "56f87d46aef23719006260fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Jurassic Period" }],
              "question": "The Tethys sea developed during what period of time? ",
              "id": "56f87d46aef23719006260fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 737, "text": "the late Cretaceous Period" }
              ],
              "question": "The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time? ",
              "id": "56f87d46aef23719006260fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "marine sedimentary rocks" }
              ],
              "question": "What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? ",
              "id": "56f8821eaef237190062613c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "As the rising peaks underwent erosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?",
              "id": "56f8821eaef237190062613d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Coarse sediments" }],
              "question": "What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?",
              "id": "56f8821eaef237190062613e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "flysch" }],
              "question": "Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?",
              "id": "56f8821eaef237190062613f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are subdivided by different lithology (rock composition) and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the center and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the Southern Alpine system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "a late-stage orogeny" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the development of the Jura Mountains? ",
              "id": "56f883c2aef2371900626144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "A series of tectonic events" }
              ],
              "question": "What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?",
              "id": "56f883c2aef2371900626145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "lithology" }],
              "question": "What is another word for rock composition? ",
              "id": "56f883c2aef2371900626146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Helveticum" }],
              "question": "What geological subdivision is located in the north?",
              "id": "56f883c2aef2371900626147"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "geologist" }],
              "question": "What is Stefan Schmid's profession?",
              "id": "56f8851fa6d7ea1400e1770f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "a metamorphic event" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era",
              "id": "56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "the Cretaceous Period" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?",
              "id": "56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "nappe formations" }],
              "question": "The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?",
              "id": "56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Cretaceous" }],
              "question": "When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?",
              "id": "56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17713"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the \"Houilli\u00e8re zone\", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High \"massifs\" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Houilli\u00e8re zone" }
              ],
              "question": "What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? ",
              "id": "56f8868baef2371900626160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "High \"massifs\"" }],
              "question": "What are more common in the Western Alps?",
              "id": "56f8868baef2371900626161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Eastern Alps" }],
              "question": "When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?",
              "id": "56f8868baef2371900626162"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "the structure of the Alps" }
              ],
              "question": "Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?",
              "id": "56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "continental Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure? ",
              "id": "56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "the African plate" }],
              "question": "Where are the top of the nappes derived from? ",
              "id": "56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "The Matterhorn" }],
              "question": "What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?",
              "id": "56f88857a6d7ea1400e17730"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Brian\u00e7onnais, and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "folded and fractured" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?",
              "id": "56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e1773f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "layers of rock from the various orogenies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?",
              "id": "56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "steep vertical peaks" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?",
              "id": "56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17741"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 \"official\" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 \"four-thousanders\" with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?",
              "id": "56f88bb0aef2371900626170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?",
              "id": "56f88bb0aef2371900626171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "500 m (1,640 ft)" }],
              "question": "The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?",
              "id": "56f88bb0aef2371900626172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859\u20131956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "When was Mont Blanc first climbed?",
              "id": "56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "first half of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?",
              "id": "56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?",
              "id": "56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "the end of the golden age of alpinism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?",
              "id": "56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Karl Blodig" }],
              "question": "Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?",
              "id": "56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17751"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1788" }],
              "question": "When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent? ",
              "id": "56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1819" }],
              "question": "When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?",
              "id": "56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "the mid-1850s" }],
              "question": "When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks? ",
              "id": "56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?",
              "id": "56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed? ",
              "id": "56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are found throughout much of the Alpine region such as cinnabar, amethyst, and quartz. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "minerals" }],
              "question": "What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years? ",
              "id": "56f88f71aef237190062619e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?",
              "id": "56f88f71aef237190062619f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?",
              "id": "56f88f71aef23719006261a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "high-quality iron ore" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?",
              "id": "56f88f71aef23719006261a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Slovenia" }],
              "question": "The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?",
              "id": "56f88f71aef23719006261a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "hundreds of years" }],
              "question": "How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected? ",
              "id": "56f89035aef23719006261a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified? ",
              "id": "56f89035aef23719006261a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Leonhard Euler" }],
              "question": "Who studied the shapes of crystals? ",
              "id": "56f89035aef23719006261aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "crystal hunting" }],
              "question": "By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?",
              "id": "56f89035aef23719006261ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "David Friedrich Wiser" }
              ],
              "question": "Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?",
              "id": "56f89035aef23719006261ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals\u2014a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuch\u00e2tel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the \"father of the ice-age concept\" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Miocene Epoch" }],
              "question": "Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?",
              "id": "56f8928baef23719006261bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "glaciation" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of the severe erosion?",
              "id": "56f8928baef23719006261bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Louis Agassiz" }],
              "question": "Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?",
              "id": "56f8928baef23719006261be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "the \"father of the ice-age concept\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Louis Agassiz also known as? ",
              "id": "56f8928baef23719006261bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Unteraar Glacier" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?",
              "id": "56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "100 m (328 ft)" }],
              "question": "Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year? ",
              "id": "56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "the middle" }],
              "question": "The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?",
              "id": "56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages. Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. Moraines, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "The Inn valley" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages? ",
              "id": "56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley",
              "id": "56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "erosion from earlier ice ages" }
              ],
              "question": "The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?",
              "id": "56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Moraines?",
              "id": "56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where have moraines accumulated?",
              "id": "56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous crevasses, often invisible under new snowfall, which cause the greatest danger to mountaineers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "spread in a fan-like shape" }
              ],
              "question": "How do Piedmont glaciers appear?",
              "id": "56f897739b226e1400dd0c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "The stress of the movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?",
              "id": "56f897739b226e1400dd0c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "unpredictable and dangerous crevasses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the cracking of the ice create?",
              "id": "56f897739b226e1400dd0c73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-Italian border; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "a piece of glacier will detach or break"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?",
              "id": "56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "an avalanche" }],
              "question": "What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?",
              "id": "56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "120 homes" }],
              "question": "How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? ",
              "id": "56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "High levels of precipitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas? ",
              "id": "56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?",
              "id": "56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "decreased river run-off levels."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?",
              "id": "56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Forty percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?",
              "id": "56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?",
              "id": "56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff. Water from the rivers is used in over 500 hydroelectricity power plants, generating as much as 2900 kilowatts of electricity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Alps" }],
              "question": "What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?",
              "id": "56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "11 percent of the surface area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of Europe does the Alps cover?",
              "id": "56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "90 percent" }],
              "question": "How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?",
              "id": "56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "80 percent" }],
              "question": "How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?",
              "id": "56f89db09b226e1400dd0cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?",
              "id": "56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps. The Rhone is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea; the river begins as glacial meltwater, flows into Lake Geneva, and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants. The Rhine originates in a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland and represents almost 60 percent of water exported from the country. Tributary valleys, some of which are complicated, channel water to the main valleys which can experience flooding during the snow melt season when rapid runoff causes debris torrents and swollen rivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "The Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country?",
              "id": "56f89f569b226e1400dd0cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from?",
              "id": "56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "The Rhone" }],
              "question": "Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean?",
              "id": "56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "glacial meltwater" }],
              "question": "What does The Rhone begin as?",
              "id": "56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Rhine originate?",
              "id": "56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the K\u00f6nigssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?",
              "id": "56f8a2749e9bad19000a0225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "south side" }],
              "question": "What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?",
              "id": "56f8a2749e9bad19000a0226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "lakes" }],
              "question": "What do the rivers form?",
              "id": "56f8a2749e9bad19000a0227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Scientists" }],
              "question": "Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?",
              "id": "56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "snowmaking in the ski resorts" }
              ],
              "question": "Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?",
              "id": "56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "unknown" }],
              "question": "What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?",
              "id": "56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease (see adiabatic lapse rate). The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain. The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Alps" }],
              "question": "What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain?",
              "id": "56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Alpine" }],
              "question": "Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what?",
              "id": "56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the temperature to decrease?",
              "id": "56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "The height of the Alps" }
              ],
              "question": "What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south?",
              "id": "56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied? ",
              "id": "56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the weather patterns" }
              ],
              "question": "Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?",
              "id": "56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Numerous weather stations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Where is the Aosta valley located?",
              "id": "56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where is the Valais located?",
              "id": "56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,281 and 9,843 ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins. Snow lines vary from 2,400 to 3,000 m (7,874 to 9,843 ft), above which the snow is permanent and the temperatures hover around the freezing point even July and August. High-water levels in streams and rivers peak in June and July when the snow is still melting at the higher altitudes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff?",
              "id": "56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "high altitudes" }],
              "question": "Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur? ",
              "id": "56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what altitude does snowfall begin in November?",
              "id": "56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,625 to 5,577 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,249 to 7,874 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from tree line to snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "five climatic zones" }
              ],
              "question": "How many zones are the Alps split into?",
              "id": "56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "colline zone" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest zone of the Alps called?",
              "id": "56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "between 500 and 1,000 m" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist? ",
              "id": "56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "from 800 to 1,700 m" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the montane zone extend from?",
              "id": "56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "from 1,600 to 2,400 m" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from?",
              "id": "56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Various models of climate change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8a8639e9bad19000a0277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "increased temperatures" }
              ],
              "question": "What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?",
              "id": "56f8a8639e9bad19000a0278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What have the various models been of?",
              "id": "56f8a8639e9bad19000a0279"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees\u2014oak, beech, ash and sycamore maple. These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,940 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,920 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,580 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thirteen thousand" }],
              "question": "How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions?",
              "id": "56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "by habitat and soil type" }
              ],
              "question": "How are Alpine plants grouped?",
              "id": "56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "chief deciduous trees" }
              ],
              "question": "Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees?",
              "id": "56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the tree line is the area defined as \"alpine\" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "a band of short pine trees" }
              ],
              "question": "What is often above the forestry?",
              "id": "56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "acidic soil" }],
              "question": "What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer?",
              "id": "56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "alpine" }],
              "question": "What is the area above the treeline defined as?",
              "id": "56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "because of regional fluctuations in tree lines."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly?",
              "id": "56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Switzerland D. H. Lawrence described them as \"darkening the day-time, torch-like with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom.\" Gentians tend to \"appear\" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys. On the highest rocky ledges the spring flowers bloom in the summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental?",
              "id": "56f8aa359e9bad19000a0295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "the Illyrian king Gentius" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Gentians named after?",
              "id": "56f8aa359e9bad19000a0296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "40 species" }],
              "question": "How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8aa359e9bad19000a0297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,303 ft). Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is the Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,400 m (4,593 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,155 ft). The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "isolated cushions" }],
              "question": "What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? ",
              "id": "56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "above 4,000 m" }],
              "question": "Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps?",
              "id": "56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "the King of the Alps" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?",
              "id": "56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Edelweiss" }],
              "question": "What is the best known of the alpine plants?",
              "id": "56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "extreme and stressful climatic conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?",
              "id": "56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "medicinal" }],
              "question": "Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?",
              "id": "56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "Where are Urtica dioica found?",
              "id": "56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Human interference" }],
              "question": "What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?",
              "id": "56f8ae129b226e1400dd0ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "forests of deciduous trees" }
              ],
              "question": "What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?",
              "id": "56f8ae129b226e1400dd0dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "The vegetation" }],
              "question": "What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?",
              "id": "56f8ae129b226e1400dd0def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "the underlying tundra" }
              ],
              "question": "The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?",
              "id": "56f8ae129b226e1400dd0df0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "30,000 species" }],
              "question": "How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8af259b226e1400dd0dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "made adaptations" }],
              "question": "What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8af259b226e1400dd0e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "directly above or below the snow line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?",
              "id": "56f8af259b226e1400dd0e01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "alpine ibex" }],
              "question": "What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes?",
              "id": "56f8afb99e9bad19000a0313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted?",
              "id": "56f8afb99e9bad19000a0314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "in caves" }],
              "question": "Where do the ibex live?",
              "id": "56f8afb99e9bad19000a0315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "chamois" }],
              "question": "What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes?",
              "id": "56f8afb99e9bad19000a0316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed?",
              "id": "56f8afb99e9bad19000a0317"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,874 ft). The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or at the Jungfraujoch, a high altitude tourist destination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "underground" }],
              "question": "Where do many rodents live?",
              "id": "56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Marmots live?",
              "id": "56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "beneath the alpine pastures" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do marmots build their colonies?",
              "id": "56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "the alpine chough" }],
              "question": "What is the most common bird found in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "they cannot bear the cold temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?",
              "id": "56f8b1949e9bad19000a0339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "they hibernate underground" }
              ],
              "question": "What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?",
              "id": "56f8b1949e9bad19000a033a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?",
              "id": "56f8b1949e9bad19000a033b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Brown trout" }],
              "question": "What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?",
              "id": "56f8b1949e9bad19000a033c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "120 million years" }],
              "question": "How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?",
              "id": "56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Blue moths" }],
              "question": "What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?",
              "id": "56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "1,800 m (5,906 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?",
              "id": "56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Rosalia alpina" }],
              "question": "What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?",
              "id": "56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "having been indigenous to the area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?",
              "id": "56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Alpine orogeny" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?",
              "id": "56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Valais, Switzerland" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Emosson located?",
              "id": "56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?",
              "id": "56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "About 10,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?",
              "id": "56f8b42f9e9bad19000a0369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Evidence of human habitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been found in caves near Vercors?",
              "id": "56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "to keep them dry" }],
              "question": "Why were houses built on piles?",
              "id": "56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Standing stones" }],
              "question": "What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?",
              "id": "56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "more than 5000 years old" }
              ],
              "question": "How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?",
              "id": "56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as \u00d6tzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of \u00d6tzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1\u00f6 for \u00d6tzi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "a mummy of a neolithic body" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Otzi the Iceman?",
              "id": "56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1991" }],
              "question": "When was Otzi the Iceman found?",
              "id": "56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Similaun glacier" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?",
              "id": "56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La T\u00e8ne culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes\u2014they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "between 1000 to 1500 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? ",
              "id": "56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "the eastern regions" }
              ],
              "question": "The Raetians lived in what region?",
              "id": "56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "the west" }],
              "question": "The Helvetii occupied which region?",
              "id": "56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "salt" }],
              "question": "What did the Celtic tribes mine?",
              "id": "56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "The Celts" }],
              "question": "Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?",
              "id": "56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "218 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Second Punic War?",
              "id": "56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Hannibal" }],
              "question": "Who was the Carthaginian general?",
              "id": "56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "roads" }],
              "question": "What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?",
              "id": "56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Roman road markers" }
              ],
              "question": "What can still be found on the mountain passes?",
              "id": "56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Roman expansion" }],
              "question": "What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?",
              "id": "56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "in 121 BC" }],
              "question": "When were the Allobrogi defeated?",
              "id": "56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "58 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?",
              "id": "56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Germanic tribes" }],
              "question": "What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?",
              "id": "56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Ch\u00e2teau de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "Who established Christianity in the region?",
              "id": "56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "feudalism" }],
              "question": "What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?",
              "id": "56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area still has intricate frescoes?",
              "id": "56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Ch\u00e2teau de Chillon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?",
              "id": "56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter that is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well-established as a separate state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "power struggles" }],
              "question": "Much of the medieval period was a time of what?",
              "id": "56f8be559b226e1400dd0f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "northern Italy" }],
              "question": "Where were the Visconti from?",
              "id": "56f8be559b226e1400dd0f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "the House of Habsburg" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?",
              "id": "56f8be559b226e1400dd0f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?",
              "id": "56f8be559b226e1400dd0f04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Napoleonic Wars" }],
              "question": "What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?",
              "id": "56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?",
              "id": "56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1798" }],
              "question": "When was the Helvetic Republic established?",
              "id": "56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where was the Helvetic Republic established?",
              "id": "56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the fall of Napol\u00e9on, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts. The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. The Barri\u00e8re de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "After the fall of Napol\u00e9on" }
              ],
              "question": "When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?",
              "id": "56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Savoy" }],
              "question": "Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?",
              "id": "56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "to protect the major alpine passes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?",
              "id": "56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered the construction of a paved road?",
              "id": "56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken, Switzerland. The Great St Bernard Hospice, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travelers and place for pilgrims since its inception; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "the monasteries built in the high Alps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "The Benedictines" }],
              "question": "Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?",
              "id": "56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "the Augustinians" }],
              "question": "Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?",
              "id": "56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "the 9th or 10th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?",
              "id": "56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "50,000 years" }],
              "question": "How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?",
              "id": "56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?",
              "id": "56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Seven bear skulls" }],
              "question": "What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?",
              "id": "56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Alpine passes" }],
              "question": "People blindfolded themselves to cross what?",
              "id": "56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as \"horrifying and terrifying.\" Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain\u2014scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a \"blue like that of a gentian\" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where was Charles VII from?",
              "id": "56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "climb Mont Aiguille" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?",
              "id": "56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "a bronze triptych of three crosses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?",
              "id": "56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?",
              "id": "56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?",
              "id": "56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the \"theatre of the Lord\". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-B\u00e9n\u00e9dict de Saussure (1740\u20131799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752\u20131833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc\u2014today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Conrad Gessner" }],
              "question": "Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?",
              "id": "56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Geneva" }],
              "question": "Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?",
              "id": "56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "Saussure" }],
              "question": "Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?",
              "id": "56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?",
              "id": "56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Albrecht von Haller" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?",
              "id": "56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?",
              "id": "56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "the sublime effects of monumental nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?",
              "id": "56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0487"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem \"Mont Blanc\", Byron wrote \"The Prisoner of Chillon\" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself \"Atheos\" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, \"Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders\". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Geneva" }],
              "question": "Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?",
              "id": "56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Mont Blanc" }],
              "question": "What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?",
              "id": "56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "the mid-19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?",
              "id": "56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Obersalzberg, to prevent Hitler from retreating with the Wehrmacht into the mountains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Austrian" }],
              "question": "Where was Adolf Hitler born?",
              "id": "56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? ",
              "id": "56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Obersalzberg region" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops\u2014the country follows the doctrine of \"armed neutrality\" with all males required to have military training\u2014a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "the Third Reich" }],
              "question": "By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?",
              "id": "56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?",
              "id": "56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?",
              "id": "56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "The Swiss commanders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?",
              "id": "56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ski troops" }],
              "question": "Who were trained for the war?",
              "id": "56f8c8379e9bad19000a04be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?",
              "id": "56f8c8379e9bad19000a04bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?",
              "id": "56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?",
              "id": "56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "14 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the Alpine region?",
              "id": "56f8c9319e9bad19000a04da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "manufacturing and service jobs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?",
              "id": "56f8c9319e9bad19000a04db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Alpine culture" }],
              "question": "Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?",
              "id": "56f8c9319e9bad19000a04dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Alpine culture" }],
              "question": "Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?",
              "id": "56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "the medieval period" }
              ],
              "question": "When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?",
              "id": "56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "carpentry" }],
              "question": "What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?",
              "id": "56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0fff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or D\u00e9salpes (\"coming down from the alps\") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Farming" }],
              "question": "What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?",
              "id": "56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd102f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "tourism" }],
              "question": "What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? ",
              "id": "56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is pasture land limited? ",
              "id": "56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "mid-June" }],
              "question": "When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?",
              "id": "56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1032"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cheesemaking" }],
              "question": "What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?",
              "id": "56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "up to 45 kg (100 lb)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?",
              "id": "56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Haymaking" }],
              "question": "What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?",
              "id": "56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times is Hay normally brought each year?",
              "id": "56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 906, "text": "before Lent" }],
              "question": "When is Carnival celebrated? ",
              "id": "56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "medieval designs that withstand cold winters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do people in high villages build their homes according to?",
              "id": "56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "the stube" }],
              "question": "What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? ",
              "id": "56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "the Bernese Oberland" }
              ],
              "question": "The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?",
              "id": "56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "south or downhill" }],
              "question": "Which direction do Chalets often face? ",
              "id": "56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "solid wood" }],
              "question": "What are Chalets built of? ",
              "id": "56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "the stube" }],
              "question": "The food is passed from the kitchen to where? ",
              "id": "56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "the stube" }],
              "question": "Where is the dining room table placed? ",
              "id": "56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "carved wooden plates" }
              ],
              "question": "Traditionally, what are meals served on? ",
              "id": "56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "elaborately" }],
              "question": "How is furniture traditionally carved? ",
              "id": "56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0567"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called \"tavaillon\". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Proven\u00e7al; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Alpine rocks" }],
              "question": "What are roofs traditionally constructed from? ",
              "id": "56f8d0689b226e1400dd105b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "the higher parts of the valleys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? ",
              "id": "56f8d0689b226e1400dd105c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? ",
              "id": "56f8d0689b226e1400dd105d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?",
              "id": "56f8d0689b226e1400dd105e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 987, "text": "Romansh" }],
              "question": "What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? ",
              "id": "56f8d0689b226e1400dd105f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? ",
              "id": "56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Where is Saalbach located? ",
              "id": "56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "over 120 million" }],
              "question": "How many people visit the Alps every year? ",
              "id": "56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "tourism" }],
              "question": "What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?",
              "id": "56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle \u00c9poque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "the early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the tourism industry begin? ",
              "id": "56f8d17c9b226e1400dd106f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "during the Belle \u00c9poque" }
              ],
              "question": "When were large hotels built in the Alps? ",
              "id": "56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "early in the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When were cog-railways built in the Alps?",
              "id": "56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "When was the first figure skating championship held? ",
              "id": "56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "St. Moritz" }],
              "question": "Where was the first figure skating championship held? ",
              "id": "56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1073"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), and Torino (2006). In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzb\u00fchl, Austria. Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Chamonix, France" }],
              "question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?",
              "id": "56f8d2919e9bad19000a059a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "St. Moritz, Switzerland" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?",
              "id": "56f8d2919e9bad19000a059b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?",
              "id": "56f8d2919e9bad19000a059c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?",
              "id": "56f8d2919e9bad19000a059d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "(1992)" }],
              "question": "When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? ",
              "id": "56f8d2919e9bad19000a059e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "post-World War I" }],
              "question": "When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?",
              "id": "56f8d3179b226e1400dd1095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?",
              "id": "56f8d3179b226e1400dd1096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where is Les Menuires located? ",
              "id": "56f8d3179b226e1400dd1097"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older L\u00f6tschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "4,200 km (2,600 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?",
              "id": "56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "6 million" }],
              "question": "How many vehicles use the roads? ",
              "id": "56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? ",
              "id": "56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "57 km" }],
              "question": "How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? ",
              "id": "56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where is the village of Avoriaz located? ",
              "id": "56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? ",
              "id": "56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "reasons of sustainability" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?",
              "id": "56f8d4209b226e1400dd10af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access from abroad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "When are many passes in the Alps closed? ",
              "id": "56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "motorways" }],
              "question": "The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?",
              "id": "56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "mountain passes" }],
              "question": "What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?",
              "id": "56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gene",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "\nA gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene\u2013environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a gene?",
              "id": "56f88b90aef2371900626166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?",
              "id": "56f88b90aef2371900626167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "polygenes (many different genes)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influence are most biological traits under?",
              "id": "56f88b90aef2371900626168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "eye colour or number of limbs" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one instantly visible genetic trait?",
              "id": "56f88b90aef2371900626169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one invisible genetic trait?",
              "id": "56f88b90aef237190062616a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term \"having a gene\" (e.g., \"good genes,\" \"hair colour gene\") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "different variants, known as alleles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?",
              "id": "56f88e06aef2371900626180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "encode slightly different versions of a protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do alleles do?",
              "id": "56f88e06aef2371900626181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "different phenotype traits" }
              ],
              "question": "What do alleles cause?",
              "id": "56f88e06aef2371900626182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "having a different allele of the gene"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"having a gene\" or a \"good gene\" typically refer to?",
              "id": "56f88e06aef2371900626183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes genes to evolve?",
              "id": "56f88e06aef2371900626184"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "its coding regions" }
              ],
              "question": "What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?",
              "id": "56f8935baef23719006261ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "several exons" }],
              "question": "What can coding regions be split into?",
              "id": "56f8935baef23719006261cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "RNA" }],
              "question": "What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?",
              "id": "56f8935baef23719006261d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "functional non-coding RNAs" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some gene products?",
              "id": "56f8935baef23719006261d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?",
              "id": "56f8935baef23719006261d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822\u20131884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Gregor Mendel (1822\u20131884)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?",
              "id": "56f895849e9bad19000a0181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? ",
              "id": "56f895849e9bad19000a0182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 705, "text": "independent assortment" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?",
              "id": "56f895849e9bad19000a0183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "the distinction between dominant and recessive traits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?",
              "id": "56f895849e9bad19000a0184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?",
              "id": "56f895849e9bad19000a0185"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "one of blending inheritance" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?",
              "id": "56f896ef9e9bad19000a019b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Charles Darwin" }],
              "question": "Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?",
              "id": "56f896ef9e9bad19000a019c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term gemmule describe?",
              "id": "56f896ef9e9bad19000a019d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "What year was Mendel's work first published?",
              "id": "56f896ef9e9bad19000a019e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?",
              "id": "56f896ef9e9bad19000a019f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (g\u00e9nos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (g\u00e9nos)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?",
              "id": "56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "\"race, offspring\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the ancient Greek word 'g\u00e9nos' mean?",
              "id": "56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Wilhelm Johannsen" }],
              "question": "What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?",
              "id": "56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?",
              "id": "56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "William Bateson" }],
              "question": "Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?",
              "id": "56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?",
              "id": "56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Rosalind Franklin" }],
              "question": "Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?",
              "id": "56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "James D. Watson and Francis Crick"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?",
              "id": "56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 736,
                  "text": "reverse transcription in retroviruses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?",
              "id": "56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 836, "text": "molecular genetics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?",
              "id": "56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1972" }],
              "question": "When was the first sequence of a gene determined?",
              "id": "56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first gene to be sequenced?",
              "id": "56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Frederick Sanger" }],
              "question": "Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?",
              "id": "56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?",
              "id": "56f89b129b226e1400dd0caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "the Human Genome Project" }
              ],
              "question": "What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?",
              "id": "56f89b129b226e1400dd0cab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: \"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "the 1930s and 1940s" }
              ],
              "question": "In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?",
              "id": "56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "the modern evolutionary synthesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?",
              "id": "56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "George C. Williams" }
              ],
              "question": "Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?",
              "id": "56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "\"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?",
              "id": "56f89cb39e9bad19000a01ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Richard Dawkins" }],
              "question": "Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?",
              "id": "56f89cb39e9bad19000a01cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?",
              "id": "56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does DNA consist of?",
              "id": "56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?",
              "id": "56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?",
              "id": "56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "a phosphate group" }],
              "question": "Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?",
              "id": "56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.:4.1",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "phosphate-sugar" }],
              "question": "What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?",
              "id": "56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "adenine" }],
              "question": "What base pairs with thymine?",
              "id": "56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "cytosine" }],
              "question": "What base does guanine pair with?",
              "id": "56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the specificity of base pairing?",
              "id": "56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?",
              "id": "56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ced"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'\u21923' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.:27.2",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the directionality of DNA strands?",
              "id": "56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is known as the 3' end?",
              "id": "56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "an exposed phosphate group" }
              ],
              "question": "What is known as the 5' end?",
              "id": "56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Nucleic acid synthesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'\u21923' direction?",
              "id": "56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'\u21923' direction?",
              "id": "56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the \"words\" in the genetic \"language\". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.:4.1",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "by transcribing the gene into RNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?",
              "id": "56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is RNA?",
              "id": "56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "the base uracil" }],
              "question": "What base does RNA have in place of thymine?",
              "id": "56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "a series of three-nucleotide sequences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are codons?",
              "id": "56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "The genetic code" }],
              "question": "What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?",
              "id": "56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "its genome" }],
              "question": "What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?",
              "id": "56f8a3099e9bad19000a0235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "a single, very long DNA helix" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a chromosome consist of?",
              "id": "56f8a3099e9bad19000a0236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "thousands of genes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is encoded on a chromosome?",
              "id": "56f8a3099e9bad19000a0237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "its locus" }],
              "question": "What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?",
              "id": "56f8a3099e9bad19000a0238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "one allele of a gene" }
              ],
              "question": "What does each locus contain?",
              "id": "56f8a3099e9bad19000a0239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere.:4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process. The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.:18.2",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "on a set of large, linear chromosomes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?",
              "id": "56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "a nucleosome" }],
              "question": "Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?",
              "id": "56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate?",
              "id": "56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are replication origins?",
              "id": "56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Telomeres" }],
              "question": "Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?",
              "id": "56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "bacteria and archaea" }
              ],
              "question": "What are prokaryotes?",
              "id": "56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "on a single large, circular chromosome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do prokaryotes store their genomes?",
              "id": "56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?",
              "id": "56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "plasmids" }],
              "question": "Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?",
              "id": "56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "horizontal gene transfer" }
              ],
              "question": "What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?",
              "id": "56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as \"junk DNA\". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term \"junk DNA\" may be a misnomer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "prokaryotes" }],
              "question": "What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?",
              "id": "56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "eukaryotes" }],
              "question": "Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?",
              "id": "56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "DNA without an identified function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is referred to as \"junk DNA\"?",
              "id": "56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "barely 2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?",
              "id": "56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "about 80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA",
              "id": "56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0289"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "often only a small part" }
              ],
              "question": "Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?",
              "id": "56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "the actual protein coding sequence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? ",
              "id": "56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "DNA regions that are not transcribed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?",
              "id": "56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "untranslated regions of the RNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another element of the structure of a gene?",
              "id": "56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?",
              "id": "56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end. Promoter regions have a consensus sequence, however highly transcribed genes have \"strong\" promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well, whereas others have \"weak\" promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently.:7.2 Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.:7.3",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "a regulatory sequence" }
              ],
              "question": "What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?",
              "id": "56f8af2b9e9bad19000a0309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "by transcription factors and RNA polymerase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a promoter sequence recognized?",
              "id": "56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results when genes have more than one promoter?",
              "id": "56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "bind the transcription machinery well"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a \"strong\" promoter sequence do?",
              "id": "56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 615,
                  "text": "bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a \"weak\" promoter sequence do?",
              "id": "56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "by binding to transcription factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do regulatory regions act?",
              "id": "56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "the DNA to loop" }],
              "question": "What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?",
              "id": "56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "by binding an activator protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do enhancers increase transcription?",
              "id": "56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?",
              "id": "56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "silencers bind repressor proteins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?",
              "id": "56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "untranslated regions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA?",
              "id": "56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "untranslated regions" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?",
              "id": "56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "untranslated introns" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain?",
              "id": "56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "The sequences at the ends of the introns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA?",
              "id": "56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What encodes the protein or RNA product?",
              "id": "56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "operons" }],
              "question": "What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?",
              "id": "56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "a unit" }],
              "question": "What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?",
              "id": "56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "related functions" }],
              "question": "What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?",
              "id": "56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the same regulatory network" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?",
              "id": "56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "multiple protein-coding sequences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?",
              "id": "56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "enhancers" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?",
              "id": "56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?",
              "id": "56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "a gene's introns" }],
              "question": "What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?",
              "id": "56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "in trans" }],
              "question": "How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?",
              "id": "56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "different chromosomes" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can regulatory regions be found?",
              "id": "56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "the model that one gene makes one protein."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?",
              "id": "56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?",
              "id": "56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "by alternative splicing and coding sequences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do genes encode multiple proteins?",
              "id": "56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "split in short section across the genome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?",
              "id": "56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "concatenated by trans-splicing."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?",
              "id": "56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0397"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A broad operational definition" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?",
              "id": "56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the broad operational definition of a gene?",
              "id": "56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "their specific DNA loci" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?",
              "id": "56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "their functional products (proteins or RNA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?",
              "id": "56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "regulatory elements" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?",
              "id": "56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protein. The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression, and the resulting molecule is called a gene product.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "two steps are required" }
              ],
              "question": "How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?",
              "id": "56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?",
              "id": "56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "mRNA is translated to protein" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?",
              "id": "56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "the first step" }],
              "question": "What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?",
              "id": "56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "gene expression" }],
              "question": "What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?",
              "id": "56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons) and only 20 standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?",
              "id": "56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "codons" }],
              "question": "What are sets of three nucleotides known as?",
              "id": "56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "a specific amino acid" }
              ],
              "question": "What does each codon correspond to?",
              "id": "56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?",
              "id": "56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many possible codons are there?",
              "id": "56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.:7",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does transcription produce?",
              "id": "56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?",
              "id": "56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "The gene's DNA" }],
              "question": "What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?",
              "id": "56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?",
              "id": "56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "an RNA polymerase" }],
              "question": "What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?",
              "id": "56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.:7.5",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "in the cytoplasm" }],
              "question": "Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?",
              "id": "56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "at the 5' end of the RNA" }
              ],
              "question": "If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?",
              "id": "56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "transcription occurs in the nucleus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "in the nucleus" }],
              "question": "Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?",
              "id": "56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "the primary transcript" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?",
              "id": "56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.:3",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Translation" }],
              "question": "What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?",
              "id": "56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "large complexes of RNA and protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a ribosome consist of?",
              "id": "56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a ribosome responsible for?",
              "id": "56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the genetic code read?",
              "id": "56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?",
              "id": "56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "only when the product is needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are genes expressed?",
              "id": "56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "available nutrients, temperature and other stresses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of a cell's external environment?",
              "id": "56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of a cell's internal environment?",
              "id": "56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "at any step" }],
              "question": "At which step can gene expression be regulated?",
              "id": "56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961?",
              "id": "56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and microRNA has a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A typical protein-coding gene" }
              ],
              "question": "What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?",
              "id": "56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "the RNA molecules" }],
              "question": "In some cases, what are the actual functional products?",
              "id": "56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products?",
              "id": "56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "enzymatic function" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of function are ribozymes capable of?",
              "id": "56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "non-coding RNA genes" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as?",
              "id": "56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "in the form of RNA" }],
              "question": "In what form do some viruses store their entire genome?",
              "id": "56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "Because they use RNA to store genes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins?",
              "id": "56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "HIV" }],
              "question": "What is one type of an RNA retrovirus?",
              "id": "56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "reverse transcription" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized?",
              "id": "56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "in plants and very rarely in animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides viruses, where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed?",
              "id": "56f8c38d9e9bad19000a045a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "from their parents" }],
              "question": "Where do organisms inherit their genes from?",
              "id": "56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "a complete copy" }],
              "question": "How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents?",
              "id": "56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "two copies of each chromosome" }
              ],
              "question": "How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have?",
              "id": "56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "one complete set from each parent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many sets of chromosomes does a sexual organism inherit from each parent?",
              "id": "56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "because they inherit one complete set from each parent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome?",
              "id": "56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0464"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. Most eukaryotic organisms (such as the pea plants Mendel worked on) have two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent.:20",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "variations in its genotype" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "observable physical and behavioral characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "particular set of genes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a genotype?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Each gene" }],
              "question": "What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "two alleles for each trait" }
              ],
              "question": "How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems. Mendel's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes, or germ cells, ensuring variation in the next generation. Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes (including a number of well-known genetic disorders) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "at a locus" }],
              "question": "Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive?",
              "id": "56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "their corresponding phenotypes" }
              ],
              "question": "When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to?",
              "id": "56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "when paired with another copy of the same allele"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype?",
              "id": "56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "in the production of gametes" }
              ],
              "question": "When do alleles assort independently?",
              "id": "56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "germ cells" }],
              "question": "What are gametes?",
              "id": "56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which \"read\" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.:5.2",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "cell division" }],
              "question": "What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?",
              "id": "56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "identical daughter cells" }
              ],
              "question": "In cell division, what two cells are created? ",
              "id": "56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "DNA polymerases" }],
              "question": "What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication?",
              "id": "56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement?",
              "id": "56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "semiconservative" }],
              "question": "What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?",
              "id": "56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.:18.1",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "physically separate the two copies of the genome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?",
              "id": "56f8cb819e9bad19000a0504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?",
              "id": "56f8cb819e9bad19000a0505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "circular" }],
              "question": "In binary fission, what shape is each genome?",
              "id": "56f8cb819e9bad19000a0506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells?",
              "id": "56f8cb819e9bad19000a0507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "extremely fast" }],
              "question": "Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur?",
              "id": "56f8cb819e9bad19000a0508"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.:20",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "molecular inheritance" }
              ],
              "question": "The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?",
              "id": "56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?",
              "id": "56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "In asexually reproducing organisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?",
              "id": "56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "In sexually reproducing organisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?",
              "id": "56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "eggs or ova" }],
              "question": "What are the gametes produced by females called?",
              "id": "56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0528"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different.:5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "During the process of meiotic cell division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?",
              "id": "56f8cf249e9bad19000a055a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "no effect" }],
              "question": "If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? ",
              "id": "56f8cf249e9bad19000a055b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "reassortment of otherwise linked alleles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? ",
              "id": "56f8cf249e9bad19000a055c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "independent assortment" }
              ],
              "question": "Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?",
              "id": "56f8cf249e9bad19000a055d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1023, "text": "a crossover point" }
              ],
              "question": "In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?",
              "id": "56f8cf249e9bad19000a055e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10\u22128 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10\u22123. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1\u20132 new mutations. Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon). Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, the DNA repair mechanisms that normally revert mutations can introduce errors when repairing the physical damage to the molecule is more important than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.:5.4",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "mutations" }],
              "question": "What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?",
              "id": "56f8d0969e9bad19000a0588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "10\u22128 per nucleotide per replication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?",
              "id": "56f8d0969e9bad19000a0589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "10\u22123" }],
              "question": "What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?",
              "id": "56f8d0969e9bad19000a058a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "DNA replication" }],
              "question": "What can small mutations be caused by?",
              "id": "56f8d0969e9bad19000a058b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "errors in recombination" }
              ],
              "question": "What can larger mutations be caused by?",
              "id": "56f8d0969e9bad19000a058c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift. The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "polymorphic" }],
              "question": "What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?",
              "id": "56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd1079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "different phenotypic traits" }
              ],
              "question": "What can some alleles give rise to?",
              "id": "56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "the wild type" }],
              "question": "What is a gene's most common allele known as?",
              "id": "56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "mutants" }],
              "question": "What are rare alleles called?",
              "id": "56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "genetic drift" }],
              "question": "What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?",
              "id": "56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.:7.6",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "silent mutations" }],
              "question": "What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?",
              "id": "56f8d3619b226e1400dd109b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "synonymous mutations" }
              ],
              "question": "What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?",
              "id": "56f8d3619b226e1400dd109c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "conservative mutations" }
              ],
              "question": "What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called?",
              "id": "56f8d3619b226e1400dd109d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Genetic disorders" }],
              "question": "What is a result of deleterious mutations?",
              "id": "56f8d3619b226e1400dd109e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 839, "text": "adaptive evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to?",
              "id": "56f8d3619b226e1400dd109f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as orthologous genes,:7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms. It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "homologs" }],
              "question": "What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?",
              "id": "56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "gene duplication within an organism's genome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason for homologs to appear?",
              "id": "56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "paralogous genes" }],
              "question": "What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?",
              "id": "56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "orthologous genes" }],
              "question": "What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?",
              "id": "56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution. Additionally, any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate. Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly. The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The relationship between genes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?",
              "id": "56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "conserved sequence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?",
              "id": "56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "by neutral molecular evolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?",
              "id": "56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "stabilizing" }],
              "question": "Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?",
              "id": "56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "phylogenetic" }],
              "question": "What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?",
              "id": "56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity. Sometimes, gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene, or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes.:7.6",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "gene duplication" }],
              "question": "What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?",
              "id": "56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "gene duplication" }],
              "question": "What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?",
              "id": "56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "paralogs" }],
              "question": "What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called?",
              "id": "56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "nonfunctional" }],
              "question": "What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in?",
              "id": "56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "pseudogenes" }],
              "question": "What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called?",
              "id": "56f8d9269e9bad19000a05f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "De novo or \"orphan\" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and formation through mutation of \"cryptic\" transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "De novo or \"orphan\" genes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?",
              "id": "56f8da629e9bad19000a05fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "18 to 60" }],
              "question": "What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?",
              "id": "56f8da629e9bad19000a05fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "typically shorter" }],
              "question": "How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?",
              "id": "56f8da629e9bad19000a05fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "simpler in structure" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?",
              "id": "56f8da629e9bad19000a05ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?",
              "id": "56f8da629e9bad19000a0600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions. Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Horizontal gene transfer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the  transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?",
              "id": "56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "prokaryotes" }],
              "question": "In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?",
              "id": "56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "antibiotic resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading?",
              "id": "56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "eukaryotes" }],
              "question": "In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare?",
              "id": "56f8dbb99e9bad19000a0609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?",
              "id": "56f8dbb99e9bad19000a060a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5 million sequences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "genome size" }],
              "question": "What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms?",
              "id": "56f8dca99b226e1400dd1126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "viruses" }],
              "question": "In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur?",
              "id": "56f8dca99b226e1400dd1127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have?",
              "id": "56f8dca99b226e1400dd1128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "viroids" }],
              "question": "Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene?",
              "id": "56f8dca99b226e1400dd1129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "5 million" }],
              "question": "What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth?",
              "id": "56f8dca99b226e1400dd112a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000\u2013100,000 transcribed genes (expressed sequence tags). Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Of the human genome, only 1\u20132% consists of protein-coding genes, with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?",
              "id": "56f8de279e9bad19000a062a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "2,000,000" }],
              "question": "What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?",
              "id": "56f8de279e9bad19000a062b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "alternative variants" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?",
              "id": "56f8de279e9bad19000a062c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?",
              "id": "56f8de279e9bad19000a062d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "1\u20132%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?",
              "id": "56f8de279e9bad19000a062e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250\u2013400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which is less than 10% of their genes. Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher, at 1000 genes (~20% of their genes). Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes, mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes (~10% of their genes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Essential genes" }],
              "question": "What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?",
              "id": "56f8df189e9bad19000a0648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "environmental stress" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?",
              "id": "56f8df189e9bad19000a0649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "250\u2013400" }],
              "question": "How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli?",
              "id": "56f8df189e9bad19000a064a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Half" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs?",
              "id": "56f8df189e9bad19000a064b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "1000 genes" }],
              "question": "How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?",
              "id": "56f8df189e9bad19000a064c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some essential genes are developmentally regulated or expressed at certain times during the organism's life cycle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Housekeeping genes" }],
              "question": "What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?",
              "id": "56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "constant" }],
              "question": "At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?",
              "id": "56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "housekeeping genes" }
              ],
              "question": "When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?",
              "id": "56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "developmentally" }],
              "question": "How are some essential genes regulated?",
              "id": "56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "at certain times during the organism's life cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are some essential genes expressed?",
              "id": "56f8e01d9b226e1400dd1166"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?",
              "id": "56f8e1499e9bad19000a0670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "through a database maintained by HGNC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? ",
              "id": "56f8e1499e9bad19000a0671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "only one" }],
              "question": "How many symbols does each gene have?",
              "id": "56f8e1499e9bad19000a0672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "homologs in other species" }
              ],
              "question": "With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?",
              "id": "56f8e1499e9bad19000a0673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "common model" }],
              "question": "What type of model does the mouse play a role for?",
              "id": "56f8e1499e9bad19000a0674"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired. The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetic engineering" }],
              "question": "What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?",
              "id": "56f8e2679b226e1400dd1182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?",
              "id": "56f8e2679b226e1400dd1183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "engineered nuclease enzymes" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?",
              "id": "56f8e2679b226e1400dd1184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "targeted" }],
              "question": "What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?",
              "id": "56f8e2679b226e1400dd1185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "synthetic biology" }],
              "question": "What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?",
              "id": "56f8e2679b226e1400dd1186"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetic engineering" }],
              "question": "What has become a common research tool with model organisms?",
              "id": "56f8e37f9b226e1400dd1194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "that gene's function" }
              ],
              "question": "What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?",
              "id": "56f8e37f9b226e1400dd1195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?",
              "id": "56f8e37f9b226e1400dd1196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "industrial biotechnology" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?",
              "id": "56f8e37f9b226e1400dd1197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "medicine" }],
              "question": "What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?",
              "id": "56f8e37f9b226e1400dd1198"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "multicellular organisms" }
              ],
              "question": "For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?",
              "id": "56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "gene therapy techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?",
              "id": "56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the embryo" }],
              "question": "What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?",
              "id": "56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the genomes of cells" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?",
              "id": "56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "genetic diseases" }],
              "question": "What can be treated using genetic engineering?",
              "id": "56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06ba"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Guinea-Bissau",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau (i/\u02c8\u0261\u026ani b\u026a\u02c8sa\u028a/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica da Guin\u00e9-Bissau, pronounced: [\u0281e\u02c8publik\u0250 d\u0250 \u0261i\u02c8n\u025b bi\u02c8saw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Republic of Guinea-Bissau" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f89ee99b226e1400dd0cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "West Africa" }],
              "question": "Where is Guinea-Bissau located?",
              "id": "56f89ee99b226e1400dd0cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "13,948 sq mi" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f89ee99b226e1400dd0cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1,704,000" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f89ee99b226e1400dd0cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "36,125" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?",
              "id": "56f89ee99b226e1400dd0cd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Gabu" }],
              "question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?",
              "id": "56f89fcd9e9bad19000a01ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Mali Empire" }],
              "question": "What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?",
              "id": "56f89fcd9e9bad19000a01ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?",
              "id": "56f89fcd9e9bad19000a01ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "Guinea (formerly French Guinea)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?",
              "id": "56f89fcd9e9bad19000a01f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "political instability" }
              ],
              "question": "Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?",
              "id": "56f89fcd9e9bad19000a01f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "14%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?",
              "id": "56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?",
              "id": "56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "African traditional religions and Islam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main religions?",
              "id": "56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "one of the lowest in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is their gross domestic product status?",
              "id": "56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the minority religion?",
              "id": "56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?",
              "id": "56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Community of Portuguese Language Countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?",
              "id": "56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Economic Community of West African States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?",
              "id": "56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?",
              "id": "56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Latin Union" }],
              "question": "What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?",
              "id": "56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Portuguese Guinea" }],
              "question": "What area was known as the Slave Coast?",
              "id": "56f8a8539b226e1400dd0d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Europeans" }],
              "question": "Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere?",
              "id": "56f8a8539b226e1400dd0d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Gabu" }],
              "question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of?",
              "id": "56f8a8539b226e1400dd0d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "until the 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Mali Empire persist?",
              "id": "56f8a8539b226e1400dd0d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Arabs" }],
              "question": "Who traded slaves into the Middle East?",
              "id": "56f8a8539b226e1400dd0d73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479\u20131480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo C\u00e3o. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1455" }],
              "question": "When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?",
              "id": "56f8a93c9b226e1400dd0d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1479\u20131480" }],
              "question": "When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?",
              "id": "56f8a93c9b226e1400dd0d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Diogo C\u00e3o" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?",
              "id": "56f8a93c9b226e1400dd0d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Congo River" }],
              "question": "What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?",
              "id": "56f8a93c9b226e1400dd0d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Angola" }],
              "question": "What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8a93c9b226e1400dd0d89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the rivers and coast" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9e9bad19000a029b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9e9bad19000a029c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9e9bad19000a029d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "local African rulers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9e9bad19000a029e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Bissau and Cacheu" }],
              "question": "What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9e9bad19000a029f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?",
              "id": "56f8abb19e9bad19000a02af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the 1790s" }],
              "question": "When was a rival foothold  attempted at Bolama?",
              "id": "56f8abb19e9bad19000a02b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Portuguese" }],
              "question": "Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f8abb19e9bad19000a02b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "part of present South Senegal" }
              ],
              "question": "What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?",
              "id": "56f8abb19e9bad19000a02b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8abb19e9bad19000a02b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Am\u00edlcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea. Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8ac9b9e9bad19000a02c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did the armed rebellion begin?",
              "id": "56f8ac9b9e9bad19000a02ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Am\u00edlcar Cabral" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the armed rebellion?",
              "id": "56f8ac9b9e9bad19000a02cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Cuba" }],
              "question": "Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels?",
              "id": "56f8ac9b9e9bad19000a02cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "January 1973" }],
              "question": "When was Cabral assassinated?",
              "id": "56f8ac9b9e9bad19000a02cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "24 September 1973" }],
              "question": "When was independence declared?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29e9bad19000a0496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "25 April 1974" }],
              "question": "What date was independence considered universal? ",
              "id": "56f8c6b29e9bad19000a0497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "socialist-inspired military coup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused the recognition to be universal?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29e9bad19000a0498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "Where did a coup take place?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29e9bad19000a0499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Lisbon's Estado Novo regime" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was overthrown in the coup?",
              "id": "56f8c6b29e9bad19000a049a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lu\u00eds Cabral, brother of Am\u00edlcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissor\u00e3. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper N\u00f3 Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumer\u00e1, Portogole, and Mansab\u00e1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lu\u00eds Cabral" }],
              "question": "Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8c76e9e9bad19000a04aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?",
              "id": "56f8c76e9e9bad19000a04ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Bissor\u00e3" }],
              "question": "Where did one of the massacres occur?",
              "id": "56f8c76e9e9bad19000a04ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "29 November 1980" }],
              "question": "When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?",
              "id": "56f8c76e9e9bad19000a04ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "Cumer\u00e1, Portogole, and Mansab\u00e1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the soldiers buried?",
              "id": "56f8c76e9e9bad19000a04ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ial\u00e1 was elected president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "a revolutionary council" }
              ],
              "question": "Who controlled the country prior to 1984?",
              "id": "56f8c7fa9b226e1400dd0fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When were the first multi-party elections held?",
              "id": "56f8c7fa9b226e1400dd0fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "An army uprising" }],
              "question": "What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?",
              "id": "56f8c7fa9b226e1400dd0fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "June 1999" }],
              "question": "When was the president ousted?",
              "id": "56f8c7fa9b226e1400dd0fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Kumba Ial\u00e1" }],
              "question": "Who was elected president in the 2000 election?",
              "id": "56f8c7fa9b226e1400dd0fd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ial\u00e1 on the charge of being \"unable to solve the problems\". After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2003" }],
              "question": "When was a military coup conducted?",
              "id": "56f8c8829e9bad19000a04d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Ial\u00e1" }],
              "question": "Who did the military arrest?",
              "id": "56f8c8829e9bad19000a04d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "March 2004" }],
              "question": "When were legislative elections held?",
              "id": "56f8c8829e9bad19000a04d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "October 2004" }],
              "question": "When did the mutiny of military factions occur?",
              "id": "56f8c8829e9bad19000a04d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the head of the armed forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who died in the mutiny?",
              "id": "56f8c8829e9bad19000a04d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ial\u00e1. Ial\u00e1 returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 in a runoff election. Sanh\u00e1 initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2005" }],
              "question": "After the coup, when were presidential elections held?",
              "id": "56f8c95e9b226e1400dd0ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Ial\u00e1" }],
              "question": "At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?",
              "id": "56f8c95e9b226e1400dd0ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the election?",
              "id": "56f8c95e9b226e1400dd0ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election?",
              "id": "56f8c95e9b226e1400dd0ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When was Vieira, a former president, deposed?",
              "id": "56f8c95e9b226e1400dd0ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some \"disturbances during campaigning,\" including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as \"calm and organized\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "arms" }],
              "question": "What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?",
              "id": "56f8ca0f9e9bad19000a04fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "attacks on government offices" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of \"disturbances\" were reported during the campaign?",
              "id": "56f8ca0f9e9bad19000a04fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "\"calm and organized\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How did foreign election monitors describe the election?",
              "id": "56f8ca0f9e9bad19000a04fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year was the election held?",
              "id": "56f8ca0f9e9bad19000a04fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "foreign" }],
              "question": "Where the election monitors local, or foreign?",
              "id": "56f8ca0f9e9bad19000a04fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "November 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the parliamentary election held?",
              "id": "56f8cb539b226e1400dd101d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "PAIGC" }],
              "question": "Who won a strong majority in the election?",
              "id": "56f8cb539b226e1400dd101e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "67" }],
              "question": "How many seats did PAIGC win in the election?",
              "id": "56f8cb539b226e1400dd101f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "President Vieira's" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose residence was attacked by members of the armed forces?",
              "id": "56f8cb539b226e1400dd1020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "November 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the attack on the residence occur?",
              "id": "56f8cb539b226e1400dd1021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai. Tagme died in an explosion on Sunday, 1 March 2009, target of an assassination. Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009. It was won by Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Vieira" }],
              "question": "Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?",
              "id": "56f8ceed9b226e1400dd1047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "General Batista Tagme Na Wai" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009?",
              "id": "56f8ceed9b226e1400dd1048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Military leaders" }],
              "question": "Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession?",
              "id": "56f8ceed9b226e1400dd1049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Raimundo Pereira" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed interim president?",
              "id": "56f8ceed9b226e1400dd104a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the election in June 2009?",
              "id": "56f8ceed9b226e1400dd104b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'\u00e9tat and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "12 April 2012" }],
              "question": "When was a coup d'etat staged?",
              "id": "56f8cfb29e9bad19000a056c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "members of the country's military"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who staged the coup d'etat?",
              "id": "56f8cfb29e9bad19000a056d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Mamadu Ture Kuruma" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?",
              "id": "56f8cfb29e9bad19000a056e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "opposition parties" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kuruma negotiate with?",
              "id": "56f8cfb29e9bad19000a056f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "vice chief of staff" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kuruma's former position?",
              "id": "56f8cfb29e9bad19000a0570"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Guinea-Bissau" }],
              "question": "What country is listed as a republic?",
              "id": "56f8d0389e9bad19000a057e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "In the past" }],
              "question": "When had the government been highly centralized?",
              "id": "56f8d0389e9bad19000a057f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "mid-1991" }],
              "question": "When was multi-party governance established?",
              "id": "56f8d0389e9bad19000a0580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of state?",
              "id": "56f8d0389e9bad19000a0581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of government?",
              "id": "56f8d0389e9bad19000a0582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justi\u00e7a (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many members compose the legislature?",
              "id": "56f8d10e9b226e1400dd1065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "unicameral" }],
              "question": "Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?",
              "id": "56f8d10e9b226e1400dd1066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "four-year term" }],
              "question": "How long do members serve in the legislature?",
              "id": "56f8d10e9b226e1400dd1067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Tribunal Supremo da Justi\u00e7a (Supreme Court)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the head of the judicial system?",
              "id": "56f8d10e9b226e1400dd1068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many justices are on the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "56f8d10e9b226e1400dd1069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo \"Nino\" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comit\u00e9 Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Lu\u00eds Cabral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo \"Nino\" Vieira"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was elected as President in 2005?",
              "id": "56f8d6e09e9bad19000a05c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "CNE (Comit\u00e9 Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?",
              "id": "56f8d6e09e9bad19000a05c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?",
              "id": "56f8d6e09e9bad19000a05c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "What year did Vieira first assume power?",
              "id": "56f8d6e09e9bad19000a05c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Lu\u00eds Cabral" }],
              "question": "Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?",
              "id": "56f8d6e09e9bad19000a05ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was killed on 2 March 2009, possibly by soldiers in retaliation for the assassination of General Batista Tagme Na Waie, the head of the joint chiefs of staff, killed in an explosion. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace. Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 was elected after a transition. In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira, Sanh\u00e1 was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ial\u00e1 was the presidential candidate of the PRS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "widespread violence" }
              ],
              "question": "What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?",
              "id": "56f8d7c39b226e1400dd10ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2 March 2009" }],
              "question": "When was Vieira killed?",
              "id": "56f8d7c39b226e1400dd10cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Sanh\u00e1" }],
              "question": "In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?",
              "id": "56f8d7c39b226e1400dd10cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Kumba Ial\u00e1" }],
              "question": "In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PRS?",
              "id": "56f8d7c39b226e1400dd10cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Sanh\u00e1" }],
              "question": "Who won the 2009 election?",
              "id": "56f8d7c39b226e1400dd10ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 died. He belonged to PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde), one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau, along with the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did President Sanha die?",
              "id": "56f8d8959e9bad19000a05e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party did Sanha belong to?",
              "id": "56f8d8959e9bad19000a05e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "PRS (Party for Social Renewal)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the PAIGC, what is the other major political party?",
              "id": "56f8d8959e9bad19000a05e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "more than 20" }],
              "question": "How many minor political parties are there?",
              "id": "56f8d8959e9bad19000a05e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "What office did Sanha hold in 2012?",
              "id": "56f8d8959e9bad19000a05e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regi\u00f5es) and one autonomous sector (sector aut\u00f3nomo). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors. The regions are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many regions does Guinea-Bissau contain?",
              "id": "56f8d9349b226e1400dd10da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?",
              "id": "56f8d9349b226e1400dd10db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "How many subdivided Sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?",
              "id": "56f8d9349b226e1400dd10dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11\u00b0 and 13\u00b0N (a small area is south of 11\u00b0), and longitudes 13\u00b0 and 17\u00b0W.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Senegal" }],
              "question": "What country is on the north border of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8d9db9b226e1400dd10e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Guinea" }],
              "question": "What country is on the south border of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8d9db9b226e1400dd10e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "What is to the west of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8d9db9b226e1400dd10e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "11\u00b0 and 13\u00b0N" }
              ],
              "question": "What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?",
              "id": "56f8d9db9b226e1400dd10e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "13\u00b0 and 17\u00b0W" }
              ],
              "question": "What longitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?",
              "id": "56f8d9db9b226e1400dd10e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east. Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Taiwan or Belgium" }],
              "question": "Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?",
              "id": "56f8daad9b226e1400dd10fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "300 metres (984 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8daad9b226e1400dd10fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Bijagos" }],
              "question": "What archipelago lies off the mainland?",
              "id": "56f8daad9b226e1400dd10fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "36,125" }],
              "question": "How many square kilometers is Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8daad9b226e1400dd10fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "the Sahara" }],
              "question": "Where does Guinea-Bissau get its hot dry winds from?",
              "id": "56f8daad9b226e1400dd10fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 \u00b0C (79.3 \u00b0F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "2,024" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall in Bissau, in millimetres?",
              "id": "56f8dbaa9b226e1400dd110e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "between June and September/October"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the rainy season in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8dbaa9b226e1400dd110f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "drought" }],
              "question": "What does the country experience from December through April?",
              "id": "56f8dbaa9b226e1400dd1110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "all year around" }],
              "question": "When is Guinea-Bissau warm?",
              "id": "56f8dbaa9b226e1400dd1111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "26.3 \u00b0C (79.3 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average temperature in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8dbaa9b226e1400dd1112"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "More than two-thirds" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the population lives below the poverty line?",
              "id": "56f8dcd39b226e1400dd1130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Guinea-Bissau's major exports?",
              "id": "56f8dcd39b226e1400dd1131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "GDP" }],
              "question": "What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world?",
              "id": "56f8dcd39b226e1400dd1132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Human Development Index" }
              ],
              "question": "For what index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest on earth?",
              "id": "56f8dcd39b226e1400dd1133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "The economy" }],
              "question": "What area depends on agriculture in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8dcd39b226e1400dd1134"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname. [The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2008 Edition, London: Profile Books]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "depressed" }],
              "question": "Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity?",
              "id": "56f8ddcc9b226e1400dd113a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "deteriorating" }],
              "question": "Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions?",
              "id": "56f8ddcc9b226e1400dd113b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "macroeconomic" }],
              "question": "What type of imbalances have increased as a result of the instability?",
              "id": "56f8ddcc9b226e1400dd113c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "233 days or about 33 weeks" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take to register a business in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8ddcc9b226e1400dd113d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Suriname" }],
              "question": "What is the one country that takes longer than Guinea-Bissau to register a business?",
              "id": "56f8ddcc9b226e1400dd113e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the economic climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification. After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military, and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order, and standard of living.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "a pact of stability" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the main political parties sign to help the economy?",
              "id": "56f8deb99b226e1400dd1144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "IMF" }],
              "question": "What organization backed a structural reform program?",
              "id": "56f8deb99b226e1400dd1145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When did Guinea-Bissau become independent?",
              "id": "56f8deb99b226e1400dd1146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "What country left Guinea-Bissau in 1974?",
              "id": "56f8deb99b226e1400dd1147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Portugal that contributed to Guinea-Bissau's independence?",
              "id": "56f8deb99b226e1400dd1148"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability, despite a still-fragile political situation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country?",
              "id": "56f8df889b226e1400dd114e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "entered the CFA franc monetary system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the government do in 1997 to increase monetary stability?",
              "id": "56f8df889b226e1400dd114f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1998 and 1999" }],
              "question": "What years did the civil war take place?",
              "id": "56f8df889b226e1400dd1150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "September 2003" }],
              "question": "When was there a military coup in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8df889b226e1400dd1151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "March 2004" }],
              "question": "When were parliamentary elections held?",
              "id": "56f8df889b226e1400dd1152"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a \"narco-state\". The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'\u00e9tat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e05b9e9bad19000a0652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Latin America" }],
              "question": "Where did the drug traffickers come from?",
              "id": "56f8e05b9e9bad19000a0653"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e05b9e9bad19000a0654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "a United Nations official" }
              ],
              "question": "Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a \"narco-state\"?",
              "id": "56f8e05b9e9bad19000a0655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "The government and the military"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country?",
              "id": "56f8e05b9e9bad19000a0656"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects, Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,515,000 in 2010, compared to 518,000 in 1950. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3%, 55.4% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% were aged 65 years or older.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "518,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950?",
              "id": "56f8e0f59e9bad19000a0666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1,515,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 2010?",
              "id": "56f8e0f59e9bad19000a0667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the source of the population data?",
              "id": "56f8e0f59e9bad19000a0668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "41.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was below the age of 15?",
              "id": "56f8e0f59e9bad19000a0669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "3.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was 65 or older?",
              "id": "56f8e0f59e9bad19000a066a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans. After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population. These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau, a former Asian Portuguese colony.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What natives comprise a very small percentage of the population?",
              "id": "56f8e1cd9b226e1400dd1178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Portuguese nationals" }
              ],
              "question": "Who left the country after Guinea-Bissau gained independence?",
              "id": "56f8e1cd9b226e1400dd1179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "What ethnic group has a tiny population in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e1cd9b226e1400dd117a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Macau" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a former Asian Portuguese colony?",
              "id": "56f8e1cd9b226e1400dd117b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the ancestry of the Chinese population in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e1cd9b226e1400dd117c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages unique to ethnicities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population speaks Kriol?",
              "id": "56f8e26d9e9bad19000a068f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e26d9e9bad19000a0690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "centuries" }],
              "question": "How long was Guinea-Bissau under colonial rule?",
              "id": "56f8e26d9e9bad19000a0691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "a Portuguese-based creole language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of language is Kriol?",
              "id": "56f8e26d9e9bad19000a0692"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Kriol" }],
              "question": "What is the second language for most Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e31d9b226e1400dd118c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is French taught in school?",
              "id": "56f8e31d9b226e1400dd118d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "the Francophonie" }],
              "question": "What is Guinea-Bissau a full member of?",
              "id": "56f8e31d9b226e1400dd118e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who speaks both African languages and Kriol?",
              "id": "56f8e31d9b226e1400dd118f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the 20th century, most Bissau-Guineans practiced some form of Animism. In the early 21st century, many have adopted Islam, which is now practiced by 50% of the country's population. Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Animism." }],
              "question": "In the 20th century most people practiced some form of what faith?",
              "id": "56f8e4159e9bad19000a06a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What religion was adopted by the population in the early 21st century?",
              "id": "56f8e4159e9bad19000a06a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population now practices Islam?",
              "id": "56f8e4159e9bad19000a06a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Sunni" }],
              "question": "What denomination are the majority of Guinea-Bissau's muslims?",
              "id": "56f8e4159e9bad19000a06a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Ahmadiyya" }],
              "question": "What sect does 2% of the population belong to?",
              "id": "56f8e4159e9bad19000a06a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 10% of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Approximately 10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population is Christian?",
              "id": "56f8e4d89b226e1400dd119e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population continues to hold indigenous beliefs?",
              "id": "56f8e4d89b226e1400dd119f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "syncretic" }],
              "question": "What forms of Islamic and Christian faiths do many residents practice?",
              "id": "56f8e4d89b226e1400dd11a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "traditional African beliefs" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many residents combine with Islamic and Christian practices?",
              "id": "56f8e4d89b226e1400dd11a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "HIV" }],
              "question": "What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?",
              "id": "56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage?",
              "id": "56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "transmission to newborns" }
              ],
              "question": "What does retroviral coverage help prevent?",
              "id": "56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "infected pregnant women" }
              ],
              "question": "Who receives retroviral coverage?",
              "id": "56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Malaria" }],
              "question": "What kills more residents than AIDS?",
              "id": "56f8e6839e9bad19000a06ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population has Malaria?",
              "id": "56f8e6839e9bad19000a06cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "three times as many" }
              ],
              "question": "How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?",
              "id": "56f8e6839e9bad19000a06cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "fewer than half" }],
              "question": "How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?",
              "id": "56f8e6839e9bad19000a06cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "antimalarial" }],
              "question": "What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008?",
              "id": "56f8e6839e9bad19000a06ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "cholera" }],
              "question": "What type of disease was reported to be on the rise in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8e7679e9bad19000a06de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many died from cholera in a November 2012 report?",
              "id": "56f8e7679e9bad19000a06df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "225" }],
              "question": "How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic?",
              "id": "56f8e7679e9bad19000a06e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "surrounding countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering?",
              "id": "56f8e7679e9bad19000a06e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "14,222" }],
              "question": "How many people were affected by the 2008 cholera epidemic?",
              "id": "56f8e7679e9bad19000a06e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?",
              "id": "56f8edb59e9bad19000a070e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "966" }],
              "question": "What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?",
              "id": "56f8edb59e9bad19000a070f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births?",
              "id": "56f8edb59e9bad19000a0710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "one out of eighteen" }
              ],
              "question": "How many pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy?",
              "id": "56f8edb59e9bad19000a0711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation?",
              "id": "56f8edb59e9bad19000a0712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "7 to 13" }],
              "question": "What are the ages when education is compulsory?",
              "id": "56f8ee329e9bad19000a0718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "boys" }],
              "question": "What gender has a higher enrollment?",
              "id": "56f8ee329e9bad19000a0719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "53.5%" }],
              "question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998?",
              "id": "56f8ee329e9bad19000a071a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "67.7%" }],
              "question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males?",
              "id": "56f8ee329e9bad19000a071b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate for females?",
              "id": "56f8ee329e9bad19000a071c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools (general as well as technical) and a number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "general as well as technical" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of secondary schools does Guinea-Bissau have?",
              "id": "56f8eee09e9bad19000a0722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "universities" }],
              "question": "What institutions have added a Faculty of Law?",
              "id": "56f8eee09e9bad19000a0723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "universities" }],
              "question": "What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine?",
              "id": "56f8eee09e9bad19000a0724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "institutionally autonomous" }
              ],
              "question": "What two words are used to describe the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine?",
              "id": "56f8eee09e9bad19000a0725"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "gumbe" }],
              "question": "What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8efcd9e9bad19000a0733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "the polyrhythmic gumbe genre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered the country's primary musical export?",
              "id": "56f8efcd9e9bad19000a0734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "civil unrest" }],
              "question": "What major factor has kept gumbe out of mainstream audiences?",
              "id": "56f8efcd9e9bad19000a0735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "generally syncretist African countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of?",
              "id": "56f8efcd9e9bad19000a0736"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The calabash" }],
              "question": "What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f0c39b226e1400dd11da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of music is the calabash used in?",
              "id": "56f8f0c39b226e1400dd11db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Guinea-Bissau Creole" }
              ],
              "question": "What language are lyrics typically sung in?",
              "id": "56f8f0c39b226e1400dd11dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "current events and controversies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do typical song lyrics revolve around?",
              "id": "56f8f0c39b226e1400dd11dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "AIDS" }],
              "question": "What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?",
              "id": "56f8f0c39b226e1400dd11de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions. Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussund\u00e9, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "gumbe" }],
              "question": "What is sometimes used as a generic word for any music of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f22f9e9bad19000a0753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "about ten" }],
              "question": "Gumbe fuses how many of the country's folk music traditions?",
              "id": "56f8f22f9e9bad19000a0754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Tina and tinga" }],
              "question": "Other than gumbe, what are two popular music genres?",
              "id": "56f8f22f9e9bad19000a0755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "kundere" }],
              "question": "What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands?",
              "id": "56f8f22f9e9bad19000a0756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "folk" }],
              "question": "What type of tradition includes ceremonial music used in funerals?",
              "id": "56f8f22f9e9bad19000a0757"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior. Fish, shellfish, fruits and vegetables are commonly eaten along with cereal grains, milk, curd and whey. The Portuguese encouraged peanut production. Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut) and Macrotyloma geocarpum (Hausa groundnut) are also grown. Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet. Palm oil is harvested.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rice" }],
              "question": "What grain is a staple for residents near the coast of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3129e9bad19000a0763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "millet" }],
              "question": "What grain is a staple for residents in the interior of Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3129e9bad19000a0764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "The Portuguese" }],
              "question": "Who encouraged peanut production in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3129e9bad19000a0765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Palm" }],
              "question": "What type of oil is harvested?",
              "id": "56f8f3129e9bad19000a0766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Black-eyed peas" }],
              "question": "What kind of pea is part of the diet in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3129e9bad19000a0767"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Common dishes include soups and stews. Common ingredients include yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain. Spices, peppers and chilis are used in cooking, including Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "soups and stews" }],
              "question": "What are common dishes in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3b79b226e1400dd11ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are common ingredients in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f3b79b226e1400dd11ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "cooking" }],
              "question": "What are spices, peppers and chilis used in?",
              "id": "56f8f3b79b226e1400dd11f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Aframomum melegueta seeds" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Guinea pepper?",
              "id": "56f8f3b79b226e1400dd11f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "cooking" }],
              "question": "What are Guinea peppers used in?",
              "id": "56f8f3b79b226e1400dd11f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice). Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N\u2019tturudu, by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Mortu Nega is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Flora Gomes" }],
              "question": "Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f4f49b226e1400dd11f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Nha Fala (English: My Voice)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Flora Gomes' most famous film?",
              "id": "56f8f4f49b226e1400dd11f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f4f49b226e1400dd11fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Umban u\u2019Kest" }],
              "question": "Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau?",
              "id": "56f8f4f49b226e1400dd11fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Oumarou Ganda Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "What prize did the film Mortu Nega win?",
              "id": "56f8f4f49b226e1400dd11fc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan, New York City. Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here. The streets do not run exactly east\u2013west, because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions. \"West\" is approximately 29 degrees north of true west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Hudson River" }],
              "question": "What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions?",
              "id": "56f8a91b9e9bad19000a027d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "In this article, how many degrees north of true west is \"West?\"",
              "id": "56f8a91b9e9bad19000a027e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "east-west" }],
              "question": "Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets?",
              "id": "56f8a91b9e9bad19000a027f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Major streets" }],
              "question": "Which streets have their own linked articles?",
              "id": "56f8a91b9e9bad19000a0280"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound and odd-numbered streets are one-way west. Several exceptions reverse this. Most wider streets carry two-way traffic, as do a few of the narrow ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "even-numbered" }],
              "question": "Which streets are one-way eastbound?",
              "id": "56f8a9959e9bad19000a028f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction?",
              "id": "56f8a9959e9bad19000a0290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "two-way" }],
              "question": "Do most wide streets carry one-way or two-way traffic?",
              "id": "56f8a9959e9bad19000a0291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Streets' names change from West to East (for instance, East 10th Street to West 10th Street) at Broadway below 8th Street, and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Streets' names change" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9b226e1400dd0da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Streets' names change" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9b226e1400dd0da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "West to East" }],
              "question": "Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?",
              "id": "56f8aa3e9b226e1400dd0da3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village, they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village, which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. Streets that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. The grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "14th Street north" }],
              "question": "The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?",
              "id": "56f8aaba9b226e1400dd0dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "East Houston Street" }
              ],
              "question": "Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?",
              "id": "56f8aaba9b226e1400dd0dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "East Village" }],
              "question": "In what village is East Houston Street located?",
              "id": "56f8aaba9b226e1400dd0daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Greenwich Village" }],
              "question": "Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?",
              "id": "56f8aaba9b226e1400dd0db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Commissioners' Plan of 1811" }
              ],
              "question": "Who laid out the Grid Plan?",
              "id": "56f8aaba9b226e1400dd0db1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island. Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, so the highest street number in the borough is 228th Street. However, the numbering continues in the Bronx up to 263rd Street. The lowest number is East First Street\u2014which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street\u2014as well as First Place in Battery Park City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "220th Street" }],
              "question": "What is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island?",
              "id": "56f8ab739e9bad19000a02a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "228" }],
              "question": "What is the highest street number within the borough of Manhattan?",
              "id": "56f8ab739e9bad19000a02a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "263" }],
              "question": "What is the highest street number in the Bronx?",
              "id": "56f8ab739e9bad19000a02a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Battery Park City" }],
              "question": "Where is First Place located?",
              "id": "56f8ab739e9bad19000a02a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Alphabet City" }],
              "question": "Where is East First Street located?",
              "id": "56f8ab739e9bad19000a02a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery. Peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Peretz Square" }],
              "question": "What is the spot where the grid takes hold called?",
              "id": "56f8ac249b226e1400dd0dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "triangular" }],
              "question": "What shape is the sliver park where Houston Street, First Street, and First Avenue meet?",
              "id": "56f8ac249b226e1400dd0dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "East 1st Street" }],
              "question": "Which street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A?",
              "id": "56f8ac249b226e1400dd0dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Bowery" }],
              "question": "East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to where?",
              "id": "56f8ac249b226e1400dd0dca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East 2nd Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue C and also continues to Bowery. The East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "FDR" }],
              "question": "East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive?",
              "id": "56f8ad589e9bad19000a02d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Avenue D" }],
              "question": "Where is the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets?",
              "id": "56f8ad589e9bad19000a02d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street?",
              "id": "56f8ad589e9bad19000a02d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "East 2nd Street" }],
              "question": "Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery?",
              "id": "56f8ad589e9bad19000a02d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The west end of these streets is Bowery and Third Avenue, except for 3rd Street (formerly Amity Place; to Sixth Avenue) and 4th Street (to 13th Street), which extend west and north, respectively, into Greenwich Village. Great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Amity Place" }],
              "question": "What name did 3rd Street previously hold?",
              "id": "56f8adc19b226e1400dd0de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Greenwich" }],
              "question": "Which village do 3rd and 4th Street extend into?",
              "id": "56f8adc19b226e1400dd0de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Great Jones" }],
              "question": "Which street connects East 3rd to West 3rd?",
              "id": "56f8adc19b226e1400dd0de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Bowery" }],
              "question": "The west end of these streets is Third Avenue and where?",
              "id": "56f8adc19b226e1400dd0de8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Village View" }],
              "question": "Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A?",
              "id": "56f92c0f9e9bad19000a07f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "364" }],
              "question": "What is the Public School number that interrupts East 5th Street?",
              "id": "56f92c0f9e9bad19000a07f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "The Earth School" }],
              "question": "Which school interrupts East 5th Street?",
              "id": "56f92c0f9e9bad19000a07f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Cooper Square" }],
              "question": "East 5th Street goes west to what stopping point?",
              "id": "56f92c0f9e9bad19000a07f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other, beginning at Avenue D, interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B, resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street. 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark's Place, but it is counted in the length below.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "shopping" }],
              "question": "West 8th Street is an important local street for what activity?",
              "id": "56f92d799b226e1400dd1268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "St Mark's Place" }],
              "question": "8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called what?",
              "id": "56f92d799b226e1400dd1269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Avenue D" }],
              "question": "Where do 8th and 9th Streets begin?",
              "id": "56f92d799b226e1400dd126a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Sixth Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where do 8th and 9th Streets end?",
              "id": "56f92d799b226e1400dd126b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Tompkins Square Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Which park interrupts 8th and 9th Street at Avenue B?",
              "id": "56f92d799b226e1400dd126c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "10th Street (40\u00b044\u203203\u2033N 74\u00b000\u203211\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.7342580\u00b0N 74.0029670\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.7342580; -74.0029670) begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid and continue to West Street on the Hudson River. Because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue. 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Richard Amos. The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York City's first prison and the United States' second.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "M8" }],
              "question": "Which bus operates on 10th Street between Avenues D and A and between West Street and Sixth Ave?",
              "id": "56f92e7b9b226e1400dd1272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Does the two-way section of 10th Street have a dedicated bike lane?",
              "id": "56f92e7b9b226e1400dd1273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "West 10th Street" }],
              "question": "The end of what road was once home to Newgate Prison?",
              "id": "56f92e7b9b226e1400dd1274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Newgate Prison" }],
              "question": "Which prison was New York City's first?",
              "id": "56f92e7b9b226e1400dd1275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Newgate Prison" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the United States' second prison?",
              "id": "56f92e7b9b226e1400dd1276"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "11th Street is in two parts. It is interrupted by the block containing Grace Church between Broadway and Fourth Avenue. East 11th streets runs from Fourth Avenue to Avenue C and runs past Webster Hall. West 11th Street runs from Broadway to West Street. 11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "West 11th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street runs from Broadway to West Street?",
              "id": "56f930029b226e1400dd127c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Old Grapevine tavern demolished?",
              "id": "56f930029b226e1400dd127d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Old Grapevine" }],
              "question": "11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s?",
              "id": "56f930029b226e1400dd127e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Grace Church" }],
              "question": "What church interuppts 11th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f930029b226e1400dd127f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "13th Street is in three parts. The first is a dead end from Avenue C. The second starts at a dead end, just before Avenue B, and runs to Greenwich Avenue, and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "13th Street is divided into how many parts?",
              "id": "56f9313f9b226e1400dd1284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "The first part of 13th Street is a dead end from which Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9313f9b226e1400dd1285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Greenwich Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does the second part of 13th Street end?",
              "id": "56f9313f9b226e1400dd1286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "13th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9313f9b226e1400dd1287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "14th Street is a main numbered street in Manhattan. It begins at Avenue C and ends at West Street. Its length is 3.4 km (2.1 mi). It has six subway stations:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Avenue C" }],
              "question": "Where does 14th Street begin?",
              "id": "56f933959b226e1400dd128c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "West Street" }],
              "question": "Where does 14th Street end?",
              "id": "56f933959b226e1400dd128d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many subway stations are on 14th Street?",
              "id": "56f933959b226e1400dd128e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "2.1" }],
              "question": "What is the length of 14th Street in miles?",
              "id": "56f933959b226e1400dd128f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "15th Street starts at FDR Drive, and 16th Street starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C. They are both stopped at Avenue C and continue from First Avenue to West Street, stopped again at Union Square, and 16th Street also pauses at Stuyvesant Square.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "FDR Drive" }],
              "question": "Where does 15th Street start?",
              "id": "56f9347d9e9bad19000a0803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "16th Street" }],
              "question": "Which road starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C?",
              "id": "56f9347d9e9bad19000a0804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Stuyvesant" }],
              "question": "16th Street pauses at which Square?",
              "id": "56f9347d9e9bad19000a0805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Union Square" }],
              "question": "Which Square stops both 15th and 16th Streets?",
              "id": "56f9347d9e9bad19000a0806"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 17th Street (40\u00b044\u203208\u2033N 73\u00b059\u203212\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.735532\u00b0N 73.986575\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.735532; -73.986575), traffic runs one way along the street, from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South, where traffic runs in both directions. It forms the northern borders of both Union Square (between Broadway and Park Avenue South) and Stuyvesant Square. Composer Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street, near Perlman Place. The house was razed by Beth Israel Medical Center after it received approval of a 1991 application to demolish the house and replace it with an AIDS hospice. Time Magazine was started at 141 East 17th Street.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "runs in both directions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street?",
              "id": "56f9357a9e9bad19000a080b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "one way" }],
              "question": "Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways?",
              "id": "56f9357a9e9bad19000a080c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Composer" }],
              "question": "What was the job of the person who lived at 327 East 17th Street?",
              "id": "56f9357a9e9bad19000a080d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "141 East 17th Street" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Time Magazine started?",
              "id": "56f9357a9e9bad19000a080e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "AIDS hospice" }],
              "question": "What was Antonin Dvorak's New York home replaced with after it was demolished?",
              "id": "56f9357a9e9bad19000a080f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "subway station" }],
              "question": "What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9367f9b226e1400dd1294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which train line do the 1 2 trains serve?",
              "id": "56f9367f9b226e1400dd1295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "IRT Lexington Avenue Line" }
              ],
              "question": "Which train line used to have an 18th Street Station at the crossing with Park Avenue South?",
              "id": "56f9367f9b226e1400dd1296"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "20th Street starts at Avenue C, and 21st and 22nd Streets begin at First Avenue. They all end at Eleventh Avenue. Travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st and 22nd Streets, between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, is in the opposite direction than it is on the rest of the respective street. 20th Street is very wide from the Avenue C to First Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Avenue C" }],
              "question": "Where does 10th Street start?",
              "id": "56f937b49b226e1400dd129a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "First" }],
              "question": "At which Avenue do 21st and 22nd Streets begin?",
              "id": "56f937b49b226e1400dd129b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "very wide" }],
              "question": "What is different about 20th Street between Avenue C and First Avenue?",
              "id": "56f937b49b226e1400dd129c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "20th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street is much wider from Avenue C to First Avenue?",
              "id": "56f937b49b226e1400dd129d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "in the opposite direction" }
              ],
              "question": "How does traffic travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd Streets?",
              "id": "56f937b49b226e1400dd129e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between Second and Third Avenues, 21st Street is alternatively known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way. Along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park, between Gramercy Park East and Gramercy Park West, 21st Street is known as Gramercy Park North.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "21st Street" }],
              "question": "Which Street is also known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?",
              "id": "56f938d29b226e1400dd12a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Gramercy Park North" }
              ],
              "question": "What is 21st Street known as along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park?",
              "id": "56f938d29b226e1400dd12a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Second and Third Avenues" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what avenues is 21st Street known by Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?",
              "id": "56f938d29b226e1400dd12a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Anthony Sanchez" }],
              "question": "Which police officer does a section of 21st Street refer to?",
              "id": "56f938d29b226e1400dd12a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "23rd Street is another main numbered street in Manhattan. It begins at FDR Drive and ends at Eleventh Avenue. Its length is 3.1 km/1.9m. It has two-way travel. On 23rd Street there are five local subway stations:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "FDR Drive" }],
              "question": "Where does 23rd Street begin?",
              "id": "56f9396d9b226e1400dd12ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Eleventh Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does 23rd Street end?",
              "id": "56f9396d9b226e1400dd12ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "3.1 km" }],
              "question": "What is the length of 23rd Street in kilometers?",
              "id": "56f9396d9b226e1400dd12ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "two-way" }],
              "question": "Does traffic move in one or two ways on 23rd Street?",
              "id": "56f9396d9b226e1400dd12af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many local subway stations are on 23rd Street?",
              "id": "56f9396d9b226e1400dd12b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "24th Street is in two parts. 24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue, because of Madison Square Park. 25th Street, which is in three parts, starts at FDR Drive, is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, and ends at Madison. Then West 24th and 25th Streets continue from Fifth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue (25th) or Twelfth Avenue (24th).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "25th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue?",
              "id": "56f93cda9e9bad19000a0815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "First Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does 24th street start?",
              "id": "56f93cda9e9bad19000a0816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Madison Square Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Which park is at the end of 24th Street and Madison Avenue?",
              "id": "56f93cda9e9bad19000a0817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Madison" }],
              "question": "Where does 25th Street end?",
              "id": "56f93cda9e9bad19000a0818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Fifth Avenue" }],
              "question": "After being interrupted, where do 24th and 25th Streets continue from?",
              "id": "56f93cda9e9bad19000a0819"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue. It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "27th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street does Club Row occur on?",
              "id": "56f93d7d9b226e1400dd12b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Club Row" }],
              "question": "Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?",
              "id": "56f93d7d9b226e1400dd12b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Club Row" }],
              "question": "What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as?",
              "id": "56f93d7d9b226e1400dd12b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "one-way" }],
              "question": "Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways?",
              "id": "56f93d7d9b226e1400dd12b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Second Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does 27th Street start?",
              "id": "56f93d7d9b226e1400dd12ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south, and other venues in downtown Manhattan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "fifteen blocks" }],
              "question": "How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan's Meatpacking District?",
              "id": "56f93e359b226e1400dd12c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "nightclubs" }],
              "question": "Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?",
              "id": "56f93e359b226e1400dd12c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "south" }],
              "question": "What direction is Manhattan's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street?",
              "id": "56f93e359b226e1400dd12c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Heading east, 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) on the corner of Eighth. On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert, with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid. Twenty-Seventh Street passes one block north of Madison Square Park and culminates at Bellevue Hospital Center on First Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Eighth" }],
              "question": "The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9409c9b226e1400dd12c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "What year was the New York Life Building built?",
              "id": "56f9409c9b226e1400dd12c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Cass Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who designed the New York Life Building?",
              "id": "56f9409c9b226e1400dd12c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Bellevue" }],
              "question": "Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street?",
              "id": "56f9409c9b226e1400dd12c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Chelsea" }],
              "question": "Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues?",
              "id": "56f9409c9b226e1400dd12ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard, while 32nd Street, which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan's Koreatown, begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden. On the East Side, both streets end at Second Avenue at Kips Bay Towers and NYU Medical Center which occupy the area between 30th and 34th Streets. The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135\u2013139 West 31st Street. At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist, part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street. At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel. The former Hotel Pierrepont was located at 43 West 32nd Street, The Continental NYC tower is at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street. 29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "West Side Yard" }],
              "question": "Where does 31st Street begin?",
              "id": "56f941eb9b226e1400dd12d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church is situated at 135-139 West 31st Street?",
              "id": "56f941eb9b226e1400dd12d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "Grolier Club" }],
              "question": "Who owned the building at 29 East 32nd Street between 1890 and 1917?",
              "id": "56f941eb9b226e1400dd12d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Grand Hotel" }],
              "question": "The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business?",
              "id": "56f941eb9b226e1400dd12d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which religios center is located at 210 West?",
              "id": "56f941eb9b226e1400dd12d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue. Notable locations include East River Ferry, LaptopMD headquarters, Mercy College Manhattan Campus, and Jacob K. Javits Convention Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "FDR Drive" }],
              "question": "Where does 35th Street begin?",
              "id": "56f9429c9b226e1400dd12da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Eleventh Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does 35th Street end?",
              "id": "56f9429c9b226e1400dd12db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "35th Street" }],
              "question": "On which street does LaptopMD headquarters sit?",
              "id": "56f9429c9b226e1400dd12dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "35th Street" }],
              "question": "On which street is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center located?",
              "id": "56f9429c9b226e1400dd12dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "35th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9429c9b226e1400dd12de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A section of East 58th Street 40\u00b045\u203240.3\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203256.9\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.761194\u00b0N 73.965806\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Designers' Way" }],
              "question": "What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?",
              "id": "56f9453c9b226e1400dd12e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Designers' Way" }],
              "question": "Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?",
              "id": "56f9453c9b226e1400dd12e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Second" }],
              "question": "Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9453c9b226e1400dd12e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "90th Street is split into two segments. The first segment, West 90th Street begins at Riverside Drive and ends at Central Park West or West Drive, when it is open, in Central Park on the Upper West Side. The second segment of East 90th Street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park. When East Drive is closed, East 90th Street begins at Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side and curves to the right at the FDR Drive becoming East End Avenue. Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue, across the street from Ruppert Towers (1601 and 1619 Third Avenue) and Ruppert Park. Asphalt Green, which is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "East 90th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park?",
              "id": "56f9461c9b226e1400dd12ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "Our Lady of Good Counsel Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church is located on East 90th Street between Second and Third Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9461c9b226e1400dd12eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Ruppert Towers" }],
              "question": "Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9461c9b226e1400dd12ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Asphalt Green" }],
              "question": "What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue?",
              "id": "56f9461c9b226e1400dd12ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue, where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. The street resumes at the eastern edge of Morningside Park and extends through Harlem before ending at First Avenue adjacent Thomas Jefferson Park in East Harlem. Notable locations include:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Morningside Heights" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does 112th Street start?",
              "id": "56f948989b226e1400dd12f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "112th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue?",
              "id": "56f948989b226e1400dd12f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "112th Street" }],
              "question": "Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine?",
              "id": "56f948989b226e1400dd12f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University\u2019s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University\u2019s largest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Butler Library" }],
              "question": "Which library is Columbia University's largest?",
              "id": "56f949339e9bad19000a081f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Columbia University" }
              ],
              "question": "114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university's Morningside Heights Campus?",
              "id": "56f949339e9bad19000a0820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University's Morningside Heights Campus?",
              "id": "56f949339e9bad19000a0821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's\u2013Roosevelt Hospital Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "114th Street" }],
              "question": "On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?",
              "id": "56f94b2d9b226e1400dd12f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "St. Luke's\u2013Roosevelt Hospital Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?",
              "id": "56f94b2d9b226e1400dd12f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "114th Street" }],
              "question": "A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?",
              "id": "56f94b2d9b226e1400dd12fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "40\u00b048\u203227\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203218\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.8076\u00b0N 73.9549\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then crosses Broadway and runs between the campuses of Columbia University and Teacher's College. The street is interrupted by Morningside Park. It then continues east, eventually running along the southern edge of Marcus Garvey Park, passing by 58 West, the former residence of Maya Angelou. It then continues through Spanish Harlem; when it crosses Pleasant Avenue it becomes a two\u2011way street and continues nearly to the East River, where for automobiles, it turns north and becomes Paladino Avenue, and for pedestrians, continues as a bridge across FDR Drive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Riverside Drive" }],
              "question": "On which road does 120th Street begin?",
              "id": "56f94c019b226e1400dd12fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "120th Street" }],
              "question": "The Interchurch Center is the start of which street?",
              "id": "56f94c019b226e1400dd12ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "120th Street" }],
              "question": "Morningside Park interrupts which street?",
              "id": "56f94c019b226e1400dd1300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Maya Angelou" }],
              "question": "Who formerly lived at 58 West?",
              "id": "56f94c019b226e1400dd1301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "FDR Drive" }],
              "question": "120th Street turns into Paladino Avenue and into a pedestrian bridge across what road?",
              "id": "56f94c019b226e1400dd1302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "40\u00b048\u203232\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203214\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.8088\u00b0N 73.9540\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.8088; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments, E 122nd Street, W 122nd Street, and W 122nd Street Seminary Row, by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Marcus Garvey" }],
              "question": "Which memorial park divides 122nd Street?",
              "id": "56f9551e9e9bad19000a082f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Morningside Park" }],
              "question": "Which park divides 122nd Street along with Marcus Garvey Memorial Park?",
              "id": "56f9551e9e9bad19000a0830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many segments is 122nd Street divided into?",
              "id": "56f9551e9e9bad19000a0831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "noncontiguous" }],
              "question": "Are 122nd Street's three segments contiguous or noncontiguous?",
              "id": "56f9551e9e9bad19000a0832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "E 122nd Street runs four blocks (2,250 feet (690 m)) west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park. This segment runs in East Harlem and crosses portions of Third Avenue, Lexington, and Park (Fourth Avenue).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many blocks west of Second Avenue does E 122nd Street run?",
              "id": "56f956209b226e1400dd134c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Marcus Garvey Memorial Park" }
              ],
              "question": "At which park does E 122nd Street end?",
              "id": "56f956209b226e1400dd134d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Madison Avenue" }],
              "question": "At which intersection does E 122nd Street terminate?",
              "id": "56f956209b226e1400dd134e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Park" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Fourth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f956209b226e1400dd134f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "E 122nd Street" }],
              "question": "A segment of what road crosses portions of Third Avenue, Lexington, and Park and runs in East Harlem?",
              "id": "56f956209b226e1400dd1350"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Morningside Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?",
              "id": "56f957d89e9bad19000a0853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Morningside Park" }],
              "question": "At which park does W 122nd Street end?",
              "id": "56f957d89e9bad19000a0854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?",
              "id": "56f957d89e9bad19000a0855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Mount Morris" }],
              "question": "Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?",
              "id": "56f957d89e9bad19000a0856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Lenox Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f957d89e9bad19000a0857"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Amsterdam Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Tenth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f95f549b226e1400dd13cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Riverside Drive" }],
              "question": "At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?",
              "id": "56f95f549b226e1400dd13cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Morningside Drive" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Ninth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f95f549b226e1400dd13ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Morningside Heights" }
              ],
              "question": "Which district surrounds Columbia University?",
              "id": "56f95f549b226e1400dd13cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches. Seminary Row also runs by the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, Sakura Park, Grant's Tomb, and Morningside Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Jewish Theological" }],
              "question": "Besides the Union Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?",
              "id": "56f9613f9b226e1400dd13f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Union Theological" }],
              "question": "Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?",
              "id": "56f9613f9b226e1400dd13f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Seminary Row" }],
              "question": "Which road runs by two Seminaries, the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, and Grant's Tomb?",
              "id": "56f9613f9b226e1400dd13f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "122nd Street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver by main character Travis Bickle as the location where a fellow cab driver is assaulted with a knife. The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as \"Mau Mau Land\" by another character named Wizard, slang indicating it is a majority black area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Travis Bickle" }],
              "question": "Who is the main character in Taxi Driver?",
              "id": "56f968aa9e9bad19000a08d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "122nd Street" }],
              "question": "What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted?",
              "id": "56f968aa9e9bad19000a08d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Wizard" }],
              "question": "Which character in Taxi Driver deemed 122nd Street as \"Mau Mau Land\"?",
              "id": "56f968aa9e9bad19000a08d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "\"Mau Mau Land\"" }],
              "question": "What is the term given to 122nd Street by Wizard in Taxi Driver indicating the area is majority black?",
              "id": "56f968aa9e9bad19000a08da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Harlem" }],
              "question": "Which neighborhood surrounds 122nd Street?",
              "id": "56f968aa9e9bad19000a08db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "40\u00b048\u203247\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203227\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.813\u00b0N 73.9575\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.813; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue. West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was re-routed onto the old Manhattan Avenue. The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist. La Salle Street is the only vestige of the original routing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "La Salle Street" }],
              "question": "Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue?",
              "id": "56f96a6f9b226e1400dd141a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Claremont" }],
              "question": "La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue?",
              "id": "56f96a6f9b226e1400dd141b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "West Harlem" }],
              "question": "In which neighborhood does La Salle Street run?",
              "id": "56f96a6f9b226e1400dd141c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "125th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street was swallowed up to make low income housing projects?",
              "id": "56f96a6f9b226e1400dd141d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "La Salle Street" }],
              "question": "Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue?",
              "id": "56f96a6f9b226e1400dd141e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "40\u00b048\u203252\u2033N 73\u00b056\u203253\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.814583\u00b0N 73.947944\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.814583; -73.947944 132nd Street runs east-west above Central Park and is located in Harlem just south of Hamilton Heights. The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive. After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College, there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "West 132nd Street" }],
              "question": "There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue?",
              "id": "56f96cf39b226e1400dd142c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "132nd Street" }],
              "question": "The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?",
              "id": "56f96cf39b226e1400dd142d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Park Avenue" }],
              "question": "On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?",
              "id": "56f96cf39b226e1400dd142e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "City College" }],
              "question": "West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?",
              "id": "56f96cf39b226e1400dd142f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "St. Nicholas Park" }],
              "question": "West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park?",
              "id": "56f96cf39b226e1400dd1430"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 132nd Street Community Garden is located on 132nd Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Malcolm X Boulevard. In 1997, the lot received a garden makeover; the Borough President's office funded the installation of a $100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green. The garden also holds a goldfish pond and several benches. The spirit of the neighborhood lives in gardens like this one, planted and tended by local residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "local residents" }],
              "question": "Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?",
              "id": "56f96df19b226e1400dd1436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard?",
              "id": "56f96df19b226e1400dd1437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?",
              "id": "56f96df19b226e1400dd1438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Borough President's office" }
              ],
              "question": "Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system?",
              "id": "56f96df19b226e1400dd1439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "$100,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?",
              "id": "56f96df19b226e1400dd143a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Manhattanville Bus Depot" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?",
              "id": "56f96ea89e9bad19000a08f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "132nd Street Bus Depot" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?",
              "id": "56f96ea89e9bad19000a08fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Manhattanville" }],
              "question": "In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?",
              "id": "56f96ea89e9bad19000a08fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Riverside Drive" }],
              "question": "The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?",
              "id": "56f96ea89e9bad19000a08fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "155" }],
              "question": "How many crosstown streets are mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?",
              "id": "56f96f4f9b226e1400dd1440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "155th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?",
              "id": "56f96f4f9b226e1400dd1441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "155th Street" }],
              "question": "Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights?",
              "id": "56f96f4f9b226e1400dd1442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Commissioner's Plan of 1811" }
              ],
              "question": "What document established Manhattan's numbered street grid?",
              "id": "56f96f4f9b226e1400dd1443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Washington Heights" }],
              "question": "155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood?",
              "id": "56f96f4f9b226e1400dd1444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive, crossing Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue. At St. Nicholas Place, the terrain drops off steeply, and 155th Street is carried on a 1,600-foot (490 m) long viaduct, a City Landmark constructed in 1893, that slopes down towards the Harlem River, continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge, crossing over (but not intersecting with) the Harlem River Drive. A separate, unconnected section of 155th Street runs under the viaduct, connecting Bradhurst Avenue and the Harlem River Drive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Riverside Drive" }],
              "question": "Where does 155th Street start?",
              "id": "56f970229e9bad19000a090f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "St. Nicholas" }],
              "question": "155th Street crosses Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and what other Avenue?",
              "id": "56f970229e9bad19000a0910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "490" }],
              "question": "How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels?",
              "id": "56f970229e9bad19000a0911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "In what year was the viaduct along 155th Street constructed?",
              "id": "56f970229e9bad19000a0912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Bradhurst" }],
              "question": "A section of 155th Street connects Harlem River Drive and what Avenue?",
              "id": "56f970229e9bad19000a0913"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Washington Heights" }],
              "question": "181st Street runs through what neighborhood?",
              "id": "56f970b39e9bad19000a0919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Plaza Lafayette" }],
              "question": "What is the west end of 181st Street called?",
              "id": "56f970b39e9bad19000a091a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street?",
              "id": "56f970b39e9bad19000a091b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Hudson River" }],
              "question": "Which river does 181st Street run near?",
              "id": "56f970b39e9bad19000a091c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "181st Street" }],
              "question": "Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?",
              "id": "56f970b39e9bad19000a091d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "West" }],
              "question": "In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?",
              "id": "56f972499b226e1400dd1466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "East" }],
              "question": "In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?",
              "id": "56f972499b226e1400dd1467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Fort Washington Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?",
              "id": "56f972499b226e1400dd1468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Harlem" }],
              "question": "Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?",
              "id": "56f972499b226e1400dd1469"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A trains) and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line (1 trains). The stations are about 500 metres (550 yd) from each other and are not connected. The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is a couple of blocks south on Fort Washington Avenue. 181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95), just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many subway lines serve 181st Street?",
              "id": "56f9760b9e9bad19000a0953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many metres apart are 181st Street's two subway stations?",
              "id": "56f9760b9e9bad19000a0954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Fort Washington Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "On what avenue is the George Wasington Bridge Bus Terminal?",
              "id": "56f9760b9e9bad19000a0955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "181st Street" }],
              "question": "Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit?",
              "id": "56f9760b9e9bad19000a0956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broadway valley. West of there, it is mostly lined with store fronts and serves as a main shopping district for the Hudson Heights neighborhood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Chittenden Avenue" }],
              "question": "187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west?",
              "id": "56f977969e9bad19000a0973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "stairs" }],
              "question": "What is 187th Street interrupted by?",
              "id": "56f977969e9bad19000a0974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Broadway valley" }],
              "question": "Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to?",
              "id": "56f977969e9bad19000a0975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Hudson Heights" }],
              "question": "An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?",
              "id": "56f977969e9bad19000a0976"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Laurel Hill Terrace" }
              ],
              "question": "Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has?",
              "id": "56f978189e9bad19000a0981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Chittenden Avenue" }],
              "question": "Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has?",
              "id": "56f978189e9bad19000a0982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "187th Street" }],
              "question": "Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street?",
              "id": "56f978189e9bad19000a0983"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "P.S. 187" }],
              "question": "Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard?",
              "id": "56f978fb9b226e1400dd1484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "187th Street" }],
              "question": "On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel?",
              "id": "56f978fb9b226e1400dd1485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Yeshiva University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which University has a campus on 187th Street?",
              "id": "56f978fb9b226e1400dd1486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "187th Street" }],
              "question": "Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?",
              "id": "56f978fb9b226e1400dd1487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "187th Street" }],
              "question": "On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?",
              "id": "56f978fb9b226e1400dd1488"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Brain",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The brain" }],
              "question": "What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?",
              "id": "56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "The brain" }],
              "question": "What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?",
              "id": "56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "15\u201333 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?",
              "id": "56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "axons" }],
              "question": "Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?",
              "id": "56f8b80e9e9bad19000a03a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?",
              "id": "56f8b80e9e9bad19000a03a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "The brain" }],
              "question": "Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?",
              "id": "56f8b9089e9bad19000a03af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "reflexes" }],
              "question": "What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?",
              "id": "56f8b9089e9bad19000a03b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "spinal cord or peripheral ganglia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?",
              "id": "56f8b9089e9bad19000a03b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "central processing unit (CPU)" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?",
              "id": "56f8bb559e9bad19000a03d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "vertebrates" }],
              "question": "Animals with a spine are called what?",
              "id": "56f8bbc59b226e1400dd0ecf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish \"advanced\" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "invertebrates" }],
              "question": "Animals without a spine are called what?",
              "id": "56f8bbf99e9bad19000a03e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "visual inspection" }],
              "question": "The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?",
              "id": "56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?",
              "id": "56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The two main areas of the brain are what colors?",
              "id": "56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "microscope" }],
              "question": "What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?",
              "id": "56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "dark color" }],
              "question": "Grey matter of the brain is what color?",
              "id": "56f8bd499e9bad19000a03f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1\u2013100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10\u2013100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "neurons and glial cells" }
              ],
              "question": "Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?",
              "id": "56f8be139e9bad19000a0400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "glia or neuroglia" }],
              "question": "Glial cells are also referred to as what?",
              "id": "56f8be139e9bad19000a0401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "neurons" }],
              "question": "Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?",
              "id": "56f8be139e9bad19000a0402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1129, "text": "action potentials" }
              ],
              "question": "Axons send signals that are named what?",
              "id": "56f8be139e9bad19000a0403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1233, "text": "1\u2013100 meters per second" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?",
              "id": "56f8be139e9bad19000a0404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "synapses" }],
              "question": "Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?",
              "id": "56f8bead9e9bad19000a040a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "receptor molecules" }
              ],
              "question": "The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?",
              "id": "56f8bead9e9bad19000a040b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "several thousand" }],
              "question": "An axon can connect to how many other cells?",
              "id": "56f8bead9e9bad19000a040c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "100 trillion synapses;" }
              ],
              "question": "How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?",
              "id": "56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "several million" }],
              "question": "The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?",
              "id": "56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "excitatory" }],
              "question": "A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?",
              "id": "56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "cell-to-cell communication" }
              ],
              "question": "The primary job of the brain is what?",
              "id": "56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter, in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "nerve fiber tracts" }
              ],
              "question": "Axons grouped together are known as what?",
              "id": "56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "sheath of myelin" }],
              "question": "An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what?",
              "id": "56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "Myelin is what color in the brain?",
              "id": "56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "axons" }],
              "question": "Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures?",
              "id": "56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "neuron cell bodies" }
              ],
              "question": "Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what?",
              "id": "56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a \"tail brain\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "cnidarians" }],
              "question": "Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?",
              "id": "56f8c1999e9bad19000a042e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "symmetric body shape" }
              ],
              "question": "Bilaterians are animals that have what?",
              "id": "56f8c1999e9bad19000a042f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "485-540 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "The Cambrian period was how long ago?",
              "id": "56f8c1999e9bad19000a0430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "a ganglion" }],
              "question": "A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?",
              "id": "56f8c1999e9bad19000a0431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1198, "text": "leeches" }],
              "question": "What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?",
              "id": "56f8c1999e9bad19000a0432"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "acoelomorphs" }],
              "question": "A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?",
              "id": "56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some bilaterians without a brain are what?",
              "id": "56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0443"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?",
              "id": "56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "parallel nerve cords" }
              ],
              "question": "Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?",
              "id": "56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "octopus and squid" }],
              "question": "The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?",
              "id": "56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "invertebrate" }],
              "question": "Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?",
              "id": "56f8c4f99b226e1400dd0f7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon) is greatly elaborated and expanded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "over 500 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?",
              "id": "56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Cambrian period" }],
              "question": "During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?",
              "id": "56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "450 Mya" }],
              "question": "Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?",
              "id": "56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "(the telencephalon" }
              ],
              "question": "The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "200 Mya" }],
              "question": "At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?",
              "id": "56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula describes the central tendency, but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree, in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?",
              "id": "56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "0.75" }],
              "question": "In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?",
              "id": "56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "primates" }],
              "question": "Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?",
              "id": "56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size. In many classes of vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, the three parts remain similar in size in the adult, but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts, and the midbrain becomes very small.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "prosencephalon" }],
              "question": "The forebrain during development is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c6939e9bad19000a048c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "mesencephalon" }],
              "question": "The midbrain during development is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c6939e9bad19000a048d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "rhombencephalon" }],
              "question": "The hindbrain during development is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c6939e9bad19000a048e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "mammals" }],
              "question": "Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest?",
              "id": "56f8c6939e9bad19000a048f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "neural tube;" }],
              "question": "During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?",
              "id": "56f8c6939e9bad19000a0490"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood\u2013brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "pinkish" }],
              "question": "Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?",
              "id": "56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "The color of the brain inside is what?",
              "id": "56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "meninges" }],
              "question": "Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?",
              "id": "56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "the skull" }],
              "question": "Meninges separate what structure from the brain?",
              "id": "56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "cells in the blood vessel walls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?",
              "id": "56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Neuroanatomists" }],
              "question": "People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "telencephalon" }],
              "question": "The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?",
              "id": "56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "diencephalon" }],
              "question": "The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?",
              "id": "56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "mesencephalon" }],
              "question": "The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "thalamus and hypothalamus" }
              ],
              "question": "Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?",
              "id": "56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of existing fish species), the forebrain has become \"everted\", like a sock turned inside out. In birds, there are also major changes in forebrain structure. These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "teleost fishes" }],
              "question": "The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?",
              "id": "56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "forebrain area" }],
              "question": "Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?",
              "id": "56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1004"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "twice as large" }],
              "question": "A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?",
              "id": "56f8ca819b226e1400dd100d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "ten times" }],
              "question": "A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?",
              "id": "56f8ca819b226e1400dd100e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "size." }],
              "question": "The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?",
              "id": "56f8ca819b226e1400dd100f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "The cerebral cortex" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?",
              "id": "56f8cc029b226e1400dd1027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "pallium" }],
              "question": "The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?",
              "id": "56f8cc029b226e1400dd1028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 592, "text": "neocortex or isocortex" }
              ],
              "question": "Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?",
              "id": "56f8cc029b226e1400dd1029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "neocortex" }],
              "question": "The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?",
              "id": "56f8cc029b226e1400dd102a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion (the neocerebellum) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex, which has no counterpart in other vertebrates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "visual" }],
              "question": "The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?",
              "id": "56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "(the neocerebellum" }
              ],
              "question": "The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what?",
              "id": "56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "cerebral cortex" }],
              "question": "The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a0520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "encephalization quotient (EQ)" }
              ],
              "question": "Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?",
              "id": "56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "7-to-8 range" }],
              "question": "What is the average EQ of a person?",
              "id": "56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "2-to-3" }],
              "question": "Primates have an EQ in what range?",
              "id": "56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0544"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex. The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning, working memory, motivation, attention, and executive control. It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species, and an especially large fraction of the human brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?",
              "id": "56f8cee09e9bad19000a0552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?",
              "id": "56f8cee09e9bad19000a0553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "prefrontal cortex" }],
              "question": "Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?",
              "id": "56f8cee09e9bad19000a0554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "primates" }],
              "question": "The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?",
              "id": "56f8cee09e9bad19000a0555"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove, and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube, a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon (which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus). At about the same time, the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon (which will contain the cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (which will contain the medulla oblongata). Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated; the resulting cells then migrate, sometimes for long distances, to their final positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "the neural plate" }],
              "question": "The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?",
              "id": "56f8d2919b226e1400dd108b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "fluid-filled ventricle" }
              ],
              "question": "The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?",
              "id": "56f8d2919b226e1400dd108c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 713,
                  "text": "telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?",
              "id": "56f8d2919b226e1400dd108d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "telencephalon" }],
              "question": "The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?",
              "id": "56f8d2919b226e1400dd108e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "the diencephalon" }],
              "question": "The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?",
              "id": "56f8d2919b226e1400dd108f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded with chemical receptors. These receptors sense the local environment, causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements, and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path. The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area, where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses. Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "protoplasm" }],
              "question": "A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?",
              "id": "56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "dendrites and an axon" }
              ],
              "question": "What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?",
              "id": "56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories. With these exceptions, however, the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life. Glial cells are different: as with most types of cells in the body, they are generated throughout the lifespan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "neurons" }],
              "question": "The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?",
              "id": "56f8db919b226e1400dd1104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "sense of smell" }],
              "question": "The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?",
              "id": "56f8db919b226e1400dd1105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "dentate gyrus of the hippocampus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?",
              "id": "56f8db919b226e1400dd1106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Glial cells" }],
              "question": "Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?",
              "id": "56f8db919b226e1400dd1107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "neurons continue to be generated throughout life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Neurogenesis is the process of what?",
              "id": "56f8db919b226e1400dd1108"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes, most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?",
              "id": "56f8dc869b226e1400dd1122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "electrochemical" }],
              "question": "What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?",
              "id": "56f8dc869b226e1400dd1123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them\u2014neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle. Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "synapses" }],
              "question": "Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f96f189e9bad19000a0901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do neurotransmitters attach to?",
              "id": "56f96f189e9bad19000a0902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Dale's principle" }],
              "question": "Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?",
              "id": "56f96f189e9bad19000a0903"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of their ubiquity, drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects. Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "gamma-aminobutyric acid" }
              ],
              "question": "GABA is the abbreviation for what?",
              "id": "56f96fee9b226e1400dd1454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?",
              "id": "56f96fee9b226e1400dd1455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "glutamate," }],
              "question": "The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?",
              "id": "56f96fee9b226e1400dd1456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?",
              "id": "56f96fee9b226e1400dd1457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example\u2014the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids\u2014comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Raphe nuclei" }],
              "question": "Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f9725b9e9bad19000a092b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Serotonin" }],
              "question": "Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?",
              "id": "56f9725b9e9bad19000a092c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Norepinephrine" }],
              "question": "Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?",
              "id": "56f9725b9e9bad19000a092d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "locus coeruleus" }],
              "question": "Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?",
              "id": "56f9725b9e9bad19000a092e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). EEG recordings, along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats, show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active, even during sleep. Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity, which may vary according to behavioral state. In mammals, the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep, faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive, and chaotic-looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task. During an epileptic seizure, the brain's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels, producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain. Relating these population-level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "electroencephalography" }
              ],
              "question": "An EEG of the brain stands for what?",
              "id": "56f973599e9bad19000a0933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "magnetoencephalography" }
              ],
              "question": "MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what?",
              "id": "56f973599e9bad19000a0934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "EEG" }],
              "question": "What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep?",
              "id": "56f973599e9bad19000a0935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "large slow delta waves" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep?",
              "id": "56f973599e9bad19000a0936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 751, "text": "faster alpha waves" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive?",
              "id": "56f973599e9bad19000a0937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All vertebrates have a blood\u2013brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and nutrients.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Glial cells" }],
              "question": "What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?",
              "id": "56f9738c9e9bad19000a093d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Glial cells control what inside the brain?",
              "id": "56f9738c9e9bad19000a093e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge (membrane potential) of neurons. Most vertebrate species devote between 2% and 8% of basal metabolism to the brain. In primates, however, the percentage is much higher\u2014in humans it rises to 20\u201325%. The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET, fMRI, and NIRS. The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose (i.e., blood sugar), but ketones provide a major alternative source, together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids (caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate, acetate, and possibly amino acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 893, "text": "glucose (i.e., blood sugar" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?",
              "id": "56f974f69e9bad19000a0941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "20\u201325%" }],
              "question": "The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?",
              "id": "56f974f69e9bad19000a0942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "ketones" }],
              "question": "Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?",
              "id": "56f974f69e9bad19000a0943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "2% and 8%" }],
              "question": "Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?",
              "id": "56f974f69e9bad19000a0944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From an evolutionary-biological perspective, the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts, and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "provide coherent control over the actions of an animal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?",
              "id": "56f975539b226e1400dd146e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience. The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise, as for example in John von Neumann's 1958 book, The Computer and the Brain. Over the years, though, accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "Computers were invented in what decade in history?",
              "id": "56f976429b226e1400dd1470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "cybernetics" }],
              "question": "Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?",
              "id": "56f976429b226e1400dd1471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "John von Neumann's" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?",
              "id": "56f976429b226e1400dd1472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?",
              "id": "56f976429b226e1400dd1473"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs, and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as \"bug perceivers\". A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view\u2014a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize. Follow-up studies in higher-order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity, color, movement, and aspects of shape, with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses. Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates, some related to memory, some to abstract types of cognition such as space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?",
              "id": "56f978649e9bad19000a0987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?",
              "id": "56f978649e9bad19000a0988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are arguably too abstractive to be representative of brain operation; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources. However, having said this, the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic, detailed computational model of the entire human brain. It remains to be seen what level of success they can achieve in the time frame of the project and the wisdom of it has been publicly contested, with high-profile scientists on both sides of the argument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "the Human Brain Project" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?",
              "id": "56f97e319b226e1400dd14c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. In other animals additional senses may be present, such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes, the magnetic field sense of some birds, or the electric field sense of some types of fish. Moreover, other animals may develop existing sensory systems in new ways, such as the adaptation by bats of the auditory sense into a form of sonar. One way or another, all of these sensory modalities are initially detected by specialized sensors that project signals into the brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "bats" }],
              "question": "What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?",
              "id": "56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "snakes" }],
              "question": "What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?",
              "id": "56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "birds" }],
              "question": "The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?",
              "id": "56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "fish" }],
              "question": "The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?",
              "id": "56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their signals to a first-order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality. This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher-order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality. Eventually, via a way-station in the thalamus, the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex, where they are processed to extract biologically relevant features, and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "retina" }],
              "question": "Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye?",
              "id": "56f97f299b226e1400dd14c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "cochlea" }],
              "question": "Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear?",
              "id": "56f97f299b226e1400dd14c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "cerebral cortex" }],
              "question": "Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f97f299b226e1400dd14c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Motor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord, and by inputs that descend from the brain. The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses, and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming. The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "the eye," }],
              "question": "What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?",
              "id": "56f97f669e9bad19000a09d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "spinal cord and hindbrain" }
              ],
              "question": "All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?",
              "id": "56f97f669e9bad19000a09d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs. At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord, through the pyramidal tract. This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements. Other motor-related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas. Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the medulla and pons," }
              ],
              "question": "Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?",
              "id": "56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the medulla and pons" }
              ],
              "question": "At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?",
              "id": "56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "coordinating movements of the arms and legs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?",
              "id": "56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "primary motor cortex" }
              ],
              "question": "A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?",
              "id": "56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "pyramidal tract." }],
              "question": "The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?",
              "id": "56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal, and several other processes. Most of its functions are not under direct voluntary control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "autonomic nervous system" }
              ],
              "question": "The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?",
              "id": "56f981a79b226e1400dd14d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "autonomic nervous system" }
              ],
              "question": "What system in the body controls heart rate?",
              "id": "56f981a79b226e1400dd14d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "autonomic nervous system" }
              ],
              "question": "What system in the body controls salivation?",
              "id": "56f981a79b226e1400dd14d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "not under direct voluntary control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?",
              "id": "56f981a79b226e1400dd14d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "The autonomic nervous system" }
              ],
              "question": "Which system in the body controls urination?",
              "id": "56f981a79b226e1400dd14d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms: these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of \"clock genes\". The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution, but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "suprachiasmatic nucleus" }
              ],
              "question": "The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?",
              "id": "56f984649b226e1400dd14f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the hypothalamus" }],
              "question": "The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f984649b226e1400dd14f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the suprachiasmatic nucleus" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?",
              "id": "56f984649b226e1400dd14f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "retinohypothalamic tract" }
              ],
              "question": "The RHT is an abbreviation for what?",
              "id": "56f984649b226e1400dd14f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 632,
                  "text": "the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT"
                }
              ],
              "question": "THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?",
              "id": "56f984649b226e1400dd14f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus, which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex. Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "the reticular formation" }
              ],
              "question": "A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?",
              "id": "56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "the thalamus" }],
              "question": "Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?",
              "id": "56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "state of coma" }],
              "question": "Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?",
              "id": "56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "sleep-wake cycles." }
              ],
              "question": "The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?",
              "id": "56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep, activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There are two types of sleep called what?",
              "id": "56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "REM sleep" }],
              "question": "What type of sleep involves dreaming?",
              "id": "56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "REM, light NREM and deep NREM" }
              ],
              "question": "The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?",
              "id": "56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "deep NREM sleep" }],
              "question": "Slow wave sleep is also known as what?",
              "id": "56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "slow wave sleep" }],
              "question": "During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?",
              "id": "56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body\u2014the milieu int\u00e9rieur, as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it\u2014is known as homeostasis (Greek for \"standing still\"). Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain. The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback: any time a parameter diverges from its set-point, sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value. (This principle is widely used in engineering, for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Homeostasis is defined as what?",
              "id": "56f986479e9bad19000a0a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "\"standing still\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?",
              "id": "56f986479e9bad19000a0a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Claude Bernard" }],
              "question": "The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?",
              "id": "56f986479e9bad19000a0a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "a thermostat." }],
              "question": "Homeostasis is like what household tool?",
              "id": "56f986479e9bad19000a0a2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "the forebrain" }],
              "question": "The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?",
              "id": "56f986ed9b226e1400dd1510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "the hypothalamus," }],
              "question": "In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?",
              "id": "56f986ed9b226e1400dd1511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "the hypothalamus," }],
              "question": "A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?",
              "id": "56f986ed9b226e1400dd1512"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 830, "text": "the pituitary gland" }
              ],
              "question": "The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?",
              "id": "56f986ed9b226e1400dd1513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 967, "text": "the bloodstream" }],
              "question": "The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?",
              "id": "56f986ed9b226e1400dd1514"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward\u2013punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain. There is substantial evidence that the basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made: the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain; when this inhibition is released, a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out. Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision-signals that are emitted. The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism, because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively. Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role: addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "basal ganglia" }],
              "question": "A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?",
              "id": "56f987c59b226e1400dd1524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "decisions" }],
              "question": "The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?",
              "id": "56f987c59b226e1400dd1525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1041, "text": "dopamine" }],
              "question": "Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?",
              "id": "56f987c59b226e1400dd1526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 846, "text": "The reward mechanism" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?",
              "id": "56f987c59b226e1400dd1527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience\u2014even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons. Until 1970, however, experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking. In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje L\u00f8mo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long-term potentiation: the paper showed clear evidence of activity-induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days. Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out, and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change, and uncovered other types of activity-driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?",
              "id": "56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1097,
                  "text": "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?",
              "id": "56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal" }
              ],
              "question": "Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?",
              "id": "56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry, the branch of medicine that works to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science (artificial intelligence and similar fields) and philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "neuroscience" }],
              "question": "What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?",
              "id": "56f989259e9bad19000a0a53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Psychology" }],
              "question": "What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?",
              "id": "56f989259e9bad19000a0a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "neurology" }],
              "question": "What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?",
              "id": "56f989259e9bad19000a0a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "study, prevent, and treat mental disorders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?",
              "id": "56f989259e9bad19000a0a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "neuroscience and psychology" }
              ],
              "question": "Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?",
              "id": "56f989259e9bad19000a0a57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components, especially synapses. Among other tools, they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. In recent years, the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes. Also, functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "anatomical," }],
              "question": "The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?",
              "id": "56f989e59e9bad19000a0a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "the large-scale structure of the brain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do neuroanatomists study?",
              "id": "56f989e59e9bad19000a0a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "neuroanatomy" }],
              "question": "What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?",
              "id": "56f989e59e9bad19000a0a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "the middle of the 20th century,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?",
              "id": "56f989e59e9bad19000a0a6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies, or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons. Because the brain does not contain pain receptors, it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress. The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy, in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures. Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects, because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time, but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do neurophysiologists study?",
              "id": "56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "drugs and recording devices" }
              ],
              "question": "The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?",
              "id": "56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "pain receptors" }],
              "question": "What type of receptors does the brain lack?",
              "id": "56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "the scalp" }],
              "question": "Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?",
              "id": "56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood\u2013brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage. In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function. Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage, however, this information is often difficult to interpret. In animal studies, most commonly involving rats, it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "cerebrospinal fluid" }
              ],
              "question": "The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?",
              "id": "56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "the blood\u2013brain barrier" }
              ],
              "question": "The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?",
              "id": "56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "the skull and meninges" }
              ],
              "question": "The two main structures that protect the brain are what?",
              "id": "56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "strokes" }],
              "question": "What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?",
              "id": "56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "rats" }],
              "question": "What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?",
              "id": "56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks. On the other hand, it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating, or mathematically analyzing, the operations of simplified \"units\" that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity. The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?",
              "id": "56f98b7f9e9bad19000a0a95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain  and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease to \"knock out\" or mutate a wide variety of genes, and then examine the effects on brain function. More sophisticated approaches are also being used: for example, using Cre-Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain, at specific times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "mice" }],
              "question": "What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?",
              "id": "56f98c0d9e9bad19000a0a97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Armenia" }],
              "question": "Where was the oldest brain that was found?",
              "id": "56f98c609e9bad19000a0a99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "over 5,000 years old" }
              ],
              "question": "How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?",
              "id": "56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "12 to 14-year-old" }],
              "question": "The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?",
              "id": "56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "girl" }],
              "question": "The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?",
              "id": "56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion in the heart, and lust near the liver. Hippocrates, the \"father of medicine\", came down unequivocally in favor of the brain. In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "brain or heart." }],
              "question": "The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?",
              "id": "56f98e239b226e1400dd155e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "the heart" }],
              "question": "Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?",
              "id": "56f98e239b226e1400dd155f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Democritus," }],
              "question": "Who invented the atomic theory of matter?",
              "id": "56f98e239b226e1400dd1560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Hippocrates" }],
              "question": "The \"father of medicine\" is a name given to whom in history?",
              "id": "56f98e239b226e1400dd1561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Democritus" }],
              "question": "What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?",
              "id": "56f98e239b226e1400dd1562"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon, usually translated as \"animal spirits\". Galen's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages, but not much further progress came until the Renaissance, when detailed anatomical study resumed, combined with the theoretical speculations of Ren\u00e9 Descartes and those who followed him. Descartes, like Galen, thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms. He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans, but that the majority of behaviors of humans, and all behaviors of animals, could be explained mechanistically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "The physician Galen was from which country in history?",
              "id": "56f98eb09e9bad19000a0abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What period in history was anatomical  studies of nerves greatly increased?",
              "id": "56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Roman physician Galen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?",
              "id": "56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "animal spirits" }],
              "question": "Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?",
              "id": "56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation. Until the early years of the 20th century, the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells. Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain, which (when correctly used) stains only a small fraction of neurons, but stains them in their entirety, including cell body, dendrites, and axon. Without such a stain, brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers, in which it is impossible to determine any structure. In the hands of Camillo Golgi, and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons, each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Luigi Galvani" }],
              "question": "Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?",
              "id": "56f98f329b226e1400dd1572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "the Golgi stain" }],
              "question": "The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?",
              "id": "56f98f329b226e1400dd1573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 948, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?",
              "id": "56f98f329b226e1400dd1574"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity. Reflecting the new understanding, in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley" }
              ],
              "question": "Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?",
              "id": "56f98ffc9e9bad19000a0ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the \"Decade of the Brain\" to commemorate advances made in brain research, and to promote funding for such research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "the 1990s" }],
              "question": "Which decade in history was officially called the \"Decade of the Brain\"?",
              "id": "56f990359b226e1400dd1596"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally; genomics, which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Multielectrode recording allows what?",
              "id": "56f990ab9b226e1400dd1598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Genetic engineering allows what?",
              "id": "56f990ab9b226e1400dd1599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does genomics allow the study of?",
              "id": "56f990ab9b226e1400dd159a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 21st century," }],
              "question": "During what century was multielectrode recording invented?",
              "id": "56f990ab9b226e1400dd159b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 21st century," }],
              "question": "Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?",
              "id": "56f990ab9b226e1400dd159c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Near_East",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Near East (French: Proche-Orient)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?",
              "id": "56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?",
              "id": "56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?",
              "id": "56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "What has replaced the term Near East?",
              "id": "56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?",
              "id": "56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?",
              "id": "56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "the National Geographic Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?",
              "id": "56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria. Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace, which were lost in the two Balkan Wars of 1912\u201313.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f8da749b226e1400dd10f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?",
              "id": "56f8da749b226e1400dd10f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "the rise of Balkan nationalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?",
              "id": "56f8da749b226e1400dd10f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?",
              "id": "56f8da749b226e1400dd10f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "the two Balkan Wars of 1912\u201313"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?",
              "id": "56f8da749b226e1400dd10f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the \"Eastern Question,\" as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "as the sick man of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "The Balkan states were primarily what religion? ",
              "id": "56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "The Hamidian Massacres" }
              ],
              "question": "What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?",
              "id": "56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. \"Near East\" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "middle of the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did \"Near East\" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?",
              "id": "56f8dea89e9bad19000a0634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "the East Indies" }],
              "question": "In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area",
              "id": "56f8dea89e9bad19000a0635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "the Levant" }],
              "question": "\"Near East\" applied to this mainly known area",
              "id": "56f8dea89e9bad19000a0636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "the Ottoman Porte" }],
              "question": "What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? ",
              "id": "56f8dea89e9bad19000a0637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 636,
                  "text": "permits from the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? ",
              "id": "56f8dea89e9bad19000a0638"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by \"Near East\". It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of Western Asia from the Mediterranean to (or including) Iran. There is, in short, no universally understood fixed inventory of nations, languages or historical assets defined to be in it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "North Africa west of Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?",
              "id": "56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Barbary Coast" }],
              "question": "Where were the piratical kingdoms from? ",
              "id": "56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? ",
              "id": "56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?",
              "id": "56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "of the sick man of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by \"Near East\" ",
              "id": "56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The geographical terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century. Both terms were used before then with local British and American meanings: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "the opposites of far and near" }
              ],
              "question": "The terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? ",
              "id": "56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "the mid-19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When do the terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" appear together in journals? ",
              "id": "56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "the near or far east of a field, village or shire."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? ",
              "id": "56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. Usually these terms were given with reference to a geographic feature, such as a mountain range or a river.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "The Romans" }],
              "question": "Who used the terms near Gaul?",
              "id": "56f8e1749b226e1400dd1172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "the Greeks" }],
              "question": "The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?",
              "id": "56f8e1749b226e1400dd1173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "a geographic feature" }
              ],
              "question": "Usually the terms were given when referencing what?  ",
              "id": "56f8e1749b226e1400dd1174"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ptolemy's Geography" }],
              "question": "What divided Asia on a similar basis? ",
              "id": "56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "In the north" }],
              "question": "\"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" is located where? ",
              "id": "56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "To the south" }],
              "question": "\"India on this side of the Ganges\" is located where? ",
              "id": "56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "In the north" }],
              "question": "\"Scythia beyond the Himalayas\" is located where? ",
              "id": "56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "on the coast of Anatolia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Asia begin? ",
              "id": "56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0688"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in turn was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, \"the land of the rising sun,\" used since Roman times for \"east.\" The world map of Jodocus Hondius of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as India Orientalis, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1670" }],
              "question": "When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?",
              "id": "56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the East Indies" }],
              "question": "What had \"India Beyond the Ganges\" become? ",
              "id": "56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "\"the East Indies\"" }
              ],
              "question": "China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? ",
              "id": "56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "\"east\"" }],
              "question": "What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, \"the land of the rising sun\"?",
              "id": "56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "1590" }],
              "question": "What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? ",
              "id": "56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means \"land of the rising sun,\" but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Where was Elizabeth I from?",
              "id": "56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "trade with the east" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? ",
              "id": "56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "English merchants" }],
              "question": "Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?",
              "id": "56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "obtain trading concessions by treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the first trading companies?",
              "id": "56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 787, "text": "The East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?",
              "id": "56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has pleased western historians?",
              "id": "56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "The borders" }],
              "question": "What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? ",
              "id": "56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Ottoman Empire created from?",
              "id": "56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "fighting hand-to-hand in the streets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the last Roman emperor die?",
              "id": "56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "Where was the Roman emperor's capital?",
              "id": "56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815\u20131833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821\u20131832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Turkish rule" }],
              "question": "The populations did not accept what?",
              "id": "56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? ",
              "id": "56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "the Serbian Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What created Serbia?",
              "id": "56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1815\u20131833" }],
              "question": "When was the Serbian Revolution?",
              "id": "56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1821\u20131832" }],
              "question": "When was the Greek War of Independence?",
              "id": "56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853\u20131856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1853\u20131856" }],
              "question": "When was the Crimean War?",
              "id": "56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?",
              "id": "56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the incursions of the Russian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?",
              "id": "56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "the Balkan region" }],
              "question": "The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?",
              "id": "56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to \"the Near East,\" the Ottoman Empire, and \"the Far East,\" the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? ",
              "id": "56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "The Crimean War" }],
              "question": "What brought a change in vocabulary?",
              "id": "56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?",
              "id": "56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "the British government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? ",
              "id": "56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 891, "text": "the British Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?",
              "id": "56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an \"official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service\" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?",
              "id": "56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Thomas Taylor Meadows" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?",
              "id": "56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "the suggestion by another interpreter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?",
              "id": "56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public. They became immediately popular, supplanting \"Levant\" and \"East Indies,\" which gradually receded to minor usages and then began to change meaning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "the letter to the Times" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?",
              "id": "56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Meadows' terminology" }
              ],
              "question": "What was said must represent usage by that administration?",
              "id": "56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Duke of Wellington" }],
              "question": "Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?",
              "id": "56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "\"Near East\"" }],
              "question": "What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?",
              "id": "56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "\"the Nearer East,\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?",
              "id": "56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the Biblical lands" }
              ],
              "question": "There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "the land of the Old and New Testaments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Christians see the country as?",
              "id": "56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "on the basis of archaeology" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the scholars attempt their definition? ",
              "id": "56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When was the London Review?",
              "id": "56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "The London Review of 1861" }
              ],
              "question": "Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?",
              "id": "56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "(Telford and Barber" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote The London Review of 1861?",
              "id": "56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What region was explicitly excluded?",
              "id": "56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "the Balkans" }],
              "question": "What region has no mention?",
              "id": "56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "regions in their inventory" }
              ],
              "question": "Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?",
              "id": "56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0704"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for the Balkans, the region matches the later Middle East. It differs from the Ottoman Empire of the times in including Greece and Iran. Hogarth gives no evidence of being familiar with the contemporaneous initial concept of the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "where and why" }],
              "question": "What does Hogarth say in detail?",
              "id": "56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the classics" }],
              "question": "Hogarth makes no mention of what?",
              "id": "56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "geopolitical" }],
              "question": "How is Hogarth's analysis?",
              "id": "56f8ecd49e9bad19000a070a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans. For a time, \"Near East\" meant primarily the Balkans. Robert Hichens' book The Near East (1913) is subtitled Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did the term \"Near East\" acquire considerable disrepute?",
              "id": "56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "English-speaking public" }
              ],
              "question": "The term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?",
              "id": "56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of the onus?",
              "id": "56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "they were Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?",
              "id": "56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1913)" }],
              "question": "When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?",
              "id": "56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By \"Far East\" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya. As the book was a big success, he was off to the Balkan states with his wife in 1896 to develop detail for a sequel, The People and Politics of the Near East, which Scribners planned to publish in 1897. Mrs. Norman, a writer herself, wrote glowing letters of the home and person of Mme. Zakki, \"the wife of a Turkish cabinet minister,\" who, she said, was a cultivated woman living in a country home full of books. As for the natives of the Balkans, they were \"a semi-civilized people.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "influential British travellers" }
              ],
              "question": "Reports from who made the change evident?",
              "id": "56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "the Far East" }],
              "question": "Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894",
              "id": "56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "The Peoples and Politics of the Far East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?",
              "id": "56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? ",
              "id": "56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbarians for their own good to something considerably less. The difference was the Hamidian Massacres, which were being conducted even as the couple traveled the Balkans. According to Norman now, the empire had been established by \"the Moslem horde\" from Asia, which was stopped by \"intrepid Hungary.\" Furthermore, \"Greece shook off the turbaned destroyer of her people\" and so on. The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states. Having portrayed the Armenians as revolutionaries in the name of freedom with the expectation of being rescued by the intervention of Christian Europe, he states \"but her hope was vain.\" England had \"turned her back.\" Norman concluded his exhortation with \"In the Balkans one learns to hate the Turk.\" Norman made sure that Gladstone read the article. Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?",
              "id": "56f8effd9e9bad19000a073b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "June, 1896" }],
              "question": "When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?",
              "id": "56f8effd9e9bad19000a073c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Scribner's Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "What magazine did Norman publish his work in?",
              "id": "56f8effd9e9bad19000a073d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "The Russians" }],
              "question": "Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?",
              "id": "56f8effd9e9bad19000a073e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Who did Norman say \"turned her back\"?",
              "id": "56f8effd9e9bad19000a073f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout this article Norman uses \"Near East\" to mean the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just \"the east.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Norman mean in the article when saying \"Near East\"?",
              "id": "56f8f0819e9bad19000a0745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "just \"the east.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?",
              "id": "56f8f0819e9bad19000a0746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "The rest of the Ottoman domain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "\"The East\" refers to what?",
              "id": "56f8f0819e9bad19000a0747"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864\u20131945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on \"the Near East,\" by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1864\u20131945" }],
              "question": "What was William Miller's life span?",
              "id": "56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "the Near East" }],
              "question": "What was William Miller an expert on?",
              "id": "56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "So to speak, what did William Miller do?",
              "id": "56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "Where did Miller attend school?",
              "id": "56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "fighting words" }],
              "question": "Miller's words were considered what?",
              "id": "56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "It was considered Europe needed what country?",
              "id": "56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Miller citing?",
              "id": "56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Austro-Hungarian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?",
              "id": "56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "the German Empire" }],
              "question": "Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?",
              "id": "56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Russian Empire" }],
              "question": "Who did the British Empire side with?",
              "id": "56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?",
              "id": "56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "By what year were three empires gone? ",
              "id": "56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question,\" Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?",
              "id": "56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Arnold J. Toynbee" }],
              "question": "Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?",
              "id": "56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Arnold J Toynbee believed what?",
              "id": "56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other changes, liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries. The demise of the political Near East now left a gap where it had been, into which stepped the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "new nations" }],
              "question": "What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?",
              "id": "56f8f4539e9bad19000a0773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Republic of Turkey" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?",
              "id": "56f8f4539e9bad19000a0774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "with the west" }],
              "question": "How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?",
              "id": "56f8f4539e9bad19000a0775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Mustafa Kemal" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?",
              "id": "56f8f4539e9bad19000a0776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Mustafa Kemal" }],
              "question": "Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?",
              "id": "56f8f4539e9bad19000a0777"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or \"Far East,\" derived ultimately from Ptolemy's \"India Beyond the Ganges.\" The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. \"India This Side of the Ganges\" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as \"the Near East\" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "the 19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?",
              "id": "56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "archaeology" }],
              "question": "The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?",
              "id": "56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "Ptolemy's \"India Beyond the Ganges.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the \"Far East\" derive from? ",
              "id": "56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "the eastern border of Iraq" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Ottoman Empire end?",
              "id": "56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did archaeologists count Iran as \"The Near East\"?",
              "id": "56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of the Middle East, which began:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "in British and American diplomatic circles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?",
              "id": "56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Persia" }],
              "question": "What was Iran known as to the west?",
              "id": "56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish \"The Problem of the Middle East\"?",
              "id": "56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "The Problem of the Middle East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?",
              "id": "56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Thomas Edward Gordon" }
              ],
              "question": "The problem of the Middle East was published by who?",
              "id": "56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1206"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "resumption of work on a railway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?",
              "id": "56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Gordon" }],
              "question": "Who was a diplomat and military officer?",
              "id": "56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Gordon" }],
              "question": "Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?",
              "id": "56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0789"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Alfred Thayer Mahan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?",
              "id": "56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "the naval vulnerability of the trade routes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?",
              "id": "56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?",
              "id": "56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "the sailor" }],
              "question": "Who did not connect with the soldier?",
              "id": "56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the term Middle East" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mahan believe he was innovating?",
              "id": "56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the term Middle East" }
              ],
              "question": "What had already been there to be seen?",
              "id": "56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as \"the Near and Middle East.\" The total super-region consisted of \"India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabistan, Asia Minor, and last, but not least, Egypt.\" Simpson (under his pen-name, Weale) explains that this entire region \"is politically one region \u2013 in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided.\" His own term revives \"the Nearer East\" as opposed to \"the Far East.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "the period following World War I"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?",
              "id": "56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Bertram Lenox Simpson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the colonial officer killed in China?",
              "id": "56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Bertram Lenox Simpson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?",
              "id": "56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Weale" }],
              "question": "What was Simpson's pen-name?",
              "id": "56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was \"the great white race\", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted, which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century. A red wavelength was mainly of interest in America. The eastern question was modified by Simpson to \"The Problem of the Nearer East,\" which had nothing to do with the Ottomans but everything to do with British colonialism. Simpson wrote of the white man:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "color and colonial subjection" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis of Simpson's unity?",
              "id": "56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "the 1920s" }],
              "question": "The great whites were appearing as late as what time?",
              "id": "56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "James Henry Breasted" }
              ],
              "question": "In whose works were the great whites appearing?",
              "id": "56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "A red wavelength" }],
              "question": "What was mainly of interest in America?",
              "id": "56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "the brown men" }],
              "question": "These regions were occupied by who?",
              "id": "56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Far East" }],
              "question": "Where where the yellow?",
              "id": "56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "Where were the black?",
              "id": "56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When did Kenya become independent?",
              "id": "56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Kenya became independent" }
              ],
              "question": "The color issue was not settled until when?",
              "id": "56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1216"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the slavers" }],
              "question": "The Ottomans were portrayed as what?",
              "id": "56f8fab19b226e1400dd121c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Charles George Gordon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?",
              "id": "56f8fab19b226e1400dd121d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "assignments living among the poor and donating his salary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?",
              "id": "56f8fab19b226e1400dd121e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "as a junior officer in the Crimean War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did he win Ottoman confidence?",
              "id": "56f8fab19b226e1400dd121f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 709,
                  "text": "a high official in the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did he become in his later career?",
              "id": "56f8fab19b226e1400dd1220"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Near and Middle East,\" held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of \"Near East.\" Instead, the entire region is considered \"the Middle East.\" The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now \"Turkish\" and not Ottoman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "a few years before World War I" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the term \"Near and Middle East\" hold stage?",
              "id": "56f8fb439b226e1400dd1226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The term \"Near and Middle East,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?",
              "id": "56f8fb439b226e1400dd1227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?",
              "id": "56f8fb439b226e1400dd1228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "(troops of British India" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the 40th Pathans?",
              "id": "56f8fb439b226e1400dd1229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "\"the Middle East." }
              ],
              "question": "In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?",
              "id": "56f8fb439b226e1400dd122a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequently with the disgrace of \"Near East\" in diplomatic and military circles, \"Middle East\" prevailed. However, \"Near East\" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "\"Middle East\"" }],
              "question": "What prevailed with the disgrace of \"Near East\"?",
              "id": "56f8fba19b226e1400dd1230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Near East" }],
              "question": "What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?",
              "id": "56f8fba19b226e1400dd1231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Near East" }],
              "question": "What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?",
              "id": "56f8fba19b226e1400dd1232"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "sentiment of unity" }
              ],
              "question": "What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?",
              "id": "56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "racial and colonial definitions" }
              ],
              "question": "What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?",
              "id": "56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "no longer considered ideologically sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?",
              "id": "56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as \"Near East\", \"Far East\" and \"Middle East\" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 20th century" }],
              "question": "When were terms such as \"Near East\", \"Far East\", and \"Middle East\" relegated to the experts?",
              "id": "56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "the new field of political science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?",
              "id": "56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "the shadow of international relations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?",
              "id": "56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "independent republics" }
              ],
              "question": "What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?",
              "id": "56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States" }],
              "question": "What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?",
              "id": "56f8fe559b226e1400dd123e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "the Near Eastern regional system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?",
              "id": "56f8fe559b226e1400dd123f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "The countries of the former empires of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has abandoned the term Near East?",
              "id": "56f8fe559b226e1400dd1240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the United States Department of State"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?",
              "id": "56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?",
              "id": "56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "statecraft" }],
              "question": "Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?",
              "id": "56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?",
              "id": "56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is NESA?",
              "id": "56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NESA Teach?",
              "id": "56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1246"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under \"North Africa.\" Details can be found in Policy Focus #65.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Washington Institute for Near East Policy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is WINEP?",
              "id": "56f8ff969b226e1400dd124a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "the Middle East" }],
              "question": "What is WINEPS target countries as?",
              "id": "56f8ff969b226e1400dd124b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "under \"North Africa.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?",
              "id": "56f8ff969b226e1400dd124c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Library of Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LoC stand for?",
              "id": "56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Library of Congress?",
              "id": "56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?",
              "id": "56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the \"Middle East and North Africa\" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division \"does not forcibly reflect geography\" but \"refers to the execution of regional activities.\" The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United Nations" }],
              "question": "Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?",
              "id": "56f900f69e9bad19000a07af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "UNICEF" }],
              "question": "Who recognizes the \"Middle East and North Africa\" region?",
              "id": "56f900f69e9bad19000a07b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?",
              "id": "56f900f69e9bad19000a07b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "the Near East" }],
              "question": "The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?",
              "id": "56f900f69e9bad19000a07b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its operations through a committee. The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II. Many revisions and redefinitions have taken place since then. Although the name of the CIA reflects the original advised intent of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the government's needs for strategic services have frustrated that intent from the beginning. The press received by the agency in countless articles, novels and other media have tended to create various popular myths; for example, that this agency replaced any intelligence effort other than that of the OSS, or that it contains the central intelligence capability of the United States. Strategic services are officially provided by some 17 agencies called the Intelligence Community. Army intelligence did not come to an end; in fact, all the branches of the Armed Forces retained their intelligence services. This community is currently under the leadership (in addition to all its other leadership) of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?",
              "id": "56f901629e9bad19000a07b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "multiple leadership" }
              ],
              "question": "The CIA appears to have what?",
              "id": "56f901629e9bad19000a07b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "the president" }],
              "question": "Who appoints the director of the CIA?",
              "id": "56f901629e9bad19000a07b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who oversees the operations of the CIA?",
              "id": "56f901629e9bad19000a07ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as \"support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.\" The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "The World Factbook" }
              ],
              "question": "The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?",
              "id": "56f902439e9bad19000a07bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NESA stand for?",
              "id": "56f902439e9bad19000a07c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "(NESA)" }],
              "question": "Whose duties are defined as \"support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?\"",
              "id": "56f902439e9bad19000a07c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "U.S. Agency for International Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does USAID stand for?",
              "id": "56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "USAID" }],
              "question": "What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?",
              "id": "56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the term Near East" }
              ],
              "question": "What term does USAID not use?",
              "id": "56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "a Middle East and North Africa region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?",
              "id": "56f903139e9bad19000a07cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Near East" }],
              "question": "What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?",
              "id": "56f903139e9bad19000a07cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Their original Middle East" }
              ],
              "question": "What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?",
              "id": "56f903139e9bad19000a07cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts \"bilateral relationships\" with the countries of the \"Mediterranean \u2013 Middle East Region\" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "\"bilateral relationships\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?",
              "id": "56f903a79e9bad19000a07d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Near East" }],
              "question": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?",
              "id": "56f903a79e9bad19000a07d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Republic of Turkey" }
              ],
              "question": "The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?",
              "id": "56f903a79e9bad19000a07d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ancient Near East" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?",
              "id": "56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the Ancient Near East" }
              ],
              "question": "The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?",
              "id": "56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Fertile Crescent" }],
              "question": "What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?",
              "id": "56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the \"Ancient Near East\" from the inroads of \"the Middle East.\" For example, a high point in the use of \"Ancient Near East\" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "Texts relating to the Old Testament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?",
              "id": "56f904a39e9bad19000a07dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?",
              "id": "56f904a39e9bad19000a07de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Leonard Woolley" }],
              "question": "Who was a British archaeologist?",
              "id": "56f904a39e9bad19000a07df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Leonard Woolley" }],
              "question": "Who excavated ancient Ur?",
              "id": "56f904a39e9bad19000a07e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into \"centres\" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "library and museum collections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? ",
              "id": "56f9052e9e9bad19000a07e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "the collection of resources" }
              ],
              "question": "What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?",
              "id": "56f9052e9e9bad19000a07e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "for scholarship and research" }
              ],
              "question": "What are these resources collected for?",
              "id": "56f9052e9e9bad19000a07e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers \"a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions.\" These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CSAD stand for?",
              "id": "56f905699e9bad19000a07eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Oxford University" }],
              "question": "Who founded the CSAD?",
              "id": "56f905699e9bad19000a07ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Where is Oxford University?",
              "id": "56f905699e9bad19000a07ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often \"Ancient Near East\" is abbreviated to \"Near East\" without any implication of modern times. For example, \"Near Eastern Languages\" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "university departments named for the Near East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?",
              "id": "56f906719b226e1400dd1256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?",
              "id": "56f906719b226e1400dd1257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "Expertise on the modern Middle East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?",
              "id": "56f906719b226e1400dd1258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Near Eastern Languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?",
              "id": "56f906719b226e1400dd1259"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Zhejiang",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": " Zhejiang (help\u00b7info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Chekiang" }],
              "question": "What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?",
              "id": "56f92c369b226e1400dd125e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Anhui" }],
              "question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?",
              "id": "56f92c369b226e1400dd125f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Jiangxi" }],
              "question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?",
              "id": "56f92c369b226e1400dd1260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Fujian" }],
              "question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?",
              "id": "56f92c369b226e1400dd1261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "East China Sea" }],
              "question": "Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f92c369b226e1400dd1262"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The province's name derives from the Zhe River (\u6d59\u6c5f, Zh\u00e8 Ji\u0101ng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning \"Crooked\" or \"Bent River\", from the meaning of Chinese \u6298, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding \u6c35 (the \"water\" radical used for river names) to phonetic \u6298 (pinyin zh\u00e9 but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Zhe River" }],
              "question": "What is the former name of the Qiantang River?",
              "id": "56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Hangzhou Bay" }],
              "question": "What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?",
              "id": "56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Crooked" }],
              "question": "What does Zhe mean in Chinese?",
              "id": "56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Zhe River" }],
              "question": "Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?",
              "id": "56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Hangzhou" }],
              "question": "What does the Qiantang River flow past?",
              "id": "56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Neolithic" }],
              "question": "What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?",
              "id": "56f97a529e9bad19000a098b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?",
              "id": "56f97a529e9bad19000a098c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?",
              "id": "56f97a529e9bad19000a098d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Liangzhu" }],
              "question": "Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?",
              "id": "56f97a529e9bad19000a098e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "O1" }],
              "question": "What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?",
              "id": "56f97a529e9bad19000a098f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: \u8d8a\u4eba\u6b4c, p Yu\u00e8r\u00e9n G\u0113, lit. \"Song of the man of Yue\") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuen\u00fc (Chinese: \u8d8a\u5973; pinyin: Yu\u00e8n\u01da; Wade\u2013Giles: Y\u00fceh-n\u00fc; literally: \"the Lady of Yue\") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Hundred Yue" }],
              "question": "Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?",
              "id": "56f97b2e9b226e1400dd148e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Spring and Autumn Period" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?",
              "id": "56f97b2e9b226e1400dd148f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "northern Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?",
              "id": "56f97b2e9b226e1400dd1490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Yu the Great" }],
              "question": "Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?",
              "id": "56f97b2e9b226e1400dd1491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1257, "text": "bird-worm seal script" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Sword of Goujian bear?",
              "id": "56f97b2e9b226e1400dd1492"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kuaiji Commandery" }],
              "question": "What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?",
              "id": "56f97c189b226e1400dd149b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "the Han" }],
              "question": "Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?",
              "id": "56f97c189b226e1400dd149c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Kuaiji" }],
              "question": "In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?",
              "id": "56f97c189b226e1400dd149d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Xiang Yu" }],
              "question": "Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?",
              "id": "56f97c189b226e1400dd149e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Qin Empire" }],
              "question": "Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?",
              "id": "56f97c189b226e1400dd149f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220\u2013280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "220\u2013280 CE" }],
              "question": "When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?",
              "id": "56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?",
              "id": "56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "the Kingdom of Wu" }],
              "question": "What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?",
              "id": "56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Jianye" }],
              "question": "Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?",
              "id": "56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Funan" }],
              "question": "Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?",
              "id": "56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229\u2013280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220\u2013280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (\u9b4f) and Shu (\u8700), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "during the Three Kingdoms" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?",
              "id": "56f97d8a9e9bad19000a09af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Sun Wu" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?",
              "id": "56f97d8a9e9bad19000a09b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Wu" }],
              "question": "What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?",
              "id": "56f97d8a9e9bad19000a09b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" }
              ],
              "question": "Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?",
              "id": "56f97d8a9e9bad19000a09b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Shu" }],
              "question": "Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?",
              "id": "56f97d8a9e9bad19000a09b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Jiankang" }],
              "question": "What was Nanjing formerly known as?",
              "id": "56f97e1c9e9bad19000a09b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Qiantang" }],
              "question": "What was the former name of Hangzhou?",
              "id": "56f97e1c9e9bad19000a09ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Chengdu" }],
              "question": "Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?",
              "id": "56f97e1c9e9bad19000a09bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "589" }],
              "question": "What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?",
              "id": "56f97e1c9e9bad19000a09bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?",
              "id": "56f97e1c9e9bad19000a09bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181\u2013234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name \"Zhuge\". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "265\u2013420" }],
              "question": "When was the Jin Dynasty?",
              "id": "56f97f069e9bad19000a09cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?",
              "id": "56f97f069e9bad19000a09cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "this day" }],
              "question": "When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?",
              "id": "56f97f069e9bad19000a09cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1028, "text": "mountainous" }],
              "question": "What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f97f069e9bad19000a09ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "181\u2013234" }],
              "question": "When did Zhuge Liang live from?",
              "id": "56f97f069e9bad19000a09cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222\u2013589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The d\u00e9b\u00e2cle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "589" }],
              "question": "When did the Six Dynasties end?",
              "id": "56f982999b226e1400dd14ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?",
              "id": "56f982999b226e1400dd14eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "the Sui dynasty" }],
              "question": "Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?",
              "id": "56f982999b226e1400dd14ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "the Zhe River" }],
              "question": "What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?",
              "id": "56f982999b226e1400dd14ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Song dynasty re\u00ebstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called \"Kinsay\" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning \"Capital City\") claiming it was \"the finest and noblest city in the world\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "960" }],
              "question": "When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?",
              "id": "56f9839d9e9bad19000a09f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "1127" }],
              "question": "When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?",
              "id": "56f9839d9e9bad19000a09f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Lin'an" }],
              "question": "What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?",
              "id": "56f9839d9e9bad19000a09f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Lin'an" }],
              "question": "When was the Yuan dynasty established?",
              "id": "56f9839d9e9bad19000a09fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Kinsay" }],
              "question": "What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?",
              "id": "56f9839d9e9bad19000a09fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence\u2014particularly in Longquan\u2014during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "celadon" }],
              "question": "What were greenware ceramics made from?",
              "id": "56f9849c9e9bad19000a0a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "bluish-green" }],
              "question": "What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?",
              "id": "56f9849c9e9bad19000a0a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "the Ming" }],
              "question": "What period did Longquan ceramics decline?",
              "id": "56f9849c9e9bad19000a0a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 872, "text": "Jingdezhen in Jiangxi" }
              ],
              "question": "What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?",
              "id": "56f9849c9e9bad19000a0a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Middle Eastern" }],
              "question": "What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?",
              "id": "56f9849c9e9bad19000a0a05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men.\" \"Cheh Kiang\" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: \u60f0\u6c11; pinyin: du\u00f2 m\u00edn; Wade\u2013Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "idle people" }],
              "question": "What do 'to-min' mean?",
              "id": "56f985239e9bad19000a0a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "music people" }],
              "question": "What does 'yoh-hu' mean?",
              "id": "56f985239e9bad19000a0a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "small people" }],
              "question": "What does 'si-min' mean?",
              "id": "56f985239e9bad19000a0a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "egg-people" }],
              "question": "What does Tanka mean? ",
              "id": "56f985239e9bad19000a0a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?",
              "id": "56f985239e9bad19000a0a17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "the First Opium War" }],
              "question": "During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?",
              "id": "56f985bd9b226e1400dd1506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1843" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?",
              "id": "56f985bd9b226e1400dd1507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Ningbo" }],
              "question": "What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?",
              "id": "56f985bd9b226e1400dd1508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?",
              "id": "56f985bd9b226e1400dd1509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?",
              "id": "56f985bd9b226e1400dd150a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle\u2019s men.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?",
              "id": "56f9867d9e9bad19000a0a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?",
              "id": "56f9867d9e9bad19000a0a30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?",
              "id": "56f9867d9e9bad19000a0a31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "B-25" }],
              "question": "What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?",
              "id": "56f9867d9e9bad19000a0a32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "the Reorganized National Government of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?",
              "id": "56f9867d9e9bad19000a0a33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966\u201376), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966\u201369) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao\u2019s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?",
              "id": "56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?",
              "id": "56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "1966\u201376" }],
              "question": "When was the Cultural Revolution?",
              "id": "56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "1966\u201369" }],
              "question": "When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?",
              "id": "56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "grain" }],
              "question": "What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?",
              "id": "56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "natural" }],
              "question": "What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?",
              "id": "56f987c29b226e1400dd151a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "flooding" }],
              "question": "What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?",
              "id": "56f987c29b226e1400dd151b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "capitalist" }],
              "question": "What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?",
              "id": "56f987c29b226e1400dd151c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Northeast Zhejiang" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?",
              "id": "56f987c29b226e1400dd151d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "flat" }],
              "question": "What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f987c29b226e1400dd151e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "hills" }],
              "question": "What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?",
              "id": "56f9882e9e9bad19000a0a43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Zhejiang is hills?",
              "id": "56f9882e9e9bad19000a0a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Huangmaojian Peak" }],
              "question": "What is the highest peak of the province?",
              "id": "56f9882e9e9bad19000a0a45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "1,929" }],
              "question": "How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?",
              "id": "56f9882e9e9bad19000a0a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "6,329" }],
              "question": "How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?",
              "id": "56f9882e9e9bad19000a0a47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Yangtze Delta" }],
              "question": "What does the north of the province lie just south of?",
              "id": "56f988a09b226e1400dd152c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Hangzhou" }],
              "question": "Where does the Grand Canal of China end?",
              "id": "56f988a09b226e1400dd152d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Ou Rivers" }],
              "question": "What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?",
              "id": "56f988a09b226e1400dd152e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "West Lake" }],
              "question": "What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?",
              "id": "56f988a09b226e1400dd152f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "South Lake" }],
              "question": "What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?",
              "id": "56f988a09b226e1400dd1530"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest.  Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 \u00b0C (59 to 66 \u00b0F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 \u00b0C (36 to 46 \u00b0F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 \u00b0C (81 to 86 \u00b0F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "over three thousand" }
              ],
              "question": "How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f989239b226e1400dd1536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Zhoushan Island" }],
              "question": "What is the largest island near Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f989239b226e1400dd1537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Hangzhou Bay" }],
              "question": "What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f989239b226e1400dd1538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?",
              "id": "56f989239b226e1400dd1539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "When does Spring start in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f989239b226e1400dd153a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called \"China's Hollywood\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?",
              "id": "56f989939e9bad19000a0a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?",
              "id": "56f989939e9bad19000a0a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1,570" }],
              "question": "How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?",
              "id": "56f989939e9bad19000a0a5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Jinhua" }],
              "question": "What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?",
              "id": "56f989939e9bad19000a0a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Hengdian" }],
              "question": "What is called 'China's Hollywood'?",
              "id": "56f989939e9bad19000a0a61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the \"Zhejiang CPC Party Chief\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "a dual party-government system" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?",
              "id": "56f98a729b226e1400dd1540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "The Governor of Zhejiang" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f98a729b226e1400dd1541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Governor subordinate to?",
              "id": "56f98a729b226e1400dd1542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?",
              "id": "56f98a729b226e1400dd1543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "dual" }],
              "question": "What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?",
              "id": "56f98a729b226e1400dd1544"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the \"chief justice\" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1949-1952" }],
              "question": "When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?",
              "id": "56f98b129e9bad19000a0a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Tan Zhenlin" }],
              "question": "Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?",
              "id": "56f98b129e9bad19000a0a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When was the so-called February Countercurrent?",
              "id": "56f98b129e9bad19000a0a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1956-1968" }],
              "question": "When was Jiang Hua's term?",
              "id": "56f98b129e9bad19000a0a84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When was the case against the Gang of Four?",
              "id": "56f98b129e9bad19000a0a85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The province is traditionally known as the \"Land of Fish and Rice\". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Land of Fish and Rice" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the province traditionally known as?",
              "id": "56f98b729b226e1400dd154a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What is the main crop of the province?",
              "id": "56f98b729b226e1400dd154b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "wheat" }],
              "question": "What is the second main crop of the province?",
              "id": "56f98b729b226e1400dd154c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "north Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?",
              "id": "56f98b729b226e1400dd154d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Zhoushan fishery" }],
              "question": "What is the largest fishery in the country?",
              "id": "56f98b729b226e1400dd154e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Zhoushan" }],
              "question": "What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?",
              "id": "56f98bf79b226e1400dd1554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?",
              "id": "56f98bf79b226e1400dd1555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?",
              "id": "56f98bf79b226e1400dd1556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "commercial" }],
              "question": "What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?",
              "id": "56f98bf79b226e1400dd1557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Cixi" }],
              "question": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?",
              "id": "56f98bf79b226e1400dd1558"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the \"Zhejiang model\", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the \"Zhejiang spirit\" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Zhejiang model" }],
              "question": "What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?",
              "id": "56f98cd19e9bad19000a0aa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "entrepreneurship" }],
              "question": "What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?",
              "id": "56f98cd19e9bad19000a0aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "southeast" }],
              "question": "What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?",
              "id": "56f98cd19e9bad19000a0aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1262, "text": "8.3%" }],
              "question": "What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?",
              "id": "56f98cd19e9bad19000a0aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1419, "text": "3.20 trillion" }],
              "question": "What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?",
              "id": "56f98cd19e9bad19000a0aa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles, officials said. Chen Hongming, a deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau, said the factory's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April. The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Thursday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week was September 15, 2011?",
              "id": "56f98d699e9bad19000a0aab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Hongxiao" }],
              "question": "What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?",
              "id": "56f98d699e9bad19000a0aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?",
              "id": "56f98d699e9bad19000a0aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many more nights after the first day did protests last?",
              "id": "56f98d699e9bad19000a0aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Chen Hongming" }],
              "question": "Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?",
              "id": "56f98d699e9bad19000a0aaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population, and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese[citation needed]. Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Han" }],
              "question": "What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?",
              "id": "56f98ddc9e9bad19000a0ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Wu" }],
              "question": "What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?",
              "id": "56f98ddc9e9bad19000a0ab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many members of ethnic minorities are there?",
              "id": "56f98ddc9e9bad19000a0ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many She people are there?",
              "id": "56f98ddc9e9bad19000a0ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Lishui" }],
              "question": "Where is the only She autonomous county in China?",
              "id": "56f98ddc9e9bad19000a0ab9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Chinese Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?",
              "id": "56f98e839b226e1400dd1568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "23.02%" }],
              "question": "According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?",
              "id": "56f98e839b226e1400dd1569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "2.62%" }],
              "question": "According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?",
              "id": "56f98e839b226e1400dd156a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "3.92%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?",
              "id": "56f98e839b226e1400dd156b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "74.36%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the population may be irreligious?",
              "id": "56f98e839b226e1400dd156c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as \"civil religion\" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?",
              "id": "56f98f199e9bad19000a0ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1,800 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f98f199e9bad19000a0ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?",
              "id": "56f98f199e9bad19000a0ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "mid" }],
              "question": "What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?",
              "id": "56f98f199e9bad19000a0aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?",
              "id": "56f98f199e9bad19000a0acb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?",
              "id": "56f98f939b226e1400dd1578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?",
              "id": "56f98f939b226e1400dd1579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Wenzhou" }],
              "question": "Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f98f939b226e1400dd157a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "2.8%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?",
              "id": "56f98f939b226e1400dd157b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Catholicism" }],
              "question": "Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?",
              "id": "56f98f939b226e1400dd157c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named \"Three Rectifications and One Demolition\" operations or \"Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities\" according to the locality. These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples, or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires. An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?",
              "id": "56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the locality, in addition to \"Three Rectifications and One Demolition\", what was another name for these measures?",
              "id": "56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "folk religion temples" }
              ],
              "question": "These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else?",
              "id": "56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "crosses" }],
              "question": "What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches?",
              "id": "56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Sanjiang Church" }],
              "question": "What was an exemplary case of all this?",
              "id": "56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1,400 years" }],
              "question": "How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f990ce9e9bad19000a0add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?",
              "id": "56f990ce9e9bad19000a0ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "virtually all" }],
              "question": "How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?",
              "id": "56f990ce9e9bad19000a0adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "She shamanism" }],
              "question": "What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f990ce9e9bad19000a0ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?",
              "id": "56f990ce9e9bad19000a0ae1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away. Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well, mostly along the borders; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui, while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian. (See Hangzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Ningbo dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Taizhou dialect, Jinhua dialect, and Quzhou dialect for more information).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "extremely" }],
              "question": "How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?",
              "id": "56f9914a9b226e1400dd15ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Wu" }],
              "question": "What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?",
              "id": "56f9914a9b226e1400dd15ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "with Anhui" }],
              "question": "Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where?",
              "id": "56f9914a9b226e1400dd15ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "with Fujian" }],
              "question": "Min dialects are spoken on the border where?",
              "id": "56f9914a9b226e1400dd15af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "mountainous" }],
              "question": "What type of geography is Zhejiang?",
              "id": "56f9914a9b226e1400dd15b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin, and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the People's Republic of China founded?",
              "id": "56f991dc9e9bad19000a0ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Mandarin" }],
              "question": "What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?",
              "id": "56f991dc9e9bad19000a0ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?",
              "id": "56f991dc9e9bad19000a0ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Urban" }],
              "question": "What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?",
              "id": "56f991dc9e9bad19000a0aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "lingua francas" }],
              "question": "Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?",
              "id": "56f991dc9e9bad19000a0aeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (\u8d8a\u5287), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Taizhou Luantan (of Taizhou) and Zhuji Luantan (of Zhuji).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Yueju" }],
              "question": "What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera?",
              "id": "56f992449e9bad19000a0af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Shengzhou" }],
              "question": "Where did Yueju originate?",
              "id": "56f992449e9bad19000a0af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "actresses only" }],
              "question": "Who is Yueju traditionally performed by?",
              "id": "56f992449e9bad19000a0af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "actresses" }],
              "question": "Who plays male roles in Yueju?",
              "id": "56f992449e9bad19000a0af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "actresses" }],
              "question": "Who plays female roles in Yueju?",
              "id": "56f992449e9bad19000a0af5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "dragon well tea" }],
              "question": "What is Longjing tea also called?",
              "id": "56f992a89b226e1400dd15c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Hangzhou" }],
              "question": "Where does Longjing tea originate from?",
              "id": "56f992a89b226e1400dd15c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "silk" }],
              "question": "What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?",
              "id": "56f992a89b226e1400dd15c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "hand" }],
              "question": "What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?",
              "id": "56f992a89b226e1400dd15c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?",
              "id": "56f992a89b226e1400dd15c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: \"Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou\" (\u4e0a\u6709\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e0b\u6709\u82cf\u676d), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Jiangsu" }],
              "question": "What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?",
              "id": "56f993459e9bad19000a0afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Zhejiang" }],
              "question": "What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?",
              "id": "56f993459e9bad19000a0afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "prosperity" }],
              "question": "North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?",
              "id": "56f993459e9bad19000a0afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "dreaminess" }],
              "question": "Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?",
              "id": "56f993459e9bad19000a0afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Hangzhou" }],
              "question": "The fame of where led to a popular saying?",
              "id": "56f993459e9bad19000a0aff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?",
              "id": "56f955c99e9bad19000a0837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ministry of Defence" }],
              "question": "What does MoD stand for?",
              "id": "56f955c99e9bad19000a0838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Her Majesty's Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?",
              "id": "56f955c99e9bad19000a0839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "British Armed Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?",
              "id": "56f955c99e9bad19000a083a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain's interests. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "international peace and stability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the MoD wish to strengthen?",
              "id": "56f957049e9bad19000a083f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The UK consists of what two areas?",
              "id": "56f957049e9bad19000a0840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the MoD defend?",
              "id": "56f957049e9bad19000a0841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the threats that the MoD has identified?",
              "id": "56f957049e9bad19000a0842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the MoD manage?",
              "id": "56f957049e9bad19000a0843"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom\u2014the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?",
              "id": "56f959f79e9bad19000a0867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "The formation of a united ministry of defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?",
              "id": "56f959f79e9bad19000a0868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?",
              "id": "56f959f79e9bad19000a0869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Stanley Baldwin" }],
              "question": "Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?",
              "id": "56f959f79e9bad19000a086a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "Minister for Coordination of Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?",
              "id": "56f959f79e9bad19000a086b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The three existing service Ministers\u2014the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air\u2014remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "Who created the office of Minister of Defence?",
              "id": "56f95b969b226e1400dd1398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?",
              "id": "56f95b969b226e1400dd1399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "When did Winstron Churchill form his government?",
              "id": "56f95b969b226e1400dd139a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "a seat in the Cabinet" }
              ],
              "question": "The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?",
              "id": "56f95b969b226e1400dd139b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?",
              "id": "56f95b969b226e1400dd139c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1946 to 1964" }],
              "question": "During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?",
              "id": "56f95c639e9bad19000a0883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?",
              "id": "56f95c639e9bad19000a0884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?",
              "id": "56f95c639e9bad19000a0885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?",
              "id": "56f95c639e9bad19000a0886"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as the Permanent Secretary) is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?",
              "id": "56f95d179b226e1400dd13b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Permanent Secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?",
              "id": "56f95d179b226e1400dd13b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "MoD" }],
              "question": "Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?",
              "id": "56f95d179b226e1400dd13b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?",
              "id": "56f95d179b226e1400dd13b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "General Sir Nicholas Houghton" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f96f969e9bad19000a0907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Chief of the Defence Staff" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?",
              "id": "56f96f969e9bad19000a0908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "HM Armed Forces" }],
              "question": "The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f96f969e9bad19000a0909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "the Commander" }],
              "question": "Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f96f969e9bad19000a090a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?",
              "id": "56f970f49e9bad19000a0923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f970f49e9bad19000a0924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "The Surgeon General" }
              ],
              "question": "Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f970f49e9bad19000a0925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "The Surgeon General" }
              ],
              "question": "Who leads the Defence Medical Services?",
              "id": "56f970f49e9bad19000a0926"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Cadets" }],
              "question": "One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?",
              "id": "56f977009b226e1400dd1478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Personnel Chief is also known as what?",
              "id": "56f977009b226e1400dd1479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Sovereign" }],
              "question": "There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?",
              "id": "56f977009b226e1400dd147a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?",
              "id": "56f977009b226e1400dd147b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?",
              "id": "56f977b19e9bad19000a097b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What paper was published in 2003?",
              "id": "56f977b19e9bad19000a097c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "British Armed Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?",
              "id": "56f977b19e9bad19000a097d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of \"defence diplomacy\". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters. The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "defence diplomacy" }],
              "question": "In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?",
              "id": "56f97a649e9bad19000a0995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "David Cameron" }],
              "question": "Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?",
              "id": "56f97a649e9bad19000a0996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Nicolas Sarkozy" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of France in 2010?",
              "id": "56f97a649e9bad19000a0997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "UAE and Bahrain" }],
              "question": "In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?",
              "id": "56f97a649e9bad19000a0998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Oman" }],
              "question": "In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?",
              "id": "56f97a649e9bad19000a0999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included \u00a3178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "\u00a3178 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?",
              "id": "56f97afc9e9bad19000a099f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In which year was a \u00a3178 billion investment made?",
              "id": "56f97afc9e9bad19000a09a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?",
              "id": "56f97afc9e9bad19000a09a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Strategic Defence and Security Review"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?",
              "id": "56f97afc9e9bad19000a09a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the end of the Cold War, the threat of direct conventional military confrontation with other states has been replaced by terrorism. Sir Richard Dannatt predicted British forces to be involved in combating \"predatory non-state actors\" for the foreseeable future, in what he called an \"era of persistent conflict\". He told the Chatham House think tank that the fight against al-Qaeda and other militant Islamist groups was \"probably the fight of our generation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "terrorism" }],
              "question": "What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War?",
              "id": "56f97b8e9b226e1400dd1498"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dannatt criticised a remnant \"Cold War mentality\", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the \"land environment\"\u2014at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Cold War mentality" }],
              "question": "Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?",
              "id": "56f97d559e9bad19000a09a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the \"land environment\"?",
              "id": "56f97d559e9bad19000a09a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Afghanistan and Iraq" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?",
              "id": "56f97d559e9bad19000a09a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "2003 and 2018" }],
              "question": "Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?",
              "id": "56f97d559e9bad19000a09aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Defence Committee\u2014Third Report \"Defence Equipment 2009\" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O\u2019Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years; deterrence related programmes; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international; and those where production contracts are already signed. The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes; underfunding in the Equipment Programme; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus (Current Operations) and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns. The then Secretary of State for Defence, Bob Ainsworth MP, reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out \"major shifts\" in defence spending. In the same article the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Royal Navy, acknowledged that there was not enough money within the defence budget and it is preparing itself for tough decisions and the potential for cutbacks. According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is \"more than 10% overspent\" (figures cannot be verified) and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut. The MoD has been investing in IT to cut costs and improve services for its personnel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "General Sir Kevin O\u2019Donoghue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?",
              "id": "56f97e179b226e1400dd14b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?",
              "id": "56f97e179b226e1400dd14ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 765, "text": "Equipment Programme" }
              ],
              "question": "Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?",
              "id": "56f97e179b226e1400dd14bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1066, "text": "Bob Ainsworth MP" }],
              "question": "Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?",
              "id": "56f97e179b226e1400dd14bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1502, "text": "London Evening Standard" }
              ],
              "question": "Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?",
              "id": "56f97e179b226e1400dd14bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at \"about \u00a320 billion\". The MoD also has \"rights of access\" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is \"in excess of \u00a33.3 billion\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "227,300 hectares" }],
              "question": "How much land is owned by the MoD?",
              "id": "56f97f629b226e1400dd14cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "\u00a320 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?",
              "id": "56f97f629b226e1400dd14cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "1.8%" }],
              "question": "The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?",
              "id": "56f97f629b226e1400dd14cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "in excess of \u00a33.3 billion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?",
              "id": "56f97f629b226e1400dd14ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ministry of Defence" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?",
              "id": "56f97f629b226e1400dd14cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "84.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?",
              "id": "56f980059e9bad19000a09d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "storage & supply depots" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?",
              "id": "56f980059e9bad19000a09da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "(3.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?",
              "id": "56f980059e9bad19000a09db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "Defence Infrastructure Organisation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who manages the defence estate?",
              "id": "56f980059e9bad19000a09dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "(2.5%" }],
              "question": "Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?",
              "id": "56f980059e9bad19000a09dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Whitehall" }],
              "question": "In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?",
              "id": "56f981b79b226e1400dd14df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Vincent Harris" }],
              "question": "Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?",
              "id": "56f981b79b226e1400dd14e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Charles Wheeler" }],
              "question": "Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?",
              "id": "56f981b79b226e1400dd14e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Main Building" }],
              "question": "What is the headquarters of the MoD called?",
              "id": "56f981b79b226e1400dd14e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Philip Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who made the Gurkha Monument?",
              "id": "56f981b79b226e1400dd14e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514\u20131516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?",
              "id": "56f982569e9bad19000a09ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the basement of Main Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?",
              "id": "56f982569e9bad19000a09ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1514\u20131516" }],
              "question": "When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?",
              "id": "56f982569e9bad19000a09ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "brick" }],
              "question": "What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?",
              "id": "56f982569e9bad19000a09f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the cellar relocated?",
              "id": "56f982569e9bad19000a09f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least \u00a33.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Gordon Foxley" }],
              "question": "Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?",
              "id": "56f9851f9b226e1400dd14fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "head of defence procurement" }
              ],
              "question": "What position was held by Foxley?",
              "id": "56f9851f9b226e1400dd14fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "1981 to 1984" }],
              "question": "What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?",
              "id": "56f9851f9b226e1400dd14fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "at least \u00a33.5m" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money was Foxley accused of taking?",
              "id": "56f9851f9b226e1400dd14ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "influence the allocation of contracts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?",
              "id": "56f9851f9b226e1400dd1500"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence \"turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public\" and many of these tests \"involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told.\" The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where \"more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax.\" Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials \"will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons.\" Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: \"It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research.\" It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Guardian" }],
              "question": "What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?",
              "id": "56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "secret germ warfare tests" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?",
              "id": "56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?",
              "id": "56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "between 1940 and 1979" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?",
              "id": "56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 792, "text": "between 1961 and 1968" }
              ],
              "question": "When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?",
              "id": "56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent \u00a3240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as \u00a3500m.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "\u00a3240m" }],
              "question": "How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?",
              "id": "56f98fca9b226e1400dd1582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When were the helicopters ordered?",
              "id": "56f98fca9b226e1400dd1583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "National Audit Office" }
              ],
              "question": "Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?",
              "id": "56f98fca9b226e1400dd1584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year were the helicopters brought into service?",
              "id": "56f98fca9b226e1400dd1585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "\u00a3500m" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?",
              "id": "56f98fca9b226e1400dd1586"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2008, a \u00a390m contract was signed with Boeing for a \"quick fix\" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks\u2014stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Boeing" }],
              "question": "Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?",
              "id": "56f990289b226e1400dd158c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the Boeing contract signed?",
              "id": "56f990289b226e1400dd158d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "QinetiQ" }],
              "question": "Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?",
              "id": "56f990289b226e1400dd158e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "\u00a390m" }],
              "question": "How much was the Boeing contract worth?",
              "id": "56f990289b226e1400dd158f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "more advanced equipment" }
              ],
              "question": "What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?",
              "id": "56f990289b226e1400dd1590"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training \u00a320m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the TA budget withdrawn?",
              "id": "56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "\u00a320m" }],
              "question": "How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?",
              "id": "56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "April 2010" }],
              "question": "When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?",
              "id": "56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "a small percentage" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?",
              "id": "56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "weekly evenings and monthly weekends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How often do the TA troops regularly train?",
              "id": "56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by \u00a36.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "\u00a36.5bn" }],
              "question": "By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?",
              "id": "56f991b19b226e1400dd15b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was the overbudget amount discovered?",
              "id": "56f991b19b226e1400dd15b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "poor management and financial control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?",
              "id": "56f991b19b226e1400dd15b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "up to 39 years" }],
              "question": "What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?",
              "id": "56f991b19b226e1400dd15b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "up to 10 and even as much as 15 years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?",
              "id": "56f991b19b226e1400dd15ba"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "High-definition_television",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true \"HDTV\" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "The term \"high definition\" originally described televisions systems from what year?",
              "id": "56f9d73f9e9bad19000a0b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Earlier television systems were based on what?",
              "id": "56f9d73f9e9bad19000a0b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?",
              "id": "56f9d73f9e9bad19000a0b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "21st" }],
              "question": "In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?",
              "id": "56f9d73f9e9bad19000a0b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "8K" }],
              "question": "What is the most current HDTV system development?",
              "id": "56f9d73f9e9bad19000a0b09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937. In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term \"sequential\") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The British high-definition TV service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who started trials in August 1936?",
              "id": "56f9d96b9e9bad19000a0b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "February 1937" }],
              "question": "When was the Baird system discontinued?",
              "id": "56f9d96b9e9bad19000a0b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country developed the 441-line system?",
              "id": "56f9d96b9e9bad19000a0b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 679,
                  "text": "the technical limitations of the time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?",
              "id": "56f9d96b9e9bad19000a0b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "405-line system" }],
              "question": "Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?",
              "id": "56f9d96b9e9bad19000a0b13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1953," }],
              "question": "What year did color broadcasts start in the US?",
              "id": "56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "525" }],
              "question": "How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?",
              "id": "56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did Europe begin color broadcasts?",
              "id": "56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?",
              "id": "56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "625" }],
              "question": "How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?",
              "id": "56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nippon H\u014ds\u014d Ky\u014dkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to \"unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses\" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed \"HDTV\". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Nippon H\u014ds\u014d Ky\u014dkai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?",
              "id": "56f9dbea9b226e1400dd15ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Nippon H\u014ds\u014d Ky\u014dkai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NHK stand for in Japan?",
              "id": "56f9dbea9b226e1400dd15cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "What year was NHK Color created?",
              "id": "56f9dbea9b226e1400dd15cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "5:3" }],
              "question": "What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?",
              "id": "56f9dbea9b226e1400dd15cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? ",
              "id": "56f9dbea9b226e1400dd15ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?",
              "id": "56f9dccf9e9bad19000a0b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "SMPTE" }],
              "question": "Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?",
              "id": "56f9dccf9e9bad19000a0b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "an SMPTE study group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?",
              "id": "56f9dccf9e9bad19000a0b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?",
              "id": "56f9dccf9e9bad19000a0b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "A Study of High Definition Television Systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?",
              "id": "56f9dccf9e9bad19000a0b27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "digital video broadcasting" }
              ],
              "question": "What does DVB stand for?",
              "id": "56f9de7f9e9bad19000a0b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "early 2000s" }],
              "question": "When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?",
              "id": "56f9de7f9e9bad19000a0b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "SECAM systems" }],
              "question": "In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?",
              "id": "56f9de7f9e9bad19000a0b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "PAL-M" }],
              "question": "In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?",
              "id": "56f9de7f9e9bad19000a0b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "standard definition television systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?",
              "id": "56f9de7f9e9bad19000a0b31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?",
              "id": "56f9df829b226e1400dd15d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?",
              "id": "56f9df829b226e1400dd15d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "an 819 lines system" }
              ],
              "question": "What did France start transmissions with in 1949?",
              "id": "56f9df829b226e1400dd15d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "monochrome only" }],
              "question": "Was France's 819 line system in color?",
              "id": "56f9df829b226e1400dd15d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was France's 819 line system discontinued?",
              "id": "56f9df829b226e1400dd15d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1958, the Soviet Union developed \u0422ransformator (Russian: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "a research project" }
              ],
              "question": "In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?",
              "id": "56f9e1b39b226e1400dd15de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?",
              "id": "56f9e1b39b226e1400dd15df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who developed Transformator in 1958?",
              "id": "56f9e1b39b226e1400dd15e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "1,125" }],
              "question": "How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?",
              "id": "56f9e1b39b226e1400dd15e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "providing teleconferencing for military command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the Transformator system?",
              "id": "56f9e1b39b226e1400dd15e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1979, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?",
              "id": "56f9e38a9e9bad19000a0b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "the Japanese state broadcaster NHK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?",
              "id": "56f9e38a9e9bad19000a0b38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?",
              "id": "56f9e38a9e9bad19000a0b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "November 25, 1994" }],
              "question": "When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?",
              "id": "56f9e38a9e9bad19000a0b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?",
              "id": "56f9e38a9e9bad19000a0b3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?",
              "id": "56f9e4999e9bad19000a0b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "5:3" }],
              "question": "What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?",
              "id": "56f9e4999e9bad19000a0b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "President Ronald Reagan" }
              ],
              "question": "Which president declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US?",
              "id": "56f9e4999e9bad19000a0b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "MUSE" }],
              "question": "Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?",
              "id": "56f9e4999e9bad19000a0b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "MUSE" }],
              "question": "Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?",
              "id": "56f9e4999e9bad19000a0b45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "their higher bandwidth requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?",
              "id": "56f9e6119b226e1400dd15f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "television channels" }
              ],
              "question": "What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?",
              "id": "56f9e6119b226e1400dd15f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "the FCC" }],
              "question": "Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?",
              "id": "56f9e6119b226e1400dd15f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?",
              "id": "56f9e6119b226e1400dd15f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "NTSC" }],
              "question": "What was the existing system at the time?",
              "id": "56f9e6119b226e1400dd15f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "technical and economic" }
              ],
              "question": "What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?",
              "id": "56f9e7ab9b226e1400dd15fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "use bandwidths greater than normal television"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?",
              "id": "56f9e7ab9b226e1400dd15fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "over four times" }],
              "question": "How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?",
              "id": "56f9e9128f12f3190062ffdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "about twice" }],
              "question": "Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?",
              "id": "56f9e9128f12f3190062ffe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "by satellite" }],
              "question": "Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?",
              "id": "56f9e9128f12f3190062ffe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Early HDTV commercial experiments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?",
              "id": "56f9e9128f12f3190062ffe2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?",
              "id": "56f9eaae8f12f3190062fff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?",
              "id": "56f9eaae8f12f3190062fff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "recording and reproducing an HDTV signal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?",
              "id": "56f9eaae8f12f3190062fff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?",
              "id": "56f9eaae8f12f3190062fff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ITU-R stand for?",
              "id": "56f9ebe18f12f3190062fff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Digital Video Broadcasting" }
              ],
              "question": "What does DVB stand for?",
              "id": "56f9ebe18f12f3190062fffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the DVB?",
              "id": "56f9ebe18f12f3190062fffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "develops and agrees upon specifications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the DVB's role?",
              "id": "56f9ebe18f12f3190062fffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "ETSI" }],
              "question": "Who standardizes HDTV specifications?",
              "id": "56f9ebe18f12f3190062fffd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "ATSC" }],
              "question": "What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?",
              "id": "56f9ed16f34c681400b0beef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "MPEG-2" }],
              "question": "Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?",
              "id": "56f9ed16f34c681400b0bef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "DVB" }],
              "question": "Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?",
              "id": "56f9ed16f34c681400b0bef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "the Grand Alliance" }
              ],
              "question": "Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?",
              "id": "56f9ed16f34c681400b0bef2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in mains frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?",
              "id": "56fa6e23f34c681400b0c0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "setting a single international HDTV standard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?",
              "id": "56fa6e23f34c681400b0c0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "a suitable frame/field refresh rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?",
              "id": "56fa6e23f34c681400b0c0b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "motion vectors" }],
              "question": "What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?",
              "id": "56fa6e23f34c681400b0c0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?",
              "id": "56fa6e23f34c681400b0c0bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 (\"Rec. 709\") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "16:9" }],
              "question": "What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?",
              "id": "56fa6fd3f34c681400b0c0c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "the IWP11/6 working party" }
              ],
              "question": "Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?",
              "id": "56fa6fd3f34c681400b0c0c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "widescreen cinema" }],
              "question": "What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?",
              "id": "56fa6fd3f34c681400b0c0c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "MBAFF" }],
              "question": "Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?",
              "id": "56fa6fd3f34c681400b0c0c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "5:3" }],
              "question": "Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?",
              "id": "56fa6fd3f34c681400b0c0c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It also includes the alternative 1440\u00d71152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920\u00d71080i and 1280\u00d7720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "1440\u00d71152 HDMAC" }
              ],
              "question": "What scan format is also included in MBAFF?",
              "id": "56fa74058f12f31900630149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "a mooted 750-line" }],
              "question": "What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?",
              "id": "56fa74058f12f3190063014a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "an enhanced television format" }
              ],
              "question": "A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?",
              "id": "56fa74058f12f3190063014b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "US SMPTE standards" }
              ],
              "question": "What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?",
              "id": "56fa74058f12f3190063014c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "late 1980s" }],
              "question": "When was HDTV introduced in the US?",
              "id": "56fa7909f34c681400b0c0cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made HDTV official in 1993?",
              "id": "56fa7909f34c681400b0c0cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?",
              "id": "56fa7909f34c681400b0c0cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "July 23, 1996" }],
              "question": "When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?",
              "id": "56fa7909f34c681400b0c0ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "Advanced Television Systems Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ATSC stand for?",
              "id": "56fa7909f34c681400b0c0cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?",
              "id": "56fa7a6cf34c681400b0c0d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "FIFA World Cup" }],
              "question": "What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?",
              "id": "56fa7a6cf34c681400b0c0d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "mid-1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Europe abandon standard transmission?",
              "id": "56fa7a6cf34c681400b0c0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?",
              "id": "56fa7a6cf34c681400b0c0d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "January 1, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?",
              "id": "56fa7b568f12f31900630151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Vienna New Year's Concert" }
              ],
              "question": "What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?",
              "id": "56fa7b568f12f31900630152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "HD1" }],
              "question": "The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?",
              "id": "56fa7b568f12f31900630153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "September 2003" }],
              "question": "When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?",
              "id": "56fa7b568f12f31900630154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Euro1080" }],
              "question": "Which European company launched HD1?",
              "id": "56fa7b568f12f31900630155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of \"no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ...\" and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Alfacam" }],
              "question": "Euro1080 was a division of what former company?",
              "id": "56fa7cba8f12f3190063015b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "\"no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ...\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What \"chicken or the egg\" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?",
              "id": "56fa7cba8f12f3190063015c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "HDTV interest in Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?",
              "id": "56fa7cba8f12f3190063015d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "free-to-air" }],
              "question": "How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?",
              "id": "56fa7cba8f12f3190063015e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?",
              "id": "56fa7cba8f12f3190063015f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1080i format" }],
              "question": "What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?",
              "id": "56fa81d38f12f31900630165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "MPEG-2" }],
              "question": "What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?",
              "id": "56fa81d38f12f31900630166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "DVB-S" }],
              "question": "What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?",
              "id": "56fa81d38f12f31900630167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "MPEG-4/AVC" }],
              "question": "What compression did Euro1080 later change to?",
              "id": "56fa81d38f12f31900630168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "DVB-S2" }],
              "question": "What signal did Euro1080 later change to?",
              "id": "56fa81d38f12f31900630169"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (\u00a360 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "185 million" }],
              "question": "According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?",
              "id": "56fa84e7f34c681400b0c0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? ",
              "id": "56fa84e7f34c681400b0c0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "\u00a360 million" }],
              "question": "How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?",
              "id": "56fa84e7f34c681400b0c0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "27%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?",
              "id": "56fa84e7f34c681400b0c0e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "risen steadily" }],
              "question": "The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?",
              "id": "56fa84e7f34c681400b0c0e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "the United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?",
              "id": "56fa85dd8f12f3190063016f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?",
              "id": "56fa85dd8f12f31900630170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "DVB-T2" }],
              "question": "What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?",
              "id": "56fa85dd8f12f31900630171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Digital TV Group" }],
              "question": "What does DTG stand for?",
              "id": "56fa85dd8f12f31900630172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?",
              "id": "56fa88b8f34c681400b0c0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "October 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?",
              "id": "56fa88b8f34c681400b0c0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Freeview HD" }],
              "question": "Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?",
              "id": "56fa88b8f34c681400b0c0e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "region by region" }],
              "question": "How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?",
              "id": "56fa88b8f34c681400b0c0ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "[frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three HDTV parameters?",
              "id": "56fa8b328f12f31900630177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "frame size or frame rate" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?",
              "id": "56fa8b328f12f31900630178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "if its value is implied from context"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?",
              "id": "56fa8b328f12f31900630179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "the scanning system" }
              ],
              "question": "When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?",
              "id": "56fa8b328f12f3190063017a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, 1920\u00d71080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?",
              "id": "56fa8e4af34c681400b0c0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?",
              "id": "56fa8e4af34c681400b0c0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?",
              "id": "56fa8e4af34c681400b0c0f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?",
              "id": "56fa8e4af34c681400b0c0f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?",
              "id": "56fa8e4af34c681400b0c0f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "50i, 25p and 50p" }],
              "question": "What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?",
              "id": "56fa97178f12f3190063017f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "60 Hz" }],
              "question": "Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p",
              "id": "56fa97178f12f31900630180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "whole numbers" }],
              "question": "SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?",
              "id": "56fa97178f12f31900630181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "ambiguity" }],
              "question": "Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?",
              "id": "56fa97178f12f31900630182"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "the frame rate" }],
              "question": "What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?",
              "id": "56fa995df34c681400b0c0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "24 progressive scan frames per second"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does 24p mean?",
              "id": "56fa995df34c681400b0c0fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "25 interlaced frames per second"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does 50i mean?",
              "id": "56fa995df34c681400b0c0fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "a resolution" }],
              "question": "When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?",
              "id": "56fa995df34c681400b0c0fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?",
              "id": "56fa9afa8f12f31900630187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "YUV" }],
              "question": "Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?",
              "id": "56fa9afa8f12f31900630188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "a RGB color space" }],
              "question": "Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?",
              "id": "56fa9afa8f12f31900630189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "8-bit RGB channels" }
              ],
              "question": "When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?",
              "id": "56fa9afa8f12f3190063018a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?",
              "id": "56fa9afa8f12f3190063018b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?",
              "id": "56fa9f9df34c681400b0c101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "letterboxing or anamorphic stretching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?",
              "id": "56fa9f9df34c681400b0c102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "standard-definition television" }
              ],
              "question": "What does SDTV stand for?",
              "id": "56fa9f9df34c681400b0c103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "16:9" }],
              "question": "HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?",
              "id": "56fa9f9df34c681400b0c104"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "fidelity" }],
              "question": "If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?",
              "id": "56faa8ff8f12f31900630191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "distort the received picture" }
              ],
              "question": "The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?",
              "id": "56faa8ff8f12f31900630192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "bandwidth" }],
              "question": "A very high resolution source may require more of what?",
              "id": "56faa8ff8f12f31900630193"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?",
              "id": "56faaa04f34c681400b0c109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? ",
              "id": "56faaa04f34c681400b0c10a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "those of the source" }
              ],
              "question": "For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? ",
              "id": "56faaa04f34c681400b0c10b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The optimum format for a broadcast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?",
              "id": "56faaa04f34c681400b0c10c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "analogue standard" }],
              "question": "PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?",
              "id": "56faaac38f12f31900630197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "digital or high definition" }
              ],
              "question": "PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?",
              "id": "56faaac38f12f31900630198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "25/50 Hz" }],
              "question": "In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?",
              "id": "56faaac38f12f31900630199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "30/60 Hz" }],
              "question": "In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?",
              "id": "56faaac38f12f3190063019a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "24 frames per second" }
              ],
              "question": "At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?",
              "id": "56faae57f34c681400b0c111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "25 frame/s" }],
              "question": "To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?",
              "id": "56faae57f34c681400b0c112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "3:2 Pulldown" }],
              "question": "The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?",
              "id": "56faae57f34c681400b0c113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "1/12 of a second" }],
              "question": "The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?",
              "id": "56faae57f34c681400b0c114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "the correct average film frame rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?",
              "id": "56faae57f34c681400b0c115"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "720p or 1080i" }],
              "question": "What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?",
              "id": "56fab555f34c681400b0c11b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "720p" }],
              "question": "Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?",
              "id": "56fab555f34c681400b0c11c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "progressive-scan" }],
              "question": "Most computer monitors operate in what mode?",
              "id": "56fab555f34c681400b0c11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Blu-ray" }],
              "question": "1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. ",
              "id": "56fab555f34c681400b0c11e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "ATSC" }],
              "question": "In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?",
              "id": "56fac6d48f12f3190063019f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?",
              "id": "56fac6d48f12f319006301a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "home owners' associations and city government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?",
              "id": "56fac6d48f12f319006301a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 762, "text": "the installation of antennas" }
              ],
              "question": "Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?",
              "id": "56fac6d48f12f319006301a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?",
              "id": "56fac6d48f12f319006301a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "an external box" }],
              "question": "HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?",
              "id": "56fac7ddf34c681400b0c123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "HD content" }],
              "question": "Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?",
              "id": "56fac7ddf34c681400b0c124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?",
              "id": "56fac7ddf34c681400b0c125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "QAM" }],
              "question": "What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?",
              "id": "56fac7ddf34c681400b0c126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "CableCARD" }],
              "question": "What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?",
              "id": "56fac7ddf34c681400b0c127"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into \"Smart Televisions\"), Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "IPTV" }],
              "question": "Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?",
              "id": "56fac8e58f12f319006301a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "High-definition image sources" }
              ],
              "question": "Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?",
              "id": "56fac8e58f12f319006301aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "High-definition image sources" }
              ],
              "question": "Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?",
              "id": "56fac8e58f12f319006301ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "High-definition image sources" }
              ],
              "question": "Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?",
              "id": "56fac8e58f12f319006301ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sony's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player, so does Microsoft's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content. Recently, Nintendo released a next generation high definition gaming platform, The Wii U, which includes TV remote control features in addition to IPTV streaming features like Netflix. The HD capabilities of the consoles has influenced some developers to port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?",
              "id": "56faca31f34c681400b0c12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?",
              "id": "56faca31f34c681400b0c12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "The Wii U" }],
              "question": "What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?",
              "id": "56faca31f34c681400b0c12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?",
              "id": "56faca31f34c681400b0c130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready HTPC. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "an HDTV-capable digital video recorder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?",
              "id": "56facb5d8f12f319006301b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?",
              "id": "56facb5d8f12f319006301b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "analog only" }],
              "question": "What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?",
              "id": "56facb5d8f12f319006301b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Digital-VHS or Data-VHS" }
              ],
              "question": "What does D-VHS stand for?",
              "id": "56facb5d8f12f319006301b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?",
              "id": "56facca98f12f319006301b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?",
              "id": "56facca98f12f319006301ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?",
              "id": "56facca98f12f319006301bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?",
              "id": "56facca98f12f319006301bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "analog HD" }],
              "question": "W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?",
              "id": "56facd2f8f12f319006301c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Analog tape" }],
              "question": "What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?",
              "id": "56facd2f8f12f319006301c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "expensive and scarce" }
              ],
              "question": "In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?",
              "id": "56facd2f8f12f319006301c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with \"functional\" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004[update], boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C. This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "a set-top box with \"functional\" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?",
              "id": "56faceb3f34c681400b0c135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "July 2004" }],
              "question": "When were boxes with \"functional\" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?",
              "id": "56faceb3f34c681400b0c136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "5C" }],
              "question": "Content is now protected by what encryption?",
              "id": "56faceb3f34c681400b0c137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can 5c encryption prevent?",
              "id": "56faceb3f34c681400b0c138"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Wood",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "fuel" }],
              "question": "In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?",
              "id": "56f9e2819b226e1400dd15e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?",
              "id": "56f9e2819b226e1400dd15e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What's the matrix in wood made up of?",
              "id": "56f9e2819b226e1400dd15ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "support" }],
              "question": "What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?",
              "id": "56f9e2819b226e1400dd15eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "nutrients" }],
              "question": "What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?",
              "id": "56f9e2819b226e1400dd15ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "434 billion" }],
              "question": "How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?",
              "id": "56f9e5219e9bad19000a0b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "47%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?",
              "id": "56f9e5219e9bad19000a0b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "furniture" }],
              "question": "In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?",
              "id": "56f9e5219e9bad19000a0b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "3.5" }],
              "question": "About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?",
              "id": "56f9e5219e9bad19000a0b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "abundant" }],
              "question": "In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?",
              "id": "56f9e5219e9bad19000a0b4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?",
              "id": "56f9e7ba9e9bad19000a0b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "New Brunswick" }],
              "question": "In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?",
              "id": "56f9e7ba9e9bad19000a0b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "carbon dating" }],
              "question": "If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?",
              "id": "56f9e7ba9e9bad19000a0b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "395 to 400" }],
              "question": "How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?",
              "id": "56f9e7ba9e9bad19000a0b58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "construction material" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?",
              "id": "56f9e9738f12f3190062ffe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "houses" }],
              "question": "What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?",
              "id": "56f9e9738f12f3190062ffe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "tree-ring widths" }],
              "question": "For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?",
              "id": "56f9e9738f12f3190062ffe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "weapons" }],
              "question": "What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?",
              "id": "56f9e9738f12f3190062ffea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "furniture" }],
              "question": "What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?",
              "id": "56f9e9738f12f3190062ffeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "trees" }],
              "question": "Where does wood come from?",
              "id": "56f9eb0bf34c681400b0bedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "woody layers" }],
              "question": "What forms in a tree to increase its diameter?",
              "id": "56f9eb0bf34c681400b0bedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "secondary growth" }],
              "question": "What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?",
              "id": "56f9eb0bf34c681400b0bedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "seasons" }],
              "question": "What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree?",
              "id": "56f9eb0bf34c681400b0bede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "annual rings" }],
              "question": "If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called?",
              "id": "56f9eb0bf34c681400b0bedf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "wider" }],
              "question": "If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?",
              "id": "56f9ecbff34c681400b0bee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "earlywood" }],
              "question": "What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?",
              "id": "56f9ecbff34c681400b0bee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "latewood" }],
              "question": "If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?",
              "id": "56f9ecbff34c681400b0bee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "lighter" }],
              "question": "Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?",
              "id": "56f9ecbff34c681400b0bee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "outer" }],
              "question": "Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?",
              "id": "56f9ecbff34c681400b0bee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular \"solid\" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood \"flows\" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "knot" }],
              "question": "What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?",
              "id": "56f9ee81f34c681400b0bef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?",
              "id": "56f9ee81f34c681400b0bef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "longitudinally" }],
              "question": "In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?",
              "id": "56f9ee81f34c681400b0bef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "darker" }],
              "question": "Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?",
              "id": "56f9ee81f34c681400b0befa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?",
              "id": "56f9ee81f34c681400b0befb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "a dormant bud" }],
              "question": "Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?",
              "id": "56f9efa98f12f31900630003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "conical" }],
              "question": "What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?",
              "id": "56f9efa98f12f31900630004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "diameter" }],
              "question": "What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?",
              "id": "56f9efa98f12f31900630005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "circular" }],
              "question": "Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?",
              "id": "56f9efa98f12f31900630006"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "die" }],
              "question": "What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development?",
              "id": "56f9f187f34c681400b0bf01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "years" }],
              "question": "For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree?",
              "id": "56f9f187f34c681400b0bf02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "around it" }],
              "question": "Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow?",
              "id": "56f9f187f34c681400b0bf03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "not attached" }],
              "question": "Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached?",
              "id": "56f9f187f34c681400b0bf04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "boards" }],
              "question": "A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what?",
              "id": "56f9f187f34c681400b0bf05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "grading" }],
              "question": "What's the process in which knots are classified called?",
              "id": "56f9f2568f12f3190063000b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "size" }],
              "question": "Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?",
              "id": "56f9f2568f12f3190063000c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "firmness" }],
              "question": "What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?",
              "id": "56f9f2568f12f3190063000d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "defects" }],
              "question": "What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? ",
              "id": "56f9f63b8f12f31900630011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "stiffness" }],
              "question": "Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?",
              "id": "56f9f63b8f12f31900630012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "sound wood" }],
              "question": "What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?",
              "id": "56f9f63b8f12f31900630013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "parallel" }],
              "question": "What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?",
              "id": "56f9f63b8f12f31900630014"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot primer paint or solution, correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "interest" }],
              "question": "What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces?",
              "id": "56f9f78c8f12f31900630019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "bleed" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?",
              "id": "56f9f78c8f12f3190063001a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "difficult" }],
              "question": "Is bleed easy or difficult to control?",
              "id": "56f9f78c8f12f3190063001b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "yellow" }],
              "question": "The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?",
              "id": "56f9f78c8f12f3190063001c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "preparation" }],
              "question": "In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?",
              "id": "56f9f78c8f12f3190063001d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Heartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Heartwood" }],
              "question": "What's another word for \"duramen\"?",
              "id": "56f9f869f34c681400b0bf15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "decay" }],
              "question": "What is heartwood naturally resistant to?",
              "id": "56f9f869f34c681400b0bf16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "spontaneously" }],
              "question": "How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?",
              "id": "56f9f869f34c681400b0bf17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "dead" }],
              "question": "What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?",
              "id": "56f9f869f34c681400b0bf18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "decay organisms" }],
              "question": "Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?",
              "id": "56f9f869f34c681400b0bf19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "growth rings" }],
              "question": "In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?",
              "id": "56f9f994f34c681400b0bf1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "darker" }],
              "question": "What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?",
              "id": "56f9f994f34c681400b0bf20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "decay" }],
              "question": "Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?",
              "id": "56f9f994f34c681400b0bf21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "woody" }],
              "question": "What kind of plants never form heartwood?",
              "id": "56f9f994f34c681400b0bf22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "sapwood" }],
              "question": "What is the living wood in a tree called?",
              "id": "56f9f994f34c681400b0bf23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "alburnum" }],
              "question": "What term is interchangeable with \"sapwood\"?",
              "id": "56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "younger" }],
              "question": "Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?",
              "id": "56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?",
              "id": "56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "All" }],
              "question": "How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?",
              "id": "56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "thicker" }],
              "question": "Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?",
              "id": "56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule. Others never form heartwood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "thin" }],
              "question": "If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?",
              "id": "56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "position" }],
              "question": "What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?",
              "id": "56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "thick" }],
              "question": "Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?",
              "id": "56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Thin" }],
              "question": "Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?",
              "id": "56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "thick" }],
              "question": "Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?",
              "id": "56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tree gets larger, the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume. Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "crown" }],
              "question": "What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?",
              "id": "56f9fe9b8f12f31900630047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "narrow" }],
              "question": "Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?",
              "id": "56f9fe9b8f12f31900630048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "thinner" }],
              "question": "As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?",
              "id": "56f9fe9b8f12f31900630049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "near the base" }],
              "question": "In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?",
              "id": "56f9fe9b8f12f3190063004a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "age" }],
              "question": "Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?",
              "id": "56f9fe9b8f12f3190063004b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "limbs" }],
              "question": "What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?",
              "id": "56fa00f28f12f31900630051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "knots" }],
              "question": "What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?",
              "id": "56fa00f28f12f31900630052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "heartwood" }],
              "question": "In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?",
              "id": "56fa00f28f12f31900630053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Subsequent growth" }],
              "question": "What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?",
              "id": "56fa00f28f12f31900630054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "sapwood" }],
              "question": "Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?",
              "id": "56fa00f28f12f31900630055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "decay" }],
              "question": "What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?",
              "id": "56fa02638f12f3190063006d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "the trunk" }],
              "question": "Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?",
              "id": "56fa02638f12f3190063006e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "larvae" }],
              "question": "What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?",
              "id": "56fa02638f12f3190063006f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "inner heartwood" }],
              "question": "What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?",
              "id": "56fa02638f12f31900630070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "tunnels" }],
              "question": "What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?",
              "id": "56fa02638f12f31900630071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "youth" }],
              "question": "In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?",
              "id": "56fa04db8f12f31900630095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "narrower" }],
              "question": "As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?",
              "id": "56fa04db8f12f31900630096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "crown" }],
              "question": "What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?",
              "id": "56fa04db8f12f31900630097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "lessened" }],
              "question": "Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?",
              "id": "56fa04db8f12f31900630098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?",
              "id": "56fa04db8f12f31900630099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspond to heartwood and sapwood. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in hardness, strength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log. In a smaller tree, the reverse may be true.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "differ" }],
              "question": "When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?",
              "id": "56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "heartwood" }],
              "question": "In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?",
              "id": "56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "sapwood" }],
              "question": "If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?",
              "id": "56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "mature" }],
              "question": "Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?",
              "id": "56fa0745f34c681400b0bf60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood, although there may be a dramatic chemical difference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "heartwood" }],
              "question": "When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?",
              "id": "56fa09098f12f3190063009f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "chemical substances" }
              ],
              "question": "What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?",
              "id": "56fa09098f12f319006300a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "conspicuous" }],
              "question": "Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?",
              "id": "56fa09098f12f319006300a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "mechanical" }],
              "question": "What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?",
              "id": "56fa09098f12f319006300a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "chemical" }],
              "question": "Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?",
              "id": "56fa09098f12f319006300a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flammable. Stumps of old longleaf pines are often dug, split into small pieces and sold as kindling for fires. Stumps thus dug may actually remain a century or more since being cut. Spruce impregnated with crude resin and dried is also greatly increased in strength thereby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Longleaf Pine" }],
              "question": "What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?",
              "id": "56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "fat lighter" }],
              "question": "What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?",
              "id": "56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "rot" }],
              "question": "What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?",
              "id": "56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?",
              "id": "56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "kindling" }],
              "question": "Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?",
              "id": "56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "latewood" }],
              "question": "Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?",
              "id": "56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "density" }],
              "question": "Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?",
              "id": "56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "coniferous" }],
              "question": "What category of trees show this difference greatly?",
              "id": "56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "ring-porous" }],
              "question": "What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?",
              "id": "56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "no indication" }],
              "question": "With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?",
              "id": "56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "diseased" }],
              "question": "What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?",
              "id": "56fa104bf34c681400b0bf97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "unsoundness" }],
              "question": "What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?",
              "id": "56fa104bf34c681400b0bf98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "insect attacks" }],
              "question": "What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?",
              "id": "56fa104bf34c681400b0bf99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "birds" }],
              "question": "What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?",
              "id": "56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "spalting" }],
              "question": "What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?",
              "id": "56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8\u201316% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?",
              "id": "56fa115c8f12f319006300bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?",
              "id": "56fa115c8f12f319006300be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "oven-dried" }],
              "question": "What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?",
              "id": "56fa115c8f12f319006300bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "softer" }],
              "question": "Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?",
              "id": "56fa142af34c681400b0bfa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "rawhide" }],
              "question": "What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?",
              "id": "56fa142af34c681400b0bfa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "paper" }],
              "question": "What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?",
              "id": "56fa142af34c681400b0bfa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "greater" }],
              "question": "When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?",
              "id": "56fa142af34c681400b0bfa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "softening" }],
              "question": "What type of action does water create in cloth?",
              "id": "56fa142af34c681400b0bfa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "What will drying often increase in wood?",
              "id": "56fa160f8f12f319006300c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color is also used interchangeably with \"undried\" for wood?",
              "id": "56fa160f8f12f319006300c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "spruce" }],
              "question": "What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?",
              "id": "56fa160f8f12f319006300c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "crushing" }],
              "question": "What type of \"ultimate\" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?",
              "id": "56fa184cf34c681400b0bfab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "elasticity" }],
              "question": "What property of wood is least affected by drying?",
              "id": "56fa184cf34c681400b0bfac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "strength at elastic limit in endwise compression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?",
              "id": "56fa184cf34c681400b0bfad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "modulus of rupture" }
              ],
              "question": "Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?",
              "id": "56fa184cf34c681400b0bfae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% \u2013 50%) and hemicellulose (15% \u2013 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% \u2013 30%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "heterogeneous" }],
              "question": "Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?",
              "id": "56fa19cc8f12f319006300c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "cells" }],
              "question": "What does wood consist of?",
              "id": "56fa19cc8f12f319006300ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "walls" }],
              "question": "What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?",
              "id": "56fa19cc8f12f319006300cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?",
              "id": "56fa19cc8f12f319006300cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?",
              "id": "56fa19cc8f12f319006300cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "tracheids" }],
              "question": "What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?",
              "id": "56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "softwood" }],
              "question": "Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?",
              "id": "56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "pores" }],
              "question": "What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?",
              "id": "56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "oak" }],
              "question": "What hardwood that starts with the letter \"O\" would have pores?",
              "id": "56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "ash" }],
              "question": "Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?",
              "id": "56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "complex" }],
              "question": "Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?",
              "id": "56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "vessels" }],
              "question": "What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?",
              "id": "56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "large" }],
              "question": "Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?",
              "id": "56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "a hand lens" }],
              "question": "In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?",
              "id": "56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "diffuse-porous" }],
              "question": "Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?",
              "id": "56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "ring-porous" }],
              "question": "What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?",
              "id": "56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?",
              "id": "56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?",
              "id": "56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "wood fibers" }],
              "question": "What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?",
              "id": "56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "toughness" }],
              "question": "Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?",
              "id": "56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "diffuse-porous" }],
              "question": "What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?",
              "id": "56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Populus" }],
              "question": "What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?",
              "id": "56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "cherry" }],
              "question": "With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?",
              "id": "56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "water conducting" }],
              "question": "What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?",
              "id": "56fa2008f34c681400b0bfca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "diffuse-porous" }],
              "question": "Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?",
              "id": "56fa2008f34c681400b0bfcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "temperate" }],
              "question": "What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?",
              "id": "56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "denser" }],
              "question": "Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?",
              "id": "56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "walls" }],
              "question": "Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?",
              "id": "56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "thin" }],
              "question": "Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?",
              "id": "56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "very small" }],
              "question": "What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?",
              "id": "56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "heavy" }],
              "question": "Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?",
              "id": "56fa236c8f12f319006300dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "growth rings" }],
              "question": "What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?",
              "id": "56fa236c8f12f319006300de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "white pines" }],
              "question": "What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?",
              "id": "56fa236c8f12f319006300df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "easy" }],
              "question": "Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?",
              "id": "56fa236c8f12f319006300e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "hard pines" }],
              "question": "What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?",
              "id": "56fa236c8f12f319006300e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "quality" }],
              "question": "Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?",
              "id": "56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "comparative density" }
              ],
              "question": "What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?",
              "id": "56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?",
              "id": "56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "porous" }],
              "question": "What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?",
              "id": "56fa254bf34c681400b0bfde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "character" }],
              "question": "What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?",
              "id": "56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "moderate to slow" }],
              "question": "If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?",
              "id": "56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "conifers" }],
              "question": "What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?",
              "id": "56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "latewood" }],
              "question": "What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?",
              "id": "56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "a rule" }],
              "question": "While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?",
              "id": "56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "ring-porous" }],
              "question": "What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?",
              "id": "56fa2ab88f12f319006300e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "large" }],
              "question": "What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?",
              "id": "56fa2ab88f12f319006300e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "the year before" }],
              "question": "When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?",
              "id": "56fa2ab88f12f319006300e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "rate of growth" }],
              "question": "Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?",
              "id": "56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "wider" }],
              "question": "Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings?",
              "id": "56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "hickory" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood with a name that starts with \"H\" is a ring-porous hardwood?",
              "id": "56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "more rapid" }],
              "question": "If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid?",
              "id": "56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "ring-porous" }],
              "question": "What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster?",
              "id": "56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "latewood" }],
              "question": "Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?",
              "id": "56fa3006f34c681400b0bff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "breadth of ring" }],
              "question": "When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?",
              "id": "56fa3006f34c681400b0bff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "slow" }],
              "question": "Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?",
              "id": "56fa3006f34c681400b0bff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "good" }],
              "question": "What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?",
              "id": "56fa3006f34c681400b0bffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "thick-walled" }],
              "question": "What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?",
              "id": "56fa3006f34c681400b0bffb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "second-growth" }],
              "question": "What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?",
              "id": "56fa317bf34c681400b0c001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "open stands" }],
              "question": "Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?",
              "id": "56fa317bf34c681400b0c002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "What property is important to manufacturers who use \"second-growth\" hardwood?",
              "id": "56fa317bf34c681400b0c003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "hickory" }],
              "question": "What specific kind of \"second-growth\" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? ",
              "id": "56fa317bf34c681400b0c004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "U.S. Forest Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?",
              "id": "56fa317bf34c681400b0c005"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "diffuse-porous" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?",
              "id": "56fa33388f12f319006300ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "structure" }],
              "question": "In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?",
              "id": "56fa33388f12f319006300ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "unaided" }],
              "question": "What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?",
              "id": "56fa33388f12f319006300ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers. In general it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown. In many uses of wood, total strength is not the main consideration. If ease of working is prized, wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of grain, which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the latewood of one season's growth and the earlywood of the next.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "diffuse-porous" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels?",
              "id": "56fa351cf34c681400b0c00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "medium" }],
              "question": "What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly?",
              "id": "56fa351cf34c681400b0c00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring?",
              "id": "56fa351cf34c681400b0c00d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "conifers" }],
              "question": "What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods?",
              "id": "56fa351cf34c681400b0c00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "little" }],
              "question": "Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?",
              "id": "56fa351cf34c681400b0c00f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Structural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "dicot" }],
              "question": "What's another term used for \"conifer\" wood?",
              "id": "56fa37baf34c681400b0c015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "monocot" }],
              "question": "What type of plants produce material that is referred to as \"wood\" even though it is technically not?",
              "id": "56fa37baf34c681400b0c016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "bamboo" }],
              "question": "What monocot plant produces \"wood\" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?",
              "id": "56fa37baf34c681400b0c017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "grass" }],
              "question": "While we call bamboo \"wood,\" what botanical family does it belong to?",
              "id": "56fa37baf34c681400b0c018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "palms" }],
              "question": "Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called \"wood\"?",
              "id": "56fa37baf34c681400b0c019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per millilitre (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "specific gravity" }],
              "question": "Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?",
              "id": "56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "pulp yield" }],
              "question": "In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?",
              "id": "56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "density" }],
              "question": "What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?",
              "id": "56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?",
              "id": "56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "water-saturated" }],
              "question": "When wood is described as \"green,\" what does \"green\" mean?",
              "id": "56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into \u201cone fairly easily measured wood characteristic\u201d (Elliott 1970).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "physiological" }],
              "question": "Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?",
              "id": "56fa3b59f34c681400b0c01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?",
              "id": "56fa3b59f34c681400b0c020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Elliott" }],
              "question": "What author called wood's density \"fairly easily measured\"?",
              "id": "56fa3b59f34c681400b0c021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Age, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees (Timell 1986). Variation of specific gravity within the bole of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction. :)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Variation" }],
              "question": "What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?",
              "id": "56fa3d788f12f319006300fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "radial" }],
              "question": "What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?",
              "id": "56fa3d788f12f319006300fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "bole" }],
              "question": "Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?",
              "id": "56fa3d788f12f319006300ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "density" }],
              "question": "Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?",
              "id": "56fa3d788f12f31900630100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "seed" }],
              "question": "What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?",
              "id": "56fa3d788f12f31900630101"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "softwood" }],
              "question": "What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?",
              "id": "56fa3ec18f12f31900630107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "hardwood" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood does an oak tree have?",
              "id": "56fa3ec18f12f31900630108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "hardwood" }],
              "question": "Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?",
              "id": "56fa3ec18f12f31900630109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "yew" }],
              "question": "What's an example of a softwood that isn't \"soft,\" and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?",
              "id": "56fa3ec18f12f3190063010a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "dicotyledons" }],
              "question": "What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?",
              "id": "56fa3ec18f12f3190063010b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "strong" }],
              "question": "What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?",
              "id": "56fa3f74f34c681400b0c025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "density" }],
              "question": "What property of wood varies according to species?",
              "id": "56fa3f74f34c681400b0c026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "strength" }],
              "question": "What property of wood has a correlation to its density?",
              "id": "56fa3f74f34c681400b0c027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "hardwood" }],
              "question": "Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?",
              "id": "56fa3f74f34c681400b0c028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "model building" }],
              "question": "What hobby is balsa wood often used for?",
              "id": "56fa3f74f34c681400b0c029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements in small quantity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?",
              "id": "56fa413bf34c681400b0c02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "hydrogen" }],
              "question": "What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?",
              "id": "56fa413bf34c681400b0c030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?",
              "id": "56fa413bf34c681400b0c031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "oxygen" }],
              "question": "Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?",
              "id": "56fa413bf34c681400b0c032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "magnesium" }],
              "question": "What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?",
              "id": "56fa413bf34c681400b0c033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41\u201343%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on aromatic rings. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many main components make up wood, not counting water?",
              "id": "56fa4285f34c681400b0c039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Cellulose" }],
              "question": "What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?",
              "id": "56fa4285f34c681400b0c03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "hemicellulose" }],
              "question": "After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?",
              "id": "56fa4285f34c681400b0c03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "conifers" }],
              "question": "What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?",
              "id": "56fa4285f34c681400b0c03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?",
              "id": "56fa4285f34c681400b0c03d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?",
              "id": "56fa43e9f34c681400b0c043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Softwood" }],
              "question": "Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?",
              "id": "56fa43e9f34c681400b0c044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "coniferyl" }],
              "question": "Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?",
              "id": "56fa43e9f34c681400b0c045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "sinapyl" }],
              "question": "In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?",
              "id": "56fa43e9f34c681400b0c046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Hardwood" }],
              "question": "Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?",
              "id": "56fa43e9f34c681400b0c047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "extractives" }],
              "question": "What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?",
              "id": "56fa455af34c681400b0c04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "resin" }],
              "question": "Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?",
              "id": "56fa455af34c681400b0c04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "waxes" }],
              "question": "Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?",
              "id": "56fa455af34c681400b0c04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?",
              "id": "56fa455af34c681400b0c050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "turpentine" }],
              "question": "Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?",
              "id": "56fa455af34c681400b0c051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Hardwood" }],
              "question": "What type of wood is preferred as fuel?",
              "id": "56fa4690f34c681400b0c057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "softwood" }],
              "question": "What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?",
              "id": "56fa4690f34c681400b0c058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "rural" }],
              "question": "What type of areas use more wood for fuel?",
              "id": "56fa4690f34c681400b0c059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "warmth" }],
              "question": "What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?",
              "id": "56fa4690f34c681400b0c05a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Elm" }],
              "question": "What wood is decay-resistant when wet?",
              "id": "56fa49f9f34c681400b0c05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "water pipe" }],
              "question": "What plumbing component was once made out of elm?",
              "id": "56fa49f9f34c681400b0c060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "boats" }],
              "question": "Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?",
              "id": "56fa49f9f34c681400b0c061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "construction material" }
              ],
              "question": "What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?",
              "id": "56fa49f9f34c681400b0c062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "houses" }],
              "question": "Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?",
              "id": "56fa49f9f34c681400b0c063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "lumber" }],
              "question": "What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?",
              "id": "56fa4b89f34c681400b0c069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "felled trees" }],
              "question": "Outside of North America, if someone said \"lumber,\" to what would they be referring?",
              "id": "56fa4b89f34c681400b0c06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "timber" }],
              "question": "What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?",
              "id": "56fa4b89f34c681400b0c06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "oak" }],
              "question": "What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?",
              "id": "56fa4b89f34c681400b0c06c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Douglas fir" }],
              "question": "For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?",
              "id": "56fa4b89f34c681400b0c06d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "timber-framed" }],
              "question": "What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?",
              "id": "56fa4d06f34c681400b0c073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "commercial" }],
              "question": "In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?",
              "id": "56fa4d06f34c681400b0c074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "structural" }],
              "question": "Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?",
              "id": "56fa4d06f34c681400b0c075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "construction" }],
              "question": "What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?",
              "id": "56fa4d06f34c681400b0c076"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "supporting material" }
              ],
              "question": "What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?",
              "id": "56fa4e5e8f12f31900630111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "roof" }],
              "question": "What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?",
              "id": "56fa4e5e8f12f31900630112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "cladding" }],
              "question": "Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?",
              "id": "56fa4e5e8f12f31900630113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "doors" }],
              "question": "Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?",
              "id": "56fa4e5e8f12f31900630114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Engineered wood products, glued building products \"engineered\" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "glue" }],
              "question": "What holds together an engineered wood product?",
              "id": "56fa50008f12f31900630119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "industrial" }],
              "question": "Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?",
              "id": "56fa50008f12f3190063011a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "application-specific performance requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What requirements do engineered wood products meet?",
              "id": "56fa50008f12f3190063011b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "composite structural unit" }
              ],
              "question": "What efficient type of unit does the process of \"engineering\" wood result in?",
              "id": "56fa50008f12f3190063011c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "veneers" }],
              "question": "Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?",
              "id": "56fa50008f12f3190063011d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "wood structural panels" }
              ],
              "question": "What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?",
              "id": "56fa517b8f12f31900630123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "glulam" }],
              "question": "What's another word for glued laminated timber?",
              "id": "56fa517b8f12f31900630124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "laminated veneer lumber" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LVL stand for?",
              "id": "56fa517b8f12f31900630125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "plywood" }],
              "question": "If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?",
              "id": "56fa517b8f12f31900630126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?",
              "id": "56fa517b8f12f31900630127"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring, for example laminate flooring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What material results from chemically breaking down wood?",
              "id": "56fa5330f34c681400b0c07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "MDF" }],
              "question": "What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?",
              "id": "56fa5330f34c681400b0c07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "mechanically" }],
              "question": "How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?",
              "id": "56fa5330f34c681400b0c07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "laminate" }],
              "question": "What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?",
              "id": "56fa5330f34c681400b0c07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "paper" }],
              "question": "What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?",
              "id": "56fa5330f34c681400b0c07f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "furniture" }],
              "question": "What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?",
              "id": "56fa5493f34c681400b0c085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "wooden spoon" }],
              "question": "What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?",
              "id": "56fa5493f34c681400b0c086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "handles" }],
              "question": "Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?",
              "id": "56fa5493f34c681400b0c087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "beds" }],
              "question": "What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?",
              "id": "56fa5493f34c681400b0c088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "chopsticks" }],
              "question": "What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?",
              "id": "56fa5493f34c681400b0c089"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Moisture content" }],
              "question": "What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?",
              "id": "56fa56e5f34c681400b0c08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "glue" }],
              "question": "Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?",
              "id": "56fa56e5f34c681400b0c090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "tire" }],
              "question": "Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?",
              "id": "56fa56e5f34c681400b0c091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "high strength fabrics" }
              ],
              "question": "What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?",
              "id": "56fa56e5f34c681400b0c092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "modify wood" }],
              "question": "In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?",
              "id": "56fa56e5f34c681400b0c093"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "carvings" }],
              "question": "Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?",
              "id": "56fa5855f34c681400b0c099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "totem poles" }],
              "question": "What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?",
              "id": "56fa5855f34c681400b0c09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Western Red Cedar" }],
              "question": "What type of tree was often used for totem poles?",
              "id": "56fa5855f34c681400b0c09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Edinburgh" }],
              "question": "What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?",
              "id": "56fa5855f34c681400b0c09c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "National Museum of Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?",
              "id": "56fa5855f34c681400b0c09d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "african blackwood" }],
              "question": "What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?",
              "id": "56fa59c2f34c681400b0c0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "ripple sycamore" }],
              "question": "What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?",
              "id": "56fa59c2f34c681400b0c0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "tonewoods" }],
              "question": "What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?",
              "id": "56fa59c2f34c681400b0c0a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "European spruce" }],
              "question": "What's the common name for Picea abies?",
              "id": "56fa59c2f34c681400b0c0a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "tone" }],
              "question": "Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?",
              "id": "56fa59c2f34c681400b0c0a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "woodwind instruments" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?",
              "id": "56fa5af68f12f3190063012d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Arundo donax" }],
              "question": "What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?",
              "id": "56fa5af68f12f3190063012e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "monocot" }],
              "question": "Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?",
              "id": "56fa5af68f12f3190063012f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "reeds" }],
              "question": "What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?",
              "id": "56fa5af68f12f31900630130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "white willow" }],
              "question": "What wood is usually used for cricket bats?",
              "id": "56fa5c188f12f31900630135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Major League Baseball" }
              ],
              "question": "Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?",
              "id": "56fa5c188f12f31900630136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "parquetry" }],
              "question": "What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?",
              "id": "56fa5c188f12f31900630137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "maple" }],
              "question": "What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?",
              "id": "56fa5c188f12f31900630138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "fragile" }],
              "question": "Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?",
              "id": "56fa5c188f12f31900630139"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, fiberglass, carbon fiber, titanium, and composite materials. One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood, the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf, but is now generally made of synthetic materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "archery bows" }],
              "question": "What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?",
              "id": "56fa5e2df34c681400b0c0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "sticks" }],
              "question": "Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?",
              "id": "56fa5e2df34c681400b0c0ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "persimmon" }],
              "question": "When the golf club called the \"wood\" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?",
              "id": "56fa5e2df34c681400b0c0af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "synthetic materials" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the golf club known as the \"wood\" usually made out of today?",
              "id": "56fa5e2df34c681400b0c0b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "fiberglass" }],
              "question": "What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?",
              "id": "56fa5e2df34c681400b0c0b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?",
              "id": "56fa621f8f12f3190063013f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Symbiotic" }],
              "question": "What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?",
              "id": "56fa621f8f12f31900630140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "sunken" }],
              "question": "What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?",
              "id": "56fa621f8f12f31900630141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "over a year" }],
              "question": "How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?",
              "id": "56fa621f8f12f31900630142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Flavobacteria" }],
              "question": "What bacteria starting with the letter \"F\" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?",
              "id": "56fa621f8f12f31900630143"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Somalis",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200e) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Afro-Asiatic" }],
              "question": "What language family is Somali a part of?",
              "id": "56f9f848f34c681400b0bf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Cushitic" }],
              "question": "What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?",
              "id": "56f9f848f34c681400b0bf0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Sunni Muslim" }],
              "question": "What is the majority religion of Somalis?",
              "id": "56f9f848f34c681400b0bf0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "12.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?",
              "id": "56f9f848f34c681400b0bf0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "What country has the second largest Somali population?",
              "id": "56f9f848f34c681400b0bf0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" \u2014 a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for \"wealthy\" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Irir Samaale" }],
              "question": "From whom are several Somali clans descended?",
              "id": "56f9f8dc8f12f31900630023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "soo and maal" }],
              "question": "From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?",
              "id": "56f9f8dc8f12f31900630024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "go and milk" }],
              "question": "What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?",
              "id": "56f9f8dc8f12f31900630025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "dhawamaal" }],
              "question": "What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?",
              "id": "56f9f8dc8f12f31900630026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "livestock" }],
              "question": "What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?",
              "id": "56f9f8dc8f12f31900630027"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast \u2014 which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants \u2014 as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century. During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty, the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat's eponymous troops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Berbera" }],
              "question": "What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?",
              "id": "56f9f9a18f12f3190063002d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Po-pa-li" }],
              "question": "What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?",
              "id": "56f9f9a18f12f3190063002e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?",
              "id": "56f9f9a18f12f3190063002f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "the Abyssinian Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?",
              "id": "56f9f9a18f12f31900630030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Zeila" }],
              "question": "Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?",
              "id": "56f9f9a18f12f31900630031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "5000 years" }],
              "question": "How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?",
              "id": "56f9fa1e8f12f31900630037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Laas Geel complex" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the most notable rock paintings located?",
              "id": "56f9fa1e8f12f31900630038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "human figures" }],
              "question": "Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?",
              "id": "56f9fa1e8f12f31900630039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "the northern Dhambalin region" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?",
              "id": "56f9fa1e8f12f3190063003a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?",
              "id": "56f9fa1e8f12f3190063003b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Doian culture" }],
              "question": "Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?",
              "id": "56f9fb6e8f12f31900630041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Inscriptions" }],
              "question": "What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?",
              "id": "56f9fb6e8f12f31900630042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "the Stone age" }],
              "question": "During what period did the Doian culture thrive?",
              "id": "56f9fb6e8f12f31900630043"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Somalia" }],
              "question": "In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?",
              "id": "56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "4th millennium BC" }],
              "question": "From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?",
              "id": "56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "the Jalelo site" }],
              "question": "At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?",
              "id": "56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?",
              "id": "56fa0002f34c681400b0bf40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "commerce" }],
              "question": "What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?",
              "id": "56fa0064f34c681400b0bf45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "frankincense" }],
              "question": "Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?",
              "id": "56fa0064f34c681400b0bf46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Mycenaeans" }],
              "question": "Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?",
              "id": "56fa0064f34c681400b0bf47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Land of Punt" }],
              "question": "What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?",
              "id": "56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Pharaonic Egypt" }],
              "question": "What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?",
              "id": "56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Hatshepsut" }],
              "question": "Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?",
              "id": "56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "pyramidal structures" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?",
              "id": "56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Cape Guardafui" }],
              "question": "Near what headland was Mosylon located?",
              "id": "56fa01668f12f3190063005b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Damo" }],
              "question": "Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?",
              "id": "56fa01668f12f3190063005c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Sabaeans" }],
              "question": "Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?",
              "id": "56fa01668f12f3190063005d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Indo-Greco-Roman" }],
              "question": "What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?",
              "id": "56fa01668f12f3190063005e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Red Sea" }],
              "question": "What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?",
              "id": "56fa01e88f12f31900630063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the Arabian Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "In what location was Islam born?",
              "id": "56fa01e88f12f31900630064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Berberi" }],
              "question": "What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?",
              "id": "56fa01e88f12f31900630065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "the City of Islam" }],
              "question": "What was another name for Mogadishu?",
              "id": "56fa01e88f12f31900630066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?",
              "id": "56fa01e88f12f31900630067"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven \"mother cities\": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "the Walashma dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?",
              "id": "56fa02b68f12f31900630077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Zeila" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?",
              "id": "56fa02b68f12f31900630078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Djibouti" }],
              "question": "Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?",
              "id": "56fa02b68f12f31900630079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?",
              "id": "56fa02b68f12f3190063007a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "the Red Sea" }],
              "question": "Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?",
              "id": "56fa02b68f12f3190063007b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Ajuran Sultanate" }
              ],
              "question": "What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?",
              "id": "56fa03388f12f31900630081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "the Sultanate of Adal" }
              ],
              "question": "What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?",
              "id": "56fa03388f12f31900630082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Ahmed Gurey" }],
              "question": "What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?",
              "id": "56fa03388f12f31900630083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "the Ethiopian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What state did Adal conquer?",
              "id": "56fa03388f12f31900630084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Sultan Ahmed Yusuf" }
              ],
              "question": "What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?",
              "id": "56fa03388f12f31900630085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "the Ottoman and German empires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states supported the Dervish State?",
              "id": "56fa04418f12f3190063008b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?",
              "id": "56fa04418f12f3190063008c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "Taleex" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Dervish State?",
              "id": "56fa04418f12f3190063008d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1198, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?",
              "id": "56fa04418f12f3190063008e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1232, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?",
              "id": "56fa04418f12f3190063008f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition \u2014 first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) \u2014 that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Italian Somaliland" }],
              "question": "Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?",
              "id": "56fa051df34c681400b0bf53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the Potsdam Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?",
              "id": "56fa051df34c681400b0bf54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?",
              "id": "56fa051df34c681400b0bf55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? ",
              "id": "56fa051df34c681400b0bf56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?",
              "id": "56fa051df34c681400b0bf57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British \"returned\" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "the Ogaden" }],
              "question": "Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?",
              "id": "56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?",
              "id": "56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "Emperor Menelik" }],
              "question": "The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?",
              "id": "56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1280, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?",
              "id": "56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1396, "text": "Somali" }],
              "question": "What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?",
              "id": "56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977\u20131991).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "French Somaliland" }],
              "question": "What was Djibouti called in 1958?",
              "id": "56fa083af34c681400b0bf6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "In what year did Somalia become independent?",
              "id": "56fa083af34c681400b0bf70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 654,
                  "text": "Vice President of the Government Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?",
              "id": "56fa083af34c681400b0bf71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When did Djibouti achieve independence?",
              "id": "56fa083af34c681400b0bf72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 813, "text": "Hassan Gouled Aptidon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first president of Djibouti?",
              "id": "56fa083af34c681400b0bf73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "26 June 1960" }],
              "question": "On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?",
              "id": "56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the State of Somaliland" }
              ],
              "question": "What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?",
              "id": "56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Trust Territory of Somalia" }
              ],
              "question": "What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?",
              "id": "56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "1 July 1960" }],
              "question": "On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?",
              "id": "56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?",
              "id": "56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'\u00e9tat on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition \u2014 essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "15 October 1969" }],
              "question": "On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?",
              "id": "56fa09148f12f319006300a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "one of his own bodyguards" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?",
              "id": "56fa09148f12f319006300aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "21 October 1969" }],
              "question": "On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?",
              "id": "56fa09148f12f319006300ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Mohamed Siad Barre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?",
              "id": "56fa09148f12f319006300ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Major General" }],
              "question": "What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?",
              "id": "56fa09148f12f319006300ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Salaad Gabeyre Kediye" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?",
              "id": "56fa097df34c681400b0bf83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Chief of Police" }],
              "question": "What was Jama Korshel's title?",
              "id": "56fa097df34c681400b0bf84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Lieutenant Colonel" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?",
              "id": "56fa097df34c681400b0bf85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "the Somali Democratic Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?",
              "id": "56fa097df34c681400b0bf86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "suspended the constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?",
              "id": "56fa097df34c681400b0bf87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "industry" }],
              "question": "What did the new government nationalize along with land?",
              "id": "56fad3dc8f12f319006301c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "the Arab League" }],
              "question": "What international body did the new government join?",
              "id": "56fad3dc8f12f319006301c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?",
              "id": "56fad3dc8f12f319006301c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "the African Union" }],
              "question": "What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?",
              "id": "56fad3dc8f12f319006301ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "literacy" }],
              "question": "What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?",
              "id": "56fad3dc8f12f319006301cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?",
              "id": "56fad4558f12f319006301d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "northeastern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?",
              "id": "56fad4558f12f319006301d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Pan-Somalism" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?",
              "id": "56fad4558f12f319006301d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Cuba" }],
              "question": "Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?",
              "id": "56fad4558f12f319006301d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "the Ogaden War" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?",
              "id": "56fad4558f12f319006301d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?",
              "id": "56fad51ef34c681400b0c13d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Afro-Asiatic" }],
              "question": "What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?",
              "id": "56fad51ef34c681400b0c13e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "E1b1b1a" }],
              "question": "What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?",
              "id": "56fad51ef34c681400b0c13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Egypt/Libya" }],
              "question": "Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?",
              "id": "56fad51ef34c681400b0c140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "77%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?",
              "id": "56fad51ef34c681400b0c141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?",
              "id": "56fad599f34c681400b0c147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Ethiopians" }],
              "question": "Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?",
              "id": "56fad599f34c681400b0c148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?",
              "id": "56fad599f34c681400b0c149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Holden" }],
              "question": "Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?",
              "id": "56fad599f34c681400b0c14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Afro-Asiatic" }],
              "question": "What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?",
              "id": "56fad599f34c681400b0c14b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the \"Ethio-Somali\". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?",
              "id": "56fad69b8f12f319006301db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Ethio-Somali" }],
              "question": "According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?",
              "id": "56fad69b8f12f319006301dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Somalis" }],
              "question": "According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?",
              "id": "56fad69b8f12f319006301dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "at least 23,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?",
              "id": "56fad69b8f12f319006301de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "the Near East" }],
              "question": "According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?",
              "id": "56fad69b8f12f319006301df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?",
              "id": "56fad6b8f34c681400b0c151"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?",
              "id": "56fad729f34c681400b0c153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Quraysh" }],
              "question": "From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?",
              "id": "56fad729f34c681400b0c154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Sunni" }],
              "question": "Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?",
              "id": "56fad729f34c681400b0c155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What is the majority religion in Somalia?",
              "id": "56fad729f34c681400b0c156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Shia" }],
              "question": "A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?",
              "id": "56fad729f34c681400b0c157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that \"unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children.\" To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "dugsi" }],
              "question": "What is another name for a Qur'anic school?",
              "id": "56fad7698f12f319006301e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?",
              "id": "56fad7698f12f319006301e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1023,
                  "text": "the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government body regulates Qur'anic education?",
              "id": "56fad7698f12f319006301e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Toronto" }],
              "question": "Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?",
              "id": "56fad7df8f12f319006301eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?",
              "id": "56fad7df8f12f319006301ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "droughts" }],
              "question": "Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?",
              "id": "56fad7df8f12f319006301ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "schools" }],
              "question": "Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?",
              "id": "56fad7df8f12f319006301ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "the Arabian Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?",
              "id": "56fad80d8f12f319006301f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "clan" }],
              "question": "What is a basic social unit of Somali society?",
              "id": "56fad858f34c681400b0c15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?",
              "id": "56fad858f34c681400b0c15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Hawiye" }],
              "question": "Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?",
              "id": "56fad858f34c681400b0c15f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "marriage" }],
              "question": "What practice is often used to bind different clans together?",
              "id": "56fad8e28f12f319006301f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?",
              "id": "56fad8e28f12f319006301f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "55" }],
              "question": "According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?",
              "id": "56fad8e28f12f319006301f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Darod" }],
              "question": "To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?",
              "id": "56fad8e28f12f319006301f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "4.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?",
              "id": "56fad8e28f12f319006301f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "1975 Somali Family Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?",
              "id": "56fad9608f12f319006301ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "the Somali Democratic Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?",
              "id": "56fad9608f12f31900630200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?",
              "id": "56fad9608f12f31900630201"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Middle East, South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Somalis" }],
              "question": "What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?",
              "id": "56fad9cef34c681400b0c163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?",
              "id": "56fad9cef34c681400b0c164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?",
              "id": "56fad9cef34c681400b0c165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "their seafaring tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?",
              "id": "56fad9cef34c681400b0c166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Kenya" }],
              "question": "Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?",
              "id": "56fad9cef34c681400b0c167"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Civil strife" }],
              "question": "What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?",
              "id": "56fada5c8f12f31900630205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?",
              "id": "56fada5c8f12f31900630206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Toronto" }],
              "question": "Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?",
              "id": "56fada5c8f12f31900630207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "69th" }],
              "question": "As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?",
              "id": "56fada5c8f12f31900630208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "108,000" }],
              "question": "About how many Somalis live in the UK?",
              "id": "56fadfc58f12f3190063020d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "78%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?",
              "id": "56fadfc58f12f3190063020e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "57,906" }],
              "question": "As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?",
              "id": "56fadfc58f12f3190063020f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "38,413" }],
              "question": "In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?",
              "id": "56fadfc58f12f31900630210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "16,721" }],
              "question": "How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?",
              "id": "56fadfc58f12f31900630211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "What country is Cedar Rapids located in?",
              "id": "56fae0218f12f31900630217"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Minneapolis" }],
              "question": "Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?",
              "id": "56fae0a58f12f31900630219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?",
              "id": "56fae0a58f12f3190063021a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Cedar-Riverside" }],
              "question": "What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?",
              "id": "56fae0a58f12f3190063021b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "money transfer services" }
              ],
              "question": "What is hawala?",
              "id": "56fae0a58f12f3190063021c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "halal" }],
              "question": "What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?",
              "id": "56fae0a58f12f3190063021d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet caf\u00e9s, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the United Arab Emirates" }
              ],
              "question": "In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?",
              "id": "56fae1078f12f31900630223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Deira" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the city center of Dubai?",
              "id": "56fae1078f12f31900630224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Iranians" }],
              "question": "People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?",
              "id": "56fae1078f12f31900630225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Star African Air" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?",
              "id": "56fae1078f12f31900630226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?",
              "id": "56fae1078f12f31900630227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Khartoum" }],
              "question": "Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?",
              "id": "56fae1818f12f3190063022d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?",
              "id": "56fae1818f12f3190063022e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "students" }],
              "question": "Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?",
              "id": "56fae1818f12f3190063022f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Eastleigh" }],
              "question": "In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?",
              "id": "56fae1818f12f31900630230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "Western Cape" }],
              "question": "In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?",
              "id": "56fae1818f12f31900630231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Afro-Asiatic" }],
              "question": "What language family does the Somali language belong to?",
              "id": "56fae1d7f34c681400b0c16d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Cushitic" }],
              "question": "What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?",
              "id": "56fae1d7f34c681400b0c16e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Afar" }],
              "question": "Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?",
              "id": "56fae1d7f34c681400b0c16f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali" }],
              "question": "Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?",
              "id": "56fae1d7f34c681400b0c170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?",
              "id": "56fae1d7f34c681400b0c171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "7.78 million" }],
              "question": "About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?",
              "id": "56fae2a48f12f31900630237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "12.65" }],
              "question": "In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?",
              "id": "56fae2a48f12f31900630238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the Somali diaspora" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?",
              "id": "56fae2a48f12f31900630239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Benaadir" }],
              "question": "Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?",
              "id": "56fae2fc8f12f3190063023d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Northern Somali" }],
              "question": "What dialect is Standard Somali based on?",
              "id": "56fae2fc8f12f3190063023e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Coastal Somali" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Benaadir?",
              "id": "56fae2fc8f12f3190063023f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Benaadir" }],
              "question": "What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?",
              "id": "56fae2fc8f12f31900630240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?",
              "id": "56fae2fc8f12f31900630241"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Somali alphabet" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?",
              "id": "56fae3818f12f31900630247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Mohamed Siad Barre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who introduced the Somali alphabet?",
              "id": "56fae3818f12f31900630248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "October 1972" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?",
              "id": "56fae3818f12f31900630249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Shire Jama Ahmed" }],
              "question": "Who created the Somali alphabet?",
              "id": "56fae3818f12f3190063024a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 782, "text": "Osman Yusuf Kenadid" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the Osmanya script?",
              "id": "56fae3818f12f3190063024b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?",
              "id": "56fae3e08f12f31900630251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Afro-Asiatic" }],
              "question": "To what language family does Arabic belong?",
              "id": "56fae3e08f12f31900630252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Djibouti" }],
              "question": "In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?",
              "id": "56fae3e08f12f31900630253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "the Arab League" }],
              "question": "What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?",
              "id": "56fae3e08f12f31900630254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "centuries" }],
              "question": "For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?",
              "id": "56fae3e08f12f31900630255"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Northeast" }],
              "question": "Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?",
              "id": "56fae437f34c681400b0c177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Southeast" }],
              "question": "Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?",
              "id": "56fae437f34c681400b0c178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?",
              "id": "56fae437f34c681400b0c179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Arabian Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?",
              "id": "56fae437f34c681400b0c17a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a \"Nation of Poets\" and a \"Nation of Bards\" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Southeast Asian" }],
              "question": "Somali food contains influences from what region?",
              "id": "56fae4b5f34c681400b0c17f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "monumental architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?",
              "id": "56fae4b5f34c681400b0c180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Margaret Laurence" }],
              "question": "Who called Somalia a \"Nation of Bards\"?",
              "id": "56fae4b5f34c681400b0c181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Canadian" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a \"Nation of Bards\"?",
              "id": "56fae4b5f34c681400b0c182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "novelist" }],
              "question": "What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a \"Nation of Bards\"?",
              "id": "56fae4b5f34c681400b0c183"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Shax" }],
              "question": "What is a notable game that is played in Somalia?",
              "id": "56fae4d9f34c681400b0c189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "martial arts" }],
              "question": "Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?",
              "id": "56fae4d9f34c681400b0c18a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (lahan) and singers ('odka or \"voice\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "pentatonic" }],
              "question": "What scale is used by most Somali songs?",
              "id": "56fae5418f12f3190063025b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?",
              "id": "56fae5418f12f3190063025c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "the major scale" }],
              "question": "What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?",
              "id": "56fae5418f12f3190063025d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Sudan" }],
              "question": "Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?",
              "id": "56fae5418f12f3190063025e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "lyricists" }],
              "question": "What does midho mean in English?",
              "id": "56fae5418f12f3190063025f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?",
              "id": "56fae59a8f12f31900630265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "In what year was the SFA founded?",
              "id": "56fae59a8f12f31900630266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Ali Said Hassan" }],
              "question": "Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?",
              "id": "56fae59a8f12f31900630267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "popular musicals" }],
              "question": "What are riwaaydo?",
              "id": "56fae59a8f12f31900630268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 771, "text": "The Somali Darwish" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?",
              "id": "56fae59a8f12f31900630269"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali art is the artistic culture of the Somali people, both historic and contemporary. These include artistic traditions in pottery, music, architecture, wood carving and other genres. Somali art is characterized by its aniconism, partly as a result of the vestigial influence of the pre-Islamic mythology of the Somalis coupled with their ubiquitous Muslim beliefs. However, there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures, such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia, the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies, and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia. More typically, intricate patterns and geometric designs, bold colors and monumental architecture were the norm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "aniconism" }],
              "question": "What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?",
              "id": "56fae60d8f12f3190063026f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?",
              "id": "56fae60d8f12f31900630270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?",
              "id": "56fae60d8f12f31900630271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "birds" }],
              "question": "What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?",
              "id": "56fae60d8f12f31900630272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?",
              "id": "56fae60d8f12f31900630273"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during weddings, Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl (kuul) to their eyes. Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "henna" }],
              "question": "What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid?",
              "id": "56fae6888f12f31900630279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "flower motifs" }],
              "question": "Along with triangular shapes, what are common henna designs in Somalia?",
              "id": "56fae6888f12f3190063027a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "kohl" }],
              "question": "What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?",
              "id": "56fae6888f12f3190063027b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Land of Punt" }],
              "question": "From what ancient region did kuul application come?",
              "id": "56fae6888f12f3190063027c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Henna parties" }],
              "question": "What activity is often held before Somali weddings?",
              "id": "56fae6888f12f3190063027d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars, Somalia's national team, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The equally diverse Somali beach soccer team also represents the country in international beach soccer competitions. In addition, several international footballers such as Mohammed Ahamed Jama, Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim have played in European top divisions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Football" }],
              "question": "What sport do Somalis most enjoy?",
              "id": "56fae6fe8f12f31900630283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Ocean Stars" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Somali national football team?",
              "id": "56fae6fe8f12f31900630284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?",
              "id": "56fae6fe8f12f31900630285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Mohammed Ahamed Jama" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim, who is a notable Somali football player?",
              "id": "56fae6fe8f12f31900630286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "the Somalia League" }],
              "question": "Along with the Somalia Cup, what is an important Somali football competition?",
              "id": "56fae6fe8f12f31900630287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted by Somalia from 15\u201323 December 1981. The games were played in Mogadishu, and the Somali national team received the bronze prize. Abdi Bile won the 1500 m event at the World Championships in 1987, running the fastest final 800 m of any 1,500 meter race in history. He was a two-time Olympian (1984 and 1996) and dominated the event in the late 1980s. Hussein Ahmed Salah, a Somalia-born former long-distance runner from Djibouti, won a bronze medal in the marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He also won silver medals in this event at the 1987 and 1991 World Championships, as well as the 1985 IAAF World Marathon Cup. Mo Farah is a double Olympic gold medal winner and world champion, and holds the European track record for 10,000 metres, the British road record for 10,000 metres, the British indoor record in the 3000 metres, the British track record for 5000 metres and the European indoor record for 5000 metres. Mohammed Ahmed (athlete) is a Canadian long-distance runner who represented Canada in the 10,000 meter races at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "15\u201323 December 1981" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?",
              "id": "56fae79e8f12f3190063028d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Somalia" }],
              "question": "Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship?",
              "id": "56fae79e8f12f3190063028e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?",
              "id": "56fae79e8f12f3190063028f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Djibouti" }],
              "question": "For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete?",
              "id": "56fae79e8f12f31900630290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1041, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics?",
              "id": "56fae79e8f12f31900630291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Mohamed Deq Abdulle" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?",
              "id": "56fae8008f12f31900630297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?",
              "id": "56fae8008f12f31900630298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Tongeren" }],
              "question": "Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?",
              "id": "56fae8008f12f31900630299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "K1" }],
              "question": "Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?",
              "id": "56fae8008f12f3190063029a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, an embroidered fez.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "an embroidered fez" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a koofiyad?",
              "id": "56fae8528f12f3190063029f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "the macawis" }],
              "question": "What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?",
              "id": "56fae8528f12f319006302a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "around the waist" }],
              "question": "Where is the macawis worn?",
              "id": "56fae8528f12f319006302a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "sarong" }],
              "question": "What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?",
              "id": "56fae8528f12f319006302a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "turban" }],
              "question": "Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?",
              "id": "56fae8528f12f319006302a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali), a long white garment common in the Arab world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "a long white garment" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the jellabiya?",
              "id": "56fae8b88f12f319006302a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "qamiis" }],
              "question": "Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?",
              "id": "56fae8b88f12f319006302aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "the Arab world" }],
              "question": "In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?",
              "id": "56fae8b88f12f319006302ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of silk, chiffon, taffeta or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads. The fabric is typically acquired from Somali clothing stores in tandem with the gorgorad. In the past, dirac fabric was also frequently purchased from South Asian merchandisers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "the guntiino" }],
              "question": "What is the regular garment of Somali women?",
              "id": "56fae9108f12f319006302af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "alandi" }],
              "question": "What is the guntiino normally made from?",
              "id": "56fae9108f12f319006302b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "the dirac" }],
              "question": "What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?",
              "id": "56fae9108f12f319006302b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "taffeta" }],
              "question": "Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?",
              "id": "56fae9108f12f319006302b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "the gorgorad" }],
              "question": "What is the underskirt of the dirac called?",
              "id": "56fae9108f12f319006302b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "shaash" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?",
              "id": "56fae9bd8f12f319006302b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "garbasaar" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?",
              "id": "56fae9bd8f12f319006302ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "the jilbab" }],
              "question": "Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?",
              "id": "56fae9bd8f12f319006302bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, Somali women have a long tradition of wearing gold jewelry, particularly bangles. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold necklaces and anklets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "What is the jewelry worn by Somali women commonly made from?",
              "id": "56faea268f12f319006302bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "necklaces" }],
              "question": "Along with anklets, what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women?",
              "id": "56faea268f12f319006302c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings?",
              "id": "56faea268f12f319006302c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Somali flag invented?",
              "id": "56faea72f34c681400b0c18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Mohammed Awale Liban" }
              ],
              "question": "Who devised the Somali flag?",
              "id": "56faea72f34c681400b0c18e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "scholar" }],
              "question": "What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?",
              "id": "56faea72f34c681400b0c18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Star of Unity" }],
              "question": "What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?",
              "id": "56faea72f34c681400b0c190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many points does the Star of Unity have?",
              "id": "56faea72f34c681400b0c191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "all food is served halal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?",
              "id": "56faeae4f34c681400b0c197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "pork" }],
              "question": "What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?",
              "id": "56faeae4f34c681400b0c198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What beverage is not halal?",
              "id": "56faeae4f34c681400b0c199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "blood" }],
              "question": "Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?",
              "id": "56faeae4f34c681400b0c19a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Qado or lunch is often elaborate. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "lunch" }],
              "question": "What is the English word for qado?",
              "id": "56faeb28f34c681400b0c19f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What is bariis in English?",
              "id": "56faeb28f34c681400b0c1a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "basmati" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular variety of bariis?",
              "id": "56faeb28f34c681400b0c1a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "11 pm" }],
              "question": "When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?",
              "id": "56faeb28f34c681400b0c1a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Tarawih prayers" }],
              "question": "After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?",
              "id": "56faeb28f34c681400b0c1a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "halva" }],
              "question": "What is another term for xalwo?",
              "id": "56faeb678f12f319006302c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Eid celebrations" }],
              "question": "Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?",
              "id": "56faeb678f12f319006302c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "lubaan" }],
              "question": "What do the Somalis call frankincense?",
              "id": "56faeb678f12f319006302c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "incense" }],
              "question": "What is the English word for cunnsi?",
              "id": "56faeb678f12f319006302c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "dabqaad" }],
              "question": "What do the Somalis call incense burners?",
              "id": "56faeb678f12f319006302c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?",
              "id": "56faebc18f12f319006302cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Nuruddin Farah" }],
              "question": "Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?",
              "id": "56faebc18f12f319006302d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?",
              "id": "56faebc18f12f319006302d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "Farah Mohamed Jama Awl" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?",
              "id": "56faebc18f12f319006302d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "Nadifa Mohamed" }],
              "question": "Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?",
              "id": "56faebc18f12f319006302d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call Xeer. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Xeer" }],
              "question": "What is the Somali system of customary law?",
              "id": "56faec218f12f319006302d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Xeer system begin?",
              "id": "56faec8b8f12f319006302db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Horn of Africa" }],
              "question": "In what region did the Xeer system develop?",
              "id": "56faec8b8f12f319006302dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "devoid of loan words" }
              ],
              "question": "What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?",
              "id": "56faec8b8f12f319006302dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "odayal" }],
              "question": "In the Xeer system, what are judges called?",
              "id": "56faeccbf34c681400b0c1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "jurists" }],
              "question": "What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?",
              "id": "56faeccbf34c681400b0c1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "garxajiyaal" }],
              "question": "What does the Xeer system call attorneys?",
              "id": "56faeccbf34c681400b0c1ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "murkhaatiyal" }],
              "question": "By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?",
              "id": "56faeccbf34c681400b0c1ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "waranle" }],
              "question": "What does the Xeer system call cops?",
              "id": "56faeccbf34c681400b0c1ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Western designs" }],
              "question": "Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?",
              "id": "56faed40f34c681400b0c1b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "medieval" }],
              "question": "Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?",
              "id": "56faed40f34c681400b0c1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "stone" }],
              "question": "What material was used to make Somali cities?",
              "id": "56faed40f34c681400b0c1b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "taalo" }],
              "question": "What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?",
              "id": "56faed86f34c681400b0c1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "burial" }],
              "question": "What were taalo used for?",
              "id": "56faed86f34c681400b0c1ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "dressed stone" }],
              "question": "What were ancient Somali houses made out of?",
              "id": "56faed86f34c681400b0c1bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?",
              "id": "56faed86f34c681400b0c1bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "the Wargaade Wall" }],
              "question": "What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?",
              "id": "56faed86f34c681400b0c1bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "early medieval" }],
              "question": "During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?",
              "id": "56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Persia" }],
              "question": "Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?",
              "id": "56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "mosques" }],
              "question": "In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?",
              "id": "56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "limestone" }],
              "question": "Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?",
              "id": "56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "drystone" }],
              "question": "Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?",
              "id": "56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Somali Studies" }],
              "question": "What is the academic study of the Somali people called?",
              "id": "56faee55f34c681400b0c1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "anthropology" }],
              "question": "Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?",
              "id": "56faee55f34c681400b0c1ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "oral literature" }],
              "question": "Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?",
              "id": "56faee55f34c681400b0c1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "the International Congress of Somali Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?",
              "id": "56faee55f34c681400b0c1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?",
              "id": "56faee55f34c681400b0c1d1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Middle_Ages",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Middle Ages begin?",
              "id": "56fb2a7cf34c681400b0c1d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2a7cf34c681400b0c1d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the collapse of the Western Roman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2a7cf34c681400b0c1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Age of Discovery" }],
              "question": "Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2a7cf34c681400b0c1da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Antiquity" }],
              "question": "What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?",
              "id": "56fb2a7cf34c681400b0c1db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East\u2014once part of the Eastern Roman Empire\u2014came under the rule of the Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with Antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe, but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions\u2014Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "deurbanisation" }],
              "question": "Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2afef34c681400b0c1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "the Western Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?",
              "id": "56fb2afef34c681400b0c1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "the Eastern Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire was North Africa previously a part of?",
              "id": "56fb2afef34c681400b0c1e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?",
              "id": "56fb2afef34c681400b0c1e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "1070" }],
              "question": "In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?",
              "id": "56fb2afef34c681400b0c1e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period, and into the Late Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2c94f34c681400b0c1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Medieval Warm Period" }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2c94f34c681400b0c1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Manorialism" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?",
              "id": "56fb2c94f34c681400b0c1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "feudalism" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?",
              "id": "56fb2c94f34c681400b0c1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "1095" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Crusades begin?",
              "id": "56fb2c94f34c681400b0c1ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "1350" }],
              "question": "When did the Black Death end?",
              "id": "56fb2e3bf34c681400b0c1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Late" }],
              "question": "In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?",
              "id": "56fb2e3bf34c681400b0c1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?",
              "id": "56fb2e3bf34c681400b0c1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "the early modern period" }
              ],
              "question": "What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2e3bf34c681400b0c1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "heresy" }],
              "question": "Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2e3bf34c681400b0c1f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "the Modern Period" }],
              "question": "Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?",
              "id": "56fb2e6f8f12f319006302e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major periods is European history divided into?",
              "id": "56fb2e6f8f12f319006302e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "classical civilisation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Antiquity?",
              "id": "56fb2e6f8f12f319006302e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the \"Six Ages\" or the \"Four Empires\", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being \"modern\". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or \"ancient\") and to the Christian period as nova (or \"new\"). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The \"Middle Ages\" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or \"middle season\". In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or \"middle age\", first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or \"middle ages\", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term \"medieval\" (or occasionally \"mediaeval\") derives from medium aevum. Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Four Empires" }],
              "question": "Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?",
              "id": "56fb2ed48f12f319006302e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Petrarch" }],
              "question": "What writer referred to the Christian period as new?",
              "id": "56fb2ed48f12f319006302e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Leonardo Bruni" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?",
              "id": "56fb2ed48f12f319006302e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1442" }],
              "question": "When was the History of the Florentine People published?",
              "id": "56fb2ed48f12f319006302ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1067, "text": "Christoph Cellarius" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?",
              "id": "56fb2ed48f12f319006302eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier \"High\" and later \"Low\" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: \"Early\", \"High\", and \"Late\". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the \"Dark Ages\",[B] but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "476" }],
              "question": "What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb2f268f12f319006302f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Bruni" }],
              "question": "Who was the first writer to date the Middle Ages from 476?",
              "id": "56fb2f268f12f319006302f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1500" }],
              "question": "When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended?",
              "id": "56fb2f268f12f319006302f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1453" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople?",
              "id": "56fb2f268f12f319006302f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "1516" }],
              "question": "When did Ferdinand II die?",
              "id": "56fb2f268f12f319006302f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century, mainly in response to the war with Sassanid Persia, which revived in the middle of the 3rd century. The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the legion as the main tactical unit. The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "the 2nd century AD" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?",
              "id": "56fb2ff68f12f319006302fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "3rd century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?",
              "id": "56fb2ff68f12f319006302fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "doubled" }],
              "question": "How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?",
              "id": "56fb2ff68f12f319006302fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "taxes" }],
              "question": "What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?",
              "id": "56fb2ff68f12f319006302fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "curial" }],
              "question": "What is another term for the Roman landowning class?",
              "id": "56fb2ff68f12f319006302ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284\u2013305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other.[C] In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306\u2013337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople. Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others. Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach. For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns. Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "284" }],
              "question": "In what year did Diocletian begin his reign?",
              "id": "56fb30738f12f31900630305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "286" }],
              "question": "When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions?",
              "id": "56fb30738f12f31900630306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Byzantium" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople?",
              "id": "56fb30738f12f31900630307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1238, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete?",
              "id": "56fb30738f12f31900630308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "337" }],
              "question": "When did the rule of Constantine end?",
              "id": "56fb30738f12f31900630309"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns, received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364\u2013378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ostrogoths began to raid and plunder.[D] Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 sacked the city of Rome. In 406 the Alans, Vandals, and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. The Migration Period began, where various people, initially largely Germanic peoples, moved across Europe. The Franks, Alemanni, and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain. In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila (r. 434\u2013453) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452. The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "376" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56fb3290f34c681400b0c1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Valens" }],
              "question": "Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56fb3290f34c681400b0c200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Thracia" }],
              "question": "In what province did the Ostrogoths settle?",
              "id": "56fb3290f34c681400b0c201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "the Battle of Adrianople" }
              ],
              "question": "At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?",
              "id": "56fb3290f34c681400b0c202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "9 August 378" }],
              "question": "When did the Battle of Adrianople occur?",
              "id": "56fb3290f34c681400b0c203"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian (r. 527\u2013565) was the sole, and temporary, exception.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Romulus Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?",
              "id": "56fb3441f34c681400b0c209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "476" }],
              "question": "When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?",
              "id": "56fb3441f34c681400b0c20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?",
              "id": "56fb3441f34c681400b0c20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Justinian" }],
              "question": "What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?",
              "id": "56fb3441f34c681400b0c20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "565" }],
              "question": "When did Justinian's reign end?",
              "id": "56fb3441f34c681400b0c20d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as \"invasions\", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural.[F]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Aspar" }],
              "question": "When did Aspar die?",
              "id": "56fb34c7f34c681400b0c213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "516" }],
              "question": "What year saw the death of Gundobad?",
              "id": "56fb34c7f34c681400b0c214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Stilicho" }],
              "question": "What notable Roman figure died in 408?",
              "id": "56fb34c7f34c681400b0c215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1333, "text": "tax revenue" }],
              "question": "The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?",
              "id": "56fb34c7f34c681400b0c216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1482, "text": "land or rents" }],
              "question": "Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?",
              "id": "56fb34c7f34c681400b0c217"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last years of Theodoric's reign. The Burgundians settled in Gaul, and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s. Between today's Geneva and Lyon, it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. In northern Gaul, the Franks and Britons set up small polities. The Frankish Kingdom was centred in north-eastern Gaul, and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric (d. 481).[G] Under Childeric's son Clovis (r. 509\u2013511), the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity. Britons, related to the natives of Britannia \u2014 modern-day Great Britain \u2014 settled in what is now Brittany.[H] Other monarchies were established by the Visigoths in Iberia, the Suevi in north-western Iberia, and the Vandals in North Africa. In the 6th century, the Lombards settled in northern Italy, replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all. By the late 6th century this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?",
              "id": "56fb353df34c681400b0c21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Theoderic" }],
              "question": "What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?",
              "id": "56fb353df34c681400b0c21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "the Huns" }],
              "question": "Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?",
              "id": "56fb353df34c681400b0c21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Gaul" }],
              "question": "In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?",
              "id": "56fb353df34c681400b0c220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "Childeric" }],
              "question": "Who was the first notable king of the Franks?",
              "id": "56fb353df34c681400b0c221"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on, but distinct from, Latin, collectively known as Romance languages. These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Slavic" }],
              "question": "People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?",
              "id": "56fb61e68ddada1400cd63af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "north-east" }],
              "question": "In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?",
              "id": "56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Romance languages" }],
              "question": "What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?",
              "id": "56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?",
              "id": "56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "Slavonic" }],
              "question": "What languages were spoken by the Slavs?",
              "id": "56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort\u2014the Theodosian Code\u2014was completed in 438. Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527\u2013565), another compilation took place\u2014the Corpus Juris Civilis. Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, under Belisarius (d. 565). The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the Muslim conquests, but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?",
              "id": "56fb623d8ddada1400cd63b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?",
              "id": "56fb623d8ddada1400cd63ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "the Balkans" }],
              "question": "Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?",
              "id": "56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "438" }],
              "question": "What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?",
              "id": "56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "Justinian" }],
              "question": "Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?",
              "id": "56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582\u2013602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610\u2013641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Slavic tribes" }],
              "question": "Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?",
              "id": "56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "the Avars" }],
              "question": "What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?",
              "id": "56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "the Danube" }],
              "question": "Near what river were the Avars originally based?",
              "id": "56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "Heraclius" }],
              "question": "During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?",
              "id": "56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "602" }],
              "question": "In what year did the reign of Maurice end?",
              "id": "56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Cicero" }],
              "question": "What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?",
              "id": "56fb630db28b3419009f1ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "420" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jerome die?",
              "id": "56fb630db28b3419009f1ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "6th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Gregory of Tours live?",
              "id": "56fb630db28b3419009f1ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?",
              "id": "56fb630db28b3419009f1ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "489" }],
              "question": "When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?",
              "id": "56fb630db28b3419009f1ce8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul. Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation. Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers, but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "great feasts" }],
              "question": "What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?",
              "id": "56fb6383b28b3419009f1cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "jewels" }],
              "question": "Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?",
              "id": "56fb6383b28b3419009f1cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "courage" }],
              "question": "Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?",
              "id": "56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "Anglo-Saxon" }],
              "question": "In what society did women have status as abbesses?",
              "id": "56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Merovingian Gaul" }],
              "question": "In what country did Gregory of Tours live?",
              "id": "56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?",
              "id": "56fb6409b28b3419009f1cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1216, "text": "military service" }],
              "question": "What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?",
              "id": "56fb6409b28b3419009f1cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?",
              "id": "56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "law codes" }],
              "question": "Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?",
              "id": "56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "archaeology" }],
              "question": "What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?",
              "id": "56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?",
              "id": "56fb645ab28b3419009f1d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Christian churches" }
              ],
              "question": "What new use was found for Roman temples?",
              "id": "56fb645ab28b3419009f1d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?",
              "id": "56fb645ab28b3419009f1d04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634\u2013635 and reaching Egypt in 640\u2013641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later 7th century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Arab" }],
              "question": "What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?",
              "id": "56fb6507b28b3419009f1d08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Zoroastrianism" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?",
              "id": "56fb6507b28b3419009f1d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "632" }],
              "question": "In what yer did Muhammad die?",
              "id": "56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "634\u2013635" }],
              "question": "In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?",
              "id": "56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?",
              "id": "56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "732" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?",
              "id": "56fb6570b28b3419009f1d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Abbasid" }],
              "question": "What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?",
              "id": "56fb6570b28b3419009f1d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Baghdad" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Abbasid state?",
              "id": "56fb6570b28b3419009f1d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Tulunids" }],
              "question": "What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?",
              "id": "56fb6570b28b3419009f1d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Franks" }],
              "question": "What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?",
              "id": "56fb6570b28b3419009f1d16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?",
              "id": "56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Muslim conquests" }],
              "question": "What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?",
              "id": "56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "luxury goods" }],
              "question": "What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?",
              "id": "56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "During what century did gold coinage cease?",
              "id": "56fb6673b28b3419009f1d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?",
              "id": "56fb6673b28b3419009f1d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "penny" }],
              "question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?",
              "id": "56fb6673b28b3419009f1d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "denier" }],
              "question": "What was another name for the denarius?",
              "id": "56fb6673b28b3419009f1d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Southern Europe" }],
              "question": "In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?",
              "id": "56fb6673b28b3419009f1d26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches\u2014the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language was used by the eastern church?",
              "id": "56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language did the western church use?",
              "id": "56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1054" }],
              "question": "When did the eastern and western churches split?",
              "id": "56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "papal supremacy" }],
              "question": "Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?",
              "id": "56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 901, "text": "the Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the eastern church subsequently known as?",
              "id": "56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and eastern theological controversies. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great (pope 590\u2013604) survived, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries, going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent. Under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), they founded monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and authored secular and religious works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "590" }],
              "question": "When did Gregory the Great become pope?",
              "id": "56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "850" }],
              "question": "About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?",
              "id": "56fb673d8ddada1400cd63ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?",
              "id": "56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "597" }],
              "question": "When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?",
              "id": "56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "615" }],
              "question": "When did Columbanus die?",
              "id": "56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony. Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot. Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "monasticism" }],
              "question": "What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Pachomius" }],
              "question": "Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?",
              "id": "56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Benedict of Nursia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who composed the Benedictine Rule?",
              "id": "56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1350, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "From what part of England did Bede come?",
              "id": "56fb67c88ddada1400cd63da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "abbot" }],
              "question": "What was the title of the leader of a monastery?",
              "id": "56fb67c88ddada1400cd63db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees.[K] Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts. Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Burgundy" }],
              "question": "Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?",
              "id": "56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Merovingian" }],
              "question": "What dynasty ruled Neustria?",
              "id": "56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Clovis" }],
              "question": "From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?",
              "id": "56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Mayor of the Palace" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Pippin?",
              "id": "56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Charles Martel" }],
              "question": "What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?",
              "id": "56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752\u2013768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752\u2013757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers, exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel, and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768\u2013814) and Carloman (r. 768\u2013771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne, embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony. In the wars that lasted beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States.[L]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Carolingian" }],
              "question": "What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?",
              "id": "56fb691a8ddada1400cd63eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "753" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?",
              "id": "56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Pippin III" }],
              "question": "Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?",
              "id": "56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "752" }],
              "question": "When did Stephen II become pope?",
              "id": "56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Carloman" }],
              "question": "Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?",
              "id": "56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici, who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Christmas Day 800" }],
              "question": "On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?",
              "id": "56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "peasants" }],
              "question": "Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?",
              "id": "56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1020, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?",
              "id": "56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "small farms" }],
              "question": "In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?",
              "id": "56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "Scandinavia" }],
              "question": "Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?",
              "id": "56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery\u2014or writing office\u2014made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Aachen" }],
              "question": "Where was Charlemagne's court based?",
              "id": "56fb72668ddada1400cd63ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Carolingian Renaissance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?",
              "id": "56fb72668ddada1400cd6400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?",
              "id": "56fb72668ddada1400cd6401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "804" }],
              "question": "In what year did Alcuin die?",
              "id": "56fb72668ddada1400cd6402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1287, "text": "Medieval Latin" }],
              "question": "What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?",
              "id": "56fb72668ddada1400cd6403"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814\u2013840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia, comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Louis the Pious" }],
              "question": "Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?",
              "id": "56fb72beb28b3419009f1d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "26 years" }],
              "question": "How long did Louis the Pious reign?",
              "id": "56fb72beb28b3419009f1d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "840" }],
              "question": "When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?",
              "id": "56fb72beb28b3419009f1d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Lothair I" }],
              "question": "Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?",
              "id": "56fb72beb28b3419009f1d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "Louis the German" }],
              "question": "Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?",
              "id": "56fb72beb28b3419009f1d3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost.[N] In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands, with the crowning of Hugh Capet (r. 987\u2013996) as king.[O][P] In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child, and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911\u2013918) as king.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?",
              "id": "56fb733cb28b3419009f1d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Rhine and Rhone" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?",
              "id": "56fb733cb28b3419009f1d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?",
              "id": "56fb733cb28b3419009f1d42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?",
              "id": "56fb733cb28b3419009f1d43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "911" }],
              "question": "When did Louis the Child die?",
              "id": "56fb733cb28b3419009f1d44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898\u2013922) to settle in what became Normandy.[Q] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Vikings" }],
              "question": "What group settled in Iceland during this period?",
              "id": "56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Charles the Simple" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was king of the Franks in 899?",
              "id": "56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Normandy" }],
              "question": "In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?",
              "id": "56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Magyar" }],
              "question": "What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?",
              "id": "56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "955" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?",
              "id": "56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871\u2013899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936\u2013973) as Holy Roman Emperor. In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967\u2013983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959\u2013963). By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; Otto III (r. 996\u20131002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "871" }],
              "question": "When did Alfred the Great begin his reign?",
              "id": "56fb741bb28b3419009f1d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "the Kingdom of Alba" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?",
              "id": "56fb741bb28b3419009f1d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "Ottonian dynasty" }],
              "question": "Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?",
              "id": "56fb741bb28b3419009f1d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Magyars" }],
              "question": "What group did Otto I defeat?",
              "id": "56fb741bb28b3419009f1d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "962" }],
              "question": "In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?",
              "id": "56fb741bb28b3419009f1d58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland. Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and Le\u00f3n.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Denmark" }],
              "question": "Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?",
              "id": "56fb7490b28b3419009f1d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "907" }],
              "question": "Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?",
              "id": "56fb7490b28b3419009f1d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Asturias" }],
              "question": "Along with the kingdom of Le\u00f3n, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?",
              "id": "56fb7490b28b3419009f1d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?",
              "id": "56fb7490b28b3419009f1d61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867\u2013886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886\u2013912) and Constantine VII (r. 913\u2013959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganised, which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969\u2013976) and Basil II (r. 976\u20131025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance. Writers such as John Geometres (fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works. Missionary efforts by both eastern and western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians, Bulgars, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars, and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus'. These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples\u2014the states of Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kievan Rus'. Bulgaria, which was founded around 680, at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea. By 1018, the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Macedonian" }],
              "question": "Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member?",
              "id": "56fb74e58ddada1400cd6409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "913\u2013959" }],
              "question": "During what period did Constantine VII reign?",
              "id": "56fb74e58ddada1400cd640a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "867" }],
              "question": "When did Basil I's rule begin?",
              "id": "56fb74e58ddada1400cd640b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "During what century did John Geometres flourish?",
              "id": "56fb74e58ddada1400cd640c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1062, "text": "680" }],
              "question": "In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?",
              "id": "56fb74e58ddada1400cd640d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, or the \"arms\" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "4th century" }],
              "question": "When were the Constantinian basilicas built?",
              "id": "56fb7572b28b3419009f1d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "the west end" }],
              "question": "In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?",
              "id": "56fb7572b28b3419009f1d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the basilica" }],
              "question": "What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?",
              "id": "56fb7572b28b3419009f1d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "transept" }],
              "question": "What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?",
              "id": "56fb7572b28b3419009f1d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "perpendicular" }],
              "question": "How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?",
              "id": "56fb7572b28b3419009f1d6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers\u2014ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "infantry" }],
              "question": "What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?",
              "id": "56fb76b08ddada1400cd6413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "cavalry" }],
              "question": "What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?",
              "id": "56fb76b08ddada1400cd6414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "composite bow" }],
              "question": "What Scythian weapon was used during this era?",
              "id": "56fb76b08ddada1400cd6415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 885, "text": "Hunnic composite bow" }
              ],
              "question": "What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?",
              "id": "56fb76b08ddada1400cd6416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1075, "text": "mail" }],
              "question": "Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?",
              "id": "56fb76b08ddada1400cd6417"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its \"treasure binding\" of gold encrusted with jewels. Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "illuminated manuscripts" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?",
              "id": "56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 804, "text": "the Cross of Lothair" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable cross made during this era?",
              "id": "56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 989, "text": "Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?",
              "id": "56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1363, "text": "Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?",
              "id": "56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 953, "text": "Guarrazar" }],
              "question": "Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?",
              "id": "56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "heavy cavalry" }],
              "question": "The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?",
              "id": "56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Anglo-Saxon England" }
              ],
              "question": "What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?",
              "id": "56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "the crossbow" }],
              "question": "What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "the stirrup" }],
              "question": "Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?",
              "id": "56fb78ce8ddada1400cd6420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "infantry" }],
              "question": "Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb78ce8ddada1400cd6421"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested. As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond, with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "80 million" }],
              "question": "What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?",
              "id": "56fb795e8ddada1400cd6427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?",
              "id": "56fb795e8ddada1400cd6428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?",
              "id": "56fb795e8ddada1400cd6429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "villages" }],
              "question": "Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?",
              "id": "56fb795e8ddada1400cd642a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "assarting" }],
              "question": "What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?",
              "id": "56fb795e8ddada1400cd642b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism. During the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands, or fiefs, came to be considered hereditary, and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period. Instead, most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son.[R] The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land, its military service as heavy cavalry, control of castles, and various immunities from taxes or other impositions.[S] Castles, initially in wood but later in stone, began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time, and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals. Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords. Nobles were stratified; kings and the highest-ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land, as well as other nobles. Beneath them, lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people. Knights were the lowest level of nobility; they controlled but did not own land, and had to serve other nobles.[T]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "11th and 12th" }],
              "question": "In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?",
              "id": "56fb79f28ddada1400cd6431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "the eldest son" }],
              "question": "In this period, who usually inherited fiefs?",
              "id": "56fb79f28ddada1400cd6432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "wood" }],
              "question": "What were castles originally built out of?",
              "id": "56fb79f28ddada1400cd6433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1315, "text": "Knights" }],
              "question": "What group constituted the lowest nobility?",
              "id": "56fb79f28ddada1400cd6434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "In what century were castles first built?",
              "id": "56fb79f28ddada1400cd6435"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility, the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy. The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class. Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position, as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles, clergy, and peasants. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded. But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the secular clergy" }],
              "question": "What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?",
              "id": "56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "regular clergy" }],
              "question": "What type of clergy were monks?",
              "id": "56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "less than one per cent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?",
              "id": "56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "the nobility" }],
              "question": "What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?",
              "id": "56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "the peasant class" }],
              "question": "From what class were many parish priests?",
              "id": "56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants.[U] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe\u2014pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "cities" }],
              "question": "In what type of settlement did most Jews live?",
              "id": "56fb7af18ddada1400cd6445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "the 11th and 12th" }],
              "question": "In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?",
              "id": "56fb7af18ddada1400cd6446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?",
              "id": "56fb7af18ddada1400cd6447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Eastern" }],
              "question": "In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?",
              "id": "56fb7af18ddada1400cd6448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "pagan" }],
              "question": "What was the religion of the Slavs?",
              "id": "56fb7af18ddada1400cd6449"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household, child-care, as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house. They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home. At harvest-time, they were also expected to help with field-work. Townswomen, like peasant women, were responsible for the household, and could also engage in trade. What trades were open to women varied by country and period. Noblewomen were responsible for running a household, and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives, but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs. The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns, as they were unable to become priests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "taking care of the household" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?",
              "id": "56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd644f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "brewing" }],
              "question": "Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?",
              "id": "56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "help with field-work" }
              ],
              "question": "What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?",
              "id": "56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1038, "text": "nuns" }],
              "question": "What role did women fill in the Church?",
              "id": "56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6452"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean.[V] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Baltic" }],
              "question": "What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?",
              "id": "56fb7c108ddada1400cd6457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Genoa" }],
              "question": "Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?",
              "id": "56fb7c108ddada1400cd6458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Marco Polo" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?",
              "id": "56fb7c108ddada1400cd6459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1244, "text": "double-entry bookkeeping" }
              ],
              "question": "What accounting method was utilized in this period?",
              "id": "56fb7c108ddada1400cd645a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1055, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?",
              "id": "56fb7c108ddada1400cd645b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King \u00c1rp\u00e1d (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198\u20131216). Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb7c988ddada1400cd6461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "\u00c1rp\u00e1d" }],
              "question": "Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?",
              "id": "56fb7c988ddada1400cd6462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "1198" }],
              "question": "When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?",
              "id": "56fb7c988ddada1400cd6463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb7c988ddada1400cd6464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "900" }],
              "question": "In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?",
              "id": "56fb7c988ddada1400cd6465"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084\u20131105) over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy. His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111\u201325), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155\u201390) took the imperial throne. Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220\u20131250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy. He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Ottonian" }],
              "question": "What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb7d088ddada1400cd646b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Salian" }],
              "question": "What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?",
              "id": "56fb7d088ddada1400cd646c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1084" }],
              "question": "When did Henry IV's reign begin?",
              "id": "56fb7d088ddada1400cd646d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Investiture Controversy" }
              ],
              "question": "The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?",
              "id": "56fb7d088ddada1400cd646e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Frederick II" }],
              "question": "What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?",
              "id": "56fb7d088ddada1400cd646f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the \u00cele-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035\u20131087), conquered England (r. 1066\u201387) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154\u201389) and his son Richard I (r. 1189\u201399), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199\u20131216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180\u20131223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216\u201372), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226\u201370), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "William the Conqueror" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?",
              "id": "56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "1066\u201387" }],
              "question": "During what period did William reign over England?",
              "id": "56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "1085" }],
              "question": "When did Robert Guiscard die?",
              "id": "56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Kingdom of Sicily" }],
              "question": "What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?",
              "id": "56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Angevin" }],
              "question": "To what dynasty did Henry II belong?",
              "id": "56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6479"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of Le\u00f3n, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states, initially under the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas, who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s. Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century, culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "the Reconquista" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?",
              "id": "56fb7df48ddada1400cd647f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?",
              "id": "56fb7df48ddada1400cd6480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Navarre" }],
              "question": "Along with Le\u00f3n, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?",
              "id": "56fb7df48ddada1400cd6481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba" }
              ],
              "question": "What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?",
              "id": "56fb7df48ddada1400cd6482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "the Almohad Caliphate" }
              ],
              "question": "What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?",
              "id": "56fb7df48ddada1400cd6483"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068\u201371). The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor, which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland. Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat, they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive. The Turks also had difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars. The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria, which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "1060s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?",
              "id": "56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "1071" }],
              "question": "In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?",
              "id": "56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?",
              "id": "56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "the Fatimids of Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?",
              "id": "56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?",
              "id": "56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088\u201399) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081\u20131118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Urban II" }],
              "question": "What pope launched the First crusade?",
              "id": "56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the Council of Clermont" }
              ],
              "question": "At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?",
              "id": "56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1095" }],
              "question": "In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?",
              "id": "56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Alexios I Komnenos" }
              ],
              "question": "What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?",
              "id": "56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "1099" }],
              "question": "In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?",
              "id": "56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187.[Z] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "to regain Jerusalem" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?",
              "id": "56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Saladin" }],
              "question": "Who took Jerusalem in 1187?",
              "id": "56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1203" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?",
              "id": "56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Latin Empire of Constantinople"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?",
              "id": "56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?",
              "id": "56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers. Another order, the Teutonic Knights, although originally founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "southern France" }],
              "question": "Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?",
              "id": "56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "Marienburg" }],
              "question": "Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?",
              "id": "56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 681,
                  "text": "the Order of the Sword Brothers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?",
              "id": "56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?",
              "id": "56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "14th" }],
              "question": "What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?",
              "id": "56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe, signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities. Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt by 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, most notably Aristotle and the Bible. This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "realists" }],
              "question": "What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?",
              "id": "56fb7fc38ddada1400cd6489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?",
              "id": "56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "1164" }],
              "question": "When did Peter Lombard die?",
              "id": "56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "scholasticism" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?",
              "id": "56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" }],
              "question": "Who authored the Summa Theologica?",
              "id": "56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or \"songs of great deeds\", such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand. Secular and religious histories were also produced. Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae, a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury's (d. c. 1143) Gesta Regum on the kings of England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "songs of great deeds" }
              ],
              "question": "What does chansons de geste mean in English?",
              "id": "56fb80258ddada1400cd6493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "The Song of Hildebrand" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?",
              "id": "56fb80258ddada1400cd6494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?",
              "id": "56fb80258ddada1400cd6495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Arthur" }],
              "question": "What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?",
              "id": "56fb80258ddada1400cd6496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 701, "text": "Emperor Frederick Barbarossa" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?",
              "id": "56fb80258ddada1400cd6497"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law\u2014the Decretum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "ecclesiastical law" }],
              "question": "What is another name for canon law?",
              "id": "56fb80728ddada1400cd649d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Secular law" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Roman law?",
              "id": "56fb80728ddada1400cd649e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Bologna" }],
              "question": "Where could one study Roman law in 1100?",
              "id": "56fb80728ddada1400cd649f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?",
              "id": "56fb80728ddada1400cd64a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Gratian" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Decretum?",
              "id": "56fb80728ddada1400cd64a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "algebra" }],
              "question": "What invention led to advances in mathematics?",
              "id": "56fb81078ddada1400cd64a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Almagest" }],
              "question": "What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?",
              "id": "56fb81078ddada1400cd64a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "In what language was Almagest originally written?",
              "id": "56fb81078ddada1400cd64a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Salerno" }],
              "question": "In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?",
              "id": "56fb81078ddada1400cd64aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?",
              "id": "56fb81078ddada1400cd64ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan, probably working in or near Pisa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "mechanical clocks" }],
              "question": "Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?",
              "id": "56fb815eb28b3419009f1da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Concave spectacles" }
              ],
              "question": "What was invented in approximately 1286?",
              "id": "56fb815eb28b3419009f1da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Pisa" }],
              "question": "Near what city were concave spectacles invented?",
              "id": "56fb815eb28b3419009f1da4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "one half" }],
              "question": "What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?",
              "id": "56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?",
              "id": "56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "the horse collar" }],
              "question": "What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?",
              "id": "56fb81e5b28b3419009f1daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the heavy plough" }],
              "question": "What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?",
              "id": "56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "faster" }],
              "question": "In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?",
              "id": "56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon. Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "houses" }],
              "question": "Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?",
              "id": "56fb824db28b3419009f1db2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "mortise and tenon" }],
              "question": "What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?",
              "id": "56fb824db28b3419009f1db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "rib and plank" }],
              "question": "What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?",
              "id": "56fb824db28b3419009f1db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "stern-post" }],
              "question": "What type of rudder was introduced during this period?",
              "id": "56fb824db28b3419009f1db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "lateen" }],
              "question": "What type of sails were first used during this era?",
              "id": "56fb824db28b3419009f1db6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries.[AB] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets, heavy body armour, as well as horse armour. Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "13th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?",
              "id": "56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "the English" }],
              "question": "Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?",
              "id": "56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "the Scots" }],
              "question": "Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?",
              "id": "56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "1320s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?",
              "id": "56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "The increasing use of crossbows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?",
              "id": "56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque, the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form. Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe. Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults. The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of fa\u00e7ades, especially in France, and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals. According to art historian C. R. Dodwell, \"virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings\", of which few survive. Simultaneous with the development in church architecture, the distinctive European form of the castle was developed, and became crucial to politics and warfare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?",
              "id": "56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "arched stone vaults" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?",
              "id": "56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "C. R. Dodwell" }],
              "question": "Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?",
              "id": "56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1110, "text": "the castle" }],
              "question": "What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?",
              "id": "56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?",
              "id": "56fb8371b28b3419009f1dca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Li\u00e8ge, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Nicholas of Verdun" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?",
              "id": "56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "1205" }],
              "question": "What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?",
              "id": "56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?",
              "id": "56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 677, "text": "on the barrel-vaulted roof" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?",
              "id": "56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Gloucester Candlestick" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?",
              "id": "56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?",
              "id": "56fb847db28b3419009f1dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?",
              "id": "56fb847db28b3419009f1ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Chartres" }],
              "question": "Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?",
              "id": "56fb847db28b3419009f1ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Salisbury Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?",
              "id": "56fb847db28b3419009f1ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?",
              "id": "56fb847db28b3419009f1dde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio, followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Janetta Benton" }],
              "question": "Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?",
              "id": "56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Metalwork" }],
              "question": "What form of art had the most prestige in this era?",
              "id": "56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "1337" }],
              "question": "When did Giotto die?",
              "id": "56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "ivory" }],
              "question": "What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?",
              "id": "56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Cimabue" }],
              "question": "Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?",
              "id": "56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the M\u00e2con region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what century was thought given to monastic reform?",
              "id": "56fb853fb28b3419009f1dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "909" }],
              "question": "In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?",
              "id": "56fb853fb28b3419009f1def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "M\u00e2con" }],
              "question": "In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?",
              "id": "56fb853fb28b3419009f1df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "austerity" }],
              "question": "Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?",
              "id": "56fb853fb28b3419009f1df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Cluniac Reforms" }],
              "question": "What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?",
              "id": "56fb853fb28b3419009f1df2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049\u20131054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073\u201385) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?",
              "id": "56fb85aab28b3419009f1df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1049" }],
              "question": "When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?",
              "id": "56fb85aab28b3419009f1df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Pope Gregory VII" }],
              "question": "What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?",
              "id": "56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "1122" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?",
              "id": "56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1003, "text": "German princes" }],
              "question": "What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?",
              "id": "56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153). These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life. Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged. Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors, and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Cistercians" }],
              "question": "What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?",
              "id": "56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1153" }],
              "question": "When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?",
              "id": "56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "Monte Gargano" }],
              "question": "Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?",
              "id": "56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "Compostela" }],
              "question": "Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Carthusians" }],
              "question": "Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 13th century mendicant orders\u2014the Franciscans and the Dominicans\u2014who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars, another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade, which in combination with the medieval Inquisition, eliminated them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Franciscans" }],
              "question": "Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?",
              "id": "56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "poverty" }],
              "question": "What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?",
              "id": "56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "begging" }],
              "question": "How did the mendicant orders make a living?",
              "id": "56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "the Albigensian Crusade" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the crusade against the Cathars called?",
              "id": "56fb869f8ddada1400cd64be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "the Waldensians" }],
              "question": "Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?",
              "id": "56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315\u201317. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313\u201314 and 1317\u201321 were excessively rainy throughout Europe, resulting in widespread crop failures. The climate change\u2014which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century\u2014was accompanied by an economic downturn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1315\u201317" }],
              "question": "In what years did the Great Famine occur?",
              "id": "56fb87368ddada1400cd64c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Little Ice Age" }
              ],
              "question": "What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?",
              "id": "56fb87368ddada1400cd64c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the Medieval Warm Period" }
              ],
              "question": "What period preceded the Little Ice Age?",
              "id": "56fb87368ddada1400cd64c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "1313\u201314" }],
              "question": "Along with 1317\u201321, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?",
              "id": "56fb87368ddada1400cd64c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "14th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?",
              "id": "56fb87368ddada1400cd64c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, manifested by the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants, and the scapegoating of Jews. Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1347" }],
              "question": "When did the Black Death start?",
              "id": "56fb879b8ddada1400cd64cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many million people died from the Black Death?",
              "id": "56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "the jacquerie" }],
              "question": "What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?",
              "id": "56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 769, "text": "the Peasants' Revolt" }
              ],
              "question": "What English popular revolt took place during this period?",
              "id": "56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "Florence" }],
              "question": "What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?",
              "id": "56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?",
              "id": "56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?",
              "id": "56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Eastern" }],
              "question": "In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?",
              "id": "56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "cash rents" }],
              "question": "Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?",
              "id": "56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1013, "text": "chivalry" }],
              "question": "What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?",
              "id": "56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1290" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Jews expelled from England?",
              "id": "56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1306" }],
              "question": "What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?",
              "id": "56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?",
              "id": "56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?",
              "id": "56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Holland" }],
              "question": "Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?",
              "id": "56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled. Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?",
              "id": "56fb896db28b3419009f1e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Paying for the wars" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?",
              "id": "56fb896db28b3419009f1e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?",
              "id": "56fb896db28b3419009f1e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "Estates General" }],
              "question": "What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?",
              "id": "56fb896db28b3419009f1e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "the peasantry" }],
              "question": "What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?",
              "id": "56fb896db28b3419009f1e1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to 1453. Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327\u201377) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376),[AF] won the battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers, captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France.[AG] The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. In the early 15th century, France again came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453. The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity, doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture, which had previously been the dominant influence. The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years' War, and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Cr\u00e9cy in 1346.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "1337" }],
              "question": "When did the Hundred Years' War begin?",
              "id": "56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "the Black Prince" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?",
              "id": "56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1327" }],
              "question": "When did the reign of Edward III begin?",
              "id": "56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Cr\u00e9cy" }],
              "question": "Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?",
              "id": "56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "1420s" }],
              "question": "What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?",
              "id": "56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century, while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns. After losing the Hundred Years' War, England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses, which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor (r. 1485\u20131509 as Henry VII) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III (r. 1483\u201385) at Bosworth in 1485. In Scandinavia, Margaret I of Denmark (r. in Denmark 1387\u20131412) consolidated Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar, which continued until 1523. The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League, a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia. Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce (r. 1306\u201329), who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Bohemia" }],
              "question": "Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?",
              "id": "56fb8d378ddada1400cd64d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?",
              "id": "56fb8d378ddada1400cd64da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?",
              "id": "56fb8d378ddada1400cd64db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Henry VII" }],
              "question": "What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?",
              "id": "56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 903, "text": "Norway" }],
              "question": "Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?",
              "id": "56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Palaeologi" }],
              "question": "Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?",
              "id": "56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Venice" }],
              "question": "Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?",
              "id": "56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Ottomans" }],
              "question": "What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?",
              "id": "56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "1366" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?",
              "id": "56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "Serbia" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?",
              "id": "56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305\u201378, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417\u201331) as pope.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1305\u201378" }],
              "question": "During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?",
              "id": "56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?",
              "id": "56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "1418" }],
              "question": "When did the Great Schism end?",
              "id": "56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?",
              "id": "56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "Martin V" }],
              "question": "Who was made pope in 1417?",
              "id": "56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285\u20131314) and the Hospitallers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?",
              "id": "56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1415" }],
              "question": "In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?",
              "id": "56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the laity" }],
              "question": "Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?",
              "id": "56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Hussitism" }],
              "question": "What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?",
              "id": "56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "burned at the stake" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Jan Hus die?",
              "id": "56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the Devil. Mystics such as Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas \u00e0 Kempis (d. 1471) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life, which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum, the most popular handbook for witch-hunters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the clergy" }],
              "question": "In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?",
              "id": "56fb9117b28b3419009f1e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "1471" }],
              "question": "When did Thomas \u00e0 Kempis die?",
              "id": "56fb9117b28b3419009f1e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "1484" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Church condemn witches?",
              "id": "56fb9117b28b3419009f1e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "1486" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?",
              "id": "56fb9117b28b3419009f1e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 816, "text": "handbook for witch-hunters" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Malleus Maleficarum?",
              "id": "56fb9117b28b3419009f1e38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The lone exception to this trend was in England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Other countries codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in Castile, Poland, and Lithuania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "scholasticism" }],
              "question": "What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?",
              "id": "56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "customary law" }],
              "question": "Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?",
              "id": "56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?",
              "id": "56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "Lithuania" }],
              "question": "Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "universals" }],
              "question": "What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?",
              "id": "56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium\u2014grammar, rhetoric, logic\u2014were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "training of future clergy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main purpose of education in this period?",
              "id": "56fb92688ddada1400cd6501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "grammar" }],
              "question": "Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium?",
              "id": "56fb92688ddada1400cd6502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500?",
              "id": "56fb92688ddada1400cd6503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read?",
              "id": "56fb92688ddada1400cd6504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "a village priest" }],
              "question": "Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers?",
              "id": "56fb92688ddada1400cd6505"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and Fran\u00e7ois Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Petrarch" }],
              "question": "Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?",
              "id": "56fb92c78ddada1400cd650b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "1400" }],
              "question": "When did Chaucer die?",
              "id": "56fb92c78ddada1400cd650c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Christine de Pizan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a notable female French author of this period?",
              "id": "56fb92c78ddada1400cd650d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "In what language was most religious literature of this period written?",
              "id": "56fb92c78ddada1400cd650e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Meister Eckhart" }],
              "question": "Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?",
              "id": "56fb92c78ddada1400cd650f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?",
              "id": "56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Prince Henry the Navigator" }
              ],
              "question": "What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?",
              "id": "56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Vasco da Gama" }],
              "question": "What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?",
              "id": "56fb9339b28b3419009f1e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "the Americas" }],
              "question": "What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?",
              "id": "56fb9339b28b3419009f1e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Henry VII" }],
              "question": "What English monarch financed John Cabot?",
              "id": "56fb9339b28b3419009f1e42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "infantry" }],
              "question": "Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "longbowmen" }],
              "question": "What troops were uniquely successful in English service?",
              "id": "56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "the increasing power of crossbows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influenced the increasing development of armor?",
              "id": "56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "pikes" }],
              "question": "What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?",
              "id": "56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "hand-held guns" }],
              "question": "Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?",
              "id": "56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill, allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing. The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the traditional distaff" }
              ],
              "question": "What was replaced by the spinning wheel?",
              "id": "56fb942cb28b3419009f1e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "buttons" }],
              "question": "What invention replaced laces on clothing?",
              "id": "56fb942cb28b3419009f1e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "the tower mill" }],
              "question": "What new type of windmill was invented in this period?",
              "id": "56fb942cb28b3419009f1e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "Sweden" }],
              "question": "In what country did the blast furnace first appear?",
              "id": "56fb942cb28b3419009f1e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Venice" }],
              "question": "Where did patent law originate?",
              "id": "56fb942cb28b3419009f1e56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets, cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mud\u00e9jar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup. Italian silk manufacture developed, so that western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "1400" }],
              "question": "Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?",
              "id": "56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?",
              "id": "56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Early Renaissance" }],
              "question": "Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "Mud\u00e9jar potters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?",
              "id": "56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 950, "text": "the Royal Gold Cup" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?",
              "id": "56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive. There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula, or works printed before 1500, by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts, nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century. More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Giovanni Pisano" }],
              "question": "Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea?",
              "id": "56fb955db28b3419009f1e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Painted" }],
              "question": "Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period?",
              "id": "56fb955db28b3419009f1e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "1464" }],
              "question": "When did Rogier van der Weyden die?",
              "id": "56fb955db28b3419009f1e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Netherlandish" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck?",
              "id": "56fb955db28b3419009f1e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 825, "text": "works printed before 1500" }
              ],
              "question": "What does incunabula refer to?",
              "id": "56fb955db28b3419009f1e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period, to the detriment of the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Enlightenment" }],
              "question": "Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?",
              "id": "56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "the Classical world" }
              ],
              "question": "What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?",
              "id": "56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "as a time of ignorance and superstition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "faith" }],
              "question": "What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?",
              "id": "56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, \"If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities\". Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, \"the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Science" }],
              "question": "What is Edward Grant a historian of?",
              "id": "56fb966eb28b3419009f1e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "David Lindberg" }],
              "question": "Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?",
              "id": "56fb966eb28b3419009f1e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?",
              "id": "56fb966eb28b3419009f1e7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, another scholar of the period, state that there \"was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference\". Other misconceptions such as \"the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages\", \"the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science\", or \"the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy\", are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?",
              "id": "56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "dissections" }],
              "question": "Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?",
              "id": "56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "ancient science" }],
              "question": "According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?",
              "id": "56fb971fb28b3419009f1e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "natural philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?",
              "id": "56fb971fb28b3419009f1e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Ronald Numbers" }],
              "question": "Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "56fb971fb28b3419009f1e82"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Phonology",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "linguistics" }],
              "question": "What is phonology a branch of?",
              "id": "56fc2c4e00a8df19004037be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "phonemes" }],
              "question": "What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? ",
              "id": "56fc2c4e00a8df19004037bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Phonology" }],
              "question": "The study of sign language is a part of what?",
              "id": "56fc2c4e00a8df19004037c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "the phonological system" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?",
              "id": "56fc2e0800a8df19004037c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "sound system" }],
              "question": "What is another term for phonological system?",
              "id": "56fc2e0800a8df19004037c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "vocabulary" }],
              "question": "Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?",
              "id": "56fc2e0800a8df19004037c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "fundamental" }],
              "question": "What sort of language system is phonology?",
              "id": "56fc2e0800a8df19004037c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics, although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "phonetics" }],
              "question": "What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?",
              "id": "56fc2f352603e71400409ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "descriptive" }],
              "question": "What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?",
              "id": "56fc2f352603e71400409ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "linguistics" }],
              "question": "Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?",
              "id": "56fc2f352603e71400409ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "mid 20th century" }],
              "question": "When was the phonome's modern concept developed?",
              "id": "56fc2f352603e71400409ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "speech perception" }],
              "question": "What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? ",
              "id": "56fc2f352603e71400409ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word phonology comes from the Greek \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae, ph\u014dn\u1e17, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00f3gos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundz\u00fcge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertaining to the system of language,\" as opposed to phonetics, which is \"the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech\" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, \"phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items.\" According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does phonology as a word come from?",
              "id": "56fc2fec2603e71400409ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "l\u00f3gos" }],
              "question": "What Greek word is -logy derived from?",
              "id": "56fc2fec2603e71400409ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Nikolai Trubetzkoy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who in 1939 defined phonology?",
              "id": "56fc2fec2603e71400409fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "speech" }],
              "question": "A distinction was drawn between language and what?",
              "id": "56fc2fec2603e7140040a000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did Lass write about phonology?",
              "id": "56fc2fec2603e7140040a001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by P\u0101\u1e47ini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of morphology, syntax and semantics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?",
              "id": "56fc30d800a8df19004037e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Ashtadhyayi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?",
              "id": "56fc30d800a8df19004037e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "P\u0101\u1e47ini" }],
              "question": "Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?",
              "id": "56fc30d800a8df19004037e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "4th century BC" }],
              "question": "During what time period did Panini do his work?",
              "id": "56fc30d800a8df19004037e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Shiva Sutras" }],
              "question": "What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?",
              "id": "56fc30d800a8df19004037e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Miko\u0142aj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now called allophony and morphophonology), and had a significant influence on the work of Ferdinand de Saussure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?",
              "id": "56fc316300a8df19004037ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Miko\u0142aj Kruszewski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?",
              "id": "56fc316300a8df19004037eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Polish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was de Courtenay?",
              "id": "56fc316300a8df19004037ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "scholar" }],
              "question": "What was de Courtenay's profession?",
              "id": "56fc316300a8df19004037ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Ferdinand de Saussure" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was influenced by  Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?",
              "id": "56fc316300a8df19004037ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundz\u00fcge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of morphophonology, although this concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the archiphoneme. Another important figure in the Prague school was Roman Jakobson, who was one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Principles of Phonology" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?",
              "id": "56fc36ad2603e7140040a01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was Principles of Phonology published?",
              "id": "56fc36ad2603e7140040a01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "morphophonology" }],
              "question": "What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?",
              "id": "56fc36ad2603e7140040a01d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "the Prague school." }],
              "question": "What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?",
              "id": "56fc36ad2603e7140040a01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Prince" }],
              "question": "What was Trubetzkoy's title?",
              "id": "56fc36ad2603e7140040a01f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set, and have the binary values + or \u2212. There are at least two levels of representation: underlying representation and surface phonetic representation. Ordered phonological rules govern how underlying representation is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form). An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the generativists folded morphophonology into phonology, which both solved and created problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was The Sound Pattern of English published?",
              "id": "56fc38192603e7140040a025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Morris Halle" }],
              "question": "Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?",
              "id": "56fc38192603e7140040a026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 820, "text": "emphasis on segments" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?",
              "id": "56fc38192603e7140040a027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "morphophonology" }],
              "question": "What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists?",
              "id": "56fc38192603e7140040a028"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on distinctive features within prosodic groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously (though the output of one process may be the input to another). The second most prominent natural phonologist is Patricia Donegan (Stampe's wife); there are many natural phonologists in Europe, and a few in the U.S., such as Geoffrey Nathan. The principles of natural phonology were extended to morphology by Wolfgang U. Dressler, who founded natural morphology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "David Stampe" }],
              "question": "Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3a7400a8df1900403806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "a set of universal phonological processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Stampe what is phonology based on?",
              "id": "56fc3a7400a8df1900403807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "suppressed" }],
              "question": "Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?",
              "id": "56fc3a7400a8df1900403808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Patricia Donegan" }],
              "question": "Who is the number two natural phonologist?  ",
              "id": "56fc3a7400a8df1900403809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 901, "text": "Wolfgang U. Dressler" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the founder of natural morphology?",
              "id": "56fc3a7400a8df190040380a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved into feature geometry, which became the standard theory of representation for theories of the organization of phonology as different as lexical phonology and optimality theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "John Goldsmith" }],
              "question": "Who founded autosegmental phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3b342603e7140040a037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did John Goldsmith share his work?",
              "id": "56fc3b342603e7140040a038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "feature geometry" }],
              "question": "What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?",
              "id": "56fc3b342603e7140040a039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, and John Harris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "the early 1980s" }],
              "question": "When was Government phonology first seen?",
              "id": "56fc3bd800a8df1900403816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "restricted variation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3bd800a8df1900403818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Government" }],
              "question": "Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3bd800a8df1900403817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory\u2014an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?",
              "id": "56fc3e072603e7140040a03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "LSA summer institute" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was optimality theory created?",
              "id": "56fc3e072603e7140040a03e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "John McCarthy" }],
              "question": "Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?",
              "id": "56fc3e072603e7140040a03f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 709, "text": "Mark Hale and Charles Reiss" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?",
              "id": "56fc3e072603e7140040a040"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "strict-CV phonology" }
              ],
              "question": "What followed government phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3e7800a8df1900403824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "the United Kingdom," }
              ],
              "question": "Where is government phonology popular?",
              "id": "56fc3e7800a8df1900403825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "optimality theory" }],
              "question": "What theory is seen more in the US?",
              "id": "56fc3e7800a8df1900403826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "phonological theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?",
              "id": "56fc3f0e00a8df190040382a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "synchronic and diachronic accounts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?",
              "id": "56fc3f0e00a8df190040382b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "recent years." }],
              "question": "When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?",
              "id": "56fc3f0e00a8df190040382c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "integrated" }],
              "question": "What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?",
              "id": "56fc3f0e00a8df190040382d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the \"p\" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [p\u02b0]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [p\u02b0] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as \"the same\" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "phonemes" }],
              "question": "What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?",
              "id": "56fc43d900a8df1900403832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "allophones" }],
              "question": "What is another word for variations?",
              "id": "56fc43d900a8df1900403833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "unaspirated" }],
              "question": "What is the opposite of aspirated?",
              "id": "56fc43d900a8df1900403834"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "phonological" }],
              "question": "What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?",
              "id": "56fc44bb2603e7140040a04b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "sound inventory" }],
              "question": "Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?",
              "id": "56fc44bb2603e7140040a04c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "native" }],
              "question": "What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? ",
              "id": "56fc44bb2603e7140040a04d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "historical" }],
              "question": "What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?",
              "id": "56fc86e1b53dbe190075511d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "contrasts" }],
              "question": "With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?",
              "id": "56fc86e1b53dbe190075511e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the same phoneme" }],
              "question": "In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?",
              "id": "56fc86e1b53dbe190075511f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "complicate" }],
              "question": "How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?",
              "id": "56fc87acb53dbe1900755123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "unrecognizable" }],
              "question": "How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?",
              "id": "56fc87acb53dbe1900755124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "speech perception" }],
              "question": "What does splicing words affect?",
              "id": "56fc87acb53dbe1900755125"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "sounds" }],
              "question": "What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?",
              "id": "56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "brain" }],
              "question": "What part of a human does language processing?",
              "id": "56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "allophones" }],
              "question": "The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?",
              "id": "56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "early 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?",
              "id": "56fc89bbb53dbe1900755129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "abstract" }],
              "question": "On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?",
              "id": "56fc89bbb53dbe190075512a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "morphophonemes" }],
              "question": "What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?",
              "id": "56fc89bbb53dbe190075512b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "morphophonology" }],
              "question": "What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?",
              "id": "56fc89bbb53dbe190075512c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "theoretical" }],
              "question": "What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?",
              "id": "56fc89bbb53dbe190075512d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "meaning" }],
              "question": "What do phonemes differentiate? ",
              "id": "56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "how sounds alternate" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?",
              "id": "56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "phonology" }],
              "question": "The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?",
              "id": "56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "prosody" }],
              "question": "Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?",
              "id": "56fc975cb53dbe1900755133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "feeding" }],
              "question": "Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?",
              "id": "56fc975cb53dbe1900755134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Phonology" }],
              "question": "Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?",
              "id": "56fc975cb53dbe1900755135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "prosody" }],
              "question": "Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?",
              "id": "56fc975cb53dbe1900755136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "general analytical tools" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?",
              "id": "56fc989fb53dbe190075513b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "sign languages" }],
              "question": "What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?",
              "id": "56fc989fb53dbe190075513c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "modality" }],
              "question": "What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?",
              "id": "56fc989fb53dbe190075513d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "sub-lexical units" }],
              "question": "In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?",
              "id": "56fc989fb53dbe190075513e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Computer",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "central processing unit" }
              ],
              "question": "In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?",
              "id": "56fdc40c19033b140034cd4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Peripheral devices" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the devices called that are from an external source?",
              "id": "56fdc40c19033b140034cd4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "(CPU), and some form of memory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two things that a computer always has?",
              "id": "56fdc40c19033b140034cd4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "astronomical calculations" }
              ],
              "question": "What were analog computers originally used for?",
              "id": "56fdc48f19033b140034cd53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "World War II," }],
              "question": "During what war were computers first used for military applications?",
              "id": "56fdc48f19033b140034cd54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "personal computers" }
              ],
              "question": "In computer terms, what does PC stand for?",
              "id": "56fdc48f19033b140034cd55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what war were the first digital computers invented?",
              "id": "56fdc48f19033b140034cd56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as \"computers\". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "integrated circuits" }
              ],
              "question": "Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?",
              "id": "56fdc4f319033b140034cd5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "millions to billions of times" }
              ],
              "question": "How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?",
              "id": "56fdc4f319033b140034cd5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1613" }],
              "question": "When was the first known use of the word \"computer\"?",
              "id": "56fdc5b519033b140034cd5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "The Yong Mans Gleanings" }
              ],
              "question": "In which book, was the term \"computer\" first used?",
              "id": "56fdc5b519033b140034cd60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Richard Braithwait" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?",
              "id": "56fdc5b519033b140034cd61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "From the end of what century, did the word \"computer\" take its well known meaning of today?",
              "id": "56fdc5b519033b140034cd62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "a form of tally stick" }
              ],
              "question": "The earliest device to help count was what?",
              "id": "56fdc60e19033b140034cd67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "(clay spheres, cones, etc.)" }
              ],
              "question": "Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?",
              "id": "56fdc60e19033b140034cd68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "arithmetic tasks" }],
              "question": "What was the abacus first used for?",
              "id": "56fdc67a19033b140034cd6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "2400 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Roman abacus first used?",
              "id": "56fdc67a19033b140034cd6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Babylonia" }],
              "question": "Where was the Roman abacus first used?",
              "id": "56fdc67a19033b140034cd6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "a checkered cloth" }],
              "question": "In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?",
              "id": "56fdc67a19033b140034cd6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "sums of money" }],
              "question": "A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?",
              "id": "56fdc67a19033b140034cd6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Antikythera mechanism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?",
              "id": "56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?",
              "id": "56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?",
              "id": "56fdc6e7761e401900d28be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Kythera and Crete" }],
              "question": "Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?",
              "id": "56fdc6e7761e401900d28be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Derek J. de Solla Price." }
              ],
              "question": "The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?",
              "id": "56fdc6e7761e401900d28bde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the planisphere?",
              "id": "56fdc764761e401900d28be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Hipparchus" }],
              "question": "Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?",
              "id": "56fdc764761e401900d28be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "the planisphere and dioptra" }
              ],
              "question": "The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?",
              "id": "56fdc764761e401900d28be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "1235" }],
              "question": "The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?",
              "id": "56fdc764761e401900d28bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Persia" }],
              "question": "The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?",
              "id": "56fdc764761e401900d28beb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century?",
              "id": "56fdc789761e401900d28bf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The slide rule was invented around 1620\u20131630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions. Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use, particularly for solving time\u2013distance problems in light aircraft. To save space and for ease of reading, these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape. A popular example is the E6B.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1620\u20131630" }],
              "question": "When was the slide rule first invented?",
              "id": "56fdc947761e401900d28bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "doing multiplication and division."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the slide rule used for?",
              "id": "56fdc947761e401900d28bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Aviation" }],
              "question": "What industry are slide rules still used today?",
              "id": "56fdc947761e401900d28bf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" to read instructions. Along with two other complex machines, the doll is at the Mus\u00e9e d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland, and still operates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "a Swiss watchmaker" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz?",
              "id": "56fdc9b8761e401900d28bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the 1770s" }],
              "question": "When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen?",
              "id": "56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'Art et d'Histoire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today?",
              "id": "56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located?",
              "id": "56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented?",
              "id": "56fdca0319033b140034cd75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Sir William Thomson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872?",
              "id": "56fdca0319033b140034cd76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "system of pulleys and wires" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function?",
              "id": "56fdca0319033b140034cd77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "wheel-and-disc" }],
              "question": "What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?",
              "id": "56fdcadf761e401900d28c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Lord Kelvin" }],
              "question": "In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?",
              "id": "56fdcadf761e401900d28c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?",
              "id": "56fdcadf761e401900d28c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Vannevar Bush" }],
              "question": "In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?",
              "id": "56fdcadf761e401900d28c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Babbage" }],
              "question": "Who invented the concept of a programmable computer?",
              "id": "56fdcbae19033b140034cd7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Babbage" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the \"father of the computer\"?",
              "id": "56fdcbae19033b140034cd7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?",
              "id": "56fdcbae19033b140034cd7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?",
              "id": "56fdcbae19033b140034cd7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand \u2014 this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "Henry Babbage" }],
              "question": "Who was Charles Babbage's son?",
              "id": "56fdcc3b19033b140034cd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "Henry Babbage" }],
              "question": "Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit?",
              "id": "56fdcc3b19033b140034cd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "When was the mill created by Henry Babbage?",
              "id": "56fdcc3b19033b140034cd85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given?",
              "id": "56fdcc3b19033b140034cd86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Sir William Thomson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?",
              "id": "56fdcccd761e401900d28c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?",
              "id": "56fdcccd761e401900d28c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "James Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?",
              "id": "56fdcccd761e401900d28c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Lord Kelvin" }],
              "question": "James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?",
              "id": "56fdcccd761e401900d28c0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "MIT" }],
              "question": "Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen?",
              "id": "56fdcd2e761e401900d28c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year?",
              "id": "56fdcd2e761e401900d28c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "H. W. Nieman" }],
              "question": "The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom?",
              "id": "56fdcd2e761e401900d28c13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "50s" }],
              "question": "By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete?",
              "id": "56fdcd6019033b140034cd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Analog computers remain in use in what industries?",
              "id": "56fdcd6019033b140034cd8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt G\u00f6del's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing G\u00f6del's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Alan Turing" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the paper \"On Computable Numbers\"?",
              "id": "56fdda6219033b140034cd8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did Alan Turing write the paper, \"On Computable Numbers\"?",
              "id": "56fdda6219033b140034cd90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del" }],
              "question": "Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931?",
              "id": "56fdda6219033b140034cd91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Universal Turing machine" }
              ],
              "question": "A Universal Machine is known as what today?",
              "id": "56fddf1719033b140034cd95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "the United States Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine?",
              "id": "56fddf75761e401900d28c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine?",
              "id": "56fddf75761e401900d28c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "trigonometry" }],
              "question": "What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?",
              "id": "56fddf75761e401900d28c19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Konrad Zuse" }],
              "question": "Who created the relay computer, the Z2?",
              "id": "56fde0be761e401900d28c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?",
              "id": "56fde0be761e401900d28c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "The Z2" }],
              "question": "What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?",
              "id": "56fde0be761e401900d28c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?",
              "id": "56fde0be761e401900d28c20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5\u201310 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Replacement of the hard-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design) by the simpler binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. The Z3 was Turing complete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?",
              "id": "56fde15e761e401900d28c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "the Z3" }],
              "question": "What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse?",
              "id": "56fde15e761e401900d28c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "How many relays did the Z3 contain?",
              "id": "56fde15e761e401900d28c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "about 5\u201310 Hz" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency?",
              "id": "56fde15e761e401900d28c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3?",
              "id": "56fde15e761e401900d28c29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff\u2013Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first \"automatic electronic digital computer\". This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Post Office Research Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?",
              "id": "56fde2cb761e401900d28c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?",
              "id": "56fde2cb761e401900d28c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?",
              "id": "56fde2cb761e401900d28c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "about 300" }],
              "question": "How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?",
              "id": "56fde2cb761e401900d28c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 603, "text": "Iowa State University" }
              ],
              "question": "At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?",
              "id": "56fde2cb761e401900d28c33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-level Army communications, Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus. He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus. After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Flowers" }],
              "question": "Who built the first Colossus in 1943?",
              "id": "56fde387761e401900d28c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "18 January 1944" }],
              "question": "When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?",
              "id": "56fde387761e401900d28c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": ", the British" }],
              "question": "Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?",
              "id": "56fde387761e401900d28c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Bletchley Park" }],
              "question": "Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?",
              "id": "56fde387761e401900d28c3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total). Colossus Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1, greatly speeding the decoding process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Colossus" }],
              "question": "What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world?",
              "id": "56fde3d4761e401900d28c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "1500 thermionic valves (tubes)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain?",
              "id": "56fde3d4761e401900d28c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "2400" }],
              "question": "How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain?",
              "id": "56fde3d4761e401900d28c43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memory. Like the Colossus, a \"program\" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The US-buils ENIAC stands for what?",
              "id": "56fde41819033b140034cd97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "ENIAC" }],
              "question": "What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States?",
              "id": "56fde41819033b140034cd98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "5000" }],
              "question": "How many times could it add or subtract a second?",
              "id": "56fde79819033b140034cd9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "ENIAC" }],
              "question": "What was the limit of its high speed memory?",
              "id": "56fde79819033b140034cd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "ENIAC was constructed by whom?",
              "id": "56fde79819033b140034cd9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "University of Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?",
              "id": "56fde79819033b140034cd9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When was ENIAC fully operational?",
              "id": "56fde79819033b140034cd9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report \u2018Proposed Electronic Calculator\u2019 was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Alan Turing" }],
              "question": "The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?",
              "id": "56fde82419033b140034cda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?",
              "id": "56fde82419033b140034cda6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?",
              "id": "56fde82419033b140034cda7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "1945." }],
              "question": "The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?",
              "id": "56fde82419033b140034cda8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 688, "text": "University of Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?",
              "id": "56fde82419033b140034cda9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the first random-access digital storage device. Although the computer was considered \"small and primitive\" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Baby" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?",
              "id": "56fde89119033b140034cdaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first stored-program computer in the world?",
              "id": "56fde89119033b140034cdb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Victoria University of Manchester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?",
              "id": "56fde89119033b140034cdb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?",
              "id": "56fde89119033b140034cdb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "21 June 1948" }],
              "question": "When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?",
              "id": "56fde89119033b140034cdb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam. In October 1947, the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951  and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Mark 1" }],
              "question": "What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?",
              "id": "56fde8fe19033b140034cdb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Ferranti Mark 1" }],
              "question": "What was the first available computer for the public?",
              "id": "56fde8fe19033b140034cdba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?",
              "id": "56fde8fe19033b140034cdbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "University of Manchester" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?",
              "id": "56fde8fe19033b140034cdbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "April 1951" }],
              "question": "When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?",
              "id": "56fde8fe19033b140034cdbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1947." }],
              "question": "When was the bipolar transistor created?",
              "id": "56fde92d761e401900d28c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?",
              "id": "56fde92d761e401900d28c48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory, so it was not the first completely transistorized computer. That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955, built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Tom Kilburn" }],
              "question": "At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?",
              "id": "56fdea0919033b140034cdc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?",
              "id": "56fdea0919033b140034cdc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "valves" }],
              "question": "What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?",
              "id": "56fdea0919033b140034cdc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the Harwell CADET?",
              "id": "56fdea0919033b140034cdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Harwell CADET built?",
              "id": "56fdea0919033b140034cdc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Geoffrey W.A. Dummer" }
              ],
              "question": "The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?",
              "id": "56fdea41761e401900d28c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?",
              "id": "56fdea41761e401900d28c4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as \"a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated\". Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where created the first practical integrated circuits?",
              "id": "56fdeafd19033b140034cdcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Texas Instruments" }],
              "question": "Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?",
              "id": "56fdeafd19033b140034cdce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "12 September 1958." }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first functional IC demonstrated?",
              "id": "56fdeafd19033b140034cdcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "germanium" }],
              "question": "What was Kilby's IC made of?",
              "id": "56fdeafd19033b140034cdd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "silicon" }],
              "question": "Noyce's IC was made up of what material?",
              "id": "56fdeafd19033b140034cdd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"microprocessor\", it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Intel 4004" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?",
              "id": "56fdeb6419033b140034cdd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?",
              "id": "56fdeb6419033b140034cdd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Intel." }],
              "question": "Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?",
              "id": "56fdeb6419033b140034cdd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "smartphones" }],
              "question": "Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?",
              "id": "56fdebbf761e401900d28c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "237 million devices" }
              ],
              "question": "How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?",
              "id": "56fdebbf761e401900d28c50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "(gigaflops)" }],
              "question": "Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?",
              "id": "56fdec0119033b140034cddd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "the flow of control" }
              ],
              "question": "When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?",
              "id": "56fdecd819033b140034cddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "the flow of control" }
              ],
              "question": "What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?",
              "id": "56fdecd819033b140034cde0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program[citation needed], architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1165, "text": "Harvard Mark I computer" }
              ],
              "question": "Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?",
              "id": "56fdedfb761e401900d28c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1130, "text": "the Harvard architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?",
              "id": "56fdedfb761e401900d28c54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember \u2013 a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A computer's assembly language is known as what?",
              "id": "56fdee67761e401900d28c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "an assembler." }],
              "question": "Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?",
              "id": "56fdee67761e401900d28c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "machine language" }],
              "question": "Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?",
              "id": "56fdee67761e401900d28c59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "a compiler or an assembler" }
              ],
              "question": "Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?",
              "id": "56fdeebd19033b140034cde3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "an interpreter" }],
              "question": "Programming languages are translated at run time by what?",
              "id": "56fdeebd19033b140034cde4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "a PDA or a hand-held videogame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?",
              "id": "56fdeee819033b140034cde7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually \"compiled\" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler. High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "a compiler" }],
              "question": "Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?",
              "id": "56fdefbe19033b140034cde9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "SQL" }],
              "question": "An example of a 4GL is what?",
              "id": "56fdf01419033b140034cdeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?",
              "id": "56fdf01419033b140034cdec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Errors in computer programs are called \"bugs\". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to \"hang\", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "\"bugs" }],
              "question": "Another name for errors in programs are called what?",
              "id": "56fdf2d419033b140034cdef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?",
              "id": "56fdf2d419033b140034cdf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Admiral Grace Hopper" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the developer of the first compier?",
              "id": "56fdf33b19033b140034cdf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Admiral Grace Hopper" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first coined the term \"bugs\"?",
              "id": "56fdf33b19033b140034cdf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "moth" }],
              "question": "What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?",
              "id": "56fdf33b19033b140034cdf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Harvard Mark II" }],
              "question": "What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?",
              "id": "56fdf33b19033b140034cdf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "September 1947" }],
              "question": "When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?",
              "id": "56fdf33b19033b140034cdf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "arithmetic logic" }],
              "question": "The ALU of a computer stands for what?",
              "id": "56fdf3c119033b140034cdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "I/O" }],
              "question": "Input and output devices are known as what term?",
              "id": "56fdf3c119033b140034cdfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the control unit, the memory" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?",
              "id": "56fdf3c119033b140034cdff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "a bit (binary digit) of information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A circuit in a computer part represents what?",
              "id": "56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "on" }],
              "question": "In positive logic representation a \"1\" represents when a circuit is what?",
              "id": "56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "off" }],
              "question": "In positive logic representation a \"0\" represents when a circuit is what?",
              "id": "56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "a control system or central controller)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other names for a control unit for a computer?",
              "id": "56fdf50019033b140034ce03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "(decodes" }],
              "question": "Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?",
              "id": "56fdf50019033b140034ce04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "a register" }],
              "question": "A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?",
              "id": "56fdf56519033b140034ce07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A register of a CPU keeps track of what?",
              "id": "56fdf56519033b140034ce08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the program counter" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a component that all CPUs have?",
              "id": "56fdf56519033b140034ce09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as \"jumps\" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "the ALU" }],
              "question": "In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?",
              "id": "56fdf63d19033b140034ce0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "\"jumps\"" }],
              "question": "Instructions that change the program counter are called what?",
              "id": "56fdf63d19033b140034ce0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "instructions that are repeated by the computer)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Loops are defined as what?",
              "id": "56fdf63d19033b140034ce0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "microsequencer" }],
              "question": "In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?",
              "id": "56fdf66f761e401900d28c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "CPU" }],
              "question": "A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?",
              "id": "56fdf66f761e401900d28c64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "central processing unit" }
              ],
              "question": "The CPU is an abbreviation for what?",
              "id": "56fdf6df761e401900d28c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The control unit, ALU, and registers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 parts make up the CPU?",
              "id": "56fdf6df761e401900d28c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "a microprocessor" }],
              "question": "CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?",
              "id": "56fdf6df761e401900d28c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "mid-1970s" }],
              "question": "Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?",
              "id": "56fdf6df761e401900d28c6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers, albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation\u2014although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other (\"is 64 greater than 65?\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "sine, cosine," }],
              "question": "Some trigonometry functions are what?",
              "id": "56fdf722761e401900d28c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "(integers" }],
              "question": "The term for whole numbers is what?",
              "id": "56fdf722761e401900d28c70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "AND, OR, XOR, and NOT" }
              ],
              "question": "Boolean logic consists of what?",
              "id": "56fdf73719033b140034ce13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Superscalar" }],
              "question": "Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?",
              "id": "56fdf762761e401900d28c73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered \"address\" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to \"put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357\" or to \"add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595.\" The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "a single number" }],
              "question": "How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?",
              "id": "56fdf80d761e401900d28c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "the software's" }],
              "question": "What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?",
              "id": "56fdf80d761e401900d28c76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or \u2212128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "a byte" }],
              "question": "A group of 8 bits is called what?",
              "id": "56fdf85a761e401900d28c79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "256 different numbers" }
              ],
              "question": "How many numbers can a byte represent?",
              "id": "56fdf85a761e401900d28c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "0 to 255 or \u2212128 to +127" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?",
              "id": "56fdf85a761e401900d28c7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The CPU" }],
              "question": "What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?",
              "id": "56fdf89e761e401900d28c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "two and one hundred registers" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?",
              "id": "56fdf89e761e401900d28c80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "ROM" }],
              "question": "What type of memory can a CPU only read from?",
              "id": "56fdf9de19033b140034ce15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "RAM" }],
              "question": "What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?",
              "id": "56fdf9de19033b140034ce16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "ROM" }],
              "question": "What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?",
              "id": "56fdf9de19033b140034ce17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "the BIOS" }],
              "question": "A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?",
              "id": "56fdf9de19033b140034ce18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "firmware," }],
              "question": "Software stored in ROM is called what usually?",
              "id": "56fdf9de19033b140034ce19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "registers" }],
              "question": "RAM cache memory is slower than what?",
              "id": "56fdfa03761e401900d28c83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "peripherals" }],
              "question": "Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?",
              "id": "56fdfa85761e401900d28c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "input" }],
              "question": "A mouse is what type of peripheral device?",
              "id": "56fdfa85761e401900d28c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "output" }],
              "question": "A printer is what type of peripheral device?",
              "id": "56fdfa85761e401900d28c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "input and output" }],
              "question": "Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?",
              "id": "56fdfa85761e401900d28c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "input" }],
              "question": "A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?",
              "id": "56fdfa85761e401900d28c89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "multitasking" }],
              "question": "In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?",
              "id": "56fdfad119033b140034ce1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running \"at the same time\". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed \"time-sharing\" since each program is allocated a \"slice\" of time in turn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "\"time-sharing\"" }],
              "question": "A method of multitasking that takes a \"slice\" of time in turn is called what?",
              "id": "56fdfb9219033b140034ce21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "an interrupt," }],
              "question": "A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?",
              "id": "56fdfb9219033b140034ce22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a \"time slice\" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "more slowly," }],
              "question": "Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?",
              "id": "56fdfbee19033b140034ce25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "input/output devices" }
              ],
              "question": "What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?",
              "id": "56fdfbee19033b140034ce26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "CPUs" }],
              "question": "Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?",
              "id": "56fdfc2c761e401900d28c8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called \"embarrassingly parallel\" tasks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?",
              "id": "56fdfd72761e401900d28c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Supercomputers" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?",
              "id": "56fdfd72761e401900d28c92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "SAGE system" }],
              "question": "What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?",
              "id": "56fe00a519033b140034ce29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "the 1950s" }],
              "question": "When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?",
              "id": "56fe00a519033b140034ce2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "ARPA" }],
              "question": "Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?",
              "id": "56fe00e019033b140034ce2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "DARPA)" }],
              "question": "ARPA is now known as what?",
              "id": "56fe00e019033b140034ce2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. \"Wireless\" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the Internet." }],
              "question": "The network spread to be known as what today?",
              "id": "56fe0112761e401900d28c95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church\u2013Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "programs" }],
              "question": "The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?",
              "id": "56fe016d761e401900d28c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "The Church\u2013Turing thesis" }
              ],
              "question": "The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?",
              "id": "56fe016d761e401900d28c98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word \"computer\" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: \"A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.\" Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "a computer" }],
              "question": "All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?",
              "id": "56fe01af19033b140034ce31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "transistors" }],
              "question": "Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?",
              "id": "56fe022c19033b140034ce33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "photolithographed semiconductors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Transistors are typically made up of what today?",
              "id": "56fe022c19033b140034ce34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "billiard ball computer)" }
              ],
              "question": "A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?",
              "id": "56fe022c19033b140034ce35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "quantum computers" }],
              "question": "What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?",
              "id": "56fe0329761e401900d28c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "quantum factoring" }],
              "question": "By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?",
              "id": "56fe0329761e401900d28c9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?",
              "id": "56fe034c19033b140034ce39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "hardware" }],
              "question": "Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?",
              "id": "56fe037c19033b140034ce3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called \"firmware\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Software" }],
              "question": "Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?",
              "id": "56fe03d5761e401900d28c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "firmware" }],
              "question": "Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?",
              "id": "56fe03d5761e401900d28ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "software" }],
              "question": "What type of \"ware\" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?",
              "id": "56fe03d5761e401900d28ca1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "the motherboard" }],
              "question": "A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?",
              "id": "56fe0408761e401900d28ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "BIOS set up" }],
              "question": "What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?",
              "id": "56fe0408761e401900d28ca6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "CPU" }],
              "question": "Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?",
              "id": "56fe044419033b140034ce3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "output devices" }],
              "question": "Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?",
              "id": "56fe044419033b140034ce3e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Black_people",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "communities and countries, \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word \"black\"?",
              "id": "5705ca3352bb89140068962e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "racial classification or of ethnicity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is \"black people\" a term for?",
              "id": "5705ca3352bb89140068962f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do all regions perceive that term \"black people\" the same?",
              "id": "5705ca3352bb891400689630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": ", \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do some cultures not use the term \"Black people\"?",
              "id": "5705ca3352bb891400689631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can the term \"black people\" have different meanings?",
              "id": "5705ca3352bb891400689632"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as \"black\", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for \"blackness\" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as \"black.\" In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term \"black\" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as \"black\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do all societies use the term \"black\" the same?",
              "id": "5706477d75f01819005e7af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "societal variables" }
              ],
              "question": "What factors can affect the classification of \"blackness\"?",
              "id": "5706477d75f01819005e7af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "mixed-race people are generally not classified as \"black.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are mixed race people classified as black?",
              "id": "5706477d75f01819005e7af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the term \"black\" defined in the United States?",
              "id": "5706477d75f01819005e7af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 728,
                  "text": "European colonists applied the term \"black\" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did European Colonists use the term \"Black\"?",
              "id": "5706477d75f01819005e7af8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made up Mauretania?",
              "id": "5706480975f01819005e7afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Romans" }],
              "question": "Who conquered parts of Mauretania?",
              "id": "5706480975f01819005e7aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the classical period." }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did Mauretania exist? ",
              "id": "5706480975f01819005e7b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "in Classical literature" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the people of the region noted? ",
              "id": "5706480975f01819005e7b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Moors" }],
              "question": "What is Mauri in English? ",
              "id": "5706480975f01819005e7b02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "Where was the Arab Slave Trade?",
              "id": "5706498475f01819005e7b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "the 7th century" }],
              "question": "When were the Arab Invasions?",
              "id": "5706498475f01819005e7b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? ",
              "id": "5706498475f01819005e7b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "some dating from prehistoric communities."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did these communities begin?",
              "id": "5706498475f01819005e7b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Trans-Saharan trade in peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are they descendants of?",
              "id": "5706498475f01819005e7b0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail \"the Bloodthirsty\" (1672\u20131727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "(1672\u20131727)" }],
              "question": "When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?",
              "id": "57064c4575f01819005e7b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many black slaves did he own?",
              "id": "57064c4575f01819005e7b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Black Guard" }],
              "question": "What did he call his slave army?",
              "id": "57064c4575f01819005e7b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "coerced the country into submission."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Black Guard do?",
              "id": "57064c4575f01819005e7b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Black Guard exist?",
              "id": "57064c4575f01819005e7b1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "because they have some distant white ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?",
              "id": "57064d0675f01819005e7b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "Brazil's University of the State of Bahia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?",
              "id": "57064d0675f01819005e7b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "in ways that resemble multi-racials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?",
              "id": "57064d0675f01819005e7b26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, \"I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Anwar Sadat" }],
              "question": "Who was the Egyptian President?",
              "id": "57064d8c52bb8914006899ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Nubian Sudanese" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was his mother?",
              "id": "57064d8c52bb8914006899cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Egyptian" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was his father?",
              "id": "57064d8c52bb8914006899d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "reddish" }],
              "question": "What color did he refer to himself as?",
              "id": "57064d8c52bb8914006899d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or \"mother of a child\", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "black women" }],
              "question": "Who was enslaved more often?",
              "id": "57064fb952bb8914006899d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "sexual relations between a male master and his female slave"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Qur'an permit?",
              "id": "57064fb952bb8914006899d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "domestic service and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were female slaves used for?",
              "id": "57064fb952bb8914006899d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "umm walad" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a pregnant slave?",
              "id": "57064fb952bb8914006899d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "\"mother of a child\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does umm walad mean?",
              "id": "57064fb952bb8914006899da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically \"free\", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u200e,) (meaning \"slave\"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the ruler in Morocco?",
              "id": "5706511d52bb8914006899e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "from 1578 to 1608" }],
              "question": "When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?",
              "id": "5706511d52bb8914006899e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Fulani" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity was his mother?",
              "id": "5706511d52bb8914006899e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "(Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u200e,) (meaning \"slave\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Arabic term is still used for black people?",
              "id": "5706511d52bb8914006899e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "sub-Saharan peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "Who still had the term \"slave\" used in reference to them?",
              "id": "5706511d52bb8914006899e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of \"deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity\" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "early 1991" }],
              "question": "When did the Arab apartheid intensify? ",
              "id": "570652ab75f01819005e7b46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe" }
              ],
              "question": "Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?",
              "id": "570652ab75f01819005e7b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Sudan" }],
              "question": "Where did these people live?",
              "id": "570652ab75f01819005e7b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Sudanese Arabs" }],
              "question": "Who controlled the government?",
              "id": "570652ab75f01819005e7b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity\" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the government being accused of?",
              "id": "570652ab75f01819005e7b4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, \"In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks \u2013 Arab apartheid.\" Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "George Ayittey" }],
              "question": "Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?",
              "id": "5706602375f01819005e7b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Arab government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who executed the apartheid?",
              "id": "5706602375f01819005e7b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "blacks" }],
              "question": "Who was excluded?",
              "id": "5706602375f01819005e7b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Sudan" }],
              "question": "Where were they?",
              "id": "5706602375f01819005e7b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "economist" }],
              "question": "What is George Ayittey's profession? ",
              "id": "5706602375f01819005e7b8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that \"actually deserve(s)\" the appellation \"apartheid.\" Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Irwin Cotler" }],
              "question": "Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?",
              "id": "5706621052bb891400689a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "an example of a government that \"actually deserve(s)\" the appellation \"apartheid.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?",
              "id": "5706621052bb891400689a05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Irwin Cotler" }],
              "question": "Who argeed with Dershowitz?",
              "id": "5706621052bb891400689a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Canadian" }],
              "question": "Where did Irwin Cotler live?",
              "id": "5706621052bb891400689a07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the colonization of South Africa result in?",
              "id": "5706931c52bb891400689a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "mixed-race children" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a result of these marriages?",
              "id": "5706931c52bb891400689a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "second-class" }],
              "question": "What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?",
              "id": "5706931c52bb891400689a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was included in the Coloured group?",
              "id": "5706931c52bb891400689a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 791,
                  "text": "a system of legal racial segregation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does apartheid mean?",
              "id": "5706931c52bb891400689a8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the \"pencil test\" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "the Population Registration Act of 1945"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?",
              "id": "5706939352bb891400689a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "pencil test" }],
              "question": "What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?",
              "id": "5706939352bb891400689a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the pencil test work?",
              "id": "5706939352bb891400689a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Minor officials" }],
              "question": "Who administered the \"Pencil Test\"?",
              "id": "5706939352bb891400689a97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sandra Laing" }],
              "question": "Who was featured in the movie \"Skin\"?",
              "id": "57069d2c75f01819005e7c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year was the movie \"Skin\" made?",
              "id": "57069d2c75f01819005e7c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "age 10" }],
              "question": "At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?",
              "id": "57069d2c75f01819005e7c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "South African" }],
              "question": "What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? ",
              "id": "57069d2c75f01819005e7c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?",
              "id": "57069d2c75f01819005e7c4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the apartheid era, those classed as \"Coloured\" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as \"Black\". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "those classed as \"Coloured\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was oppressed and discriminated against?",
              "id": "57069fe575f01819005e7c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "During the apartheid era" }
              ],
              "question": "What era did this discrimination take place?",
              "id": "57069fe575f01819005e7c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "those classed as \"Black\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were \"Coloured\" people above in the class system?",
              "id": "57069fe575f01819005e7c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "large townships located away from the cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the \"black\" areas?",
              "id": "57069fe575f01819005e7c6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a \"Non-racial democracy\". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define \"Black\" people to include \"Africans\", \"Coloureds\" and \"Asians\". Some affirmative action policies favor \"Africans\" over \"Coloureds\" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as \"African Black\" say that \"Coloureds\" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. \"Coloured\" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, \"we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "affirmative action policies" }
              ],
              "question": "What laws did they introduce to support blacks?",
              "id": "5706a30b75f01819005e7c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "\"Africans\", \"Coloureds\" and \"Asians\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the term \"black\" people include?",
              "id": "5706a30b75f01819005e7c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "a \"Non-racial democracy\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?",
              "id": "5706a30b75f01819005e7c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "ANC (African National Congress)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who makes the \"Coloured\" people feel \"Not black enough\"?",
              "id": "5706a30b75f01819005e7c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "\"Africans" }],
              "question": "Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? ",
              "id": "5706a30b75f01819005e7c92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as \"Black people,\" solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also \"disadvantaged\" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the High Court in South Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared Chinese South Africans as \"Black People\"?",
              "id": "5706a58a75f01819005e7cb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did this ruling happen?",
              "id": "5706a58a75f01819005e7cb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this classification made?",
              "id": "5706a58a75f01819005e7cb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?",
              "id": "5706a58a75f01819005e7cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "they were also \"disadvantaged\" by racial discrimination."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? ",
              "id": "5706a58a75f01819005e7cba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other than by appearance, \"Coloureds\" can usually be distinguished from \"Blacks\" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "What is another way \"Coloureds\" can be distinguished from \"Blacks\"?",
              "id": "5706ab5375f01819005e7cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Afrikaans or English" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages are most common?",
              "id": "5706ab5375f01819005e7cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Zulu or Xhosa" }],
              "question": "What are less common languages spoken?",
              "id": "5706ab5375f01819005e7cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "European-sounding names" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of names do \"coloureds\" have?",
              "id": "5706ab5375f01819005e7cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Bantu names" }],
              "question": "What type of names do \"blacks\" have?",
              "id": "5706ab5375f01819005e7cfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "10 to 18 million" }],
              "question": "How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?",
              "id": "5706ac8d52bb891400689b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what time frame were these people enslaved?",
              "id": "5706ac8d52bb891400689b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Arab slave traders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who enslaved these people?",
              "id": "5706ac8d52bb891400689b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "for them to serve as concubines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were women slaves more popular?",
              "id": "5706ac8d52bb891400689b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 767,
                  "text": "The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?",
              "id": "5706ac8d52bb891400689b6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "average of 38%" }],
              "question": "How many people in Yemen have African lineage? ",
              "id": "5706ad8c52bb891400689b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "16%" }],
              "question": "How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?",
              "id": "5706ad8c52bb891400689b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?",
              "id": "5706ad8c52bb891400689b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "African female-mediated gene" }
              ],
              "question": "Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?",
              "id": "5706ad8c52bb891400689b73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "African-Iraquis" }],
              "question": "Who is seeking minority status from the government?",
              "id": "5706b0492eaba6190074ac30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?",
              "id": "5706b0492eaba6190074ac31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "as Arab" }],
              "question": "How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?",
              "id": "5706b0492eaba6190074ac32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Distinctive and self-identified black communities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?",
              "id": "5706b0492eaba6190074ac33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Alamin M. Mazrui et al." }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?",
              "id": "5706b0492eaba6190074ac34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "About 150,000" }],
              "question": "How many East African and black people live in Israel?",
              "id": "5706b0e42eaba6190074ac44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "just over 2%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Israel's population is black?",
              "id": "5706b0e42eaba6190074ac45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "during the 1980s and 1990s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did they migrate to Israel?",
              "id": "5706b0e42eaba6190074ac46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Ethiopia." }],
              "question": "Where did they migrate from?",
              "id": "5706b0e42eaba6190074ac47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are most of the black converts from?",
              "id": "5706b0e42eaba6190074ac48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "around 60,000" }],
              "question": "How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?",
              "id": "5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "asylum" }],
              "question": "What have these immigrants sought?",
              "id": "5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Sudan and Eritrea" }],
              "question": "Where are most of them from?",
              "id": "5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Niger-Congo" }],
              "question": "What languages do they speak?",
              "id": "5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "southern Nuba Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the non jewish immigrants from?",
              "id": "5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the \u0130zmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayval\u0131k in pursuit of work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "during the period of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the slave trade begin?",
              "id": "5706baed2eaba6190074aca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the slaves brought?",
              "id": "5706baed2eaba6190074aca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "\u0130zmir area" }],
              "question": "Where did former slaves go for work once freed?",
              "id": "5706baed2eaba6190074aca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?",
              "id": "5706baed2eaba6190074aca5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that \"Siddi\" derives from a word meaning \"black\", the term is actually derived from \"Sayyid\", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief \"Black Power\" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the Siddi?",
              "id": "5706bbd42eaba6190074acbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Siddi descend from?",
              "id": "5706bbd52eaba6190074acbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "\"Sayyid\"" }],
              "question": "What does the word \"Siddi\" derive from?",
              "id": "5706bbd52eaba6190074acc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the term Sayyid come from?",
              "id": "5706bbd52eaba6190074acc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When was the \"black power\" movement in Sindh?",
              "id": "5706bbd52eaba6190074acc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means \"little black people\" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., \"little black person\"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means \"frizzy hair\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Negritos" }],
              "question": "Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "5706bddb0eeca41400aa0ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the Negritos reside currently?",
              "id": "5706bddb0eeca41400aa0dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "\"little black people\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Negrito mean?",
              "id": "5706bddb0eeca41400aa0ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language does the term Negrito come from?",
              "id": "5706bddb0eeca41400aa0de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "Semang" }],
              "question": "What term is interchangable with Negrito?",
              "id": "5706bddb0eeca41400aa0de1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Moors\" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Muslims" }],
              "question": "What does the term \"Moors\" refer to?",
              "id": "5706beac0eeca41400aa0df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Arab or Berber descent" }
              ],
              "question": "What descent of Muslims does \"Moors\" refer to?",
              "id": "5706beac0eeca41400aa0df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?",
              "id": "5706beac0eeca41400aa0df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "North Africa or Iberia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did \"Moors\" migrate from?",
              "id": "5706beac0eeca41400aa0df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "derogatory" }],
              "question": "What kind of term is \"Moors\"?",
              "id": "5706beac0eeca41400aa0df5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, \u03bc\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or \"Moor\" had become an adjective in Latin, \"for the Greeks call black, mauron\". \"In Isidore\u2019s day, Moors were black by definition\u2026\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Isidore of Seville" }],
              "question": "Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?",
              "id": "5706bfe52eaba6190074acdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "7th century," }],
              "question": "When was this claim made?",
              "id": "5706bfe52eaba6190074acdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What does mauron mean?",
              "id": "5706bfe52eaba6190074acde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Etymologies" }],
              "question": "What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?",
              "id": "5706bfe52eaba6190074acdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Moors" }],
              "question": "What was \"Black by definition\"?",
              "id": "5706bfe52eaba6190074ace0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Afro-Spaniards?",
              "id": "5706c0ba2eaba6190074ace6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?",
              "id": "5706c0ba2eaba6190074ace7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Equatorial Guinea" }],
              "question": "Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?",
              "id": "5706c0ba2eaba6190074ace8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "an estimated 683,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?",
              "id": "5706c0ba2eaba6190074ace9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as \"Black Caribbean\", 0.8% as \"Black African\", and 0.2% as \"Black other\". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is \"black and minority ethnic\" (BME), but sometimes the term \"black\" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of \"African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "over a million black" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?",
              "id": "5706c2370eeca41400aa0e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black Caribbean\"?",
              "id": "5706c2370eeca41400aa0e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "0.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black African\"?",
              "id": "5706c2370eeca41400aa0e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "0.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black other\"?",
              "id": "5706c2370eeca41400aa0e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "after World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?",
              "id": "5706c2370eeca41400aa0e07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did African states become independent?",
              "id": "5706c2a60eeca41400aa0e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?",
              "id": "5706c2a60eeca41400aa0e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "about 400,000" }],
              "question": "How many students moved from Africa to Russia?",
              "id": "5706c2a60eeca41400aa0e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "to pursue higher studies" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did students move to Russia?",
              "id": "5706c2a60eeca41400aa0e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Eastern bloc." }],
              "question": "Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?",
              "id": "5706c2a60eeca41400aa0e11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u201318.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "in the Balkans" }],
              "question": "Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?",
              "id": "5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Ulcinj" }],
              "question": "What town had it's own black community?",
              "id": "5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Montenegro" }],
              "question": "What country is Ulcinj in?",
              "id": "5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?",
              "id": "5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "an estimated 30,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?",
              "id": "5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indigenous Australians have been referred to as \"black people\" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Indigenous Australians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has been referred to as \"black people\"?",
              "id": "5706cb470eeca41400aa0e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "skin colour" }],
              "question": "What was the original term related to?",
              "id": "5706cb470eeca41400aa0e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "since the early days of European settlement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?",
              "id": "5706cb470eeca41400aa0e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? ",
              "id": "5706cb470eeca41400aa0e32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Being identified as either \"black\" or \"white\" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians \u2013 where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or \"half-caste\" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Aboriginal Protection Boards" }
              ],
              "question": "What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?",
              "id": "5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?",
              "id": "5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "Aborigines were not allowed to vote"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were Aborigines allowed to vote?",
              "id": "5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "Sir Baldwin Spencer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?",
              "id": "5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "What year was his report from?",
              "id": "5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the \"half-caste menace\" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "mixed-race people" }],
              "question": "Which race was growing faster after the First World War?",
              "id": "5706cd480eeca41400aa0e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "\"half-caste menace\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did people fear in 1930?",
              "id": "5706cd480eeca41400aa0e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "the White Australia ideal" }
              ],
              "question": "What did this menace undermine?",
              "id": "5706cd480eeca41400aa0e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Dr. Cecil Cook" }],
              "question": "Who noted this particular fear?",
              "id": "5706cd480eeca41400aa0e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?",
              "id": "5706cd480eeca41400aa0e45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: \"Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\". This led to different treatment for \"black\" and \"half-caste\" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as \"white\" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "\"half-caste\" individuals" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the government want raised as white?",
              "id": "5706ce092eaba6190074ad0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?",
              "id": "5706ce092eaba6190074ad0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "speaking their native language and practising traditional customs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?",
              "id": "5706ce092eaba6190074ad0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "the Stolen Generation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was this process referred to?",
              "id": "5706ce092eaba6190074ad0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term \"black\" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The second half of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?",
              "id": "5706cee50eeca41400aa0e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "What year was constitutional discrimination ended?",
              "id": "5706cee50eeca41400aa0e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "to include Aborigines in the national census."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else was included in the 1967 referendum?",
              "id": "5706cee50eeca41400aa0e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "\"black\"" }],
              "question": "What term was embraced during this period?",
              "id": "5706cee50eeca41400aa0e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Activist Bob Maza" }],
              "question": "Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?",
              "id": "5706cee50eeca41400aa0e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Kevin Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"Living Black?",
              "id": "5706cf6e0eeca41400aa0e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?",
              "id": "5706cf6e0eeca41400aa0e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "a collection of Aboriginal people's stories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Living Black about?",
              "id": "5706cf6e0eeca41400aa0e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "the Human Rights Award for Literature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?",
              "id": "5706cf6e0eeca41400aa0e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Inside Black Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the award in 1998 for?",
              "id": "5706cf6e0eeca41400aa0e59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term \"black\" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the \"blackness\" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the improvements in quality of life increase?",
              "id": "5706e4d990286e26004fc727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the reappropriation of the word \"black\" done?",
              "id": "5706e4d990286e26004fc728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?",
              "id": "5706e4d990286e26004fc729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "Anthony Mundine" }],
              "question": "What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?",
              "id": "5706e4d990286e26004fc72a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Andrew Bolt" }],
              "question": "Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?",
              "id": "5706e4d990286e26004fc72b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term \"black\" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "John Rolfe" }],
              "question": "Who described slaves as negars?",
              "id": "5706fa4c90286e26004fc787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Colonial America" }],
              "question": "Where was John Rolfe?",
              "id": "5706fa4c90286e26004fc788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Virginia colony" }],
              "question": "Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?",
              "id": "5706fa4c90286e26004fc789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "\"Begraafplaats van de Neger\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?",
              "id": "5706fa4c90286e26004fc78a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Cemetery of the Negro" }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" mean?",
              "id": "5706fa4c90286e26004fc78b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to \"black\". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as \"Negro\" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "By the 1900s" }],
              "question": "When did \"nigger\" become a pejorative word?",
              "id": "5706fb6190286e26004fc79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "colored" }],
              "question": "What term replaced negro as mainstream?",
              "id": "5706fb6190286e26004fc79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "\"black\"" }],
              "question": "What term followed \"negro\" and \"colored\"?",
              "id": "5706fb6190286e26004fc79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "the African-American Civil rights movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? ",
              "id": "5706fb6190286e26004fc79e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Reverend Martin Luther King" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Civil Rights movement?",
              "id": "5706fb6190286e26004fc79f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "by their specific ethnic group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did black people identify in early America?",
              "id": "570706b99e06ca38007e92bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "individual ethnic affiliations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was not acknowledged by English colonists?",
              "id": "570706b99e06ca38007e92bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?",
              "id": "570706b99e06ca38007e92bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 968,
                  "text": "This new identity was based on provenance and slave status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the new African American identity defined?",
              "id": "570706b99e06ca38007e92be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1148, "text": "French and Spanish colonists" }
              ],
              "question": "Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?",
              "id": "570706b99e06ca38007e92bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US racial or ethnic classification \"black\" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being \"African American\". As a result, in the United States the term \"black people\" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of \"whiteness\", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for \"blackness\" in a particular setting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of skin pigment does \"Black\" refer to?",
              "id": "5707074190286e26004fc80f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "socially based racial classification related to being African American,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the United States the term \"black people\" is an indicator for?",
              "id": "5707074190286e26004fc810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "a family history associated with institutionalized slavery."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?",
              "id": "5707074190286e26004fc811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 795,
                  "text": "they fulfill the social criteria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are people defined as \"black\" or \"white\"?",
              "id": "5707074190286e26004fc812"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term \"African\" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of \"African\" from their institutions and replace it with \"Negro\" or \"Colored American\". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms \"Negro\" or \"colored\" for themselves until the late 1960s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "the majority of black people in the United States were native-born"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the use of \"African\" become an issue?",
              "id": "570708619e06ca38007e92c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did blacks fear to identify as African?",
              "id": "570708619e06ca38007e92c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "1835," }],
              "question": "What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?",
              "id": "570708619e06ca38007e92c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "the African Methodist Episcopal Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group decided to keep the \"African\" in their name?",
              "id": "570708619e06ca38007e92c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "\"Negro\" or \"colored\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What terms did African Americans use instead?",
              "id": "570708619e06ca38007e92c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term \"African American\" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that \"black\" is a better term because \"African\" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for \"African American\" or \"Black\", although they have a slight preference for \"black\" in personal settings and \"African American\" in more formal settings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Jesse Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who argued for Americans to use the term \"African American\"?",
              "id": "570709ba9e06ca38007e92d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?",
              "id": "570709ba9e06ca38007e92da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Jackson want this term to be used?",
              "id": "570709ba9e06ca38007e92db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "Who also argued for the term \"African American\"?",
              "id": "570709ba9e06ca38007e92dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "because \"African\" suggests foreignness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did some argue that \"black\" was the better term?",
              "id": "570709ba9e06ca38007e92dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. census race definitions says a \"black\" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as \"Black, African Am., or Negro\" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17\u201318% European.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the U.S. census define \"black\" Americans?",
              "id": "57070b1490286e26004fc83d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "socio-political constructs" }
              ],
              "question": "What classification are given?",
              "id": "57070b1490286e26004fc83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "17\u201318%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?",
              "id": "57070b1490286e26004fc83f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "scientific or anthropological" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Census definition not based on?",
              "id": "57070b1490286e26004fc840"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "classify as black a person of any known African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the \"one-drop\" rule do?",
              "id": "57070b889e06ca38007e92ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "early 20th century." }
              ],
              "question": "When was the \"one-drop\" rule put into place?",
              "id": "57070b889e06ca38007e9300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "18th and 19th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When was racial definition more flexible?",
              "id": "57070b889e06ca38007e9301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "the American Civil War" }
              ],
              "question": "What war changed the way the United States looked at race?",
              "id": "57070b889e06ca38007e9302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "1662" }],
              "question": "When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?",
              "id": "57070b889e06ca38007e9303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with \"acting white\", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is blackness described in the US?",
              "id": "57070cab90286e26004fc859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "political orientation, culture and behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What defines \"blackness\"?",
              "id": "57070cab90286e26004fc85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "\"acting white\"" }],
              "question": "What is the opposite of \"blackness\"?",
              "id": "57070cab90286e26004fc85b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does one \"act white\"?",
              "id": "57070cab90286e26004fc85c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what regards can one \"act white\"?",
              "id": "57070cab90286e26004fc85d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed \"almost every trope of blackness\". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, \"Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same.\" Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Toni Morrison" }],
              "question": "Who described Bill Clinton as \"Black\"?",
              "id": "57070d4b9e06ca38007e932d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Christopher Hitchens" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?",
              "id": "57070d4b9e06ca38007e932e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Nobel Prize-winning novelist" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Toni Morrison?",
              "id": "57070d4b9e06ca38007e932f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1009,
                  "text": "Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were people offended by this comment?",
              "id": "57070d4b9e06ca38007e9330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1205, "text": "Rwandan Genocide" }],
              "question": "What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?",
              "id": "57070d4b9e06ca38007e9331"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was \"bound for life\" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to \"marry white\"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "John Punch" }],
              "question": "Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?",
              "id": "57070e0c9e06ca38007e9341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "the first African slave in the Virginia colony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is John Punch?",
              "id": "57070e0c9e06ca38007e9342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1640" }],
              "question": "When was Punch indentured?",
              "id": "57070e0c9e06ca38007e9343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "trying to escape" }],
              "question": "Why was he indentured for life?",
              "id": "57070e0c9e06ca38007e9344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "they were born to free English women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were his children free?",
              "id": "57070e0c9e06ca38007e9345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of \"blanqueamiento\" (racial whitening) and related concepts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "12 million" }],
              "question": "How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?",
              "id": "57070e8590286e26004fc863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "11.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?",
              "id": "57070e8590286e26004fc864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "5.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many slaves were imported by Brazil?",
              "id": "57070e8590286e26004fc865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "2.76 million" }],
              "question": "How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?",
              "id": "57070e8590286e26004fc866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is black identified in South America?",
              "id": "57070e8590286e26004fc867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "by appearance" }],
              "question": "How are people in Brazil classified?",
              "id": "57070f769e06ca38007e935d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?",
              "id": "57070f769e06ca38007e935e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?",
              "id": "57070f769e06ca38007e935f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "like the colors of the spectrum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are people evaluated in Brazil?",
              "id": "57070f769e06ca38007e9360"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that \"whitening\" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "lighter skin" }],
              "question": "What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?",
              "id": "57070fe090286e26004fc877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What are poor whites considered in Brazil?",
              "id": "57070fe090286e26004fc878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?",
              "id": "57070fe090286e26004fc879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "(black)" }],
              "question": "What does Preto mean?",
              "id": "57070fe090286e26004fc87a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) \u2014 a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "estimated 3.5 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?",
              "id": "5707106b90286e26004fc87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?",
              "id": "5707106b90286e26004fc880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Afro-descendants" }],
              "question": "Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?",
              "id": "5707106b90286e26004fc881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "segregation laws" }],
              "question": "What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?",
              "id": "5707106b90286e26004fc882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "intermarriage" }],
              "question": "What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?",
              "id": "5707106b90286e26004fc883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "6.2%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?",
              "id": "5707111d90286e26004fc89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "How much identified as mixed race?",
              "id": "5707111d90286e26004fc89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "55%" }],
              "question": "How much identified as white?",
              "id": "5707111d90286e26004fc89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "29%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?",
              "id": "5707111d90286e26004fc89e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "the binary polarization of society into black and white"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has Brazil avoided?",
              "id": "570712049e06ca38007e9389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "civil war" }],
              "question": "What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?",
              "id": "570712049e06ca38007e938a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?",
              "id": "570712049e06ca38007e938b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Elio Ferreira de Araujo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality? ",
              "id": "570712049e06ca38007e938c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "black and indigenous communities."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?",
              "id": "570712049e06ca38007e938d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?",
              "id": "570712c99e06ca38007e939b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?",
              "id": "570712c99e06ca38007e939c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "one-drop rule" }],
              "question": "What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?",
              "id": "570712c99e06ca38007e939d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the one drop rule do?",
              "id": "570712c99e06ca38007e939e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "illiteracy and education levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?",
              "id": "570712c99e06ca38007e939f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "blacks" }],
              "question": "What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?",
              "id": "5707135a90286e26004fc8bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?",
              "id": "5707135a90286e26004fc8c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?",
              "id": "5707135a90286e26004fc8c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?",
              "id": "5707135a90286e26004fc8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "Hurricane Katrina" }],
              "question": "What large hurricane hit New Orleans?",
              "id": "5707135a90286e26004fc8c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve \"white\" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "limited media visibility" }
              ],
              "question": "What do critics claim people of color have?",
              "id": "570713c490286e26004fc8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the Brazilian media been accused of?",
              "id": "570713c490286e26004fc8ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "northern Europeans" }
              ],
              "question": "What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?",
              "id": "570713c490286e26004fc8cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "mulatto" }],
              "question": "What is another word for \"Light Skinned\"",
              "id": "570713c490286e26004fc8cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a \"black\" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as \"black\" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "all African-descended people" }
              ],
              "question": "What would scholars like the term \"Negro\" to include?",
              "id": "5707142a90286e26004fc8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "a \"black\" consciousness and identity."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this aim to stimulate?",
              "id": "5707142a90286e26004fc8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "a wide range of multiracial people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term \"pardo\" include?",
              "id": "5707142a90286e26004fc8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "mestizos" }],
              "question": "What does caboclos mean?",
              "id": "5707142a90286e26004fc8d4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The_Times",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "The Times is based in what major British city?",
              "id": "5705de1675f01819005e76c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1785" }],
              "question": "What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?",
              "id": "5705de1675f01819005e76c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "The Daily Universal Register" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?",
              "id": "5705de1675f01819005e76c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Times Newspapers" }],
              "question": "The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?",
              "id": "5705de1675f01819005e76c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "News Corp group" }],
              "question": "The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?",
              "id": "5705de1675f01819005e76c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Times Newspapers" }],
              "question": "The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?",
              "id": "5705dec952bb891400689639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1788" }],
              "question": "What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?",
              "id": "5705dec952bb89140068963a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1785" }],
              "question": "What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?",
              "id": "5705dec952bb89140068963b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Manila Times (1898), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), El Tiempo (Colombia) (1911), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "What year did The Times of India start?",
              "id": "5705df8d75f01819005e76ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?",
              "id": "5705df8d75f01819005e76cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "What year did The New York Times start?",
              "id": "5705df8d75f01819005e76cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1859" }],
              "question": "What year did the Irish Times start?",
              "id": "5705df8d75f01819005e76cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?",
              "id": "5705df8d75f01819005e76ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Times Roman" }],
              "question": "What major typeface font was started by The Times?",
              "id": "5705e06c52bb891400689642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Stanley Morison" }],
              "question": "Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?",
              "id": "5705e06c52bb891400689643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Times Modern" }],
              "question": "In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?",
              "id": "5705e06c52bb891400689644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "219 years" }],
              "question": "How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?",
              "id": "5705e06c52bb891400689645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?",
              "id": "5705e06c52bb891400689646"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. It has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "moderate" }],
              "question": "Traditionally, what political spectrum did The Times support?",
              "id": "5705e4f452bb891400689674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Labour Party" }],
              "question": "What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections?",
              "id": "5705e4f452bb891400689675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "394,448" }],
              "question": "In March 2014, The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people?",
              "id": "5705e4f452bb891400689676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Gage Cengage" }],
              "question": "The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher?",
              "id": "5705e4f452bb891400689677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Conservative Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What political party has the highest readership of The Times?",
              "id": "5705e4f452bb891400689678"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up. It was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise (three years later, it was proved that it was not as efficient as had been said). Walter bought the logography's patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house, where he would daily produce an advertising sheet. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785. Unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. Walter Sr had spent sixteen months in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times, but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "John Walter" }],
              "question": "The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor?",
              "id": "5705ec4652bb8914006896ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "The Daily Universal Register" }
              ],
              "question": "The Times was known as what name before it became The Times?",
              "id": "5705ec4652bb8914006896af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "1785" }],
              "question": "What year was the very first publication of The Times?",
              "id": "5705ec4652bb8914006896b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "libel" }],
              "question": "The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper?",
              "id": "5705ec4652bb8914006896b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "940" }],
              "question": "Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times, how many editions were printed?",
              "id": "5705ec4652bb8914006896b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "In 1815, The Times had a circulation of how many people?",
              "id": "5705ede675f01819005e7782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "steam-driven cylinder press" }
              ],
              "question": "Beginning in 1814, The Times was printed using what new kind of press?",
              "id": "5705ede675f01819005e7783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "reputation" }],
              "question": "The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what?",
              "id": "5705ede675f01819005e7784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Friedrich Koenig" }],
              "question": "Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times?",
              "id": "5705ede675f01819005e7785"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson(1802\u20131852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from \"We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.\"). The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thomas Barnes" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?",
              "id": "5705eece75f01819005e778a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "his son" }],
              "question": "In 1817, The Times paper's printer James Lawson passed his business to which family member?",
              "id": "5705eece75f01819005e778b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "The Thunderer" }],
              "question": "Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling, two noted The Times journalists, gained what nickname for themselves?",
              "id": "5705eece75f01819005e778c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 678,
                  "text": "steam-driven rotary printing press"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of printing press helped increase the circulation and influence of The Times back in 1817?",
              "id": "5705eece75f01819005e778d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "John Thadeus Delane" }
              ],
              "question": "Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841?",
              "id": "5705eece75f01819005e778e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "war" }],
              "question": "The Times was the first newspaper to send correspondents to what kind of event?",
              "id": "5705ef7375f01819005e779e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "W. H. Russell" }],
              "question": "Who was The Times first correspondent with an army?",
              "id": "5705ef7375f01819005e779f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Crimean War" }],
              "question": "Which war did The Times first cover using correspondents?",
              "id": "5705ef7375f01819005e77a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Irish Potato Famine" }
              ],
              "question": "What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?",
              "id": "5705f12375f01819005e77ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Great Reform Bill of 1832" }
              ],
              "question": "The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?",
              "id": "5705f12375f01819005e77af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Corn Laws" }],
              "question": "Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?",
              "id": "5705f12375f01819005e77b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "wealthy classes" }],
              "question": "During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?",
              "id": "5705f12375f01819005e77b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "the secessionists" }],
              "question": "The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?",
              "id": "5705f12375f01819005e77b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third John Walter, the founder's grandson, succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?",
              "id": "5705f1f752bb8914006896fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "John Walter" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?",
              "id": "5705f1f752bb8914006896fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "the penny press" }],
              "question": "In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?",
              "id": "5705f1f752bb8914006896fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "the Foreign Office" }],
              "question": "Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?",
              "id": "5705f30452bb891400689708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence?",
              "id": "5705f30452bb891400689709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "official sources" }],
              "question": "Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what?",
              "id": "5705f30452bb89140068970a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890\u20131911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Arthur Fraser Walter" }
              ],
              "question": "Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?",
              "id": "5705f48452bb89140068972c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Charles Frederic Moberly Bell" }
              ],
              "question": "Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890?",
              "id": "5705f48452bb89140068972d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Britannica" }],
              "question": "Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets?",
              "id": "5705f48452bb89140068972e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Horace Everett Hooper" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America?",
              "id": "5705f48452bb89140068972f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Alfred Harmsworth" }],
              "question": "Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908?",
              "id": "5705f48452bb891400689730"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914, Wickham Steed, the Times's Chief Editor, argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship of Steed, The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled \"The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry\", Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Wickham Steed" }],
              "question": "Who was The Times' Chief Editor in 1914?",
              "id": "5705f57252bb891400689740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "The Chief Editor of The Times in 1914 argued that the British Empire should enter what war?",
              "id": "5705f57252bb891400689741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What anti-Semitic fabrication did The Times endorse in 1920?",
              "id": "5705f57252bb891400689742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "the world's greatest danger" }
              ],
              "question": "After publishing anti-Semitic editorials in 1920, what did The Times refer to Jews as being?",
              "id": "5705f57252bb891400689743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the anti-Semitic article that The Time's Chief Editor published in 1914?",
              "id": "5705f57252bb891400689744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of The Times, exposed The Protocols as a forgery, The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "The Protocols" }],
              "question": "A Constantinople correspondent of The Times exposed what anti-Semitic document as a forgery?",
              "id": "5705f66d52bb89140068974a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Philip Graves" }],
              "question": "Who was the name of the The Times Constantinople correspondent who exposed the anti-Semitic document as a forgery?",
              "id": "5705f66d52bb89140068974b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "retracted the editorial" }
              ],
              "question": "How did The Times respond to the exposing of anti-Semitic documents as forgery?",
              "id": "5705f66d52bb89140068974c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "John Jacob Astor" }],
              "question": "In 1922, who bought The Times?",
              "id": "5705f75b75f01819005e77d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Northcliffe estate" }],
              "question": "In 1922, which estate sold The Times?",
              "id": "5705f75b75f01819005e77d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "German appeasement" }
              ],
              "question": "The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what?",
              "id": "5705f75b75f01819005e77d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Geoffrey Dawson" }],
              "question": "Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement?",
              "id": "5705f75b75f01819005e77d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "Neville Chamberlain" }
              ],
              "question": "Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement?",
              "id": "5705f75b75f01819005e77d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kim Philby" }],
              "question": "Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s?",
              "id": "5705f88475f01819005e77f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Spanish Civil War" }],
              "question": "A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s?",
              "id": "5705f88475f01819005e77f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "MI6" }],
              "question": "During World War II, the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency?",
              "id": "5705f88475f01819005e77f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "In 1963, a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country?",
              "id": "5705f88475f01819005e77f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker being one penny).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "E.H. Carr" }],
              "question": "Between 1941 and 1946, which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times?",
              "id": "5705f9de75f01819005e7802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "pro-Soviet" }],
              "question": "The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance?",
              "id": "5705f9de75f01819005e7803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Communists" }],
              "question": "Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944?",
              "id": "5705f9de75f01819005e7804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army?",
              "id": "5705f9de75f01819005e7805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "the threepenny Daily Worker" }
              ],
              "question": "During World War II, The Times was nicknamed what in 1944?",
              "id": "5705f9de75f01819005e7806"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 May 1966 it resumed printing news on the front page - previously the front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements?",
              "id": "5705fb2375f01819005e781c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Astor family" }],
              "question": "In 1967, what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate?",
              "id": "5705fb2375f01819005e781d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Roy Thomson" }],
              "question": "In 1967, which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times?",
              "id": "5705fb2375f01819005e781e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Thomson Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967?",
              "id": "5705fb2375f01819005e781f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "The Sunday Times" }],
              "question": "Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?",
              "id": "5705fb2375f01819005e7820"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to find a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Thomson Corporation" }],
              "question": "In 1979, which corporation was struggling to run The Times?",
              "id": "5705fc0752bb891400689764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1979 Energy Crisis" }],
              "question": "What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times?",
              "id": "5705fc0752bb891400689765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "union demands" }],
              "question": "What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979?",
              "id": "5705fc0752bb891400689766"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes \u00e0 Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Australian" }],
              "question": "A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5705fcd775f01819005e783a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Rupert Murdoch" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5705fcd775f01819005e783b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?",
              "id": "5705fcd775f01819005e783c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "News International" }],
              "question": "What corporation bought The Times in 1981?",
              "id": "5705fd9e52bb891400689774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Rupert Murdoch" }],
              "question": "Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981?",
              "id": "5705fd9e52bb891400689775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the unions" }],
              "question": "During the acquisition of The Times in 1981, John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining?",
              "id": "5705fd9e52bb891400689776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon completion of the change of ownership. Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March\u2013May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists (\"single stroke\" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "William Rees-Mogg" }],
              "question": "When The Times was bought in 1982, who resigned as editor?",
              "id": "5705fed175f01819005e784a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "14 years" }],
              "question": "How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982?",
              "id": "5705fed175f01819005e784b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Harold Evans" }],
              "question": "In 1982, what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times?",
              "id": "5705fed175f01819005e784c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "hot-metal Linotype printing process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982?",
              "id": "5705fed175f01819005e784d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "In 1982, the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much?",
              "id": "5705fed175f01819005e784e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as \"political censorship\" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Robert Fisk" }],
              "question": "Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?",
              "id": "5705ffff75f01819005e7854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?",
              "id": "5705ffff75f01819005e7855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "political censorship" }
              ],
              "question": "The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?",
              "id": "5705ffff75f01819005e7856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Iran Air Flight 655" }
              ],
              "question": "What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?",
              "id": "5705ffff75f01819005e7858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "pro-Israel stance" }],
              "question": "What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?",
              "id": "5705ffff75f01819005e7857"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles (\"Mr\", \"Mrs\", or \"Miss\" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the \"Court and Social\" page, though \"Ms\" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference?",
              "id": "5706017c75f01819005e785e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "formal style" }],
              "question": "What kind of style is now confined to the \"Court and Social\" page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles?",
              "id": "5706017c75f01819005e785f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "surnames" }],
              "question": "When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?",
              "id": "5706017c75f01819005e7860"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?",
              "id": "5706021752bb891400689798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Northern Ireland" }],
              "question": "When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes, which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale?",
              "id": "5706021752bb891400689799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "tabloid format" }],
              "question": "The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004?",
              "id": "5706021752bb89140068979a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor \u2013 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, \"From Our Own Correspondents\", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Letters page" }],
              "question": "On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper?",
              "id": "5706035a75f01819005e7878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "full postal addresses" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2005, The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents?",
              "id": "5706035a75f01819005e7879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?",
              "id": "5706035a75f01819005e787a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "158" }],
              "question": "The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published?",
              "id": "5706035a75f01819005e787b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "From Our Own Correspondents" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?",
              "id": "5706035a75f01819005e787c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?",
              "id": "570603ed52bb8914006897a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "exercising editorial control" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?",
              "id": "570603ed52bb8914006897a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "House of Lords Select Committee on Communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?",
              "id": "570603ed52bb8914006897a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Wapping" }],
              "question": "In May 2008, The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne, Merseyside, and Glasgow?",
              "id": "5706049c52bb8914006897b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In 2008, The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne, which is on the outskirts of what city?",
              "id": "5706049c52bb8914006897b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "full colour" }],
              "question": "In May 2008, The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time?",
              "id": "5706049c52bb8914006897b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers, The Times added the suffix \"of London\" to its masthead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "London 2012 Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "What major event took place in London in 2012?",
              "id": "5706050752bb8914006897b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "souvenir" }],
              "question": "What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012?",
              "id": "5706050752bb8914006897b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "of London" }],
              "question": "In 2012, The Times added what suffix to its masthead?",
              "id": "5706050752bb8914006897ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times features news for the first half of the paper, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper. The Times current prices are \u00a31.20 for the daily edition and \u00a31.50 for the Saturday edition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "news" }],
              "question": "The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?",
              "id": "570605d175f01819005e7894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Opinion/Comment section" }
              ],
              "question": "What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper?",
              "id": "570605d175f01819005e7895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "\u00a31.20" }],
              "question": "What is The Times current price for the daily edition?",
              "id": "570605d175f01819005e7896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "business pages" }],
              "question": "What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times?",
              "id": "570605d175f01819005e7897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "sport section" }],
              "question": "What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times?",
              "id": "570605d175f01819005e7898"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times's main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010 but reintroduced on 11 October 2010 after negative feedback. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2. Regular features include columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages are devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, \"Killer Sudoku\", \"KenKen\", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main \"Times Crossword\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "times2" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times?",
              "id": "5706064f75f01819005e789e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Mind Games" }],
              "question": "The Times features a puzzles section called what?",
              "id": "5706064f75f01819005e789f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Killer Sudoku" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times?",
              "id": "5706064f75f01819005e78a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "football" }],
              "question": "What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?",
              "id": "570606f052bb8914006897c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Scottish Premier League" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?",
              "id": "570606f052bb8914006897c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Game" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?",
              "id": "570606f052bb8914006897c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Saturday Review (arts, books, and ideas), The Times Magazine (columns on various topics), and Playlist (an entertainment listings guide).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Weekend" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?",
              "id": "5706076875f01819005e78ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Saturday Review" }],
              "question": "Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?",
              "id": "5706076875f01819005e78af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Playlist" }],
              "question": "An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?",
              "id": "5706076875f01819005e78b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain, winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Giles Coren" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005?",
              "id": "5706088275f01819005e78be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Nadiya Hussain" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section?",
              "id": "5706088275f01819005e78bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor, Gile Coren, become Food and Drink Writer of the Year?",
              "id": "5706088275f01819005e78c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "The Great British Bake Off" }
              ],
              "question": "Nadiya Hussain, a Times Magazine column writer, is known for being the winner of what BBC contest?",
              "id": "5706088275f01819005e78c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Times Magazine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and garden or simply writers' anecdotes?",
              "id": "5706088275f01819005e78c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay \u00a32 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?",
              "id": "5706095a75f01819005e78c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "timesonline.co.uk" }],
              "question": "What is the URL of online website for The Times?",
              "id": "5706095a75f01819005e78c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "daily readers" }],
              "question": "The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?",
              "id": "5706095a75f01819005e78ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "weekly magazine-like content" }
              ],
              "question": "The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?",
              "id": "5706095a75f01819005e78cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "\u00a32 per week" }],
              "question": "How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?",
              "id": "5706095a75f01819005e78cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times Digital Archive (1785\u20132008) is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic, public, and school libraries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Times Digital Archive" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?",
              "id": "570609e452bb8914006897f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Gale databases" }],
              "question": "The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?",
              "id": "570609e452bb8914006897f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "academic" }],
              "question": "What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?",
              "id": "570609e452bb8914006897f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "87%" }],
              "question": "Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?",
              "id": "57060a7675f01819005e78dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "paywall" }],
              "question": "What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?",
              "id": "57060a7675f01819005e78dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "750,000" }],
              "question": "In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?",
              "id": "57060a7675f01819005e78de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "111,000" }],
              "question": "As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?",
              "id": "57060a7675f01819005e78df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British \"quality\" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales. By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph's 523,048, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British \"quality\" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling \"tabloid\" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling \"middle market\" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?",
              "id": "57060b2575f01819005e78e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "The Daily Telegraph" }
              ],
              "question": "The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?",
              "id": "57060b2575f01819005e78e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "The Sun" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "57060b2575f01819005e78e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "Daily Mail" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?",
              "id": "57060b2575f01819005e78e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sunday Times" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation, The Sunday Times or The Times?",
              "id": "57060b8875f01819005e78ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "399,339" }],
              "question": "As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of how many people?",
              "id": "57060b8875f01819005e78ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "885,612" }],
              "question": "As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?",
              "id": "57060b8875f01819005e78ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25\u201344 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the \"quality\" papers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?",
              "id": "57060c0052bb891400689808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the \"quality\" papers?",
              "id": "57060c0052bb891400689809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "25\u201344" }],
              "question": "The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?",
              "id": "57060c0052bb89140068980a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Times New Roman" }],
              "question": "The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?",
              "id": "57060cc575f01819005e78f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Victor Lardent" }],
              "question": "Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper?",
              "id": "57060cc575f01819005e78f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Stanley Morison" }],
              "question": "Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931?",
              "id": "57060cc575f01819005e78f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Plantin" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on?",
              "id": "57060cc575f01819005e78f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?",
              "id": "57060cc575f01819005e78f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. The Times adopted a stance described as \"peculiarly detached\" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "peculiarly detached" }
              ],
              "question": "At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?",
              "id": "57060e0c75f01819005e7906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Con-Lib coalition" }],
              "question": "What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?",
              "id": "57060e0c75f01819005e7908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Tory" }],
              "question": "After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?",
              "id": "57060e0c75f01819005e7907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Conservatives" }],
              "question": "From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?",
              "id": "57060e0c75f01819005e7909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Eurosceptic" }],
              "question": "After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?",
              "id": "57060e0c75f01819005e790a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Labour" }],
              "question": "In the 2001 general election, The Times declared support for what political party?",
              "id": "57060ec552bb891400689826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Tony Blair" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the political party's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?",
              "id": "57060ec552bb891400689827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Tories" }],
              "question": "For the 2010 general election, which political party did The Times support?",
              "id": "57060ec552bb891400689828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Liberal Democrats" }],
              "question": "What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010?",
              "id": "57060ec552bb891400689829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Labour" }],
              "question": "What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001?",
              "id": "57060ec552bb89140068982a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This makes it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history. Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch, Phil Collins, Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?",
              "id": "57060f3f52bb891400689830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Conservative Party" }
              ],
              "question": "Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?",
              "id": "57060f3f52bb891400689831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Labour Party" }],
              "question": "Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?",
              "id": "57060f3f52bb891400689832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?",
              "id": "57060fde52bb891400689836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?",
              "id": "57060fde52bb891400689837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "foreign policy" }],
              "question": "What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?",
              "id": "57060fde52bb891400689838"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the \"The Times\" bfi London Film Festival. It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "London Film Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?",
              "id": "5706108452bb89140068983c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Asia House Festival of Asian Literature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What festival is featured at Asia House, London?",
              "id": "5706108452bb89140068983d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper?",
              "id": "5706108452bb89140068983e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914. The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned, and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Times, with its online version hosted on The Times website, and its editorial offices based in Times House, Pennington Street, London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Times Literary Supplement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times?",
              "id": "5706117a75f01819005e7934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "weekly literature" }],
              "question": "In 1914, a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content?",
              "id": "5706117a75f01819005e7935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Times House, Pennington Street"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?",
              "id": "5706117a75f01819005e7936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online?",
              "id": "5706117a75f01819005e7937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Atlases" }],
              "question": "The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?",
              "id": "5706125975f01819005e7942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "HarperCollins Publishers" }
              ],
              "question": "What publisher prints The Times atlas?",
              "id": "5706125975f01819005e7943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of The Times' atlas?",
              "id": "5706125975f01819005e7944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Sunday Times Travel Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?",
              "id": "570612ba75f01819005e7948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?",
              "id": "570612ba75f01819005e7949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "164" }],
              "question": "How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?",
              "id": "570612ba75f01819005e794a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Sunday Times Travel Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?",
              "id": "570612ba75f01819005e794b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials\u2014of which several are quoted in the book\u2014reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Nineteen Eighty-Four" }
              ],
              "question": "In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?",
              "id": "5706131752bb89140068985e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "George Orwell" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?",
              "id": "5706131752bb89140068985f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "dystopian" }],
              "question": "What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?",
              "id": "5706131752bb891400689860"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Nero Wolfe" }],
              "question": "The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?",
              "id": "570613f152bb89140068986e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?",
              "id": "570613f152bb89140068986f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "London Times" }],
              "question": "The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?",
              "id": "570613f152bb891400689870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "crossword" }],
              "question": "The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?",
              "id": "570613f152bb891400689871"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: \"The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?",
              "id": "5706148075f01819005e795a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "James Bond" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?",
              "id": "5706148075f01819005e795b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "From Russia, with Love" }
              ],
              "question": "In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?",
              "id": "5706148075f01819005e795c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "The Wombles" }],
              "question": "In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?",
              "id": "5706158575f01819005e7960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Very Behind the Times" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?",
              "id": "5706158575f01819005e7961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Uncle Bulgaria" }],
              "question": "In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?",
              "id": "5706158575f01819005e7962"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "New_Delhi",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "New Delhi (i/\u02ccnju\u02d0 \u02c8d\u025bli/) is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India. In addition, it also serves as the seat of Government of Delhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "In what territory is New Delhi located?",
              "id": "5705e37175f01819005e76de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What municipality serves as the capital of India?",
              "id": "5705e37175f01819005e76df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?",
              "id": "5705e37175f01819005e76e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?",
              "id": "5705e37175f01819005e76e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e37175f01819005e76e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "George V" }],
              "question": "Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e39275f01819005e76e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?",
              "id": "5705e39275f01819005e76e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e39275f01819005e76ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "13 February 1931" }],
              "question": "On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?",
              "id": "5705e39275f01819005e76eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Viceroy Lord Irwin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e39275f01819005e76ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, and the latter is a small part of the former.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Delhi and New Delhi" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3a452bb891400689656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?",
              "id": "5705e3a452bb891400689657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "NCT of Delhi" }],
              "question": "Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?",
              "id": "5705e3a452bb891400689658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3a452bb891400689659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3a452bb89140068965a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "hundred" }],
              "question": "How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?",
              "id": "5705e3b375f01819005e76f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Smart Cities Mission" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?",
              "id": "5705e3b375f01819005e76f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "PM Narendra Modi" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?",
              "id": "5705e3b375f01819005e76f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?",
              "id": "5705e3b375f01819005e76f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. However, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire (as it was officially called) from Calcutta to Delhi. Unlike Calcutta, which was located on the eastern coast of India, Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Calcutta" }],
              "question": "What city was the capital of India until December 1911?",
              "id": "5705e3cd52bb891400689660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Kolkata" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?",
              "id": "5705e3cd52bb891400689661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Mughal Empire" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?",
              "id": "5705e3cd52bb891400689662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?",
              "id": "5705e3cd52bb891400689663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "the centre of northern India" }
              ],
              "question": "In what part of India is Delhi located?",
              "id": "5705e3cd52bb891400689664"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens (Sir Edwin from 1918), who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker (Sir Herbert from 1926), both leading 20th-century British architects. The contract was given to Sobha Singh (later Sir Sobha Singh). Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed \"Lutyens' Delhi\" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy. Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "George V" }],
              "question": "Who announced that the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3dd75f01819005e76fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "12 December 1911" }],
              "question": "On what date was it announced that the capital of India would be moved to Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3dd75f01819005e76fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "King George V and Queen Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3dd75f01819005e76fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Edwin Lutyens" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for designing large parts of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e3dd75f01819005e76fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "10 February 1931" }],
              "question": "On what date did inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi begin?",
              "id": "5705e3dd75f01819005e76fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the project's early years, many tourists believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911\u20131912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Herbert Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "the Viceroy" }],
              "question": "Who rejected the proposals of Brodie and Lutyens?",
              "id": "5705e5c275f01819005e7716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "the South site" }],
              "question": "Which site was eventually chosen by the Delhi Town Planning Committee?",
              "id": "5705e5c275f01819005e7717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1025, "text": "Dinapanah citadel" }
              ],
              "question": "Raisina Hill lay directly opposite what religious site?",
              "id": "5705e5c275f01819005e7718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1341, "text": "King's Way" }],
              "question": "The Rajpath was also known by what name?",
              "id": "5705e5c275f01819005e7719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1582, "text": "Herbert Baker" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Parliament House of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e5c275f01819005e771a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired in order to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone. Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850\u20131942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1175, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year?",
              "id": "5705e72075f01819005e772a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Raisina Hill" }],
              "question": "On what hill did construction of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone begin?",
              "id": "5705e72075f01819005e772b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "twenty years" }],
              "question": "The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years?",
              "id": "5705e72075f01819005e772c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?",
              "id": "5705e72075f01819005e772d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open?",
              "id": "5705e72075f01819005e772e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "A temporary secretariat building was built in New Delhi in what year?",
              "id": "5705e82775f01819005e773e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "In what year what New Delhi inaugurated as the capital of India?",
              "id": "5705e82775f01819005e773f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Gole Market area" }],
              "question": "Housing for employees was built in what area during the 1920s?",
              "id": "5705e82775f01819005e7740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "Lodhi colony" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the last residential area built by the British Raj?",
              "id": "5705e82775f01819005e7741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "the 1940s" }],
              "question": "During what decade was the Lodhi colony built?",
              "id": "5705e82775f01819005e7742"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "In what year did India gain independence?",
              "id": "5705e91d52bb89140068967e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory?",
              "id": "5705e91d52bb89140068967f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the act that caused the Union Territory of Delhi to become formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705e91d52bb891400689680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year?",
              "id": "5705e91d52bb891400689681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "a union territory" }],
              "question": "In 1956, Delhi was converted into what type of territory?",
              "id": "5705e91d52bb891400689682"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around wide central vista, Shanti Path.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the 1950s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ea7975f01819005e775a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "the Central Public Works Department"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?",
              "id": "5705ea7975f01819005e775b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Chanakyapuri" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?",
              "id": "5705ea7975f01819005e775c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "southwest" }],
              "question": "In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ea7975f01819005e775d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "residences of ambassadors" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?",
              "id": "5705ea7975f01819005e775e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Because the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravalli Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "16.5 sq mi" }],
              "question": "What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles?",
              "id": "5705eb4352bb8914006896a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the Indo-Gangetic Plain" }
              ],
              "question": "On what plain is New Delhi located?",
              "id": "5705eb4352bb8914006896a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "the Lungs of Delhi" }
              ],
              "question": "The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name?",
              "id": "5705eb4352bb8914006896a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Yamuna River" }],
              "question": "New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river?",
              "id": "5705eb4352bb8914006896a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "seismic zone-IV" }],
              "question": "What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under?",
              "id": "5705eb4352bb8914006896a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "5.4 magnitude" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ec5975f01819005e7778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "25 November 2007" }],
              "question": "A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date?",
              "id": "5705ec5975f01819005e7779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "4.2-magnitude" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011?",
              "id": "5705ec5975f01819005e777a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many earthquakes occurred on March 5, 2012?",
              "id": "5705ec5975f01819005e777b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "fault lines" }],
              "question": "What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes?",
              "id": "5705ec5975f01819005e777c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 \u00b0C (115 \u00b0F) in summers to around 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 \u00b0C (57 to 93 \u00b0F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 49.1 \u00b0C (120.4 \u00b0F) while the lowest temperature ever recorded is \u22123.2 \u00b0C (26.2 \u00b0F). Those for Delhi metropolis stand at 49.9 \u00b0C (121.8 \u00b0F) and \u22123.2 \u00b0C (26.2 \u00b0F) respectively. The average annual rainfall is 784 millimetres (30.9 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of climate is New Delhi located?",
              "id": "5705ed1c52bb8914006896c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "April to October" }],
              "question": "Between which months do New Delhi's long summers last?",
              "id": "5705ed1c52bb8914006896c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "the middle of the summer" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the monsoon season occur in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ed1c52bb8914006896c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ed1c52bb8914006896c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 867, "text": "49.1 \u00b0C (120.4 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the highest ever recorded temperature in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705ed1c52bb8914006896c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent Mercer\u2019s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world\u2019s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "154" }],
              "question": "What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?",
              "id": "5705edea52bb8914006896d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "bad air quality and pollution" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?",
              "id": "5705edea52bb8914006896d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "The World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?",
              "id": "5705edea52bb8914006896d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1,600" }],
              "question": "How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?",
              "id": "5705edea52bb8914006896d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "230" }],
              "question": "How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?",
              "id": "5705edea52bb8914006896d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks will be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme is planned to be implemented as a trial from January 1, 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction will be in force between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., and traffic will not be restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service will be increased during the restriction period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "In what season does New Delhi's air pollution worsen?",
              "id": "5705eef775f01819005e7794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "alternate-day travel" }
              ],
              "question": "What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi's air pollution?",
              "id": "5705eef775f01819005e7795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "11 p.m" }],
              "question": "New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?",
              "id": "5705eef775f01819005e7796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "15 days" }],
              "question": "How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi's driving restriction scheme?",
              "id": "5705eef775f01819005e7797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Sundays" }],
              "question": "On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi's alternate day driving scheme?",
              "id": "5705eef775f01819005e7798"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until March 31, 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1, 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 16, 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to reduce pollution?",
              "id": "5705f31875f01819005e77b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "March 31, 2016" }],
              "question": "The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date?",
              "id": "5705f31875f01819005e77b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "compressed natural gas" }
              ],
              "question": "All taxis in Delhi were ordered to switch to what type of fuel by March 1, 2016?",
              "id": "5705f31875f01819005e77ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "vehicles that are more than 10 years old"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which transportation vehicles were banned from entering New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705f31875f01819005e77bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "curb pollution" }],
              "question": "New restrictions on New Delhi's transportation system were enacted by the Supreme Court to accomplish what goal?",
              "id": "5705f31875f01819005e77bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory?",
              "id": "5705f41752bb891400689722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What is the national capital of India?",
              "id": "5705f41752bb891400689723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city?",
              "id": "5705f41752bb891400689724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi?",
              "id": "5705f41752bb891400689725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "the Central Government of India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5705f41752bb891400689726"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2015, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "New Delhi's Legislative Assembly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body?",
              "id": "5705fbe575f01819005e7826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "the central government" }
              ],
              "question": "What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?",
              "id": "5705fbe575f01819005e7827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?",
              "id": "5705fbe575f01819005e7828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "NCT of Delhi" }],
              "question": "The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council? ",
              "id": "5705fbe575f01819005e7829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "New Delhi Municipal Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives?",
              "id": "5705fbe575f01819005e782a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official title of Delhi's head of state?",
              "id": "570680d952bb891400689a12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "President of India" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi?",
              "id": "570680d952bb891400689a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "the law enacted by the parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?",
              "id": "570680d952bb891400689a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the Central government" }
              ],
              "question": "What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor?",
              "id": "570680d952bb891400689a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?",
              "id": "570680d952bb891400689a16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?",
              "id": "5706848475f01819005e7bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?",
              "id": "5706848475f01819005e7bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?",
              "id": "5706848475f01819005e7bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?",
              "id": "5706848475f01819005e7bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "a municipal government" }
              ],
              "question": "What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706848475f01819005e7bc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial pretensions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: \"Path of the People\"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: \"Path of Peace\"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Edwin Lutyens" }],
              "question": "What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi?",
              "id": "570685bf52bb891400689a30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Rajpath and the Janpath" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?",
              "id": "570685bf52bb891400689a31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "the Rajpath" }],
              "question": "Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King's Way?",
              "id": "570685bf52bb891400689a32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "The Janpath" }],
              "question": "Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen's Way?",
              "id": "570685bf52bb891400689a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Shantipath" }],
              "question": "The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade?",
              "id": "570685bf52bb891400689a34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Rashtrapati Bhavan" }],
              "question": "Formerly known as the Viceroy's House, which large building is located at the heart of New Delhi?",
              "id": "570686af52bb891400689a3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Viceroy's House" }],
              "question": "The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name?",
              "id": "570686af52bb891400689a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "the Royal Crescent" }
              ],
              "question": "Connaught Place in New Delhi is modeled after what area of England?",
              "id": "570686af52bb891400689a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Twelve" }],
              "question": "How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place?",
              "id": "570686af52bb891400689a3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012-13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost \u20b996.8 billion (US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Indira Gandhi International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?",
              "id": "5706888d75f01819005e7bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "35 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?",
              "id": "5706888d75f01819005e7bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "\u20b996.8 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?",
              "id": "5706888d75f01819005e7be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "37 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?",
              "id": "5706888d75f01819005e7be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?",
              "id": "5706888d75f01819005e7be2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses, and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?",
              "id": "5706899e75f01819005e7be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Safdarjung Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "When established in 1928, which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club?",
              "id": "5706899e75f01819005e7be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns?",
              "id": "5706899e75f01819005e7bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations?",
              "id": "5706899e75f01819005e7beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "de Havilland Moth aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding?",
              "id": "5706899e75f01819005e7bec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15\u201325 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25\u201340 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[not in citation given][better source needed] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did Indira Gandhi International Airport earn an award for being forth best airport in the world in the 15-25 million category?",
              "id": "57068cda75f01819005e7bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Airports Council International"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization is responsible for awarding Indira Gandhi International Airport as Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region?",
              "id": "57068cda75f01819005e7bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did Indira Gandhi International Airport win an award for Best airport in the world in the 25-40 million passenger category?",
              "id": "57068cda75f01819005e7bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many awards did Indira Gandhi International Airport win at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015?",
              "id": "57068cda75f01819005e7bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "Best airport in the world in the 25\u201340 million passengers category"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2015, the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport?",
              "id": "57068cda75f01819005e7bf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?",
              "id": "57068e4552bb891400689a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "compressed natural gas" }
              ],
              "question": "Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?",
              "id": "57068e4552bb891400689a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?",
              "id": "57068e4552bb891400689a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India? ",
              "id": "57068e4552bb891400689a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Buses" }],
              "question": "What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?",
              "id": "57068e4552bb891400689a5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are under construction. It carries millions of passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway?",
              "id": "57068f3a75f01819005e7c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area?",
              "id": "57068f3a75f01819005e7c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system?",
              "id": "57068f3a75f01819005e7c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "189 km" }],
              "question": "What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?",
              "id": "57068f3a75f01819005e7c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "146" }],
              "question": "The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?",
              "id": "57068f3a75f01819005e7c09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 miles) with 142 stations, of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the remainder are elevated. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "189.63 kilometres" }],
              "question": "What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?",
              "id": "570691b652bb891400689a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "142" }],
              "question": "How many stations are there on the Delhi Metro?",
              "id": "570691b652bb891400689a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Delhi Metro" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the world's 12 largest metro system by length?",
              "id": "570691b652bb891400689a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many of the Delhi Metro's stations are located underground?",
              "id": "570691b652bb891400689a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many of the New Delhi Metro's stations are located at ground level?",
              "id": "570691b652bb891400689a70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the Managing Director of DMRC and popularly known as the \"Metro Man\" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization operates the Delhi Metro system?",
              "id": "5706930552bb891400689a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Ministry of Urban Development" }
              ],
              "question": "The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates under the administrative control of what government body?",
              "id": "5706930552bb891400689a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan" }
              ],
              "question": "The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by what Indian government figure?",
              "id": "5706930552bb891400689a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "\"Metro Man\"" }],
              "question": "Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan was popularly known by what nickname?",
              "id": "5706930552bb891400689a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "Legion of Honour" }],
              "question": "What major award was given to Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan for his contribution the the Delhi Metro?",
              "id": "5706930552bb891400689a84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi has a population of 249,998. Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "249,998" }],
              "question": "What is the population of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706983475f01819005e7c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Hindi and Punjabi" }],
              "question": "What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706983475f01819005e7c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706983475f01819005e7c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "89.38%" }],
              "question": "What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census?",
              "id": "5706983475f01819005e7c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate?",
              "id": "5706983475f01819005e7c26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hinduism is the religion of 79.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (12.9%), Sikhs (5.4%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in Delhi. Other religious groups (2.5%) include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "79.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Hindu?",
              "id": "570698c075f01819005e7c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in New Delhi?",
              "id": "570698c075f01819005e7c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "12.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Muslim?",
              "id": "570698c075f01819005e7c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "5.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Sikh?",
              "id": "570698c075f01819005e7c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "0.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Christian?",
              "id": "570698c075f01819005e7c30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Gandhi Jayanti" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?",
              "id": "57069b2b75f01819005e7c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "15 August" }],
              "question": "What is the date of India's Independence Day?",
              "id": "57069b2b75f01819005e7c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "the Red Fort" }],
              "question": "On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?",
              "id": "57069b2b75f01819005e7c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "freedom" }],
              "question": "On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?",
              "id": "57069b2b75f01819005e7c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "Republic Day Parade" }
              ],
              "question": "What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?",
              "id": "57069b2b75f01819005e7c44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Christmas, Chhath Puja and Mahavir Jayanti. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Diwali" }],
              "question": "What religious festival is also known as the festival of light?",
              "id": "57069c6952bb891400689ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "The Qutub Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India?",
              "id": "57069c6952bb891400689ae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "the Qutub Minar" }],
              "question": "In what location is The Qutub Festival held?",
              "id": "57069c6952bb891400689ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Vasant Panchami" }],
              "question": "The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name?",
              "id": "57069c6952bb891400689ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "International Mango Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi?",
              "id": "57069c6952bb891400689ae6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year?",
              "id": "57069d6f75f01819005e7c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Buddha relics" }],
              "question": "The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts?",
              "id": "57069d6f75f01819005e7c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Nipponzan Myohoji" }],
              "question": "Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007?",
              "id": "57069d6f75f01819005e7c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure?",
              "id": "57069d6f75f01819005e7c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Peace Pagoda" }],
              "question": "What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007?",
              "id": "57069d6f75f01819005e7c58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy. All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "British power and supremacy" }
              ],
              "question": "The New Delhi town plan was chosen primarily to symbolize what?",
              "id": "57069e7a52bb891400689aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Hindu and Islamic" }],
              "question": "The New Delhi town plan was influenced by what type of architecture?",
              "id": "57069e7a52bb891400689aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The New Delhi town plan" }
              ],
              "question": "What town plan was chosen with the chief consideration of displaying British power and superiority?",
              "id": "57069e7a52bb891400689aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "What is one type of architecture that heavily influenced the New Delhi town plan?",
              "id": "57069e7a52bb891400689aef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911. Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "20 years" }],
              "question": "Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?",
              "id": "57069fac75f01819005e7c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "British Classical/Palladian" }
              ],
              "question": "The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition?",
              "id": "57069fac75f01819005e7c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "E.B. Havell" }],
              "question": "What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi?",
              "id": "57069fac75f01819005e7c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Viceroy Lord Hardinge" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi?",
              "id": "57069fac75f01819005e7c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "indigenous" }],
              "question": "Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources?",
              "id": "57069fac75f01819005e7c62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947\u201348 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "15 August 1949" }],
              "question": "On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated?",
              "id": "5706a0a975f01819005e7c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum?",
              "id": "5706a0a975f01819005e7c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Indian art" }],
              "question": "The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art?",
              "id": "5706a0a975f01819005e7c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "5,000 years" }],
              "question": "What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass?",
              "id": "5706a0a975f01819005e7c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Royal Academy in London" }
              ],
              "question": "In the winter of 1947, the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location?",
              "id": "5706a0a975f01819005e7c74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "What year was the India Gate built?",
              "id": "5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Arc de Triomphe" }],
              "question": "The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?",
              "id": "5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "90,000" }],
              "question": "The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars?",
              "id": "5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The India Gate" }],
              "question": "Which Indian monument, inspired by the Arc de Triomphe, was built in 1931?",
              "id": "5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Indian Army" }],
              "question": "The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army?",
              "id": "5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es" }
              ],
              "question": "The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?",
              "id": "5706a25b75f01819005e7c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Rajpath" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a25b75f01819005e7c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Rajpath" }],
              "question": "On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?",
              "id": "5706a25b75f01819005e7c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Republic Day parade" }
              ],
              "question": "What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?",
              "id": "5706a25b75f01819005e7c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "26 January" }],
              "question": "On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a25b75f01819005e7c88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gandhi Smriti" }],
              "question": "In which location did Mahatma Gandhi spend the final 144 days of his life?",
              "id": "5706a32852bb891400689af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located?",
              "id": "5706a32852bb891400689af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "30 January 1948" }],
              "question": "On which date was Mahatma Gandhi killed?",
              "id": "5706a32852bb891400689af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Rajghat" }],
              "question": "In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated?",
              "id": "5706a32852bb891400689af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Vanu Bhuta" }],
              "question": "The Raj Ghat was designed by what architect?",
              "id": "5706a32852bb891400689af8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?",
              "id": "5706a43e75f01819005e7cac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Connaught Place" }],
              "question": "In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?",
              "id": "5706a43e75f01819005e7cad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?",
              "id": "5706a43e75f01819005e7cae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jantar Mantar" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?",
              "id": "5706a43e75f01819005e7cb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "compile astronomical tables" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?",
              "id": "5706a43e75f01819005e7caf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "Shankar's International Dolls Museum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a52352bb891400689b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "National Rail Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a52352bb891400689b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city?",
              "id": "5706a52352bb891400689b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city?",
              "id": "5706a52352bb891400689b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "National Gallery of Modern Art" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a52352bb891400689b13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city?",
              "id": "5706a64f75f01819005e7cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Jangpura Metro Station" }
              ],
              "question": "A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?",
              "id": "5706a64f75f01819005e7cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season?",
              "id": "5706a64f75f01819005e7cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "gardens" }],
              "question": "New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature?",
              "id": "5706a64f75f01819005e7cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Buddha Jayanti Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi?",
              "id": "5706a64f75f01819005e7cd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested  in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Commonwealth Games" }],
              "question": "New Delhi played host to what major athletic competition in 2010?",
              "id": "5706a71675f01819005e7cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "New Delhi first hosted the Asian Games in what year?",
              "id": "5706a71675f01819005e7cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "The Asian Games were most recently held in New Delhi in what year?",
              "id": "5706a71675f01819005e7cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "allegations of corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "New Delhi's bid for the 2019 Asian Games was turned down by the government for what reason?",
              "id": "5706a71675f01819005e7cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Delhi Half Marathon" }
              ],
              "question": "New Delhi is the annual host of what foot-race?",
              "id": "5706a71675f01819005e7ce0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex" }
              ],
              "question": "What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706ab2e52bb891400689b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi?",
              "id": "5706ab2e52bb891400689b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city?",
              "id": "5706ab2e52bb891400689b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located?",
              "id": "5706ab2e52bb891400689b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city?",
              "id": "5706ab2e52bb891400689b44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of \u20b91595 billion (US$23 billion) in nominal terms and ~\u20b96800 billion (US$100 billion) in PPP terms. As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011-12.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "\u20b91595 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the estimated net State Domestic Product of New Delhi for 2010?",
              "id": "5706ac5452bb891400689b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Goa" }],
              "question": "The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality?",
              "id": "5706ac5452bb891400689b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Rs 3.88 trillion" }],
              "question": "What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi?",
              "id": "5706ac5452bb891400689b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Rs. 230000" }],
              "question": "What is the per capita income of Delhi as of 2013?",
              "id": "5706ac5452bb891400689b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Rs 3.11 trillion" }],
              "question": "What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi?",
              "id": "5706ac5452bb891400689b5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Connaught Place" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706af7575f01819005e7d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "New Delhi's service sector has expanded largely due to skilled workers that speak what language?",
              "id": "5706af7575f01819005e7d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "information technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706af7575f01819005e7d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Government" }],
              "question": "Prior to the expansion of the service sector, what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706af7575f01819005e7d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "multinational companies" }
              ],
              "question": "The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city?",
              "id": "5706af7575f01819005e7d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "39" }],
              "question": "According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?",
              "id": "5706b0940eeca41400aa0d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?",
              "id": "5706b0940eeca41400aa0d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "World Wealth Report" }],
              "question": "What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?",
              "id": "5706b0940eeca41400aa0d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?",
              "id": "5706b0940eeca41400aa0d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "economic activity" }],
              "question": "Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?",
              "id": "5706b0940eeca41400aa0d2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 83,085 crores (for the year 2004\u201305) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200). In the year 2008\u201309 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs.1,16,886 ($2,595).It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs.1,35,814 ($3,018) in 2009\u201310 fiscal. New Delhi's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009\u201310 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government body is responsible for releasing the annual official economic report for Delhi?",
              "id": "5706b1da0eeca41400aa0d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "16.2%" }],
              "question": "New Delhi's Per Capita income grew by what percentage in 2009-10?",
              "id": "5706b1da0eeca41400aa0d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "$6,860" }],
              "question": "What was New Delhi's Per Capita GDP in dollars for 2009-10?",
              "id": "5706b1da0eeca41400aa0d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Rs.1,16,886" }],
              "question": "What was the 2008-09 Per Capita income of New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706b1da0eeca41400aa0d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "83,085 crores" }],
              "question": "What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi?",
              "id": "5706b1da0eeca41400aa0d4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore, which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Rs 3.13 lakh crore" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12?",
              "id": "5706b3e90eeca41400aa0d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "18.7" }],
              "question": "The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12?",
              "id": "5706b3e90eeca41400aa0d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "2011-12" }],
              "question": "In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore?",
              "id": "5706b3e90eeca41400aa0d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year?",
              "id": "5706b3e90eeca41400aa0d56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?",
              "id": "5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?",
              "id": "5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "UNDP" }],
              "question": "What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?",
              "id": "5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?",
              "id": "5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?",
              "id": "5706b6aa2eaba6190074ac64"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Imamah (Arabic: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u200e) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Imams" }],
              "question": "Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?",
              "id": "5705e53675f01819005e770c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Imamah" }],
              "question": "What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?",
              "id": "5705e53675f01819005e770d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "their tariqa followers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do the Iamas provide guidance to?",
              "id": "5705e53675f01819005e770e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "divine knowledge and authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Imams possessed of?",
              "id": "5705e53675f01819005e770f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Muhammad" }],
              "question": "Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?",
              "id": "5705e53675f01819005e7710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Imamah" }],
              "question": "What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?",
              "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Imams" }],
              "question": "Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?",
              "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the role of Imams?",
              "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Imams" }],
              "question": "Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?",
              "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse (...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...) 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Shias" }],
              "question": "Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?",
              "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "Ghadir Khumm" }],
              "question": "On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?",
              "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "4:165" }],
              "question": "What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?",
              "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Allah" }],
              "question": "Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?",
              "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "guide the people" }],
              "question": "What must a prophet do?",
              "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "they differed over their Imams' successions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did different sects come about within Shiism?",
              "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Shia - Sunni" }],
              "question": "What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?",
              "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "its own particular Imam's dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each Shia tariqah follow?",
              "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "path" }],
              "question": "What is the literal meaning of tariqah?",
              "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "The Occultation" }],
              "question": "What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?",
              "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad\u2019s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma\u2019eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.\"[b][improper synthesis?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1048, "text": "their nobility" }],
              "question": "What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?",
              "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1238, "text": "Muslims" }],
              "question": "What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?",
              "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1268, "text": "Jesus" }],
              "question": "Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?",
              "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "not to be from the family of Muhammad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?",
              "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?",
              "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"Im\u0101m\" denotes a person who stands or walks \"in front\". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab (\"school of thought\"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word \"Imam\" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Im\u0101m" }],
              "question": "What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?",
              "id": "570804549e06ca38007e94ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?",
              "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "school of thought" }],
              "question": "What does the word madhhab mean?",
              "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?",
              "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9502"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism\u2019s cardinal principle would be broken and it\u2019s very raison d'\u00eatre would come to an end.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Shia" }],
              "question": "What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?",
              "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Occultation" }],
              "question": "What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?",
              "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Shia Nizari Ismailis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who deny the concept of Occulation?",
              "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "present and living" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?",
              "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e950a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "come to an end" }],
              "question": "What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?",
              "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e950b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl\u012bsm, Allah has sent \"seven\" great prophets known as \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his D\u012bn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as \u201cS\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m\u201d. At the end of each seven \u201cS\u0101mad\u201d silsila, one great \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) has ben sent in order to reimprove the D\u012bn of Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) \u2013 \u201cS\u0101mad\u201d (Silent) silsila (Noah\u2013Shem), (Abraham\u2013Ishmael), (Moses\u2013Aaron), (Jesus\u2013Simeon), (Muhammad bin \u02bfAbd All\u0101h\u2013Ali ibn Abu T\u0101lib); the silsila of \u201cN\u0101t\u0131qs and S\u0101mads have been completed with (Muhammad bin Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl as-\u1e63agh\u012br (Maym\u00fbn\u2019\u00fbl-Qadd\u0101h)\u2013\u02bfAbd All\u0101h Ibn-i Maym\u00fbn and his sons).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many great prophets has Allah sent?",
              "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "N\u0101t\u0131q" }],
              "question": "What are the seven great prophets known as?",
              "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "disseminate and improve his D\u012bn of Islam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?",
              "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "S\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the great prophets assistant called?",
              "id": "570806c390286e26004fc980"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the \"Shia\". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the \"Bohras\" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the \"Shia\"" }],
              "question": "In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?",
              "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Ismailis" }],
              "question": "What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?",
              "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9512"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Bohras" }],
              "question": "What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?",
              "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "The Shia Sevener" }],
              "question": "Which tariqah no longer exists?",
              "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Zaidi Shias" }],
              "question": "Which tariah is known as the Fivers?",
              "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9515"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughr\u00e1), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuw\u0101b al-arba\u02bba or \"the Four Leaders\"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "via deputies" }],
              "question": "How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?",
              "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "acted as agents between him and his followers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?",
              "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "write their concerns and send them to his deputy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would believers do when they had a problem?",
              "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "seal and signature" }
              ],
              "question": "What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?",
              "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "zakat and khums" }],
              "question": "What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?",
              "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "living imams" }],
              "question": "How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?",
              "id": "57080a949928a814004714b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Isma'il ibn Jafar" }],
              "question": "Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?",
              "id": "57080a949928a814004714b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Ja'far al-Sadiq" }],
              "question": "Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?",
              "id": "57080a949928a814004714b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "mantle of the imamate" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?",
              "id": "57080a949928a814004714b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?",
              "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "went into a Dawr-e-Satr" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?",
              "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Dai-al-Mutlaq" }],
              "question": "Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?",
              "id": "57080bf29928a814004714be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "manages the affairs of the Imam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?",
              "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?",
              "id": "57080bf29928a814004714c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla.\" This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Muhammad" }],
              "question": "Who do Muslims believe said \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?",
              "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "How many books can this quote be found?",
              "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "the word 'Mawla'" }],
              "question": "What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?",
              "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1302, "text": "beloved" }],
              "question": "What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?",
              "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Lord and Master" }],
              "question": "What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?",
              "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2:124" }],
              "question": "By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?",
              "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "no age can be without an Imam" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?",
              "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Imamah is a position appointed by who?",
              "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "divine protection" }],
              "question": "What is an Imam protected by?",
              "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Imam" }],
              "question": "Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?",
              "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the majority of Sh\u012b'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithn\u0101'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Mu\u1e25ammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Al\u012b.The belief in this succession to Mu\u1e25ammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19\u201320 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?",
              "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "son" }],
              "question": "Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?",
              "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Genesis 17:19\u201320" }
              ],
              "question": "What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?",
              "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Bird_migration",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "the northern hemisphere" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does migration mainly occur?",
              "id": "5705e78f75f01819005e7734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "availability of food" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do birds primarily migrate?",
              "id": "5705e78f75f01819005e7735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Many species" }],
              "question": "Which birds migrate?",
              "id": "5705e78f75f01819005e7736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is bird migration?",
              "id": "5705e78f75f01819005e7737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "humans" }],
              "question": "What is a cause of death to birds during migration?",
              "id": "5705e78f75f01819005e7738"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "3,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When was migration first recorded?",
              "id": "5705e90375f01819005e7748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who recorded the earliest records of migration?",
              "id": "5705e90375f01819005e7749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "Where was Johannes Leche from?",
              "id": "5705e90375f01819005e774a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "storks, turtle doves, and swallows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?",
              "id": "5705e90375f01819005e774b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "habitat destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major threat to migratory birds?",
              "id": "5705e90375f01819005e774c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Arctic tern" }],
              "question": "Which birds migrate the furthest?",
              "id": "5705e9bf52bb891400689692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?",
              "id": "5705e9bf52bb891400689693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?",
              "id": "5705e9bf52bb891400689695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "albatrosses" }],
              "question": "which bird migrates by circling the earth?",
              "id": "5705e9bf52bb891400689694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a shorter migration?",
              "id": "5705e9bf52bb891400689696"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "changes in day length" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the timing of migration?",
              "id": "5705ea4175f01819005e7752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "celestial cues from the sun and stars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do migrating birds navigate?",
              "id": "5705ea4175f01819005e7753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the earth's magnetic field" }
              ],
              "question": "How else to migrating birds navigate?",
              "id": "5705ea4175f01819005e7754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "mental maps" }],
              "question": "What might help migrating birds navigate?",
              "id": "5705ea4175f01819005e7755"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: \"Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?\" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: \"Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Ancient Greek writers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who recorded early records of migration?",
              "id": "5705eb3152bb89140068969d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Book of Job (39:26)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in the bible does it mention migration?",
              "id": "5705eb3152bb89140068969e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "hawk" }],
              "question": "What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?",
              "id": "5705eb3152bb89140068969f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?",
              "id": "5705ef1452bb8914006896e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Pliny the Elder" }],
              "question": "Who repeats Aristotle's observations?",
              "id": "5705ef1452bb8914006896e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "in his Historia Naturalis" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?",
              "id": "5705ef1452bb8914006896ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "cranes" }],
              "question": "What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?",
              "id": "5705ef1452bb8914006896eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the \"highly observant\" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse \"while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone\", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that \"as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to\", and that if early swallows \"happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time\u2014a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration\", since he doubts they would \"return for a week or two to warmer latitudes\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "swallows" }],
              "question": "Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?",
              "id": "5705f22952bb891400689700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?",
              "id": "5705f22952bb891400689701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Elliott Coues" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?",
              "id": "5705f22952bb891400689702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Gilbert White" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"The Natural History of Selborne\"?",
              "id": "5705f22952bb891400689703"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from \"a very intelligent master of a vessel\" who, \"between the islands of Minorca and Majorca, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward\", and states the situation in Britain as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "the end of the eighteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was migration finally accepted?",
              "id": "5705f31c52bb89140068970e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Thomas Bewick" }],
              "question": "Who wrote A History of British Birds?",
              "id": "5705f31c52bb89140068970f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1797" }],
              "question": "What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?",
              "id": "5705f31c52bb891400689710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were Swallows seen flying?",
              "id": "5705f31c52bb891400689711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "northward" }],
              "question": "Which directions were the Swallows flying?",
              "id": "5705f31c52bb891400689712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bewick" }],
              "question": "Who describes an experiment with swallows?",
              "id": "5705f3a375f01819005e77c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Where did this experiment take place?",
              "id": "5705f3a375f01819005e77c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "they remained warm and dry through the winters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the experiment succeed?",
              "id": "5705f3a375f01819005e77c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "several years" }],
              "question": "How long did the birds stay alive?",
              "id": "5705f3a375f01819005e77c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed \"true migration\" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do birds migrate?",
              "id": "5705f53452bb891400689736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "resident or sedentary" }
              ],
              "question": "What are non=migratory birds called?",
              "id": "5705f53452bb891400689737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many species of birds are there?",
              "id": "5705f53452bb891400689738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "How many bird species are long distance migrants?",
              "id": "5705f53452bb891400689739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "north and south" }],
              "question": "Which direction do birds primarily migrate?",
              "id": "5705f53452bb89140068973a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "a flyway" }],
              "question": "Along where do many birds migrate?",
              "id": "5705f69d75f01819005e77ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "south" }],
              "question": "What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?",
              "id": "5705f69d75f01819005e77cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "flying north" }],
              "question": "What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?",
              "id": "5705f69d75f01819005e77cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "to breed" }],
              "question": "Why do the birds fly north?",
              "id": "5705f69d75f01819005e77cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "What is the primary motivation for migration?",
              "id": "5705f85275f01819005e77e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "hummingbirds" }],
              "question": "Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?",
              "id": "5705f85275f01819005e77e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "autumn" }],
              "question": "When do the birds return to warmer regions?",
              "id": "5705f85275f01819005e77e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "time for breeding birds to feed their young."
                }
              ],
              "question": "what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?",
              "id": "5705f85275f01819005e77e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "larger clutches" }],
              "question": "What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?",
              "id": "5705f85275f01819005e77ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants, which it feeds to its young. A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants. The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Predation" }],
              "question": "What is hightened during migration?",
              "id": "5705f90475f01819005e77f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Mediterranean islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?",
              "id": "5705f90475f01819005e77f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "southbound passerine migrants" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?",
              "id": "5705f90475f01819005e77fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "the greater noctule bat" }
              ],
              "question": "What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?",
              "id": "5705f90475f01819005e77fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "higher concentrations of migrating birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?",
              "id": "5705f90475f01819005e77fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as \"partial migration\". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "not all populations may be migratory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is partial migration?",
              "id": "5705fa3075f01819005e780c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the southern continents" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is partial migration most common?",
              "id": "5705fa3075f01819005e780d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?",
              "id": "5705fa3075f01819005e780e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "32%" }],
              "question": "In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?",
              "id": "5705fa3075f01819005e780f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is leap frog migration?",
              "id": "5705fa3075f01819005e7810"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Female" }],
              "question": "Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?",
              "id": "5705fae575f01819005e7816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Eastern Fennoscandia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?",
              "id": "5705fae575f01819005e7817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "autumn" }],
              "question": "When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?",
              "id": "5705fae575f01819005e7818"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "the birds starting off in a broad front"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do most migrations begin?",
              "id": "5705fb9e52bb89140068975a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "mountain ranges or coastlines" }
              ],
              "question": "What to the migrating birds usually follow?",
              "id": "5705fb9e52bb89140068975b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "large stretches of open water" }
              ],
              "question": "What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?",
              "id": "5705fb9e52bb89140068975c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "clockwise" }],
              "question": "What is a common pattern in North America migration?",
              "id": "5705fb9e52bb89140068975d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "flyways" }],
              "question": "What are the preferred routes for migration called?",
              "id": "5705fb9e52bb89140068975e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12\u201320% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "in flocks" }],
              "question": "How do most birds migrate?",
              "id": "5705fc5b75f01819005e7830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "12\u201320%" }],
              "question": "How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?",
              "id": "5705fc5b75f01819005e7831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "3.1 mph" }],
              "question": "How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?",
              "id": "5705fc5b75f01819005e7832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "energy cost" }],
              "question": "What does flying in flocks reduce?",
              "id": "5705fc5b75f01819005e7834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "a V-formation" }],
              "question": "How do birds conserve energy?",
              "id": "5705fc5b75f01819005e7833"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "skeletons" }],
              "question": "What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?",
              "id": "5706017552bb89140068978e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "Bar-headed geese Anser indicus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?",
              "id": "5706017552bb89140068978f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Seabirds" }],
              "question": "What kind of birds fly low over water?",
              "id": "5706017552bb891400689790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "150 to 600 m" }],
              "question": "What altitude range is most migration recorded?",
              "id": "5706017552bb891400689791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "below 600 m" }],
              "question": "Where do most in air collisions occur?",
              "id": "5706017552bb891400689792"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "by swimming" }],
              "question": "How do penguins migrate?",
              "id": "5706021475f01819005e7864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "over 1,000 km" }],
              "question": "How far do penguins travel when they migrate?",
              "id": "5706021475f01819005e7865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "mostly by walking" }],
              "question": "How do Dusky grouse migrate?",
              "id": "5706021475f01819005e7866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "on foot" }],
              "question": "How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?",
              "id": "5706021475f01819005e7867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Where are Emus from?",
              "id": "5706021475f01819005e7868"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon. Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents. Some ducks, such as the garganey Anas querquedula, move completely or partially into the tropics. The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "from Iceland to Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?",
              "id": "570602f875f01819005e786e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "arctic climates to the contiguous United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?",
              "id": "570602f875f01819005e786f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 992, "text": "Asia and Europe" }],
              "question": "Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?",
              "id": "570602f875f01819005e7870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1025, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?",
              "id": "570602f875f01819005e7871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "during their first migration with their parents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do young learn migratory routes?",
              "id": "570602f875f01819005e7872"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "an hooked or arched line" }
              ],
              "question": "What route does a migrating bird usually follow?",
              "id": "5706046752bb8914006897aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "large water bodies or high mountain ranges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?",
              "id": "5706046752bb8914006897ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "the lack of stopover or feeding sites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?",
              "id": "5706046752bb8914006897ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "lack of thermal columns" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?",
              "id": "5706046752bb8914006897ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for example, brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "a large area of land without bodies of water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do water birds avoid while migrating?",
              "id": "5706057875f01819005e788c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "the Taymyr Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do brent geese migrate from?",
              "id": "5706057875f01819005e788d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "the Wadden Sea" }],
              "question": "Where do brent geese migrate to?",
              "id": "5706057875f01819005e788e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do brent geese migrate?",
              "id": "5706057875f01819005e788f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "shorebirds" }],
              "question": "What are waders called in North America?",
              "id": "5706068852bb8914006897be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "warmer locations in the same hemisphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?",
              "id": "5706068852bb8914006897bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?",
              "id": "5706068852bb8914006897c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Arctic breeding grounds" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?",
              "id": "5706068852bb8914006897c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the availability of certain key food resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does successful migration depend on for some waders?",
              "id": "5706071252bb8914006897cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "stopover points along the migration route"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do migrants refuel?",
              "id": "5706071252bb8914006897cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "the Bay of Fundy" }],
              "question": "Where is an important stopover location?",
              "id": "5706071252bb8914006897ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Delaware Bay" }],
              "question": "What is another stopover location?",
              "id": "5706071252bb8914006897cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "bar-tailed godwits" }],
              "question": "Which bird has the longest migration?",
              "id": "5706783775f01819005e7ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "11,000 km" }],
              "question": "How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?",
              "id": "5706783775f01819005e7ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Alaska" }],
              "question": "Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from",
              "id": "5706783775f01819005e7ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?",
              "id": "5706783775f01819005e7ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "55 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?",
              "id": "5706783775f01819005e7ba8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "The Arctic tern" }],
              "question": "Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?",
              "id": "5706791075f01819005e7bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "The Arctic tern" }],
              "question": "Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?",
              "id": "5706791075f01819005e7baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?",
              "id": "5706791075f01819005e7bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "22,000 km" }],
              "question": "How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?",
              "id": "5706791075f01819005e7bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "the southern hemisphere" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do tubenosed birds breed?",
              "id": "5706791075f01819005e7bb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes available. Many are also among the longest-distance migrants; sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway. Some Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus do this same journey in reverse. As they are long-lived birds, they may cover enormous distances during their lives; one record-breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million km (5 million miles) during its over-50 year lifespan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "pelagic" }],
              "question": "Which species are great wanderers?",
              "id": "5706865b75f01819005e7bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "8 million km" }],
              "question": "How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?",
              "id": "5706865b75f01819005e7bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Manx shearwater" }],
              "question": "Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?",
              "id": "5706865b75f01819005e7bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "50 year" }],
              "question": "How long did the Manx shearwater live?",
              "id": "5706865b75f01819005e7bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "14,000 km" }],
              "question": "How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?",
              "id": "5706865b75f01819005e7bd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since thermals only form over land, and these birds cannot maintain active flight for long distances. Mediterranean and other seas present a major obstacle to soaring birds, which must cross at the narrowest points. Massive numbers of large raptors and storks pass through areas such as the Strait of Messina, Gibraltar, Falsterbo, and the Bosphorus at migration times. More common species, such as the European honey buzzard Pernis apivorus, can be counted in hundreds of thousands in autumn. Other barriers, such as mountain ranges, can also cause funnelling, particularly of large diurnal migrants. This is a notable factor in the Central American migratory bottleneck. Batumi bottleneck in the Caucasus is one of the heaviest migratory funnels on earth. Avoiding flying over the Black Sea surface and across high mountains, hundreds of thousands of soaring birds funnel through an area around the city of Batumi, Georgia. Birds of prey such as honey buzzards which migrate using thermals lose only 10 to 20% of their weight during migration, which may explain why they forage less during migration than do smaller birds of prey with more active flight such as falcons, hawks and harriers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "thermal columns of rising hot air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?",
              "id": "5706872b52bb891400689a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "daytime" }],
              "question": "When do large birds of pray migrate?",
              "id": "5706872b52bb891400689a45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "Batumi bottleneck" }],
              "question": "What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?",
              "id": "5706872b52bb891400689a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1312, "text": "10 to 20%" }],
              "question": "How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?",
              "id": "5706872b52bb891400689a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1138, "text": "hundreds of thousands" }
              ],
              "question": "How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?",
              "id": "5706872b52bb891400689a48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations between the origin and destination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "usually at night" }],
              "question": "When do many insectivorous birds migrate?",
              "id": "5706883275f01819005e7bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "smaller insectivorous birds" }
              ],
              "question": "Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?",
              "id": "5706883275f01819005e7bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "passage migrants" }],
              "question": "What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?",
              "id": "5706883275f01819005e7bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "a few days" }],
              "question": "How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?",
              "id": "5706883275f01819005e7bd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "minimize predation" }],
              "question": "What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?",
              "id": "570688d052bb891400689a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "loss of sleep" }],
              "question": "What is a cost of nocturnal migration?",
              "id": "570688d052bb891400689a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?",
              "id": "570688d052bb891400689a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "avoid overheating" }],
              "question": "What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?",
              "id": "570688d052bb891400689a51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus, may move only altitudinally to escape the cold higher ground. Other species such as merlin Falco columbarius and Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis move further, to the coast or towards the south. Species like the chaffinch are much less migratory in Britain than those of continental Europe, mostly not moving more than 5 km in their lives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "respond to changing day length" }
              ],
              "question": "What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do?",
              "id": "57068e2575f01819005e7bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "response to local weather conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do species that move short distances know when to migrate?",
              "id": "57068e2575f01819005e7bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "to escape the cold higher ground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally?",
              "id": "57068e2575f01819005e7bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "the coast or towards the south"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?",
              "id": "57068e2575f01819005e7bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "5 km" }],
              "question": "How far do British chaffinch more in their lives?",
              "id": "57068e2575f01819005e7c00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?",
              "id": "5706909b52bb891400689a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?",
              "id": "5706909b52bb891400689a61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "to stay in the northern hemisphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?",
              "id": "5706909b52bb891400689a62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the waxwings Bombycilla" }
              ],
              "question": "What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?",
              "id": "5706910552bb891400689a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?",
              "id": "5706910552bb891400689a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "enhanced breeding opportunities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?",
              "id": "5706910552bb891400689a68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the tropics" }],
              "question": "Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?",
              "id": "5706917375f01819005e7c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "to obtain more of their preferred foods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?",
              "id": "5706917375f01819005e7c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "fruits" }],
              "question": "What are tropical birds preferred foods?",
              "id": "5706917375f01819005e7c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the tropics" }],
              "question": "Where is it always warm enough for food supply?",
              "id": "5706917375f01819005e7c13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "a good breeding season followed by a food source failure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?",
              "id": "5706a3b152bb891400689afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?",
              "id": "5706a3b152bb891400689aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?",
              "id": "5706a3b152bb891400689b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791" }
              ],
              "question": "What years did Red crossbills invade England?",
              "id": "5706a3b152bb891400689b01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, among (pelagic) seabirds, species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate. This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Northern" }],
              "question": "In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?",
              "id": "5706a4a052bb891400689b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "south" }],
              "question": "Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?",
              "id": "5706a4a052bb891400689b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "food becomes scarce" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do birds migrate south in winter?",
              "id": "5706a4a052bb891400689b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "species of the Southern Hemisphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?",
              "id": "5706a4a052bb891400689b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?",
              "id": "5706a4a052bb891400689b0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "a primitive trait" }],
              "question": "What controls a birds migration?",
              "id": "5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "endogenous programs as well as learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?",
              "id": "5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "migration" }],
              "question": "What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?",
              "id": "5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "The ability to navigate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?",
              "id": "5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition. The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage-raised birds with no environmental cues (e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature) has pointed to the role of circannual endogenous programs in controlling bird migrations. Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "changes in the day length" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary cue for migration?",
              "id": "5706abd252bb891400689b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "higher activity" }],
              "question": "How do birds act in the period before migration?",
              "id": "5706abd252bb891400689b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "migratory restlessness" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Zugunruhe mean in English?",
              "id": "5706abd252bb891400689b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "preferential flight direction" }
              ],
              "question": "What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?",
              "id": "5706abd252bb891400689b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 772,
                  "text": "the same time their wild conspecifics change course"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do caged birds change their preferential direction?",
              "id": "5706abd252bb891400689b4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "protandry" }],
              "question": "What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?",
              "id": "5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?",
              "id": "5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "sexual dimorphism" }],
              "question": "Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?",
              "id": "5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetoception), use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "a variety of senses" }
              ],
              "question": "What is navigation based on?",
              "id": "5706acd875f01819005e7d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "sun" }],
              "question": "What do many birds use as a compass?",
              "id": "5706acd875f01819005e7d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "the need for making compensation based on the time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does using the sun for direction involve?",
              "id": "5706acd875f01819005e7d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "use visual landmarks" }
              ],
              "question": "What else is navigation based on?",
              "id": "5706acd875f01819005e7d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the ability to detect magnetic fields"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is magnetoception?",
              "id": "5706acd875f01819005e7d14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "as young birds" }],
              "question": "When do long distance migrants disperse?",
              "id": "5706b5312eaba6190074ac4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "potential breeding sites" }
              ],
              "question": "What do young birds form attachments to?",
              "id": "5706b5312eaba6190074ac4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "wintering sites" }],
              "question": "What else do young birds form attachments to?",
              "id": "5706b5312eaba6190074ac50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "they show high site-fidelity" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when the site attachment is made?",
              "id": "5706b5312eaba6190074ac51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "the same wintering sites year after year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do migrating birds visit?",
              "id": "5706b5312eaba6190074ac52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to recognize habitats and form mental maps. Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "making corrections for wind drift"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are older migrating birds better at?",
              "id": "5706b8810eeca41400aa0da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Satellite" }],
              "question": "How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?",
              "id": "5706b8810eeca41400aa0da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "recognize habitats and form mental maps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?",
              "id": "5706b8810eeca41400aa0da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "ospreys and honey buzzards" }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of day migrating raptors?",
              "id": "5706b8810eeca41400aa0da4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through a radical pair mechanism whereby chemical reactions in special photo pigments sensitive to long wavelengths are affected by the field. Although this only works during daylight hours, it does not use the position of the sun in any way. At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map, until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use. With experience it learns various landmarks and this \"mapping\" is done by magnetites in the trigeminal system, which tell the bird how strong the field is. Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions, the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination. There is a neural connection between the eye and \"Cluster N\", the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation, suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?",
              "id": "5706baba2eaba6190074ac98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1135,
                  "text": "between the eye and \"Cluster N\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?",
              "id": "5706baba2eaba6190074ac99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1168,
                  "text": "the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Cluster N?",
              "id": "5706baba2eaba6190074ac9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "a boy scout with a compass but no map"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?",
              "id": "5706baba2eaba6190074ac9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1057,
                  "text": "let it know when it has reached its destination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?",
              "id": "5706baba2eaba6190074ac9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the \"spring overshoot\" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as watchpoints for such birds. Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada, and Spurn in England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "flying past their destinations" }
              ],
              "question": "How can migrating birds lose their way?",
              "id": "5706bbd02eaba6190074acb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "spring overshoot" }],
              "question": "What is flying past their destinations called?",
              "id": "5706bbd02eaba6190074acb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Point Pelee National Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What location has become famous for bird overshooters?",
              "id": "5706bbd02eaba6190074acb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Spurn in England" }],
              "question": "What other location is famous for spring overshoot?",
              "id": "5706bbd02eaba6190074acb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "further north than intended" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do bird overshooters end up?",
              "id": "5706bbd02eaba6190074acb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Reverse migration" }],
              "question": "What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?",
              "id": "5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is reverse migration?",
              "id": "5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does reverse migration lead to?",
              "id": "5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "thousands of kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "How far out of range can rarities get?",
              "id": "5706bcd30eeca41400aa0dce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A related phenomenon called \"abmigration\" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "abmigration" }],
              "question": "What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?",
              "id": "5706c6190eeca41400aa0e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "waterfowl" }],
              "question": "What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?",
              "id": "5706c6190eeca41400aa0e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the new population" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do abmigrating birds return with?",
              "id": "5706c6190eeca41400aa0e23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "to teach a migration route to a flock of birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a re-introduction scheme?",
              "id": "5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "microlight aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What did they use to teach birds a migration route?",
              "id": "5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "whooping cranes" }],
              "question": "Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?",
              "id": "5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Canada geese" }],
              "question": "Which birds did they use as a trial run?",
              "id": "5706c6bf0eeca41400aa0e2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds. Apart from physiological adaptations, migration sometimes requires behavioural changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "their metabolism" }],
              "question": "What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?",
              "id": "5706c7a52eaba6190074ad02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "usually once a year" }
              ],
              "question": "How often do birds molt?",
              "id": "5706c7a52eaba6190074ad03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do birds store energy?",
              "id": "5706c7a52eaba6190074ad04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do birds need to molt?",
              "id": "5706c7a52eaba6190074ad05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "varies with some species" }
              ],
              "question": "When do birds molt?",
              "id": "5706c7a52eaba6190074ad06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages. This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "independently" }],
              "question": "How was migration developed?",
              "id": "5706cfe02eaba6190074ad14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Migration in birds" }],
              "question": "What is highly labile?",
              "id": "5706cfe02eaba6190074ad15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "genetic control" }],
              "question": "What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?",
              "id": "5706cfe02eaba6190074ad16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "genetic framework for migratory behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What exists in nearly all avian lineages?",
              "id": "5706cfe02eaba6190074ad17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?",
              "id": "5706d7150eeca41400aa0e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "a bird that loads itself with food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of bird flies less efficiently?",
              "id": "5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Swainson's thrush" }],
              "question": "What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?",
              "id": "5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "far east across North America" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?",
              "id": "5706d7150eeca41400aa0e6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Large scale climatic changes, as have been experienced in the past, are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population variations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "climatic changes" }],
              "question": "What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?",
              "id": "5706d7962eaba6190074ad30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "timing changes in migration" }
              ],
              "question": "What have studies shown regarding climate change?",
              "id": "5706d7962eaba6190074ad31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "breeding as well as population variations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else is climate change been shown to change?",
              "id": "5706d7962eaba6190074ad32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission, but it has been found not to present a special risk; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat. Some viruses that are maintained in birds without lethal effects, such as the West Nile Virus may however be spread by migrating birds. Birds may also have a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "ectoparasites such as ticks and lice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other species does migration help?",
              "id": "5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "import of pet and domestic birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a greater threat of disease transmission?",
              "id": "5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "bird migration" }],
              "question": "What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?",
              "id": "5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Birds" }],
              "question": "What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?",
              "id": "5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "West Nile Virus" }],
              "question": "What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?",
              "id": "5706d83b0eeca41400aa0e75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Greater noctule bats" }
              ],
              "question": "Who takes advantage of migrating birds?",
              "id": "5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "nocturnal migrating passerines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do greater noctule bats feed on?",
              "id": "5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "migrating waders" }],
              "question": "What do some birds of prey specialize on?",
              "id": "5706d88c0eeca41400aa0e7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "marking" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest way to study migration?",
              "id": "5706d9820eeca41400aa0e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "a nick on the beak" }
              ],
              "question": "How have swans been marked?",
              "id": "5706d9820eeca41400aa0e82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?",
              "id": "5706d9820eeca41400aa0e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1560" }],
              "question": "Since when have swans been marked?",
              "id": "5706d9820eeca41400aa0e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "radar and satellite tracking" }
              ],
              "question": "What are other forms of studying migration?",
              "id": "5706d9820eeca41400aa0e85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage. Other approaches used in pigeon homing studies make use of the direction in which the bird vanishes on the horizon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the Emlen funnel" }],
              "question": "How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?",
              "id": "5706f6a190286e26004fc76d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "circular" }],
              "question": "What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?",
              "id": "5706f6a190286e26004fc76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "The orientation behaviour" }
              ],
              "question": "What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?",
              "id": "5706f6a190286e26004fc76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "marks" }],
              "question": "What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?",
              "id": "5706f6a190286e26004fc770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "on the horizon" }],
              "question": "Where does the homing pigeon vanish?",
              "id": "5706f6a190286e26004fc771"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in 2002. Structures such as power lines, wind farms and offshore oil-rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds. Other migration hazards include pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction along migration routes, denying migrants food at stopover points. For example, in the East Asian\u2013Australasian Flyway, up to 65% of key intertidal habitat at the Yellow Sea migration bottleneck has been destroyed since the 1950s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hunting along migration routes" }
              ],
              "question": "What threatens some bird species?",
              "id": "5706fac590286e26004fc791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Siberian cranes" }],
              "question": "What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?",
              "id": "5706fac590286e26004fc792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?",
              "id": "5706fac590286e26004fc793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "migratory birds" }],
              "question": "What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?",
              "id": "5706fac590286e26004fc794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other migration hazards?",
              "id": "5706fac590286e26004fc795"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Absecon Island" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?",
              "id": "5706070375f01819005e78a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?",
              "id": "5706070375f01819005e78a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?",
              "id": "5706070375f01819005e78a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706070375f01819005e78a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "Which coast is Atlantic City located on?",
              "id": "5706070375f01819005e78a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "The Belloe House" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706099a52bb8914006897e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706099a52bb8914006897e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?",
              "id": "5706099a52bb8914006897ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "marshlands and islands" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?",
              "id": "5706099a52bb8914006897eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "prime real estate and a potential resort town"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers? ",
              "id": "5706099a52bb8914006897ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, \"Atlantic City's Godfather\" Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the \"Father of Atlantic City\") to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who \"were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney\":",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?",
              "id": "57060b8852bb8914006897ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?",
              "id": "57060b8852bb891400689800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Absecon Lighthouse" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?",
              "id": "57060b8852bb891400689801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Nelson Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who is considered to be \"Atlantic City's Godfather?\"",
              "id": "57060b8852bb891400689802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "57060d1275f01819005e78fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "57060d1275f01819005e78fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?",
              "id": "57060d1275f01819005e78fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "about 7 miles" }],
              "question": "What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?",
              "id": "57060d1275f01819005e78ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Longport" }],
              "question": "Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?",
              "id": "57060d1275f01819005e7900"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Pleasantville" }],
              "question": "The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?",
              "id": "57060ece75f01819005e791a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?",
              "id": "57060ece75f01819005e791b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "30-cent" }],
              "question": "How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?",
              "id": "57060ece75f01819005e791c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Albany Avenue" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?",
              "id": "57060ece75f01819005e791d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?",
              "id": "5706109452bb891400689842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?",
              "id": "5706109452bb891400689843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "The United States Hotel" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?",
              "id": "5706109452bb891400689844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "rooming houses" }],
              "question": "Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?",
              "id": "5706109452bb891400689845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?",
              "id": "5706109452bb891400689846"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "early part of the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?",
              "id": "570612ce52bb891400689854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "large hotels" }],
              "question": "What replaced many of the modest boarding houses? ",
              "id": "570612ce52bb891400689855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?",
              "id": "570612ce52bb891400689856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "a radical building boom" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?",
              "id": "570612ce52bb891400689857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "the boardwalk" }],
              "question": "Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?",
              "id": "570612ce52bb891400689858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905\u201306, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of conversation, White hired the architectural firm of Price and McLanahan. The firm made use of reinforced concrete, a new building material invented by Jean-Louis Lambot in 1848 (Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867). The hotel's Spanish and Moorish themes, capped off with its signature dome and chimneys, represented a step forward from other hotels that had a classically designed influence. White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough-Blenheim. Bally's Atlantic City was later constructed at this location.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?",
              "id": "5706143352bb891400689876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Marlborough House" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?",
              "id": "5706143352bb891400689877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Queen Anne" }],
              "question": "In what style was the Malborough House buit?",
              "id": "5706143352bb891400689878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "In what year was reinforced concrete invented?",
              "id": "5706143352bb891400689879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Blenheim" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?",
              "id": "5706143352bb89140068987a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel. Rising 16 stories, the tan brick and gold-capped hotel would become one of the city's best-known landmarks. The hotel made use of ocean-facing hotel rooms by jutting its wings farther from the main portion of the hotel along Pacific Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Traymore Hotel" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?",
              "id": "5706160975f01819005e7966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?",
              "id": "5706160975f01819005e7967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Daniel White" }],
              "question": "Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel?",
              "id": "5706160975f01819005e7968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?",
              "id": "5706160975f01819005e7969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Price and McLanahan" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel?",
              "id": "5706160975f01819005e796a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Their original wood-frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach, over the years. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400-room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the \"Skyscraper By The Sea.\" The city became known as the \"The World's Playground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?",
              "id": "5706176852bb89140068989a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "What year did the Haddon House open?",
              "id": "5706176852bb89140068989b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?",
              "id": "5706176852bb89140068989c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "nearly 1,000" }],
              "question": "How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?",
              "id": "5706176852bb89140068989d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 982, "text": "Skyscraper By The Sea" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?",
              "id": "5706176852bb89140068989e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some \"salt water taffy\" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "In what year was salt water taffy conceived?",
              "id": "5706195175f01819005e797a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "David Bradley" }],
              "question": "Who was the creator of salt water taffy?",
              "id": "5706195175f01819005e797b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?",
              "id": "5706195175f01819005e797c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "a girl" }],
              "question": "Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?",
              "id": "5706195175f01819005e797d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?",
              "id": "5706195175f01819005e797e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that racketeer and political boss Enoch L. \"Nucky\" Johnson rose to power. Prohibition was largely unenforced in Atlantic City, and, because alcohol that had been smuggled into the city with the acquiescence of local officials could be readily obtained at restaurants and other establishments, the resort's popularity grew further. The city then dubbed itself as \"The World's Playground\". Nucky Johnson's income, which reached as much as $500,000 annually, came from the kickbacks he took on illegal liquor, gambling and prostitution operating in the city, as well as from kickbacks on construction projects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?",
              "id": "57061add52bb8914006898ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?",
              "id": "57061add52bb8914006898af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 679, "text": "The World's Playground" }
              ],
              "question": "During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?",
              "id": "57061add52bb8914006898b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 742, "text": "as much as $500,000 annually" }
              ],
              "question": "During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?",
              "id": "57061add52bb8914006898b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "until 1933" }],
              "question": "How long did Prohibition last?",
              "id": "57061add52bb8914006898b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this time, Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader, known for his contributions to the construction, athletics and aviation of Atlantic City. Despite the opposition of many others, he purchased land that became the city's municipal airport and high school football stadium, both of which were later named Bader Field in his honor. He led the initiative, in 1923, to construct the Atlantic City High School at Albany and Atlantic Avenues. Bader, in November 1923, initiated a public referendum, during the general election, at which time residents approved the construction of a Convention Center. The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall, now known as the Boardwalk Hall, finalized September 30, 1924. Bader was also a driving force behind the creation of the Miss America competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Edward L. Bader" }],
              "question": "During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?",
              "id": "57061efb52bb8914006898ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "construction, athletics and aviation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?",
              "id": "57061efb52bb8914006898cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School?",
              "id": "57061efb52bb8914006898cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "$1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center?",
              "id": "57061efb52bb8914006898cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "What year was Boardwalk Hall finished?",
              "id": "57061efb52bb8914006898ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From May 13 to May 16 in 1929, Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America. The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio, with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel, being used as muscle for the meeting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "organized crime figures from all across America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706201b52bb8914006898d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What family was Charles ",
              "id": "5706201b52bb8914006898d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "570621a675f01819005e79d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Masseria family" }],
              "question": "For which family was Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano a lieutenant?",
              "id": "570621a675f01819005e79d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Lucky" }],
              "question": "What was Charles Luciano's nickname?",
              "id": "570621a675f01819005e79d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?",
              "id": "570621a675f01819005e79d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "the Fox" }],
              "question": "What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?",
              "id": "570621a675f01819005e79d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to-late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the \"Inlet\" became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort's decline were multi-layered. First of all, the automobile became more readily available to many Americans after the war. Atlantic City had initially relied upon visitors coming by train and staying for a couple of weeks. The car allowed them to come and go as they pleased, and many people would spend only a few days, rather than weeks. Also, the advent of suburbia played a huge role. With many families moving to their own private houses, luxuries such as home air conditioning and swimming pools diminished their interest in flocking to the luxury beach resorts during the hot summer. But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity came from cheap, fast jet service to other premier resorts, such as Miami Beach and the Bahamas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "the \"Inlet\"" }],
              "question": "Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?",
              "id": "570624bb52bb8914006898ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 953, "text": "cheap, fast jet service" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?",
              "id": "570624bb52bb8914006898ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1011, "text": "Miami Beach and the Bahamas" }
              ],
              "question": "What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?",
              "id": "570624bb52bb8914006898ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "automobile" }],
              "question": "After the war, what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans?",
              "id": "570624bb52bb8914006898ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 737,
                  "text": "home air conditioning and swimming pools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts?",
              "id": "570624bb52bb8914006898f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Democratic National Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?",
              "id": "5706268775f01819005e7a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Hubert Humphrey" }],
              "question": "Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?",
              "id": "5706268775f01819005e7a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Lyndon Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?",
              "id": "5706268775f01819005e7a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Richard J. Hughes" }],
              "question": "Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964?",
              "id": "5706268775f01819005e7a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?",
              "id": "5706268775f01819005e7a04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore, and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz-Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk, such as the Madison also survived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the late 1960s" }],
              "question": "By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?",
              "id": "570629cf75f01819005e7a0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "demolished" }],
              "question": "Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "570629cf75f01819005e7a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1970s and 1980s" }],
              "question": "When were many of the large hotels demolished?",
              "id": "570629cf75f01819005e7a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?",
              "id": "570629cf75f01819005e7a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Ramada" }],
              "question": "Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?",
              "id": "570629cf75f01819005e7a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978. Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods. In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas, as a gambling city in the United States. Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort. Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes. By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?",
              "id": "57062b9075f01819005e7a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Resorts International" }
              ],
              "question": "The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?",
              "id": "57062b9075f01819005e7a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Resorts International" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?",
              "id": "57062b9075f01819005e7a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "What year did Resorts International open?",
              "id": "57062b9075f01819005e7a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?",
              "id": "57062b9075f01819005e7a22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed \"The Tunnel Project\", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "to diversify away from gaming" }
              ],
              "question": "Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?",
              "id": "57062dc675f01819005e7a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Steve Wynn" }],
              "question": "Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?",
              "id": "57062dc675f01819005e7a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "to develop a new roadway" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?",
              "id": "57062dc675f01819005e7a2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "The Tunnel Project" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?",
              "id": "57062dc675f01819005e7a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 746,
                  "text": "Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "\"The Tunnel Project\" was later officially named what?",
              "id": "57062dc675f01819005e7a2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did the tunnel open?",
              "id": "57062f3952bb891400689946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "The Borgata" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?",
              "id": "57062f3952bb891400689947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "July 2003" }],
              "question": "When did The Borgata open?",
              "id": "57062f3952bb891400689948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year was Wynn's plans for development scrapped?",
              "id": "57062f3952bb891400689949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies?",
              "id": "57062f3952bb89140068994a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5\u20132 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "November 11, 2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?",
              "id": "5706318d52bb89140068995a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?",
              "id": "5706318d52bb89140068995b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "$1.5\u20132 billion casino resort"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?",
              "id": "5706318d52bb89140068995c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "economic conditions and the late 2000s recession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?",
              "id": "5706318d52bb89140068995d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Pinnacle Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706318d52bb89140068995e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres (8.1 ha) directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $2 billion plus casino resort. Revel Entertainment Group was named as the project's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hindered with many problems, with the biggest setback to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale. Early in 2010 the New Jersey state legislature passed a bill offering tax incentives to attract new investors and complete the job, but a poll by Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind released in March 2010 showed that three of five voters (60%) opposed the legislation, and two of three of those who opposed it \"strongly\" opposed it. Ultimately, Governor Chris Christie offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opened. As of March 2011[update], Revel had completed all of the exterior work and had continued work on the interior after finally receiving the funding necessary to complete construction. It had a soft opening in April 2012, and was fully open by May 2012. Ten months later, in February 2013, after serious losses and a write-down in the value of the resort from $2.4 billion to $450 million, Revel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It was restructured but still could not carry on and re-entered bankruptcy on June 19, 2014. It was put up for sale, however as no suitable bids were received the resort closed its doors on September 2, 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Morgan Stanley purchase land for a new casino resort?",
              "id": "5706332975f01819005e7a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "20 acres" }],
              "question": "How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase?",
              "id": "5706332975f01819005e7a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Revel Entertainment Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was named as the developer for Morgan Stanley's casino resort?",
              "id": "5706332975f01819005e7a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of ownership did Morgan Stanley hold in Revel Entertainment Group?",
              "id": "5706332975f01819005e7a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 858, "text": "Governor Chris Christie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits?",
              "id": "5706332975f01819005e7a80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8% tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "40-year" }],
              "question": "How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?",
              "id": "5706352452bb891400689964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Governor Christie" }],
              "question": "Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?",
              "id": "5706352452bb891400689965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "September 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum?",
              "id": "5706352452bb891400689966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "$5.2 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was casino revenue in 2006?",
              "id": "5706352452bb891400689967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "$2.9 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was casino revenue in 2013?",
              "id": "5706352452bb891400689968"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Superstorm Sandy\" struck Atlantic City on October 29, 2012, causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts, despite widespread belief that the city's boardwalk had been destroyed. The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated photograph of a damaged section of the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm, and incorrect news reports at the time of the disaster. The storm produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of 943 mb (27.85\") for not only Atlantic City, but the state of New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "October 29, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did \"Superstorm Sandy\" strike Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706398252bb89140068998c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "943 mb" }],
              "question": "\"Superstorm Sandy\" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?",
              "id": "5706398252bb89140068998d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "flooding and power-outages" }
              ],
              "question": "Although \"Superstorm Sandy\" left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur?",
              "id": "5706398252bb89140068998e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "photograph" }],
              "question": "What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city's boardwalk?",
              "id": "5706398252bb89140068998f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it wasn't actually damaged in the storm?",
              "id": "5706398252bb891400689990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles (44.125 km2), including 10.747 square miles (27.835 km2) of land and 6.290 square miles (16.290 km2) of water (36.92%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "17.037 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area in square miles?",
              "id": "57063ba175f01819005e7aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "10.747 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area of land?",
              "id": "57063ba175f01819005e7aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "6.290 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area of water?",
              "id": "57063ba175f01819005e7aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "36.92%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the city is made up of water?",
              "id": "57063ba175f01819005e7aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "United States Census Bureau" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization provided data detailing the size of the city?",
              "id": "57063ba175f01819005e7aa6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Venice Park" }],
              "question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?",
              "id": "57063e7075f01819005e7ab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Great Island" }],
              "question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?",
              "id": "57063e7075f01819005e7ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "City Island" }],
              "question": "Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?",
              "id": "57063e7075f01819005e7ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Chelsea" }],
              "question": "Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?",
              "id": "57063e7075f01819005e7ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Unincorporated communities" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?",
              "id": "57063e7075f01819005e7ab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 \u00b0F (24.2 \u00b0C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 \u00b0F (29 \u00b0C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on August 7, 1918.[b]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "75.6 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the daily average temperature in July?",
              "id": "5706402075f01819005e7abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?",
              "id": "5706402075f01819005e7abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "35.5 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706402075f01819005e7abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "\u22129 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706402075f01819005e7ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "239 days" }],
              "question": "How many days long is the growing season?",
              "id": "5706402075f01819005e7abf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Annual precipitation is 40 inches (1,020 mm) which is fairly spread throughout the year. Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey, Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey. Even at the airport, where low temperatures are often much lower than along the coast, snow averages only 16.5 inches (41.9 cm) each winter. It is very common for rain to fall in Atlantic City while the northern and western parts of the state are receiving snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "40 inches" }],
              "question": "How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually?",
              "id": "570680fe75f01819005e7bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "16.5 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?",
              "id": "570680fe75f01819005e7bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water?",
              "id": "570680fe75f01819005e7bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "South Jersey" }],
              "question": "Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where?",
              "id": "570680fe75f01819005e7bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "rain" }],
              "question": "Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation?",
              "id": "570680fe75f01819005e7bbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,558 people, 15,504 households, and 8,558 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,680.8 per square mile (1,421.2/km2). There were 20,013 housing units at an average density of 1,862.2 per square mile (719.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 26.65% (10,543) White, 38.29% (15,148) Black or African American, 0.61% (242) Native American, 15.55% (6,153) Asian, 0.05% (18) Pacific Islander, 14.03% (5,549) from other races, and 4.82% (1,905) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 30.45% (12,044) of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "39,558" }],
              "question": "How many people were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?",
              "id": "570682cc52bb891400689a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "20,013" }],
              "question": "How many housing units were in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?",
              "id": "570682cc52bb891400689a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "30.45%" }],
              "question": "During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was Hispanic or Latino?",
              "id": "570682cc52bb891400689a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "26.65%" }],
              "question": "During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was White?",
              "id": "570682cc52bb891400689a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "8,558" }],
              "question": "How many families were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?",
              "id": "570682cc52bb891400689a20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "15,504" }],
              "question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?",
              "id": "5706845d52bb891400689a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "27.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?",
              "id": "5706845d52bb891400689a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "44.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?",
              "id": "5706845d52bb891400689a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "37.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?",
              "id": "5706845d52bb891400689a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "3.34" }],
              "question": "What was the average family size in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706845d52bb891400689a2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the city, 24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "24.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?",
              "id": "5706b8bd0eeca41400aa0da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "12.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?",
              "id": "5706b8bd0eeca41400aa0daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "36.3 years" }],
              "question": "What was the median age?",
              "id": "5706b8bd0eeca41400aa0dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "96.2" }],
              "question": "For every 100 females, how many males were there?",
              "id": "5706b8bd0eeca41400aa0dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "94.4" }],
              "question": "For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?",
              "id": "5706b8bd0eeca41400aa0dad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Census Bureau's 2006\u20132010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $30,237 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,354) and the median family income was $35,488 (+/- $2,607). Males had a median income of $32,207 (+/- $1,641) versus $29,298 (+/- $1,380) for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,069 (+/- $2,532). About 23.1% of families and 25.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.6% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "$30,237" }],
              "question": "How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?",
              "id": "5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "$35,488" }],
              "question": "How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?",
              "id": "5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "$32,207" }],
              "question": "How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey?",
              "id": "5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "$20,069" }],
              "question": "What was the per capita income for the city?",
              "id": "5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "25.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population was below the poverty line?",
              "id": "5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 44.16% black or African American, 26.68% White, 0.48% Native American, 10.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 13.76% other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. 24.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.44% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "40,517" }],
              "question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bb542eaba6190074acaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "3,569.8 people per square mile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?",
              "id": "5706bb542eaba6190074acab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "20,219" }],
              "question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, how many housing units were there in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bb542eaba6190074acac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "24.95%" }],
              "question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino?",
              "id": "5706bb542eaba6190074acad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "26.68%" }],
              "question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white?",
              "id": "5706bb542eaba6190074acae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "27.7%" }],
              "question": "How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?",
              "id": "5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "15,848" }],
              "question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "37.2%" }],
              "question": "How many households were made up of individuals?",
              "id": "5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "2.46" }],
              "question": "What was the average household size in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "3.26" }],
              "question": "What was the average family size in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the city the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "35 years" }],
              "question": "What was the median age of Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706bd3e0eeca41400aa0dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "96.1" }],
              "question": "For every 100 females, how many males were there?",
              "id": "5706bd3e0eeca41400aa0dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "93.2" }],
              "question": "For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?",
              "id": "5706bd3e0eeca41400aa0dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "25.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18?",
              "id": "5706bd3e0eeca41400aa0dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "14.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?",
              "id": "5706bd3e0eeca41400aa0dd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "$26,969" }],
              "question": "What was the median income for a household in the city?",
              "id": "5706be1e0eeca41400aa0de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "$31,997" }],
              "question": "What was the median income for a family in the city?",
              "id": "5706be1e0eeca41400aa0de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "$15,402" }],
              "question": "What was the per capita income for the city?",
              "id": "5706be1e0eeca41400aa0de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "19.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?",
              "id": "5706be1e0eeca41400aa0dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "23.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?",
              "id": "5706be1e0eeca41400aa0deb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8%, out of labor force of around 141,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "unemployment" }],
              "question": "As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?",
              "id": "5706bf590eeca41400aa0dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "13.8%" }],
              "question": "What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?",
              "id": "5706bf590eeca41400aa0dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "141,000" }],
              "question": "As of September 2014, what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area?",
              "id": "5706bf590eeca41400aa0dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "13.8%" }],
              "question": "Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate?",
              "id": "5706bf590eeca41400aa0dfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2010, Governor Chris Christie announced that a state takeover of the city and local government \"was imminent\". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an \"antique car\", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and more recently, Maryland. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field. Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind poll surveyed New Jersey voters' attitudes on the takeover. The February 16, 2011 survey showed that 43% opposed the measure while 29% favored direct state oversight. Interestingly, the poll also found that even South Jersey voters expressed opposition to the plan; 40% reported they opposed the measure and 37% reported they were in favor of it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Governor Chris Christie" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?",
              "id": "5706c2b22eaba6190074acee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "antique car" }],
              "question": "What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?",
              "id": "5706c2b22eaba6190074acef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "Atlantic City Tourism District"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field?",
              "id": "5706c2b22eaba6190074acf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "43%" }],
              "question": "According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?",
              "id": "5706c2b22eaba6190074acf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "29%" }],
              "question": "According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?",
              "id": "5706c2b22eaba6190074acf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construction would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?",
              "id": "5706c3fa2eaba6190074acf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the three major things that the district would include?",
              "id": "5706c3fa2eaba6190074acf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "The CRDA" }],
              "question": "Who would oversee all functions of the new district?",
              "id": "5706c3fa2eaba6190074acfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "The CRDA" }],
              "question": "Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?",
              "id": "5706c3fa2eaba6190074acfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?",
              "id": "5706c3fa2eaba6190074acfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tourism district would comprise several key areas in the city; the Marina District, Ducktown, Chelsea, South Inlet, Bader Field, and Gardner's Basin. Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district, including several in the city's northern end, or North Beach. Gardner's Basin, which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium, was initially left out of the tourism district, while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries, owing to complaints from the city. Also, the inclusion of Bader Field in the district was controversial and received much scrutiny from mayor Lorenzo Langford, who cast the lone \"no\" vote on the creation of the district citing its inclusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many roadways will be included in the district?",
              "id": "5706d3592eaba6190074ad1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Gardner's Basin" }],
              "question": "What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?",
              "id": "5706d3592eaba6190074ad1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Gardner's Basin" }],
              "question": "What place was originally left off of the tourism district?",
              "id": "5706d3592eaba6190074ad1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Chelsea" }],
              "question": "Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?",
              "id": "5706d3592eaba6190074ad1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "mayor Lorenzo Langford" }
              ],
              "question": "Who cast the lone \"no\" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?",
              "id": "5706d3592eaba6190074ad20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atlantic City is considered as the \"Gambling Capital of the East Coast,\" and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "Gambling Capital of the East Coast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Atlantic City known for?",
              "id": "5706d4f80eeca41400aa0e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706d4f80eeca41400aa0e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "33,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?",
              "id": "5706d4f80eeca41400aa0e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "28.5 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?",
              "id": "5706d4f80eeca41400aa0e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?",
              "id": "5706d4f80eeca41400aa0e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?",
              "id": "5706d70e2eaba6190074ad26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Trump Plaza" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?",
              "id": "5706d70e2eaba6190074ad27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year did Trump Plaza originally open?",
              "id": "5706d70e2eaba6190074ad28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Revel" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?",
              "id": "5706d70e2eaba6190074ad29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Atlantic Club" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?",
              "id": "5706d70e2eaba6190074ad2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "selling" }],
              "question": "What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?",
              "id": "5706d85a2eaba6190074ad37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Trump Taj Mahal" }],
              "question": "What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?",
              "id": "5706d85a2eaba6190074ad36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?",
              "id": "5706d85a2eaba6190074ad38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?",
              "id": "5706d85a2eaba6190074ad39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Executives" }],
              "question": "Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?",
              "id": "5706d85a2eaba6190074ad3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?",
              "id": "5706d97a2eaba6190074ad40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?",
              "id": "5706d97a2eaba6190074ad41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Chapter 11" }],
              "question": "What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?",
              "id": "5706d97a2eaba6190074ad42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?",
              "id": "5706d97a2eaba6190074ad43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "casino operating unit" }
              ],
              "question": "Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?",
              "id": "5706d97a2eaba6190074ad44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the \"Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall\", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m2) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?",
              "id": "5706de729e06ca38007e91cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "an arena" }],
              "question": "What is the Boardwalk Hall?",
              "id": "5706de729e06ca38007e91ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?",
              "id": "5706de729e06ca38007e91cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "500,000 sq ft" }],
              "question": "How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?",
              "id": "5706de729e06ca38007e91d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Sheraton hotel" }],
              "question": "What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?",
              "id": "5706de729e06ca38007e91d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as \"Monopoly City\") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Monopoly City" }],
              "question": "What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?",
              "id": "5706df8f90286e26004fc71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Monopoly" }],
              "question": "The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?",
              "id": "5706df8f90286e26004fc71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Ruth Hoskins" }],
              "question": "Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?",
              "id": "5706df8f90286e26004fc71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Indianapolis" }],
              "question": "What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game? ",
              "id": "5706df8f90286e26004fc720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "a group of local Quakers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?",
              "id": "5706df8f90286e26004fc721"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, \"Marven Gardens\". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Marvin Gardens" }],
              "question": "What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?",
              "id": "5706e5579e06ca38007e91fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Marven Gardens" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?",
              "id": "5706e5579e06ca38007e91fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Charles Darrow" }],
              "question": "Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?",
              "id": "5706e5579e06ca38007e91fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?",
              "id": "5706e5579e06ca38007e91fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Charles Darrow" }],
              "question": "Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?",
              "id": "5706e5579e06ca38007e91ff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Immunology",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "immune systems in all organisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In general, what does immunology study?",
              "id": "57060dce52bb891400689816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "both health and diseases" }
              ],
              "question": "Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?",
              "id": "57060dce52bb891400689817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name three types of immunological disorders?",
              "id": "57060dce52bb891400689818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "in vitro, in situ, and in vivo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?",
              "id": "57060dce52bb891400689819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?",
              "id": "57060dce52bb89140068981a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for \"exempt\"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "exempt" }],
              "question": "The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?",
              "id": "57061a3352bb8914006898a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the major organs of the immune system?",
              "id": "57061a3352bb8914006898a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "early physicians" }],
              "question": "Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?",
              "id": "57061a3352bb8914006898a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?",
              "id": "57061a3352bb8914006898a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?",
              "id": "57061a3352bb8914006898a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "typically cellular in nature" }
              ],
              "question": "The structure of immune system components can be described as what?",
              "id": "57061c5c52bb8914006898b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "not associated with any specific organ"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?",
              "id": "57061c5c52bb8914006898b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "embedded" }],
              "question": "What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?",
              "id": "57061c5c52bb8914006898ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "circulating" }],
              "question": "What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?",
              "id": "57061c5c52bb8914006898bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "epidemiology and medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?",
              "id": "57061fb875f01819005e79c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the body systems, pathogens, and immunity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?",
              "id": "57061fb875f01819005e79c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "430 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?",
              "id": "57061fb875f01819005e79c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Thucydides" }],
              "question": "Which Greek historian made that notation?",
              "id": "57061fb875f01819005e79c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "19th and 20th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?",
              "id": "57061fb875f01819005e79c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "innate immune system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?",
              "id": "5706265075f01819005e79f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "acquired or adaptive immune system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?",
              "id": "5706265075f01819005e79f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "humoral (or antibody)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one type of adaptive immune system component?",
              "id": "5706265075f01819005e79f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "cell-mediated" }],
              "question": "Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?",
              "id": "5706265075f01819005e79f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "molecular and cellular components"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?",
              "id": "5706265075f01819005e79fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (\"anti\"body \"gen\"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "antibodies and antigens" }
              ],
              "question": "Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?",
              "id": "57062eba75f01819005e7a3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "specific proteins" }],
              "question": "What are antibodies comprised of?",
              "id": "57062eba75f01819005e7a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "B lymphocytes" }],
              "question": "What cells produce antibodies?",
              "id": "57062eba75f01819005e7a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "\"anti\"body \"gen\"erators" }
              ],
              "question": "The term \"antigen\" is rooted in what two words?",
              "id": "57062eba75f01819005e7a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "cellular response" }],
              "question": "Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?",
              "id": "57062eba75f01819005e7a40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?",
              "id": "570632d275f01819005e7a74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "non-classical models of immunity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?",
              "id": "570632d275f01819005e7a75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "cells, organs and systems" }
              ],
              "question": "The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?",
              "id": "570632d275f01819005e7a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "not previously associated with the immune system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?",
              "id": "570632d275f01819005e7a77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Clinical immunology" }],
              "question": "The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?",
              "id": "5706a57852bb891400689b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?",
              "id": "5706a57852bb891400689b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "cellular elements" }],
              "question": "Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?",
              "id": "5706a57852bb891400689b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "diseases of other systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?",
              "id": "5706a57852bb891400689b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?",
              "id": "5706a57852bb891400689b1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "hypersensitivities" }],
              "question": "What is a type of immune system disorder?",
              "id": "5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "asthma and other allergies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of hypersensitivities?",
              "id": "5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characterizes a hypersensitivity?",
              "id": "5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "AIDS" }],
              "question": "What is the most famous immune system disease?",
              "id": "5706ac3452bb891400689b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "an immunodeficiency" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of disease is AIDS?",
              "id": "5706ac3452bb891400689b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?",
              "id": "5706ac3452bb891400689b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What virus specifically suppresses those cells?",
              "id": "5706ac3452bb891400689b57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The body\u2019s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child\u2019s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?",
              "id": "5706e1209e06ca38007e91d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?",
              "id": "5706e1209e06ca38007e91d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1110, "text": "phagocytic" }],
              "question": "What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?",
              "id": "5706e1209e06ca38007e91da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?",
              "id": "5706e1209e06ca38007e91d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1331, "text": "activate T cells" }],
              "question": "Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?",
              "id": "5706e1209e06ca38007e91db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maternal factors also play a role in the body\u2019s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don\u2019t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child\u2019s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maternal factors" }],
              "question": "In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?",
              "id": "5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "breast milk" }],
              "question": "Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?",
              "id": "5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "up to 18 months" }],
              "question": "For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?",
              "id": "5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1004, "text": "glycoproteins" }],
              "question": "At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?",
              "id": "5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1164,
                  "text": "distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?",
              "id": "5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-\u03b2-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "hormones" }],
              "question": "What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?",
              "id": "5706e5b49e06ca38007e9205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "17-\u03b2-oestradiol (an oestrogen)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?",
              "id": "5706e5b49e06ca38007e9206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "testosterone" }],
              "question": "Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?",
              "id": "5706e5b49e06ca38007e9207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?",
              "id": "5706e5b49e06ca38007e9208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "detect sex hormones in the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?",
              "id": "5706e5b49e06ca38007e9209"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells \u2013 more precisely, phagocytes \u2013 that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d rather than its cells.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "strongly experimental" }
              ],
              "question": "The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?",
              "id": "5706f5de90286e26004fc763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?",
              "id": "5706f5de90286e26004fc764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "phagocytes" }],
              "question": "Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?",
              "id": "5706f5de90286e26004fc765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "soluble components (molecules)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?",
              "id": "5706f5de90286e26004fc766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 728,
                  "text": "the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?",
              "id": "5706f5de90286e26004fc767"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: \"self\" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while \"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex \"two-signal\" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Frank Burnet" }],
              "question": "What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?",
              "id": "5706f93b9e06ca38007e9267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "self/nonself distinction" }
              ],
              "question": "What triggers an immune response according to CST?",
              "id": "5706f93b9e06ca38007e9268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?",
              "id": "5706f93b9e06ca38007e9269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "the complex \"two-signal\" activation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What property of T cells caused modification of CST?",
              "id": "5706f93b9e06ca38007e926a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the mid-1950s" }],
              "question": "When was clonal selection theory first proposed?",
              "id": "5706f93b9e06ca38007e926b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bioscience" }],
              "question": "What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?",
              "id": "5706facf9e06ca38007e927b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "bioscience" }],
              "question": "Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?",
              "id": "5706facf9e06ca38007e927c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "humans and animals" }
              ],
              "question": "The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?",
              "id": "5706facf9e06ca38007e927d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?",
              "id": "5706facf9e06ca38007e927e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "effective yet consistent research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two conditions apply to good immunological study?",
              "id": "5706facf9e06ca38007e927f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "AAI courses" }],
              "question": "Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?",
              "id": "5706fbf590286e26004fc7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Icahn School of Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?",
              "id": "5706fbf590286e26004fc7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "Introductory Course and an Advance Course"
                }
              ],
              "question": "AAI immunology courses include what two components?",
              "id": "5706fbf590286e26004fc7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "gives students an overview of the basics of immunology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?",
              "id": "5706fbf590286e26004fc7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "New York University" }
              ],
              "question": "The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?",
              "id": "5706fbf590286e26004fc7a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master\u2019s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "an introduction to the basic principles of immunology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?",
              "id": "5706fd4e90286e26004fc7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "clinically-oriented lecture series"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?",
              "id": "5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "a background of the principles of immunology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?",
              "id": "5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 640, "text": "two years of study" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?",
              "id": "5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 712, "text": "a doctoral programme" }
              ],
              "question": "What program requires an additional two years of study?",
              "id": "5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "MP3",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "MP3" }],
              "question": "What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?",
              "id": "570616a075f01819005e7970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "digital" }],
              "question": "What kind of audio is the coding format for?",
              "id": "570616a075f01819005e7971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "consumer audio streaming" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?",
              "id": "570616a075f01819005e7972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "lossy data compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What does MP3 use to format it's data?",
              "id": "570616a075f01819005e7973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "digital audio players" }
              ],
              "question": "Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?",
              "id": "570616a075f01819005e7974"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second \u00d7 16 bits per sample\u202f\u00d7 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate]. Ratio: 1,411,200/128,000 = 11.025). An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "sound like a faithful reproduction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?",
              "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "created" }],
              "question": "What kind of compression is used?",
              "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "1/11" }],
              "question": "If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?",
              "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1,411,200" }],
              "question": "How many total bit/s would a CD have?",
              "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "128,000" }],
              "question": "How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?",
              "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "accuracy" }],
              "question": "What does the compression target in the song?",
              "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e798e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "auditory resolution" }
              ],
              "question": "The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?",
              "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e798f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "perceptual coding" }],
              "question": "What is this method commonly referred to as?",
              "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "psychoacoustic" }],
              "question": "What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?",
              "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "less audible" }],
              "question": "These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?",
              "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7992"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Moving Picture Experts Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed MP3?",
              "id": "57061bc675f01819005e7998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "MPEG-1" }],
              "question": "What was the first standard that this group had?",
              "id": "57061bc675f01819005e7999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "MPEG-2" }],
              "question": "The first standard later developed into which standard?",
              "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?",
              "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?",
              "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy. This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "perceptual limitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?",
              "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "auditory masking" }],
              "question": "What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?",
              "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Alfred M. Mayer" }],
              "question": "Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.",
              "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?",
              "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "critical bandwidths" }
              ],
              "question": "The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?",
              "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The psychoacoustic masking codec"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was first proposed in 1979?",
              "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Which country were the researchers located in?",
              "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Krasner" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?",
              "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "linear predictive coding" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LPC stand for?",
              "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1098, "text": "audio compression algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?",
              "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does OCF stand for?",
              "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Perceptual Transform Coding" }
              ],
              "question": "What does PXFM stand for?",
              "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "ASPEC" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?",
              "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "quality" }],
              "question": "Which competition did ASPEC win?",
              "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Motorola 56000 DSP chips" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first practical implementation based on?",
              "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg\u2014working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston (\"JJ\") of AT&T-Bell Labs\u2014with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "doctoral" }],
              "question": "What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?",
              "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "early 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?",
              "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 635, "text": "Erlangen-Nuremberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?",
              "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 733, "text": "Fraunhofer Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?",
              "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?",
              "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Tom's Diner" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?",
              "id": "5706202975f01819005e79ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Suzanne Vega" }],
              "question": "Who was the artist of the first song used?",
              "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Karlheinz Brandenburg" }
              ],
              "question": "Who adjusted the song?",
              "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "scheme" }],
              "question": "The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?",
              "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "subtlety" }],
              "question": "What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?",
              "id": "5706202975f01819005e79ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), CCETT (France) and Institut f\u00fcr Rundfunktechnik (Germany) was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness, as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio. The Musicam format, based on sub-band coding, was the basis of the MPEG Audio compression format (sampling rates, structure of frames, headers, number of samples per frame).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many proposals were available in 1991?",
              "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Musicam" }],
              "question": "Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?",
              "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Netherlands" }],
              "question": "The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?",
              "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "error robustness" }],
              "question": "Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?",
              "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "sub-band coding" }],
              "question": "What was the Musican format based on?",
              "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof (Layer I) and Gerhard Stoll (Layer II).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "filter bank" }],
              "question": "What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?",
              "id": "5706233475f01819005e79de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Professor Musmann" }],
              "question": "Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?",
              "id": "5706233475f01819005e79df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Leon van de Kerkhof" }
              ],
              "question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?",
              "id": "5706233475f01819005e79e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Gerhard Stoll" }],
              "question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?",
              "id": "5706233475f01819005e79e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "ASPEC" }],
              "question": "What was the name given to the proposal?",
              "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "the highest coding efficiency" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the joint proposal provide?",
              "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "AT&T Bell Laboratories" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?",
              "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-Fran\u00e7ois Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own ideas and created MP3, which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "filter bank" }],
              "question": "What did the working group integrate their ideas with?",
              "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Layer 2" }],
              "question": "Where was the filter bank taken from?",
              "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "ASPEC" }],
              "question": "What did the working group take ideas from?",
              "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "MP3" }],
              "question": "What did the working group eventually create?",
              "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "MP2 at 192 kbit/s" }],
              "question": "What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?",
              "id": "570624f252bb8914006898fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When were the algorithms approved?",
              "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When were the approved algorithms finalized?",
              "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "MPEG-1" }],
              "question": "What was the first started suite by MPEG?",
              "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "ISO/IEC 11172-3" }],
              "question": "What was the official name of the internation standard?",
              "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When was the international standard published?",
              "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "second suite" }],
              "question": "Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?",
              "id": "5706262d52bb891400689900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "MPEG-2" }],
              "question": "What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?",
              "id": "5706262d52bb891400689901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?",
              "id": "5706262d52bb891400689902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "bitrate" }],
              "question": "Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?",
              "id": "5706262d52bb891400689903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "MPEG-2 Part 3" }],
              "question": "Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?",
              "id": "5706262d52bb891400689904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25% of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1. While not an ISO recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders. A sample rate comparison between MPEG-1, 2 and 2.5 is given further down. MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "MPEG-2.5 audio" }],
              "question": "As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?",
              "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Fraunhofer IIS" }],
              "question": "Where was this extension developed?",
              "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "human speech" }],
              "question": "The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?",
              "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "MPEG-2.5" }],
              "question": "What is not an ISO recognized standard?",
              "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "proprietary" }],
              "question": "As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?",
              "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2\u00d716 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2\u00d716 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "bit rate" }],
              "question": "What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?",
              "id": "570629ba52bb891400689914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "input" }],
              "question": "Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?",
              "id": "570629ba52bb891400689915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Compact Disc" }],
              "question": "What does CD stand for?",
              "id": "570629ba52bb891400689916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?",
              "id": "570629ba52bb891400689918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "compression ratios" }
              ],
              "question": "What can CD parameters be used as references for?",
              "id": "570629ba52bb891400689917"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suzanne Vega as \"The mother of MP3\". This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion, etc.) were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "CD" }],
              "question": "What type of recording did Brandenburg use?",
              "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "the MP3 compression algorithm" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?",
              "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "monophonic" }],
              "question": "What word describes the nature of the song used?",
              "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "The mother of MP3" }],
              "question": "As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?",
              "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "EBU V3/SQAM" }],
              "question": "Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?",
              "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991\u20131996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the ISO MPEG Audio committee" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the reference simulation software?",
              "id": "57062b6152bb89140068991f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "C" }],
              "question": "Which language was the reference simulation software written in?",
              "id": "57062b6152bb89140068991e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "March 1994" }],
              "question": "When was the reference software approved?",
              "id": "57062b6152bb891400689920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did the reference software become an international standard?",
              "id": "57062b6152bb891400689921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 743, "text": "real time hardware decoding" }
              ],
              "question": "What could the reference software demonstrate?",
              "id": "57062b6152bb891400689922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many people were able to encode and play back MP3 files on their PCs. Because of the relatively small hard drives back in that time (~ 500\u20131000 MB) lossy compression was essential to store non-instrument based (see tracker and MIDI) music for playback on computer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 July 1994" }],
              "question": "When was the first software MP3 encoder released?",
              "id": "57062c2552bb891400689928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "l3enc" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?",
              "id": "57062c2552bb891400689929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": ".mp3" }],
              "question": "What was the filename extension?",
              "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "WinPlay3" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?",
              "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "1000 MB" }],
              "question": "What was the average high end hard drive size?",
              "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "sound scholar" }],
              "question": "What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?",
              "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Australian" }],
              "question": "Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?",
              "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "stolen credit card" }],
              "question": "What did the hacker use to acquire the software?",
              "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "user interface" }],
              "question": "The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?",
              "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?",
              "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689936"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Internet" }],
              "question": "Where did MP3s begin to spread?",
              "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Winamp" }],
              "question": "Which audio player was released in 1997?",
              "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Nullsoft" }],
              "question": "Who released the audio player?",
              "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "MPMan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?",
              "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "South Korea" }],
              "question": "In which country was the first portable audio player developed?",
              "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, was launched in 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "mp3.com" }],
              "question": "Which website offered MP3s for free?",
              "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?",
              "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "peer-to-peer" }],
              "question": "What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?",
              "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "ripped from CDs" }],
              "question": "How did people come into possession of MP3s?",
              "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Napster" }],
              "question": "Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?",
              "id": "57062e7e52bb891400689940"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users who engaged in file sharing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "copyright" }],
              "question": "What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?",
              "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "music piracy" }],
              "question": "What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?",
              "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Napster" }],
              "question": "Who was the target of the record companies?",
              "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "shut down and later sold" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Napster?",
              "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Unauthorized" }],
              "question": "What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?",
              "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "authorized" }],
              "question": "Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?",
              "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "unrestricted" }],
              "question": "What kind of music is sold by these companies?",
              "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "MP3" }],
              "question": "Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?",
              "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio information in terms of frequencies and amplitudes. The diagram shows that the MP3 Header consists of a sync word, which is used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the MPEG standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3. After this, the values will differ, depending on the MP3 file. ISO/IEC 11172-3 defines the range of values for each section of the header along with the specification of the header. Most MP3 files today contain ID3 metadata, which precedes or follows the MP3 frames, as noted in the diagram.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "MP3 frames" }],
              "question": "A header and data block together make up what?",
              "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "elementary stream" }],
              "question": "What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?",
              "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "dard" }],
              "question": "What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?",
              "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?",
              "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "ID3" }],
              "question": "MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?",
              "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, there are many different MP3 encoders available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons are widely available, so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as LAME) is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "MPEG-1" }],
              "question": "Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?",
              "id": "5706315b52bb891400689950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "non-normative" }],
              "question": "Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?",
              "id": "5706315b52bb891400689951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "their own algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?",
              "id": "5706315b52bb891400689952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Comparisons are widely available"
                }
              ],
              "question": "It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?",
              "id": "5706315b52bb891400689953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "lower bit rates" }],
              "question": "An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?",
              "id": "5706315b52bb891400689954"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "576" }],
              "question": "How many domain samples are taken during encoding?",
              "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "frequency-domain samples" }
              ],
              "question": "Domain samples are transformed into what?",
              "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "there is a transient" }
              ],
              "question": "When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?",
              "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "temporal spread" }],
              "question": "When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?",
              "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "quantization noise" }
              ],
              "question": "What accompanies a transient?",
              "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the \"aliasing compensation\" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "tree" }],
              "question": "What kind of structure does a filter bank have?",
              "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "pre-echo problems" }],
              "question": "Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?",
              "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "time/frequency" }],
              "question": "What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?",
              "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "aliasing" }],
              "question": "Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?",
              "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "coding" }],
              "question": "The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?",
              "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are \"bitstream compliant\", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Decoding" }],
              "question": "What is carefully defined in the standard?",
              "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "bitstream compliant" }
              ],
              "question": "What are most decoders?",
              "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "specified degree of rounding tolerance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?",
              "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "computationally efficient" }
              ],
              "question": "Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?",
              "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "CPU time" }],
              "question": "The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?",
              "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "gapless playback" }],
              "question": "What is there no official provision for?",
              "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "LAME" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?",
              "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "seamless playback" }],
              "question": "Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?",
              "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "overall delay" }],
              "question": "For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?",
              "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger the compressed file will be, and, generally, the closer it will sound to the original file.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "sound quality of the result" }
              ],
              "question": "A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?",
              "id": "5706371452bb89140068996e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "creating an MP3 file" }
              ],
              "question": "What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?",
              "id": "5706371452bb89140068996f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "the creator" }],
              "question": "Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?",
              "id": "5706371452bb891400689970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?",
              "id": "5706371452bb891400689971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?",
              "id": "5706371452bb891400689972"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "compression artifacts" }
              ],
              "question": "If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?",
              "id": "570637be52bb891400689978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "compression artifacts" }
              ],
              "question": "Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?",
              "id": "570637be52bb891400689979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "compress" }],
              "question": "Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?",
              "id": "570637be52bb89140068997a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "ringing" }],
              "question": "Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?",
              "id": "570637be52bb89140068997b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "A sample of applause" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?",
              "id": "570637be52bb89140068997c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s, one scored 3.66 on a 1\u20135 scale, while the other scored only 2.22.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "quality of the encoder" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?",
              "id": "570638d652bb891400689982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "encoding algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?",
              "id": "570638d652bb891400689983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "bit rates" }],
              "question": "As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?",
              "id": "570638d652bb891400689984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "2.22" }],
              "question": "An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?",
              "id": "570638d652bb891400689985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?",
              "id": "570638d652bb891400689986"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular \"quality setting\" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?",
              "id": "57063bc552bb891400689996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Constant Bit Rate" }],
              "question": "What does CBR stand for?",
              "id": "57063bc552bb891400689997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Variable Bit Rate" }],
              "question": "What does VBR stand for?",
              "id": "57063bc552bb891400689998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "music containing only a few instruments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?",
              "id": "57063bc552bb891400689999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "quality setting" }],
              "question": "What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?",
              "id": "57063bc552bb89140068999a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "ambient noise" }],
              "question": "A listening environment is also know by which term?",
              "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "sound cards" }],
              "question": "Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?",
              "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Perceived quality" }],
              "question": "Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?",
              "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "Music Professor Jonathan Berger"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?",
              "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Stanford University" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?",
              "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "risen each year" }],
              "question": "Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?",
              "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "sizzle" }],
              "question": "What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?",
              "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project \"The Ghost in the MP3\" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track \"moDernisT\" (an anagram of \"Tom's Diner\"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song \"Tom's Diner\", the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "The Ghost in the MP3" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?",
              "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "sounds lost during MP3 compression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the study aim to isolate?",
              "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Tom's Diner" }],
              "question": "What is the track \"moDernisT\" an anagram of?",
              "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "International Computer Music Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was an account of the study published?",
              "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "Which year was the study published?",
              "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist\u2013Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "Nyquist\u2013Shannon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the sampling theorem?",
              "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "less than half" }],
              "question": "In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?",
              "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "4 kHz" }],
              "question": "Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?",
              "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "imperfect filters" }],
              "question": "What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?",
              "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?",
              "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "44.1 kHz" }],
              "question": "What sampling rate is used for CD audio?",
              "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "CD audio" }],
              "question": "What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?",
              "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Internet" }],
              "question": "Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?",
              "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "11:1" }],
              "question": "The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?",
              "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "320 kbit/s" }],
              "question": "As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?",
              "id": "570640a275f01819005e7aca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample \u00d7 44100 samples/second \u00d7 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Uncompressed audio" }],
              "question": "What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?",
              "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "11:1" }],
              "question": "What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?",
              "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "9:1" }],
              "question": "What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?",
              "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "7:1" }],
              "question": "What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?",
              "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Non-standard" }],
              "question": "The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?",
              "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "freeformat" }],
              "question": "Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?",
              "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "640 kbit/s" }],
              "question": "What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?",
              "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "320" }],
              "question": "The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?",
              "id": "570641f775f01819005e7adb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Constant Bit Rate" }],
              "question": "What does the term CBR mean?",
              "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Layer III" }],
              "question": "Which early MPEG layer used CBR?",
              "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "uniform" }],
              "question": "The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?",
              "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "bit reservoir" }],
              "question": "What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?",
              "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "the complexity of the sound" }
              ],
              "question": "What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?",
              "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "variable bitrate audio" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?",
              "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "layer III" }],
              "question": "Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?",
              "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "VBR" }],
              "question": "What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?",
              "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "final file size" }],
              "question": "Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?",
              "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "the user" }],
              "question": "An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?",
              "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Layer III audio can also use a \"bit reservoir\", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "bit reservoir" }],
              "question": "A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?",
              "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Layer III" }],
              "question": "What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?",
              "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "encoding delay" }],
              "question": "What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?",
              "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "temporary" }],
              "question": "A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?",
              "id": "570646b852bb8914006899be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "constant bitrate" }],
              "question": "A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?",
              "id": "570646b852bb8914006899c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "sfb21" }],
              "question": "What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?",
              "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "16 kHz" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?",
              "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "less efficient storage" }
              ],
              "question": "The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?",
              "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "wasted bitrate" }],
              "question": "What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?",
              "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A \"tag\" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "tag" }],
              "question": "What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?",
              "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "album" }],
              "question": "What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?",
              "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "tag formats for MP3 files" }
              ],
              "question": "What do MP3 standards not define?",
              "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "a standard container format" }
              ],
              "question": "What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?",
              "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "ID3v2" }],
              "question": "Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?",
              "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "APEv2" }],
              "question": "What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?",
              "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "end" }],
              "question": "What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?",
              "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "separate from the actual MP3 frame data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is important to note about where the tags are stored?",
              "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?",
              "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "ReplayGain" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?",
              "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "audio normalization" }
              ],
              "question": "What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?",
              "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "the overall playback volume" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?",
              "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "MP3Gain" }],
              "question": "What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?",
              "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "ReplayGain capability" }
              ],
              "question": "MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?",
              "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?",
              "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "expired" }],
              "question": "What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?",
              "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "31 December 2017" }],
              "question": "When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?",
              "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "2007 and 2015" }],
              "question": "Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?",
              "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "legal threats" }],
              "question": "What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?",
              "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "which patents must be licensed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?",
              "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "patent infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?",
              "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "early stages" }],
              "question": "At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?",
              "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "MPEG-1 standard" }],
              "question": "What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?",
              "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "after prior art has been made public"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can patents not be filed in most countries?",
              "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "20 years" }],
              "question": "How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?",
              "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "12 months" }],
              "question": "How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?",
              "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "December 2012" }],
              "question": "When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?",
              "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "17 years after the publication date"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?",
              "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "submarine patents" }],
              "question": "A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?",
              "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "2017" }],
              "question": "What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?",
              "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 891, "text": "Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?",
              "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Technicolor" }],
              "question": "Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?",
              "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Thomson Consumer Electronics" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Technicolor's previous name?",
              "id": "5706587852bb8914006899ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Layer 3" }],
              "question": "What patent does Technicolor claim to control?",
              "id": "5706587852bb8914006899eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "actively enforcing these patents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?",
              "id": "5706587852bb8914006899ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to \"distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders\". The letter claimed that unlicensed products \"infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1998" }],
              "question": "When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?",
              "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "a license" }],
              "question": "What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?",
              "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?",
              "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "the [MPEG Layer-3] standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?",
              "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005. Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015, however (the exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expires February 2017, U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expires 9. April 2017.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?",
              "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sisvel S.p.A." }],
              "question": "Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?",
              "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "a license to their patents" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?",
              "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?",
              "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "9. April 2017" }],
              "question": "When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?",
              "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, \"bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany\" in the words of one commentator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "MP3 players" }],
              "question": "What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?",
              "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "IFA" }],
              "question": "At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?",
              "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Sisvel" }],
              "question": "Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?",
              "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "The injunction was later reversed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after the injunction was successful?",
              "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?",
              "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Texas MP3 Technologies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?",
              "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "eastern Texas federal court" }
              ],
              "question": "Which court did the lawsuit take place in?",
              "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "all settled the claims against them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What action did the three companies being sued take?",
              "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did the lawsuits end?",
              "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "infringement of a portable MP3 player patent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?",
              "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them. The court subsequently tossed the award, however, finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not even owned by Alcatel-Lucent; it was co-owned by AT&T and Fraunhofer, who had licensed it to Microsoft, the judge ruled. That defense judgment was upheld on appeal in 2008. See Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft for more information.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alcatel-Lucent" }],
              "question": "Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?",
              "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "MP3 coding and compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?",
              "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?",
              "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "The court subsequently tossed the award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?",
              "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "US $1.52 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?",
              "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, and AT&T.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "MP3" }],
              "question": "AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?",
              "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "psychoacoustic" }],
              "question": "What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?",
              "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Fraunhofer Gesellschaft" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?",
              "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "open" }],
              "question": "Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?",
              "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "any known patent restrictions" }
              ],
              "question": "Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?",
              "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?",
              "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "available free of charge" }
              ],
              "question": "How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?",
              "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "lossless formats" }],
              "question": "What is a significant alternative to MP3?",
              "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "unaltered audio content" }
              ],
              "question": "What can lossless formats provide?",
              "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "increased file size" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the downside of using a lossless format?",
              "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "FLAC" }],
              "question": "What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?",
              "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Free Lossless Audio Codec" }
              ],
              "question": "What does FLAC stand for?",
              "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "House_music",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark \u2013 all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Early house music commercial success in Europe saw songs such as \"Pump Up The Volume\" by MARRS (1987), \"House Nation\" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House (1987), \"Theme from S'Express\" by S'Express (1988) and \"Doctorin' the House\" by Coldcut (1988) in the pop charts. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "What city did House music originate from?",
              "id": "5706924752bb891400689a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade did House music first develop?",
              "id": "5706924752bb891400689a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year was House music first popularized?",
              "id": "5706924752bb891400689a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "electronic dance music" }
              ],
              "question": "What genre does House music fall into?",
              "id": "5706924752bb891400689a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987?",
              "id": "5706924752bb891400689a7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "4/4 beats" }],
              "question": "House music is characterized by what type of beats?",
              "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some subgenres of House music?",
              "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "drum machines" }],
              "question": "What are rhythms provided by in House music?",
              "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "it was more electronic and minimalistic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some differences between House and Disco music?",
              "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "dance-based music" }],
              "question": "What type of music is House based on?",
              "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999\u20132001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "1999\u20132001" }],
              "question": "When was the second wave of progressive house?",
              "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some popular subgenres of House?",
              "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 817,
                  "text": "both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene"
                }
              ],
              "question": "where is house music extremely popular?",
              "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "a more mainstream pop-based variation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?",
              "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines, and some compositions were entirely electronic; examples include Giorgio Moroder's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\" from 1977, Cerrone's \"Supernature\" (1977), Yellow Magic Orchestra's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), Solid State Survivor (1979), and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "synthesizers and drum machines" }
              ],
              "question": "What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?",
              "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Giorgio Moroder" }],
              "question": "who produced Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\"?",
              "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1980s disco-pop" }],
              "question": "what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce?",
              "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "What year did Cerrone's \"Supernature\" get released?",
              "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "What year was solid state survivor released?",
              "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soul and disco influenced house music, plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco, garage music and post-disco DJs, producers, and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others who produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings. Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Soul and disco" }],
              "question": "What influenced House music?",
              "id": "5706962d52bb891400689aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Early house producers" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?",
              "id": "5706962d52bb891400689aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions?",
              "id": "5706962d52bb891400689ab0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album?",
              "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Indian ragas performed in a disco style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Singh's album contain?",
              "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "What year was synthesizing: ten ragas to a disco beat released?",
              "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "minimal arrangement" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album?",
              "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax! Records as an important connection between the ever-changing underground sounds of Chicago. As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their conventional ensemble of dance records, Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, two influential pioneers of house music, were known for their out-of-bounds behavior. The former, credited as \"the Godfather of House,\" worked primarily with early disco music with a hint of new and different music (whether it was post-punk or post-disco) but still enjoying a variety of music, while the latter produced unconventional DIY mixtapes which he later played straight-on in the music club Muzic Box, boiling with raw energy. Marshall Jefferson, who would later appear with the Chicago house classic \"Move Your Body (The House-Music Anthem),\" (originally released on Chicago-based Trax Records) got involved in house music after hearing Ron Hardy's music in Muzic Box.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "co-founder of an influential Trax Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Rachel Cain?",
              "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "two influential pioneers of house music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy?",
              "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "\"the Godfather of House,\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the nickname of frankie knuckles?",
              "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1041, "text": "Ron Hardy's" }],
              "question": "marshall jefferson got involved in house music after hearing whose music?",
              "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1062, "text": "Muzic Box" }],
              "question": "what was ron hardy's music released in?",
              "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5, and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks), electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, and John Robie, and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation. In this era,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "The Hot Mix 5" }],
              "question": "who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?",
              "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "B-Boy hip hop music" }
              ],
              "question": "what style of music did man parrish play?",
              "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "electro funk" }],
              "question": "what style of music did afrika bambaataa play?",
              "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "electronic pop music" }
              ],
              "question": "what style of music did kraftwerk play?",
              "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "reel-to-reel tape" }],
              "question": "how did producers sometimes make edits of house music?",
              "id": "57069b2452bb891400689ac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The hypnotic electronic dance song \"On and On\", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer. It also utilized the bassline from Player One's disco record \"Space Invaders\" (1979). \"On and On\" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record', though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's \"Music is the Key\" (1985), have also been cited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Jesse Saunders" }],
              "question": "who produced the song \"on and on\" in 1984?",
              "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "where was jesse saunders from?",
              "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Vince Lawrence" }],
              "question": "who co-wrote the hit song \"on and on\" in 1984?",
              "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Roland TB-303" }],
              "question": "what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?",
              "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "when was player one's \"space invaders\" released?",
              "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689aca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 1984, some of these DJs, inspired by Jesse Saunders' success with \"On and On\", tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions. These compositions used newly affordable electronic instruments to emulate not just Saunders' song, but the edited, enhanced styles of disco and other dance music they already favored. These homegrown productions were played on Chicago-area radio and in local discoth\u00e8ques catering mainly to African-American and gay audiences. By 1985, although the exact origins of the term are debated, \"house music\" encompassed these locally produced recordings. Subgenres of house, including deep house and acid house, quickly emerged and gained traction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "when was jesse saunders' \"on and on\" a hit?",
              "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "African-American and gay audiences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?",
              "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "what year was house music first used as a genre?",
              "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "deep house and acid house" }
              ],
              "question": "what were two big subgenres of house music?",
              "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Chicago-area radio" }
              ],
              "question": "what area radio was house music generally played on?",
              "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings \"Mystery of Love\" (1985) and \"Can You Feel It?\" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its \"posthuman tendencies back towards the lush\" soulful sound of early disco music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Mr Fingers" }],
              "question": "what producer was the first to produce deep house? ",
              "id": "57069c2652bb891400689ada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "where was producer mr. fingers' from?",
              "id": "57069c2652bb891400689adb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "when was mr. fingers' \"mystery of love\" released? ",
              "id": "57069c2652bb891400689adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "when was mr. fingers' \"can you feel it?\" released?",
              "id": "57069c2652bb891400689add"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context. The group's 12-minute \"Acid Tracks\" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably. The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" released?",
              "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the group Phuture?",
              "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "TB-303" }],
              "question": "what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?",
              "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "12-minute" }],
              "question": "how long was phuture's \"acid tracks\"?",
              "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Roland TR-707" }],
              "question": "what type of drum machine did \"acid tracks\" use?",
              "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell into the genre. Trax Records and DJ International Records, Chicago labels with wider distribution, helped popularize house music inside and outside of Chicago. One 1986 house tune called \"Move Your Body\" by Marshall Jefferson, taken from the appropriately titled \"The House Music Anthem\" EP, became a big hit in Chicago and eventually worldwide. By 1986, UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts, and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart. By this time, house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "WBMX-FM" }],
              "question": "what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?",
              "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "Trax Records and DJ International Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what record labels helped popularize house music?",
              "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "\"Move Your Body\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?",
              "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?",
              "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 922, "text": "clubs" }],
              "question": "where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play?",
              "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"house music\" is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which existed from 1977 to 1983. Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay, who came to dance to music played by the club's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles, whom fans refer to as the \"godfather of house\". After the Warehouse closed in 1983, the crowds went to Knuckles' new club, The Power Plant. In the Channel 4 documentary Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles remarks that the first time he heard the term \"house music\" was upon seeing \"we play house music\" on a sign in the window of a bar on Chicago's South Side. One of the people in the car with him joked, \"you know, that's the kind of music you play down at the Warehouse!\", and then everybody laughed. South-Side Chicago DJ Leonard \"Remix\" Roy, in self-published statements, claims he put such a sign in a tavern window because it was where he played music that one might find in one's home; in his case, it referred to his mother's soul & disco records, which he worked into his sets. Farley Jackmaster Funk was quoted as saying \"In 1982, I was DJing at a club called The Playground and there was this kid named Leonard 'Remix' Roy who was a DJ at a rival club called The Rink. He came over to my club one night, and into the DJ booth and said to me, 'I've got the gimmick that's gonna take all the people out of your club and into mine \u2013 it's called House music.' Now, where he got that name from or what made him think of it I don't know, so the answer lies with him.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "The Warehouse" }],
              "question": "what club did the term 'house music' originate from?",
              "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "what city was the club The Warehouse located in?",
              "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1977 to 1983" }],
              "question": "what years was the club The warehouse open?",
              "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "primarily black and gay" }
              ],
              "question": "what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?",
              "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7ccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Frankie Knuckles" }],
              "question": "who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?",
              "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7ccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chip E.'s 1985 recording \"It's House\" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that DJ Knuckles played at the Warehouse nightclub were labelled in the store \"As Heard At The Warehouse\", which was shortened to simply \"House\". Patrons later asked for new music for the bins, which Chip E. implies was a demand the shop tried to meet by stocking newer local club hits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "\"It's House\"" }],
              "question": "what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?",
              "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "when was Chip E's hit \"It's House\" released?",
              "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Importes Etc" }],
              "question": "the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?",
              "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that \"house\" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Rocky Jones" }],
              "question": "who ran the D.J. International record label?",
              "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "dance music," }],
              "question": "House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?",
              "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "older disco music" }],
              "question": "what was 'house music' once synonymous with?",
              "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Larry Heard, a.k.a. \"Mr. Fingers\", claims that the term \"house\" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed] These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Mr. Fingers" }],
              "question": "What was the stage name of Larry Heard?",
              "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "early DJs creating music in their own homes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the term house become popular? ",
              "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "synthesizers and drum machines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?",
              "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "acid house" }],
              "question": "synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?",
              "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Larry Heard" }],
              "question": "what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?",
              "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term \"house\" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their \"house\" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJs were inspired to create their own \"house\" records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Detroit techno music" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Juan Atkins an originator of?",
              "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?",
              "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "differentiate the clubs and DJs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?",
              "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "outcasts of society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did House relay political messages to? ",
              "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "church for people who have fallen from grace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for? ",
              "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Marshall Jefferson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a famous house producer?",
              "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "where was the warehouse club located?",
              "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "the black community" }
              ],
              "question": "what community was deep house popular with?",
              "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit techno is an offshoot of Chicago house music. It was developed starting in the late 80s, one of the earliest hits being \"Big Fun\" by Inner City. Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey The Electrifying Mojo conducted his own radio program at this time, influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds into the signature Detroit techno sound. This sound, also influenced by European electronica (Kraftwerk, Art of Noise), Japanese synthpop (Yellow Magic Orchestra), early B-boy Hip-Hop (Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force) and Italo disco (Doctor's Cat, Ris, Klein M.B.O.), was further pioneered by Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "\"Big Fun\" by Inner City" }
              ],
              "question": "what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits?",
              "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "The Electrifying Mojo" }
              ],
              "question": "who started the Detroit techno development?",
              "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the nickname of juan atkins, derrick may, and devin saunderson?",
              "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force" }
              ],
              "question": "who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired detroit techno?",
              "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Kraftwerk, Art of Noise" }
              ],
              "question": "who were the european electronica artists that inspired detroit techno?",
              "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Derrick May a.k.a. \"MAYDAY\" and Thomas Barnett released \"Nude Photo\" in 1987 on May's label \"Transmat Records\", which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs.[citation needed] A year later, Transmat released what was to become one of techno and house music's classic anthems \u2013 the seminal track \"Strings of Life\". Transmat Records went on to have many more successful releases[citation needed] such as 1988's \"Wiggin\". As well, Derrick May had successful[citation needed] releases on Kool Kat Records and many remixes for a host of underground and mainstream recording artist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "\"Nude Photo\"" }],
              "question": "Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987?",
              "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Transmat Records" }],
              "question": "what was the name of Mayday's record label?",
              "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Derrick May" }],
              "question": "What was the real name of the artist Mayday?",
              "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "what year was the hit song \"wiggin\" released?",
              "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Kool Kat Records" }],
              "question": "what label did Derrick May have successful releases on after his own?",
              "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kevin Saunderson's company KMS Records contributed many releases that were as much house music as they were techno. These tracks were well received in Chicago and played on Chicago radio and in clubs.[citation needed] Blake Baxter's 1986 recording, \"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\", 1987's \"Bounce Your Body to the Box\" and \"Force Field\", \"The Sound / How to Play our Music\" and \"the Groove that Won't Stop\" and a remix of \"Grooving Without a Doubt\". In 1988, as house music became more popular among general audiences, Kevin Saunderson's group Inner City with Paris Gray released the 1988 hits \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\", which eventually were picked up by Virgin Records. Each EP / 12 inch single sported remixes by Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson and Steve \"Silk\" Hurley of Chicago and Derrick \"Mayday\" May and Juan Atkins of Detroit. In 1989, KMS had another hit release of \"Rock to the Beat\" which was a theme in Chicago dance clubs.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kevin Saunderson" }],
              "question": "who founded KMS Records?",
              "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "\"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1986 hit recording?",
              "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1987 hit recording?",
              "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Inner City" }],
              "question": "what group released \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\" in 1988?",
              "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 873, "text": "\"Rock to the Beat\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the 1989 hit theme released by KMS?",
              "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?",
              "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "#10" }],
              "question": "what did \"Love Can't Turn Around\" peak at in the UK charts?",
              "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?",
              "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1987, Chicago artist Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\" reached number one in the UK, showing it was possible for house music to cross over. The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with \"Jack the Groove\", and several further house hits reached the top ten that year. Stock Aitken Waterman's productions for Mel and Kim, including the number-one hit \"Respectable\", added elements of house to their previous Europop sound, and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with \"Jack Mix II\" and \"Jack Mix IV\", medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style. Key labels in the rise of house music in the UK included:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?",
              "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "What year did \"Jack Your Body\" hit #1 in the UK?",
              "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Raze" }],
              "question": "Who had a hit single with \"jack the groove\"?",
              "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Stock Aitken Waterman" }
              ],
              "question": "what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?",
              "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Respectable" }],
              "question": "what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?",
              "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tour in March 1987[citation needed] of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK. Following the number-one success of MARRS' \"Pump Up The Volume\" in October, the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bomb The Bass, S-Express, and Italy's Black Box opening the doors to a house music onslaught on the UK charts. Early British house music quickly set itself apart from the original Chicago house sound;[citation needed] many of the early hits were based on sample montage, rap was often used for vocals (far more than in the US),[citation needed] and humor was frequently an important element.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s?",
              "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "March 1987" }],
              "question": "when did the DJ International Tour take place?",
              "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987?",
              "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "humor" }],
              "question": "what was frequently an important element of UK house music?",
              "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "the original Chicago house sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sample montages were a key difference between british house music and what?",
              "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the early anthemic tunes, \"Promised Land\" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council. Europeans embraced house, and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs, such as Ministry of Sound, whose resident, Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Joe Smooth" }],
              "question": "who released the hit single \"promised land\"?",
              "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Style Council" }],
              "question": "who covered and charted the single \"promised land\"?",
              "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Justin Berkmann" }],
              "question": "who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound?",
              "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Larry Levan" }],
              "question": "who did Justin Berkmann bring into the club to play?",
              "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records (otherwise known as Kool Kat records) helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what cities in the UK had major house scenes?",
              "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what helped to bolster house music in the uk?",
              "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Warp Records and Network Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?",
              "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Kool Kat records" }],
              "question": "what was network records also known as?",
              "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Italian dance music" }
              ],
              "question": "what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?",
              "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But house was also being developed on Ibiza,[citation needed] although no house artists or labels were coming from this tiny island at the time. By the mid-1980s a distinct Balearic mix of house was discernible.[citation needed] Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and house. These clubs, fueled by their distinctive sound and Ecstasy, began to have an influence on the British scene. By late 1987, DJs such as Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling were bringing the Ibiza sound to UK clubs such as the Ha\u00e7ienda in Manchester, and in London clubs such as Shoom in Southwark, Heaven, Future and Spectrum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Ibiza" }],
              "question": "what tiny island was house music also being devloped on?",
              "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Amnesia" }],
              "question": "what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?",
              "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "DJ Alfredo" }],
              "question": "who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s?",
              "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who were some of the DJs that brought the ibiza sound to uk clubs in late 1987?",
              "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Ha\u00e7ienda" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the big dance club in Manchester UK in the late 80s?",
              "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\"). New York\u2013based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks. In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what group did Marshall Jefferson form?",
              "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "proto-techno music sound" }
              ],
              "question": "what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?",
              "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "where were mateo & matos based?",
              "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "where was marshall jefferson based?",
              "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "drum loops and short samples" }
              ],
              "question": "what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?",
              "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atkins, a former member of Cybotron, released Model 500 \"No UFOs\" in 1985, which became a regional hit, followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat, Metroplex and Fragile. One of the most unusual was \"Strings of Life\" by Derrick May, a darker, more intellectual strain of house. \"Techno-Scratch\" was released by the Knights Of The Turntable in 1984 which had a similar techno sound to Cybotron. The manager of the Factory nightclub and co-owner of the Ha\u00e7ienda, Tony Wilson, also promoted acid house culture on his weekly TV show. The Midlands also embraced the late 1980s house scene with illegal parties and more legal dance clubs such as The Hummingbird.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Cybotron" }],
              "question": "atkins was a former member of what music group?",
              "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "\"No UFOs\"" }],
              "question": "what hit single did atkins release in 1985?",
              "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "\"Strings of Life\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what unusual single did derrick may release, featuring a darker strain of house?",
              "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Techno-Scratch" }],
              "question": "what did knights of the turntable release in 1984?",
              "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Tony Wilson" }],
              "question": "who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of the hacienda?",
              "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely considered a must play at many clubs playing house music. Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club. The emergence of Todd Terry, a pioneer of the genre, was important in America. His cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed \"Weekend\" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Paradise Garage" }],
              "question": "what was a top club for house music in new york city?",
              "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Todd Terry" }],
              "question": "who was a pioneer of the genre in america?",
              "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Weekend" }],
              "question": "what hit house song did todd terry cover? ",
              "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 649, "text": "hip-hop influences" }
              ],
              "question": "what new influences led to a new house sound?",
              "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "more rugged" }],
              "question": "what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?",
              "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the \"New York Underground\" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Nu Groove Records" }],
              "question": "what label launched the careers of burrell?",
              "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "\"New York Underground\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what sound are the burrell's responsible for? ",
              "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "$100" }],
              "question": "how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?",
              "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Virgin America" }],
              "question": "what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?",
              "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late 80s, House had moved West, particularly to San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego and Seattle. Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs, notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long, who spun at Jewel's Catch One, the oldest dance club in America. In 1989, the L.A. based, former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records, releasing the Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson remix of Dada Nada's \"Haunted House,\" which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago, Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France. The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart, marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada, the moniker for Ozn's solo act, released in 1990, what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House, the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada's \"Deep Love\" (One Voice Records/US, Polydor/UK), featuring Ozn's lush, crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos, underscoring Deep House's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures \u2013 a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Jewel's Catch One" }],
              "question": "what is the oldest dance club in america?",
              "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?",
              "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "One Voice Records" }],
              "question": "what label did robert ozn start in 1989?",
              "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Haunted House" }],
              "question": "one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?",
              "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "Ozn" }],
              "question": "dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?",
              "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single \"Vogue\" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Vogue" }],
              "question": "what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?",
              "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "when was madonna's hit single \"vogue\" released?",
              "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?",
              "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "who sang the hit single \"vogue\"?",
              "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "topped the US charts" }
              ],
              "question": "how well did madonna's single \"vogue\" do in the us? ",
              "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, \"Follow Me\" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single \"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Aly-us" }],
              "question": "What gospel/R&B-influenced group released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993?",
              "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Cajmere" }],
              "question": "who released the hit single \"time for the perculator\" in the us?",
              "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Green Velvet" }],
              "question": "what was cajmere's alternate name?",
              "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Dance Mania" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?",
              "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "\"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the prototype of ghetto house?",
              "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Godskitchen superclub brand also began in the midst of the early 90's rave scene. After initially hosting small nights in Cambridge and Northampton, the associated events scaled up in Milton Keynes, Birmingham and Leeds. A new indie dance scene also emerged in the 90's. In New York, bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb's \"Little Fluffy Clouds\" (with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones) and the Happy Mondays' \"Wrote for Luck\" (\"WFL\") which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "where did the \"chilling out\" concept develop?",
              "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Aphex Twin" }],
              "question": "who released the album analogue bubblebath?",
              "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "where was the band deee-lite based?",
              "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Orb" }],
              "question": "who released the track \"little fluffy clouds\"?",
              "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "Vince Clarke" }],
              "question": "who transformed happy mondays' \"wrote for luck\" into a dance hit?",
              "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with \"repetitive beats\". There were a number of abortive \"Kill the Bill\" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with \"Release the Pressure\", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as \"Not Forgotten\" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?",
              "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?",
              "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "November 1994" }],
              "question": "when did the bill become a law? ",
              "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "\"Release the Pressure\"" }
              ],
              "question": "what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?",
              "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Leftfield" }],
              "question": "who recorded the hit single \"release the pressure\"?",
              "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open \"superclubs\" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in Ibiza often sported many corporate logos. A new subgenre, Chicago hard house, was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard \"Humpty\" Vission and DJ Enrie, mixing elements of Chicago house, funky house and hard house together. Additionally, Producers such as George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound. Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the \"rebel\" culture of the time. These 3 producers are often considered \"ahead of their time\" since many of the sounds they engineered during the late 20th century became more prominent during the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "where was a new type of club called Cream located?",
              "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Chicago hard house" }
              ],
              "question": "what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?",
              "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?",
              "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "gabber" }],
              "question": "what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?",
              "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "Major record companies" }
              ],
              "question": "who began opening \"superclubs\"?",
              "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy of Chicago house with the melodies of obscure funk, state-of-the-art production techniques and the sound of analog synthesizers, they began to create the standards that would shape all house music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?",
              "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?",
              "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Paris's house scene" }
              ],
              "question": "Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?",
              "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be \"House Unity Day\" in Chicago, in celebration of the \"21st anniversary of house music\" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators \"were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world\". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "August 10, 2005" }],
              "question": "When was House Unity Day in Chicago?",
              "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley" }
              ],
              "question": "Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?",
              "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "\"21st anniversary of house music\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?",
              "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?",
              "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "Summer Dance Series" }
              ],
              "question": "What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?",
              "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "vocal house" }],
              "question": "Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?",
              "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "vocal house" }],
              "question": "Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?",
              "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "electro house and fidget house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?",
              "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "mid-2000s" }],
              "question": "in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?",
              "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Miami" }],
              "question": "Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? ",
              "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "house music" }],
              "question": "The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? ",
              "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Dubai & Abu Dhabi" }],
              "question": "where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?",
              "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Creamfields" }],
              "question": "what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?",
              "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Shambhala Music Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?",
              "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "2010s saw multiple new sounds in house music developed by numerous DJs. Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less \"Swedish progressive house\" with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, etc. Netherlands brought together a concept of \"Dirty Dutch\", electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios, with prominent DJs Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Bingo Players, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, etc. Elsewhere, fusion genres derivative of 2000s progressive house returned to prominence, especially with the help of DJs Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond and Fonzerelli in Europe, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson and Wolfgang Gartner in the US and Canada. The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music, such as singles Lady Gaga's \"Marry the Night\", The Black Eyed Peas' \"The Best One Yet (The Boy)\" and the will.i.am and Britney Spears \"Scream & Shout\". Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010, particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland, Ultra Music Festival, and Electric Daisy Carnival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "snare-less" }],
              "question": "What was different about swedish progressive house music?",
              "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Swedish House Mafia" }
              ],
              "question": "Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?",
              "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Dirty Dutch" }],
              "question": "What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?",
              "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 980, "text": "Lady Gaga" }],
              "question": "Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song \"Marry the Night\" by what popular artist?",
              "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074accb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1165, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?",
              "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074accc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "its roots" }],
              "question": "There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?",
              "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "to add a mass appeal to the music they produce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?",
              "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "hip hop and R&B" }],
              "question": "What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?",
              "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Letter_case",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "shallow" }],
              "question": "The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?",
              "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "hyphen" }],
              "question": "Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?",
              "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "located above" }],
              "question": "In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?",
              "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "taller" }],
              "question": "Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.",
              "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc742"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "sentences" }],
              "question": "What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?",
              "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "sentence-style" }],
              "question": "What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?",
              "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "sentence case" }],
              "question": "What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?",
              "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "International Organization for Standardization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?",
              "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "publication titles" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?",
              "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?",
              "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?",
              "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "uncial" }],
              "question": "Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?",
              "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "835" }],
              "question": "Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?",
              "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Uspenski Gospels" }],
              "question": "In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?",
              "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9229"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "letter case" }],
              "question": "In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case",
              "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e9239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "smaller lower" }],
              "question": "Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?",
              "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "larger upper" }],
              "question": "Capital letters refer to which case of letter?",
              "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "written" }],
              "question": "Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?",
              "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun \"I\" and the interjection \"O\" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with \"oh\" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "formal" }],
              "question": "Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?",
              "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e9249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "capital" }],
              "question": "In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?",
              "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1105, "text": "beginning of a line of verse" }
              ],
              "question": "What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?",
              "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "capitalised" }],
              "question": "How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?",
              "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "oh" }],
              "question": "The interjection \"O\" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?",
              "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "majuscule" }],
              "question": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?",
              "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "pen" }],
              "question": "Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?",
              "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Alcuin" }],
              "question": "Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?",
              "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?",
              "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc77a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "faster readability" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?",
              "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc77b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing \"superior\" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Letter case" }],
              "question": "What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?",
              "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "special" }],
              "question": "Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?",
              "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "lowercase" }],
              "question": "Which is the most common variant of case in text?",
              "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "upper-case" }],
              "question": "Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?",
              "id": "570700329e06ca38007e929a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "easier to distinguish than lowercase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?",
              "id": "570700329e06ca38007e929b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts\u2014although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures\u2014 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "generally have the same height"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?",
              "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "ascenders" }],
              "question": "In Time New Roman the letter \"b\" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?",
              "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "lower than the average" }
              ],
              "question": "Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?",
              "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?",
              "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules \u2013 a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "letter cases" }],
              "question": "What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?",
              "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "unicameral script" }],
              "question": "What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?",
              "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Georgian" }],
              "question": "Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?",
              "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "bicameral" }],
              "question": "What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?",
              "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters \"d\", \"h\" and \"r\", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, \"The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong.\" Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "old Roman cursive" }],
              "question": "Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?",
              "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Knut Kleve" }],
              "question": "Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?",
              "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?",
              "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "stylistic" }],
              "question": "What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? ",
              "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "handwritten" }],
              "question": "Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?",
              "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising \"the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions\". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "headings" }],
              "question": "What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?",
              "id": "5707093790286e26004fc835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "title case" }],
              "question": "Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?",
              "id": "5707093790286e26004fc836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?",
              "id": "5707093790286e26004fc837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 740, "text": "not universally standardized" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?",
              "id": "5707093790286e26004fc838"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, \"In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive [\u2026]\". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), \u03b2 (Greek), or \u0432 (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a \"unified European alphabet\" \u2013 such as AB\u0411C\u0413D\u0394\u0395Z\u0404\u0417F\u03a6GHI\u0418J\u2026Z, with an appropriate subset for each language \u2013 is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "make casing operations an unholy mess"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?",
              "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e9309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "shapes" }],
              "question": "What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?",
              "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "single codepoint" }],
              "question": "What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?",
              "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1105, "text": "sets of symbols" }],
              "question": "What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?",
              "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "letter case" }],
              "question": "Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?",
              "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Chihuahua_(state)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Jornado" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?",
              "id": "5707070890286e26004fc805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Rio Grande" }],
              "question": "Along which river did they hunt bison?",
              "id": "5707070890286e26004fc806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "hunting, gathering, and farming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Chichimeca survive?",
              "id": "5707070890286e26004fc807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Tepehuan" }],
              "question": "The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?",
              "id": "5707070890286e26004fc808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "rock" }],
              "question": "The Jornado painted onto what surface?",
              "id": "5707070890286e26004fc809"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the \"Grito de Dolores\". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baj\u00e1n (Norias de Baj\u00e1n) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Dolores" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?",
              "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Grito de Dolores" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Proclamation?",
              "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "priest" }],
              "question": "What was Hidalgo's occupation?",
              "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1057, "text": "Ignacio Elizondo" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?",
              "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?",
              "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc825"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Guti\u00e9rrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 Jos\u00e9 Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Mendarozqueta" }],
              "question": "Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?",
              "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?",
              "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Gutierrez" }],
              "question": "Who had actually won the original vote?",
              "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "P. J. Escalante" }],
              "question": "Who was his deputy?",
              "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Escalante" }],
              "question": "Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?",
              "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.\u2013Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican\u2013American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?",
              "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "In which year was the treaty signed?",
              "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?",
              "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1362, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?",
              "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "General Price" }],
              "question": "Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?",
              "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Ju\u00e1rez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Ju\u00e1rez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Spain, England, and France" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries owned Mexican debt?",
              "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "Manuel Doblado" }],
              "question": "Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?",
              "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "President Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the President of Mexico at the time?",
              "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 715, "text": "General Juan Prim of Spain" }
              ],
              "question": "Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?",
              "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country refused to accept?",
              "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agust\u00edn B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maximilian" }],
              "question": "Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?",
              "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?",
              "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?",
              "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four states opposed the French?",
              "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?",
              "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc853"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the death of the president Benito Ju\u00e1rez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebasti\u00e1n Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio D\u00edaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio D\u00edaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the \"No Re-election\" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio D\u00edaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio D\u00edaz then helped T\u00edras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio D\u00edaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio D\u00edaz Era), the D\u00edaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "In which year did Benito Juarez die?",
              "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Battle of Puebla" }],
              "question": "The two candidates were heroes of what battle?",
              "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "The Plan of Tuxtepec" }
              ],
              "question": "Which plan defended the \"No Re-election\" principle?",
              "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1322, "text": "Lerdista party" }],
              "question": "Which party rebelled against the administration?",
              "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1451, "text": "El Paso del Norte" }
              ],
              "question": "Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?",
              "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9327"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Ra\u00fal Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "Which year did Orozco revolt?",
              "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Villa" }],
              "question": "Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?",
              "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Ra\u00fal Madero" }],
              "question": "Who saved Villa's life?",
              "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "Huerta" }],
              "question": "With whom did Orozco side?",
              "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauht\u00e9moc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Durango" }],
              "question": "Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?",
              "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Desert" }],
              "question": "The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?",
              "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Grand Canyon" }],
              "question": "The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?",
              "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?",
              "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Rocky Mountains" }],
              "question": "The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?",
              "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9357"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Columbus, New Mexico" }
              ],
              "question": "Which city did Villa raid?",
              "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "President Wilson" }],
              "question": "Which American president pursued Villa?",
              "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "nearly a year" }],
              "question": "How long did the American troops pursue Villa?",
              "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "Parral" }],
              "question": "In which city was Villa killed?",
              "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "In which year was Villa assassinated?",
              "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc870"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquim\u00e9 culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Sierra Madre" }],
              "question": "Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?",
              "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Paquime" }],
              "question": "Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?",
              "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Sierra Madre Occidental" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Paquime seek refuge?",
              "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?",
              "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9368"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray Garc\u00eda de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del R\u00edo del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cu\u00e9llar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cueva Enr\u00edquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cu\u00e9llar..",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "Which precious metal did Biezma discover?",
              "id": "5707107390286e26004fc889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "300 years" }],
              "question": "How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?",
              "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "1692" }],
              "question": "In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?",
              "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "Chihuahua City" }],
              "question": "Which new state capital was founded in 1709?",
              "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "El Paso Del Norte" }],
              "question": "In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?",
              "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaque\u00f1a revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado" }
              ],
              "question": "In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?",
              "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "12,000 BC to 7000 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "What range of years are the oldest ruins from?",
              "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "corn" }],
              "question": "Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?",
              "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "2000 BC" }],
              "question": "Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?",
              "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc896"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period from 2000\u20132005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000\u20132005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauht\u00e9moc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "49,722" }],
              "question": "How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?",
              "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?",
              "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "lowest" }],
              "question": "Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?",
              "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 782,
                  "text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez and Chihuahua"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which are the largest two cities in the state?",
              "id": "570711569e06ca38007e937a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Chirrines and Cuchas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?",
              "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e937f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "The military" }],
              "question": "Which was the third party?",
              "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1826" }],
              "question": "In which year was the body installed?",
              "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "liberals" }],
              "question": "Which party had gained control?",
              "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Santiago Baca Ortiz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Durango governor?",
              "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de R\u00edo de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolom\u00e9 (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Cibola and Quivira" }],
              "question": "Which cities was Ibarra looking for?",
              "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Through which present-day state did he travel?",
              "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Paquime" }],
              "question": "Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?",
              "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Santa Barbara" }],
              "question": "Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?",
              "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "epidemic" }],
              "question": "What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?",
              "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica, Geograf\u00eda e Inform\u00e1tica (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8\u201314 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6\u201314 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "95.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?",
              "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "97.3%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?",
              "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "93.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?",
              "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "12.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?",
              "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9396"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country\u2019s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "12th-largest" }],
              "question": "The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico",
              "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "396 billion pesos" }],
              "question": "What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?",
              "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "service sector" }],
              "question": "Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?",
              "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "the manufacturing and industrial sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which sector was the second largest?",
              "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 791, "text": "884 million dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?",
              "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. Jos\u00e9 Antonio Arc\u00e9 took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, Gonz\u00e1lez became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arc\u00e9 was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor Jos\u00e9 Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?",
              "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Sonora" }],
              "question": "Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?",
              "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1829" }],
              "question": "In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?",
              "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Bustamante" }],
              "question": "For whom was the revolution named?",
              "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "secret societies" }],
              "question": "Stringed laws were issued against what group?",
              "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In which region of the state did culture develop?",
              "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Big Houses" }],
              "question": "To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?",
              "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Mogollon" }],
              "question": "Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?",
              "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Paquime" }],
              "question": "What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?",
              "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Forty Houses" }],
              "question": "To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?",
              "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Tr\u00edas took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1841" }],
              "question": "Until what year did the state remain calm?",
              "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "1843" }],
              "question": "In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?",
              "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "160,603 pesos per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the price of the small force along the border?",
              "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?",
              "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1373, "text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?",
              "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Santa B\u00e1rbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Casta\u00f1o, Antonio Guti\u00e9rrez de Uma\u00f1a, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zald\u00edvar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de O\u00f1ate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Santa B\u00e1rbara" }],
              "question": "Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?",
              "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "1598" }],
              "question": "In which year was El Paso del Norte found?",
              "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The path was important for the expansion of which road?",
              "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "New Mexico" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. state benefited from this road?",
              "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be \"precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence.\" Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. Jos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15\u201316 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hidalgo" }],
              "question": "Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?",
              "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Agustin de Iturbide" }
              ],
              "question": "Who actually achieved independence for the nation?",
              "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "September 16, 1810" }
              ],
              "question": "Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?",
              "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Diego Rivera" }],
              "question": "Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?",
              "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1496, "text": "Mexico City." }],
              "question": "In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?",
              "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican\u2013American War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?",
              "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "924" }],
              "question": "How many men did he have?",
              "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Sacramento Pass" }],
              "question": "What was the pass into the capital known as?",
              "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "The Battle of Sacramento" }
              ],
              "question": "Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?",
              "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "Almost 300" }],
              "question": "How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?",
              "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, Jos\u00e9 Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Durango" }],
              "question": "Who supported the reaction against the government?",
              "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea" }],
              "question": "Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?",
              "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?",
              "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "J.J.Calvo" }],
              "question": "Who threatened to retaliate?",
              "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes as the new governor. In response, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Governor Terrazas" }],
              "question": "Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?",
              "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was established as the new governor?",
              "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?",
              "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Which president was forced to flee?",
              "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "Until which year did his extended term last?",
              "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni of Durango and J.E. Mu\u00f1oz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "In which year was the new constitution ratified?",
              "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Reform War" }],
              "question": "The state was able to survive through which war?",
              "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "The conservative movement occurred during which year?",
              "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Chihuahua and Parral" }
              ],
              "question": "1000 men occupied which cities?",
              "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Cajen" }],
              "question": "Who established himself as governor?",
              "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agust\u00edn Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of R\u00edo Florido into Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalia de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Ju\u00e1rez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez) due to evidence that the French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865, the French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tom\u00e1s Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Ju\u00e1rez relocated to El Carrizal, a secluded place in the mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Ju\u00e1rez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General Fran\u00e7ois Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over the state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Ju\u00e1rez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?",
              "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Coahuila and Durango" }
              ],
              "question": "In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?",
              "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "President Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?",
              "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "General Villagran" }],
              "question": "Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?",
              "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2104, "text": "General Villagran" }
              ],
              "question": "The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?",
              "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Ju\u00e1rez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Ju\u00e1rez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Ju\u00e1rez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Parral" }],
              "question": "Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?",
              "id": "570718049e06ca38007e940f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Colonel Cottret" }],
              "question": "Who had been leading the French forces?",
              "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?",
              "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "President Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?",
              "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1287, "text": "Maximilian" }],
              "question": "Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?",
              "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9413"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President Jos\u00e9 Mariano Paredes's issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100\u20131,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by the Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso Del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States" }],
              "question": "Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?",
              "id": "570718919e06ca38007e9419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?",
              "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 640, "text": "battle of El Bracito" }
              ],
              "question": "Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?",
              "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States" }],
              "question": "Who won the battle?",
              "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "General Doniphan" }],
              "question": "Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?",
              "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but the government finally regained control on November 25, 1875.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "The elections of which year caused new hostilities?",
              "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?",
              "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Donato Guerra" }],
              "question": "Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?",
              "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Chihuahua City" }],
              "question": "Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?",
              "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom was he said to have conspired?",
              "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9427"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los H\u00e9roes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Miguel Ahumada" }],
              "question": "Under which governor was the education system unified?",
              "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "metric system" }],
              "question": "Which system of measurement was standardized?",
              "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Civilian Hospital" }],
              "question": "What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?",
              "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "Chuviscar River" }],
              "question": "The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?",
              "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When D\u00edaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict \u201cNo Re-election\u201d policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions D\u00edaz became a de facto dictator. D\u00edaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the D\u00edaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "paz porfiriana" }],
              "question": "The internal stability was known as what?",
              "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1876 to 1910" }],
              "question": "During what years did the economic growth occur?",
              "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "D\u00edaz" }],
              "question": "Who committed to a strict \"No Re-election\" policy when running for office?",
              "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "working class" }],
              "question": "Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?",
              "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez with D\u00edaz. It required that D\u00edaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called \"Orozquistas\"\u2014also called the Colorados (\"Red Flaggers\")\u2014after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Madero" }],
              "question": "Orozco responded to whose letter to action?",
              "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Governor Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez" }
              ],
              "question": "Which governor teamed up with Orozco?",
              "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?",
              "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Madero received support from which country?",
              "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "Orozquistas" }],
              "question": "Orozco's army was called by what name?",
              "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Ju\u00e1rez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell \"Se\u00f1or Wilson\" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: \"As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment\". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza\u2019s stated foreign policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "War with what country seemed imminent?",
              "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "President Wilson" }],
              "question": "Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?",
              "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Carranza\u2019s" }],
              "question": "Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?",
              "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "Secretary William Jennings Bryan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To which Secretary did Carothers write?",
              "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc90a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Which state is the largest in the country by land?",
              "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc90f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "12.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the country does it make up?",
              "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Sonora" }],
              "question": "Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?",
              "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?",
              "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc912"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to K\u00f6ppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "elevation of the terrain" }
              ],
              "question": "Climate in the state depends mainly on what?",
              "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "The Sierra Madre Occidental" }
              ],
              "question": "Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?",
              "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?",
              "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Which side of the state has more precipitation?",
              "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?",
              "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc91b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "mammals" }],
              "question": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?",
              "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "rattlesnake" }],
              "question": "Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?",
              "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "skunk" }],
              "question": "Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?",
              "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obreg\u00f3n at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obreg\u00f3n\u2014who had defeated him at Celaya\u2014finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Carranza" }],
              "question": "Villa became an enemy of whom?",
              "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Carranza" }],
              "question": "Who took control in 1914?",
              "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Convention of Aguascalientes" }
              ],
              "question": "Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?",
              "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez" }
              ],
              "question": "The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?",
              "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Battle of Celaya" }],
              "question": "At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?",
              "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9437"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 \u00b0F in the summer and drop below 32 \u00b0F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "July, August, and September" }
              ],
              "question": "Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?",
              "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "100 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?",
              "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "canals" }],
              "question": "The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?",
              "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "western" }],
              "question": "The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?",
              "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e9440"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "microclimates" }],
              "question": "The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?",
              "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "flora" }],
              "question": "What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?",
              "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Pinus" }],
              "question": "The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?",
              "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Juniperus" }],
              "question": "Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?",
              "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9448"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990\u20132000 was 5.3 percent. Ju\u00e1rez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez" }],
              "question": "Which city in the state exceeds one million?",
              "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?",
              "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "2.4 million" }],
              "question": "El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?",
              "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 992, "text": "98%" }],
              "question": "What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?",
              "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e9450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1096, "text": "76.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?",
              "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e9451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni and Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Ju\u00e1rez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Ju\u00e1rez stopped in Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2\u20135, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosal\u00eda de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Ju\u00e1rez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Saltillo" }],
              "question": "French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?",
              "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni and Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?",
              "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "President Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?",
              "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Chihuahua, Chihuahua" }
              ],
              "question": "Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?",
              "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e945a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 791, "text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?",
              "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e945b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Ju\u00e1rez had another crisis on his hands; the Ju\u00e1rez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Ju\u00e1rez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio D\u00edaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Ju\u00e1rez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?",
              "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?",
              "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Luis Terrazas" }],
              "question": "Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?",
              "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "General Canto" }],
              "question": "Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?",
              "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?",
              "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9465"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The D\u00edaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The D\u00edaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad J\u00faarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "monopolies" }],
              "question": "The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?",
              "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?",
              "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.",
              "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "telephone lines" }],
              "question": "What were installed throughout the state in 1883?",
              "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1295,
                  "text": "restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?",
              "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. D\u00edaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but D\u00edaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign D\u00edaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. D\u00edaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "The Porfiriato ended in which year?",
              "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Mexican Revolution" }],
              "question": "The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?",
              "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "D\u00edaz" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?",
              "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Madero" }],
              "question": "Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?",
              "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Toribio Ortega" }],
              "question": "Who took up arms in support of Madero?",
              "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9479"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obreg\u00f3n) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?",
              "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "August 15, 1914" }],
              "question": "The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?",
              "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Teoloyucan" }],
              "question": "In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?",
              "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Carranza" }],
              "question": "Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?",
              "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc924"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the R\u00edo Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 \u00b0F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 \u00b0F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Sierra Madre Occidental" }
              ],
              "question": "Which is the main mountain range in the state?",
              "id": "570720299e06ca38007e947f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "10,826 ft (3,300 m)" }
              ],
              "question": "What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?",
              "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Which state has more forests than any other?",
              "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "elevation" }],
              "question": "Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?",
              "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1107, "text": "tropical" }],
              "question": "What type of plants can be found in some canyons?",
              "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9483"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Samalayuca" }],
              "question": "Which city is known for its sand dunes?",
              "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "the Steppe" }],
              "question": "The transition zone between east and west is called what?",
              "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Desert" }],
              "question": "Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?",
              "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Desert" }],
              "question": "What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?",
              "id": "570720969e06ca38007e9489"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "migratory species" }],
              "question": "The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?",
              "id": "570720f290286e26004fc929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "hummingbird" }],
              "question": "Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?",
              "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "golden eagle" }],
              "question": "Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?",
              "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Trogon mexicanus" }],
              "question": "Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?",
              "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Mexican Revolution, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?",
              "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "42%" }],
              "question": "Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?",
              "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? ",
              "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "cheese" }],
              "question": "Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?",
              "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?",
              "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc935"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "climate" }],
              "question": "Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?",
              "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "apples" }],
              "question": "Which fruit does the state rank first in production?",
              "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "milk" }],
              "question": "The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?",
              "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "oak" }],
              "question": "The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?",
              "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "zinc" }],
              "question": "The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?",
              "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nueva Vizcaya" }],
              "question": "What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?",
              "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?",
              "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "one century" }],
              "question": "The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?",
              "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "mining center" }],
              "question": "The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?",
              "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Conchos tribe" }],
              "question": "Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?",
              "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc948"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and Jos\u00e9 Mariano Jim\u00e9nez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alh\u00f3ndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hidalgo was turned over by whom?",
              "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1811" }],
              "question": "In which year was Hidalgo turned over?",
              "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "firing squad" }],
              "question": "How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?",
              "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "blindfold" }],
              "question": "Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?",
              "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 967, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?",
              "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Sim\u00f3n Ochoa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1828" }],
              "question": "During which year was the federal government unstable?",
              "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who dissolved the government eventually?",
              "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Yorkino" }],
              "question": "With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?",
              "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "F. Elorriaga" }],
              "question": "Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?",
              "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "J. A. Pescador and Sim\u00f3n Ochoa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who now headed the civil and military authorities?",
              "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comandante general Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Colonel J.J. Calvo" }],
              "question": "Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?",
              "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Apaches" }],
              "question": "The state was in a war with what group?",
              "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?",
              "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?",
              "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "indigenous tribes" }],
              "question": "What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?",
              "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many military colonies were established by the state?",
              "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "presidios" }],
              "question": "The military colonies replaced what as population centers?",
              "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "six men" }],
              "question": "How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?",
              "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc964"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Ju\u00e1rez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Ju\u00e1rez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "liberal" }],
              "question": "Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?",
              "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "The intervention had serious consequences for which state?",
              "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "President Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?",
              "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "Governor Luis Terrazas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?",
              "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Puebla" }],
              "question": "To where was the battalion first deployed?",
              "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "President Ju\u00e1rez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Chihuahua" }],
              "question": "Juarez again based his government in which state?",
              "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the French invasion" }
              ],
              "question": "The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?",
              "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Plaza de Armas" }],
              "question": "On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?",
              "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "General Terrazas" }],
              "question": "Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?",
              "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 920, "text": "The bell" }],
              "question": "Which structure in the church became a historical monument?",
              "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Tr\u00edas was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Tr\u00edas to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Trevi\u00f1o; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Tr\u00edas. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, D\u00edaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "corn" }],
              "question": "The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?",
              "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "G. Casavantes" }],
              "question": "Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?",
              "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Governor Tr\u00edas" }
              ],
              "question": "Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?",
              "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?",
              "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1243, "text": "D\u00edaz" }],
              "question": "Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?",
              "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the D\u00edaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "ranching and mining" }
              ],
              "question": "The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.",
              "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "working class" }],
              "question": "Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?",
              "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "haciendas" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?",
              "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "proletariat" }],
              "question": "This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.",
              "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the Divisi\u00f3n del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked \"that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Venustiano Carranza" }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?",
              "id": "5707294790286e26004fc969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Huerta" }],
              "question": "The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?",
              "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Carranza" }],
              "question": "Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?",
              "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?",
              "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?",
              "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "about a third" }],
              "question": "The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?",
              "id": "570729f090286e26004fc973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Coahuila" }],
              "question": "The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?",
              "id": "570729f090286e26004fc974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "flat" }],
              "question": "The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?",
              "id": "570729f090286e26004fc975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?",
              "id": "570729f090286e26004fc976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Rio Grande" }],
              "question": "Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?",
              "id": "570729f090286e26004fc977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "coyote" }],
              "question": "Canis latrans is what animal?",
              "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "American black bear" }
              ],
              "question": "Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?",
              "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "grazing" }],
              "question": "The main cause of degradation has been what?",
              "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1088, "text": "rattlesnake" }],
              "question": "What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?",
              "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the \"pure indigenous\" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered \"other\", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?",
              "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "50.09%" }],
              "question": "According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?",
              "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "whites" }],
              "question": "The second largest group of people were whom?",
              "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state\u2019s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "NAFTA" }],
              "question": "What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?",
              "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "maquiladoras" }],
              "question": "Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?",
              "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "294,026" }],
              "question": "How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?",
              "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "Small business" }],
              "question": "What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?",
              "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "electronics, automobile, and aerospace components"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most maquiladoras today produce what?",
              "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pitch_(music)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "auditory" }],
              "question": "What type of sensation is pitch?",
              "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "frequency" }],
              "question": "What is pitch closely related to?",
              "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Pitch" }],
              "question": "Each persons perception of sound is called?",
              "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include \"microtones\" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C\u266f (61) can be labeled 60.5.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "Octaves in linear pitch are what size?",
              "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "Semitones in linear pitch are what size?",
              "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "69" }],
              "question": "A440 in linear pitch are what size?",
              "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?",
              "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "60.5" }],
              "question": "The pitch halfway between C (60) and C\u266f (61) is labeled what?",
              "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "twelve-note chromatic scale" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common method of organization?",
              "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "the twelfth root of two" }
              ],
              "question": "The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?",
              "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "the octave" }],
              "question": "All these different methods have what in common?",
              "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, \"high\" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and \"low\" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "sound" }],
              "question": "Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?",
              "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "frequency" }],
              "question": "Pitch is a close proxy for what?",
              "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "rapid" }],
              "question": "High pitch is what type of oscillation?",
              "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "slower" }],
              "question": "Low pitch is what type of oscillation?",
              "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "sound generated" }],
              "question": "This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?",
              "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "numerous" }],
              "question": "A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?",
              "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "overtones" }],
              "question": "Harmonics are an important class of what?",
              "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "the partials" }],
              "question": "Integer multiples are collectively called? ",
              "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "ambiguous" }],
              "question": "The pitch of complex tones can be?",
              "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "A complex tone is composed of how many waves?",
              "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "the missing fundamental" }
              ],
              "question": " The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?",
              "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 778,
                  "text": "divisor of the frequencies present"
                }
              ],
              "question": "the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?",
              "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "the tone's frequency content" }
              ],
              "question": "The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?",
              "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "playing two tones in quick succession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The jnd is typically tested by?",
              "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "1,400" }],
              "question": "What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?",
              "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "snare drum" }],
              "question": "Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?",
              "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "the addition of a true repetition of the original sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?",
              "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "indefinite pitch" }],
              "question": "It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?",
              "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84214"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to \"spelling\": the description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches \"A220\" and \"A440\" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "spelling" }],
              "question": "The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?",
              "id": "5709809d200fba14003680af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "A4" }],
              "question": "The description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as what?",
              "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "logarithmic" }],
              "question": "Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?",
              "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "numerical" }],
              "question": "Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?",
              "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay\u2014a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation\u2014has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music\u2014and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?",
              "id": "57098332ed30961900e84258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "unnecessary" }],
              "question": "Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?",
              "id": "57098332ed30961900e84259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1213, "text": "ambiguities" }],
              "question": "Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?",
              "id": "57098332ed30961900e8425a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "England_national_football_team",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1189" }],
              "question": "When did King Richard I begin his reign?",
              "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "lions" }],
              "question": "Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?",
              "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "a crown" }],
              "question": "What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?",
              "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?",
              "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?",
              "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7daa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "What color were England's first away kits?",
              "id": "570888bf9928a814004714da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "red" }],
              "question": "What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?",
              "id": "570888bf9928a814004714db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "grey" }],
              "question": "Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?",
              "id": "570888bf9928a814004714dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "navy blue" }],
              "question": "In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?",
              "id": "570888bf9928a814004714dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "home matches" }],
              "question": "When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?",
              "id": "570888bf9928a814004714de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4\u20131 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1\u20130 in the group stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?",
              "id": "57098392ed30961900e8425e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Uruguay" }],
              "question": "In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?",
              "id": "57098392ed30961900e84260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "1974, 1978 and 1994" }
              ],
              "question": "In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?",
              "id": "57098392ed30961900e8425f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?",
              "id": "57098392ed30961900e84261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "4\u20131" }],
              "question": "What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "57098392ed30961900e84262"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0\u20132 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6\u20133 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7\u20131. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, \"it was like playing men from outer space\". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4\u20132 to reigning champions Uruguay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?",
              "id": "57098452ed30961900e84268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "7\u20131" }],
              "question": "What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?",
              "id": "57098452ed30961900e84269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?",
              "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Syd Owen" }],
              "question": "To whom is the quote \"it was like playing men from outer space\" attributed?",
              "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Uruguay" }],
              "question": "After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?",
              "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1 May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012. England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?",
              "id": "57098554200fba1400368125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "John Terry" }],
              "question": "Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?",
              "id": "57098554200fba1400368126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Roy Hodgson" }],
              "question": "Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?",
              "id": "57098554200fba1400368127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "the quarter-finals" }
              ],
              "question": "In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?",
              "id": "57098554200fba1400368128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?",
              "id": "57098554200fba1400368129"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "The Football Association" }
              ],
              "question": "Which governing body controls the England national football team?",
              "id": "570985de200fba140036812f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?",
              "id": "570985de200fba1400368130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?",
              "id": "570985de200fba1400368131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Wembley Stadium" }],
              "question": "What is the name of England's home field in London?",
              "id": "570985de200fba1400368132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Roy Hodgson" }],
              "question": "Who is the current team manager of England's football team?",
              "id": "570985de200fba1400368133"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1\u20130 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "In which year did England join FIFA?",
              "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?",
              "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?",
              "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?",
              "id": "5709867ced30961900e84280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "In what year did Wembley Stadium open?",
              "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "third place" }],
              "question": "In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?",
              "id": "57098741ed30961900e84290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?",
              "id": "57098741ed30961900e84291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "tied for ninth-best" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?",
              "id": "57098741ed30961900e84292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000" }
              ],
              "question": "In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?",
              "id": "57098741ed30961900e84293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?",
              "id": "57098741ed30961900e84294"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2\u20130 up, but were eventually beaten 3\u20132 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "570987d5200fba140036814d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "3\u20132" }],
              "question": "What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "570987d5200fba140036814e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?",
              "id": "570987d5200fba140036814f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Mexico" }],
              "question": "Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?",
              "id": "570987d5200fba1400368150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?",
              "id": "570987d5200fba1400368151"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non\u2013English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?",
              "id": "5709885bed30961900e842ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?",
              "id": "5709885bed30961900e842af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "No.4" }],
              "question": "What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?",
              "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was the contract of Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson terminated?",
              "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?",
              "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008\u201309 season until the 2017\u201318 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between \u00a34.99 and \u00a311.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "BBC Radio 5 Live" }],
              "question": "Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?",
              "id": "5709896b200fba1400368161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "2008\u201309" }],
              "question": "What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?",
              "id": "5709896b200fba1400368162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "STV" }],
              "question": "What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?",
              "id": "5709896b200fba1400368163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?",
              "id": "5709896b200fba1400368164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?",
              "id": "5709896b200fba1400368165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4\u20132 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2\u20131 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?",
              "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?",
              "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Houston",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs\u2014Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen\u2014from New York, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km2) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from?",
              "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "6,642" }],
              "question": "How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836?",
              "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "founding a city" }],
              "question": "What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?",
              "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Sam Houston" }],
              "question": "Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?",
              "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas?",
              "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Allen brothers" }],
              "question": "Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city?",
              "id": "5709aeceed30961900e84408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "6,642 acres" }],
              "question": "How much land did the Allen brothers buy?",
              "id": "5709aeceed30961900e84409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Sam Houston" }],
              "question": "After which famous general was the city named?",
              "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 853, "text": "forty-nine percent" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1860 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?",
              "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1176, "text": "tripled" }],
              "question": "How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860?",
              "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war. Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators. The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both blacks and whites competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors, and blacks gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of blacks who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?",
              "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "petroleum and synthetic rubber products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?",
              "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "during World War I" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Ellington Field built?",
              "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?",
              "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "non-discrimination for defense contractors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?",
              "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Petrochemical" }],
              "question": "What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel?",
              "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "petroleum and synthetic rubber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To fill what type of demand were refineries built?",
              "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals?",
              "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "defense jobs" }],
              "question": "Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston?",
              "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 739, "text": "President Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors?",
              "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e84420"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the nationwide recession. After the early 1990s recession, Houston made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology, and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry. Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?",
              "id": "570942b39928a814004714ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "the nationwide recession" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?",
              "id": "570942b39928a814004714ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try to diversify it's economy?",
              "id": "570942b39928a814004714f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "the increase of oil prices in the 2000s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?",
              "id": "570942b39928a814004714f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "oil prices fell" }],
              "question": "What caused population growth to decline  in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?",
              "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "aerospace and health care" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Houston focus on after the 1990s recession to improve its economy?",
              "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "late 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did Houston suffer an economic decline?",
              "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Space Shuttle Challenger" }
              ],
              "question": "Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry?",
              "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368276"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?",
              "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Rocky Mountains" }],
              "question": "Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?",
              "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "oil and natural gas" }
              ],
              "question": "The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?",
              "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "a rock salt" }],
              "question": "What is halite?",
              "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "rice farming" }],
              "question": "What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?",
              "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "clays" }],
              "question": "Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?",
              "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "several miles" }],
              "question": "How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?",
              "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "erosion of the Rocky Mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?",
              "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?",
              "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "oil and natural gas" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?",
              "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry\u2013led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s\u2014many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines\u2014culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 15th tallest building in the United States, and the 85th tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th tallest in the United States and the 95th tallest in the world. In 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m\u00b2) of office space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "mid-rise office structures" }
              ],
              "question": "Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?",
              "id": "57094c819928a81400471500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "throughout the 1970s" }
              ],
              "question": "When were skyscrapers first built in Houston?",
              "id": "57094c819928a81400471501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "JPMorgan Chase Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the tallest building in Texas?",
              "id": "57094c819928a81400471502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "1,002-foot" }],
              "question": "How tall is the JP Morgan Chase Tower?",
              "id": "57094c819928a81400471503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Wells Fargo Plaza" }],
              "question": "What is the second tallest building in Houston?",
              "id": "57094c819928a81400471504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Gerald D. Hines" }],
              "question": "In the 1970 s what developer built high rises in downtown Houston?",
              "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e8444e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "JPMorgan Chase Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the highest building in Houston completed in 1982?",
              "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e8444f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Texas Commerce Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of the JP Morgan Chase Tower?",
              "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "tallest structure in Texas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Chase Tower rated as in height in Texas?",
              "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 914, "text": "43 million square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "By 2007 how many square feet of office space did Houston have?",
              "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84452"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of \"Best Places for Business and Careers\" by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations. Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "Best Places for Business and Careers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?",
              "id": "57094dde9928a81400471514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments?",
              "id": "57094dde9928a81400471515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Forty" }],
              "question": "How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Houston?",
              "id": "57094dde9928a81400471516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Twenty-five" }],
              "question": "How many foreign banks operate in Houston?",
              "id": "57094dde9928a81400471517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Houston represent?",
              "id": "57094dde9928a81400471518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Houston area rank first in Texas for business?",
              "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "third in the U.S" }],
              "question": "How did Houston rank in the U.S. for business?",
              "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "How many consular offices does Houston have?",
              "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Forty" }],
              "question": "How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many nations do the twenty-five foreign banks represent?",
              "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest annual event held in Houston?",
              "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "20 days" }],
              "question": "How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?",
              "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "the end of June" }],
              "question": "When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?",
              "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is some other annual events held in Houston?",
              "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the Bayou City Art Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?",
              "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event is the longest running in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?",
              "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "end of June" }],
              "question": "When is the Houston Pride Parade held?",
              "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Art Car Parade" }],
              "question": "What form of car parade is held in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "one of the top five" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?",
              "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km2). The city also has over 200 additional green spaces\u2014totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km2) that are managed by the city\u2014including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 (2,800 m2) square foot in-ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park\u2014located in the Uptown District of the city\u2014serves as a popular tourist attraction, weddings, and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park located north of Houston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "parks and green space" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?",
              "id": "57094fef9928a8140047151e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "19,600" }],
              "question": "How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?",
              "id": "57094fef9928a8140047151f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "the city" }],
              "question": "Who manages Houston's green spaces?",
              "id": "57094fef9928a81400471520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas?",
              "id": "57094fef9928a81400471521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Walk Score" }],
              "question": "Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?",
              "id": "57094fef9928a81400471522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "56,405 acres" }],
              "question": "How many acres of parks does Houston have?",
              "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Joe Jamail" }],
              "question": "After whom is the Houston skate park named?",
              "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "city of Houston" }],
              "question": "Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Gerald D. Hines" }],
              "question": "For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named?",
              "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "23rd" }],
              "question": "How does Houston rank as a walkable city?",
              "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government. Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan. The City's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council. The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Sylvester Turner" }],
              "question": "Who is the current mayor of Houston?",
              "id": "5709517c9928a81400471528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "strong mayoral form of municipal government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form of government does Houston have?",
              "id": "5709517c9928a81400471529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Houston's elected officials?",
              "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Houston's mayor also serve as?",
              "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the general management of the city, Houston's mayor is also responsible for what?",
              "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "strong mayoral" }],
              "question": "What is the form of city  government in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "nonpartisan" }],
              "question": "What type of municipal elections are held in Texas?",
              "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "Besides the mayor and controller, how many members are there on the city council?",
              "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Sylvester Turner" }],
              "question": "Who is the mayor of Houston since the last election?",
              "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Democrat" }],
              "question": "To what political party is Mayor Turner aligned? ",
              "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT (HoustonPBS) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations: KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7). KUHF is news/talk radio and KUHA is a classical music station. The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting, located on the campus of the University of Houston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "KUHT (HoustonPBS)" }],
              "question": "What was the first public television station in the US?",
              "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "listener-funded" }],
              "question": "How is Houston Public Radio funded?",
              "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "two NPR member stations" }
              ],
              "question": "Houston Public Radio us comprised of how many stations?",
              "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stations comprise Houston Public Radio?",
              "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "The University of Houston" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA stations?",
              "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "KUHT" }],
              "question": "Which of Houston's television stations was the first public television station in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "news/talk radio" }],
              "question": "What kind of radio station is KUHF?",
              "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "What type of radio station is KUHA?",
              "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "University of Houston" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Melcher Center located?",
              "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what building do the two public radio stations broadcast?",
              "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84497"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston (i/\u02c8hju\u02d0st\u0259n/ HYOO-st\u0259n) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County. It is the principal city of Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land, which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Houston located?",
              "id": "570955309928a8140047153c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?",
              "id": "570955309928a8140047153d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "2.239 million people" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the population of Houston in 2014?",
              "id": "570955309928a8140047153e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?",
              "id": "570955309928a81400471540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Houston the principle city of?",
              "id": "570955309928a8140047153f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "What is the most populous city in Texas?",
              "id": "5709c934ed30961900e8449e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5709c934ed30961900e8449f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "2.239 million" }],
              "question": "According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?",
              "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Harris County" }],
              "question": "Houston is located in which Texas county?",
              "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "599.6 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the land are of the City of Houston?",
              "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "cotton" }],
              "question": "What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? ",
              "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "rail lines" }],
              "question": "What type of roads converged in Houston?",
              "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "General John Bankhead Magruder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?",
              "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Battle of Galveston" }
              ],
              "question": "For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?",
              "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "railroad center of Texas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Houston known for by 1890?",
              "id": "570a01b44103511400d594f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina. One month later, approximately 2.5 million Houston area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States. In September 2008, Houston was hit by Hurricane Ike. As many as forty percent refused to leave Galveston Island because they feared the traffic problems that happened after Hurricane Rita.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Hurricane Rita" }],
              "question": "What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston?",
              "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "largest urban evacuation" }
              ],
              "question": "The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?",
              "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many people evacuated to Houston after Hurricane Katrina?",
              "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "forty percent" }],
              "question": "Fearing traffic problems, how many people refused to leave Galveston before Hurricane Ike?",
              "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "September 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Hurricane Ike hit the Houston area?",
              "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role. Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, the city's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning?",
              "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "mandatory lot size" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Houston have?",
              "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "affordable housing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Houston's land use policies credited with producing?",
              "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "real estate crisis" }
              ],
              "question": "What serious situation of 2008 was Houston spared?",
              "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "42,697" }],
              "question": "How many building permits were issued in 2008 in Houston?",
              "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston's economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry. Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "oilfield equipment" }],
              "question": "Of what is Houston a center?",
              "id": "570a07104103511400d5950a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "petrochemical complex" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success?",
              "id": "570a07104103511400d5950b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Where does the Port of Houston rank in international commerce?",
              "id": "570a07104103511400d5950c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "tenth" }],
              "question": "Where does Houston rate in the size ranking of world ports?",
              "id": "570a07104103511400d5950d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "pipelines" }],
              "question": "What lines begin or end in Houston?",
              "id": "570a07104103511400d5950e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre). Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations. Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests. Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall\u2014home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts\u2014and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Houston Theater District" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of Houston hosts performing arts?",
              "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "theater seats" }],
              "question": "Of what is Houston second in performing arts?",
              "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 827,
                  "text": "Hobby Center for the Performing Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Theater District?",
              "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "major performing arts" }
              ],
              "question": "To what type of arts is Houston home?",
              "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 756, "text": "Houston Symphony Orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "To what group is Jones Hall home?",
              "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy. Space Center Houston is the official visitors' center of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including moon rocks, a shuttle simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA's manned space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the Galleria (Texas's largest shopping mall, located in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium, and Sam Houston Race Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "17-block area" }],
              "question": "How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover?",
              "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Bayou Music Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What place produces live concerts, plays and comedy?",
              "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Space Center Houston?",
              "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "interactive exhibits" }
              ],
              "question": "What tourist offerings does the Space Center have?",
              "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "shopping mall" }],
              "question": "What is the Galleria the largest of in Texas?",
              "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are located in downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans). Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game. BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo, the Texas Southern University football team, and Dash, located in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965. Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and Reliant Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars football team plays. Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, as well as hosting the 2005 World Series and 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two. Super Bowl LI is currently slated to be hosted in NRG Stadium in 2017.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "BBVA Compass Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?",
              "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?",
              "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "NRG Astrodome" }],
              "question": "What was the first indoor stadium in the world?",
              "id": "570a7fd14103511400d59790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "NRG Stadium" }],
              "question": "What is the home of the Texans named?",
              "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Minute Maid Park" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?",
              "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several private institutions of higher learning\u2014ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as The University of St. Thomas, Houston's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university\u2014are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students, has a number of distinguished graduate programs and research institutes, such as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy. Houston Baptist University, affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, offers bachelor's and graduate degrees. It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "The University of St. Thomas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Houston's one Catholic university?",
              "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Rice University" }],
              "question": "What famous research university is located in Houston?",
              "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "What is the student enrollment of Rice University?",
              "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When was Houston Baptist University founded?",
              "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Sharpstown" }],
              "question": "What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University?",
              "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first\u2014and still the largest\u2014air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Texas Medical Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Houston is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?",
              "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?",
              "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "73,600" }],
              "question": "How many people are employed in the Texas Medical Center?",
              "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many hospitals belong to the Medical Center group of organizations?",
              "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "Life Flight" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first air emergency service?",
              "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence in Houston while offering more than 700 daily departures from the city. In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model \"port of entry\" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Continental Airlines" }
              ],
              "question": "Until 2010, which airline made Houston its headquarters?",
              "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Bush Intercontinental" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is United Airlines' largest air hub?",
              "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "United Airlines" }],
              "question": "With which airline did Continental Airlines merge?",
              "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Houston?",
              "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs?",
              "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled. Nicknamed the Space City, Houston is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?",
              "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Port of Houston" }],
              "question": "What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?",
              "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Space City" }],
              "question": "What is Houston's nickname? ",
              "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "ethnic and religious backgrounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is varied about Houston's population?",
              "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "What city is the most diverse in Texas?",
              "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 \u00b0F (11.7 \u00b0C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004 when one inch (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the metro area. Falls of at least one inch on both December 10, 2008 and December 4, 2009 marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 \u00b0F (\u221215 \u00b0C) on January 18, 1940. Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually per 1981\u20132010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the extremely flat topography and widespread typical clay-silt prairie soils, which do not drain quickly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "mild winters" }],
              "question": "What kind of winter weather does Houston have?",
              "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "53.1 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?",
              "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Snowfall" }],
              "question": "What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?",
              "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "January 18, 1940" }],
              "question": "When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?",
              "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "49.8 in" }],
              "question": "How much rain does Houston usually get per year?",
              "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout the state of Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "$1.1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year?",
              "id": "570a88724103511400d59818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston?",
              "id": "570a88724103511400d59819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "12,500" }],
              "question": "How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year?",
              "id": "570a88724103511400d5981a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "in Houston" }],
              "question": "Where do most university graduates stay after acquiring a degree?",
              "id": "570a88724103511400d5981b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "80.5%" }],
              "question": "Even after five years, how many graduates remain in Houston?",
              "id": "570a88724103511400d5981c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center\u2014the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions\u2014and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When was Houston founded?",
              "id": "570a898d4103511400d59834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Buffalo Bayou" }],
              "question": "Where is Allen's Landing?",
              "id": "570a898d4103511400d59835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "June 5, 1837" }],
              "question": "When was the City of Houston incorporated?",
              "id": "570a898d4103511400d59836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Sam Houston" }],
              "question": "For whom was Houston named?",
              "id": "570a898d4103511400d59837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Battle of San Jacinto" }
              ],
              "question": "For what battle was Sam Houston known as commander?",
              "id": "570a898d4103511400d59838"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States\u2013Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "In what part of the United States is Houston located?",
              "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "international community" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the Houston population is growing?",
              "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?",
              "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?",
              "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "one in five" }],
              "question": "How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?",
              "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African-Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "hurricane" }],
              "question": "What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?",
              "id": "570a8c674103511400d59848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Spindletop" }],
              "question": "Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?",
              "id": "570a8c674103511400d59849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Beaumont" }],
              "question": "Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?",
              "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?",
              "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "President Theodore Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?",
              "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2); this comprises 634.0 square miles (1,642 km2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km2) of water. The Piney Woods is north of Houston. Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest. Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or prairie which resembles the Deep South, and are all still visible in surrounding areas. Flatness of the local terrain, when combined with urban sprawl, has made flooding a recurring problem for the city. Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level, and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 125 feet (38 m) in elevation. The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston. The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion gallons of water a day in addition to 150 million gallons a day worth of groundwater.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "656.3 square miles" }],
              "question": "What is the square mile area of Houston?",
              "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "22.3 square miles" }],
              "question": "How much of Houston's total area is water?",
              "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "gulf coastal plain" }
              ],
              "question": "In what topography is Houston located?",
              "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "temperate grassland and forest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the vegetation of the area classified?",
              "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "flooding" }],
              "question": "What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston?",
              "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the summer months, it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 \u00b0F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90 percent relative humidity. Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief, except in the far southeastern outskirts near the Gulf coast and Galveston. To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the \"most air-conditioned place on earth\". Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 \u00b0F (43 \u00b0C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000 and August 28, 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "106.5" }],
              "question": "How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?",
              "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "4.6" }],
              "question": "How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?",
              "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "humidity" }],
              "question": "What weather factor produces a higher heat index?",
              "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Winds" }],
              "question": "What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?",
              "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "109 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?",
              "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city's working class and minority areas vote Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent Hispanics (of any race) in the area are declared or favor Democrats. The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative. As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections. In 2009, Houston became the first US city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "divided" }],
              "question": "What is the political climate of Houston?",
              "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "wealthier areas" }],
              "question": "Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?",
              "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Democratic" }],
              "question": "How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?",
              "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "62 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat?",
              "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "68 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican?",
              "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2010 Census, whites made up 51% of Houston's population; 26% of the total population were non-Hispanic whites. Blacks or African Americans made up 25% of Houston's population. American Indians made up 0.7% of the population. Asians made up 6% (1.7% Vietnamese, 1.3% Chinese, 1.3% Indian, 0.9% Pakistani, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese), while Pacific Islanders made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.2% of the city's population, of which 0.2% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races made up 3.3% of the city. At the 2000 Census, there were 1,953,631 people and the population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile (1,301.8/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics made up 37.4% of Houston's population while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%, down from 62.4% in 1970.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "51%" }],
              "question": "How much of Houston's population is white?",
              "id": "570a9a214103511400d59866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Houston's population is African-American?",
              "id": "570a9a214103511400d59867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Asians" }],
              "question": "What group makes up 6 % of Houston's population?",
              "id": "570a9a214103511400d59868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "1,953,631" }],
              "question": "According to the 2000 census, what is the population of Houston?",
              "id": "570a9a214103511400d59869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 996, "text": "62.4%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage of whites in 1970?",
              "id": "570a9a214103511400d5986a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land MSA's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012 was $489 billion, making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria's, Venezuela's, or South Africa's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product (GAP). In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "$489 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?",
              "id": "570a9c204103511400d5988e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "fourth-largest" }],
              "question": "Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?",
              "id": "570a9c204103511400d5988f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's?",
              "id": "570a9c204103511400d59890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "26.3%" }],
              "question": "How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston's gross product?",
              "id": "570a9c204103511400d59891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "mining" }],
              "question": "Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall?",
              "id": "570a9c204103511400d59892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Baylor College of Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools?",
              "id": "570a9e836d058f1900183008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "one of the top two" }
              ],
              "question": "How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care?",
              "id": "570a9e836d058f1900183009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "psychiatric" }],
              "question": "What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic offer?",
              "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Triumph Healthcare" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the third largest acute care center in the U.S.?",
              "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "Where is the Triumph Healthcare hospital headquartered?",
              "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, Houston was identified as the #1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston's success to the ability of the region's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that \"more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston\" between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low. Also in 2013, Houston again appeared on Forbes' list of Best Places for Business and Careers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "#1" }],
              "question": "Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?",
              "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost?",
              "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "more than 100" }],
              "question": "How many foreign companies relocated to Houston?",
              "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 836,
                  "text": "Best Places for Business and Careers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2013?",
              "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "jobs lost" }],
              "question": "What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job loss?",
              "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183013"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College. The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many community colleges serve Houston?",
              "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "within the 10 largest" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?",
              "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "Houston Community College System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What college system serves most of Houston?",
              "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Lone Star College System" }
              ],
              "question": "Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas?",
              "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "southeastern" }],
              "question": "What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?",
              "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track (\"Red Line\") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston\u2013Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines. and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles\u2013New Orleans), which stops at a train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "January 1, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did Houston start using light rail lines?",
              "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "about 8 miles" }],
              "question": "How long was the first light rail line in Houston?",
              "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "NRG Park" }],
              "question": "Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?",
              "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?",
              "id": "570aa3634103511400d598af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "20,327" }],
              "question": "How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?",
              "id": "570aa3634103511400d598b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since 1969. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by Airports Council International.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "William P. Hobby Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second airport that serves Houston?",
              "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Houston International Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?",
              "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?",
              "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Southwest Airlines" }
              ],
              "question": "Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport?",
              "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "customer service" }],
              "question": "For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports?",
              "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point\u2013Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded earthquakes in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed \"fault creep\", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many estimated active faults does Houston have?",
              "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "310 miles" }],
              "question": "What is the total length of the Houston faults?",
              "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?",
              "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "Long Point\u2013Eureka Heights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston?",
              "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "fault creep" }],
              "question": "What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called?",
              "id": "570aa83c6d058f1900183020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's outlying areas, suburbs and enclaves are located outside of the loop. Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "ward system" }],
              "question": "What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?",
              "id": "570aaa384103511400d59900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "Houston City Council districts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?",
              "id": "570aaa384103511400d59901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Interstate 610 Loop" }
              ],
              "question": "What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?",
              "id": "570aaa384103511400d59902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "central business district" }
              ],
              "question": "Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop? ",
              "id": "570aaa384103511400d59903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Beltway 8" }],
              "question": "What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?",
              "id": "570aaa384103511400d59904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, C\u00e9sar Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high-rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m\u00b2) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m\u00b2) of Class A office space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Uptown District" }],
              "question": "What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?",
              "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "1970s and early 1980s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Uptown district expand?",
              "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Williams Tower" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?",
              "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1170, "text": "23 million" }],
              "question": "How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?",
              "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Transco Tower" }],
              "question": "Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?",
              "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry\u2014particularly for oil and natural gas\u2014as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources\u2014wind and solar\u2014are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney. The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports. Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for approximately two-thirds of the metropolitan area's exports last year. The Top 3 destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "biomedical research and aeronautics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?",
              "id": "570aada54103511400d59914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Houston Ship Channel" }
              ],
              "question": "What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?",
              "id": "570aada54103511400d59915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "global city" }],
              "question": "What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?",
              "id": "570aada54103511400d59916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "market for exports" }
              ],
              "question": "In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?",
              "id": "570aada54103511400d59917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "$110.3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012?",
              "id": "570aada54103511400d59918"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "top ranking" }],
              "question": "How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?",
              "id": "570aaf434103511400d59928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?",
              "id": "570aaf434103511400d59929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?",
              "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?",
              "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?",
              "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League (NHL). The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the \"Colt .45s\" until 1965) that made one World Series appearance in 2005. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships: in 1994 and 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League (NFL) expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo are a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006 after they won two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash play in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Scrap Yard Dawgs, a women's pro softball team, is expected to play in the National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) from 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "National Hockey League" }
              ],
              "question": "For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?",
              "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?",
              "id": "570ab07c4103511400d59940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When were the Houston Astros formed?",
              "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Colt .45s" }],
              "question": "Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?",
              "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?",
              "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many members did the original Houston city council have?",
              "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many at-large positions were there originally?",
              "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "entire city" }],
              "question": "What areas do at-large council members represent?",
              "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "2.1 million" }],
              "question": "What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?",
              "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?",
              "id": "570ab1ba6d058f190018308a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston\u2013Clear Lake and the University of Houston\u2013Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many students does the University of Houston have?",
              "id": "570ab31c6d058f1900183099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "southeast" }],
              "question": "Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?",
              "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many separate universities does Houston have?",
              "id": "570ab31c6d058f1900183098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Texas Southern University" }
              ],
              "question": "What university is located in Houston'd third ward?",
              "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "largest historically black" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of college is Texas Southern University?",
              "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post\u2014its long-time rival and main competition\u2014when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press\u2014a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Houston Chronicle" }],
              "question": "What is Houston's major newspaper?",
              "id": "570ab4204103511400d59946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Hearst Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the Houston Chronicle?",
              "id": "570ab4204103511400d59947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?",
              "id": "570ab4204103511400d59948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Bill Hobby" }],
              "question": "Whose family owned the Houston Post?",
              "id": "570ab4204103511400d59949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Houston Press" }],
              "question": "What is the other newspaper that serves Houston?",
              "id": "570ab4204103511400d5994a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Houston's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside of Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments, totaling 38 miles, are actively under construction and scheduled to open to traffic late in 2015. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "hub-and-spoke" }],
              "question": "What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?",
              "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Interstate 610" }],
              "question": "What encircles the downtown area of Houston?",
              "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "8-mile" }],
              "question": "What is the diameter of the downtown area?",
              "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "middle loop" }],
              "question": "What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?",
              "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "23 miles" }],
              "question": "What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?",
              "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "tenth-busiest" }],
              "question": "How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?",
              "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "182" }],
              "question": "How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?",
              "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?",
              "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?",
              "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Houston's primary airport?",
              "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830b0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Copper",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes \u0441yprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to \u0441uprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?",
              "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "\u0441uprum" }],
              "question": "What term does the name copper originate from?",
              "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "copper(II) salts" }],
              "question": "What componds are common in copper?",
              "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "What is one color common in copper salts?",
              "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "green verdigris" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.",
              "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500\u20134000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. \u00d6tzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300\u20133200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "9000 BC" }],
              "question": "When was copper first known to have been used?",
              "id": "570955119928a81400471532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "In what area is the first recorded use of copper?",
              "id": "570955119928a81400471533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 955, "text": "2800 BC" }],
              "question": "When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?",
              "id": "570955119928a81400471534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1524, "text": "iron smelting" }],
              "question": "Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?",
              "id": "570955119928a81400471535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1773, "text": "5500 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?",
              "id": "570955119928a81400471536"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Corinthian bronze" }],
              "question": "What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?",
              "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "depletion gilding" }],
              "question": "How is Corinthian bronze made?",
              "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? ",
              "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?",
              "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Baghdad Battery" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?",
              "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?",
              "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Electrical wiring" }],
              "question": "What is the most important market for copper today?",
              "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Roughly half" }],
              "question": "How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?",
              "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "aluminium" }],
              "question": "What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?",
              "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "high electrical conductivity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?",
              "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "biostatic" }],
              "question": "What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?",
              "id": "57095defed30961900e84004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Muntz metal" }],
              "question": "What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?",
              "id": "57095defed30961900e84006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "ships" }],
              "question": "Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?",
              "id": "57095defed30961900e84005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "netting materials" }],
              "question": "In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?",
              "id": "57095defed30961900e84007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "corrosion-resistant" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?",
              "id": "57095defed30961900e84008"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "group 11" }],
              "question": "What group of the periodic table is copper in?",
              "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "one s-orbital electron" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.",
              "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "filled d-electron shell" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?",
              "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 838,
                  "text": "fine-grained polycrystalline form"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is copper normally supplied?",
              "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 905, "text": "monocrystalline forms" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?",
              "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "50 parts per million" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.",
              "id": "570962e2ed30961900e8404e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "420 tonnes" }],
              "question": "How large was the biggest find of copper?",
              "id": "570962e2ed30961900e8404f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "What year was the largest find of copper discovered?",
              "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm" }
              ],
              "question": "How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?",
              "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Michigan, US" }],
              "question": "Where was the largest mass of copper found?",
              "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "chalkos" }],
              "question": "What was copper called in Greece?",
              "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "In what area was copper first mined?",
              "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Aphrodite" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?",
              "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Venus" }],
              "question": "What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?",
              "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "lustrous beauty" }],
              "question": "What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?",
              "id": "57096523ed30961900e84090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "organocopper compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?",
              "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "copper(I) oxide" }],
              "question": "What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?",
              "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Gilman reagent" }],
              "question": "What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?",
              "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "alkyl halides" }],
              "question": "Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?",
              "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Copper(I) acetylide" }
              ],
              "question": "Which form of copper is shock sensitive?",
              "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Renaissance sculptors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who used copper to produce art?",
              "id": "57096959200fba1400367f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "daguerreotype" }],
              "question": "What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?",
              "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Statue of Liberty" }],
              "question": "What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?",
              "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Christopher Columbus" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?",
              "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?",
              "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "conductivity" }],
              "question": "What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?",
              "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "43%-46%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?",
              "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "69%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?",
              "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "National Electrical Manufacturers Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym NEMA stand for?",
              "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "efficiency standards" }
              ],
              "question": "By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?",
              "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chromobacterium violaceum" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?",
              "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi" }
              ],
              "question": "What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?",
              "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Suillus luteus" }],
              "question": "What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? ",
              "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Aspergillus niger" }],
              "question": "What fungus grows from gold mining solution?",
              "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "fungus Aspergillus" }
              ],
              "question": "What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?",
              "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as \"antimicrobial materials with public health benefits,\" which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011\u20132014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "antimicrobial" }],
              "question": "What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?",
              "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "99.9%" }],
              "question": "355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?",
              "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "Environmental Protection Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym EPA stand for?",
              "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "355" }],
              "question": "How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?",
              "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1166, "text": "Legionnaires' disease" }
              ],
              "question": "What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?",
              "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e84110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "wood preservative" }],
              "question": "What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?",
              "id": "570970afed30961900e8413c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "moss" }],
              "question": "What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?",
              "id": "570970afed30961900e8413d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "antimicrobial protective fabrics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?",
              "id": "570970afed30961900e8413e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "as a base" }],
              "question": "How is copper used with nickel?",
              "id": "570970afed30961900e8413f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Copper compounds" }],
              "question": "What is used to treat structures for dry rot?",
              "id": "570970afed30961900e84140"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "at least 10,000 years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has copper been in use?",
              "id": "570971cb200fba1400368003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?",
              "id": "570971cb200fba1400368004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?",
              "id": "570971cb200fba1400368005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1014 tons" }],
              "question": "How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?",
              "id": "570971cb200fba1400368006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Recycling" }],
              "question": "What is a major source of cooper in modern times?",
              "id": "570971cb200fba1400368007"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "copper lumps" }],
              "question": "What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?",
              "id": "57097382ed30961900e8417e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "the shape and look" }
              ],
              "question": "What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?",
              "id": "57097382ed30961900e84182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Julius Caesar" }],
              "question": "Who had his own coins produced out of brass?",
              "id": "57097382ed30961900e8417f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "15,000 t" }],
              "question": "During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?",
              "id": "57097382ed30961900e84180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Cu-Pb-Sn alloys" }],
              "question": "Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?",
              "id": "57097382ed30961900e84181"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?",
              "id": "570974d8200fba140036801f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?",
              "id": "570974d8200fba1400368020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?",
              "id": "570974d8200fba1400368021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "hardness" }],
              "question": "What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?",
              "id": "570974d8200fba1400368022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "brass" }],
              "question": "What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?",
              "id": "570974d8200fba1400368023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6\u00d7106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1\u00d7106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The softness" }],
              "question": "What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?",
              "id": "57097747200fba1400368029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?",
              "id": "57097747200fba140036802a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "3.1\u00d7106 A/m2" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?",
              "id": "57097747200fba140036802b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "corrosion" }],
              "question": "What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?",
              "id": "57097747200fba140036802c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "it begins to heat excessively" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?",
              "id": "57097747200fba140036802d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "copper sulfides" }],
              "question": "In what form is copper extracted?",
              "id": "570978be200fba1400368039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "open pit mines" }],
              "question": "From what types of mines is copper extracted?",
              "id": "570978be200fba140036803a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "0.4 to 1.0% copper" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?",
              "id": "570978be200fba140036803b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Chile" }],
              "question": "What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?",
              "id": "570978be200fba140036803c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "in-situ leach process" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?",
              "id": "570978be200fba140036803d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35\u201355 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140\u2013300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30\u201340 kg per capita).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "100%" }],
              "question": "What percent of copper is recyclable?",
              "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?",
              "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "aluminium" }],
              "question": "What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?",
              "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "aluminium" }],
              "question": "Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?",
              "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "35\u201355 kg" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?",
              "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What pigment color is natural to copper?",
              "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What property does the final patina on cooper have?",
              "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "carbonate and sulfate" }
              ],
              "question": "What mixture of compounds is the final patina?",
              "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "environmental" }],
              "question": "What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?",
              "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "finished" }],
              "question": "What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?",
              "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "suicide attempts" }],
              "question": "What are copper salts sometimes used for?",
              "id": "57098140200fba14003680cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "copper toxicity" }],
              "question": "When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?",
              "id": "57098140200fba14003680cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "3 ppm" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?",
              "id": "57098140200fba14003680cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "growth rates" }],
              "question": "What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?",
              "id": "57098140200fba14003680ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "30 mg/kg" }],
              "question": "What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?",
              "id": "57098140200fba14003680cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd\u20132nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "3rd\u20132nd century BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Britain first use brass?",
              "id": "5709828fed30961900e84244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "Who were the first copper miners in North America?",
              "id": "5709828fed30961900e84245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Isle Royale" }],
              "question": "Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?",
              "id": "5709828fed30961900e84246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Peru" }],
              "question": "What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD",
              "id": "5709828fed30961900e84247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did commercial production of copper begin?",
              "id": "5709828fed30961900e84248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3\u20442. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by \u03b2\u2212, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by \u03b2+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many isotopes are there of copper?",
              "id": "5709844f200fba1400368107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "63Cu and 65Cu" }],
              "question": "What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?",
              "id": "5709844f200fba1400368108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "63Cu" }],
              "question": "Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?",
              "id": "5709844f200fba1400368109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "3.8 minutes" }],
              "question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?",
              "id": "5709844f200fba140036810a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "61.83 hours" }],
              "question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?",
              "id": "5709844f200fba140036810b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "cupronickel" }],
              "question": "What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?",
              "id": "5709867b200fba1400368143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "low-denomination coins" }
              ],
              "question": "what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?",
              "id": "5709867b200fba1400368144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "75% copper and 25% nickel" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the metal composition of a US nickel?",
              "id": "5709867b200fba1400368145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "resistance to corrosion" }
              ],
              "question": "What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?",
              "id": "5709867b200fba1400368146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "golden" }],
              "question": "What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?",
              "id": "5709867b200fba1400368147"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Polyols" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?",
              "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "reducing sugars" }],
              "question": "What are copper salts used to test?",
              "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "color change" }],
              "question": "How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?",
              "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "reddish" }],
              "question": "What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?",
              "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?",
              "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vin\u010da culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700\u20133300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000\u20131000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?",
              "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "4500 BC" }],
              "question": "What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?",
              "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "3700\u20133300 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?",
              "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Chalcolithic" }],
              "question": "What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?",
              "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "Brass" }],
              "question": "What is an alloy of copper and zinc?",
              "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the level of copper in the human body?",
              "id": "57098b07200fba1400368175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "in the gut" }],
              "question": "How is copper absorbed in humans?",
              "id": "57098b07200fba1400368176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "albumin" }],
              "question": "What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?",
              "id": "57098b07200fba1400368177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Ceruloplasmin" }],
              "question": "What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?",
              "id": "57098b07200fba1400368178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "via bile" }],
              "question": "How can the body get rid of excess copper?",
              "id": "57098b07200fba1400368179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10\u201315% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "0.6%" }],
              "question": "What is the average concentration of copper in ores?",
              "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "sulfides" }],
              "question": "What are most commercial ores?",
              "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "floats on top" }],
              "question": "What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?",
              "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "iron" }],
              "question": "What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?",
              "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "oxides" }],
              "question": "What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?",
              "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells \u2013 the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?",
              "id": "57098edded30961900e8430e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "orange-red" }],
              "question": "What color is pure copper?",
              "id": "57098edded30961900e8430f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "reddish tarnish" }],
              "question": "What does copper aquire when exposed to air?",
              "id": "57098edded30961900e84310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "orange light" }],
              "question": "The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?",
              "id": "57098edded30961900e84311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "yellow" }],
              "question": "What color is the metal caesium?",
              "id": "57098edded30961900e84312"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "architectural material" }
              ],
              "question": "What has copper been used for since ancient times?",
              "id": "570990baed30961900e84338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "antimicrobial indoor products" }
              ],
              "question": "In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?",
              "id": "570990baed30961900e84339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "low thermal movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?",
              "id": "570990baed30961900e8433a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "hundreds or thousands of years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long has copper been used in building construction?",
              "id": "570990baed30961900e8433b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "antimicrobial" }],
              "question": "What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?",
              "id": "570990baed30961900e8433c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Identity_(social_science)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future\"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: \"One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity\" (Weinreich, 1986a).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "A psychological identity" }
              ],
              "question": "Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?",
              "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "ethnic identity" }],
              "question": "What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?",
              "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?",
              "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "one's self-construal" }
              ],
              "question": "A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?",
              "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where \"identity\" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is \"a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time \u2026 with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions\" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the \"situated self\" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "individual and group identity" }
              ],
              "question": "The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?",
              "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Weinreich" }],
              "question": "Who developed the ISA?",
              "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Identity Structure Analysis" }
              ],
              "question": "ISA stands for what?",
              "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm \u2013 highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65\u201367; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts \u2013 for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22\u201323).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Weinreich's identity variant" }
              ],
              "question": "Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?",
              "id": "57095ba39928a81400471546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "diffused" }],
              "question": "Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?",
              "id": "57095ba39928a81400471547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "foreclosed or defensive" }
              ],
              "question": "Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?",
              "id": "57095ba39928a81400471548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "the identity variant" }
              ],
              "question": "An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?",
              "id": "57095ba39928a81400471549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "an optimal level" }],
              "question": "What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?",
              "id": "57095ba39928a8140047154a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being \"the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses\" (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Anthropologists" }],
              "question": "What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?",
              "id": "57095eaaed30961900e8400e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "an appropriate analytical tool"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?",
              "id": "57095eaaed30961900e8400f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Barth" }],
              "question": "What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?",
              "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "the framework" }],
              "question": "If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?",
              "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?",
              "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84012"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26\u201334).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "one's total identity" }
              ],
              "question": "What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?",
              "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 739,
                  "text": "age and accumulated experiences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?",
              "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "the life cycle" }],
              "question": "The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?",
              "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "the height of one's powers" }
              ],
              "question": "The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?",
              "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I\"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the \"Me\"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What is distinct from the self?",
              "id": "5709633fed30961900e84062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "how identity is maintained" }
              ],
              "question": "What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?",
              "id": "5709633fed30961900e84063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "self-esteem" }],
              "question": "What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?",
              "id": "5709633fed30961900e84064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "self-psychology" }],
              "question": "The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?",
              "id": "5709633fed30961900e84065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of \"psychological\" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some \"sociological\" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the social environment" }
              ],
              "question": "Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?",
              "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "mental events and states" }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?",
              "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?",
              "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?",
              "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "anthropologists" }],
              "question": "Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?",
              "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "the Eriksonian approach" }
              ],
              "question": "Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?",
              "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "inclusive or exclusive" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two types of group boundaries?",
              "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "exclusive" }],
              "question": "A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?",
              "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "inclusive" }],
              "question": "A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?",
              "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?",
              "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Neo-Eriksonian\" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits. It follows that the core of the research in this paradigm investigates the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations, and the degree to which he or she displays a commitment to those explorations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Neo-Eriksonian" }],
              "question": "What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?",
              "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "exploration and commitment" }
              ],
              "question": "The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?",
              "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "any individual's sense of identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?",
              "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their \"in-group\" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others (Cote & Levine 2002).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "a sense of positive self-esteem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many people gain from their identity groups?",
              "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "discrimination" }],
              "question": "People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?",
              "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "the social identity tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?",
              "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "social identity theory" }
              ],
              "question": "Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?",
              "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "a primordialist approach" }
              ],
              "question": "What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?",
              "id": "57097200200fba140036800d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "social constructionist theory" }
              ],
              "question": "The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?",
              "id": "57097200200fba140036800e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "political and historical contexts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?",
              "id": "57097200200fba1400368010"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or \"dirty work\" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that \"individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a \"preferred organizational self\" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of \"glorified maids\" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). \"The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices.\" Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. \"Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered \"dirty\" by societal standards\" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). \"In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. \"If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity\" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the lens of identity" }
              ],
              "question": "Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?",
              "id": "57097697ed30961900e84192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "glorified maids" }],
              "question": "What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?",
              "id": "57097697ed30961900e84193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "occupational settings" }
              ],
              "question": "The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?",
              "id": "57097697ed30961900e84194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1021,
                  "text": "an identity they can live with"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?",
              "id": "57097697ed30961900e84195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 868,
                  "text": "workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?",
              "id": "57097697ed30961900e84196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54\u201361).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "benign" }],
              "question": "What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?",
              "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "malign" }],
              "question": "What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?",
              "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "defensive contra-identification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?",
              "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "significant others" }],
              "question": "The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?",
              "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "relative weakness or relative strength"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?",
              "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "identity diffusion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?",
              "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "identity foreclosure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?",
              "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "identity moratorium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?",
              "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "identity achievement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?",
              "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "category of analysis" }
              ],
              "question": "Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?",
              "id": "57097c64200fba140036806c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "their own preconceptions of identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?",
              "id": "57097c64200fba140036806d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1219, "text": "the idea of identification" }
              ],
              "question": "The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? ",
              "id": "57097c64200fba140036806f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1005, "text": "human social self-expression" }
              ],
              "question": "Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?",
              "id": "57097c64200fba140036806e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "define it empirically" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it impossible to do with identity?",
              "id": "57097c64200fba140036806b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational\u2026 etc. may also be more or less significant \u2013 or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26\u201334). In cognitive psychology, the term \"identity\" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gender identity" }],
              "question": "What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?",
              "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?",
              "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "cognitive psychology" }
              ],
              "question": "Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?",
              "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as \"the self\"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Erik Erikson" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?",
              "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "ego identity" }],
              "question": "What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?",
              "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "the personal identity" }
              ],
              "question": "The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?",
              "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "the social identity or the cultural identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?",
              "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "the psychodynamic tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?",
              "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the \"metaperspective of self\", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harr\u00e9 also conceptualises components of self/identity \u2013 the \"person\" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Laing's" }],
              "question": "Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?",
              "id": "570980c1ed30961900e8423e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "metaperspective of self" }
              ],
              "question": "One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?",
              "id": "570980c1ed30961900e8423f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "self/identity" }],
              "question": "The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?",
              "id": "570980c1ed30961900e84240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social \"self\". The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or \"essential\" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kenneth Gergen" }],
              "question": "Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?",
              "id": "57098302ed30961900e8424e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "The strategic manipulator" }
              ],
              "question": "In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?",
              "id": "57098302ed30961900e8424f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "The pastiche personality" }
              ],
              "question": "In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?",
              "id": "57098302ed30961900e84250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 532, "text": "the relational self" }
              ],
              "question": "In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?",
              "id": "57098302ed30961900e84251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 809, "text": "postmodern culture" }
              ],
              "question": "The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?",
              "id": "57098302ed30961900e84252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the concept of boundaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?",
              "id": "5709847a200fba1400368111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "identity" }],
              "question": "What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?",
              "id": "5709847a200fba1400368112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "other social beings" }
              ],
              "question": "Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?",
              "id": "5709847a200fba1400368113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "boundaries" }],
              "question": "What do markers help create?",
              "id": "5709847a200fba1400368114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "influence" }],
              "question": "Markers can be used to exert what on other people?",
              "id": "5709847a200fba1400368115"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Himachal_Pradesh",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Himachal Pradesh" }],
              "question": "What is the third fastest growing economy in India?",
              "id": "57095c97200fba1400367ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?",
              "id": "57095c97200fba1400367eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Abundance of perennial rivers" }
              ],
              "question": "What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?",
              "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?",
              "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan" }
              ],
              "question": "What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?",
              "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "15 April 1948" }],
              "question": "When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?",
              "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1376, "text": "18 December 1970" }],
              "question": "When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?",
              "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1490, "text": "25 January 1971" }],
              "question": "When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?",
              "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "1 November 1956" }],
              "question": "When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?",
              "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?",
              "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In the assembly elections held in November 2012"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Congress secure an absolute majority?",
              "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "36 of the 68 seats" }
              ],
              "question": "How many seats did Congress win?",
              "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Virbhadra Singh" }],
              "question": "Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?",
              "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Governor Urmila Singh" }
              ],
              "question": "Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?",
              "id": "57095e77200fba1400367ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?",
              "id": "57095e77200fba1400367ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at \u20b9 254 billion as against \u20b9 230 billion in the year 2004\u201305, showing an increase of 10.5%. The recent years witnessed quick establishment of International Entrepreneurship. Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "hydro electric resources" }
              ],
              "question": "Himachal is extremely rich in?",
              "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Himachal" }],
              "question": "Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?",
              "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "20,300MW" }],
              "question": "How much hydroelectric power can be generated?",
              "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 673,
                  "text": "Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?",
              "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "\u20b9 254 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is current GDP estimated at?",
              "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367efb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "handicrafts" }],
              "question": "What is the state well known for?",
              "id": "5709608ded30961900e84022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "pit-loom" }],
              "question": "The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?",
              "id": "5709608ded30961900e84023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Wool" }],
              "question": "What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?",
              "id": "5709608ded30961900e84024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Kullu famous for?",
              "id": "5709608ded30961900e84025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Kangra miniature paintings" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?",
              "id": "5709608ded30961900e84026"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as \"Janapada\" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "between 2250 and 1750 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?",
              "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Mahmud Ghaznavi" }],
              "question": "Who conquered Kangara?",
              "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "10th century" }],
              "question": "When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?",
              "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "Timur and Sikander Lodi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?",
              "id": "57096178ed30961900e84030"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "handicrafts" }],
              "question": "What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?",
              "id": "57096228ed30961900e8403e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?",
              "id": "57096228ed30961900e84040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "woolen and pashmina shawls" }
              ],
              "question": "What handcrafts do they include?",
              "id": "57096228ed30961900e8403f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What declined under competition?",
              "id": "57096228ed30961900e84041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "within and outside the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?",
              "id": "57096228ed30961900e84042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "570962a6ed30961900e84048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Superintendent of Police" }
              ],
              "question": "Who maintains law and order?",
              "id": "570962a6ed30961900e84049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 737,
                  "text": "the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who assists the Superintendent of Police?",
              "id": "570962a6ed30961900e8404a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated \u20b9 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096337ed30961900e84058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "\u20b9 52.7 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was allocated?",
              "id": "57096337ed30961900e84059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "five-year plan" }],
              "question": "What kind of plan was it?",
              "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?",
              "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "road construction" }],
              "question": "What was more than 50% used on?",
              "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "21st" }],
              "question": "Where did the state place on population chart?",
              "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Tripura" }],
              "question": "Who was 22nd of chart?",
              "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Kangra district" }],
              "question": "Who was top ranked in population strength?",
              "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Lahaul Spiti" }],
              "question": "Who was last in population strength?",
              "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Buddhism and Sikhism" }
              ],
              "question": "What other religions form a small percentage?",
              "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are mainly Buddhists?",
              "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "slightly 2.18%" }],
              "question": "What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "towns and cities" }],
              "question": "Where do Sikhs mostly live?",
              "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1.16%" }],
              "question": "HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?",
              "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1768" }],
              "question": "When did the Gurkhas come into power?",
              "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Nepal" }],
              "question": "Where did the Gurkhas come into power?",
              "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Amar Singh Thapa" }],
              "question": "Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?",
              "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?",
              "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1245,
                  "text": "rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?",
              "id": "570965c4ed30961900e8409a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 \u00b0C (82 to 90 \u00b0F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "great variation" }],
              "question": "What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?",
              "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "varies from hot and subhumid tropical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the climate like?",
              "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "summer, winter, and rainy season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three seasons does Himachal experience?",
              "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "mid-April till the end of June"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does summer last?",
              "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 722, "text": "late November till mid March." }
              ],
              "question": "How long does winter last?",
              "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Himachal legislature consist of?",
              "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who presides over meetings?",
              "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Judiciary system made up of?",
              "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "The Governor" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?",
              "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1131,
                  "text": "5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long are the terms of office?",
              "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "its narrow gauge tracks railways"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Railway Himachal famous for?",
              "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?",
              "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the other railways being proposed in the state?",
              "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "survey" }],
              "question": "What is being conducted to extend the railway?",
              "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "259 kilometres (161 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total length of the railways?",
              "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814\u20131816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is \"In the lap of Himalayas\". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Himachal Pradesh" }],
              "question": "Who is famous for natural beauty?",
              "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1814\u20131816" }],
              "question": "What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?",
              "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "snow" }],
              "question": "What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?",
              "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "In the lap of Himalayas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Himachal Pradesh" }],
              "question": "Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?",
              "id": "570969eaed30961900e840ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the newspapers famous for?",
              "id": "570969eaed30961900e840cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "All major English daily newspapers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?",
              "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?",
              "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Radio and TV" }],
              "question": "What has grown significantly?",
              "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Virbhadra Singh" }],
              "question": "Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?",
              "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "41 of the 68 seats" }
              ],
              "question": "How many seats did the BJP win?",
              "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Prem Kumar Dhumal" }],
              "question": "Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "December 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?",
              "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "30 December 2007" }],
              "question": "When was he sworn in?",
              "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of agriculture is in the state?",
              "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Solan" }],
              "question": "Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?",
              "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is seed potato mostly grown?",
              "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?",
              "id": "57096b25200fba1400367fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "food grains" }],
              "question": "What is the state deficient in?",
              "id": "57096b25200fba1400367fa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional \u00b4Pahari' lifestyle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Himachal" }],
              "question": "Who was largely untouched by external customs?",
              "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "technological advancements" }
              ],
              "question": "What has made the state change very rapidly?",
              "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the common languages spoken?",
              "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who makes up the tribal populations?",
              "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Himachal is?",
              "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1132, "text": "2006 at Sundernagar" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?",
              "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 722,
                  "text": "CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most renowned argricultural institues?",
              "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are a few pioneer universities in the state?",
              "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 919,
                  "text": "unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?",
              "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "state-owned television broadcaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Doordarshan?",
              "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Dial-up access" }],
              "question": "What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?",
              "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Private FM stations" }
              ],
              "question": "What is available in few cities?",
              "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the cellular phone operators available?",
              "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "public radio station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is All India Radio?",
              "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "villages and towns" }],
              "question": "Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?",
              "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "a toilet" }],
              "question": "No single house is without?",
              "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the villages well connected to?",
              "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?",
              "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "The hill stations" }],
              "question": "What are the most visited places in the country?",
              "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Communication",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is nonverbal communication?",
              "id": "57096026ed30961900e84018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "body language" }],
              "question": "What is one example of nonverbal communication?",
              "id": "57096026ed30961900e84019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "shaking a hand" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?",
              "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "sweating" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?",
              "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "55%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?",
              "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out \"noise\", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "to coordinate and organize their growth and development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do fungi communicate?",
              "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "through biochemicals of biotic origin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do fungi communicate with insects?",
              "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?",
              "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 973, "text": "interpretation processes" }
              ],
              "question": "What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?",
              "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1176,
                  "text": "similar molecules without biotic content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of \"noise\" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?",
              "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What acts are included in communication between parties?",
              "id": "57096466ed30961900e84074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "abilities of the group communicating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?",
              "id": "57096466ed30961900e84075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "channel (through which medium)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?",
              "id": "57096466ed30961900e84072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 823, "text": "another person or being" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one target of communication?",
              "id": "57096466ed30961900e84076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Wilbur Schram" }],
              "question": "Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?",
              "id": "57096466ed30961900e84073"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word \"language\" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "a system of symbols" }
              ],
              "question": "What is human communication defined as?",
              "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "during human childhood" }
              ],
              "question": "When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?",
              "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many human languages are there?",
              "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": "patterns of sound or gesture for symbols"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do human languages use to communicate with others?",
              "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 818, "text": "programming languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?",
              "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "family rules, family roles or family dialectics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?",
              "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "marriage, parenthood or divorce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?",
              "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "a well constructed family" }
              ],
              "question": "What does trusted communication in a family lead to?",
              "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is animal communication defined?",
              "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "zoo semiotics" }],
              "question": "What is the study of animal communication called?",
              "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "anthroposemiotics" }],
              "question": "What is the study of human communication called?",
              "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "animal emotions, animal culture and learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?",
              "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 918, "text": "vibrational communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?",
              "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?",
              "id": "570971d6ed30961900e8414e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "sender, channel, and receiver" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the first model for communication consist of?",
              "id": "570971d6ed30961900e8414f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "the part of a telephone a person spoke into"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the sender in the initial model?",
              "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "the telephone itself" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the channel in the initial model?",
              "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "the part of the phone where one could hear the other person"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the receiver in the initial model?",
              "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84152"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "transmission model" }],
              "question": "A simple model is also referred to as what?",
              "id": "57097302ed30961900e84174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "a message in natural language" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of message is sent in a simple model?",
              "id": "57097302ed30961900e84175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "spoken language" }],
              "question": "In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?",
              "id": "57097302ed30961900e84176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "from an emisor/ sender/ encoder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is information sent through a simple model?",
              "id": "57097302ed30961900e84177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "simplicity, generality, and quantifiability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the strengths of the simple model?",
              "id": "57097302ed30961900e84178"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of \"communication noise\" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "reciprocally" }],
              "question": "How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?",
              "id": "570979ba200fba1400368043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "constitutive model or constructionist view"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?",
              "id": "570979ba200fba1400368044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "a conduit" }],
              "question": "What is communication viewed as?",
              "id": "570979ba200fba1400368045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "different regional traditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?",
              "id": "570979ba200fba1400368046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "communication noise" }
              ],
              "question": "What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?",
              "id": "570979ba200fba1400368047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants. The original meaning of the word \"neuron\" in Greek is \"vegetable fiber\" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "between plant cells" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a form of communication observed within plants?",
              "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "roots" }],
              "question": "What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?",
              "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "vegetable fiber" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?",
              "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "via volatiles" }],
              "question": "How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?",
              "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?",
              "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Theories of coregulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?",
              "id": "57097de3200fba1400368087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?",
              "id": "57097de3200fba1400368089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Harold Innis" }],
              "question": "Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?",
              "id": "57097de3200fba1400368088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Space Binding" }],
              "question": "What did Harold Innis call papyrus?",
              "id": "57097de3200fba140036808a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "transmission of written orders across space, empires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?",
              "id": "57097de3200fba140036808b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?",
              "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "communications" }],
              "question": "Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?",
              "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Companies with limited resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?",
              "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "excellent writing ability" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?",
              "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Grape",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. \"White\" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color are white grapes?",
              "id": "57096282200fba1400367f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "anthocyanins" }],
              "question": "What gene makes grapes purple?",
              "id": "57096282200fba1400367f20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "prolate spheroid" }],
              "question": "What shape do grapes usually resemble?",
              "id": "57096282200fba1400367f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "fruit" }],
              "question": "What type of food are grapes?",
              "id": "57096282200fba1400367f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "15 to 300" }],
              "question": "How many grapes are generally in a cluster?",
              "id": "57096282200fba1400367f23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000\u20138,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "6,000\u20138,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago were grapes first cultivated?",
              "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Yeast" }],
              "question": "What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?",
              "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Armenia" }],
              "question": "Where is the oldest know winery located?",
              "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Shiraz" }],
              "question": "What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?",
              "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "hieroglyphics" }],
              "question": "How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?",
              "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "animal fat" }],
              "question": "What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?",
              "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "red wine" }],
              "question": "What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?",
              "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the French paradox" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?",
              "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "vasodilation" }],
              "question": "What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?",
              "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84149"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7\u201323% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Grape juice" }],
              "question": "What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?",
              "id": "5709720ded30961900e84162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "fermented" }],
              "question": "What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?",
              "id": "5709720ded30961900e84163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Concord grapes" }],
              "question": "What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?",
              "id": "5709720ded30961900e84164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "Thompson Seedless" }],
              "question": "What are Sultana grapes known as in California?",
              "id": "5709720ded30961900e84165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Niagara grapes" }],
              "question": "What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?",
              "id": "5709720ded30961900e84166"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "red wine" }],
              "question": "What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?",
              "id": "57097981ed30961900e841b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "white wine" }],
              "question": "What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?",
              "id": "57097981ed30961900e841b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "resveratrol" }],
              "question": "What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?",
              "id": "57097981ed30961900e841ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Red wine" }],
              "question": "What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?",
              "id": "57097981ed30961900e841bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced \"100% grape juice\", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "table grapes" }],
              "question": "What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?",
              "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "wine grapes" }],
              "question": "What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?",
              "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Vitis vinifera" }],
              "question": "What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?",
              "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Table grape" }],
              "question": "What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?",
              "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "approximately 24%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?",
              "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20\u201321). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20\u201325. Deuteronomy 18:3\u20135,14:22\u201327,16:13\u201315 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio\u2019s John the Baptist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Genesis 9:20\u201321" }
              ],
              "question": "When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?",
              "id": "57097d78200fba140036807d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Dionysus" }],
              "question": "Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?",
              "id": "57097d78200fba140036807e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "Christ" }],
              "question": "Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?",
              "id": "57097d78200fba140036807f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Deuteronomy" }],
              "question": "Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?",
              "id": "57097d78200fba1400368080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Noah" }],
              "question": "Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?",
              "id": "57097d78200fba1400368081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? ",
              "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "more than a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? ",
              "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Vitis vinifera" }],
              "question": "What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? ",
              "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "cold" }],
              "question": "What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? ",
              "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Vitis vinifera" }],
              "question": "What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?",
              "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Anthocyanins" }],
              "question": "What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?",
              "id": "570985f3200fba1400368139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Total phenolic content" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? ",
              "id": "570985f3200fba140036813b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Phenolic content" }],
              "question": "What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? ",
              "id": "570985f3200fba140036813c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "anthocyanins" }],
              "question": "Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?",
              "id": "570985f3200fba140036813d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "flavan-3-ols" }],
              "question": "What is the main phenolic in white grapes?",
              "id": "570985f3200fba140036813a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Catholic Church" }],
              "question": "What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?",
              "id": "57098884ed30961900e842b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "the Last Supper" }],
              "question": "When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? ",
              "id": "57098884ed30961900e842b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Canon 924" }],
              "question": "Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?",
              "id": "57098884ed30961900e842ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "grape juice" }],
              "question": "What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?",
              "id": "57098884ed30961900e842bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "transubstantiation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?",
              "id": "57098884ed30961900e842bc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Computer_security",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "secure procedures" }],
              "question": "What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?",
              "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "cybersecurity or IT security" }
              ],
              "question": "What is computer security also known as?",
              "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Computer security" }],
              "question": "What is the protection of information systems?",
              "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the ways an operator can malpractice?",
              "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Computer security" }],
              "question": "What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?",
              "id": "57096f48ed30961900e8411a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points \u2013 and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Denial of service attacks" }
              ],
              "question": "What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?",
              "id": "57097050200fba1400367fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "the victim account to be locked"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?",
              "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 751,
                  "text": "reflection and amplification attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?",
              "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "Distributed denial of service" }
              ],
              "question": "What does DDoS stand for?",
              "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "by adding a new firewall rule" }
              ],
              "question": "How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?",
              "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?",
              "id": "570971e6ed30961900e84158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 887, "text": "eavesdropping" }],
              "question": "In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?",
              "id": "570971e6ed30961900e84159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "a potential entry point for malware or an attacker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?",
              "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?",
              "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "the cell phone network" }
              ],
              "question": "What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?",
              "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: \"Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets\". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "relatively few" }],
              "question": "How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?",
              "id": "5709744f200fba1400368015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "packet capture appliances" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?",
              "id": "5709744f200fba1400368016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?",
              "id": "5709744f200fba1400368017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Reuters" }],
              "question": "What is the source of the quote?",
              "id": "5709744f200fba1400368018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "physical stealing of assets" }
              ],
              "question": "Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? ",
              "id": "5709744f200fba1400368019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One use of the term \"computer security\" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the \"Orange Book\" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, \"Common Criteria\" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being \"Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed\", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 (\"Semiformally Verified Design and Tested\") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "computer security" }],
              "question": "Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?",
              "id": "5709750fed30961900e84188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Evaluation Assurance Levels" }
              ],
              "question": "What does EAL stand for?",
              "id": "5709750fed30961900e84189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the standard of EAL4?",
              "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "Semiformally Verified Design and Tested"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the standard for EAL6?",
              "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Integrity-178B" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?",
              "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "February 27, 2014" }],
              "question": "When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?",
              "id": "57097780200fba1400368033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "enhanced national security capabilities."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?",
              "id": "57097780200fba1400368034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??",
              "id": "57097780200fba1400368035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Eavesdropping" }],
              "question": "What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?",
              "id": "570978aaed30961900e841ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "hosts on a network" }],
              "question": "Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?",
              "id": "570978aaed30961900e841af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "the FBI and NSA" }],
              "question": "Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?",
              "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "TEMPEST" }],
              "question": "Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?",
              "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "a closed system" }],
              "question": "What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?",
              "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "malware" }],
              "question": "What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?",
              "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "malware" }],
              "question": "Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?",
              "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Quantified Self devices" }
              ],
              "question": "Activity trackers are an example of what?",
              "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "attack vectors" }],
              "question": "What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?",
              "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "sensors" }],
              "question": "What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?",
              "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84238"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "access control lists" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ACL stand for?",
              "id": "5709828a200fba14003680df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "enforcing privilege separation" }
              ],
              "question": "ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?",
              "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "the confused deputy problem" }
              ],
              "question": "A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?",
              "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?",
              "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "capabilities" }],
              "question": "The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?",
              "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?",
              "id": "57099043200fba1400368199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Using trojan horses" }
              ],
              "question": "How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?",
              "id": "57099043200fba140036819a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "by posing as a trusted Rome center user"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?",
              "id": "57099043200fba140036819b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "the US Air Force's main command and research facility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Rome Laboratory?",
              "id": "57099043200fba140036819c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?",
              "id": "57099043200fba140036819d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July of 2015, a hacker group known as \"The Impact Team\" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated \u201cAvid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.\u201d  When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July of 2015" }],
              "question": "When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?",
              "id": "5709986aed30961900e84366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "Avid Life Media" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?",
              "id": "5709986aed30961900e84367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1002, "text": "After the second data dump" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?",
              "id": "5709986aed30961900e84368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "emails from the company's CEO" }
              ],
              "question": "What was in the first data dump?",
              "id": "5709986aed30961900e84369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Established Men" }],
              "question": "What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?",
              "id": "5709986aed30961900e8436a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through.\" On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "a crucial need for regulation" }
              ],
              "question": "According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?",
              "id": "57099c47ed30961900e84378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where was the RSA Security Conference held?",
              "id": "57099c47ed30961900e84379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 866,
                  "text": "executives from the private sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?",
              "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "R. Clarke" }],
              "question": "Who said \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation\"?",
              "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "cyberspace" }],
              "question": "What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?",
              "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada\u2019s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada\u2019s \"cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world.\" Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010\u20132015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 3, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?",
              "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 848,
                  "text": "The Action Plan 2010\u20132015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?",
              "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?",
              "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84384"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "The Internet" }],
              "question": "What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?",
              "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "the Stuxnet worm" }],
              "question": "What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?",
              "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?",
              "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "the Department of Homeland Security"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?",
              "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "via removable media" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?",
              "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, computer security comprises mainly \"preventive\" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "\"preventive\" measures" }
              ],
              "question": "Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?",
              "id": "57099f7bed30961900e84388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "A firewall" }],
              "question": "What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?",
              "id": "57099f7bed30961900e84389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "a separate machine filtering network traffic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a physical firewall consist of?",
              "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "permanently connected to the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of machines normall have a firewall?",
              "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "computer security" }],
              "question": "What compromises mainly preventative measures?",
              "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. \"Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "security breaches" }],
              "question": "What has caused serious financial damage?",
              "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the organizations involved" }
              ],
              "question": "Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?",
              "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "$13 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?",
              "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "Several computer security consulting firms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?",
              "id": "5709a208200fba14003681fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "basically anecdotal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?",
              "id": "5709a208200fba14003681fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "during the manufacturing process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?",
              "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "hardware-based or assisted computer security"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?",
              "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "insecurity" }],
              "question": "What can hardware be a source of?",
              "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?",
              "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368204"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public Safety Canada\u2019s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada\u2019s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada\u2019s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CCIRC stand for?",
              "id": "5709a391200fba1400368209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "CCIRC" }],
              "question": "Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?",
              "id": "5709a391200fba140036820a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "on the Public Safety Canada website"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?",
              "id": "5709a391200fba140036820b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?",
              "id": "5709a391200fba140036820c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, \"Connectedness begets vulnerability.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Jay Cross" }],
              "question": "Who said \"Connectedness begets vulnerability?\"",
              "id": "5709a509200fba1400368211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "the Internet Time Group" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization does Jay Cross belong to?",
              "id": "5709a509200fba1400368212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "increasing efficiency" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?",
              "id": "5709a509200fba1400368213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "exposes new vulnerabilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?",
              "id": "5709a509200fba1400368214"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 27, 2010, Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online. On February 4, 2014, the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. The program is a $1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada\u2019s cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's Cyber Security Strategy in early 2015. Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens, and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 27, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?",
              "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "February 4, 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?",
              "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Public Safety Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?",
              "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?",
              "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "$1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?",
              "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "compromise security" }
              ],
              "question": "Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?",
              "id": "5709a7c7200fba1400368219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "standard security measures" }
              ],
              "question": "Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?",
              "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "attacks" }],
              "question": "Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?",
              "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "directly download data from it" }
              ],
              "question": "An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?",
              "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clickjacking, also known as \"UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack\", is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically \"hijacking\" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Clickjacking" }],
              "question": "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?",
              "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Clickjacking" }],
              "question": "What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?",
              "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "some other irrelevant page" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?",
              "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?",
              "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "using multiple transparent or opaque layers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?",
              "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On November 2, 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers \u2013 the first internet \"computer worm\". The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?",
              "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "November 2, 1988" }],
              "question": "When was the first computer worm released?",
              "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first computer worm traced back to?",
              "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "computer worm" }],
              "question": "What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?",
              "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?",
              "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as \"Rescator\" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. \"The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting,\" says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee \u2013 meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Rescator?",
              "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "40 million credit cards" }
              ],
              "question": "What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?",
              "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "between 53 and 56 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?",
              "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "self checkout machines" }
              ],
              "question": "What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?",
              "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Jim Walter?",
              "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368239"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt f\u00fcr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt f\u00fcr den Milit\u00e4rischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NCAZ stand for?",
              "id": "5709aacc200fba140036823f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "national security aspects" }
              ],
              "question": "What does NCAZ take care of?",
              "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "June 16, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was NCAZ opened?",
              "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "February 23, 2011" }],
              "question": "Whan was NCAZ founded?",
              "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 749,
                  "text": "to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of NCAZ?",
              "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368243"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Orthodox_Judaism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (\u05d9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Orthodox" }],
              "question": "What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?",
              "id": "57097eaced30961900e84218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Torah" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?",
              "id": "57097eaced30961900e84219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Talmudic" }],
              "question": "what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?",
              "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Haredi Judaism" }],
              "question": "What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?",
              "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 777, "text": "pre-modern Judaism" }
              ],
              "question": "Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?",
              "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term \"ultra-Orthodox\", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey\u2019s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves \"Orthodox\" as \"an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "JTA" }],
              "question": "What is the global Jewish news service known as?",
              "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "\"ultra-Orthodox" }],
              "question": "What term do media entities refrain from using?",
              "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "the Star-Ledger" }],
              "question": "What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?",
              "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?",
              "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Cliffside Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?",
              "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84226"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can \"be enriched\" by its intersection with modernity; further, \"modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity\". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of \"powerful inconsistency and conflict\" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the \"People of Israel\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern Orthodoxy" }],
              "question": "What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? ",
              "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "People of Israel" }],
              "question": "Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?",
              "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "halakha" }],
              "question": "What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?",
              "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Divine work" }],
              "question": "What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?",
              "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "Torah" }],
              "question": "What is modern cutlture in conflict with?",
              "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called \"tzitzit\". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "covered" }],
              "question": "How do orthodox women dress mosly?",
              "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "hair" }],
              "question": "what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?",
              "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "kipa" }],
              "question": "What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?",
              "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "tzitzit" }],
              "question": "What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?",
              "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Haredi" }],
              "question": "What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?",
              "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are \"halacha leMoshe m'Sinai\", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as \"fences\" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, \"creativity\" and development in Jewish law is limited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Pentateuch" }],
              "question": "What is the written law of the Torah known as?",
              "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Who dictated the oral law to Moses?",
              "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Oral Law" }],
              "question": "What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?",
              "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Sinaitic law" }],
              "question": "What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?",
              "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "Divine" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of Jewish Law?",
              "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet \"Ele Divrei HaBerit\". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled \"Shlomei Emunei Yisrael\" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, \"Der Treue Zions Waechter\", was launched with the Hebrew supplement \"Shomer Zion HaNe'eman\" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?",
              "id": "57098329200fba14003680e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Jacob Ettlinger" }],
              "question": "what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?",
              "id": "57098329200fba14003680ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?",
              "id": "57098329200fba14003680eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "177" }],
              "question": "How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?",
              "id": "57098329200fba14003680ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?",
              "id": "57098329200fba14003680ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for \"haircut\") \"originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice,\" and \"Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context.\" The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "third birthday" }],
              "question": "When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?",
              "id": "5709840c200fba14003680fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "burned" }],
              "question": "What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?",
              "id": "5709840c200fba14003680fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "kitniyot" }],
              "question": "What are grains and legumes known as?",
              "id": "5709840c200fba14003680ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Ashkenazi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?",
              "id": "5709840c200fba1400368100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Talmud" }],
              "question": "What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?",
              "id": "5709840c200fba1400368101"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating \u2013 see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Haredi Judaism" }],
              "question": "What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?",
              "id": "57098503200fba140036811b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "modern society" }],
              "question": "What should individuals participate as little as possible in?",
              "id": "57098503200fba140036811c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Haredi" }],
              "question": "Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?",
              "id": "57098503200fba140036811d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1045, "text": "yeshiva" }],
              "question": "What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?",
              "id": "57098503200fba140036811e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1156, "text": "kollel" }],
              "question": "What is a Torah study institute for married men called?",
              "id": "57098503200fba140036811f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the \"Mitzvot\", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Mount Sinai" }],
              "question": "Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?",
              "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?",
              "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Mitzvot" }],
              "question": "What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?",
              "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 659, "text": "House of Study of Rabbi Akiva" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Moses miraculously transported to?",
              "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Oral law" }],
              "question": "What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?",
              "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84276"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Orthodox Judaism" }],
              "question": "What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?",
              "id": "570987baed30961900e8429a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "patrilineal descent" }
              ],
              "question": "What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?",
              "id": "570987baed30961900e8429b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "rejection of Judaism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is intermarriage typically seen as?",
              "id": "570987baed30961900e8429d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "intermarriage" }],
              "question": "What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?",
              "id": "570987baed30961900e8429c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "cut off" }],
              "question": "What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?",
              "id": "570987baed30961900e8429e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: \"Deracheha Darchei Noam\" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, \"Kavod Habriyot\" - basic respect for human beings, \"Pikuach Nefesh\" - the sanctity of human life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Halakha" }],
              "question": "What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?",
              "id": "57098875200fba1400368157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "God's Law," }],
              "question": "what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?",
              "id": "57098875200fba1400368158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1206, "text": "\"Kavod Habriyot\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Basic respect for human beings is known as what?",
              "id": "57098875200fba1400368159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1257, "text": "\"Pikuach Nefesh\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The sanctiy of human life is known as what?",
              "id": "57098875200fba140036815a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 704, "text": "structure of daily life" }
              ],
              "question": "What does halakha guide?",
              "id": "57098875200fba140036815b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the \"will of God\", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Torah" }],
              "question": "What is jewish law today based on?",
              "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "will of God" }],
              "question": "what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?",
              "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Mount Sinai" }],
              "question": "Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?",
              "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many rules are jewish law derived from?",
              "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Oral Law" }],
              "question": "What law is considered to be no less the word of god?",
              "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698\u20131760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as \"Grand Rabbi\"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Haredi Judaism" }],
              "question": "What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?",
              "id": "57098bc7200fba140036817f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Chasidic Judaism" }],
              "question": "What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?",
              "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Israel ben Eliezer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?",
              "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "Ba'al Shem Tov" }],
              "question": "What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?",
              "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1427, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?",
              "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368183"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1.9 children" }],
              "question": "What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??",
              "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "4.1 children" }],
              "question": "What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?",
              "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "2%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?",
              "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "71%" }],
              "question": "What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?",
              "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?",
              "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "right-wing" }],
              "question": "Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?",
              "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "conservative" }],
              "question": "half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?",
              "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?",
              "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?",
              "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "Zionism" }],
              "question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?",
              "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond \"outreach (Kiruv)\" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other \"core beliefs\" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern Orthodoxy" }],
              "question": "What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?",
              "id": "57098db1200fba1400368189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "\"outreach (Kiruv)\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?",
              "id": "57098db1200fba140036818a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "secular studies" }],
              "question": "What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?",
              "id": "57098db1200fba140036818b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "support oneself" }],
              "question": "what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?",
              "id": "57098db1200fba140036818c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Haskalah" }],
              "question": "what is the name of the movement of liberalism?",
              "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Talmud" }],
              "question": "what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?",
              "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "dietary laws" }],
              "question": "previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?",
              "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "halachic practices" }
              ],
              "question": "What are dietary laws known as?",
              "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?",
              "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?",
              "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?",
              "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "absolute divine authorship" }
              ],
              "question": "what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?",
              "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Zionism" }],
              "question": "What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?",
              "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Zionist" }],
              "question": "What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?",
              "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "nationalism" }],
              "question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?",
              "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "militarism" }],
              "question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?",
              "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "destructive" }],
              "question": "what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?",
              "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84308"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of \"homogeneous enclaves\" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "yeshivot" }],
              "question": "Tamudic schools are known as what?",
              "id": "57098f5ced30961900e84318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Talmudical colleges" }
              ],
              "question": "what are the colleges married men study in called?",
              "id": "57098f5ced30961900e84319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "interact" }],
              "question": "Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?",
              "id": "57098f5ced30961900e8431a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "doctrines" }],
              "question": "Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?",
              "id": "57098f5ced30961900e8431b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Orthodox Judaism" }],
              "question": "What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?",
              "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "unacceptable" }],
              "question": "What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?",
              "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "heretical" }],
              "question": "What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?",
              "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Halakhic" }],
              "question": "Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?",
              "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84323"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "American Orthodox Jews" }
              ],
              "question": "Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?",
              "id": "57099000200fba1400368192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "New Jersey" }],
              "question": "Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?",
              "id": "57099000200fba1400368193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Rockland County" }],
              "question": "Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?",
              "id": "57099000200fba1400368194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "New York State" }],
              "question": "Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?",
              "id": "57099000200fba1400368191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda \"Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz\" for a more extensive listing.]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Western European Jewry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?",
              "id": "5709909ded30961900e84332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "traditional" }],
              "question": "What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?",
              "id": "5709909ded30961900e84333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Hirsch's" }],
              "question": "the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?",
              "id": "5709909ded30961900e84334"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch (\"Code of Jewish Law\" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Shulchan Aruch" }],
              "question": "What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?",
              "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "uniformity" }],
              "question": "there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?",
              "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "minhag" }],
              "question": "What is the differences among regions in practices known as?",
              "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "philosophical differences" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?",
              "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or \"neo-Orthodoxy\". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hirsch" }],
              "question": "Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?",
              "id": "57099130ed30961900e84342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Torah im Derech Eretz" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Hirsch's approach called?",
              "id": "57099130ed30961900e84343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "neo-Orthodoxy" }],
              "question": "What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?",
              "id": "57099130ed30961900e84344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "modern world" }],
              "question": "The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?",
              "id": "57099130ed30961900e84345"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Animal",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The word \"animal\" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans \u2013 that is, \"animal\" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Latin animalis" }],
              "question": "Where does the word animal come from?",
              "id": "570980be200fba14003680b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "having breath, having soul or living being"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Latin word animalis mean?",
              "id": "570980be200fba14003680b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "non-human members of the kingdom Animalia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?",
              "id": "570980be200fba14003680b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Animalia" }],
              "question": "The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?",
              "id": "570980be200fba14003680ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?",
              "id": "570980be200fba14003680bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "eukaryotic" }],
              "question": "What type of cells do all animals have?",
              "id": "57098721ed30961900e84286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "collagen and elastic glycoproteins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?",
              "id": "57098721ed30961900e84287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "shells, bones, and spicules" }
              ],
              "question": "What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? ",
              "id": "57098721ed30961900e84288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?",
              "id": "57098721ed30961900e8428a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "cell walls" }],
              "question": "How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?",
              "id": "57098721ed30961900e84289"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Predation" }],
              "question": "What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?",
              "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?",
              "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "detritivory" }],
              "question": "What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?",
              "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?",
              "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "various antipredator adaptations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?",
              "id": "5709917b200fba14003681af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "anemones, corals, and jellyfish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?",
              "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "both the mouth and the anus" }
              ],
              "question": "The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?",
              "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "ectoderm and endoderm" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?",
              "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "diploblastic" }],
              "question": "What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?",
              "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "they do not have a permanent digestive chamber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?",
              "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84358"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?",
              "id": "57099526ed30961900e8435e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "heterotrophic" }],
              "question": "What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?",
              "id": "57099526ed30961900e8435f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "lacking rigid cell walls" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?",
              "id": "57099526ed30961900e84360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "animals" }],
              "question": "The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?",
              "id": "57099526ed30961900e84361"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers \u2014 an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "blastula" }],
              "question": "What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?",
              "id": "57099732200fba14003681b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "swim to a new location" }
              ],
              "question": "In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?",
              "id": "57099732200fba14003681b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?",
              "id": "57099732200fba14003681b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "mesoderm" }],
              "question": "What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?",
              "id": "57099732200fba14003681b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "tissues and organs" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?",
              "id": "57099732200fba14003681b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1 billion years" }],
              "question": "How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?",
              "id": "57099a75200fba14003681c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "triploblastic worms" }
              ],
              "question": "Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?",
              "id": "57099a75200fba14003681ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "earthworms" }],
              "question": "Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?",
              "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "around 1 billion years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the beginning of the Tonian period?",
              "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "Gromia sphaerica" }],
              "question": "What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?",
              "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "a flagellated eukaryote" }
              ],
              "question": "It is believed that animals evolved from what?",
              "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "choanoflagellates" }],
              "question": "What are the closest known living relatives of animals?",
              "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "opisthokonts" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?",
              "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?",
              "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the name opisthokonts come from?",
              "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however \u2014 for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Bilateria" }],
              "question": "What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?",
              "id": "57099f78200fba14003681ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?",
              "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "mouth and an anus" }],
              "question": "What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?",
              "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "coelom or pseudocoelom" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?",
              "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from \"non-bilaterian\" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to \"bilaterian\" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry. The latter are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed, but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group. Current understanding of the relationships among the major groups of animals is summarized by the following cladogram:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?",
              "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "bilaterian" }],
              "question": "What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?",
              "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "bilaterian" }],
              "question": "Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?",
              "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ecdysozoa" }],
              "question": "What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?",
              "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "insects, spiders, crabs" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?",
              "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "repeating segments" }
              ],
              "question": "Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?",
              "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Onychophora and Tardigrada" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups are relatives of the arthropods?",
              "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Nematoda" }],
              "question": "What is another name for roundworms?",
              "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "the great diversity found in animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?",
              "id": "5709b099200fba140036826d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?",
              "id": "5709b099200fba140036826e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "they are easy to keep and breed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?",
              "id": "5709b099200fba140036826f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 868, "text": "starlet sea anemone" }
              ],
              "question": "Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?",
              "id": "5709b099200fba1400368270"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Mollusca and Annelida" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two of the most successful animal phyla?",
              "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "snails, clams, and squids" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the animals in Mollusca?",
              "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "earthworms and leeches" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the animals in Annelida?",
              "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "common presence of trochophore larvae"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?",
              "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "lophophore" }],
              "question": "What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?",
              "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "other animals early in evolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?",
              "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "sponges" }],
              "question": "Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?",
              "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "drawing in water through pores"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do sponges typically feed?",
              "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "2008-2015" }],
              "question": "During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?",
              "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms first, with the mouth developing secondarily. In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes, it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "both groups possess a complete digestive tract"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?",
              "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "deuterostomes" }],
              "question": "In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?",
              "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "schizocoelous development" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?",
              "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "enterocoelic pouching" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?",
              "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "radial cleavage" }],
              "question": "What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?",
              "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59454"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha. The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora. These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Platyhelminthes" }],
              "question": "What is another name for flatworm?",
              "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "flukes and tapeworms" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?",
              "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "lacking a body cavity" }
              ],
              "question": "What does acoelomates mean?",
              "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Gastrotricha" }],
              "question": "What are the flatworms closest relative?",
              "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "in aqueous environments" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the rotifera most prominent?",
              "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59468"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "eating plants or plant-eating animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?",
              "id": "5709d4004103511400d59476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?",
              "id": "5709d4004103511400d59477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "chemical energy" }],
              "question": "What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?",
              "id": "5709d4004103511400d59478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 746,
                  "text": "become a source of energy and building materials for the animal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?",
              "id": "5709d4004103511400d59479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 917,
                  "text": "giving the animal the energy required for motion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?",
              "id": "5709d4004103511400d5947a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Beer",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "brewing" }],
              "question": "What is the process of making beer called?",
              "id": "57099056ed30961900e84328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "a brewery" }],
              "question": "What is a building called that is used for making beer?",
              "id": "57099056ed30961900e84329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "a brewing company" }],
              "question": "What is company that makes beer typically known as? ",
              "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "homebrewing" }],
              "question": "What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? ",
              "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?",
              "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "a hopback" }],
              "question": "In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?",
              "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "fermentation" }],
              "question": "In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? ",
              "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? ",
              "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "a week to months" }],
              "question": "How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? ",
              "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? ",
              "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "barley malt" }],
              "question": "What is the main source of starch and most beer?",
              "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "After malting" }],
              "question": "At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?",
              "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "sorghum" }],
              "question": "What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?",
              "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "during lautering" }],
              "question": "When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?",
              "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "wheat" }],
              "question": "Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?",
              "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in the German Region of Franconia, especially in the district of Upper Franconia, which has about 200 breweries. The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "microbrewery" }],
              "question": "What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?",
              "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "brewpub" }],
              "question": "What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?",
              "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "around 15,000 barrels" }
              ],
              "question": "In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?",
              "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "Freising" }],
              "question": "What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?",
              "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "1040" }],
              "question": "What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?",
              "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily \"light\" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "sugars" }],
              "question": "What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?",
              "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "fermentation" }],
              "question": "What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?",
              "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "above 12%" }],
              "question": "At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?",
              "id": "570a329c4103511400d595be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "Low temperatures" }],
              "question": "What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?",
              "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "to increase alcohol content" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?",
              "id": "570a329c4103511400d595c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed \"real ale\" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a \"stillage\" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11\u201313 \u00b0C or 52\u201355 \u00b0F), before being tapped and vented\u2014a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to \"drop\" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition\u2014this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being \"gravity-fed\" directly into the glass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "stillage" }],
              "question": "What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?",
              "id": "570a34484103511400d595c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "52\u201355 \u00b0F" }
              ],
              "question": "What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?",
              "id": "570a34484103511400d595c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cask-conditioned ales" }
              ],
              "question": "What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?",
              "id": "570a34484103511400d595c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 822,
                  "text": "from several hours to several days"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?",
              "id": "570a34484103511400d595c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 944, "text": "a hand pump" }],
              "question": "What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?",
              "id": "570a34484103511400d595ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "ethyl alcohol" }],
              "question": "What type of alcohol is found in beer?",
              "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "blood alcohol concentration" }
              ],
              "question": "How is alcohol measured in the human body?",
              "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "ethyl alcohol" }],
              "question": "What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?",
              "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1223, "text": "pulmonary aspiration" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?",
              "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1434, "text": "fatal alcohol poisoning" }
              ],
              "question": "What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?",
              "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "bottles and cans" }],
              "question": "What types of containers is beer generally sold in?",
              "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "draught" }],
              "question": "In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?",
              "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "around 4% to 6%" }],
              "question": "In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?",
              "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "beer festivals," }],
              "question": "What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?",
              "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "bar billiards" }],
              "question": "What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?",
              "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plze\u0148 Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "What is the main ingredient in beer?",
              "id": "570a38604103511400d595d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "hard water" }],
              "question": "What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?",
              "id": "570a38604103511400d595d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "soft water" }],
              "question": "What type of water is best for making pale lager?",
              "id": "570a38604103511400d595d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Burtonisation" }],
              "question": "What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?",
              "id": "570a38604103511400d595d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "pale ale" }],
              "question": "What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?",
              "id": "570a38604103511400d595d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1516" }],
              "question": "In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?",
              "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Duke of Bavaria" }],
              "question": "What was the title of William IV in 1516?",
              "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Reinheitsgebot" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?",
              "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "barley-malt" }],
              "question": "Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?",
              "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?",
              "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in \"head retention\", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Hops" }],
              "question": "What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?",
              "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "malt" }],
              "question": "What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?",
              "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "the International Bitterness Units scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?",
              "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "hops" }],
              "question": "The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?",
              "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "head retention" }],
              "question": "What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?",
              "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as \"mashing\". Hot water (known as \"liquor\" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as \"grist\") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as \"sparging\". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "mashing" }],
              "question": "What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?",
              "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "liquor" }],
              "question": "How is hot water referred to by brewers?",
              "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1 to 2 hours" }],
              "question": "How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?",
              "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "sugars" }],
              "question": "In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?",
              "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "wort separation" }],
              "question": "What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?",
              "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?",
              "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "hops" }],
              "question": "Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?",
              "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "potato" }],
              "question": "What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?",
              "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "agave" }],
              "question": "What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?",
              "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "the grain bill" }],
              "question": "In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?",
              "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "822 AD" }],
              "question": "In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?",
              "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Adalard of Corbie" }],
              "question": "What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?",
              "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "the thirteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?",
              "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "the sixteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?",
              "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "gruit" }],
              "question": "What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?",
              "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "1721" }],
              "question": "In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?",
              "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "1677" }],
              "question": "In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?",
              "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stout and porter" }],
              "question": "What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?",
              "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "slow fermenting yeast" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?",
              "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?",
              "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing \"skunked\" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "63.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?",
              "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Crown Holdings" }],
              "question": "What company first created the full aperture can for beer?",
              "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?",
              "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "\"skunked\" beer" }],
              "question": "What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?",
              "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "quality" }],
              "question": "What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?",
              "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbr\u00e4u's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbr\u00e4u's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "57,5%" }],
              "question": "How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?",
              "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "55%" }],
              "question": "How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?",
              "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "BrewDog" }],
              "question": "What company made The End of History beer in 2010?",
              "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "fractional freezing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?",
              "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "41%" }],
              "question": "How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?",
              "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182da0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast\u2014either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Glass bottles" }],
              "question": "What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?",
              "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?",
              "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "yeast" }],
              "question": "What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?",
              "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "slowly" }],
              "question": "What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?",
              "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "wheat beers" }],
              "question": "What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?",
              "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "overeating" }],
              "question": "In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?",
              "id": "570a5da64103511400d5967e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "beer belly" }],
              "question": "What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?",
              "id": "570a5da64103511400d5967f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "110" }],
              "question": "What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?",
              "id": "570a5da64103511400d59680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "110" }],
              "question": "What is the glycemic index in maltose?",
              "id": "570a5da64103511400d59681"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called \"Bozo\". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu\u2014traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "sorghum or millet" }],
              "question": "What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?",
              "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Namibia" }],
              "question": "In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?",
              "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "In what country is the beer Tella produced? ",
              "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Bozo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?",
              "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Choujiu" }],
              "question": "What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?",
              "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500\u20133100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "circa 3500\u20133100 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?",
              "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?",
              "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?",
              "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?",
              "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "mould" }],
              "question": "What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?",
              "id": "570a63f04103511400d596ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or \"copper\" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?",
              "id": "570a65964103511400d596ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "about one hour" }],
              "question": "How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?",
              "id": "570a65964103511400d596cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "enzymes" }],
              "question": "What does boiling sweet wort destroy?",
              "id": "570a65964103511400d596cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "bitterness" }],
              "question": "What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?",
              "id": "570a65964103511400d596cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "malted grain" }],
              "question": "What is generally used as starch in most beer?",
              "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "by soaking it in water" }
              ],
              "question": "How does grain become malted?",
              "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "a kiln" }],
              "question": "What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?",
              "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "germination" }],
              "question": "What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?",
              "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "fermentable sugars" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a grains starch become after an is malted?",
              "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year\u2014producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (\u00a3147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "More than 133 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?",
              "id": "570a681e4103511400d596dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "$294.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?",
              "id": "570a681e4103511400d596dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?",
              "id": "570a681e4103511400d596de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 924, "text": "InBev" }],
              "question": "What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?",
              "id": "570a681e4103511400d596df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1096, "text": "AB InBev" }],
              "question": "What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?",
              "id": "570a681e4103511400d596e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4\u20136%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%\u20134%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "alcohol by volume" }],
              "question": "What does abv stand for?",
              "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "freeze-distilling" }],
              "question": "What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?",
              "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?",
              "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "table beer" }],
              "question": "What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?",
              "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "around 20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?",
              "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "zythology" }],
              "question": "What is the term used for the study of beer?",
              "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "beer sommelier" }],
              "question": "What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?",
              "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "beer pong" }],
              "question": "What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?",
              "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "beer" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?",
              "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains\u2014most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beer" }],
              "question": "What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?",
              "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beer" }],
              "question": "What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?",
              "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "brewing" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe the making beer?",
              "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "fermentation" }],
              "question": "What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?",
              "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "The Hymn to Ninkasi" }
              ],
              "question": "What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?",
              "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "822" }],
              "question": "What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?",
              "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "On what continent were hops first added to beer?",
              "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "hops" }],
              "question": "What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?",
              "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Abbess Hildegard" }],
              "question": "Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?",
              "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Bingen" }],
              "question": "Where did Abbess Hildegard live?",
              "id": "570a6d794103511400d596ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word ale comes from Old English ealu (plural ealo\u00fe), in turn from Proto-Germanic *alu (plural *alu\u00fe), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base *h\u2082elut-, which holds connotations of \"sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication\". The word beer comes from Old English b\u0113or, from Proto-Germanic *beuz\u0105, probably from Proto-Indo-European *b\u02b0eus\u00f3m, originally \"brewer's yeast, beer dregs\", although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English b\u0113ow, \"barley\", or Latin bibere, \"to drink\". On the currency of two words for the same thing in the Germanic languages, the 12th-century Old Icelandic poem Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l says, \"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Old English ealu" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of the word ale?",
              "id": "570a701a4103511400d59702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Old English b\u0113or" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of the word beer?",
              "id": "570a701a4103511400d59703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "bibere" }],
              "question": "What word means to drink in Latin?",
              "id": "570a701a4103511400d59704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l" }
              ],
              "question": "What 12th century poet once wrote \"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\"?",
              "id": "570a701a4103511400d59705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter \"33\") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer H\u00fcrlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "10.5%" }],
              "question": "How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?",
              "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Vetter 33" }],
              "question": "What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?",
              "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Samuel Adams" }],
              "question": "What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?",
              "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?",
              "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "champagne yeasts" }],
              "question": "What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?",
              "id": "570a718e4103511400d59720"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences. A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds). The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters (26 square feet). Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions. Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Draught beer's" }],
              "question": "What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?",
              "id": "570a76684103511400d59738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "6.6" }],
              "question": "How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?",
              "id": "570a76684103511400d59739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "a refillable jug" }],
              "question": "What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?",
              "id": "570a76684103511400d5973a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "2.5 square meters" }],
              "question": "How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?",
              "id": "570a76684103511400d5973b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?",
              "id": "570a76684103511400d5973c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 \u00b0C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F). Beer served unchilled\u2014either cool or at room temperature, reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12\u00b0\u201314 \u00b0C (53\u00b0\u201357 \u00b0F) for cask ales to be served.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "artificial refrigeration" }
              ],
              "question": "What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?",
              "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "below 15.5 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?",
              "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "unchilled" }],
              "question": "When is a beer at its most flavorful?",
              "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?",
              "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "the 1870s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?",
              "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to beer. Consumption of small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes mellitus. The long term health effects of continuous, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years. Alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What is beers primary active ingredient?",
              "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "alcoholic liver disease" }
              ],
              "question": "What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?",
              "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "around ten" }],
              "question": "How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?",
              "id": "570a78f94103511400d59750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Alcohol" }],
              "question": "What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?",
              "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "3.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?",
              "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "dopamine" }],
              "question": "What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?",
              "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?",
              "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "beer" }],
              "question": "What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?",
              "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?",
              "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e9b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the \"Mulatto\" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed \"blood\") was to be recorded as \"Negro,\" no matter the fraction of that lineage (the \"one-drop rule\"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as \"Neg\" (for \"Negro\") unless he was considered to be \"predominantly\" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Mulatto" }],
              "question": "What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?",
              "id": "57099760200fba14003681bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Negro" }],
              "question": "What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? ",
              "id": "57099760200fba14003681c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Neg" }],
              "question": "How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? ",
              "id": "57099760200fba14003681c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "one-drop rule" }],
              "question": "What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?",
              "id": "57099760200fba14003681c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 985, "text": "their father" }],
              "question": "Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? ",
              "id": "57099760200fba14003681c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? ",
              "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "nearly seven million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?",
              "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "one or more" }],
              "question": "How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?",
              "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "What year was the last census before the Census 2000?",
              "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84372"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" categories into one question to appear as \"race/ethnicity\" for the 2000 US Census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" were not sufficiently defined and \"that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same  [sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "the American Anthropological Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?",
              "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?",
              "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "OMB directive no. 15" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to 1997, where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census?",
              "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "race/ethnicity" }],
              "question": "How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census?",
              "id": "57099f19200fba14003681ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and \"generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country.\" OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not \"scientific or anthropological\" and takes into account \"social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry\", using \"appropriate scientific methodologies\" that are not \"primarily biological or genetic in reference.\" The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "OMB" }],
              "question": "Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?",
              "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "national-origin" }],
              "question": "What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?",
              "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "ancestry" }],
              "question": "In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?",
              "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84394"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are \"Hispanic or Latino\" and \"Not Hispanic or Latino\". However, the practice of separating \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?",
              "id": "5709a209ed30961900e84398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Not Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?",
              "id": "5709a209ed30961900e84399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "the American Anthropological Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus?",
              "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "U.S. Commission on Civil Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census?",
              "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census, What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino?",
              "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a \"good neighbor\" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Mexico" }],
              "question": "What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?",
              "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race?",
              "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Roosevelt" }],
              "question": "What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government?",
              "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Mexican" }],
              "question": "People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt?",
              "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "In 1935, what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen?",
              "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide \"consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws.\" Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to \"mark one or more races\" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "OMB" }],
              "question": "Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?",
              "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?",
              "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "consistent data" }],
              "question": "What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?",
              "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "one or more" }],
              "question": "How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?",
              "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?",
              "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked \"B\" if a person was black, and marked \"M\" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a \"B\" if the slave was black and an \"M\" if mulatto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1850" }],
              "question": "In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?",
              "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "by head of household" }
              ],
              "question": "How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?",
              "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "B" }],
              "question": "In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?",
              "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "mulatto" }],
              "question": "If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?",
              "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "by owner" }],
              "question": "How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?",
              "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, \"Some other race\" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled \"Ancestry\" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the \"Some other race\" category.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Some other race" }],
              "question": "What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?",
              "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?",
              "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Some other race" }],
              "question": "There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?",
              "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "the American Community Survey" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the Census, where else is the \"some other race\" selection an option?",
              "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "the Voting Rights Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? ",
              "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "the Community Reinvestment Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?",
              "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Civil Rights Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?",
              "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368255"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term \"race\" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write \"White,\" \"Black,\" \"Mulatto,\" \"Quadroon,\" \"Octoroon,\" \"Chinese,\" \"Japanese,\" or \"Indian.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?",
              "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "for each family" }],
              "question": "How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?",
              "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "individually" }],
              "question": "How were residents listed in the census in 1890?",
              "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "increased immigration" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census?",
              "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The federal government of the United States has mandated that \"in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'.\" The Census Bureau defines \"Hispanic or Latino\" as \"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.\" For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "a minimum of two" }],
              "question": "How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?",
              "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?",
              "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Not Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?",
              "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?",
              "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Hispanic or Latino" }
              ],
              "question": "In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?",
              "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84416"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "United_States_dollar",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol \u20a5), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol \u00a2), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; \"dime\" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10\u00a2, while \"eagle\" and \"mill\" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599\u204410. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, \"paper money\" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the \"double eagle\", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as \"fractional currency\", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"shinplasters\". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a \"Union\", \"Half Union\", and \"Quarter Union\", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "a decimal system of values" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the US dollar based upon?",
              "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "one-tenth of a dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "How much monetary value does a dime hold?",
              "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "one hundred dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?",
              "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1542, "text": "$20" }],
              "question": "What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?",
              "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1635, "text": "Coinage Act of 1792" }
              ],
              "question": "In what legislation was the term \"eagle\" used?",
              "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation \"ps\" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potos\u00ed, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "$" }],
              "question": "Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?",
              "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "ps" }],
              "question": "What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?",
              "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "peso" }],
              "question": "What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?",
              "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?",
              "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Spanish America" }],
              "question": "In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?",
              "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the version of the $100 bill already in process. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color was predominantly used?",
              "id": "5709ab89200fba1400368249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "American Council of the Blind" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?",
              "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "$1" }],
              "question": "Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?",
              "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "visually impaired" }],
              "question": "Who are currency readers meant to assist?",
              "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "Bureau of Engraving and Printing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?",
              "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power \"To coin money\". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. \u00a7 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as \"legal tender\" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "United States Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the power \"to coin money\"?",
              "id": "5709adeced30961900e843fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "5112" }],
              "question": "Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?",
              "id": "5709adeced30961900e843ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "payment of debts" }],
              "question": "Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?",
              "id": "5709adeced30961900e84400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Sacagawea dollar" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?",
              "id": "5709adeced30961900e84401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "American Silver Eagle" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?",
              "id": "5709adeced30961900e84402"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, \"valley\", cognate with \"dale\" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now J\u00e1chymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as \u1273\u120b\u122a (talari), Hungarian as tall\u00e9r, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen (\"great guilder\", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?",
              "id": "5709af50200fba1400368259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "J\u00e1chymov" }],
              "question": "What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?",
              "id": "5709af50200fba140036825a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What were the Joachimstalers composed of?",
              "id": "5709af50200fba140036825b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "tallero" }],
              "question": "How did the word \"taler\" translate into Italian?",
              "id": "5709af50200fba140036825c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Guldengroschen" }],
              "question": "Other than \"taler\", what is the other name of the German coin?",
              "id": "5709af50200fba140036825d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that \"heads\" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "deceased" }],
              "question": "What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?",
              "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "European monarchs" }],
              "question": "Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?",
              "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?",
              "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "composite Native Americans" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the \"heads\" side of past coins?",
              "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Dollar" }],
              "question": "What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?",
              "id": "5709b165ed30961900e8442a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase \"not worth a continental\". This was a primary reason for the \"No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts\" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "1777" }],
              "question": "Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?",
              "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Civil War" }],
              "question": "What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?",
              "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "War of 1812" }],
              "question": "Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?",
              "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "\"not worth a continental\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?",
              "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "article 1" }],
              "question": "The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?",
              "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84434"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the \"50 State Quarters\" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of \"E Pluribus Unum\", \"In God We Trust\", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British \u00a31 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription \"Liberty\" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?",
              "id": "5709b503200fba1400368289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Statue of Liberty" }],
              "question": "What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?",
              "id": "5709b503200fba140036828a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "E Pluribus Unum" }],
              "question": "What is the official version of \"In God We Trust\" printed on the coins? ",
              "id": "5709b503200fba140036828b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "\"Liberty\"" }],
              "question": "Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?",
              "id": "5709b503200fba140036828c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1206, "text": "Grover Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?",
              "id": "5709b503200fba140036828d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds\u2014it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Federal Reserve" }],
              "question": "Who can create \"new high-powered money\"?",
              "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "U.S. Treasury Department" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?",
              "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "Bureau of the Mint" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization stamps coins?",
              "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Engraving and Printing" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Bureau prints new dollars?",
              "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Commercial banks" }],
              "question": "Who can freely withdraw from  their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?",
              "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84448"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an \"elastic\" currency subject to \"substantial changes of quantity over short periods\", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable\u2014for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "wartime" }],
              "question": "During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?",
              "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When was the Federal Reserve established?",
              "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "an \"elastic\" currency" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?",
              "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "gold standard" }],
              "question": "What had previously kept prices stable?",
              "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "constant value" }],
              "question": "What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?",
              "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e84458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "low, stable inflation" }
              ],
              "question": "What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?",
              "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e84459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "some economists" }],
              "question": "Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?",
              "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "central bank" }],
              "question": "A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?",
              "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "stimulate the economy" }
              ],
              "question": "With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?",
              "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"dollar\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, \"dollars\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \"DOLLARS OR UNITS\u2014each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\". Section 20 of the act provided, \"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Spanish milled dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is \"dollars\" a reference to?",
              "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "8 Spanish units" }],
              "question": "How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?",
              "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "four hundred and sixteen" }
              ],
              "question": "How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?",
              "id": "5709bd0d200fba14003682a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "a Spanish milled dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?",
              "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "three hundred and seventy-one" }
              ],
              "question": "How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?",
              "id": "5709bd0d200fba14003682a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A \"grand\", sometimes shortened to simply \"G\", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix \"K\" or \"k\" (from \"kilo-\") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as \"$10k\" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A \"large\" or \"stack\", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as \"fifty large\" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed \"Benjamin\", \"Benji\", \"Ben\", or \"Franklin\" (after Benjamin Franklin), \"C-note\" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), \"Century note\" or \"bill\" (e.g. \"two bills\" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\" or a \"grant\" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a \"double sawbuck\", \"Jackson\" (after Andrew Jackson), or \"double eagle\". The $10 note is referred to as a \"sawbuck\", \"ten-spot\" or \"Hamilton\" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as \"Lincoln\", \"fin\", \"fiver\" or \"five-spot\". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called \"deuce\", \"Tom\", or \"Jefferson\" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a \"single\" or \"buck\". The dollar has also been, referred to as a \"bone\" and \"bones\" in plural (e.g. \"twenty bones\" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as \"bigface\" notes or \"Monopoly money\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "\"G\"" }],
              "question": "What is a \"grand\" sometimes shortened to?",
              "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "\"stack\"" }],
              "question": "What is another term other than \"large\" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?",
              "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "the Roman numeral for 100" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a \"C-note\" a reference to?",
              "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "$50" }],
              "question": "Which note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\"?",
              "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1399, "text": "Monopoly money" }],
              "question": "What is another term for \"bigface\" notes?",
              "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84466"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a \"dollar\" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an \"eagle\" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Coinage Act of 1792" }
              ],
              "question": "What defined the US dollar?",
              "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "the Spanish milled dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the dollar based on?",
              "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?",
              "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Alexander Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?",
              "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "377" }],
              "question": "What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?",
              "id": "5709c16bed30961900e84470"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Proof Sets" }],
              "question": "What is specifically produced for collectors?",
              "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?",
              "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did the Mint being producing proof sets?",
              "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Presidential Dollar Proof Set" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?",
              "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "December 13, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?",
              "id": "5709c220ed30961900e8447a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Constitution provides that \"a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time\". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the \"Statements\" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Constitution" }],
              "question": "What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?",
              "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Section 331" }],
              "question": "Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?",
              "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "U.S. dollars" }],
              "question": "Which currency are the sums of money in the \"Statements\" displayed in?",
              "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "U.S. dollar" }],
              "question": "What is the unit of account of the United States?",
              "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "$100" }],
              "question": "What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?",
              "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?",
              "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?",
              "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "organized crime" }],
              "question": "What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?",
              "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "an executive order" }
              ],
              "question": "What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?",
              "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The colloquialism \"buck\"(s) (much like the British word \"quid\"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. \"Greenback\" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include \"greenmail\", \"green\" and \"dead presidents\" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "quid" }],
              "question": "What is the British equivalent of a \"buck\"?",
              "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "In which century can the term \"buck\" be traced back to?",
              "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "colonial leather trade" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"buck\"?",
              "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Greenback" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?",
              "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?",
              "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84484"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?",
              "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Federal Reserve" }],
              "question": "Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?",
              "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "increase the money supply" }
              ],
              "question": "What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?",
              "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "the Phillips curve" }
              ],
              "question": "What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?",
              "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "two thirds" }],
              "question": "How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?",
              "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \"dog dollars\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Spanish dollar" }],
              "question": "What was the look of the dollar based on?",
              "id": "5709cc734103511400d59446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?",
              "id": "5709cc734103511400d59447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "When was the United States Mint founded?",
              "id": "5709cc734103511400d59448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Peru" }],
              "question": "Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?",
              "id": "5709cc734103511400d59449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?",
              "id": "5709cc734103511400d5944a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gold Standard Act" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?",
              "id": "5709d8514103511400d59480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1.505" }],
              "question": "How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?",
              "id": "5709d8514103511400d59481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "$20.67" }],
              "question": "How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?",
              "id": "5709d8514103511400d59482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?",
              "id": "5709d8514103511400d59483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Franklin Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Which President confiscated gold coins?",
              "id": "5709d8514103511400d59484"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions \"E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P\". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to \"heads\", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying \"upside down lettering error\" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?",
              "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Philadelphia mint" }],
              "question": "Where did error coins originate?",
              "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "profit" }],
              "question": "How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?",
              "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 654,
                  "text": "\"upside down lettering error\" coins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?",
              "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1223, "text": "$1 bills" }],
              "question": "What do vending machines commonly only accept?",
              "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182be0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to \"borrow money on the credit of the United States\". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are \"obligations of the United States\" and \"shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank\". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as \"legal tender\" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "borrow money on the credit of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What power was Congress given by the Constitution?",
              "id": "5709de964103511400d5948a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "issue Federal Reserve Notes" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?",
              "id": "5709de964103511400d5948b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "obligations of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?",
              "id": "5709de964103511400d5948c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "Washington, District of Columbia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?",
              "id": "5709de964103511400d5948d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 698, "text": "Federal Reserve Note" }
              ],
              "question": "Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?",
              "id": "5709de964103511400d5948e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) \"Open mouth operations\" (talking monetary policy with the market).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "achieve a specific short-term interest rate target"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the short term goal of open market operations?",
              "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "federal funds rate" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Federal Reserve target?",
              "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the federal funds rate?",
              "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Moral suasion" }],
              "question": "What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?",
              "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 736,
                  "text": "talking monetary policy with the market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"open mouth operations\" mean?",
              "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182bea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the \"Nixon shock\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "after World War II" }],
              "question": "When was the Bretton Woods system established?",
              "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "$35 per ounce" }],
              "question": "What was the fixed value of gold?",
              "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "the value of gold" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?",
              "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "convert dollars to gold" }
              ],
              "question": "What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?",
              "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In which year was gold convertability terminated?",
              "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "fiat money" }],
              "question": "What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?",
              "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "de facto currency" }],
              "question": "Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?",
              "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Turks and Caicos islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?",
              "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "mints its own coins" }
              ],
              "question": "For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?",
              "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?",
              "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The \"large-sized notes\" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "cotton fiber paper" }],
              "question": "What are dollar notes made from now adays?",
              "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "wood fiber" }],
              "question": "What is most common paper made of?",
              "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Federal Reserve" }],
              "question": "Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?",
              "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "6.14 inches" }],
              "question": "How long do the current notes measure?",
              "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Philippine" }],
              "question": "What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?",
              "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "When was the Mint Act passed?",
              "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "371.25" }],
              "question": "How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?",
              "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Alexander Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?",
              "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "Congressional standard of the silver dollar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?",
              "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "1834" }],
              "question": "In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?",
              "id": "5709e96a4103511400d594a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "their precious metal value" }
              ],
              "question": "What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?",
              "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "their numismatic value" }
              ],
              "question": "What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?",
              "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Kennedy half dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?",
              "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "cupronickel" }],
              "question": "What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?",
              "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "$4.00" }],
              "question": "How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?",
              "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1794" }],
              "question": "When were silver dollars first minted?",
              "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?",
              "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar" }
              ],
              "question": "Which coin was introduced in 1979?",
              "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Sacagawea" }],
              "question": "What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?",
              "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In which century were gold dollars minted?",
              "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The monetary base" }],
              "question": "What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?",
              "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "400 billion dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the monetary base value in 1994?",
              "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "over 3000 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?",
              "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "securities" }],
              "question": "What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?",
              "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Eight" }],
              "question": "How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?",
              "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982\u20131984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "price inflation" }],
              "question": "What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?",
              "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "price inflation" }],
              "question": "The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?",
              "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "consumer price index" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CPI stand for?",
              "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Bureau of Labor Statistics" }
              ],
              "question": "Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?",
              "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "average price of consumer goods and services in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the CPI estimate?",
              "id": "5709ef704103511400d594aa"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Imperial_College_London",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?",
              "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?",
              "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?",
              "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?",
              "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?",
              "id": "5709d00b6d058f1900182bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?",
              "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "practical aspects of the experimental sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?",
              "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?",
              "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?",
              "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first professor of the college?",
              "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m\u00b2) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When was the City and Guilds College founded?",
              "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?",
              "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?",
              "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "GBP 342,500" }],
              "question": "How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?",
              "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 931,
                  "text": "CGLI Central Technical College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?",
              "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "City and Guilds College" }
              ],
              "question": "Which college was founded in 1876?",
              "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?",
              "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Advancement of Technical Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CGLI stand for?",
              "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "to create a Central Institution in London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?",
              "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "eighty-seven" }],
              "question": "How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?",
              "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised \u00a3110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected \"the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty \u2013 throughout England, not just Wye \u2013 against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?",
              "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "September 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Imperial abandon their science park program?",
              "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "September 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the Wye College campus closed?",
              "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Wye campus" }],
              "question": "Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?",
              "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Wye campus" }],
              "question": "Where was Imperial's science park programme located?",
              "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "September 2006" }],
              "question": "When was the science park programme abandoned?",
              "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "\u00a3110m" }],
              "question": "How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?",
              "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "the public" }],
              "question": "Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?",
              "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 815, "text": "Wye College campus" }
              ],
              "question": "What was closed on September 2009?",
              "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme \u2013 a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property \u2013 a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments \u2013 containing College\u2019s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by \u00a378 million (18%) to \u00a3512.4 million on 31 July 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "\u00a3512.4 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?",
              "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a \"Unitised Scheme\"?",
              "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "\u00a378 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?",
              "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "18%" }],
              "question": "How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?",
              "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?",
              "id": "570a4e444103511400d595ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Unitised Scheme" }],
              "question": "What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?",
              "id": "570a4e444103511400d595ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Non-Core Property" }],
              "question": "The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?",
              "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Strategic Asset Investments" }
              ],
              "question": "The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?",
              "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "\u00a378 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?",
              "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for \"research power\" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1,257" }],
              "question": "How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?",
              "id": "5709d33a4103511400d5946e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?",
              "id": "5709d33a4103511400d5946f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?",
              "id": "5709d33a4103511400d59470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "How highly was Imperial ranked in \"research power\" in 2014?",
              "id": "5709d33a4103511400d59471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1,257" }],
              "question": "How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?",
              "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Research Excellence Framework" }
              ],
              "question": "What does REF stand for?",
              "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?",
              "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "3.36" }],
              "question": "What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?",
              "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?",
              "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least \u00a3200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2014" }],
              "question": "When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?",
              "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "4 December 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?",
              "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "more than 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?",
              "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "bullying" }],
              "question": "What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?",
              "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "internal inquiry" }],
              "question": "What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?",
              "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Professor Stefan Grimm" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?",
              "id": "570a4f184103511400d59602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Department of Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?",
              "id": "570a4f184103511400d59603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "dismissal" }],
              "question": "What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?",
              "id": "570a4f184103511400d59604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "\u00a3200,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?",
              "id": "570a4f184103511400d59605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "more than 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?",
              "id": "570a4f184103511400d59606"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial College Boat Club\nThe Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "12 December 1919" }],
              "question": "Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?",
              "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?",
              "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Martin McElroy" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?",
              "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Henley Royal Regatta" }
              ],
              "question": "Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?",
              "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?",
              "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Royal School of Mines" }
              ],
              "question": "What school was established in 1851?",
              "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Sir Henry de la Beche" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established the Royal School of Mines?",
              "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Museum of Economic Geology" }
              ],
              "question": "A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?",
              "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?",
              "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "South Kensington" }],
              "question": "Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?",
              "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Privy Council" }],
              "question": "Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?",
              "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?",
              "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Imperial College London" }
              ],
              "question": "The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?",
              "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Tanaka Business School" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?",
              "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "Faculty of Natural Sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?",
              "id": "570a54a84103511400d59610"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "South Kensington" }],
              "question": "In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?",
              "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Albertopolis" }],
              "question": "What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?",
              "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?",
              "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Thomas Collcutt" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?",
              "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "Queen's Tower" }],
              "question": "Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?",
              "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies. Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Centre For Co-Curricular Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?",
              "id": "570a563c4103511400d59616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "credit" }],
              "question": "Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?",
              "id": "570a563c4103511400d59617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Science Communication Unit" }
              ],
              "question": "Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?",
              "id": "570a563c4103511400d59618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 723, "text": "Science Media Production" }
              ],
              "question": "Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?",
              "id": "570a563c4103511400d59619"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, over all universities and courses. In 2012, the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market. In May 2014, the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "average starting salary" }
              ],
              "question": "What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?",
              "id": "570a56e04103511400d5961e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Computing graduates" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?",
              "id": "570a56e04103511400d5961f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Sunday Times" }],
              "question": "Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?",
              "id": "570a56e04103511400d59620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "New York Times" }],
              "question": "Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?",
              "id": "570a56e04103511400d59621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?",
              "id": "570a56e04103511400d59622"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial College TV\nICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Student Television of Imperial College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?",
              "id": "570a574f4103511400d59628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Imperial College TV" }],
              "question": "What is STOIC's modern name?",
              "id": "570a574f4103511400d59629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?",
              "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Exhibition Road" }],
              "question": "Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?",
              "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 796,
                  "text": "start of the 2014/15 academic year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the station renamed to it's modern name?",
              "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Nicholas Tombazis" }],
              "question": "Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?",
              "id": "570a580b4103511400d59632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "H. G. Wells" }],
              "question": "Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?",
              "id": "570a580b4103511400d59633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Singapore Airlines" }
              ],
              "question": "Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?",
              "id": "570a580b4103511400d59634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Head Physician to the Queen" }
              ],
              "question": "Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?",
              "id": "570a580b4103511400d59635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Alan Howard" }],
              "question": "Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?",
              "id": "570a580b4103511400d59636"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of \u00a3186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which society organized The Great Exhibition?",
              "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "\u00a3186,000" }],
              "question": "How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?",
              "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Albert" }],
              "question": "Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?",
              "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "to find practical solutions to today's social challenges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Prince Albert's commitment?",
              "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1001, "text": "Imperial College London" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?",
              "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London. Imperial's Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on 8 July 1907. The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute in South Kensington.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Board of Education" }],
              "question": "Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?",
              "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "greater capacity for higher technical education was needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?",
              "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "The Imperial College of Science and Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?",
              "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "University of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the constituent college belong to?",
              "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Imperial's Royal Charter" }
              ],
              "question": "Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?",
              "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, Imperial had a total net income of \u00a3822.0 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3765.2 million) and total expenditure of \u00a3754.9 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3702.0 million). Key sources of income included \u00a3329.5 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3313.9 million), \u00a3186.3 million from academic fees and support grants (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3163.1 million), \u00a3168.9 million from Funding Council grants (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3172.4 million) and \u00a312.5 million from endowment and investment income (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a38.1 million). During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of \u00a3124 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3152 million).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "\u00a3822.0 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?",
              "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d59658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "\u00a3754.9 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?",
              "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d59659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "\u00a3329.5 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?",
              "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Funding Council" }],
              "question": "Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?",
              "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "\u00a3124 million" }],
              "question": "What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?",
              "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house, Imperial College Press, in partnership with World Scientific. Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS) and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997. In the same year the Imperial College School of Medicine was formally established and all of the property of Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School were transferred to Imperial as the result of the Imperial College Act 1997. In 1998 the Sir Alexander Fleming Building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II to provide a headquarters for the College's medical and biomedical research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?",
              "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?",
              "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "World Scientific" }],
              "question": "Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press?",
              "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established?",
              "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "Sir Alexander Fleming Building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II?",
              "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182daa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects \u2013 Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering \u2013 were assessed to be the best[clarification needed] in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "26%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?",
              "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "47%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?",
              "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Research Assessment Exercise" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?",
              "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?",
              "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of \u00a3800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was formed on the 1st October 2007?",
              "id": "570a5d534103511400d59674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many hospitals does it manage?",
              "id": "570a5d534103511400d59675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "an academic health science centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is it considered to be?",
              "id": "570a5d534103511400d59676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "\u00a3800 million" }],
              "question": "What is the annual turnover for the trust?",
              "id": "570a5d534103511400d59677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "more than a million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many patients a year does the trust treat?",
              "id": "570a5d534103511400d59678"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics \"believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers\". It was said then that \"A spokesman for Imperial said the college was acting on the recommendations and had already made changes\". Nevertheless, allegations of bullying have continued: in 2007, concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine. New President of Imperial College, Alice Gast says she sees bright lights in the horizon for female careers at Imperial College London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "one third" }],
              "question": "What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?",
              "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In which year were these allegations raised?",
              "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?",
              "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Faculty of Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned?",
              "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Alice Gast" }],
              "question": "Who is the new President for Imperial College?",
              "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Imperial College Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of the student's union?",
              "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many full time officers run the union?",
              "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "one year" }],
              "question": "How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?",
              "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "around 300" }],
              "question": "How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?",
              "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "educational development" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?",
              "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "public research university" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of University is Imperial College London?",
              "id": "570a5ed04103511400d59688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Imperial College London?",
              "id": "570a5ed04103511400d59689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?",
              "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Royal Charter" }],
              "question": "Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?",
              "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "science and technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of the Imperial College London?",
              "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an \"innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development\". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "William Henry Perkin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the first synthetic dye?",
              "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "resigned his position" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?",
              "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "mauveine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?",
              "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "second chemical revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?",
              "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Perkin Medal" }],
              "question": "Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?",
              "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59696"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated \u00a3350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Silwood Park" }],
              "question": "What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?",
              "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Felix" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?",
              "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "\u00a3350,000" }],
              "question": "How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?",
              "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Wolfson Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?",
              "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "Indian Institute of Technology Delhi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?",
              "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182ddc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gymnastics",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while \"punching\" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "25 meters" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board?",
              "id": "5709e6b24103511400d59494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "punching" }],
              "question": "What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called?",
              "id": "5709e6b24103511400d59495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "the length of the hurdle" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing a successful vault depends on?",
              "id": "5709e6b24103511400d59496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "multiple twists and somersaults"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may be added to a vault before landing in advanced gymnastics?",
              "id": "5709e6b24103511400d59497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "25 meters" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum length of a runway?",
              "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "The gymnast" }],
              "question": "Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?",
              "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "a standing position" }
              ],
              "question": "What position is the gymnast when in the air?",
              "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "multiple twists and somersaults"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?",
              "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?",
              "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope\u2014on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "FIG" }],
              "question": "Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules?",
              "id": "5709e9336d058f1900182c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "rhythmic gymnastics" }
              ],
              "question": "What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation?",
              "id": "5709e9336d058f1900182c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines?",
              "id": "5709e9336d058f1900182c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "the acrobatic" }],
              "question": "Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what?",
              "id": "5709e9336d058f1900182c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine?",
              "id": "5709e9336d058f1900182c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "FIG" }],
              "question": "What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?",
              "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?",
              "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?",
              "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "aesthetic" }],
              "question": "Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?",
              "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "30 points" }],
              "question": "How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?",
              "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish \"naisvoimistelu\". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics" }
              ],
              "question": "What does AGG stand for?",
              "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? ",
              "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?",
              "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? ",
              "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?",
              "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "hemp or a synthetic material" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?",
              "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the rope?",
              "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?",
              "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other requirement is there for the rope?",
              "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?",
              "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first \"modern\" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Liege" }],
              "question": "Where was the FIG founded?",
              "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "What year was FIG founded?",
              "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?",
              "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?",
              "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "in Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?",
              "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts \"round-off\" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "25 metres (82 ft)" }],
              "question": "How long is the run way in vaulting?",
              "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "a two footed landing" }
              ],
              "question": "How man feet do vaulters land on?",
              "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "their height and strength" }
              ],
              "question": "What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?",
              "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Yurchenko" }],
              "question": "What is a round-off entry vault called?",
              "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "yurchenko" }],
              "question": "What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?",
              "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "from deductions taken from their start value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are gymnasts scored?",
              "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the start vaule determined?",
              "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "D score" }],
              "question": "What is this score called?",
              "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "10.0" }],
              "question": "Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?",
              "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were added to scoring in 2007?",
              "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27\u201329, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?",
              "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "only four types" }],
              "question": "How many apparatuses are used?",
              "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the types of apparatuses used?",
              "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "Groups do not use any apparatus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What apparatuses do groups use?",
              "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "November 27\u201329, 2003" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?",
              "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) meaning \"naked\", by way of the related verb \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos \"fond of or skilled in bodily exercise,\" from gymnazein \"to exercise or train\" (see gymnasium).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "\u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) meaning \"naked\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?",
              "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the  verb gymnazo mean?",
              "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this verb used?",
              "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "1570s" }],
              "question": "When did the word come into use?",
              "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Com\u0103neci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), B\u00e9la K\u00e1rolyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?",
              "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "a point system from 1 to 15" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the grading structure?",
              "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Soviet gymnasts" }],
              "question": "Who set the first precedent that continues this day?",
              "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "Nadia Com\u0103neci" }
              ],
              "question": "Who recieved the first perfect score?",
              "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What year and where was the first perfect score given?",
              "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. This requires back muscles to do any sort of skill. From handstands being easy to back or front flips being a little difficult.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "both single leg and double leg work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?",
              "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?",
              "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Double leg work" }],
              "question": "What is the main staple of this event?",
              "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "when the gymnast performs a dismount"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does the routine end?",
              "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?",
              "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d303"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. \"The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing.\"  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "landing" }],
              "question": "What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?",
              "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do most injuries happen?",
              "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "proper technique must be used by the gymnast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do you avoid injuries?",
              "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 772,
                  "text": "soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a successful landing?",
              "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Individual routines start with what phases?",
              "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "a sequence of aerial skills" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.",
              "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "10 points" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum scroe for routines?",
              "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can additional points be earned?",
              "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "two preliminary routines" }
              ],
              "question": "In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?",
              "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. They've been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands), dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "two horizontal bars set at different heights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the uneven bars?",
              "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "fiberglass covered in wood laminate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are these bars made out of?",
              "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "the bars were prone to breaking,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?",
              "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "They've been moved increasingly further apart"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have the bars changed over the years?",
              "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 713,
                  "text": "using a springboard, or a small mat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?",
              "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "a higher vertical ground reaction force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a higher flight phase result in?",
              "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is vertical ground reaction force?",
              "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "time the landing takes Gymnasts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?",
              "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12\u201314 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60\u201390 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Sport Aerobics" }],
              "question": "What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?",
              "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?",
              "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people can be in a routine?",
              "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "7x7m" }],
              "question": "What is the size of the mat?",
              "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "Routines generally last 60\u201390 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long do the routines last?",
              "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "synchronized, choreographed routines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?",
              "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "of both genders and are not separated into age divisions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the troupes consist of?",
              "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?",
              "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Gymnastics for All" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?",
              "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "30 million" }],
              "question": "How many participants are there?",
              "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control. Internationally, all events are governed by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events. It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and the high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is gymnastics?",
              "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who governs all events in gymnastics?",
              "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each country have?",
              "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "Competitive artistic gymnastics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the best known gymnastic events?",
              "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What events does this normally consist of for women?",
              "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators \u2013 Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778\u20131852) \u2013 created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778\u20131852)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?",
              "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "to what is considered modern gymnastics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the exercises lead to?",
              "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?",
              "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "parallel bars, rings and high bar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jahn promote the use of?",
              "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d316"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the \"execution score\" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?",
              "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "an execution score and a difficulty score"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two different scores?",
              "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "difficulty score" }],
              "question": "What score was added?",
              "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "1.00 deduction" }],
              "question": "How much is a fall deduction?",
              "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "what elements they perform" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?",
              "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m \u00d7 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a \"spring\" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a \"compulsory gymnast,\" default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2\u20133, and in levels 8\u201310, at least 3\u20134 tumbling passes are required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "a carpeted 12m \u00d7 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the floor exercise events performed on now?",
              "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the floor exercise even on before?",
              "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "springs or foam blocks generally called a \"spring\" floor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?",
              "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "up to 90 seconds" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum for floor events?",
              "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do athletes perform for tumbling?",
              "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?",
              "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?",
              "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?",
              "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?",
              "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "stick gymnastics" }],
              "question": "Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?",
              "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "improving physical strength and health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the aim of stick gymnastics?",
              "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main focus?",
              "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?",
              "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d331"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hanover",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Hanover" }],
              "question": "Where did the Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg move his residence to?",
              "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg?",
              "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Imperial Diet" }],
              "question": "Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg in 1708?",
              "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?",
              "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "George I Louis" }],
              "question": "Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?",
              "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (St\u00f6cken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "production center" }],
              "question": "Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?",
              "id": "5709f3704103511400d594ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Oil Campaign" }],
              "question": "Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?",
              "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "United light metal works" }
              ],
              "question": "What does VLW stand for?",
              "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "more than 6,000" }],
              "question": "How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?",
              "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "88" }],
              "question": "How many bombing raids were there during World War II?",
              "id": "5709f3704103511400d594be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Hanover Zoo" }],
              "question": "Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?",
              "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Park Scout Award" }],
              "question": "What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?",
              "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "seabirds" }],
              "question": "Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?",
              "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?",
              "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "1.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?",
              "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterb\u00fchne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks, the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "GOP Variety theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?",
              "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most important Cabaret-Event?",
              "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "around the world" }],
              "question": "Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten come from?",
              "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Wintervariety" }],
              "question": "What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?",
              "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten?",
              "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Hanover\" is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) is becoming more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation /\u02c8h\u00e6n\u0259v\u0259r/, with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation [ha\u02c8no\u02d0f\u0250], with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "a double n" }],
              "question": "What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?",
              "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?",
              "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?",
              "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?",
              "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "traditional English spelling" }
              ],
              "question": "Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?",
              "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Gryszpan's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Nazi party" }],
              "question": "What does the NSDAP stand for?",
              "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?",
              "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "484" }],
              "question": "How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?",
              "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "Herschel Grynszpan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?",
              "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?",
              "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. The palace itself, however, was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but is currently under reconstruction.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Grotto (the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle), the Gallery Building, the Orangerie and the two pavilions by Remy de la Fosse. The Great Garden consists of several parts. The most popular ones are the Great Ground and the Nouveau Jardin. At the centre of the Nouveau Jardin is Europe's highest garden fountain. The historic Garden Theatre inter alia hosted the musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolf Kunze.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "European baroque garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of garden is The Great Garden?",
              "id": "5709fca24103511400d594d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Allied bombing" }],
              "question": "What destroyed the palace?",
              "id": "5709fca24103511400d594d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Remy de la Fosse" }],
              "question": "Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?",
              "id": "5709fca24103511400d594da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Great Ground" }],
              "question": "Other than the Nouveau Jardin, what is the other popular part of The Great Garden?",
              "id": "5709fca24103511400d594db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Europe's highest garden fountain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin?",
              "id": "5709fca24103511400d594dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kr\u00f6pcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Frank O. Gehry" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Gehry Tower?",
              "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "one of the largest of its kind in Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?",
              "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?",
              "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?",
              "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many rivers run through Hanover?",
              "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5.000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m or 197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "marksmen" }],
              "question": "What is Hanover a German capital for?",
              "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?",
              "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "more than 260" }],
              "question": "How many rides and inns does the fair have?",
              "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "12.000" }],
              "question": "How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen?",
              "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "1529" }],
              "question": "What year can the festival be traced back to?",
              "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstra\u00dfe roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and S\u00fcdschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "expressway" }],
              "question": "What is a Schnellweg?",
              "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "a large ring road" }],
              "question": "What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?",
              "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Seelhorster Kreuz" }],
              "question": "When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?",
              "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "B6" }],
              "question": "What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?",
              "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "B65" }],
              "question": "What road does the S\u00fcdschnellweg start out as?",
              "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ended in the year 1837?",
              "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "What was the name of William IV's heir?",
              "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Ernest Augustus" }],
              "question": "Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "annexed by Prussia" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?",
              "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Battle of Langensalza" }
              ],
              "question": "In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?",
              "id": "570a04be4103511400d594fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1941, through the \"Action Lauterbacher\" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven concentration camps were constructed in Hanover, in which many Jews were confined. Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover in 1938, fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war.[citation needed] Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover. After the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "Action Lauterbacher" }
              ],
              "question": "What plan was implemented in September 1941?",
              "id": "570a067a4103511400d59500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Hanoverian Jewish families" }
              ],
              "question": "Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?",
              "id": "570a067a4103511400d59501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Wannsee Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "What occured on the 15th of December 1941?",
              "id": "570a067a4103511400d59502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "4,800" }],
              "question": "How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938?",
              "id": "570a067a4103511400d59503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?",
              "id": "570a067a4103511400d59504"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean \"high (river)bank\", though this is debated (cf. das Hohe Ufer). Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was relatively difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine, and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains, so that east-west traffic such as mule trains passed through it. Hanover was thus a gateway to the Rhine, Ruhr and Saar river valleys, their industrial areas which grew up to the southwest and the plains regions to the east and north, for overland traffic skirting the Harz between the Low Countries and Saxony or Thuringia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "east bank of the River Leine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Hanover originally founded?",
              "id": "570a0a224103511400d59514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "\"high (river)bank\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hanover possibly originally mean?",
              "id": "570a0a224103511400d59515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town?",
              "id": "570a0a224103511400d59516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Hanseatic League city of Bremen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine?",
              "id": "570a0a224103511400d59517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "mule trains" }],
              "question": "What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover?",
              "id": "570a0a224103511400d59518"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was the only German army to fight against France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and since then has grown considerably.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?",
              "id": "570a0ae44103511400d5951e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?",
              "id": "570a0ae44103511400d5951f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?",
              "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "King's German Legion" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the soldiers who emigrated form?",
              "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "The Congress of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?",
              "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59522"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "European botanical garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Berggarten?",
              "id": "570a0b984103511400d59528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Orchid House" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?",
              "id": "570a0b984103511400d59529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Library Pavillon" }],
              "question": "What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?",
              "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Sea Life Centre Hanover" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?",
              "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "butterflies" }],
              "question": "Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?",
              "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-St\u00f6cken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG, they have a coal-burning power plant. Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser. Since 2008 a take-over is in progress: the Schaeffler Group from Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) holds the majority of the stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks. TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover. Hanover is home to many insurance companies, many of which operate only in Germany. One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re, whose headquarters are east of the city centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does VWN stand for?",
              "id": "570a0d404103511400d59532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "northern edge of town" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?",
              "id": "570a0d404103511400d59533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Continental AG" }],
              "question": "Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?",
              "id": "570a0d404103511400d59534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Hanover" }],
              "question": "Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?",
              "id": "570a0d404103511400d59535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "Hannover Re" }],
              "question": "Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?",
              "id": "570a0d404103511400d59536"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?",
              "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Play House" }],
              "question": "What is the Schauspielhaus in English?",
              "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Lower Saxony State Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?",
              "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Theater am Aegi" }],
              "question": "Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?",
              "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which theater has it's own musical company?",
              "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hannover 96" }],
              "question": "Who does the nicname \"Die Roten\" belong to?",
              "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Bundesliga" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the top football division?",
              "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "HDI-Arena" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?",
              "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Eilenriedestadium" }],
              "question": "Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?",
              "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "fourth league" }],
              "question": "Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?",
              "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d5954a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin\u2013Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg\u2013Munich, etc.) directions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "518,000" }],
              "question": "What is Hanover's population?",
              "id": "570a11074103511400d59550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "thirteenth largest" }],
              "question": "What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?",
              "id": "570a11074103511400d59551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Oktoberfest of Blumenau" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?",
              "id": "570a11074103511400d59552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In which year did Hanover host the Expo?",
              "id": "570a11074103511400d59553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "Autobahnen" }],
              "question": "What is \"highways\" in German?",
              "id": "570a11074103511400d59554"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another point of interest is the Old Town. In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the Old Town Hall. Nearby are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the Ballhof theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Sculptures, which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses K\u00f6nigsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church and the Lutheran Neust\u00e4dter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Old Town" }],
              "question": "Where are the large Martkirche located?",
              "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Ballhof theatre" }],
              "question": "What is the old royal sports hall now called?",
              "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Aegidien Church" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?",
              "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle" }
              ],
              "question": "What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?",
              "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "Trammplatz" }],
              "question": "Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?",
              "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cabinet of coins is the M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition \"EXPO 2000 Hannover\". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkst\u00e4tte Ahlem describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A cabinet of coins" }],
              "question": "What is the M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG?",
              "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?",
              "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Oriental Carpet Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?",
              "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?",
              "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "Modern art" }],
              "question": "What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?",
              "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Emotion",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a \"positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity.\" According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "nervous" }],
              "question": "What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?",
              "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Extroverted" }],
              "question": "What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?",
              "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "introverted" }],
              "question": "What type of people hide their emotions?",
              "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "motivation" }],
              "question": "What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?",
              "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "psychological" }],
              "question": "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?",
              "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the \"wheel of emotions\", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "wheel of emotions" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?",
              "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?",
              "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "surprise" }],
              "question": "In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?",
              "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "contempt" }],
              "question": "What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?",
              "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "trust" }],
              "question": "What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?",
              "id": "570a597e4103511400d59640"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?",
              "id": "570a59da4103511400d59646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "communication" }],
              "question": "Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?",
              "id": "570a59da4103511400d59647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "natural selection" }],
              "question": "Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?",
              "id": "570a59da4103511400d59648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Darwin write?",
              "id": "570a59da4103511400d59649"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. \"I'm crying because I'm sad,\" or \"I ran away because I was scared.\" The issue with the James\u2013Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "stimulus" }],
              "question": "In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?",
              "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "physiological" }],
              "question": "What sort of response does the stimulus cause?",
              "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "as a particular emotion" }
              ],
              "question": "How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?",
              "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "bodily states" }],
              "question": "In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?",
              "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Richard Lazarus" }],
              "question": "Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?",
              "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "judgments" }],
              "question": "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?",
              "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "unconscious" }],
              "question": "In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?",
              "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 938, "text": "Gut Reactions" }],
              "question": "What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?",
              "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d5964f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "Feelings" }],
              "question": "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?",
              "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 957, "text": "psychologist" }],
              "question": "What is Laird's job title?",
              "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "philosopher" }],
              "question": "What is Jesse Prinz's profession?",
              "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "the perceptual theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?",
              "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d5964e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "sociology" }],
              "question": "What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?",
              "id": "570a5c404103511400d59662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "anthropology" }],
              "question": "What discipline makes use of ethnography?",
              "id": "570a5c404103511400d59663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "communication sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?",
              "id": "570a5c404103511400d59664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 716, "text": "Arlie Russell Hochschild" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the concept of emotional labor?",
              "id": "570a5c404103511400d59665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?",
              "id": "570a5c404103511400d59666"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "fear" }],
              "question": "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?",
              "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "changes in pulse rate" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?",
              "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "baring teeth" }],
              "question": "Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?",
              "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Jonathan Turner" }],
              "question": "Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?",
              "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1197, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?",
              "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842\u20131910) and Carl Lange (1834\u20131900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James\u2013Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Carl Lange" }],
              "question": "Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?",
              "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "What was William James' nationality?",
              "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Danish" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of Carl Lange?",
              "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "the James\u2013Lange theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?",
              "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lange die?",
              "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182df0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "computer science" }],
              "question": "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?",
              "id": "570a61844103511400d5969c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "GABA" }],
              "question": "Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?",
              "id": "570a61844103511400d5969d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "neurobiology" }],
              "question": "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?",
              "id": "570a61844103511400d5969e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of \"affective states\" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "emotional dispositions" }
              ],
              "question": "What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?",
              "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "character traits" }],
              "question": "What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?",
              "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "affective states" }],
              "question": "What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?",
              "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called \u201cpsychological construction.\u201d According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "psychological construction" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?",
              "id": "570a628a4103511400d596a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "at the moment of its occurrence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?",
              "id": "570a628a4103511400d596a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "fear" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?",
              "id": "570a628a4103511400d596aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Walter Bradford Cannon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?",
              "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "a conscious experience of an emotion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?",
              "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "too slow and often imperceptible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?",
              "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Paul E. Griffiths" }],
              "question": "Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?",
              "id": "570a638e4103511400d596ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "external" }],
              "question": "What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?",
              "id": "570a638e4103511400d596af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "situationism" }],
              "question": "The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?",
              "id": "570a638e4103511400d596b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1191, "text": "phobias" }],
              "question": "Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?",
              "id": "570a638e4103511400d596b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When did Broca publish his pioneering work?",
              "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Papez" }],
              "question": "Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?",
              "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "hypothalamus" }],
              "question": "Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?",
              "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory\u2013emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "ethics" }],
              "question": "Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?",
              "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "romance" }],
              "question": "Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?",
              "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "zoology" }],
              "question": "Of what discipline is ethology a branch?",
              "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "field science" }],
              "question": "Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?",
              "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "ecology" }],
              "question": "Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?",
              "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emil\u00e9 Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Emil\u00e9 Durkheim" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?",
              "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Australian aborigine society" }
              ],
              "question": "What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?",
              "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "totemic rituals" }],
              "question": "Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?",
              "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "emotional energy" }],
              "question": "What is another term for collective effervescence?",
              "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903\u20132002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922\u20132002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916\u20132001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928\u20132006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923\u20132008) a Polish\u2013American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942\u20132007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946\u20132011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927\u20132015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "the appraisal theory of emotions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory was developed by Arnold?",
              "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Richard Lazarus die?",
              "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Robert C. Solomon" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?",
              "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?",
              "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1050, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "What is Nico Frijda's nationality?",
              "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word \u00e9mouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern word emotion is heterogeneous In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1579" }],
              "question": "When did the word emotion enter the English language?",
              "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "\u00e9mouvoir" }],
              "question": "From what French word is emotion derived?",
              "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "to stir up" }],
              "question": "What does \u00e9mouvoir mean in English?",
              "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "passion" }],
              "question": "Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?",
              "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "depression" }],
              "question": "Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?",
              "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "the diencephalon" }],
              "question": "What is the thalamus a part of?",
              "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Cannon" }],
              "question": "Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?",
              "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "animals" }],
              "question": "What creatures did Bard experiment on?",
              "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "physiological" }],
              "question": "Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?",
              "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the \u2018standard objection\u2019 to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Robert C. Solomon" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?",
              "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?",
              "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "judgments" }],
              "question": "What does Solomon believe emotions to be?",
              "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Nico Frijda" }],
              "question": "Whose theory discussed action tendencies?",
              "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "cognitivism" }],
              "question": "The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?",
              "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Kurt Kortschal" }],
              "question": "Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?",
              "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "their parental germ cells" }
              ],
              "question": "From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?",
              "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "1.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?",
              "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?",
              "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1878, "text": "200,000 years" }],
              "question": "About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?",
              "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "personality" }],
              "question": "Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?",
              "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "cognition" }],
              "question": "What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?",
              "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 663, "text": "rapid heartbeat and breathing" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?",
              "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "nervous" }],
              "question": "Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?",
              "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Michael C. Graham" }],
              "question": "Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?",
              "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Psychotherapist" }],
              "question": "What is Michael Graham's profession?",
              "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "terror" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an extreme form of fear?",
              "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "embarrassment" }],
              "question": "What would be an example of mild shame?",
              "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Moods" }],
              "question": "What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?",
              "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Paul Ekman" }],
              "question": "Who has argued that emotions are discrete?",
              "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?",
              "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "surprise" }],
              "question": "Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?",
              "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "stoic" }],
              "question": "What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?",
              "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?",
              "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "passions" }],
              "question": "What did the Aristotelians call emotions?",
              "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable scholastic thinker?",
              "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Baruch Spinoza" }],
              "question": "Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?",
              "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James\u2013Lange theory. As James wrote, \"the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion.\" James further claims that \"we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "William James" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?",
              "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "the autonomic nervous system" }
              ],
              "question": "What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?",
              "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "the perception of bodily changes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?",
              "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Carl Lange" }],
              "question": "Who developed a theory similar to that of James?",
              "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "psychologist" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of Lange?",
              "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "constructivist" }],
              "question": "What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?",
              "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Schadenfreude" }],
              "question": "According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?",
              "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "Sweden" }],
              "question": "Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?",
              "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "gender" }],
              "question": "Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?",
              "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Mara\u00f1\u00f3n found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?",
              "id": "570a71734103511400d59712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "epinephrine" }],
              "question": "What did Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n inject his patients with?",
              "id": "570a71734103511400d59713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n?",
              "id": "570a71734103511400d59714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "Jerome Singer" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?",
              "id": "570a71734103511400d59715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1717, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?",
              "id": "570a71734103511400d59716"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the \"looking glass\" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?",
              "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "pride and shame" }],
              "question": "What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?",
              "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Retzinger" }],
              "question": "Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?",
              "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "Scheff" }],
              "question": "Who developed the social bond theory?",
              "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Goffman" }],
              "question": "Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?",
              "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Emotion regulation" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?",
              "id": "570a72e64103511400d59726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "behavioral" }],
              "question": "What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?",
              "id": "570a72e64103511400d59727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "Cognitively oriented schools" }
              ],
              "question": "Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?",
              "id": "570a72e64103511400d59728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Gestalt therapy" }],
              "question": "What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?",
              "id": "570a72e64103511400d59729"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "limbic" }],
              "question": "What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?",
              "id": "570a73804103511400d5972e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "neurochemicals" }],
              "question": "What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?",
              "id": "570a73804103511400d5972f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "pheromones" }],
              "question": "What chemicals may mediate emotions?",
              "id": "570a73804103511400d59730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "reptiles" }],
              "question": "Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?",
              "id": "570a73804103511400d59731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "mammalian" }],
              "question": "The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?",
              "id": "570a73804103511400d59732"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Human sciences" }],
              "question": "What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?",
              "id": "570a775d4103511400d59742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "psychiatry" }],
              "question": "What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?",
              "id": "570a775d4103511400d59743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Nursing" }],
              "question": "What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?",
              "id": "570a775d4103511400d59744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "neuroscience" }],
              "question": "What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?",
              "id": "570a775d4103511400d59745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?",
              "id": "570a775d4103511400d59746"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Randall Collins" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?",
              "id": "570a79de4103511400d59756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "totemic rituals" }],
              "question": "From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?",
              "id": "570a79de4103511400d59757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Goffman" }],
              "question": "In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?",
              "id": "570a79de4103511400d59758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Emotional energy" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?",
              "id": "570a79de4103511400d59759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "collective effervescence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?",
              "id": "570a79de4103511400d5975a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "computer science" }],
              "question": "Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?",
              "id": "570a7b204103511400d59760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the foundational document of affective computing?",
              "id": "570a7b204103511400d59761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "passive sensors" }],
              "question": "In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?",
              "id": "570a7b204103511400d59762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1214, "text": "analyzing speech patterns" }
              ],
              "question": "How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?",
              "id": "570a7b204103511400d59763"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "instrumental behavior" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?",
              "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "subjective experience" }
              ],
              "question": "With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?",
              "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "instrumental behavior" }
              ],
              "question": "What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?",
              "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "psychophysiologists" }
              ],
              "question": "What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?",
              "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 853, "text": "Peggy Thoits" }],
              "question": "Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?",
              "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Scherer's components processing model of emotion, five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist. From the component processing perspective, emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of cognitive appraisal as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and cognition are separate but interacting systems, the component processing model provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "components processing model" }
              ],
              "question": "What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?",
              "id": "570a7c684103511400d59768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?",
              "id": "570a7c684103511400d59769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "appraisal" }],
              "question": "What processes drive the other components processing model processes?",
              "id": "570a7c684103511400d5976a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the \"emotional distance\" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "multidimensional scaling" }
              ],
              "question": "What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?",
              "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "arousal" }],
              "question": "Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?",
              "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "arousal" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?",
              "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "valence" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?",
              "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "core affect" }],
              "question": "What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?",
              "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "neuroimaging" }],
              "question": "What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?",
              "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 787, "text": "Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?",
              "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Paul D. MacLean" }],
              "question": "Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?",
              "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Dam\u00e1sio and LeDoux do notable work?",
              "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182ead"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes\u2014 a \"series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme.\" This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Howard M. Weiss" }],
              "question": "Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?",
              "id": "570a7de94103511400d5976e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?",
              "id": "570a7de94103511400d5976f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "work" }],
              "question": "What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?",
              "id": "570a7de94103511400d59770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "Howard M. Weiss" }],
              "question": "Who did Beal write \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" with?",
              "id": "570a7de94103511400d59771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 774,
                  "text": "Research on Emotion in Organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" published?",
              "id": "570a7de94103511400d59772"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept\u2014one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "motor centers" }],
              "question": "What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?",
              "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d59778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "smell" }],
              "question": "What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?",
              "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d59779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "reptiles slept" }],
              "question": "Why were early mammals active at night?",
              "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "limbic brain" }],
              "question": "What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?",
              "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?",
              "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Direction Model" }],
              "question": "What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?",
              "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Movement Model" }],
              "question": "What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?",
              "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "passive yielding" }],
              "question": "According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?",
              "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "shyness" }],
              "question": "Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?",
              "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of \"toughness,\" aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "microeconomics" }],
              "question": "In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?",
              "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 926,
                  "text": "the analysis of voter decision-making"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?",
              "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "tort law" }],
              "question": "Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?",
              "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "psychology" }],
              "question": "Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?",
              "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "purchase decision-making" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?",
              "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59786"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys and men. Expectations attached to social roles, such as \"acting as man\" and not as a woman, and the accompanying \"feeling rules\" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "anger" }],
              "question": "What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?",
              "id": "570a803f4103511400d59796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "fear" }],
              "question": "Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?",
              "id": "570a803f4103511400d59797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "disgust" }],
              "question": "The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?",
              "id": "570a803f4103511400d59798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "marriage" }],
              "question": "What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?",
              "id": "570a803f4103511400d59799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1013, "text": "fear" }],
              "question": "What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?",
              "id": "570a803f4103511400d5979a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "FC_Barcelona",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Cl\u00e1sico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570a76fd6d058f1900182e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570a76fd6d058f1900182e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?",
              "id": "570a76fd6d058f1900182e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570a76fd6d058f1900182e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings?",
              "id": "570a76fd6d058f1900182e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA  Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?",
              "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?",
              "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What club is Barcelona's long time rival?",
              "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?",
              "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club. On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alc\u00e1ntara, against the Spanish national team. To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane. In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled \"Oda a Platko\", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko. On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League. A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "14 June 1925" }],
              "question": "On what day did the stadium crowd jeer the Royal March in protest against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?",
              "id": "570aaeff6d058f1900183072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "In what year did the directors of Barcelona first claim to operate a professional football club?",
              "id": "570aaeff6d058f1900183073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "3 July 1927" }],
              "question": "On what date did the FC Barca hold a second testimonial match for Paulino Alc\u00e1ntara against the Spanish national team?",
              "id": "570aaeff6d058f1900183074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "Rafael Alberti" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the poem titled \"Oda a Platko\"?",
              "id": "570aaeff6d058f1900183075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 998, "text": "30 July 1930" }],
              "question": "When did Gamper commit suicide?",
              "id": "570aaeff6d058f1900183076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "jeered the Royal March" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?",
              "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "six months" }],
              "question": "How long was the stadium closed?",
              "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?",
              "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "23 June 1929" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?",
              "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1012, "text": "Gamper" }],
              "question": "What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?",
              "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1973\u201374 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record \u00a3920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George. Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973\u201374 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5\u20130 at the Bernab\u00e9u along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The 1973\u201374 season" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona?",
              "id": "570ab0116d058f190018307c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans?",
              "id": "570ab0116d058f190018307d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Catalan Saint George" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?",
              "id": "570ab0116d058f190018307e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona?",
              "id": "570ab0116d058f190018307f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time?",
              "id": "570ab0116d058f1900183080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "\u00a3920,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?",
              "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": " For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?",
              "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Francisco Franco" }],
              "question": "What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "European Footballer of the Year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?",
              "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes emerged, such as Lu\u00eds Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera Divisi\u00f3n title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and N\u00fa\u00f1ez resigning in 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?",
              "id": "570ab2226d058f1900183090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year did Barcelona win the Primera Divisi\u00f3n title?",
              "id": "570ab2226d058f1900183091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did van Gaal and N\u00fa\u00f1ez resign from Barcelona?",
              "id": "570ab2226d058f1900183092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Rivaldo" }],
              "question": "Who was the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year?",
              "id": "570ab2226d058f1900183093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "short time" }],
              "question": "How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?",
              "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?",
              "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Primera Divisi\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Barcelona win in 1999?",
              "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Rivaldo" }],
              "question": "Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?",
              "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 4 January 2016, Barcelona's transfer ban ended. The same day, they registered 77 players across all categories and ages, and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team. On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique\u2019s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola\u2019s team in the 2010\u201311 season, with a 1\u20131 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015\u201316 Copa del Rey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?",
              "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Copa del Rey final" }
              ],
              "question": "What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?",
              "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?",
              "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Valencia" }],
              "question": "With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?",
              "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Aleix Vidal" }],
              "question": "Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?",
              "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera divisi\u00f3n league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Bar\u00e7a on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928\u20132015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Bar\u00e7a in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6\u20130 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5\u20130 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2\u20131 win against Bar\u00e7a during the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?",
              "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Espanyol" }],
              "question": "What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?",
              "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?",
              "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Espanyol" }],
              "question": "Which team has the largest margin win?",
              "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?",
              "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera Divisi\u00f3n that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Athletic Bilbao" }],
              "question": "Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?",
              "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "continental treble" }
              ],
              "question": "What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?",
              "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?",
              "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "June 2015" }],
              "question": "When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?",
              "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?",
              "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "What is the  number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?",
              "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?",
              "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "What is the number of FIFA Club World  Cup trophies Barcelona has?",
              "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Inter-Cities Fairs Cup" }
              ],
              "question": "What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?",
              "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao. On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party. He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity. In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic. The tour led to the financial security of the club, but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Josep Sunyol" }],
              "question": "Who was murdered on 6 August, 1936?",
              "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "pro-independence political party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides being club president, what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder?",
              "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "martyr" }],
              "question": "What was Sunyol called after his death?",
              "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Second Spanish Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937?",
              "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "Mexico and France" }],
              "question": "Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937?",
              "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was ten years after the inception of the youth program, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team. One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola. Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a trophies. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point. He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years. Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president N\u00fa\u00f1ez, resulting in his departure. On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, \"Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?",
              "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "Cruyff" }],
              "question": "By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?",
              "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1003, "text": "passing style" }],
              "question": "What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 869, "text": "win any trophies" }],
              "question": "What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back. On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, and Rafael M\u00e1rquez, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andr\u00e9s Iniesta, Xavi and V\u00edctor Vald\u00e9s, led to the club's return to success. Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a in 2004\u201305, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Gaspart" }],
              "question": "Under whose direction was there disappointment?",
              "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Frank Rijkaard" }],
              "question": "After Gaspart, who was manager of team Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "international" }],
              "question": "At this time, what type of players were added to Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "2004\u201305" }],
              "question": "What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana?",
              "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Ronaldinho" }],
              "question": "Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year?",
              "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bar\u00e7a beat Athletic Bilbao 4\u20131 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2\u20136 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008\u201309 season. Bar\u00e7a finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2\u20130 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?",
              "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?",
              "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Manchester United" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?",
              "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Athletic Bilbao" }],
              "question": "Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?",
              "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "sextuple" }],
              "question": "When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?",
              "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at FC Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager. Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points. Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in the League, including two hat-tricks. On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play. Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2\u20131 to them at the beginning of March. They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively. On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Pep Guardiola" }],
              "question": "Who did Vilanova replace as manager?",
              "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?",
              "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Lionel Messi" }],
              "question": "Who was Barcelona's top scorer?",
              "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "11 May 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?",
              "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next month, Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission, made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre, board member Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Court of Arbitration for Sport" }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?",
              "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use  their transfer windows?",
              "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "5 January 2015" }],
              "question": "When was Zubizareta fired by the board?",
              "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "director of football" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Zubizareta have?",
              "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "Football Area Technical Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?",
              "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdcc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to membership, as of 2010[update] there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona. Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016. The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1,335" }],
              "question": "How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?",
              "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "penyes" }],
              "question": "What are the fan clubs called?",
              "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "over 90 million" }],
              "question": "How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?",
              "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Borussia Dortmund" }],
              "question": "What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona? ",
              "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bar\u00e7a's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Bar\u00e7a's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners. The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid. Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarri\u00e0.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Espanyol" }],
              "question": "What team is Barcelona's local rival?",
              "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045bdfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Blanc-i-blaus" }],
              "question": "What club was granted royal patronage?",
              "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045bdff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Spanish football fans" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of group founded Espanyol?",
              "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "multinational nature" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?",
              "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "foreigners" }],
              "question": "Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?",
              "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Crown of Aragon" }],
              "question": "What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?",
              "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "laurel" }],
              "question": "Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?",
              "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When was a competition held to produce a team crest?",
              "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Carles Comamala" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of the crest competition? ",
              "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What flag is on the team crest?",
              "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Bar\u00e7a was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators. After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches. This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950. After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922?",
              "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Camp de Les Corts" }],
              "question": "What did Barcelona build in 1922?",
              "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold?",
              "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold?",
              "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When was the last expansion of Les Corts?",
              "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices. A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the \"undisciplined\" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions. All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain. The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names. These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "16 March 1938" }],
              "question": "When did the Italians bomb Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "\"undisciplined\" Catalanism" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation?",
              "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "regional nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What flag was removed from the club's crest?",
              "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona" }
              ],
              "question": "What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt?",
              "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of \u00a35 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984\u201385 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucure\u015fti during a dramatic evening in Seville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "\u00a35 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona?",
              "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1982" }],
              "question": "When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona?",
              "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Terry Venables" }],
              "question": "Who was hired as manager in 1984?",
              "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "penalties" }],
              "question": "What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville?",
              "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto \"M\u00e9s que un club\" (More than a club). Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.16 billion, and the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac560.8 million. The official Barcelona anthem is the \"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espin\u00e0s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1899" }],
              "question": "When was Barcelona founded?",
              "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d45839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Joan Gamper" }],
              "question": "Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?",
              "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "M\u00e9s que un club" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Barcelona motto?",
              "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "$3.16 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is club Barcelona worth?",
              "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "\"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the Barcelona club song?",
              "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1\u20132 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper \u2014 now known as Joan Gamper \u2014 became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Bar\u00e7a acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy? ",
              "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Copa Macaya" }],
              "question": "What was the first cup Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?",
              "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?",
              "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d45850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "stable income" }],
              "question": "Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?",
              "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d45851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del General\u00edsimo (now the Copa del Rey). The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3\u20130. Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11\u20131. According to football writer Sid Lowe, \"There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11\u20131 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history.\" It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?",
              "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "11\u20131" }],
              "question": "What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "police" }],
              "question": "Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Paco Aguilar" }],
              "question": "What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?",
              "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "nothing" }],
              "question": "What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?",
              "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga. The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players. The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fust\u00e9 and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del General\u00edsimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966. Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1\u20130 in the 1968 Copa del General\u00edsimo final at the Bernab\u00e9u in front of Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the civil war. With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga?",
              "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Copa del General\u00edsimo" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the emergence of Fuste and Rexach, what competition did Barcelona win in 1963?",
              "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Fairs Cup" }],
              "question": "What competition did Barcelona win in 1966?",
              "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Franco" }],
              "question": "Who was present when Barcelona beat Real Madrid in 1968?",
              "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "Futbol Club Barcelona" }
              ],
              "question": "With Franco's dictatorship over, to what did Barcelona change their name ?",
              "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president N\u00fa\u00f1ez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of N\u00fa\u00f1ez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches. At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism. The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for N\u00fa\u00f1ez's presidency. Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Boixos Nois" }],
              "question": "What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?",
              "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "left-wing separatism" }
              ],
              "question": " To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?",
              "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "skinheads" }],
              "question": "What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?",
              "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "N\u00fa\u00f1ez's presidency" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?",
              "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 700, "text": "large-scale arrests" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?",
              "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006\u201307 season without trophies. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form. In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5\u20132, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4\u20130. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional. In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "without trophies" }],
              "question": "How did Barcelona finish the 2006-07 season?",
              "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "US tour" }],
              "question": "What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars?",
              "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team beat Barcelona in La Liga in the 2006-07 season?",
              "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Diego Maradona" }],
              "question": "To whom was Messi's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared?",
              "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1013, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "What team pushed Barcelona out of the Champions League play?",
              "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2\u20130 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc F\u00e0bregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "UEFA Super Cup" }],
              "question": "What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?",
              "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Porto" }],
              "question": "Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?",
              "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "74" }],
              "question": " How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?",
              "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?",
              "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Josep Guardiola" }],
              "question": "Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18. A statement on FIFA's website read \"With regard to the case in question, FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art. 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players, including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations. The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods, together with a fine of CHF 450,000. Additionally, the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned.\" FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2014" }],
              "question": "When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players?",
              "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "footballers aged under 18" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the FIFA  charge that Barcelona violated?",
              "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "CHF 450,000" }],
              "question": "What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?",
              "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling?",
              "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 990, "text": "sign players" }],
              "question": "What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway?",
              "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015\u201316 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5\u20134 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup. They ended the year with a 3\u20130 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Su\u00e1rez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament. The FIFA Club World Cup was Barcelona's 20th international title, a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly SC. By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions, Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, breaking Real Madrid's record of 178 goals scored in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Sevilla FC" }],
              "question": "Who did Barcelona beat to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup?",
              "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "River Plate" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final?",
              "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Al Ahly SC" }],
              "question": "What was the only team to match Barcelona's record of trophy wins by 2015?",
              "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "180" }],
              "question": "How many goals did Barcelona score to break the record for most goals in a year?",
              "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year?",
              "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2005\u201306 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes. The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium in a 3\u20130 win over Real Madrid. It was Frank Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernab\u00e9u, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice. Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation. In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final. Trailing 1\u20130 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2\u20131, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06?",
              "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "3\u20130" }],
              "question": "What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium?",
              "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "second victory" }],
              "question": "How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium?",
              "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "standing ovation" }],
              "question": "What recognition did Ronaldinho's second goal receive at Bernabeu?",
              "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Arsenal" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy?",
              "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923\u20131930) and especially of Francisco Franco (1939\u20131975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned. Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Bar\u00e7a became 'More than a club' (M\u00e9s que un club) for the Catalans. According to Manuel V\u00e1zquez Montalb\u00e1n, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Bar\u00e7a. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement, and allowed them to express their dissidence. During Franco's regime, however, the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "dictatorships" }],
              "question": "What caused the suppression of regional cultures?",
              "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Spanish (Castilian)" }
              ],
              "question": "Of the languages of the are, what was the only approved language?",
              "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "joining Bar\u00e7a" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Catalans show their identity during the dictatorships?",
              "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "blaugrana" }],
              "question": "What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship?",
              "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "'More than a club'" }
              ],
              "question": "What motto of the team Barcelona appealed to the Catalans?",
              "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45985"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61.35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes. Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for \u20ac40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for \u20ac19 million. In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival, Real Madrid 5\u20130 in El Cl\u00e1sico. In the 2010\u201311 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points. In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1\u20130 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla in Valencia. In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3\u20131 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup. In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc F\u00e0bregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Sandro Rosell" }],
              "question": "Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?",
              "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "61.35%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get?",
              "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "57,088" }],
              "question": "What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?",
              "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "\u20ac40 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Barcelona pay to sign  David Villa?",
              "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d459a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010?",
              "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d459a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue. Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists. Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives. In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When did Espanyol  offer a counter-petition against autonomy?",
              "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Falangists" }],
              "question": "Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join?",
              "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "derbi" }],
              "question": "What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?",
              "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "From what language did Espanyol translate their name?",
              "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "less political" }],
              "question": "How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona  changed?",
              "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) and international club competitions (90 goals), and the record league scorer with 305 goals in La Liga. Four players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona: Lionel Messi (305), C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez (192), L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "474" }],
              "question": "What is Lionel Messi's goal total in all competitions?",
              "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals?",
              "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "445" }],
              "question": "What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?",
              "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "305" }],
              "question": "How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions?",
              "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess?",
              "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barcelona won the treble in the 2014\u20132015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3\u20131 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Su\u00e1rez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team has won the treble competitions  twice?",
              "id": "570c774db3d812140066d1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "La Liga" }],
              "question": "What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?",
              "id": "570c774db3d812140066d200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Atl\u00e9tico Madrid" }
              ],
              "question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?",
              "id": "570c774db3d812140066d201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "MSN" }],
              "question": "What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?",
              "id": "570c774db3d812140066d202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "122" }],
              "question": "How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?",
              "id": "570c774db3d812140066d203"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the 2011\u20132012 season, Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement had the club donate \u20ac1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation. The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company. In 2004, a company could become one of 25 \"Honorary members\" by contributing between \u00a340,000\u201360,000 (\u00a354,800\u201382,300) per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of \u00a314,000 (\u00a319,200) and an unlimited number of \"patronages\" for the cost of \u00a34,000 per year (\u00a35,500). It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is \"unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "UNICEF" }],
              "question": "What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? ",
              "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "\u20ac1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?",
              "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "UN International Aid Target" }
              ],
              "question": "What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?",
              "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Jaime Gil-Aluja" }],
              "question": "Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?",
              "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 632, "text": "financial sponsorships" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? ",
              "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Cl\u00e1sico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "El Cl\u00e1sico" }],
              "question": "What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?",
              "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "rival regions" }],
              "question": "What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Catalonia and Castile" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?",
              "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "political and cultural" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?",
              "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "two cities" }],
              "question": "Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernab\u00e9u. In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline. It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "meet UEFA criteria" }],
              "question": "Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980?",
              "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "inscribe their name" }
              ],
              "question": "What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign?",
              "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "popular" }],
              "question": "How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea?",
              "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u" }
              ],
              "question": "What name inscription was a center of controversy?",
              "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "99,354" }],
              "question": "What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium?",
              "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Bar\u00e7a's revolutionary spirit. Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "compliance" }],
              "question": "How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Catalonia's new arrivals" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of supporters did Barcelona  attract?",
              "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "close to the regime" }
              ],
              "question": "From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?",
              "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1960s and 1970s" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?",
              "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "revolutionary" }],
              "question": "What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?",
              "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d214"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900. Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt. The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team. Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic. In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel. The club's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange. An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Hispania" }],
              "question": "When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?",
              "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "flag of Catalonia" }],
              "question": "What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?",
              "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "yellow and orange" }],
              "question": "What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?",
              "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Joan Gamper" }],
              "question": "From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?",
              "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts. Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games. The club began to make plans for a new stadium. The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Bar\u00e7a fans. The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "196" }],
              "question": "How many goals did Laszlo Kubala score in 256 matches?",
              "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "La Liga" }],
              "question": "What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949?",
              "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "June 1950" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona sign Kubala?",
              "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium?",
              "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d22a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who blessed the first stone of the new stadium?",
              "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d22b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world, and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards (11), as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards (7). In 2010, the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy (Messi, Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?",
              "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?",
              "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?",
              "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?",
              "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "youth academy" }],
              "question": "Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the new stadium, Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup, which, at the time, consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region. The contest was the most prestigious in that era. From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913, Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times. Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion, managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell. The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917. The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona, which local rivals Espanyol won.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?",
              "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Marca Hispanica" }],
              "question": "From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?",
              "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?",
              "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Jack Greenwell" }],
              "question": "Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?",
              "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?",
              "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as N\u00fa\u00f1ez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Maradona, Rom\u00e1rio and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club?",
              "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "members of Barcelona" }
              ],
              "question": "What group elects the club president?",
              "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "22 years" }],
              "question": "How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "wages and discipline" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nunez known to be strict about?",
              "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d235"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The departures of N\u00fa\u00f1ez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Lu\u00eds Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception. Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd. The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Lloren\u00e7 Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first-round Champions League exit, and was eventually dismissed late in the season. Long-serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season. Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager. What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003. This led to van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Anti\u0107, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage. At the end of the season, Anti\u0107's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Real Madrid" }],
              "question": "What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?",
              "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "hostile" }],
              "question": "What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "decline" }],
              "question": "After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?",
              "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1415, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?",
              "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1689, "text": "Joan Gaspart" }],
              "question": "After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?",
              "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two days later, it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach, after he agreed to a two-year deal. He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta, his former national teammate. Following Enrique's arrival, Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between \u20ac81 to \u20ac94 million for striker Luis Su\u00e1rez, who was serving a four-month ban from all football-related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Luis Enrique" }],
              "question": "Who returned to Barcelona as head coach?",
              "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "two-year" }],
              "question": "How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run?",
              "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "between \u20ac81 to \u20ac94 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Barcelona pay for Luis Saurez?",
              "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "ban from all football" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Saurez not playing for four months?",
              "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "FIFA Disciplinary Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player?",
              "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nickname cul\u00e9 for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Ind\u00fastria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Bar\u00e7a sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club. The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003\u201304 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "cul\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?",
              "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?",
              "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "32%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "What was the club membership in 2003-04?",
              "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "170,000" }],
              "question": "What did the club membership grow to by 2009?",
              "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di St\u00e9fano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup, with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee. In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the \"Match of The Century\" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Alfredo di St\u00e9fano" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid?",
              "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona meet Real Madrid twice in Europe?",
              "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Match of The Century" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002?",
              "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "500 million" }],
              "question": "How many people watched the Match of the Century?",
              "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Madrid" }],
              "question": "Which team won the 2002 match between Real Madrid and Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d249"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "\u20ac752 million" }],
              "question": "What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010?",
              "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona?",
              "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Manchester United" }],
              "question": "Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal,what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking?",
              "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "\u20ac366 million" }],
              "question": "What was Barcelona's revenue in 2010?",
              "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where  in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are?",
              "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In the 2014\u201315 season, Barcelona won another historic treble, making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?",
              "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "single year" }],
              "question": "In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?",
              "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What European football team has won the treble twice?",
              "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "2014\u201315" }],
              "question": "During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?",
              "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team has played continental football every season since 1955?",
              "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a1b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Everton_F.C.",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League?",
              "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton?",
              "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Mike Walker" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton's manager?",
              "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "2\u20130" }],
              "question": "What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle?",
              "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club?",
              "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Tower has been inextricably linked with the Everton area since its construction in 1787. It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals, and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road. The tower was accompanied by two laurel wreaths on either side and, according to the College of Arms in London, Kelly chose to include the laurels as they were the sign of winners. The crest was accompanied by the club motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum\", meaning \"Nothing but the best is good enough\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When was the Tower constructed?",
              "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "bridewell" }],
              "question": "For what purpose was the Tower first used?",
              "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Netherfield" }],
              "question": "On what road is the Tower located on?",
              "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Everton club motto?",
              "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "Nothing but the best is good enough"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Everton club motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,\" mean in English?",
              "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named \"Johnny Todd\", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ran out to different songs. In August 1994, the club played 2 Unlimited's song \"Get Ready For This\", and a month later, a reworking of the Creedence Clearwater Revival classic \"Bad Moon Rising\". Both were met with complete disapproval by Everton fans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Johnny Todd" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays?",
              "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "Where did \"Johnny Todd\"--the theme song for Everton matchdays--originate?",
              "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than \"Johnny Todd\"?",
              "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "disapproval" }],
              "question": "What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?",
              "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Get Ready For This" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?",
              "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England's top tier (Division One/Premier League), at 111 seasons out of 114 as of 2014\u201315 (the club played in Division 2 in 1930\u201331 and from 1951\u201354). They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 \u2013 the others being Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight, as of the 2012\u201313 season the two founder members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "111" }],
              "question": "How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?",
              "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception?",
              "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When was the Premier League established?",
              "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Everton against Aston Villa" }
              ],
              "question": "What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League?",
              "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "196" }],
              "question": "How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa?",
              "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When was the Everton club founded?",
              "id": "570a81684103511400d597aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Everton experience a revival?",
              "id": "570a81684103511400d597ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was Everton's most recent trophy awarded?",
              "id": "570a81684103511400d597ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?",
              "id": "570a81684103511400d597ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Evertonians" }],
              "question": "What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?",
              "id": "570a81684103511400d597ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton were relegated to the Second Division two years later during internal turmoil at the club. However, the club was promoted at the first attempt scoring a record number of goals in the second division. On return to the top flight in 1931\u201332, Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth League title at the first opportunity. Everton also won their second FA Cup in 1933 with a 3\u20130 win against Manchester City in the final. The era ended in 1938\u201339 with a fifth League title.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1931\u201332" }],
              "question": "In what season did Everton win their fourth League title?",
              "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup?",
              "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "3\u20130" }],
              "question": "What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?",
              "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "1938\u201339" }],
              "question": "In what season did Everton win its fifth League title?",
              "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough, with Everton in real danger of relegation. David Moyes, was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place. In 2002\u201303 Everton finished seventh, their highest finish since 1996. A fourth-place finish in 2004\u201305, ensured Everton qualified for the Champions League qualifying round. The team failed to make it through to the Champions League group stage and were then eliminated from the UEFA Cup. Everton qualified for the 2007\u201308 and 2008\u201309 UEFA Cup competitions and they were runners-up in the 2009 FA Cup Final.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did the Everton club board fire Smith?",
              "id": "570a82684103511400d597be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "David Moyes" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?",
              "id": "570a82684103511400d597bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "seventh" }],
              "question": "In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?",
              "id": "570a82684103511400d597c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "runners-up" }],
              "question": "Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?",
              "id": "570a82684103511400d597c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2013, the club launched a new crest to improve the reproducibility of the design in print and broadcast media, particularly on a small scale. Critics[who?] suggested that it was external pressure from sports manufacturers Nike, Inc. that evoked the redesign as the number of colours has been reduced and the radial effect have been removed, making the kit more cost efficient to reproduce.[citation needed] The redesign was poorly received by supporters, with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91% negative response to the crest. A protest petition reached over 22,000 signatures before the club offered an apology and announced a new crest would be created for the 2014\u201315 season with an emphasis on fan consultation. Shortly afterwards, the Head of Marketing left the club.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Everton FC launch their new crest?",
              "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Nike" }],
              "question": "What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?",
              "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "poorly" }],
              "question": "How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?",
              "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "91" }],
              "question": "What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?",
              "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "over 22,000" }],
              "question": "How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?",
              "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, \"Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd\". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Stanley" }],
              "question": "In which park did Everton FC originally play?",
              "id": "570a83984103511400d597da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Stanley Park" }],
              "question": "Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?",
              "id": "570a83984103511400d597db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "J. Cruitt" }],
              "question": "Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?",
              "id": "570a83984103511400d597dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "John Houlding" }],
              "question": "Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?",
              "id": "570a83984103511400d597dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "Anfield" }],
              "question": "Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?",
              "id": "570a83984103511400d597de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been indications since 1996 that Everton will move to a new stadium. The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built, but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King's Dock regeneration. This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the \u00a330 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project, with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003. Late in 2004, driven by Liverpool Council and the Northwest Development Corporation, the club entered talks with Liverpool F.C. about sharing a proposed stadium on Stanley Park. Negotiations broke down as Everton failed to raise 50% of the costs. On 11 January 2005, Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility, proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "55,000" }],
              "question": "How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?",
              "id": "570a84444103511400d597ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "\u00a330 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?",
              "id": "570a84444103511400d597ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?",
              "id": "570a84444103511400d597f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?",
              "id": "570a84444103511400d597f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?",
              "id": "570a84444103511400d597f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton have a large fanbase, with the eighth highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008\u201309 season. The majority of Everton's matchday support comes from the North West of England, primarily Merseyside, Cheshire, West Lancashire and parts of Western Greater Manchester along with many fans who travel from North Wales and Ireland. Within the city of Liverpool support for Everton and city rivals Liverpool is not determined by geographical basis with supporters mixed across the city. However Everton's support heartland is traditionally based in the North West of the city and in the southern parts of Sefton. Everton also have many supporters' clubs worldwide, in places such as North America, Singapore, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Thailand, and Australia. The official supporters club is FOREVERTON, and there are also several fanzines including When Skies are Grey and Speke from the Harbour, which are sold around Goodison Park on match days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season?",
              "id": "570a84d84103511400d597f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "North West of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the majority of Everton's matchday support hail from?",
              "id": "570a84d84103511400d597f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "FOREVERTON" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Everton's official supporters club?",
              "id": "570a84d84103511400d597fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "Goodison Park" }],
              "question": "Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days?",
              "id": "570a84d84103511400d597fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Roberto Mart\u00ednez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?",
              "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?",
              "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Harry Catterick" }],
              "question": "Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?",
              "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "1961\u201373" }],
              "question": "When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?",
              "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Howard Kendall" }],
              "question": "Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?",
              "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962\u201363, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3\u20132 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley. Two seasons later in 1969\u201370, Everton won the League championship, nine points clear of nearest rivals Leeds United. During this period, Everton were the first English club to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions\u2014seasons 1961\u201362 to 1966\u201367.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?",
              "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Harry Catterick" }],
              "question": "Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?",
              "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?",
              "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Wembley" }],
              "question": "In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?",
              "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, finding a split of 59% to 41% in favour. Opponents to the plan included other local councils concerned by the effect of a large Tesco store being built as part of the development, and a group of fans demanding that Everton should remain within the city boundaries of Liverpool.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of?",
              "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?",
              "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Knowsley Council and Tesco" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?",
              "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?",
              "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton regularly take large numbers away from home both domestically and in European fixtures. The club implements a loyalty points scheme offering the first opportunity to purchase away tickets to season ticket holders who have attended the most away matches. Everton often sell out the full allocation in away grounds and tickets sell particularly well for North West England away matches. In October 2009, Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica, their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009?",
              "id": "570a88d14103511400d59822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "loyalty points" }],
              "question": "How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets?",
              "id": "570a88d14103511400d59823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game?",
              "id": "570a88d14103511400d59824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "Aside from 2009, in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game?",
              "id": "570a88d14103511400d59825"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of \u00a328.1 million, with a turnover of \u00a3120.5 million and a profit of \u00a328.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of \u00a330 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the board of directors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?",
              "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Basic Award Fund" }],
              "question": "What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?",
              "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "competing in the Premier League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\" for?",
              "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "\u00a330 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?",
              "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "25 years" }],
              "question": "How long does Everton FC have to pay back \u00a330 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential? ",
              "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the \"friendly derby\" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park. Recently on the field, matches tend to be extremely stormy affairs; the derby has had more red cards than any other fixture in Premiership history. The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield, which was then Everton's home ground, resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park, and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C., in 1892.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?",
              "id": "570a8c064103511400d5983e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Merseyside" }],
              "question": "What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool?",
              "id": "570a8c064103511400d5983f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established?",
              "id": "570a8c064103511400d59840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Goodison Park" }],
              "question": "Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool?",
              "id": "570a8c064103511400d59841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the \"friendly derby\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The Merseyside derby is also known as?",
              "id": "570a8c064103511400d59842"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances, having played 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997, and previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season (15). During the 2008\u201309 season, this record was beaten by American goalkeeper Tim Howard (17). The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes second, having played 534 times. The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953, both sides of the Second World War, making a total of 495 appearances. The club's top goalscorer, with 383 goals in all competitions, is Dixie Dean; the second-highest goalscorer is Graeme Sharp with 159. Dean still holds the English national record of most goals in a season, with 60.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Neville Southall" }],
              "question": "What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?",
              "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Tim Howard" }],
              "question": "Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?",
              "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Brian Labone" }],
              "question": "Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?",
              "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Ted Sagar" }],
              "question": "Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?",
              "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?",
              "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The record attendance for an Everton home match is 78,299 against Liverpool on 18 September 1948. Amazingly, there was only 1 injury at this game-Tom Fleetwood was hit on the head by a coin thrown from the crowd whilst he marched around the perimeter with St Edward's Orphanage Band, playing the cornet. Goodison Park, like all major English football grounds since the recommendations of the Taylor Report were implemented, is now an all-seater and only holds just under 40,000, meaning it is unlikely that this attendance record will ever be broken at Goodison. Everton's record transfer paid was to Chelsea for Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku for a sum of \u00a328m. Everton bought the player after he played the previous year with the team on loan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "78,299" }],
              "question": "How many fans were in attendance during Everton's match against Liverpool on September 18, 1948?",
              "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?",
              "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Tom Fleetwood" }],
              "question": "Who was injured during Everton's record attendance match against Liverpool in 1948?",
              "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "under 40,000" }],
              "question": "How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold?",
              "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "\u00a328m" }],
              "question": "How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku?",
              "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010\u201311 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Tigers" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?",
              "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "British Basketball League" }
              ],
              "question": "In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?",
              "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Everton Tigers team launched?",
              "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Greenbank Sports Academy" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?",
              "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?",
              "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182fa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton also have links with Chilean team Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar who were named after the English club. On 4 August 2010, the two Evertons played each other in a friendly named the Copa Hermandad at Goodison Park to mark the centenary of the Chilean team, an occasion organised by The Ruleteros Society, a society founded to promote connections between the two clubs. Other Evertons exist in Rosario in Colonia Department, Uruguay, La Plata, and R\u00edo Cuarto in Argentina, Elk Grove, California in the United States, and in Cork, Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC?",
              "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did the two Everton Football Clubs (English and Chilean) face off against one another?",
              "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "The Ruleteros Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010?",
              "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Elk Grove" }],
              "question": "What US city also has an Everton football team?",
              "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. \"The Boys in Blue\", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when \"Here We Go\" peaked at 14. In 1986 the club released \"Everybody's Cheering The Blues\" which reached number 83. \"All Together Now\", a reworking of a song by Merseyside band The Farm, was released for the 1995 FA Cup Final and reached number 27. When the club next reached the 2009 FA Cup Final, the tradition had passed into history and no song was released.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song \"The Boys in Blue\"?",
              "id": "570a90494103511400d59852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What position did the song \"Here We Go\" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?",
              "id": "570a90494103511400d59853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "Everybody's Cheering The Blues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?",
              "id": "570a90494103511400d59854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "The Farm" }],
              "question": "Who originally sang the song \"All Together Now\" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?",
              "id": "570a90494103511400d59855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?",
              "id": "570a90494103511400d59856"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Dave Watson" }],
              "question": "Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?",
              "id": "570a91194103511400d5985c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?",
              "id": "570a91194103511400d5985d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Walter Smith" }],
              "question": "Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?",
              "id": "570a91194103511400d5985e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?",
              "id": "570a91194103511400d5985f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "seventeenth" }],
              "question": "What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?",
              "id": "570a91194103511400d59860"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed \"The Black Watch\", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname \"The Blues\". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team \"scientific\" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname \"The School of Science\". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as \"The Dogs of War\". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as \"The People's Club\", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "What year did the Everton Football Club \"go blue\"?",
              "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "scientific" }],
              "question": "How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?",
              "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "The People's Club" }],
              "question": "What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?",
              "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "The Black Watch" }],
              "question": "What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?",
              "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "The Dogs of War" }],
              "question": "What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?",
              "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fbc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Old_English",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Old English" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the English language's earliest form?",
              "id": "570a82334103511400d597b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "southern and eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?",
              "id": "570a82334103511400d597b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "the early Middle Ages" }
              ],
              "question": "in what historical period was Old English spoken?",
              "id": "570a82334103511400d597b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Anglo-Saxon settlers" }
              ],
              "question": "What people brought Old English to Britain?",
              "id": "570a82334103511400d597b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Middle English" }],
              "question": "What language developed from Old English?",
              "id": "570a82334103511400d597b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian. In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames; and the smallest, Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames, a small corner of England. The Kentish region, settled by the Jutes from Jutland, has the scantiest literary remains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Kentish" }],
              "question": "Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?",
              "id": "570a82934103511400d597c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Anglian" }],
              "question": "What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?",
              "id": "570a82934103511400d597c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Humber" }],
              "question": "Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?",
              "id": "570a82934103511400d597c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Humber" }],
              "question": "What river was the Mercian region south of?",
              "id": "570a82934103511400d597c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Kentish" }],
              "question": "Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?",
              "id": "570a82934103511400d597ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From what language did Old English borrow some words?",
              "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Irish Christian missionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?",
              "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Old French" }],
              "question": "After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?",
              "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "runic system" }],
              "question": "Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?",
              "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "1066" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?",
              "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne (\"sun\"), m\u014dna (\"moon\") and w\u012bf (\"woman/wife\") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with these nouns: s\u0113o sunne (\"the sun\"), se m\u014dna (\"the moon\"), \u00fe\u00e6t w\u012bf (\"the woman/wife\"). Pronoun usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when those conflicted (as in the case of w\u012bf, a neuter noun referring to a female person).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "grammatical" }],
              "question": "What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?",
              "id": "570a83576d058f1900182efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "natural" }],
              "question": "What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?",
              "id": "570a83576d058f1900182eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "sunne" }],
              "question": "What was a feminine word in Old English?",
              "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "neuter" }],
              "question": "What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?",
              "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "m\u014dna" }],
              "question": "What was a masculine word in Old English?",
              "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters \u27e8j\u27e9 and \u27e8w\u27e9, and there was no \u27e8v\u27e9 as distinct from \u27e8u\u27e9; moreover native Old English spellings did not use \u27e8k\u27e9, \u27e8q\u27e9 or \u27e8z\u27e9. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: \u27e8\u00e6\u27e9 (\u00e6sc, modern ash) and \u27e8\u00f0\u27e9 (\u00f0\u00e6t, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn \u27e8\u00fe\u27e9 and wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note \u27e8\u204a\u27e9 (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun \u00fe\u00e6t. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "u" }],
              "question": "When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?",
              "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "q" }],
              "question": "Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?",
              "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "thorn" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the letter \u00fe?",
              "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "\u01bf" }],
              "question": "What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?",
              "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "wynn" }],
              "question": "What was the term for the letter \u01bf?",
              "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Beowulf" }],
              "question": "What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?",
              "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "About how many lines was Beowulf?",
              "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Scyld" }],
              "question": "Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?",
              "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "a noble family" }],
              "question": "Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?",
              "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "West Germanic" }],
              "question": "To what language group does Old English belong?",
              "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Old Frisian" }],
              "question": "Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?",
              "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "To what modern language is Old English similar?",
              "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?",
              "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific \u00c6lfric of Eynsham (\"the Grammarian\"). This form of the language is known as the \"Winchester standard\", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the \"classical\" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "\u00c6lfric of Eynsham" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was known by the nickname \"the Grammarian\"?",
              "id": "570a85944103511400d59800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?",
              "id": "570a85944103511400d59801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Winchester standard arise?",
              "id": "570a85944103511400d59802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Late West Saxon" }],
              "question": "What is another term for the Winchester standard?",
              "id": "570a85944103511400d59803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "the Norman Conquest" }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?",
              "id": "570a85944103511400d59804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "For about how many years was Old English used?",
              "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what century was Old English first used?",
              "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Old English cease to be used?",
              "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "450 to 1150" }],
              "question": "According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?",
              "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "85" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?",
              "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Mercian" }],
              "question": "From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?",
              "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Northumbrian" }],
              "question": "From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?",
              "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Viking invasions" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?",
              "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "Somerset" }],
              "question": "What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?",
              "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like \"hence\" and \"together\"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most \u201cimportant to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.\u201d This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in \u201csimplifying English grammar.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Danish" }],
              "question": "What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?",
              "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Old Norse" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?",
              "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "inflectional" }],
              "question": "Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?",
              "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "morphological diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?",
              "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "accusative" }],
              "question": "Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?",
              "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "-es" }],
              "question": "The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?",
              "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "their case" }],
              "question": "In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?",
              "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: \u201cNo less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Old Norse" }],
              "question": "What language had the greatest influence on English?",
              "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the Danelaw" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?",
              "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Simeon Potter" }],
              "question": "Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?",
              "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "word-endings" }],
              "question": "What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?",
              "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "past" }],
              "question": "Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?",
              "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "indicative, subjunctive and imperative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?",
              "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?",
              "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "-de" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?",
              "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "altering the root vowel" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?",
              "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "West Germanic" }],
              "question": "What language family does Old English belong to?",
              "id": "570a89404103511400d5982a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "North Sea Germanic" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Ingvaeonic?",
              "id": "570a89404103511400d5982b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Old English first develop?",
              "id": "570a89404103511400d5982c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Northumbria" }],
              "question": "What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?",
              "id": "570a89404103511400d5982d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "Medieval Cornish" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken in Cornwall?",
              "id": "570a89404103511400d5982e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an inscribed early whalebone artefact; and C\u00e6dmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and C\u00e6dmon. C\u00e6dmon, the earliest English poet we know by name, served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important Old English historical record?",
              "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "C\u00e6dmon's Hymn" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important Old English religious poem?",
              "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "an epic poem" }],
              "question": "What type of literary work is Beowulf?",
              "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "C\u00e6dmon" }],
              "question": "Who is the earliest English poet known by name?",
              "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "Whitby" }],
              "question": "Where did C\u00e6dmon live?",
              "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182faa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain: Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by Roman invasion. Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "North Sea Germanic" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?",
              "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Celtic" }],
              "question": "What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?",
              "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Roman invasion" }],
              "question": "How was the Latin language brought to Britain?",
              "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?",
              "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Jutes" }],
              "question": "Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?",
              "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Pastoral Care" }],
              "question": "What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?",
              "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "West Saxon" }],
              "question": "What dialect did Alfred's government use?",
              "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?",
              "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "871" }],
              "question": "When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?",
              "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Alfred the Great" }],
              "question": "What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?",
              "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Mercia" }],
              "question": "Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?",
              "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Kent" }],
              "question": "Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?",
              "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Early West Saxon" }],
              "question": "What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?",
              "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?",
              "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Tyne" }],
              "question": "North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?",
              "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century, and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century. Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "During what century did Cnut rule?",
              "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Danish" }],
              "question": "What was Cnut's nationality?",
              "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?",
              "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Old Norse" }],
              "question": "What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?",
              "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?",
              "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including \u27e8g\u27e9 in place of the insular G, \u27e8s\u27e9 for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably \u27e8e\u27e9, \u27e8f\u27e9 and \u27e8r\u27e9. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal \u27e8c\u27e9 and \u27e8g\u27e9 by placing dots above the palatals: \u27e8\u010b\u27e9, \u27e8\u0121\u27e9. The letter wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9 is usually replaced with \u27e8w\u27e9, but \u00e6sc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "palatal" }],
              "question": "What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?",
              "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "w" }],
              "question": "What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?",
              "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "g" }],
              "question": "What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?",
              "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "s" }],
              "question": "What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?",
              "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "thorn" }],
              "question": "When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?",
              "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59888"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other historical languages, Old English has been used by scholars and enthusiasts of later periods to create texts either imitating Anglo-Saxon literature or deliberately transferring it to a different cultural context. Examples include Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien. A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English. By far the most ambitious project[peacock term] is the Old English Wikipedia, but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Neo-Paganism" }],
              "question": "What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?",
              "id": "570a9c454103511400d59898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "Historical re-enactment" }
              ],
              "question": "What hobby champions the use of Old English?",
              "id": "570a9c454103511400d59899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Alistair Campbell" }],
              "question": "Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?",
              "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 483, "text": "the Old English Wikipedia" }
              ],
              "question": "What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?",
              "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Neo-Old English" }],
              "question": "What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?",
              "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Aircraft_carrier",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "fleet carrier" }],
              "question": "What type of carrier is the largest?",
              "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "offensive" }],
              "question": "What capability does a fleet carrier offer?",
              "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "to provide defense for convoys of ships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose were excort carriers developed for?",
              "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "mercantile hulls" }],
              "question": "What were most escort carriers built from?",
              "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "heavy aviation cruisers" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?",
              "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more \"militarized\" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Escort" }],
              "question": "What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?",
              "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900182ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?",
              "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900182fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "speed" }],
              "question": "What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?",
              "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 913, "text": "3 years" }],
              "question": "What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?",
              "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 938, "text": "Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?",
              "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "2016" }],
              "question": "When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?",
              "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "2023" }],
              "question": "What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?",
              "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Russian newspaper" }],
              "question": "What was Izvestiya?",
              "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Murmansk" }],
              "question": "Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?",
              "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Vladivostok" }],
              "question": "Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?",
              "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As \"runways at sea\", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier \u2013 for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "aircraft carriers" }],
              "question": "What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?",
              "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "flat-top flight deck" }
              ],
              "question": "What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?",
              "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "The flight deck" }],
              "question": "Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?",
              "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?",
              "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "accelerate more quickly to gain lift"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?",
              "id": "570aa9236d058f190018302a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two \"waist\" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "early 1950s" }],
              "question": "When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?",
              "id": "570aacc26d058f1900183068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "hitting aircraft parked forward"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?",
              "id": "570aacc26d058f1900183069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "one or two" }],
              "question": "How many \"waist\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?",
              "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?",
              "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "An angled deck" }],
              "question": "What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?",
              "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "the forward end of the flight deck"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?",
              "id": "570aae5d4103511400d5991e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "take off at far higher weights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??",
              "id": "570aae5d4103511400d5991f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "the Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?",
              "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?",
              "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 823,
                  "text": "either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?",
              "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "full-length" }],
              "question": "What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?",
              "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?",
              "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "An aircraft carrier" }],
              "question": "Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?",
              "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "nuclear-powered warships" }
              ],
              "question": "What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?",
              "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "project air power worldwide without depending on local bases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?",
              "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59935"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at T\u00f8nder and destroyed two zeppelins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?",
              "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?",
              "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?",
              "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 828, "text": "the Tondern Raid in July 1918" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?",
              "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "the world's first successful ship-launched air raid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?",
              "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as \"commando carriers\" or \"helicopter carriers\", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "the battleship" }],
              "question": "Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?",
              "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?",
              "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Supercarriers" }],
              "question": "What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?",
              "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Amphibious assault ships" }
              ],
              "question": "Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?",
              "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "helicopters" }],
              "question": "What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?",
              "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it \"has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are \"STOVL capable\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Royal Australian Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?",
              "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "the largest in Australian naval history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?",
              "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?",
              "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?",
              "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "multiple helicopters at one time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?",
              "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59968"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?",
              "id": "570aba3b4103511400d5996e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?",
              "id": "570aba3b4103511400d5996f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?",
              "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "70,600" }],
              "question": "How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?",
              "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 840,
                  "text": "the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?",
              "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59972"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?",
              "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "heavy aircraft" }],
              "question": "What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?",
              "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CATOBAR allow for?",
              "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "it is cheaper to operate" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is STOVL used by other navies?",
              "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to \"bolt\" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?",
              "id": "570abe786d058f19001830c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "to recover their aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?",
              "id": "570abe786d058f19001830c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?",
              "id": "570abe786d058f19001830ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "bolt" }],
              "question": "What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?",
              "id": "570abe786d058f19001830cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "crashing into aircraft on the forward deck"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can a \"bolt\" prevent an aircraft from doing?",
              "id": "570abe786d058f19001830cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the shooters, the handler, and the air boss"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?",
              "id": "570abf994103511400d59978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "launching aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What are shooters responsible for?",
              "id": "570abf994103511400d59979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the handler responsible for?",
              "id": "570abf994103511400d5997a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 745, "text": "on the Navigation Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?",
              "id": "570abf994103511400d5997b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 817,
                  "text": "the embarked admiral and his staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?",
              "id": "570abf994103511400d5997c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?",
              "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "heavily laden aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?",
              "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "a catapult or JATO rocket" }
              ],
              "question": "What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?",
              "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 670,
                  "text": "would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?",
              "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "with a minimal armament and fuel load"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?",
              "id": "570ac16f4103511400d59990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "on the pretext of use as a floating casino"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?",
              "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "a training ship" }],
              "question": "What is Liaoning classifed as?",
              "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "carrier usage" }],
              "question": "What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?",
              "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 884, "text": "it is a training ship" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?",
              "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?",
              "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?",
              "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "four gas-turbine engines" }
              ],
              "question": "What will power the Indian-made ship?",
              "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "8,000 nautical miles" }
              ],
              "question": "What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?",
              "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Cochin Shipyard" }],
              "question": "Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?",
              "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "August 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Indian-made ship launched?",
              "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "to deploy balloons" }
              ],
              "question": "What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "thirty-seven" }],
              "question": "As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?",
              "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "supercarriers" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?",
              "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "up to 90" }],
              "question": "How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?",
              "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "The United States Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the largest carriers in the world?",
              "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no single definition of an \"aircraft carrier\", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that \"To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "There is no single definition" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of an \"aircraft carrier\"?",
              "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How may aircraft carriers be classified?",
              "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "former head of the Royal Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?",
              "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said, \"countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers\"?",
              "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The aircraft carrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?",
              "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?",
              "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "They had higher range and precision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?",
              "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?",
              "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1190,
                  "text": "the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?",
              "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as H\u014dsh\u014d (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and B\u00e9arn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "flattop vessels" }],
              "question": "What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?",
              "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "HMS Argus" }],
              "question": "What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?",
              "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "the construction of new heavy surface combat ships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?",
              "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Washington Naval Treaty of 1922"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?",
              "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Lexington-class" }],
              "question": "What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?",
              "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does EMALS stand for?",
              "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "General Atomics" }],
              "question": "Who developed EMALS?",
              "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1014,
                  "text": "varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do EMALS enable the launching of?",
              "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 906, "text": "Indian Navy officers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?",
              "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1107, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?",
              "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "Japan's largest military ship since World War II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?",
              "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?",
              "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "820-foot-long (250 m)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is Japan's largest military ship?",
              "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?",
              "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "19,500-ton" }],
              "question": "How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?",
              "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12\u201314.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?",
              "id": "570af1386b8089140040f626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?",
              "id": "570af1386b8089140040f627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "2016" }],
              "question": "When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?",
              "id": "570af1386b8089140040f628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "100,000 ton" }],
              "question": "How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?",
              "id": "570af1386b8089140040f629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "45,000 ton" }],
              "question": "How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?",
              "id": "570af1386b8089140040f62a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "VTOL-capable or helicopters" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?",
              "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "the launch area" }],
              "question": "What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?",
              "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does V/STOL refer to?",
              "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "hover" }],
              "question": "What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?",
              "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "arresting gear" }],
              "question": "What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?",
              "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiry\u016b had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "an island" }],
              "question": "What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?",
              "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The superstructure of a carrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What is concentrated in the small area called an island?",
              "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "starboard" }],
              "question": "Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?",
              "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "management of the exhaust from the power plant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?",
              "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Fumes coming across the deck" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major issue in the USS Langley?",
              "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super \u00c9tendard, Dassault Rafale M and E\u20112C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13\u20113 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Charles de Gaulle" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?",
              "id": "570affb86b8089140040f694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "the French Navy" }],
              "question": "What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?",
              "id": "570affb86b8089140040f695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Aster" }],
              "question": "What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?",
              "id": "570affb86b8089140040f696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Marine Nationale" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the French Navy?",
              "id": "570affb86b8089140040f697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "CATOBAR" }],
              "question": "What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?",
              "id": "570affb86b8089140040f698"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12\u201314.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "one every four years" }
              ],
              "question": "How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?",
              "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "America-class amphibious assault ships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What class does the USS America belong to?",
              "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?",
              "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "F-35Bs" }],
              "question": "What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?",
              "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "USS Tripoli" }],
              "question": "Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?",
              "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II\u2013era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same\u2014a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?",
              "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "nearly four times" }],
              "question": "How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?",
              "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?",
              "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?",
              "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conventional (\"tailhook\") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "landing signal officer" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LSO stand for?",
              "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "a landing signal officer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?",
              "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "colored paddles" }],
              "question": "What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?",
              "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Optical Landing System" }
              ],
              "question": "Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?",
              "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are LSO's still being used to do?",
              "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "using the ramp and a running start"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?",
              "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "STOVL" }],
              "question": "What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?",
              "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "vertical" }],
              "question": "What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?",
              "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "a ski-jump ramp" }],
              "question": "What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?",
              "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Russian carriers still use to recover?",
              "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One CATOBAR carrier: S\u00e3o Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. S\u00e3o Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005\u20132010, S\u00e3o Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] S\u00e3o Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Clemenceau" }],
              "question": "What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?",
              "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "the Brazilian Navy" }],
              "question": "Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?",
              "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "the French Navy" }],
              "question": "Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?",
              "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "extensive modernization" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?",
              "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "another major fire" }
              ],
              "question": "What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?",
              "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "STOBAR" }],
              "question": "What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?",
              "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "in 1985" }],
              "question": "When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?",
              "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Tbilisi" }],
              "question": "What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?",
              "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is unique about Tbilisi?",
              "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "The P-700 systems" }],
              "question": "What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?",
              "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f704"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Queen Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?",
              "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "70,600 tonnes" }],
              "question": "What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "in 2017" }],
              "question": "When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?",
              "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "in about 2020" }],
              "question": "When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?",
              "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?",
              "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b804"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Federal_Aviation_Administration",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe \"Bobby\" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a \"culture of coziness\" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and \"a systematic breakdown\" in the FAA's culture that resulted in \"malfeasance, bordering on corruption.\" In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?",
              "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "46" }],
              "question": "How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?",
              "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1200, "text": "$10.2 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?",
              "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Jim Oberstar" }],
              "question": "What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?",
              "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "117" }],
              "question": "How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?",
              "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year \"cooling off\" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word \"customer\" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 22, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?",
              "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "House" }],
              "question": "who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?",
              "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "the flying public" }],
              "question": "What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?",
              "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "two-year" }],
              "question": "how long was the \"cooling off\" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?",
              "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "hijacking" }],
              "question": "What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?",
              "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "Department of Homeland Security"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?",
              "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?",
              "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "500 feet" }],
              "question": "What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?",
              "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?",
              "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?",
              "id": "570aa9564103511400d598dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "radar" }],
              "question": "What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?",
              "id": "570aa9564103511400d598dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?",
              "id": "570aa9564103511400d598de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "civil airports" }],
              "question": "What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?",
              "id": "570aa9564103511400d598df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "mid-1970s" }],
              "question": "When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?",
              "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When was the Airline Deregulation act?",
              "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?",
              "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?",
              "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "computer technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?",
              "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "May 20, 1926" }],
              "question": "When was the Air Commerce Act passed?",
              "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Secretary of Commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was charged with fostering air commerce?",
              "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Aeronautics Branch" }
              ],
              "question": "What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?",
              "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Aeronautics Branch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?",
              "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Secretary of Commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?",
              "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?",
              "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?",
              "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Federal Aviation Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency would now act like the CAA?",
              "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "CAB" }],
              "question": "Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?",
              "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Elwood R. Quesada" }],
              "question": "Who was the FAA's first administrator?",
              "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183048"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism  from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 31, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?",
              "id": "570aa9644103511400d598ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "airplane mode" }],
              "question": "What mode must mobile phones be put into?",
              "id": "570aa9644103511400d598ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "all phases" }],
              "question": "What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?",
              "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "seat-back pocket" }],
              "question": "Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?",
              "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 978, "text": "can also be used." }],
              "question": "Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?",
              "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?",
              "id": "570aa9676d058f190018304e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Federal Aviation Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?",
              "id": "570aa9676d058f190018304f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Secretary of Transportation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who would the FAA administrator report to?",
              "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "DOT" }],
              "question": "Who approves new programs and budget requests?",
              "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?",
              "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183052"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Bureau of Air Commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?",
              "id": "570aa9a06d058f1900183058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?",
              "id": "570aa9a06d058f1900183059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?",
              "id": "570aa9a06d058f190018305a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "air traffic controllers" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?",
              "id": "570aa9a06d058f190018305b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be \"fast-tracked\" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take \"a biographical questionnaire\" that many applicants found baffling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?",
              "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "personality test" }],
              "question": "What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?",
              "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "anyone" }],
              "question": "Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?",
              "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "biographical questionnaire" }
              ],
              "question": "What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?",
              "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, \"in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation, but placing key people to head these regulators.\" Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: \"Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, Gutheinz said, airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots.\" Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Joseph Gutheinz" }],
              "question": "What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?",
              "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "$25,000" }],
              "question": "How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?",
              "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1302,
                  "text": "impact their ability to continue operating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?",
              "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "$10.2 million" }],
              "question": "What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?",
              "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183063"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Lancashire",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire. One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994. In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?",
              "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire",
              "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Warrington and Widnes" }
              ],
              "question": "Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?",
              "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Merseyside" }],
              "question": "Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?",
              "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Simonswood" }],
              "question": "Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?",
              "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster. While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries. As a result, the High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed \"within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?",
              "id": "570ac1574103511400d59982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "one of two royal duchies in England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Duchy of Lancaster?",
              "id": "570ac1574103511400d59983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "a property company" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?",
              "id": "570ac1574103511400d59984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "High Sheriffs" }],
              "question": "Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?",
              "id": "570ac1574103511400d59985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Duchy of Lancaster" }
              ],
              "question": "Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?",
              "id": "570ac1574103511400d59986"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?",
              "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many state schools are in Lancashire?",
              "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many independant schools are in Lancashire?",
              "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "South Ribble" }],
              "question": "Who has the largest school population?",
              "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Fylde" }],
              "question": "Who has the smallest school population?",
              "id": "570ac1de4103511400d5999a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895. Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1895 to 1970" }],
              "question": "What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?",
              "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lancashire" }],
              "question": "Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?",
              "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?",
              "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "What year did Rugby League start?",
              "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hall\u00e9 Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902\u201388), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879\u20131961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905\u201371) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863\u20131928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Manchester" }],
              "question": "Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?",
              "id": "570acb424103511400d599fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?",
              "id": "570acb424103511400d599ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1159, "text": "Blackpool" }],
              "question": "Where was David Atherton born?",
              "id": "570acb424103511400d59a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1123, "text": "the London Sinfonietta" }
              ],
              "question": "What did David Atherton co-found?",
              "id": "570acb424103511400d59a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1265, "text": "Leslie Stuart" }],
              "question": "Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?",
              "id": "570acb424103511400d59a02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Manchester and Liverpool" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?",
              "id": "570acc776d058f1900183108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?",
              "id": "570acc776d058f1900183109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Blackpool" }],
              "question": "Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?",
              "id": "570acc776d058f190018310a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "wakes week" }],
              "question": "What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?",
              "id": "570acc776d058f190018310b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "during the Industrial Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?",
              "id": "570acc776d058f190018310c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?",
              "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "709" }],
              "question": "How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?",
              "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Cumbria" }],
              "question": "What is to the north of Lancashire today?",
              "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "West Yorkshire" }],
              "question": "What is to the east of Lancashire today?",
              "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "Duke of Lancaster" }],
              "question": "Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?",
              "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?",
              "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "ceremonial county" }],
              "question": "What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?",
              "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "the western part of Todmorden" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?",
              "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "reform of local government" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?",
              "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "the administrative county and the county boroughs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?",
              "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs \u2013 Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did the county become more urbanised?",
              "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "the southern part" }],
              "question": "Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?",
              "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When was Warrington added to Lancashire?",
              "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "When was Southport added?",
              "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "When was Blackpool added to the county?",
              "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "dairy farming and cheesemaking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?",
              "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "sheep" }],
              "question": "What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?",
              "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "uncultivated moorland" }
              ],
              "question": "What is in the highest ground?",
              "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 695, "text": "modern-day Greater Manchester" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?",
              "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "North of the Ribble" }
              ],
              "question": "where is Beacon Fell County Park located?",
              "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago \u2013 but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "bona vacantia" }],
              "question": "What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?",
              "id": "570ad9b56d058f190018312e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Lancaster" }],
              "question": "What serves as the county town of the county palatine?",
              "id": "570ad9b56d058f190018312f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "many centuries ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?",
              "id": "570ad9b56d058f1900183130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Queen" }],
              "question": "Who is the Duchy administered by?",
              "id": "570ad9b56d058f1900183131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "the M6 motorway" }],
              "question": "What does the Lancashire economy rely on?",
              "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "north to south" }],
              "question": "Which direction does the M6 motorway run?",
              "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "The M55" }],
              "question": "What road connects Preston to Blackpool?",
              "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "M58" }],
              "question": "Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?",
              "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Fylde coast" }],
              "question": "Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?",
              "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Blackpool Urban Area" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Fylde coast?",
              "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?",
              "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?",
              "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?",
              "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f634"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?",
              "id": "570af7036b8089140040f64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "350" }],
              "question": "How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?",
              "id": "570af7036b8089140040f64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 897, "text": "Freddie and the Dreamers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?",
              "id": "570af7036b8089140040f650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "Manchester" }],
              "question": "Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?",
              "id": "570af7036b8089140040f651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "Manchester" }],
              "question": "Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?",
              "id": "570af7036b8089140040f652"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including \"The Lancashire Miller\", \"Warrington Ale\" and \"The soldier's farewell to Manchester\", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including \"The Leaving of Liverpool\" and \"Maggie May\", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Richard Sheale" }],
              "question": "Who was \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" composed by?",
              "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Lancashire" }],
              "question": "Where was Richard Sheale from?",
              "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "balladry" }],
              "question": "What did the county share with it's national traditions?",
              "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "music making" }],
              "question": "What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?",
              "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the finest border ballad?",
              "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1182" }],
              "question": "When was Lancashire established?",
              "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Roman times" }],
              "question": "When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?",
              "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "410AD" }],
              "question": "In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?",
              "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?",
              "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "mid-8th century" }],
              "question": "When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?",
              "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "5,129,416" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?",
              "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Lancashire" }],
              "question": "What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?",
              "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1 April 1974" }],
              "question": "When was the administrative county abolished?",
              "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Cumbria" }],
              "question": "What incorporated the Furness exclave?",
              "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Merseyside and Greater Manchester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?",
              "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county. Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "James Orchard Halliwell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?",
              "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Harry Boardman" }],
              "question": "Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?",
              "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "The Spinners" }],
              "question": "Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?",
              "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 825, "text": "Irish and Scottish folk music" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?",
              "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 891, "text": "Fylde Folk Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the regular folk festivals called?",
              "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse \"In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red\" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Red Rose of Lancaster" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the county flower of Lancaster?",
              "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "on the county's heraldic badge and flag"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?",
              "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "a red rose on a white field" }
              ],
              "question": "What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?",
              "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "red rose on a gold field" }
              ],
              "question": "What is on the official Lancashire flag?",
              "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Montrose in Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?",
              "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester). The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "In what year was Hugh Wood born?",
              "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Salford" }],
              "question": "Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?",
              "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?",
              "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?",
              "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "the Northern College of Music" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?",
              "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mesozoic",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Early Triassic" }],
              "question": "What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?",
              "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "deserts" }],
              "question": "What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?",
              "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Pangaea" }],
              "question": "What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?",
              "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??",
              "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Temnospondyli" }],
              "question": "What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?",
              "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "climatic changes" }],
              "question": "What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?",
              "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Jurassic" }],
              "question": "When was the top of archosaur diversity?",
              "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Angiosperms" }],
              "question": "What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?",
              "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "angiosperms" }],
              "question": "What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?",
              "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "cycad and ferns" }],
              "question": "What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?",
              "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the \"Great Dying\" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene (or K\u2013Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?",
              "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?",
              "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Great Dying" }],
              "question": "What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?",
              "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "90% to 96%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?",
              "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "K\u2013Pg) extinction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?",
              "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "100 million to 65 million years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?",
              "id": "570aca224103511400d599e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "cooling" }],
              "question": "What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?",
              "id": "570aca224103511400d599e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "tropics" }],
              "question": "What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?",
              "id": "570aca224103511400d599e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "extreme seasonal changes" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?",
              "id": "570aca224103511400d599e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "K-T Extinction" }],
              "question": "What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?",
              "id": "570aca224103511400d599e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10\u00b0C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 \u00b0C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious \u2013 discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious \u2013 discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as \"black shale\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "climate" }],
              "question": "What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?",
              "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "carbon dioxide" }],
              "question": "What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?",
              "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "deserts" }],
              "question": "During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?",
              "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "black shale" }],
              "question": "What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?",
              "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "temperatures" }],
              "question": "What was about equal across the planet?",
              "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "237 million to 200 million years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the span of the Late Triassic?",
              "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "heat spells" }],
              "question": "Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?",
              "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Triassic" }],
              "question": "When did the first dinosaurs evolve?",
              "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Triassic-Jurassic extinction" }
              ],
              "question": "According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?",
              "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "crocodiles" }],
              "question": "What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?",
              "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "145 million to 100 million years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?",
              "id": "570acf964103511400d59a24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "expansion of seaways" }
              ],
              "question": "What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?",
              "id": "570acf964103511400d59a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Ichthyosaurs" }],
              "question": "What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?",
              "id": "570acf964103511400d59a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Mosasaurs" }],
              "question": "What species dominated the seas?",
              "id": "570acf964103511400d59a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "Iguanodon" }],
              "question": "What dinosaur spread to every continent?",
              "id": "570acf964103511400d59a28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "increase in seafloor" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?",
              "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "flooded coastal areas" }
              ],
              "question": "Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?",
              "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Tethys Sea" }],
              "question": "Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?",
              "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Temperatures" }],
              "question": "What weather condition increased?",
              "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "deserts" }],
              "question": "As humidity increased what land area decreased?",
              "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "200 million years to 175 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?",
              "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Plesiosaurs" }],
              "question": "Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?",
              "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Dilophosaurus" }],
              "question": "What was the highest order of species n land?",
              "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "true mammals" }],
              "question": "What other order evolved during the Jurassic?",
              "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "more humid" }],
              "question": "What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?",
              "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Mesozoic" }],
              "question": "At what time was tectonic formation mild?",
              "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Arctic" }],
              "question": "Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?",
              "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Pangaea" }],
              "question": "What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?",
              "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Laurasia" }],
              "question": "What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?",
              "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "Gondwana" }],
              "question": "What was Pangaea's southern continent called?",
              "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "specialized animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of animals took longer to reestablish?",
              "id": "570adc634103511400d59aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "30M years" }],
              "question": "How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?",
              "id": "570adc644103511400d59aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "mid-Triassic" }],
              "question": "When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?",
              "id": "570adc644103511400d59aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "reptiles" }],
              "question": "What dominated animal life in the Triassic?",
              "id": "570adc644103511400d59aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "4M to 6M" }],
              "question": "How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?",
              "id": "570adc644103511400d59ab0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The era began in the wake of the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small\u2014less than 15 kg (33 lb)\u2014until the Cenozoic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?",
              "id": "570ade206d058f1900183136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Mesozoic end?",
              "id": "570ade206d058f1900183137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "tectonic" }],
              "question": "What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?",
              "id": "570ade206d058f1900183138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "evolutionary" }],
              "question": "Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?",
              "id": "570ade206d058f1900183139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1117, "text": "Cenozoic" }],
              "question": "When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?",
              "id": "570ade206d058f190018313a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "247 million to 237 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?",
              "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "breakup of Pangaea" }
              ],
              "question": "What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?",
              "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "the Great Dying" }],
              "question": "From what had the ecosystem had to recover?",
              "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Tethys Sea" }],
              "question": "During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?",
              "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "reptiles" }],
              "question": "What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?",
              "id": "570adf774103511400d59aba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "163 million to 145 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?",
              "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "sauropods and Ichthyosaurs" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?",
              "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?",
              "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Sea levels rose" }],
              "question": "What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?",
              "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Atlantic sea" }],
              "question": "What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? ",
              "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water\u2014especially the oceans\u2014experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "dry" }],
              "question": "What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?",
              "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Low sea levels" }],
              "question": "What could have made temperatures more extreme?",
              "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "desert" }],
              "question": "Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?",
              "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 758, "text": "increased rainfall" }
              ],
              "question": "What were there periods of during the Triassic?",
              "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 758, "text": "increased rainfall" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Carnian Pluvial event?",
              "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "gymnosperms" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?",
              "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "conifers" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a gymnosperm?",
              "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "angiosperms" }],
              "question": "What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?",
              "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Mesozoic" }],
              "question": "When did the Ginkgo evolve?",
              "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Sequoia" }],
              "question": "What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?",
              "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59ace"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Videoconferencing",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "the 1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?",
              "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "128 kilobits/s" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?",
              "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "the Media space" }],
              "question": "What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?",
              "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "ISDN networks" }],
              "question": "In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?",
              "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "PictureTel Corp." }],
              "question": "What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?",
              "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f618"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The MC" }],
              "question": "What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?",
              "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "endpoint signaling" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?",
              "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the signaling plane" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?",
              "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "the media plane" }],
              "question": "On what plane does the MC operate?",
              "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "The MP" }],
              "question": "What generates output streams from each endpoint?",
              "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b782"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "High speed Internet connectivity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technology has become more widely available and affordable?",
              "id": "570aef486b8089140040f61e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "webcam" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?",
              "id": "570aef486b8089140040f61f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "The availability of freeware" }
              ],
              "question": "What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?",
              "id": "570aef486b8089140040f620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "chat programs" }],
              "question": "Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?",
              "id": "570aef486b8089140040f621"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "serve individuals, not groups" }
              ],
              "question": "Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?",
              "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Skype" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a videophone call program?",
              "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "videoconferencing" }],
              "question": "What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?",
              "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "a video link" }],
              "question": "What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?",
              "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "video chat" }],
              "question": "What is another name for videophone calls?",
              "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "the 2010s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?",
              "id": "570af6876b8089140040f644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Mobile collaboration systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?",
              "id": "570af6876b8089140040f645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "still image streaming" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?",
              "id": "570af6876b8089140040f646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "mobile" }],
              "question": "What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?",
              "id": "570af6876b8089140040f647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "hand-held mobile devices" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?",
              "id": "570af6876b8089140040f648"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "participating in two-way communication forums"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can videoconferencing offer students?",
              "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "students" }],
              "question": "Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?",
              "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?",
              "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "virtual field trips" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?",
              "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "visit museums" }],
              "question": "What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?",
              "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b7a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the \"Picturephone\") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair \u2013two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "AT&T" }],
              "question": "What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?",
              "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Picturephone" }],
              "question": "What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?",
              "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device introduced?",
              "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "1964 New York World's Fair" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device unveiled?",
              "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 906, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?",
              "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "film" }],
              "question": "In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?",
              "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Frozen" }],
              "question": "On what film was videoconferencing widely used?",
              "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year was the movie Frozen released?",
              "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?",
              "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?",
              "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f670"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "videoteleconference" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a video-conference also known as?",
              "id": "570afc276b8089140040f680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "a multipoint control unit" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?",
              "id": "570afc276b8089140040f681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "call management system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a multi-point control unit?",
              "id": "570afc276b8089140040f682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "web-based applications" }
              ],
              "question": "How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?",
              "id": "570afc276b8089140040f683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "two or more" }],
              "question": "How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?",
              "id": "570afc276b8089140040f684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect \u2014with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "telemedicine" }],
              "question": "What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?",
              "id": "570b00026b8089140040f69e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "AT&T Corporation" }],
              "question": "Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?",
              "id": "570b00026b8089140040f69f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "the 1950s" }],
              "question": "When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?",
              "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "6 Mbit/s" }],
              "question": "What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?",
              "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1 MHz" }],
              "question": "What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?",
              "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?",
              "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "IBM" }],
              "question": "What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?",
              "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "PCS/1" }],
              "question": "What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?",
              "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "Diversified Information and Assistance Network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?",
              "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?",
              "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)" }
              ],
              "question": "What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?",
              "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "IP" }],
              "question": "What is one type of MCU bridge?",
              "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "the number of simultaneous calls it can handle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way can an MCU be characterized?",
              "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 676, "text": "Continuous Presence" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?",
              "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "dedicated videoconferencing units"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can an MCU be embedded?",
              "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b820"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it \u201call of the time\u201d or \u201cfrequently\u201d.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "money savings" }],
              "question": "In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?",
              "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "VoIP" }],
              "question": "What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?",
              "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "telecommuting" }],
              "question": "What is another use of VoIP?",
              "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "work from home" }],
              "question": "What is telecommuting?",
              "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "54%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?",
              "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b82a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?",
              "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "desktop" }],
              "question": "In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?",
              "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?",
              "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first public video-conference take place?",
              "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Cape Town" }],
              "question": "What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?",
              "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f718"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "a codec (coder/decoder)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?",
              "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1:500" }],
              "question": "How high can compression rates go?",
              "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "IP" }],
              "question": "What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?",
              "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Plain Old Telephone System" }
              ],
              "question": "What does POTS stand for?",
              "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do POTS do?",
              "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b834"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "deaf Video Relay Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common use of conferencing technology?",
              "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "teachers" }],
              "question": "What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?",
              "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "personal videocalls to inmates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way that videocalling can be used?",
              "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "tele-medical" }],
              "question": "What is a common use of conferencing technology?",
              "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "real-time telemedicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?",
              "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Rural" }],
              "question": "What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? ",
              "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Ohio" }],
              "question": "In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? ",
              "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "70 miles" }],
              "question": "How far away was the hospital from this rural area?",
              "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "$10,000 per transfer" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?",
              "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f74a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Sweden" }],
              "question": "In what European country has VRS services become well developed?",
              "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "financing" }],
              "question": "What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?",
              "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?",
              "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?",
              "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b845"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?",
              "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "LifeSize Communications" }
              ],
              "question": "Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?",
              "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Las Vegas, Nevada" }],
              "question": "Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?",
              "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Polycom" }],
              "question": "What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?",
              "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1280 by 720" }],
              "question": "What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?",
              "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as \"decentralized multipoint\", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central \"manager\" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "a standards-based H.323 technique"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?",
              "id": "570b24776b8089140040f786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "higher quality" }],
              "question": "What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?",
              "id": "570b24776b8089140040f787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "increased network bandwidth" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?",
              "id": "570b24776b8089140040f788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "decentralized multipoint" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the H.323 technique also known as?",
              "id": "570b24776b8089140040f789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "they don't have to be relayed through a central point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?",
              "id": "570b24776b8089140040f78a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?",
              "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Social Security Administration (SSA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?",
              "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?",
              "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "August 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?",
              "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "St. Louis, Missouri" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?",
              "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b880"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gregorian_calendar",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "two consecutive years" }
              ],
              "question": "What does duel dating use to show the date?",
              "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Julian calendar" }],
              "question": "What is the Old Style date mean?",
              "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "New Style" }],
              "question": "What is N.S. stand for?",
              "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Gregorian" }],
              "question": "What are New Style dates?",
              "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "starting date of the year" }
              ],
              "question": "Why use two consecutive year dates?",
              "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Pope Gregory XIII" }],
              "question": "Who revised the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1582" }],
              "question": "When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?",
              "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Julian calendar" }],
              "question": "What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Easter" }],
              "question": "What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "on the same day" }],
              "question": "When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?",
              "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philip II of Spain" }],
              "question": "What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Spain and Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?",
              "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Friday, 15 October 1582" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?",
              "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Thursday, 4 October 1582" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?",
              "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "delay in communication" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?",
              "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f666"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, \"10/21 February 1750/51\", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527\u20131608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers \"customarily\" used \"two dates\" on their letters, one OS and one NS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?",
              "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1582" }],
              "question": "At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?",
              "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "in both" }],
              "question": "How which calendar did some countries notate the date?",
              "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Woolley" }],
              "question": "Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?",
              "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "different beginnings of the year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?",
              "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f67a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "0.002%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "length of the year" }],
              "question": "What was the correction due to?",
              "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "celebration of Easter" }
              ],
              "question": "What change in date motivated the change in calendars?",
              "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "spring equinox" }],
              "question": "To what astrological date was Easter tied?",
              "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "slightly too long" }],
              "question": "What was wrong in the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "solar" }],
              "question": "What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "365" }],
              "question": "How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "every 4 years" }],
              "question": "How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?",
              "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "every 400 years" }],
              "question": "When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?",
              "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "24 February" }],
              "question": "On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?",
              "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725\u2014it had drifted even further by the 16th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "15th day" }],
              "question": "When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?",
              "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "compromise" }],
              "question": "What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? ",
              "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "10th century" }],
              "question": "By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?",
              "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "eastern border" }],
              "question": "On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?",
              "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "vernal equinox" }],
              "question": "What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?",
              "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long. As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "length of the year" }],
              "question": "What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?",
              "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "11 minutes" }],
              "question": "By how much is the Julian calendar too long?",
              "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "three days" }],
              "question": "How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?",
              "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "21 March" }],
              "question": "On what date was the original vernal equinox set?",
              "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "10 or 11 March" }],
              "question": "By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?",
              "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1 January" }],
              "question": "On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?",
              "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "1600" }],
              "question": "When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?",
              "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "1752" }],
              "question": "When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?",
              "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Calendar (New Style) Act 1750" }
              ],
              "question": "What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?",
              "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "caution" }],
              "question": "Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?",
              "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "25 October 1415" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Agincourt?",
              "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "prior to 15 October 1582" }
              ],
              "question": "When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Saint Crispin's Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?",
              "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "1 January" }],
              "question": "In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?",
              "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2, "text": "language-independent" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?",
              "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "A knuckle count is a month of how many days?",
              "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "short month" }],
              "question": "The space between knuckles is what kind of month?",
              "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "one's two fists" }],
              "question": "What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?",
              "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "two parts" }],
              "question": "How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?",
              "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Julian calendar" }],
              "question": "What was the first reform concerning the calendar?",
              "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "lunar cycle" }],
              "question": "What was the second reform of the calendar?",
              "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "date of Easter" }],
              "question": "What was calculated using the lunar calendar?",
              "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "number of leap years" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?",
              "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b816"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of \"escape years\" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "lunar Islamic" }],
              "question": "What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?",
              "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Julian" }],
              "question": "What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?",
              "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1 March" }],
              "question": "Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?",
              "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "1 March 1917" }],
              "question": "When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?",
              "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1 January 1926" }],
              "question": "When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?",
              "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f736"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "subtract one day" }],
              "question": "How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?",
              "id": "570b20556b8089140040f758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "February 29 is discounted" }
              ],
              "question": "What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b20556b8089140040f759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "-4" }],
              "question": "If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b20556b8089140040f75a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "10 minutes 48 seconds" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference in time between the calendars?",
              "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "accumulated difference" }
              ],
              "question": "With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?",
              "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "20 March or 21 March" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?",
              "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "22 March" }],
              "question": "In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?",
              "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "removing ten days" }],
              "question": "How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?",
              "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "1563" }],
              "question": "When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?",
              "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b85e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?",
              "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b85f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 603, "text": "motions of the sun and moon" }
              ],
              "question": "What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?",
              "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "tabular method" }],
              "question": "What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?",
              "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "Aloysius Lilius" }],
              "question": "Whose modified proposal was adopted?",
              "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b862"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "3 April 1582" }],
              "question": "When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?",
              "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the pope" }],
              "question": "Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?",
              "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "demand for copies" }],
              "question": "What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?",
              "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "20 September 1582" }],
              "question": "When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?",
              "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where were the first calendars printed?",
              "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office\u2014probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "consular year" }],
              "question": "What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?",
              "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "consuls first entered office" }
              ],
              "question": "What event started the consular year?",
              "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1 May" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?",
              "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "15 March" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?",
              "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "45 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "system of weeks" }],
              "question": "What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "irregularities" }],
              "question": "Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?",
              "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "uninterrupted" }],
              "question": "After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?",
              "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Thursday, 4 October 1582" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Friday, 15 October 1582" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the date of adoption for the calendar?",
              "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon. In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival.The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?",
              "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "spring equinox" }],
              "question": "What even is tired to the date for Easter?",
              "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Metonic cycle" }],
              "question": "What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?",
              "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "21 March" }],
              "question": "Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?",
              "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "25 March" }],
              "question": "Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?",
              "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Christopher Clavius" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "discrepancies" }],
              "question": "What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?",
              "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Petrus Pitatus" }],
              "question": "Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?",
              "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "1560" }],
              "question": "When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?",
              "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Gregorian leap year rule" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theory about leap year called?",
              "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? ",
              "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1750" }],
              "question": "When was the Calendar act enacted?",
              "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Gregorian calendar" }
              ],
              "question": "With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?",
              "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "confusion" }],
              "question": "What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?",
              "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Calendar Act of 1750" }
              ],
              "question": "What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?",
              "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000) is 1 day every 7,700 years, assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes, which is not true. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Julian" }],
              "question": "The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar?",
              "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "three Julian leap days" }
              ],
              "question": "How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year?",
              "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "one day" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years?",
              "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "1 day" }],
              "question": "What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years?",
              "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 640, "text": "1 day in 128 years" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the error rate in the Julian calendar?",
              "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7ec"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Xbox_360",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox, the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003. In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft's Vice President J Allard. That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system. Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later. Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were \"hiding\" their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM's partners in developing the Cell Processor. Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "J Allard" }],
              "question": "What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development?",
              "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "ATI" }],
              "question": "What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?",
              "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Sega of America" }],
              "question": "Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360?",
              "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 667, "text": "Apple's Power Mac G5" }
              ],
              "question": "Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?",
              "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 833, "text": "IBM's Xenon processor" }
              ],
              "question": "What CPU did the 360 use?",
              "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f722"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At launch, the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations: the \"Xbox 360\" package (unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium), priced at US$399 or GB\u00a3279.99, and the \"Xbox 360 Core\", priced at US$299 and GB\u00a3209.99. The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut-down version of the Media Remote as a promotion. The Elite package was launched later at US$479. The \"Xbox 360 Core\" was replaced by the \"Xbox 360 Arcade\" in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008. The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US$249 on August 28, 2009 to be sold until stock ran out, while the Elite was also marked down in price to US$299.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "20 GB" }],
              "question": "The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage?",
              "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Xbox 360 Core" }],
              "question": "What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch?",
              "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "US$479" }],
              "question": "The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point?",
              "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "60 GB" }],
              "question": "The 360 Pro's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008?",
              "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Xbox 360 Arcade" }],
              "question": "What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?",
              "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console's best-selling game for 2005, Call of Duty 2, sold over a million copies. Five other games sold over a million copies in the console's first year on the market: Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006, before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "14 games" }],
              "question": "How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?",
              "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Call of Duty 2" }],
              "question": "What title was the console's best seller in 2005?",
              "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "8 million copies" }],
              "question": "How many copies did Halo 3 sell?",
              "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "Halo 3 was released in what year?",
              "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Five" }],
              "question": "Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?",
              "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f740"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4 media. The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG-4 ASP format videos. The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects, and supports audio playback, with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button. Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?",
              "id": "570b20036b8089140040f750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "MPEG-4 ASP" }],
              "question": "Support for what video format was added in 2007?",
              "id": "570b20036b8089140040f751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "the Xbox 360 Guide button" }
              ],
              "question": "How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?",
              "id": "570b20036b8089140040f752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "transition effects" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?",
              "id": "570b20036b8089140040f753"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver (later renamed Xbox Live Free) to its already established premium subscription-based service (which was renamed Gold). Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console. It allows users to create a user profile, join on message boards, and access Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members. A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming; however, some games that have rather limited online functions already, (such as Viva Pi\u00f1ata) or games that feature their own subscription service (e.g. EA Sports games) can be played with a Free account. Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Xbox Live Silver" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service?",
              "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f75e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Gold" }],
              "question": "What was the \"color\" name given to the premium version of Xbox Live?",
              "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f75f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "multiplayer gaming" }
              ],
              "question": "What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?",
              "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "EA Sports games" }],
              "question": "Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?",
              "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "Xbox Live Vision" }],
              "question": "Voice support came online with what feature addition?",
              "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f762"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Xbox Live" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the 360's online service?",
              "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Xbox Live Arcade" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?",
              "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "stream media" }],
              "question": "What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?",
              "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "the Kinect" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?",
              "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "a hub for living-room computing entertainment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?",
              "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high profile titles from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins \u2013 more than any other platform. By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 (PS3) and 3.5 (Wii), according to Microsoft. At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year. As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire. In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "7.5 games per console in the US"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?",
              "id": "570b23406b8089140040f772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "the Halo franchise and Gears of War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises?",
              "id": "570b23406b8089140040f773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1101,
                  "text": "the difficulties of programming for the PS3"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360?",
              "id": "570b23406b8089140040f774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Game Critics Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007?",
              "id": "570b23406b8089140040f775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "over 1,000" }],
              "question": "Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008?",
              "id": "570b23406b8089140040f776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a \"General Hardware Failure\" error report. A \"General Hardware Failure\" is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the \"Red Ring of Death\". In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code. The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "\"General Hardware Failure\" error"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hardware defect code plagued the 360?",
              "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Red Ring of Death" }],
              "question": "What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?",
              "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?",
              "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "E74 error code" }],
              "question": "What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?",
              "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "the ring around the power button"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?",
              "id": "570b24296b8089140040f780"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009, IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth-greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of 25. Although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential, by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live, and by popularizing game achievement awards. PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it \"proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space\". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console. Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second-best console of the 1993\u20132013 period, stating \"It had its own social network, cross-game chat, new indie games every week, and the best version of just about every multiformat game...Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza, but it's not about the exclusives\u2014there's nothing to trump Naughty Dog's PS3 output, after all. Rather, it's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox's lifetime. The PC-like architecture meant those early EA Sports titles ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next-generation exclusive. And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad\u2014another industry benchmark, and a critical one.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "IGN" }],
              "question": "What online source called the 360 the 6th greatest console of all time in 2009?",
              "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "most influential" }],
              "question": "TechRadar honored the 360 by calling it what?",
              "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Kinect" }],
              "question": "What 360 peripheral was the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history?",
              "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "online gaming" }],
              "question": "According to PC Magazine, the 360 created the prototype for what?",
              "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Edge" }],
              "question": "What magazine ranked the 360 as the second best console of the 1993-2013 period?",
              "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals. The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012. The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles, making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that \"Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill \u2013 a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "collapse of third-party software support in its later years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?",
              "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?",
              "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?",
              "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "Xbox One" }],
              "question": "What is the successor to the 360 called?",
              "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Nintendo Wii" }],
              "question": "Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?",
              "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f794"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five \"Blades\" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Xbox 360 Dashboard" }],
              "question": "What was the original user interface for the 360 called?",
              "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "AKQA and Audiobrain" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed this user interface?",
              "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?",
              "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface?",
              "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Blades" }],
              "question": "The tabs on the user interface were called what?",
              "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b88a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles, such as the PlayStation game Castlevania: Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma. The service was first launched on November 3, 2004, using a DVD to load, and offered games for about US$5 to $15. Items are purchased using Microsoft Points, a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges. On November 22, 2005, Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360, in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360's dashboard. The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers; examples of the more popular titles are Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II' Hyper Fighting, and Uno. On March 24, 2010, Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live. Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Ms. Pac-Man" }],
              "question": "What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?",
              "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Assault Heroes" }],
              "question": "What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?",
              "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "November 3, 2004" }],
              "question": "What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?",
              "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "November 22, 2005" }],
              "question": "When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?",
              "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "Game Room" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?",
              "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b894"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform. In 2008, Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom, in which the BT Vision advanced TV service, using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform, would be accessible via Xbox 360, planned for the middle of the year. BT Vision's DVR-based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity. In 2010, while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set-top boxes later in the year. As of January 2010, IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Consumer Electronics Shows" }
              ],
              "question": "At what conventions did Microsoft announce IPTV support through the 360?",
              "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Bill Gates" }],
              "question": "Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as \"soon\" in 2007?",
              "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Robbie Bach" }],
              "question": "Who was Microsoft's president of Entertainment & Devices in 2008?",
              "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "BT" }],
              "question": "What UK company did Microsoft partner with to bring IPTV to the 360?",
              "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Steve Ballmer" }],
              "question": "What Microsoft executive announced the launch of version 2.0 of Mediaroom?",
              "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add-on game content (items, costumes, levels etc.). These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live. A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace. In order to download priced content, users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip; though some products (such as trailers and demos) are free to download. Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000-point denominations. Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000-point denominations. Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website. An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Xbox Live Marketplace" }
              ],
              "question": "What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?",
              "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Free and Gold members" }
              ],
              "question": "Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?",
              "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "A hard drive or memory unit" }
              ],
              "question": "What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?",
              "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Microsoft Points" }],
              "question": "What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?",
              "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "1,600 and 4,000" }],
              "question": "Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?",
              "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Launched worldwide across 2005\u20132006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so-called \"Red Ring of Death\", necessitating an extension of the device's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013. As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history, and the highest-selling console made by an American company. Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox 360's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013. Microsoft has stated they plan to support the Xbox 360 until 2016. The Xbox One is also backwards compatible with the Xbox 360.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "2005\u20132006" }],
              "question": "What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?",
              "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "high failure rate" }],
              "question": "What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?",
              "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?",
              "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "84 million" }],
              "question": "As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?",
              "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 887, "text": "November 22, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did the Xbox One launch?",
              "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the \"first current generation gaming console\" to surpass the 10 million figure in the US. In the US, the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008, when it was surpassed by the Wii. The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1, 2008. Between January 2011 and October 2013, the Xbox 360 was the best-selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "10 million" }],
              "question": "What sales figure was the 360 the first console of its generation to surpass?",
              "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "June 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the 360 surrender its lead in total sales?",
              "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Wii" }],
              "question": "What console eventually passed the 360 in total sales?",
              "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "January 2011 and October 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "During what 32-month later period was the 360 the best selling console?",
              "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the Xbox achieve 10 million units sold?",
              "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature. During the console's lifetime, the Xbox brand has grown from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for \"living-room computing environment\". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "game achievement feature" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides online gaming and media distribution, what other feature made the 360 influential, according to TechRadar?",
              "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Five years" }],
              "question": "How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released?",
              "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "extended the life of the console"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides it's features, what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales?",
              "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "motion capture camera" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Kinect?",
              "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kinect is a \"controller-free gaming and entertainment experience\" for the Xbox 360. It was first announced on June 1, 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, under the codename, Project Natal. The add-on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images. The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models, connecting to new models via a custom connector, and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter. During their CES 2010 keynote speech, Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period (November\u2013January) and it will work with every 360 console. Its name and release date of 2010-11-04 were officially announced on 2010-06-13, prior to Microsoft's press conference at E3 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "a \"controller-free gaming and entertainment experience\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Microsoft describe Kinect?",
              "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "June 1, 2009" }],
              "question": "When was Kinect first announced?",
              "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo" }
              ],
              "question": "At what event was Kinect announced?",
              "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Project Natal" }],
              "question": "What was the secret code name for Kinect while in development?",
              "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can users utilize the Kinect to interact with their 360 consoles?",
              "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since these problems surfaced, Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability. Modifications include a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components, the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion, and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat. With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S, the warranty for the newer models does not include the three-year extended coverage for \"General Hardware Failures\". The newer Xbox 360 S model indicates system overheating when the console's power button begins to flash red, unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred. The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled, whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a \"General Hardware Failure\" unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates?",
              "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "heat" }],
              "question": "What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360?",
              "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "system overheating" }
              ],
              "question": "When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red, it means?",
              "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 835,
                  "text": "imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation?",
              "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components?",
              "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 6, 2006, Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace, an exclusive video store accessible through the console. Launched in the United States on November 22, 2006, the first anniversary of the Xbox 360's launch, the service allows users in the United States to download high-definition and standard-definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing. With the exception of short clips, content is not currently available for streaming, and must be downloaded. Movies are also available for rental. They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing, whichever comes first. Television episodes can be purchased to own, and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles. Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC-1 for video at 720p, with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit/s. Television content is offered from MTV, VH1, Comedy Central, Turner Broadcasting, and CBS; and movie content is Warner Bros., Paramount, and Disney, along with other publishers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Xbox Video Marketplace" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 360's video store service?",
              "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "November 22, 2006" }],
              "question": "When was this video service launched?",
              "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do movies rented through this marketplace expire?",
              "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "720p" }],
              "question": "What resolution are videos sold through this service?",
              "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 792, "text": "5.1 surround audio" }
              ],
              "question": "What sound standard is supported for the marketplace videos?",
              "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "sold poorly" }],
              "question": "How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?",
              "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2 million units" }],
              "question": "How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?",
              "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1.5 million units" }],
              "question": "Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?",
              "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Sony and Nintendo" }],
              "question": "What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?",
              "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?",
              "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models; the Xbox 360 S (also referred to as the \"Slim\") replaced the original \"Elite\" and \"Arcade\" models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models. It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor. The Xbox 360 E, a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two-tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One, was released in 2013. In addition to its revised aesthetics, Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port and no longer supports S/PDIF.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many major hardware revisions has the 360 had?",
              "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "\"Slim\"" }],
              "question": "By what other name is the 360 S model known?",
              "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the original \"Elite\" and \"Arcade\" models"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which SKUs did the 360 S replace?",
              "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "a redesigned motherboard" }
              ],
              "question": "What component of the 360 S prevents overheating issues prevalent in prior versions?",
              "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "S/PDIF" }],
              "question": "What video input format is not supported by the 360 E?",
              "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Six games were initially available in Japan, while eagerly anticipated titles such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console's launch. Games targeted specifically for the region, such as Chromehounds, Ninety-Nine Nights, and Phantasy Star Universe, were also released in the console's first year. Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker, founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. Mistwalker's first game, Blue Dragon, was released in 2006 and had a limited-edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders. Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan, along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean: The Last Hope. Mistwalker's second game, Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Six" }],
              "question": "How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan?",
              "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Mistwalker" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360?",
              "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Blue Dragon" }],
              "question": "What was Mistwalker's first title for the 360?",
              "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "200,000 units" }],
              "question": "Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan?",
              "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "Lost Odyssey" }],
              "question": "What was Mistwalker's second 360 title to be released?",
              "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices, Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices (such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives), and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode. As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol, some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare (part of the GeeXboX project) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360, allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers. This is possible with video files up to HD-resolution and with several codecs (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV) and container formats (WMV, MOV, TS).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What PC operating system is required to stream content to a 360?",
              "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "UPnP" }],
              "question": "What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize?",
              "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV" }
              ],
              "question": "What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare?",
              "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "WMV, MOV, TS" }],
              "question": "What video formats are supported for UPnP streaming?",
              "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB\u00a339.99, or \u20ac59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?",
              "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "profile information, friends list, and games history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?",
              "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?",
              "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "$59.99" }],
              "question": "What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?",
              "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "30 million" }],
              "question": "How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?",
              "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f800"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD (in the fall of 2009), the next addition to the Zune product range. This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace, which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Spain. Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Zune" }],
              "question": "What hardware device was merged with the video marketplace?",
              "id": "570b33686b8089140040f806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "E3 2009" }],
              "question": "Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced?",
              "id": "570b33686b8089140040f807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Xbox Live Video Store" }
              ],
              "question": "The Zune video marketplace was merged with what Live feature?",
              "id": "570b33686b8089140040f808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Zune Marketplace" }],
              "question": "What was the new name of this Live video store?",
              "id": "570b33686b8089140040f809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many countries were slated for the Zune Marketplace launch?",
              "id": "570b33686b8089140040f80a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Military_history_of_the_United_States",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1689" }],
              "question": "When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?",
              "id": "570b38466b8089140040f810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Queen Anne's War" }],
              "question": "What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?",
              "id": "570b38466b8089140040f811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Acadia" }],
              "question": "What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?",
              "id": "570b38466b8089140040f812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1754\u201363" }],
              "question": "When was the final French and Indian War fought?",
              "id": "570b38466b8089140040f813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "George Washington" }],
              "question": "What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?",
              "id": "570b38466b8089140040f814"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the War of 1812" }],
              "question": "What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?",
              "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "a major war with Napoleon's France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?",
              "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Indian insurrection" }
              ],
              "question": "What uprising did Britain support in North America?",
              "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?",
              "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 757,
                  "text": "invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?",
              "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Secretary of War Elihu Root (1899\u20131904) led the modernization of the Army. His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff. Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the Army's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Elihu Root" }],
              "question": "Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century?",
              "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "West Point" }],
              "question": "Which military academy did Root help grow?",
              "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "General Staff" }],
              "question": "What military advisement committee was established by Root?",
              "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "the principle of rotating officers from staff to line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root's guidance?",
              "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "the Philippines" }],
              "question": "What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for?",
              "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack, even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks, knowing that it would lead to American entry. When the U.S declared war, the U.S. army was still small by European standards and mobilization would take a year. Meanwhile, the U.S. continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France, and initiated the first peacetime draft. Industrial mobilization took longer than expected, so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment, relying instead on the British and French to supply them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "neutral" }],
              "question": "When World War I started, what was the official US position?",
              "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "August 1914" }],
              "question": "When did World War I commence?",
              "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "submarine attacks" }],
              "question": "What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI?",
              "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "What year did the US enter World War I?",
              "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "peacetime draft" }],
              "question": "The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way?",
              "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b900"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a \"quagmire\"\u2014an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Containment" }],
              "question": "The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?",
              "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?",
              "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "a \"quagmire\"" }],
              "question": "What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?",
              "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When did the draft end?",
              "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "Which president ended the draft?",
              "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991, resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces, which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths. Despite the low death toll, over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as \"permanently disabled\" according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (see Gulf War Syndrome). The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq, and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition?",
              "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait" }
              ],
              "question": "What precipitated the Persian Gulf War?",
              "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "August 1990" }],
              "question": "When did this precipitating event take place?",
              "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "January 1991" }],
              "question": "When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin?",
              "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "180,000" }],
              "question": "How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?",
              "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b90a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu. Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000\u20135,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton. The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Somalia" }],
              "question": "In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?",
              "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?",
              "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Mogadishu" }],
              "question": "In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?",
              "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?",
              "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "Black Hawk Down" }],
              "question": "What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?",
              "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2002" }],
              "question": "When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?",
              "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "al-Qaida" }],
              "question": "Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?",
              "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "the Sulu Archipelago" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?",
              "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?",
              "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Abu Sayyaf" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? ",
              "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b914"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Saratoga" }],
              "question": "What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War?",
              "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1777" }],
              "question": "When was the battle of Saratoga fought?",
              "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "General von Steuben" }
              ],
              "question": "What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army?",
              "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "France and Spain" }],
              "question": "What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?",
              "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "its naval advantage" }
              ],
              "question": "What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war?",
              "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared \"Quasi-War\" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a \"provisional army\" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "to remain neutral" }],
              "question": "What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?",
              "id": "570b40946b8089140040f838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Jay Treaty" }],
              "question": "What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?",
              "id": "570b40946b8089140040f839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "the Caribbean" }],
              "question": "Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?",
              "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "John Adams" }],
              "question": "What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?",
              "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "1778" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? ",
              "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Treaty of Paris" }],
              "question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?",
              "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw" }
              ],
              "question": "What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?",
              "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1791" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Wabash fought?",
              "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 784, "text": "the Battle of Fallen Timbers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?",
              "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "1794" }],
              "question": "When was this deciding battle fought?",
              "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason\u2013Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the \"peculiar institution\" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Mason\u2013Dixon line" }
              ],
              "question": "What dividing line separated slave states from free states?",
              "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "When was Lincoln elected?",
              "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "states in the South seceded from the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?",
              "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "April 12, 1861" }],
              "question": "When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?",
              "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "South Carolina" }],
              "question": "What was the first state to formally secede?",
              "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b927"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Spanish\u2013American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet. The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida. The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Cuba" }],
              "question": "Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?",
              "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "volunteers and state militia" }
              ],
              "question": "The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?",
              "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 744,
                  "text": "Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?",
              "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?",
              "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 971,
                  "text": "Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?",
              "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b932"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Philippine\u2013American War (1899\u20131902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis. Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1899\u20131902" }],
              "question": "When was the Philippine-American War fought?",
              "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Manila" }],
              "question": "Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War?",
              "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "General Elwell Otis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led American forces in this war?",
              "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the US send to the Philippines?",
              "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Emilio Aguinaldo" }],
              "question": "Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?",
              "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers, which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war, and on its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943\u201345, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa. During 1942 and 1943, the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the Pacific, the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership, which quickly caused the surrender of Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?",
              "id": "570b44876b8089140040f842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "2,403" }],
              "question": "How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?",
              "id": "570b44876b8089140040f843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "island hopping" }],
              "question": "What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?",
              "id": "570b44876b8089140040f844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "When did the Allies invade North Africa?",
              "id": "570b44876b8089140040f845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1106, "text": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?",
              "id": "570b44876b8089140040f846"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "the People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?",
              "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?",
              "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?",
              "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?",
              "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "North and South Korea" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?",
              "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b946"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces, and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan, gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon, cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel. North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?",
              "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Pusan" }],
              "question": "What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?",
              "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "amphibious invasion" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of attack was used on Inchon?",
              "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "the Yalu River" }],
              "question": "Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? ",
              "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Douglas MacArthur" }],
              "question": "What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?",
              "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f850"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the \"RVN\"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or \"VC\", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "RVN" }],
              "question": "What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?",
              "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "NVA" }],
              "question": "What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?",
              "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Viet Cong" }],
              "question": "By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?",
              "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "South Vietnam" }],
              "question": "The VC operated in what geographic area?",
              "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Soviet Union and China" }
              ],
              "question": "The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?",
              "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Hanoi and Haiphong" }
              ],
              "question": "What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?",
              "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "the Ho Chi Minh Trail" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?",
              "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "William Westmoreland" }
              ],
              "question": "What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?",
              "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "the White House" }],
              "question": "Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?",
              "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When did the US start bombing Hanoi?",
              "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b95a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation's long-running civil war. A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security. US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks, killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin?",
              "id": "570b48596b8089140040f856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did US marines land in Lebanon?",
              "id": "570b48596b8089140040f857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "October 23, 1983" }],
              "question": "When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon?",
              "id": "570b48596b8089140040f858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "241" }],
              "question": "How many marines were killed in the attack?",
              "id": "570b48596b8089140040f859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "February 1984" }],
              "question": "When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?",
              "id": "570b48596b8089140040f85a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a \"turkey shoot\". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "US technological superiority" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?",
              "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "on 17 January 1991" }
              ],
              "question": "US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?",
              "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?",
              "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1462,
                  "text": "Iraqi President Saddam Hussein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?",
              "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1539, "text": "24 February" }],
              "question": "When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?",
              "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b963"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired. Still, the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly, and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action, believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "100 hours" }],
              "question": "How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War?",
              "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "US President George H. W. Bush"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities?",
              "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done?",
              "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "refused to participate" }
              ],
              "question": "Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?",
              "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power?",
              "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities. It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Since 2001, terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The War on Terrorism" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?",
              "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Islamic Extremist" }],
              "question": "What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?",
              "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "al-Qaeda" }],
              "question": "What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?",
              "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "the September 11, 2001 attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?",
              "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "Arkansas and Texas" }
              ],
              "question": "Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?",
              "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?",
              "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "How many US troops participated in the invasion?",
              "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?",
              "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "approximately three weeks" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the first phase of fighting last?",
              "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "9 years" }],
              "question": "How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?",
              "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b978"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?",
              "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?",
              "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "Operation Unified Protector" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the military action against Libya?",
              "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 814, "text": "to protect civilians" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of this operation?",
              "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 872,
                  "text": "Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?",
              "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General George Washington (1732\u201399) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "logistics" }],
              "question": "What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?",
              "id": "570b51886b8089140040f874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 834,
                  "text": "Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?",
              "id": "570b51886b8089140040f875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?",
              "id": "570b51886b8089140040f876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1361,
                  "text": "he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?",
              "id": "570b51886b8089140040f877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?",
              "id": "570b51886b8089140040f878"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna, Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "modern day Libya" }],
              "question": "Where was the Barbary Coast?",
              "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Berbers" }],
              "question": "Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships?",
              "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "The U.S. paid protection money until 1801"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the United States initially deal with this problem?",
              "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Stephen Decatur" }],
              "question": "What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship?",
              "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Derna" }],
              "question": "What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?",
              "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b982"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "getting Britain and France to intervene"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War?",
              "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Union's original war aim?",
              "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Robert E. Lee" }],
              "question": "Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war?",
              "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b98a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the war effect both sides?",
              "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b98b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan\u2014as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "the 1880s" }],
              "question": "When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?",
              "id": "570b53996b8089140040f87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "modern steel battleships" }
              ],
              "question": "What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?",
              "id": "570b53996b8089140040f87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "the Great White Fleet" }
              ],
              "question": "By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?",
              "id": "570b53996b8089140040f880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "President Theodore Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?",
              "id": "570b53996b8089140040f881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of this order?",
              "id": "570b53996b8089140040f882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, \"Tampico Affair\", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta. In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Mexican Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?",
              "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Veracruz" }],
              "question": "US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?",
              "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Pancho Villa" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?",
              "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "The German Secret Service" }
              ],
              "question": "What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?",
              "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1059, "text": "General John J. Pershing" }
              ],
              "question": "What US General led troops against Villa?",
              "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I, isolationism grew within the nation. Congress refused membership in the League of Nations, and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed, which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the \"cash and carry\" arms trade to develop with Britain, which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "isolationism" }],
              "question": "What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I?",
              "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the League of Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization?",
              "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Neutrality Acts" }],
              "question": "What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?",
              "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?",
              "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "the Lend-Lease Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain?",
              "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b994"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Over 16 million" }],
              "question": "How many Americans served in the military in World War II?",
              "id": "570b56026b8089140040f892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many American service personnel died in World War II?",
              "id": "570b56026b8089140040f893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?",
              "id": "570b56026b8089140040f894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Greatest Generation" }
              ],
              "question": "What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?",
              "id": "570b56026b8089140040f895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Both during and after the conclusion of  World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?",
              "id": "570b56026b8089140040f896"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving d\u00e9tente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to \"Vietnamization,\" \u2013 providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Communism" }],
              "question": "The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?",
              "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "The Tet Offensive" }],
              "question": "What was the psychological turning point of the war?",
              "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did this offensive take place? ",
              "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?",
              "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "\"Vietnamization,\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?",
              "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f8a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1774" }],
              "question": "When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?",
              "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "What colony was placed under martial law?",
              "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Lexington and Concord" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?",
              "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "The Continental Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?",
              "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "July 4, 1776" }],
              "question": "When did the colonies declare independence?",
              "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "having only a modest army" }
              ],
              "question": "What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?",
              "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "A traditional distrust of standing armies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the US military so small initially?",
              "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "local militia" }],
              "question": "The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?",
              "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "foreign wars" }],
              "question": "What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?",
              "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "a domestic tyrant to seize power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?",
              "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "the Sioux and Comanche" }
              ],
              "question": "What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?",
              "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?",
              "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?",
              "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?",
              "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Col. George Armstrong Custer" }
              ],
              "question": "What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?",
              "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890\u20131910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913\u201315 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske" }
              ],
              "question": "What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?",
              "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "torpedo plane" }],
              "question": "What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?",
              "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }
              ],
              "question": "What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?",
              "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "1913\u201315" }],
              "question": "When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?",
              "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or \"doughboys\" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "doughboys" }],
              "question": "What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?",
              "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "American Expeditionary Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?",
              "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "John J. Pershing" }],
              "question": "Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?",
              "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "November 11, 1918" }],
              "question": "When did fighting on the western front end?",
              "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "the Armistice" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?",
              "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940\u201341 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "air power" }],
              "question": "What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?",
              "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "8 December 1941" }],
              "question": "When did the US officially enter World War II?",
              "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to America entering the war?",
              "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?",
              "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?",
              "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "between 1959 and 1975" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Vietnam War fought?",
              "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Cambodia and Laos" }],
              "question": "Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?",
              "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Operation Rolling Thunder" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?",
              "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?",
              "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?",
              "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "8 years of war with Iran" }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?",
              "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "North Africa during World War II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?",
              "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 606,
                  "text": "late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?",
              "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 777,
                  "text": "Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?",
              "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "the antiaircraft weapons were crippled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problem did the Iraqi forces have?",
              "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "ISIL" }],
              "question": "What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?",
              "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Sharia law" }],
              "question": "What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?",
              "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "kidnapping and decapitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?",
              "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the US intervene against ISIL?",
              "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?",
              "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8da"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hard_rock",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic \"Summertime Blues\", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including \"Born to Be Wild\", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where was the band Blue Cheer from?",
              "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "\"Summertime Blues\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?",
              "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "\"Born to Be Wild\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the hit off Steppenwolf's self-titled debut lp?",
              "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Easy Rider" }],
              "question": "What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?",
              "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "The lyrics to \"Born To Be Wild\" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?",
              "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974\u201375 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit \"The Boys Are Back in Town\", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Mot\u00f6rhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Canadian" }],
              "question": "The band Rush is what nationality?",
              "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the first three Rush albums?",
              "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Irish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Thin Lizzy?",
              "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "\"The Boys Are Back in Town\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?",
              "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "The Scorpions hailed from what country?",
              "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles \u2014 two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit, reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum d\u00e9but albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Slippery When Wet" }],
              "question": "What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?",
              "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "12 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies did this record sell?",
              "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "The Final Countdown" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the band Europe's international hit?",
              "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "5150" }],
              "question": "What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?",
              "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "Sammy Hagar" }],
              "question": "Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?",
              "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: Get a Grip (1993), which produced four Top 40 singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and Nine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the number one hit \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", which remains the only single by a hard rock band to debut at number one. AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as \"Keep the Faith\" (1992), but also achieved success in adult contemporary radio, with the Top 10 ballads \"Bed of Roses\" (1993) and \"Always\" (1994). Bon Jovi's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States, spawning four Top 10 singles on the UK Singles Chart. Metallica's Load (1996) and ReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound. As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock. Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Collective Soul, Australia's Silverchair and England's Bush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s. Similarly, some post-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including Feeder and Stereophonics, adopted a hard rock or \"pop-metal\" sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts?",
              "id": "570b62286b8089140040f906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Ballbreaker" }],
              "question": "What was the title of AC/DC's 1995 double lp?",
              "id": "570b62286b8089140040f907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "These Days" }],
              "question": "Bon Jovi's 1995 album was called what?",
              "id": "570b62286b8089140040f908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1474, "text": "post-grunge" }],
              "question": "What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement?",
              "id": "570b62286b8089140040f909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When did Aerosmith's album Get A Grip come out?",
              "id": "570b62286b8089140040f90a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hard rock developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others began to return to a hard rock sound. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and it reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses, which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade. Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Bon Jovi and Def Leppard" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of glam metal bands?",
              "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "grunge and later Britpop" }
              ],
              "question": "What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?",
              "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s?",
              "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "pop rock" }],
              "question": "What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s?",
              "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a \"grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound\" on records such as James Cotton's \"Cotton Crop Blues\" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental \"Rumble\" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as \"Let's Go Trippin'\" (1961) and \"Misirlou\" (1962).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "electric blues" }],
              "question": "What genre laid the roots for hard rock?",
              "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "Link Wray" }],
              "question": "Who recorded \"Rumble\"?",
              "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When was \"Rumble\" released?",
              "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 820,
                  "text": "\"Let's Go Trippin'\" (1961) and \"Misirlou\" (1962)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?",
              "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Memphis" }],
              "question": "What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?",
              "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f914"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now \"generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album\". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track \"Stairway to Heaven\", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks \"Highway Star\" and \"Smoke on the Water\". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw The Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Exile on Main St." }],
              "question": "What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?",
              "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Led Zeppelin IV" }],
              "question": "Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit \"Stairway to Heaven\"?",
              "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "\"Highway Star\" and \"Smoke on the Water\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?",
              "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "Ritchie Blackmore" }],
              "question": "Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?",
              "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1340, "text": "Keith Moon" }],
              "question": "Who was the drummer for The Who?",
              "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, with three successive Top 5 albums between 1980 and 1982.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Bon Scott" }],
              "question": "Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?",
              "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "John Bonham" }],
              "question": "Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?",
              "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Ronnie James Dio" }],
              "question": "What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?",
              "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Blizzard of Ozz" }],
              "question": "What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?",
              "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1142,
                  "text": "Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some thrash metal bands?",
              "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f928"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's The Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity. Additionally, The Black Crowes released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies. In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with Adrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year?",
              "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "The Black Crowes" }],
              "question": "What band's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker?",
              "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Adrenalize" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Def Leppard's 1992 album?",
              "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Hysteria" }],
              "question": "Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record?",
              "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "five weeks" }],
              "question": "Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long?",
              "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"retro-metal\" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's d\u00e9but album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashd\u00efet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did the band The Darkness break up?",
              "id": "570b66566b8089140040f92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "retro-metal" }],
              "question": "The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?",
              "id": "570b66566b8089140040f92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Runnin' Wild" }],
              "question": "What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?",
              "id": "570b66566b8089140040f930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?",
              "id": "570b66566b8089140040f931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 860,
                  "text": "Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashd\u00efet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?",
              "id": "570b66566b8089140040f932"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to modify rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming, and louder vocals, from electric blues. Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf, The Kingsmen's version of \"Louie Louie\" (1963) which made it a garage rock standard, and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts, including \"You Really Got Me\" by The Kinks (1964), \"My Generation\" by The Who (1965), \"Shapes of Things\" (1966) by The Yardbirds and \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" (1965) by The Rolling Stones. From the late 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from blues rock and was played louder and with more intensity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were three Chicago blues players who influenced hard rock?",
              "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "The Kinks" }],
              "question": "Who recorded \"You Really Got Me\"?",
              "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "The Yardbirds" }],
              "question": "\"Shapes of Things\" was a 1966 single by what band?",
              "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "\"Louie Louie\"" }],
              "question": "What garage rock classic was recorded by The Kingsmen?",
              "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When did the Rolling Stones release \"(I Can't Get No\" Satisfaction\"?",
              "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song \"All Right Now\" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled d\u00e9but album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad \"Love Hurts\". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the single \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which stayed at number one in the UK charts for nine weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When did Free break up?",
              "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Bad Company" }],
              "question": "What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?",
              "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?",
              "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Scottish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was the band Nazareth?",
              "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1022, "text": "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?",
              "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983), reached number two on the American charts and the singles \"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\", helped by the emergence of MTV, all reached the Top 40. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "the New Wave of British Heavy Metal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to?",
              "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "High 'n' Dry" }],
              "question": "What was Def Leppard's second album called?",
              "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "\"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard's Pyromania album?",
              "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Quiet Riot" }],
              "question": "What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts?",
              "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did Motley Crue's album Shout At The Devil come out?",
              "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a \"dirty\" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their \"hair band\" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Nevermind" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?",
              "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "grunge" }],
              "question": "What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?",
              "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?",
              "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 747, "text": "Stone Temple Pilots" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?",
              "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1043, "text": "a hard rock sound" }
              ],
              "question": "What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?",
              "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005) reaching number two in the US and UK, many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single \"Sorry\" (2007), which made the Top 10 of the Billboard 100. These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that reached the top 20 in the US and UK and the top ten in several other countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?",
              "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1030, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "Three Days Grace is from what country?",
              "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1047, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "The band Jet is from what country?",
              "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1099, "text": "Them Crooked Vultures" }
              ],
              "question": "What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?",
              "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "\"Sorry\"" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?",
              "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars. Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "The electric guitar" }
              ],
              "question": "What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?",
              "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what?",
              "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "a solo lead instrument" }
              ],
              "question": "In hard rock, an electric guitar can also be used for what?",
              "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "snare" }],
              "question": "What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming?",
              "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "The bass guitar" }],
              "question": "What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms?",
              "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f946"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and The Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like \"I Feel Free\" (1966) combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of The Kinks, Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of The Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with the White Album in 1968 and, with the track \"Helter Skelter\", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has described the \"proto-metal roar\" of \"Helter Skelter,\" while Ian MacDonald argued that \"their attempts at emulating the heavy style were without exception embarrassing.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Eric Clapton" }],
              "question": "Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?",
              "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "Dave Davies" }],
              "question": "Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?",
              "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Pete Townshend" }],
              "question": "Who played guitar in The Who?",
              "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did The White Album come out?",
              "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "The Rolling Stones" }
              ],
              "question": "Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?",
              "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous d\u00e9but, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar and arguably the first all American hard rock band to challenge the British dominance of the genre, released their first album in 1973. Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975), which reached number 11 in the American album chart, and Rocks (1976), which peaked at number three. Blue \u00d6yster Cult, formed in the late 60s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\", which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts. Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful d\u00e9but album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and The Runaways d\u00e9buted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their Top 20 psychedelic hit \"Journey to the Center of the Mind\" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo (1978).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Alice Cooper" }],
              "question": "Who recorded the album School's Out?",
              "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "ZZ Top" }],
              "question": "Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?",
              "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Sammy Hagar" }],
              "question": "Who was the lead singer of Montrose?",
              "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?",
              "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1089, "text": "Blue \u00d6yster Cult" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had a hit single with \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\"?",
              "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984), which reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. It reached number two on the Billboard album chart and provided the track \"Jump\", which reached number one on the singles chart and remained there for several weeks. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which hit number one and contained four Top 10 singles including their first number one hit. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \"Gimme All Your Lovin'\" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1984), Journey with \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) and \"Open Arms\" (1982), Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love Is\", Scorpions' \"Still Loving You\" (both from 1984), Heart\u2019s \"What About Love\" (1985) and \"These Dreams\" (1986), and Boston's \"Amanda\" (1986).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Perfect Strangers" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?",
              "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?",
              "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1171, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?",
              "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1337, "text": "REO Speedwagon" }],
              "question": "What band recorded \"Keep On Loving You\"?",
              "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1646, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "The hit single \"Amanda\" was recorded by what band?",
              "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f95a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt, White Lion and Cinderella broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s. Other bands such as M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce and Poison saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album The Spaghetti Incident? Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Balance" }],
              "question": "What was Van Halen's last album with Sammy Hagar?",
              "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "Steven Adler" }],
              "question": "Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band?",
              "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Gary Cherone" }],
              "question": "What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen?",
              "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1224, "text": "Axl Rose" }],
              "question": "Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses?",
              "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1176, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "Slash left Guns N Roses in what year?",
              "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on \"darker\" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?",
              "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Black Sabbath" }],
              "question": "What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?",
              "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "hardcore punk" }],
              "question": "What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?",
              "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "bluesy" }],
              "question": "Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?",
              "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "stand-alone melodies" }
              ],
              "question": "In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?",
              "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f964"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often \"darker and more menacing\", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?",
              "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "In Rock" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?",
              "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "occult and elements of Gothic horror"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?",
              "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Paranoid" }],
              "question": "What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?",
              "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Judas Priest" }],
              "question": "What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?",
              "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the d\u00e9but and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song \"Eruption\" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "disco in the US and punk rock in the UK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?",
              "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "The Ramones" }],
              "question": "What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?",
              "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 724,
                  "text": "Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were three midwestern hard rock bands?",
              "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 867, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "What city was Van Halen originally from?",
              "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1082, "text": "\"Eruption\"" }],
              "question": "Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?",
              "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem \"Here I Go Again '87\" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, \"it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake\". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's highest charting release in the US since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing seven hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling d\u00e9but of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a \"grittier\" and \"rawer\" sound than most glam metal, it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one \"Sweet Child O' Mine\". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five Top 10 singles, a record for a hard rock act. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous d\u00e9but (1989), reaching number six on the Billboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "17 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?",
              "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Permanent Vacation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?",
              "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?",
              "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1010, "text": "Appetite for Destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?",
              "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1157, "text": "\"Sweet Child O' Mine\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?",
              "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with \"It's My Life\" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit \"Jaded\", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997\u20132006 and Dio 2006\u20132010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with \"Who Says You Can't Go Home\", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1074, "text": "Audioslave" }],
              "question": "What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?",
              "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "\"It's My Life\"" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?",
              "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "AC/DC" }],
              "question": "What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?",
              "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1264, "text": "Scott Weiland" }],
              "question": "Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?",
              "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1433, "text": "Chinese Democracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?",
              "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f978"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Great_Plains",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The term \"Great Plains\", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term \"High Plains\" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "\"Great Plains" }],
              "question": "what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?",
              "id": "570b61516b8089140040f8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Nevin Fenneman's" }],
              "question": "who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?",
              "id": "570b61516b8089140040f8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?",
              "id": "570b61516b8089140040f900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "the High Plains" }],
              "question": "what was theregion called before \"the great plans\"? ",
              "id": "570b61516b8089140040f901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. In 1866-95, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City, Kansas and Ogallala, Nebraska; from there, cattle were shipped eastward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "open range" }],
              "question": "what type of land is much of the great plans?",
              "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "spring and fall" }],
              "question": "when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?",
              "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "branded" }],
              "question": "in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?",
              "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "10 million" }],
              "question": "from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?",
              "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the arrival of Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and C\u00edbola, a place said to be rich in gold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?",
              "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Hernando de Soto" }],
              "question": "who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?",
              "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "the De Soto Trail" }],
              "question": "what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?",
              "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "The Spanish" }],
              "question": "who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and C\u00edbola?",
              "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and C\u00edbola were rich in?",
              "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern Montana are mainly semi hot steppe land and are generally characterised by rangeland or marginal farmland. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The 100th meridian" }],
              "question": "what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?",
              "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "20 inches" }],
              "question": "about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?",
              "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "dust storms" }],
              "question": "what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?",
              "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 657, "text": "humid subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?",
              "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain free farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, for example, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out, but by 1970 only 617 were actually operating. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether a town would flourish or struggle for business.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?",
              "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "bison" }],
              "question": "what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?",
              "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "European farmers" }],
              "question": "what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?",
              "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "packages of land and transportation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?",
              "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)\u2014the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier \"closed\" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the \"Buffalo Commons\" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? ",
              "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Frederick Jackson Turner" }
              ],
              "question": "who declated the American frontier \"closed\" in 1893?",
              "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "more than 6,000" }],
              "question": "how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?",
              "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1058, "text": "139,000 square miles" }
              ],
              "question": "how much prarie land does the \"Buffalo Commons\" want to return?",
              "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Women" }],
              "question": "who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?",
              "id": "570b819cec8fbc190045ba44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing",
              "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Ogallala Aquifer" }],
              "question": "what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?",
              "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "Center pivot irrigation" }
              ],
              "question": "what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?",
              "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "broad expanse of flat land" }
              ],
              "question": "what is the great plains?",
              "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "west of the Mississippi River" }
              ],
              "question": "where does the great plains lie?",
              "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "extensive cattle ranching" }
              ],
              "question": "what is the region known for?",
              "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the \"Great Plains\" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography. The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipus-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "Commission for Environmental Cooperation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?",
              "id": "570b83a86b8089140040f97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Mexican, American, and Canadian governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?",
              "id": "570b83a86b8089140040f97f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "railroads" }],
              "question": "what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?",
              "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "ship wheat and other crops" }
              ],
              "question": "what did the railroads make it easy to do?",
              "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "immigrants" }],
              "question": "who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?",
              "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1055, "text": "sewing and washing machines" }
              ],
              "question": "who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?",
              "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the \"grit, not grass\" hypothesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "about 25 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "about how long ago did the climate become favorable?",
              "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "mammals" }],
              "question": "what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?",
              "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "grazing diets" }],
              "question": "what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?",
              "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "development of grazers" }
              ],
              "question": "the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?",
              "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?",
              "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "up to 160 acres" }],
              "question": "how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?",
              "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "five years" }],
              "question": "how long did the person have to live on the land?",
              "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? ",
              "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "the dominion act was passed in what year",
              "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba66"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Infrared",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "active near-infrared illumination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technology is used by night-vision devices?",
              "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Infrared astronomy" }
              ],
              "question": "What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?",
              "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "red" }],
              "question": "What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?",
              "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "Infrared thermal-imaging cameras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?",
              "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "scientific" }],
              "question": "Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?",
              "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "700 nm" }],
              "question": "At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?",
              "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "near-IR" }],
              "question": "What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?",
              "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "780 nm" }],
              "question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?",
              "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "1050 nm" }],
              "question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?",
              "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "Leaves" }],
              "question": "What objects are notably bright in near IR?",
              "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "emissivity" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?",
              "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "hotter" }],
              "question": "How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?",
              "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "infrared cameras" }],
              "question": "Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?",
              "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000\u2013400 cm\u22121, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm\u22121).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?",
              "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?",
              "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "the frequencies of infrared light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?",
              "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "the mid-infrared" }],
              "question": "What is the term for light radiation in the 4000\u2013400 cm\u22121 spectrum?",
              "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f985"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "infrared filters" }],
              "question": "What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?",
              "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Digital cameras" }],
              "question": "What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?",
              "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "'T-ray' imaging" }],
              "question": "What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?",
              "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "far-infrared" }],
              "question": "What is another name for terahertz radiation?",
              "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "terahertz time-domain spectroscopy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?",
              "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between \u2013 such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Infrared reflectography" }
              ],
              "question": "What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?",
              "id": "570b92316b8089140040f994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "carbon black" }],
              "question": "What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?",
              "id": "570b92316b8089140040f995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "pentimenti" }],
              "question": "What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?",
              "id": "570b92316b8089140040f996"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them \"Calorific Rays\". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "William Herschel" }],
              "question": "Who discovered infrared radiation?",
              "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the Royal Society of London" }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?",
              "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?",
              "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "a prism" }],
              "question": "What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?",
              "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Calorific Rays" }],
              "question": "What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?",
              "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 \u00b5m band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "heat radiation" }],
              "question": "What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?",
              "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "49%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?",
              "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "8 to 25" }],
              "question": "What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? ",
              "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "visible" }],
              "question": "Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?",
              "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Infrared tracking" }],
              "question": "What is another term for infrared homing?",
              "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Missiles" }],
              "question": "What devices make use of infrared homing?",
              "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "heat-seekers" }],
              "question": "What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?",
              "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "vehicle engines" }],
              "question": "Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?",
              "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "infrared" }],
              "question": "What does IR stand for?",
              "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3\u201311.5 \u00b5m) and the near-infrared channel (1.58\u20131.64 \u00b5m), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Cumulonimbus" }],
              "question": "Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?",
              "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?",
              "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Stratocumulus" }],
              "question": "Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?",
              "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "grey" }],
              "question": "What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?",
              "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1.58\u20131.64" }],
              "question": "What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?",
              "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "water vapor in the atmosphere" }
              ],
              "question": "What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?",
              "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "at a high altitude" }
              ],
              "question": "To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?",
              "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "balloon" }],
              "question": "Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?",
              "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Space telescopes" }],
              "question": "What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?",
              "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately, international standards for these specifications are not currently available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Near-infrared" }],
              "question": "What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?",
              "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "water absorption" }],
              "question": "Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?",
              "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "1,050" }],
              "question": "In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?",
              "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "950" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?",
              "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (i.e., the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Heat" }],
              "question": "What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?",
              "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "thermal radiation" }],
              "question": "What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?",
              "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "the solar corona" }],
              "question": "What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?",
              "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "infrared" }],
              "question": "The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?",
              "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900\u201314,000 nanometers or 0.9\u201314 \u03bcm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to \"see\" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "0.9\u201314" }],
              "question": "What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?",
              "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "900\u201314,000" }],
              "question": "In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?",
              "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the black body radiation law" }
              ],
              "question": "What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?",
              "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?",
              "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermographic" }],
              "question": "What type of cameras see infrared radiation?",
              "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "imbedded stars" }],
              "question": "What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?",
              "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "protostars" }],
              "question": "What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?",
              "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Stars" }],
              "question": "What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?",
              "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "night vision" }],
              "question": "What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?",
              "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "electrons" }],
              "question": "What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?",
              "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "electrical" }],
              "question": "Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?",
              "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "the Infrared Data Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the IrDA?",
              "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "light-emitting diodes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym LEDs stand for?",
              "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "modulated" }],
              "question": "What is a term for when something is switched on and off?",
              "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "silicon photodiode" }
              ],
              "question": "What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?",
              "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 775, "text": "IR does not penetrate walls" }
              ],
              "question": "Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?",
              "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "n" }],
              "question": "What letter represents the index of refraction?",
              "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "k" }],
              "question": "What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?",
              "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion" }
              ],
              "question": "What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?",
              "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "sidewall angle" }],
              "question": "Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?",
              "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?",
              "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Infrared cleaning" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?",
              "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?",
              "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "scaling" }],
              "question": "Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?",
              "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "infrared" }],
              "question": "Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?",
              "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "clouds" }],
              "question": "Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?",
              "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045bab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "infrared" }],
              "question": "After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?",
              "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045bab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "cloud droplets" }],
              "question": "Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?",
              "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045baba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "greenhouse" }],
              "question": "What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?",
              "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045babb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Biodiversity",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Biodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Biodiversity" }],
              "question": "What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?",
              "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?",
              "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "Terrestrial biodiversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?",
              "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 659, "text": "It is richest in the tropics." }
              ],
              "question": "Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?",
              "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "along coasts in the Western Pacific"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is sea surface temperature the highest?",
              "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was \"Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...\". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined \"biological diversity\" as \"the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems\". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Bruce A. Wilcox" }],
              "question": "Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?",
              "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?",
              "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "1982 World National Parks Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?",
              "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define \"biological diversity\"?",
              "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the world population growth arises from a second-order positive feedback between the population size and the rate of technological growth. The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity. The similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with cyclical and stochastic dynamics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Phanerozoic" }],
              "question": "What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?",
              "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "hyperbolic model" }],
              "question": "What model is widely used in macrosociology?",
              "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "exponential and logistic models"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?",
              "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Hyperbolic model" }],
              "question": "What model implies a second-order positive feedback?",
              "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?",
              "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity. We may forgo wheat production in that area and plant a different species altogether, relying on interspecific diversity. Even an agricultural society which primarily grows monocultures, relies on biodiversity at some point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Interspecific crop diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?",
              "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Interspecific crop diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the variety of alleles within a single species?",
              "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "If a crop fails in a monoculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?",
              "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "a pest" }],
              "question": "What can destroy a wheat crop?",
              "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "agricultural society" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?",
              "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago\". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "52%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970",
              "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?",
              "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "39%" }],
              "question": "What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?",
              "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "39%" }],
              "question": "What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?",
              "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "76%" }],
              "question": "What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?",
              "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent\u2014that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species.\" At present, the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, which was confirmed by the \"Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment\", organised by the biodiversity platform, and the French Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (MNHNP).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?",
              "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "National Science Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conducted the 2007 study?",
              "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "If any one type is removed from the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?",
              "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "in fresh water" }],
              "question": "Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?",
              "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "an introduced species" }
              ],
              "question": "What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?",
              "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "In Belgium" }],
              "question": "Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?",
              "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?",
              "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "endemic and other local species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?",
              "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of new species can be introduced?",
              "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources or products. The unclassed forests covers 6.4 percent of the total forest area and they are marked by the following characteristics:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The forests" }],
              "question": "What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?",
              "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "5150" }],
              "question": "How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?",
              "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?",
              "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "endemic species" }],
              "question": "What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?",
              "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045baff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "hunting and grazing" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?",
              "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bb00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of biopiracy when such principles are not respected.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?",
              "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?",
              "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?",
              "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "bioprospecting" }],
              "question": "What is the process of collecting natural products?",
              "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rapid environmental changes" }
              ],
              "question": "What can typically cause mass extinctions?",
              "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "More than 99 percent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?",
              "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "over five billion species" }
              ],
              "question": "How many species have ever lived on earth?",
              "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many species currently live on earth?",
              "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "50 billion tonnes" }],
              "question": "What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?",
              "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion\u2014a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Cambrian explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "Which era included a rapid growth period?",
              "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the last 540 million years" }
              ],
              "question": "The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?",
              "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the Cambrian explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?",
              "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "vertebrate diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?",
              "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "the Permian-Triassic extinction event"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?",
              "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jared Diamond" }],
              "question": "Who describes the \"Evil Quartet\"?",
              "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Evil Quartet" }],
              "question": "What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?",
              "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "HIPPO" }],
              "question": "What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?",
              "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most authoritative classification in use today?",
              "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "the World Wildlife Fund" }
              ],
              "question": "What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?",
              "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "genetic pollution" }],
              "question": "What can threaten endemic species with extinction?",
              "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are another names for genetic pollution?",
              "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes genetic pollution?",
              "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Hybridization and introgression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?",
              "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?",
              "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, \"remains of biotic life\" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, \"If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "about 4.54 billion years old" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimate age of the Earth?",
              "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "the Eoarchean Era" }],
              "question": "What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?",
              "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Hadean Eon" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?",
              "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Western Australia" }],
              "question": "Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?",
              "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Western Greenland" }],
              "question": "Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?",
              "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists believe that corrected for sampling artifacts, modern biodiversity may not be much different from biodiversity 300 million years ago., whereas others consider the fossil record reasonably reflective of the diversification of life. Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million, with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million, the vast majority arthropods. Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The fossil record" }],
              "question": "What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?",
              "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?",
              "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "from 2 million to 100 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?",
              "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Diversity" }],
              "question": "What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?",
              "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is \u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, symbionts and livestock, among others), which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops, uninvited (e.g.: herbivores, weed species and pathogens, among others).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "\u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of Agricultural diversity?",
              "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Planned diversity" }],
              "question": "What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?",
              "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "associated diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of diversity arrives uninvited?",
              "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "associated diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?",
              "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is becoming an international political issue?",
              "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?",
              "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?",
              "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "those that buffer against infectious disease transmission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?",
              "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion\u2014a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "five major mass extinctions" }
              ],
              "question": "How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?",
              "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Cambrian explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?",
              "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in the Carboniferous?",
              "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "251 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event?",
              "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "30 million years" }],
              "question": "How long did vertebrate recovery take?",
              "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast). Some evidence suggests that invasive species are competitive in their new habitats because they are subject to less pathogen disturbance. Others report confounding evidence that occasionally suggest that species-rich communities harbor many native and exotic species simultaneously while some say that diverse ecosystems are more resilient and resist invasive plants and animals. An important question is, \"do invasive species cause extinctions?\" Many studies cite effects of invasive species on natives, but not extinctions. Invasive species seem to increase local (i.e.: alpha diversity) diversity, which decreases turnover of diversity (i.e.: beta diversity). Overall gamma diversity may be lowered because species are going extinct because of other causes, but even some of the most insidious invaders (e.g.: Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, chestnut blight in North America) have not caused their host species to become extinct. Extirpation, population decline, and homogenization of regional biodiversity are much more common. Human activities have frequently been the cause of invasive species circumventing their barriers, by introducing them for food and other purposes. Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1900s" }],
              "question": "What century started the increase of species invasions?",
              "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "humans" }],
              "question": "Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?",
              "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?",
              "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "lion fish" }],
              "question": "What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?",
              "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemics (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world\u2019s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species, and 18% of the bird species of the world. Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism.[citation needed] Since the island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago, many species and ecosystems have evolved independently.[citation needed] Indonesia's 17,000 islands cover 735,355 square miles (1,904,560 km2) and contain 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of mammals, and 17% of reptiles, amphibians and birds\u2014along with nearly 240 million people. Many regions of high biodiversity and/or endemism arise from specialized habitats which require unusual adaptations, for example, alpine environments in high mountains, or Northern European peat bogs.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "20,000 plant species" }
              ],
              "question": "How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?",
              "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1,350 vertebrates" }],
              "question": "How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?",
              "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Colombia" }],
              "question": "Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?",
              "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Colombia" }],
              "question": "Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?",
              "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "Madagascar" }],
              "question": "What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?",
              "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponential rise in diversity. As one author states, \"Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes, and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "global carrying capacity" }
              ],
              "question": "What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?",
              "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "life in the sea" }],
              "question": "What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?",
              "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "life on land" }],
              "question": "What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?",
              "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "64 per cent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?",
              "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor.\" At least until the middle of the 21st century, worldwide losses of pristine biodiverse land will probably depend much on the worldwide human birth rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?",
              "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "From 1950" }],
              "question": "What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?",
              "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "more than 9 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?",
              "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Sir David King" }],
              "question": "Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?",
              "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "monoculture farms" }],
              "question": "What farms use biologically destructive pesticides",
              "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The control of associated biodiversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?",
              "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "polyculture farmers" }
              ],
              "question": "What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?",
              "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "polyculture farmers" }
              ],
              "question": "What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?",
              "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number of visitors permitted to enter certain fragile areas. Designated trails or roads are created. The visitors are allowed to enter only for study, cultural and recreation purposes. Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals are prohibited. Exploitation of habitat or wildlife is banned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "National park and nature reserve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?",
              "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "governments or private organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who selects National parks?",
              "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?",
              "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "national or state governments" }
              ],
              "question": "Who usually owns and manages National parks?",
              "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What activities are prohibited in national parks?",
              "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high as 140,000 species per year (based on Species-area theory). This figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices, because few species emerge each year.[citation needed] Almost all scientists acknowledge that the rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates. As of 2012, some studies suggest that 25% of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Sigmar Gabriel" }],
              "question": "Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?",
              "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "2050" }],
              "question": "What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?",
              "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "about one eighth" }],
              "question": "How many plant species are close to extinction?",
              "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?",
              "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to \"trivial\" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Habitat size" }],
              "question": "What is systematically related to the numbers of species?",
              "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?",
              "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "monoculture following deforestation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a standardized ecosystem formed?",
              "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?",
              "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "the zebra mussel" }],
              "question": "What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?",
              "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "mongooses" }],
              "question": "What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?",
              "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "nocturnal rats" }],
              "question": "What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?",
              "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Indonesia and Malaysia," }
              ],
              "question": "What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?",
              "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is \"firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world\". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life (see e.g., extremophile). \"On the tree of life, based on analyses of small-subunit ribosomal RNA, visible life consists of barely noticeable twigs. The inverse relationship of size and population recurs higher on the evolutionary ladder\u2014\"to a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects\". Insect extinction rates are high\u2014supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Contemporary biodiversity physics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?",
              "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "microbial life" }],
              "question": "What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?",
              "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "microbial life" }],
              "question": "What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?",
              "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 666, "text": "Insect extinction rates" }
              ],
              "question": "What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?",
              "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "biodiversity" }],
              "question": "What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?",
              "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "biodiversity" }],
              "question": "What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?",
              "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "the climatic conditions and area of the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influences richness of biodiversity?",
              "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "flora" }],
              "question": "What term describes all the species of plants in existence?",
              "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology, introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term \"natural diversity\" was common, introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, \"The Preservation of Natural Diversity.\" By the early 1980s TNC's Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of the term \"biological diversity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Raymond F. Dasmann" }],
              "question": "Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?",
              "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "A Different Kind of Country" }
              ],
              "question": "What book first contained the term biological diversity?",
              "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "the 1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?",
              "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Thomas Lovejoy" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?",
              "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "\"natural diversity\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What term was common before biological diversity?",
              "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration (\"bioprospecting\") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Biodiversity" }],
              "question": "What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?",
              "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fabe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "at least 50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?",
              "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fabf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "bionics" }],
              "question": "What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?",
              "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "about 80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?",
              "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "the Green Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?",
              "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "local climate and diseases" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the high yield strains become resistant to?",
              "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "Local governments and industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has been pushing for hybridization?",
              "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the loss of biodiversity?",
              "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "ASCII",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "English alphabet" }],
              "question": "What is the ASCII based on?",
              "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "128 specified characters" }
              ],
              "question": "How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?",
              "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "33 are non-printing control characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many are non-printing control characters?",
              "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "95 printable characters" }
              ],
              "question": "How many characters are printable characters? ",
              "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "invisible graphic:223" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the space also known as what?",
              "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20098,9) The \"space\" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237\u2009\u00a7\u200910 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237\u2009\u00a7\u200914 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238\u2009\u00a7\u200918 The digits 0\u20139 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "for ease of identification" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?",
              "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "32 positions" }],
              "question": "How many positions are in the first two columns?",
              "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "to support uppercase 64-character alphabets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the committee decide was important?",
              "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "41hex" }],
              "question": "Where was the letter A places in position?",
              "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Unicode" }],
              "question": "ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?",
              "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "128 symbols" }],
              "question": "How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?",
              "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "UTF-8" }],
              "question": "What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?",
              "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, \"transmit on\") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "a Control-S" }],
              "question": "What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?",
              "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Control-Q" }],
              "question": "What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?",
              "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "handshaking" }],
              "question": "What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?",
              "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?",
              "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "CRTs or terminals" }],
              "question": "What are glass TTYs also known as?",
              "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "RT-11" }],
              "question": "What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?",
              "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When was the introduction of PC DOS?",
              "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "EBCDIC" }],
              "question": "What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?",
              "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "MS-DOS" }],
              "question": "What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?",
              "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get \"N{ jag har sm|rg}sar.\" as the answer, which should be \"N\u00e4 jag har sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sar.\" meaning \"No I've got sandwiches.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "C trigraphs" }],
              "question": "What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?",
              "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was their use limited?",
              "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "US-ASCII" }],
              "question": "What did many programmers keep their computers on?",
              "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?",
              "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comit\u00e9 Consultatif International T\u00e9l\u00e9phonique et T\u00e9l\u00e9graphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "teleprinter encoding systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What was ASCII based on?",
              "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "digital bit patterns and character symbols"
                }
              ],
              "question": "ASCII specifies correspondence between what? ",
              "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?",
              "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "11 to 25 special graphic symbols"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?",
              "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 768, "text": "more than 64 codes" }
              ],
              "question": "How many codes were required for ASCII?",
              "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work \u2013  according to Bemer, \"so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe\". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called \"the father of ASCII.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When was ASCII first commercially used?",
              "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was it used for?",
              "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "five-bit ITA2" }],
              "question": "What did TWX use before ASCII?",
              "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Bob Bemer" }],
              "question": "Who is the father of ASCII?",
              "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Bemer-Ross Code" }],
              "question": "What was the code first called in Europe?",
              "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, character 10 represents the \"line feed\" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents \"backspace\". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "causes a printer to advance its paper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"line feed\" function do?",
              "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "character 10" }],
              "question": "What character represents the \"line feed\" function?",
              "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "backspace" }],
              "question": "What does character 8 represent? ",
              "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?",
              "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean \"remove the character at the cursor\".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "assigned special meanings" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some software do to the ASCII characters?",
              "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?",
              "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "remove the character at the cursor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?",
              "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "BS" }],
              "question": "What did other systmes us for \"remove previously-typed input character\"?",
              "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII \"Network Virtual Terminal\" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "CR-LF" }],
              "question": "What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?",
              "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "by transmitting a standard text format over the network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the connections supported? ",
              "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 765, "text": "The File Transfer Protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?",
              "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?",
              "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "LF" }],
              "question": "What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?",
              "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for \"national use.\" However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was ISO/IEC 646 published?",
              "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "one of several national variants of an international character code standard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was ASCII inteded to be?",
              "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?",
              "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?",
              "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0\u201331 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "their own 8-bit character sets" }
              ],
              "question": "What did most early home computers develop?",
              "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?",
              "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "graphic symbols such as smiley faces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?",
              "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?",
              "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 923, "text": "typographic punctuation marks" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? ",
              "id": "570beefe6b8089140040faca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ASCII (i/\u02c8\u00e6ski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "UTF-8" }],
              "question": "Who surpassed ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "December 2007" }],
              "question": "ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?",
              "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "is a character-encoding scheme" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ASCII code represent?",
              "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "American Standard Code for Information Interchange"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ASCII stand for?",
              "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20094",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "ASCII required at least a seven-bit code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after they decided agasint shifting?",
              "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?",
              "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is different in a shifted code?",
              "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did they decide against shifting code?",
              "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The \"escape\" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of \"escape\" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called \"ANSI escape code\" (or, more properly, a \"Control Sequence Introducer\") beginning with ESC followed by a \"[\" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the \"escape\" character originally intended for?",
              "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 789,
                  "text": "most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does modern ESC code do?",
              "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 979,
                  "text": "an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?",
              "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "end-of-file" }],
              "question": "What does EOF stand for?",
              "id": "570bf2846b8089140040fae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?",
              "id": "570bf2846b8089140040faea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Control-Z (SUB)" }],
              "question": "What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?",
              "id": "570bf2846b8089140040fae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Control-C" }],
              "question": "What else is the end-of-text code known as?",
              "id": "570bf2846b8089140040faeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "telegraphic codes" }],
              "question": "What was ASCII developed from? ",
              "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first commercial use of ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "October 6, 1960" }],
              "question": "When did work on the ASCII standard begin? ",
              "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When was the first edition of the standard published?",
              "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When was the first major revision of the code done?",
              "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20095 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?",
              "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "minimize costs associated with data transmission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?",
              "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?",
              "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "ASA X3.4-1963" }],
              "question": "What was ASCII published as and when?",
              "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "28 code positions" }],
              "question": "How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?",
              "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "May 1963" }],
              "question": "When was the change to ASCII made official?",
              "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 885,
                  "text": "simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?",
              "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (\u00a3). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Other adapted encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), and YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "ISO/IEC 646" }],
              "question": "What is a retified versionof ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?",
              "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?",
              "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Teletype Model 33 ASR" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?",
              "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?",
              "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040faff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "until the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When was paper tape popular?",
              "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "less costly and in some ways less fragile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?",
              "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 896, "text": "code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)" }
              ],
              "question": "What code eventually became neglected?",
              "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both \"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name \"Carriage Return\" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?",
              "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "\"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?",
              "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the name \"Carriage Return\" come from?",
              "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "right" }],
              "question": "What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?",
              "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were \"#$%_&'() \u2013  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !\"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1\u20135, corresponding to the digits 1\u20135 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers\u2014\u200b\u200bfollowing the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)\u2014\u200b\u200band thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?",
              "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were used instead of 0 and 1? ",
              "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1077,
                  "text": "which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?",
              "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1444, "text": "do not correspond as closely" }
              ],
              "question": "Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?",
              "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Code 127 is officially named \"delete\" but the Teletype label was \"rubout\". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was useful specifically for paper tape, because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be \"hand edited\" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be \"rubbed out\" and then replacements put into the empty space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "delete" }],
              "question": "What is the official name of code 127?",
              "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "rubout" }],
              "question": "What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?",
              "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "to make it an ignored character"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Teletype have the code for \"rubout\"?",
              "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? ",
              "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?",
              "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?",
              "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who adopted this practice from Multics?",
              "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?",
              "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Digestion",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "the action of mastication (chewing)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first step in the human digestive system?",
              "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "a liquid secreted by the salivary glands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is saliva?",
              "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "salivary amylase" }],
              "question": "What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?",
              "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "a small, round slurry mass" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of bolus?",
              "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "peristalsis" }],
              "question": "What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?",
              "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?",
              "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "extract more nutrition" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?",
              "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "excreted and generally consumed immediately"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with these soft feacal pellets?",
              "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "not eaten" }],
              "question": "Are normal droppings also eaten? ",
              "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "internal and external digestion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two types of digestion?",
              "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "earlier in evolutionary history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did external digestion develop?",
              "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "most fungi" }],
              "question": "What still uses the external digestion system?",
              "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "gastrointestinal tract" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?",
              "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is internal digection better than external?",
              "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What elements can transfer to plant cells?",
              "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the plant cell nucleus" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do transferred genes enter?",
              "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "opines" }],
              "question": "What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?",
              "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "end" }],
              "question": "What happens to infected plant cells?",
              "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "The Ti and Ri plasmids" }
              ],
              "question": "What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?",
              "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "in the jaws (or mouths)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are teeth found?",
              "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "to tear, scrape, milk and chew food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are teeth used for?",
              "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "enamel, dentine and cementum" }
              ],
              "question": "What are teeth made out of?",
              "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "a blood and nerve supply" }
              ],
              "question": "What in human teeth enables proprioception?",
              "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when you bite something you cant chew?",
              "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The abomasum" }],
              "question": "What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?",
              "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d33f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "a monogastric stomach" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the abomasums close equivalent?",
              "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this site serve primarily as?",
              "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?",
              "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is also digested in the small intestine?",
              "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d343"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?",
              "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "dead grass, leaves, and weeds" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an earthworm eat?",
              "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "The mouth is surrounded by strong lips"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?",
              "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "mucus" }],
              "question": "What is the food coated with for easier passage?",
              "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "The powerful muscles of the gizzard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?",
              "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "in the mouth" }],
              "question": "Where does the digestions of some fats start?",
              "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the small intestine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are fats mainly digested?",
              "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?",
              "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does bile from the liver help do?",
              "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "a triglyceride" }],
              "question": "What is one molecule of fat?",
              "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is digestion?",
              "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?",
              "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "mechanical and chemical digestion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two ways that food is broken down?",
              "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is mechanical digestion?",
              "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is chemical digestion?",
              "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d357"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three digestions phases?",
              "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the cephalic phase occur?",
              "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?",
              "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "3 to 4 hours" }],
              "question": "How long does the gastric phase take?",
              "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 673,
                  "text": "by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?",
              "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d361"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in a chennel transupport system? ",
              "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?",
              "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this secretion system transport?",
              "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d369"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the formation of outer membrane vesicles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?",
              "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": ", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?",
              "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "response to stress conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?",
              "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?",
              "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an \"overhead charge\" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "swallowing and peristalsis" }
              ],
              "question": "What muscle movements are used for digestion?",
              "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What does every stpe of digestion require?",
              "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "an \"overhead charge\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does needing energy to digest impose?",
              "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Over head charges influence what?",
              "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d370"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does digestion begin?",
              "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "a bolus" }],
              "question": "What is food formed into before it is swallowed?",
              "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "the stomach" }],
              "question": "Where does food go after the esophagus?",
              "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "peristalsis" }],
              "question": "What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?",
              "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "hydrochloric acid and pepsin" }
              ],
              "question": "What does gastric juice consist of?",
              "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is lactase?",
              "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "glucose and galactose" }
              ],
              "question": "What are lactoses component parts?",
              "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "small intestine" }],
              "question": "Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?",
              "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Approximately 65 percent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?",
              "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "lactose intolerance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?",
              "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After some time (typically 1\u20132 hours in humans, 4\u20136 hours in dogs, 3\u20134 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "chyme" }],
              "question": "What is the resulting thick liquid called?",
              "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?",
              "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "the small intestine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does hyme go after the duodenum?",
              "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "blood" }],
              "question": "Where is chyme absorbed into?",
              "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "the small intestine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?",
              "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the cephalic phase" }],
              "question": "What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?",
              "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cephalic phase?",
              "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Mechanical and chemical digestion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What digestions begin in the mouth?",
              "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?",
              "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does absorption occur?",
              "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "in the stomach and duodenum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does protein digestion occur?",
              "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three main enzymes that break down food?",
              "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "inactive precursors, the zymogens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?",
              "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "amino acids" }],
              "question": "What are dipeptidases broken down into?",
              "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "the pancreas" }],
              "question": "What organ secretes chymotrypsin?",
              "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but allowed bugging. In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "wiretapping" }],
              "question": "What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?",
              "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Olmstead v. United States" }
              ],
              "question": "In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?",
              "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Communications Act of 1934" }
              ],
              "question": "What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?",
              "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Nardone v. United States" }
              ],
              "question": "In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?",
              "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 922, "text": "a warrant" }],
              "question": "What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?",
              "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hoover" }],
              "question": "Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?",
              "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Olmstead v. United States" }
              ],
              "question": "What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?",
              "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Communications Act of 1934" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?",
              "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 922, "text": "a warrant" }],
              "question": "What is now required to wire tap a citizen?",
              "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "beforehand" }],
              "question": "Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?",
              "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens\u2014including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. The country was \"jolted\" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The phones of some members of Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?",
              "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Numerous files were taken" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?",
              "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "COINTELPRO program" }
              ],
              "question": "What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?",
              "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "investigations into lives of ordinary citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?",
              "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "The country was \"jolted\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the US react to these discoveries?",
              "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War, the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?",
              "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "sixth national priority" }
              ],
              "question": "What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?",
              "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "With reduced cuts to other well-established departments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?",
              "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "terrorism was no longer considered a threat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?",
              "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "The FBI" }],
              "question": "What agency pioneered DNA testing?",
              "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had \"not been well served\" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI. While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "FBI and Central Intelligence Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agencies were to blame for 9/11?",
              "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?",
              "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "resisting any meaningful changes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?",
              "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "not been well served" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?",
              "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Clarksburg, West Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the CJIS located?",
              "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the CJIS created?",
              "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "main repository for information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose does the CJIS serve?",
              "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Under the roof of the CJIS" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the data for the NCIC located?",
              "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "Many state and local agencies use these data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do states have access to CJIS?",
              "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with his deputies, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents. Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who in turn reports to the President.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The FBI director" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?",
              "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "his deputies" }],
              "question": "Who assists the FBI director?",
              "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?",
              "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "FBI director" }],
              "question": "Who used to brief the President?",
              "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "Director of National Intelligence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who now reports to the President?",
              "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Uniform Crime Reports" }
              ],
              "question": "What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?",
              "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does UCR focus on?",
              "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "Where was the UCR created?",
              "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed \"subversive\", including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups; the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled \"New Left\", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?",
              "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "including Martin Luther King, Jr."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the FBI target MLK?",
              "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1075, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?",
              "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1177,
                  "text": "Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the key white hate groups targeted?",
              "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "New Left" }],
              "question": "What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?",
              "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "British MI5 and the Russian FSB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the FBI comparable to?",
              "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "FBI is primarily a domestic agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of agency is the FBI?",
              "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?",
              "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?",
              "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "senior-level FBI officer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?",
              "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the \"White Slave Traffic Act,\" or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the bureau's first task?",
              "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "White Slave Traffic Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?",
              "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "White Slave Traffic Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?",
              "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "June 25, 1910" }],
              "question": "When was the Mann Act passed?",
              "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "In 1932," }],
              "question": "When was the bureau renamed?",
              "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them. In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee, Emmett Till, and other blacks in the South. The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO, which was short for \"COunter-INTELligence PROgram.\" It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a leading civil rights organization with clergy leadership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1950s and 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI become concerned about Civil Rights?",
              "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "communist ties" }],
              "question": "What ties did the FBI believe civil rights leaders had?",
              "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Dr. T.R.M. Howard" }],
              "question": "Who did Hoover send an open letter denouncing?",
              "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "FBI" }],
              "question": "What agency had Dr. T.R.M. Howard criticized?",
              "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "COINTELPRO" }],
              "question": "What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era?",
              "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort (the Venona project)\u2014with which the FBI was heavily involved\u2014broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence. Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 1952. Another notable case is the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957. The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?",
              "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Eight" }],
              "question": "How many Nazis were arrested?",
              "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "the Venona project" }
              ],
              "question": "What project broke Soviet codes?",
              "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "CIA" }],
              "question": "What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?",
              "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime informant program \"one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement.\" The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward \"Teddy\" Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison. Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found the bureau helped convict the four men using false witness account by mobster Joseph Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2003" }],
              "question": "When did a committee oppose the FBI's organized crime informant program?",
              "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted?",
              "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "life in prison" }],
              "question": "What was the death sentence reduced to?",
              "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many of the men died in prison?",
              "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages?",
              "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to be obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations, in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1993 and 1996" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role?",
              "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "World Trade Center bombing" }
              ],
              "question": "What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism?",
              "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "New York City, New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the World Trade Center?",
              "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When was Oklahoma city bombed?",
              "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "obstructed" }],
              "question": "What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency?",
              "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Leonard W. Hatton Jr" }
              ],
              "question": "What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?",
              "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "South Tower" }],
              "question": "What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?",
              "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "re-engineering" }],
              "question": "What did the FBI's new director want?",
              "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "countering every federal crime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?",
              "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "structure and operations" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?",
              "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 8, 2007 The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. The Post reported from Zegart's book that government documents show the CIA and FBI missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI has not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continue to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 8, 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind?",
              "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bcde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss?",
              "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bcdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "FBI, CIA" }],
              "question": "What two agencies had a lack of co-operation?",
              "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "FBI's decentralized structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What was to blame for the FBI's failure?",
              "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "effective communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the FBI's decentralized structure prevent?",
              "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "USA PATRIOT Act" }],
              "question": "What increased the powers of the FBI?",
              "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "sneak and peek provision" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?",
              "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "search a house while the residents are away"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new residential powers did the FBI now have?",
              "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bcea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Could the FBI inquire into library records?",
              "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "those who are suspected of terrorism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who's library records did the FBI look into?",
              "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bcec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI, did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts include Chemistry, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Computer Analysis and Response, DNA Analysis, Evidence Response, Explosives, Firearms and Tool marks, Forensic Audio, Forensic Video, Image Analysis, Forensic Science Research, Forensic Science Training, Hazardous Materials Response, Investigative and Prospective Graphics, Latent Prints, Materials Analysis, Questioned Documents, Racketeering Records, Special Photographic Analysis, Structural Design, and Trace Evidence. The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI lab first appear?",
              "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "J. Edgar Hoover Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the FBI lab?",
              "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 901,
                  "text": "state, local, and international agencies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who uses the FBI lab services?",
              "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 942, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "How much does the FBI charges for lab services?",
              "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1001, "text": "FBI Academy" }],
              "question": "Where is the second FBI lab?",
              "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million, ended up going far over budget and behind schedule. Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software, outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), were not. Virtual Case File, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management. In January 2005, more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion, the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support system, which IT experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI begin the Trilogy project?",
              "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Trilogy project" }],
              "question": "What project centered on upgrading FBI Information Technology Infrastructure?",
              "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "far over budget" }],
              "question": "Did the Trilogy project go over budget?",
              "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "January 2005" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI abandon the VCF project?",
              "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An FBI special agent is issued a Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber. If they fail their first qualification, they are issued either a Glock 17 or Glock 19, to aid in their next qualification. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Model 23 \"FG&R\" (finger groove and rail) is the issue sidearm. New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 in 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, and Glock Models 23 and 27 in .40 S&W caliber are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock Model 21 in .45 ACP. Special agents of the FBI HRT (Hostage Rescue Team), and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Professional Model 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol (see FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gun are FBI special agents issued?",
              "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Glock 17 or Glock 19" }
              ],
              "question": "What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?",
              "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Glock .40 S&W pistol" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the FBI adopt in May 1997",
              "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "general agent use" }],
              "question": "What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?",
              "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "New Agent Class 98-1" }
              ],
              "question": "What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?",
              "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI is near-impenetrable, with applicants intensely scrutinized and assessed over an extended period. To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37. Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision. The applicant must also hold American citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance. To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. Special Agents candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use. Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "preference-eligible veterans" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of people may apply to join the FBI after age 37?",
              "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum age to join the FBI?",
              "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "must also hold American citizenship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is American citizenship required to be an FBI agent?",
              "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 950,
                  "text": "Single Scope Background Investigations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a SSBI?",
              "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1024,
                  "text": "Office of Personnel Management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who conducts SSBIs?",
              "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI has maintained files on numerous people, including celebrities such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, the band MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, and Mickey Mantle. The files were collected for various reasons. Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party (Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx), or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War (John Denver, John Lennon, and Jane Fonda). Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, and Frank Sinatra).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "including celebrities such as Elvis Presley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the FBI keep files on Elvis Presley?",
              "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "antiwar activities" }
              ],
              "question": "What activities was the FBI concerned with during the Vietnam war?",
              "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "threats or extortion attempts" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving?",
              "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Communist party" }],
              "question": "What party was the FBI concerned with?",
              "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding. For 16 years, he remained at large. For 12 of those years, Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Beginning in 1997, the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger. The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI. In 2002, Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest. In 2008, Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan, a Bulger rival. In 2014, that conviction was overturned on a technicality. Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "his former FBI handler" }
              ],
              "question": "Who tipped of Bulger?",
              "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act was the indictment under?",
              "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How long did Bulger remain at large?",
              "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "prominently listed" }
              ],
              "question": "Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List?",
              "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "great embarrassment" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the revelations about Bulger cause?",
              "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2007 Virgil Griffith, a Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student, created a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the internet IP addresses edits were made from. Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress, and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits. Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article in Wikipedia. Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses, there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI, only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article in Wikipedia. Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith's \"WikiScanner\" positively, noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "computation and neural-systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Virgil Griffith focused on?",
              "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "United States Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page?",
              "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "conflict of interest edits" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Griffith's tool designed to detect?",
              "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1083, "text": "transparency" }],
              "question": "What did Griffith's tool help increase?",
              "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "positively" }],
              "question": "How as Griffith's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia?",
              "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 February 2001, the bureau announced that a special agent, Robert Hanssen (born 1944) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001. He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado. Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001 at Foxstone Park near his home in Vienna, Virginia, and was charged with selling US secrets to the USSR and subsequently Russia for more than US$1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period. On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of espionage in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. His spying activities have been described by the US Department of Justice's Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as \"possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 February 2001" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen's arrest?",
              "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "spying for the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Hanssen arrested for?",
              "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1979 to 2001" }],
              "question": "When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU?",
              "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving?",
              "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "$1.4 million" }],
              "question": "What much money did Hanssen receive in cash?",
              "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement organization. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "FBI" }],
              "question": "What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US?",
              "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "U.S. Department of Justice" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization is the FBI a subset of?",
              "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "Director of National Intelligence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Director does the FBI report to?",
              "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over?",
              "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "J. Edgar Hoover" }],
              "question": "Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?",
              "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many years was Hoover the FBI director?",
              "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?",
              "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "FBI Laboratory" }],
              "question": "What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?",
              "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI laboratory open?",
              "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "domestic" }],
              "question": "What kind of work was the FBI focused on?",
              "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate?",
              "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "coordination with foreign security services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?",
              "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "not usually" }],
              "question": "Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries?",
              "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "coordination" }],
              "question": "What do oversea operations require?",
              "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list. Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor. Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed. The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests. The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants in order to monitor dissidents and \"troublemakers.\" After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?",
              "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "in the event of war with Axis" }
              ],
              "question": "When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?",
              "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Issei community leaders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?",
              "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "December 7, 1941" }],
              "question": "When was Pearl Harbor bombed?",
              "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1380, "text": "Japanese Americans" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?",
              "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers. After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who might fall under the Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "organized crime" }],
              "question": "What was the Top Hoodlum Program a response to?",
              "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "mobsters" }],
              "question": "What did the Top Hoodlum Program gather information on?",
              "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "former Prohibition-organized groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the RICO Act took effect what did the FBI start investigating?",
              "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 744, "text": "National Crime Syndicate" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups did Hoover deny the existence of?",
              "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 939, "text": "The RICO Act is still used" }
              ],
              "question": "Is the RICO Act still used today?",
              "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "CALEA" }],
              "question": "What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?",
              "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "CART" }],
              "question": "What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?",
              "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "Internet-related problems" }
              ],
              "question": "What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?",
              "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "US operations" }],
              "question": "What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?",
              "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "FBI increased its electronic surveillance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?",
              "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico believed lead in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It analyzed the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop doing bullet lead analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "single box of bullets" }
              ],
              "question": "What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?",
              "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "18-month" }],
              "question": "How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?",
              "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "deeply flawed" }],
              "question": "What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?",
              "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "National Research Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?",
              "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "RICO" }],
              "question": "What is the FBI's main tool against organized crime?",
              "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964" }
              ],
              "question": "What act is the FBI required to enforce?",
              "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "DOJ" }],
              "question": "What organization does the FBI prosecute violations of the United States Civil Rights Act with?",
              "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "DEA" }],
              "question": "What organization does the FBI share jurisdiction with?",
              "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "Controlled Substances Act of 1970"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Substance act does the FBI enforce?",
              "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "seaport and airport security" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection?",
              "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "investigating airplane crashes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does the FBI work with the National Transportation Safety Board?",
              "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "ICE-HSI" }],
              "question": "What organization in the US government investigates the largest array of crimes?",
              "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "FBI" }],
              "question": "What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations?",
              "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 750, "text": "Joint Terrorism Task Force" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the FBI and ICE-HSI both members of?",
              "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent. First opened for use in 1972, the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km2) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the \"College of Analytical Studies.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The FBI Academy" }],
              "question": "Where are agents sent to become FBI Special Agents?",
              "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Quantico, Virginia" }],
              "question": "Where is the FBI Academy?",
              "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "21-week" }],
              "question": "How long is the course required for all special agents?",
              "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "state and local law enforcement agencies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other groups does the FBI Academy train?",
              "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King, Jr. In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most \"notorious liar\" in the United States. In his 1991 memoir, Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide. Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 \"suicide package\" sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him \"You are done. There is only one way out for you...\" with audio recordings of King's sexual indiscretions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "frequently" }],
              "question": "Did the FBI investigate Martin Luther King Jr.?",
              "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Bureau" }],
              "question": "Who did MLK begin criticizing in the mid-1960s?",
              "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "white supremacists" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI?",
              "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "notorious liar" }],
              "question": "What did Hoover call MLK?",
              "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "anonymous" }],
              "question": "What kind of letter did the FBI send to MLK?",
              "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system. As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "address limitations inherent in UCR data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the NIBRS?",
              "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "Who uses the NIBRS?",
              "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "collecting and reporting data" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the NIBRS used for?",
              "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "crimes" }],
              "question": "What does the NIBRS collect information on?",
              "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "NIBRS" }],
              "question": "Does the NIBRS system or UCR system have more detailed data?",
              "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States), in 1950 (attempted murder), and in 1954 (after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session; although not present, Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind). The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Pedro Albizu Campos" }
              ],
              "question": "What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?",
              "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Nationalist" }],
              "question": "What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?",
              "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials?",
              "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "Luis Gutierrez" }],
              "question": "Who released the Campos operation to the public?",
              "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When was the Abizu Campos operation made public?",
              "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Office of the Director" }
              ],
              "question": "What office contains the FBI's administrative offices?",
              "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "An executive assistant director"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who manages each FBI branch?",
              "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "offices and divisions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a FBI branch divided into?",
              "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "an assistant director" }
              ],
              "question": "Who heads an office or division?",
              "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "deputy assistant directors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who leaders the sub-divisions of offices or divisions?",
              "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C., with 56 field offices in major cities across the United States. The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over 50 legal attach\u00e9s at United States embassies and consulates. Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico, Virginia, as well as a \"data campus\" in Clarksburg, West Virginia, where 96 million sets of fingerprints \"from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan.\" The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division, which processes Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, to Winchester, Virginia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the FBI located?",
              "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Quantico, Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are specialized FBI functions located?",
              "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Clarksburg, West Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the FBI's data campus?",
              "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "FOIA" }],
              "question": "What act is the FBI required to process requests for?",
              "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "96 million" }],
              "question": "How many sets of fingerprints does the FBI have?",
              "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from \"Carnivore\" to \"DCS1000.\" DCS is reported to stand for \"Digital Collection System\"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnivore" }],
              "question": "What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?",
              "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "email and electronic communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Carnivore monitor?",
              "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "DCS1000" }],
              "question": "What was Carnivore renamed to?",
              "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?",
              "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "commercially available" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of software replaced Carnivore?",
              "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States. They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90\u2013351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees. As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover, only to his successors. The current FBI Director is James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "President of the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appoints FBI directors?",
              "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "United States Senate" }
              ],
              "question": "What legislative body confirms FBI directors?",
              "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "five years" }],
              "question": "How long is the term of a FBI director?",
              "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "his death" }],
              "question": "What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?",
              "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "James B. Comey" }],
              "question": "Who is the current FBI director?",
              "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases. A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files, which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When did the FBI first appear in popular media?",
              "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "X-Files" }],
              "question": "What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal?",
              "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "FBI Counterterrorism Division" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the TV drama 24 designed on?",
              "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "undercover FBI agent" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the movie Point Break Based on?",
              "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "Joseph D. Pistone" }],
              "question": "Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on?",
              "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was \"suspiciously low.\" In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "289" }],
              "question": "How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?",
              "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "5 cases" }],
              "question": "How many times were FBI shots not justified?",
              "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "none" }],
              "question": "How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?",
              "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "suspiciously low" }],
              "question": "How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?",
              "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "the man's actions" }],
              "question": "On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?",
              "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination.[citation needed] Puerto Rico Governor An\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\u00e1 criticized the FBI assault as \"improper\" and \"highly irregular\" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it. The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court. Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio Gonz\u00e1lez Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n, and numerous other personalities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos die?",
              "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "FBI agents" }],
              "question": "Who killed Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos?",
              "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "assassination" }],
              "question": "How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's death?",
              "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "The FBI refused" }],
              "question": "How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?",
              "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's killing?",
              "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Adolescence",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "a transitional period between childhood and adulthood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Adolescene is viewed as what?",
              "id": "570c224d6b8089140040fb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what?",
              "id": "570c224d6b8089140040fb45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "preparation of children for adult roles."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of adolescence?",
              "id": "570c224d6b8089140040fb46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "preparation of children for adult roles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?",
              "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "adolescence" }],
              "question": "What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?",
              "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "multiple transitions" }
              ],
              "question": "Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?",
              "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "education, training, employment and unemployment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?",
              "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d746"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "a deeper voice and larger adam's apple"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Puberty causes what to happen in boys?",
              "id": "570c4897fed7b91900d4582f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "The testes" }],
              "question": "What releases testosterone?",
              "id": "570c4897fed7b91900d45830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "the ovaries" }],
              "question": "What releases estrogen?",
              "id": "570c4897fed7b91900d45831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1056, "text": "obesity." }],
              "question": "What causes gynecomastia?",
              "id": "570c4897fed7b91900d45832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "a surge in hormone production" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes puberty? ",
              "id": "570c4897fed7b91900d45833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Puberty" }],
              "question": "A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?",
              "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "pituitary" }],
              "question": "Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?",
              "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "testes" }],
              "question": "Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?",
              "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "ovaries" }],
              "question": "Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?",
              "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "gynecomastia" }],
              "question": "An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?",
              "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "increase in both size and capacity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?",
              "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "increased strength and tolerance for exercise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?",
              "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "males" }],
              "question": "Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?",
              "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "males" }],
              "question": "Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?",
              "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "respiratory" }],
              "question": "Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?",
              "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?",
              "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "cognitive and emotional" }
              ],
              "question": "The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?",
              "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?",
              "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "creases" }],
              "question": "What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?",
              "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?",
              "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d774"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Serotonin" }],
              "question": "Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?",
              "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?",
              "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "mood and behavior" }],
              "question": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?",
              "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "limbic" }],
              "question": "Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?",
              "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "dopamine and serotonin" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?",
              "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "hypothetical" }],
              "question": "Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?",
              "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "children" }],
              "question": "Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?",
              "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "hypothetical" }],
              "question": "What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?",
              "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "probability" }],
              "question": "Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?",
              "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "early" }],
              "question": "Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?",
              "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "hormones" }],
              "question": "Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?",
              "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Early" }],
              "question": "Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?",
              "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "poor body image" }],
              "question": "What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?",
              "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intelligence: adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group, and relative standing usually does not change\u2014everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is wisdom defined?",
              "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?",
              "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?",
              "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?",
              "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wisdom" }],
              "question": "What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?",
              "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles (e.g., worker or romantic partner) and how this varies across cultures or social conditions. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is adolescence defined biologically?",
              "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is adolescence defined cognitively?",
              "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "a period of preparation for adult roles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is adolescence defined socially?",
              "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "biological" }],
              "question": "Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?",
              "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Cognitive" }],
              "question": "Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?",
              "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d83b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jean Macfarlane" }],
              "question": "Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?",
              "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?",
              "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Institute of Child Welfare" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?",
              "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?",
              "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?",
              "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "first ejaculation" }],
              "question": "What is a male's major landmark of puberty?",
              "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?",
              "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "menstruation" }],
              "question": "What is a female's major landmark of puberty?",
              "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "diet and lifestyle" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?",
              "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "later" }],
              "question": "Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?",
              "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "who the adolescent wishes to be"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?",
              "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "who the adolescent does not want to be"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?",
              "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "ideal" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?",
              "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Menarche" }],
              "question": "What term is the beginning of menstruation given?",
              "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?",
              "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "uterus, vagina" }],
              "question": "What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?",
              "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "females" }],
              "question": "Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?",
              "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "masturbation" }],
              "question": "What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?",
              "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "those directly related to the sex organs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are primary sex characteristics?",
              "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "growth of the testes and scrotum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?",
              "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "penis" }],
              "question": "After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?",
              "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?",
              "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents. When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent\u2013child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's right to privacy, which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements. While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent\u2013adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "early adolescence" }],
              "question": "At what stage do parents see their children as equals?",
              "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "puberty" }],
              "question": "During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?",
              "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1833, "text": "same" }],
              "question": "During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?",
              "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "prefrontal cortex" }],
              "question": "Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?",
              "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 855,
                  "text": "dorsolateral prefrontal cortex"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?",
              "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1050, "text": "orbitofrontal cortex" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?",
              "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "those involving primary functions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?",
              "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "primary" }],
              "question": "Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?",
              "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Communication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on characteristics similarly found in themselves. By utilizing these relationships, adolescents become more accepting of who they are becoming. Group norms and values are incorporated into an adolescent\u2019s own self-concept. Through developing new communication skills and reflecting upon those of their peers, as well as self-opinions and values, an adolescent can share and express emotions and other concerns without fear of rejection or judgment. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as on academic motivation and performance. However, while peers may facilitate social development for one another they may also hinder it. Peers can have negative influences, such as encouraging experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing through peer pressure. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter. Further evidence of peers hindering social development has been found in Spanish teenagers, where emotional (rather than solution-based) reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression against peers. Both physical and relational aggression are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, especially depression, as is social rejection. Because of this, bullied adolescents often develop problems that lead to further victimization. Bullied adolescents are both more likely to continued to be bullied and to bully others in the future. However, this relationship is less stable in cases of cyberbullying, a relatively new issue among adolescents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 809,
                  "text": "academic motivation and performance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual?",
              "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 998,
                  "text": "experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence?",
              "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak?",
              "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "empathy, sharing, and leadership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop?",
              "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "constructivist" }],
              "question": "What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?",
              "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "sudden and drastic" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?",
              "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "quantitative, state-theory" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?",
              "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?",
              "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships. Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin. Kissing, hand holding, and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment. Among young adolescents, \"heavy\" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality. This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship. Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency, suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For old adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "hookups" }],
              "question": "Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what?",
              "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "within" }],
              "question": "Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?",
              "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "social media" }],
              "question": "Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?",
              "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "genital stimulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What seperates \"heavy\" sexual activity from other forms of affection?",
              "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1206, "text": "lower" }],
              "question": "For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?",
              "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "metacognition" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself?",
              "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Adolescents" }],
              "question": "Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?",
              "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?",
              "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?",
              "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510c00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "teen timetable" }],
              "question": "What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?",
              "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "White" }],
              "question": "Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?",
              "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?",
              "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed074"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g. withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk. Some qualities of adolescents' lives that are often correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of experienced abuse, lower rates of parental support and monitoring. Adolescence is also commonly a time of questioning sexuality and gender. This may involve intimate experimentation with people identifying as the same gender as well as with people of differing genders. Such exploratory sexual behavior can be seen as similar to other aspects of identity, including the exploration of vocational, social, and leisure identity, all of which involve some risk.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "withdrawal" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a poor birth control method?",
              "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "lower" }],
              "question": "Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?",
              "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "similar" }],
              "question": "Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?",
              "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?",
              "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults. Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "favor" }],
              "question": "Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?",
              "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 837, "text": "impress potential mates" }
              ],
              "question": "A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?",
              "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 891, "text": "baseline sensation seeking" }
              ],
              "question": "What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?",
              "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In other words, in an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are adolescents are liking to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. But, developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood.[citation needed] Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "adolescent years" }],
              "question": "When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?",
              "id": "570da64516d0071400510c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "family life, environment, and social status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?",
              "id": "570da64516d0071400510c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 871, "text": "self-clarity and self-esteem" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two main aspects of identity development?",
              "id": "570da64516d0071400510c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1209,
                  "text": "self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?",
              "id": "570da64516d0071400510c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1756, "text": "more difficult" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?",
              "id": "570da64516d0071400510c45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18. The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution. For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted. Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age?",
              "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Is there a final endpoint in identity development?",
              "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Erikson" }],
              "question": "Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?",
              "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "early" }],
              "question": "Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?",
              "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance. Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of \"identity achievement\" but also stressed that the identity challenge \"is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time\". Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. \"Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers.\" Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers \"finding their selves\"; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. \"Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards.\" This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages. His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and interpersonal relationships. Answers are scored based on extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Erik Erikson" }],
              "question": "Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?",
              "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "crowd membership" }],
              "question": "How do adolescents initially define themselves?",
              "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2330, "text": "process of exploration" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Moratorium defined?",
              "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1786, "text": "James Marcia" }],
              "question": "Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?",
              "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1916, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?",
              "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. \"Barometric self-esteem\" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. When they fail to win friends' approval or couldn't find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls suffer from low self-esteem. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Self-esteem" }],
              "question": "Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?",
              "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?",
              "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Barometric self-esteem" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?",
              "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "baseline self-esteem" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?",
              "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 896,
                  "text": "having someone who can provide social and moral support"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most important function of friendship?",
              "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?",
              "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?",
              "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?",
              "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1324, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?",
              "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1387,
                  "text": "bullying and rejection from peers or family members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?",
              "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal (2009) showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22\u2014as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22?",
              "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510cad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "less likely" }],
              "question": "Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke, drink, fight, or engage in unprotected sex?",
              "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510cae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal" }
              ],
              "question": "Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents, their parents, and secondary education completion?",
              "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510caf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much research has been conducted on the psychological ramifications of body image on adolescents. Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them. Recent studies have indicated that the average teenager watches roughly 1500 hours of television per year. As such, modern day adolescents are exposed to many representations of ideal, societal beauty. The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as \"body dissatisfaction\". In teenagers, body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns. Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Are modern day teenagers exposed to more or less media than other generations?",
              "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1500" }],
              "question": "How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year?",
              "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "body dissatisfaction" }
              ],
              "question": "Teenagers' views on body mass, loe self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns results in what?",
              "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is \"body dissatisfaction\" defined?",
              "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%, divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent. In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence, make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory, which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training. A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "about 50%" }],
              "question": "What is the current divorce rate?",
              "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "less" }],
              "question": "Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?",
              "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 987, "text": "epistemological trauma theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?",
              "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1408, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?",
              "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification. Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies?",
              "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "tattoos and scarification" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood?",
              "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "vary" }],
              "question": "Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary, or are they the same?",
              "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14\u221217-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15\u201344 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?",
              "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "53%" }],
              "question": "How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?",
              "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "17.0" }],
              "question": "At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?",
              "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "17.3" }],
              "question": "At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?",
              "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?",
              "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the \"symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued\". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, \"culture\" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is culture defined?",
              "id": "570db44716d0071400510d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?",
              "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1157,
                  "text": "not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?",
              "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 954, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?",
              "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When discussing peer relationships among adolescents it is also important to include information in regards to how they communicate with one another. An important aspect of communication is the channel used. Channel, in this respect, refers to the form of communication, be it face-to-face, email, text message, phone or other. Teens are heavy users of newer forms of communication such as text message and social-networking websites such as Facebook, especially when communicating with peers. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 531,
                  "text": "experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do adolescents use online technology?",
              "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "form of communication" }
              ],
              "question": "To what does \"channel\" refer in terms if adolescent communication?",
              "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "cyberbullying" }],
              "question": "What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?",
              "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose \"anything but intercourse\" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "One in four" }],
              "question": "What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?",
              "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "gonorrhea" }],
              "question": "Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?",
              "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 913, "text": "One-quarter" }],
              "question": "What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?",
              "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1084, "text": "eighty-one percent" }
              ],
              "question": "According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?",
              "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?",
              "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?",
              "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "U.S. and South Sudan" }
              ],
              "question": "What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?",
              "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 962, "text": "legal emancipation" }
              ],
              "question": "A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?",
              "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 782,
                  "text": "regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?",
              "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the sharing of household chores, certain cultures expect adolescents to share in their family's financial responsibilities. According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals. Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of allowance may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes, which are further influenced by cultural norms and values, as well as by the business sector and market economy of a given society. For instance, in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "fewer" }],
              "question": "In developing countries, is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling?",
              "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why, in developting countries, do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling?",
              "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "saving and spending money" }
              ],
              "question": "According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?",
              "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed122"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is\u2014in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "semenarche" }],
              "question": "What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?",
              "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "menarche" }],
              "question": "What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?",
              "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Restrictive" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?",
              "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1352, "text": "permissive" }],
              "question": "What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?",
              "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1565, "text": "discrepancies" }],
              "question": "Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?",
              "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Openness" }],
              "question": "Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?",
              "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?",
              "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "enjoyment" }],
              "question": "Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?",
              "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "high neuroticism and low agreeableness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?",
              "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that \u201cadolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.\u201d Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts the adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet caf\u00e9s seems only to affect boys academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online. The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents, as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities. However, the Internet can be significantly useful in educating teens because of the access they have to information on many various topics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?",
              "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 862,
                  "text": "easier to interact socially online"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?",
              "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1017,
                  "text": "time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?",
              "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "cyberbullying" }],
              "question": "Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?",
              "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following a steady decline, beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s, illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that between the years of 2007 and 2011, marijuana use grew from 5.7% to 7.2% among 8th grade students; among 10th grade students, from 14.2% to 17.6%; and among 12th graders, from 18.8% to 22.6%. Additional, recent years have seen a surge in popularity of MDMA; between 2010 and 2011, the use of MDMA increased from 1.4% to 2.3% among high school seniors. The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?",
              "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "ecstasy" }],
              "question": "The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?",
              "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "marijuana" }],
              "question": "Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?",
              "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "decline" }],
              "question": "From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?",
              "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives. Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14\u201315; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism. The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (18\u201319 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "14\u201315" }],
              "question": "During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?",
              "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "boys" }],
              "question": "Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?",
              "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "girls" }],
              "question": "Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?",
              "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "greater" }],
              "question": "Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?",
              "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning \"to grow up\") is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there has been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females (see precocious puberty). Physical growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "From which language does the word \"adolescence\" originate?",
              "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "to grow up" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin meaning of the word \"adolescere\"?",
              "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "age of majority" }],
              "question": "What is another term for legal adulthood?",
              "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "early twenties" }],
              "question": "Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?",
              "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12\u201317 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are \"heavy\" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "greatly increased" }],
              "question": "In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?",
              "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "68%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of teens say they text every day?",
              "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "73%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?",
              "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "51%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?",
              "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "One in four (23%)" }],
              "question": "What ratio of teens are \"heavy\" social media users, using two types of media daily?",
              "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, though a typical aspect in maturing females. Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent. Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature. In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse. Those who have had such experiences tend to perform not as well in school as their \"inexperienced\" peers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "more likely" }],
              "question": "Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?",
              "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "lose weight" }],
              "question": "Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?",
              "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "early maturing" }],
              "question": "Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?",
              "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "early maturing" }],
              "question": "Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?",
              "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "inexperienced" }],
              "question": "Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?",
              "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "different" }],
              "question": "Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?",
              "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "girls" }],
              "question": "Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?",
              "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "boys" }],
              "question": "Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?",
              "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "three to one" }],
              "question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?",
              "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "five to four" }],
              "question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?",
              "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a secondary sex characteristic change?",
              "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many Tanner stages are there?",
              "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "pediatrician" }],
              "question": "What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?",
              "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?",
              "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "secondary" }],
              "question": "Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?",
              "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense\u2014not touching a hot stove\u2014and those that are based on culturally-relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "adolescents" }],
              "question": "Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?",
              "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "common sense" }],
              "question": "Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?",
              "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "culturally-relative" }
              ],
              "question": "Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?",
              "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's \"Adolescence in 1904.\" Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "G. Stanley Hall" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?",
              "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1305, "text": "describing" }],
              "question": "From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?",
              "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Adolescence in 1904" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?",
              "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Darwin" }],
              "question": "Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?",
              "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204cea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "adolescents" }],
              "question": "Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?",
              "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "self-concept" }],
              "question": "Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?",
              "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 579, "text": "by physical traits" }
              ],
              "question": "How do children tend to define themselves?",
              "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "cognitive" }],
              "question": "Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?",
              "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This therefore has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?",
              "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "middle class" }],
              "question": "What social class of adolescents is most often studied?",
              "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "youth" }],
              "question": "The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?",
              "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1142, "text": "more likely" }],
              "question": "Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?",
              "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1011,
                  "text": "exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?",
              "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. \"The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons).\" This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one\u2019s identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one\u2019s development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2120, "text": "relationships" }],
              "question": "What has the largest affect over one's social development?",
              "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2143, "text": "large" }],
              "question": "Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?",
              "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "heavily emotionally invested in friends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?",
              "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages  and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?",
              "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Adolescents" }],
              "question": "Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?",
              "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is adolescence defined socially?",
              "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7-12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "social events" }],
              "question": "Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?",
              "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1001,
                  "text": "focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?",
              "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "romantic" }],
              "question": "Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?",
              "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three main types of autonomy?",
              "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is behavioral autonomy defined?",
              "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Behavioral" }],
              "question": "Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?",
              "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 798,
                  "text": "the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is cognitive autonomy defined?",
              "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1468, "text": "match closely" }],
              "question": "Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?",
              "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities\u2014which include playing sports, socializing, and caring for their appearance\u2014than do adolescents in many other countries. These differences may be influenced by cultural values of education and the amount of responsibility adolescents are expected to assume in their family or community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "less" }],
              "question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?",
              "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?",
              "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "varies greatly" }],
              "question": "Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?",
              "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?",
              "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 15.2% versus 11.7% of surveyed students. Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study show that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school. This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?",
              "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "marijuana" }],
              "question": "Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?",
              "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?",
              "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 979,
                  "text": "recent changing social and political views towards marijuana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?",
              "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7be0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to \"get in a party mood,\" 18%; \"because I enjoy it,\" 16%; and \"to get drunk,\" 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "uniform" }],
              "question": "Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?",
              "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Social engagement and personal enjoyment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?",
              "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?",
              "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "pleasure and recreation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?",
              "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "males" }],
              "question": "In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?",
              "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition\u2014often in the form of a ceremony\u2014can last for only a few days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "adolescence" }],
              "question": "The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?",
              "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "nearly a decade" }],
              "question": "How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?",
              "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "varies drastically by culture" }
              ],
              "question": "Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?",
              "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "adolescence" }],
              "question": "Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?",
              "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "independence" }],
              "question": "Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?",
              "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "different ages" }],
              "question": "Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?",
              "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "varies by country" }],
              "question": "Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?",
              "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2\u20134 years after puberty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "between 14 to 17 years of age" }
              ],
              "question": "When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?",
              "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 842, "text": "2\u20134 years after puberty" }
              ],
              "question": "For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?",
              "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "corners of the upper lip" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does facial hair first present during puberty?",
              "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler\u2014about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "females" }],
              "question": "Do males or females experience growth spurts first?",
              "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "two years later" }],
              "question": "How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?",
              "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "4 inches (10.3 cm) a year" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?",
              "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "3.5 inches (9 cm)" }],
              "question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?",
              "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "toddler" }],
              "question": "Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?",
              "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?",
              "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "inverted-U pattern" }
              ],
              "question": "Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?",
              "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "synaptic pruning" }],
              "question": "During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?",
              "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "more efficient" }],
              "question": "Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?",
              "id": "570def080b85d914000d7c00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Piaget" }],
              "question": "Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?",
              "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "executive functions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?",
              "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "prefrontal cortex" }],
              "question": "Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?",
              "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "decrease" }],
              "question": "Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?",
              "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "adolescents" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?",
              "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?",
              "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "higher-order" }],
              "question": "Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?",
              "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "cognitive" }],
              "question": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?",
              "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions. The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "risky behavior" }],
              "question": "Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?",
              "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "both" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?",
              "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "adolescents" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?",
              "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "behavioral decision-making theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?",
              "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "by mid-adolescence" }
              ],
              "question": "When does differentiation appear fully developed?",
              "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "distress" }],
              "question": "Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?",
              "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "differentiation" }],
              "question": "When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?",
              "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?",
              "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "sensitization" }],
              "question": "What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?",
              "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "childhood" }],
              "question": "When does sensitization usually start?",
              "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "identity confusion" }
              ],
              "question": "In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "identity confusion" }
              ],
              "question": "Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?",
              "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence. Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life. Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "increases" }],
              "question": "Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?",
              "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?",
              "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "middle adolescence" }
              ],
              "question": "At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?",
              "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a \"collective parent,\" i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds. While crowds are very influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose salience during high school as students identify more individually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents associate with \"cliques\" on a large or small scale?",
              "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?",
              "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are cliques defined?",
              "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Do adolescents associate with \"crowds\" on a large or small scale?",
              "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "10-45%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?",
              "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "a quarter to a third" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?",
              "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Physical" }],
              "question": "Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?",
              "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?",
              "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "decline" }],
              "question": "Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?",
              "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "positive" }],
              "question": "Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?",
              "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "self-care tasks and family-care tasks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are household chores frequently divided?",
              "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?",
              "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?",
              "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adolescence" }],
              "question": "The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?",
              "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?",
              "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 684,
                  "text": "cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?",
              "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "more than three-quarters" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?",
              "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?",
              "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "greatly increased" }],
              "question": "In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?",
              "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "(65%)" }],
              "question": "What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?",
              "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "video games" }],
              "question": "What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?",
              "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is DIS?",
              "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?",
              "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "risky and inappropriate behaviors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?",
              "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "the substance use of friends and other classmates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?",
              "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 934,
                  "text": "addictive nature of cigarettes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?",
              "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "significantly greater" }
              ],
              "question": "Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?",
              "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "12 to 20 years" }],
              "question": "What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?",
              "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "No" }],
              "question": "Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?",
              "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?",
              "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c49"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Antarctica",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is \u221263 \u00b0C (\u221281 \u00b0F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "desert" }],
              "question": "What type of land is Antarctica considered to be?",
              "id": "570c2257ec8fbc190045bc62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "200 mm (8 in)" }],
              "question": "What is Antarctica's annual precipitation along the coast?",
              "id": "570c2257ec8fbc190045bc63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "\u221263 \u00b0C (\u221281 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Antarctica's average temperature during the coldest part of the year?",
              "id": "570c2257ec8fbc190045bc64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000" }
              ],
              "question": "Approximately how many people live throughout the year at research stations across Antarctica?",
              "id": "570c2257ec8fbc190045bc65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 697,
                  "text": "mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some animals native to Antarctica?",
              "id": "570c2257ec8fbc190045bc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "Which continent is the highest in elevation?",
              "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "200 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "\u221263 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the average coldest temperature?",
              "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the coldest recorded temperature?",
              "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "tundra" }],
              "question": "Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? ",
              "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "the Andes mountain range of South America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does West Antarctica most resemble geologically?",
              "id": "570c23e26b8089140040fb54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?",
              "id": "570c23e26b8089140040fb55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what eras was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?",
              "id": "570c23e26b8089140040fb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "andesite and rhyolite volcanics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most common rocks found in West Antarctica?",
              "id": "570c23e26b8089140040fb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570c23e26b8089140040fb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Andes" }],
              "question": "To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?",
              "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "sea bed sediments" }],
              "question": "An uplift of what formed Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "early Mesozoic" }],
              "question": "Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?",
              "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "andesite and rhyolite" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "volcanic" }],
              "question": "What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?",
              "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46247"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Integral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis\u2014this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica?",
              "id": "570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Explorer Matthew Flinders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia?",
              "id": "570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis?",
              "id": "570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "significant landmass" }
              ],
              "question": "What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?",
              "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Matthew Flinders" }],
              "question": "What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?",
              "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "A Voyage to Terra Australis" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?",
              "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "When did Flinders write his book of discovery?",
              "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "mistake" }],
              "question": "What event caused people to misname Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution \u2013 fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 \u00b0C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Census of Marine Life" }
              ],
              "question": "Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?",
              "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "International Polar Year" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "235" }],
              "question": "How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?",
              "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "cetaceans" }],
              "question": "Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?",
              "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "5 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?",
              "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 \u2013 February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Ernest Shackleton" }],
              "question": "What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?",
              "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Edgeworth David" }],
              "question": "Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?",
              "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Douglas Mawson" }],
              "question": "Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?",
              "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?",
              "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "14 December 1911" }],
              "question": "When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?",
              "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed030"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?",
              "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "criminal" }],
              "question": "What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?",
              "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "32,000" }],
              "question": "How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?",
              "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?",
              "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "krill" }],
              "question": "Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?",
              "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Small-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006\u201307 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?",
              "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?",
              "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "small or medium ship" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?",
              "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "37,506" }],
              "question": "How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?",
              "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "coal" }],
              "question": "What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed09e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Beardmore Glacier" }],
              "question": "Where was coal first found on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed09f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Nimrod Expedition" }],
              "question": "What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Prince Charles Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Ross Sea" }],
              "question": "Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: \"This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic.\" Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?",
              "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "$16.3 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?",
              "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "zero-emissions" }],
              "question": "What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?",
              "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": "From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?",
              "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Johan Berte" }],
              "question": "Who is the leader of the station design team?",
              "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "floating ice shelves" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?",
              "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "collapses" }],
              "question": "What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?",
              "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Antarctic Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?",
              "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "glacial outflow" }],
              "question": "What could the displacement of ice cause?",
              "id": "570da87816d0071400510c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "snow falling" }],
              "question": "What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?",
              "id": "570da87816d0071400510c61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "vegetation" }],
              "question": "What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "plant growth" }],
              "question": "What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?",
              "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "diversity of plant life" }
              ],
              "question": "hat is low and limited in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0 S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Antarctic Treaty System" }
              ],
              "question": "What document regulates Antarctica's status?",
              "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "south of 60\u00b0 S" }
              ],
              "question": "What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?",
              "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?",
              "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 611, "text": "scientific preserve" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?",
              "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69\u00b021\u203228\u2033S 2\u00b014\u203250\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff69.35778\u00b0S 2.24722\u00b0W\ufeff / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "17 January 1773" }],
              "question": "When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?",
              "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "field ice" }],
              "question": "What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?",
              "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "32 km" }],
              "question": "How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1518, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "ozone layer" }],
              "question": "What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?",
              "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?",
              "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Brunt Ice Shelf" }],
              "question": "Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?",
              "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "chlorofluorocarbons" }
              ],
              "question": "What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?",
              "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Montreal Protocol" }],
              "question": "What agreement banned the use of CFC s?",
              "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "mild" }],
              "question": "What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?",
              "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Northern" }],
              "question": "In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?",
              "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "equator" }],
              "question": "Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?",
              "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "cooler" }],
              "question": "What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?",
              "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "South Pole" }],
              "question": "Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?",
              "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7bab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antarctica (US English i/\u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak\u0259/, UK English /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0kt\u026ak\u0259/ or /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259/ or /\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "What is the Earth's most southern continent?",
              "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "South Pole" }],
              "question": "Which pole is located in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Southern Ocean" }],
              "question": "What ocean surrounds Antarctica?",
              "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "14,000,000 square kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the size of Antarctica?",
              "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "98%" }],
              "question": "How much of Antarctica is ice covered?",
              "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than \u2212150 \u00b0C (\u2212238 \u00b0F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between \u221280 \u00b0C (\u2212112 \u00b0F) and \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?",
              "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?",
              "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "21 July 1983" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?",
              "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "frozen desert" }],
              "question": "What is Antarctica topographically ?",
              "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "Sunburn" }],
              "question": "What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1\u20132 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern p\u00f4le antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?",
              "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "polus antarcticus" }],
              "question": "What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?",
              "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Marinus of Tyre" }],
              "question": "What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?",
              "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "pol antartik" }],
              "question": "What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?",
              "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "pole antartike" }],
              "question": "What was the old French words for the Antarctic?",
              "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 \u00b0C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "climatic change" }],
              "question": "In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?",
              "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "6 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "ultraviolet radiation" }
              ],
              "question": "What light does ozone absorb?",
              "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "accelerated melting" }
              ],
              "question": "What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?",
              "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 802, "text": "enhanced polar vortex" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?",
              "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church\u2014Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station\u2014is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Several governments" }],
              "question": "Who has research stations in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "between 70 and 350" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "one-year" }],
              "question": "About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "Bellingshausen Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What station has an Orthodox church representative?",
              "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?",
              "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "What is the southern most continent?",
              "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "5,400,000" }],
              "question": "What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?",
              "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "fifth-largest" }],
              "question": "What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?",
              "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "11,165" }],
              "question": "How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?",
              "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Ad\u00e9lie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "phytoplankton" }],
              "question": "What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?",
              "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "During what season does the emperor penguin breed?",
              "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "emperor penguin" }],
              "question": "What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "feathers" }],
              "question": "What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?",
              "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Ad\u00e9lie" }],
              "question": "Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?",
              "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Vinson Massif" }],
              "question": "What is the highest peak in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "4,892 m" }],
              "question": "How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?",
              "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Ellsworth Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?",
              "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "underwater" }],
              "question": "What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?",
              "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Mount Erebus" }],
              "question": "What is the Earth's most southern volcano?",
              "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station\u2014World Park Base\u2014in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the \"Madrid Protocol\") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a \"natural reserve devoted to peace and science\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?",
              "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Greenpeace International," }
              ],
              "question": "What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "Australia and France" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "Madrid Protocol" }],
              "question": "What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?",
              "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206\u2013146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146\u201366 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "desert" }],
              "question": "What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?",
              "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "pteridosperms" }],
              "question": "What plants were abundant during this time?",
              "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Synapsids" }],
              "question": "What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?",
              "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Jurassic period" }],
              "question": "When did the Antarctic peninsula form?",
              "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "Cretaceous" }],
              "question": "During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?",
              "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Meteorites" }],
              "question": "What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "asteroids" }],
              "question": "What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?",
              "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?",
              "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "well-preserved." }],
              "question": "What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?",
              "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "South Pole" }],
              "question": "What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?",
              "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "ice" }],
              "question": "In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?",
              "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "snow" }],
              "question": "What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?",
              "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "giant ice sheet" }],
              "question": "What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?",
              "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "glaciers" }],
              "question": "What are ice streams otherwise called?",
              "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "South Georgia" }],
              "question": "Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?",
              "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?",
              "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "sealers" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?",
              "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Norwegian" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of most whalers?",
              "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 874, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?",
              "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 \u00b0C (0.09 \u00b0F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 \u00b0C (0.2 \u00b0F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Antarctic Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?",
              "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "carbon dioxide emissions" }
              ],
              "question": "What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?",
              "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "0.1 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?",
              "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 963, "text": "inflow of warm water" }
              ],
              "question": "What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?",
              "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1157, "text": "atmospheric warming" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.",
              "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Antarctic fur seal" }],
              "question": "What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?",
              "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "British sealing expeditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What did  Sir James Weddell command?",
              "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Sir James Weddell" }],
              "question": "For whom is the Weddell seal named ?",
              "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Antarctic krill" }],
              "question": "What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?",
              "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "important food" }],
              "question": "Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?",
              "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?",
              "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "conservation" }],
              "question": "What is the main concern of the Protocol?",
              "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "non-native species" }
              ],
              "question": "What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "Committee for Environmental Protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?",
              "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "biodiversity" }],
              "question": "Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?",
              "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000\u201301 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "resources" }],
              "question": "What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?",
              "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "2048" }],
              "question": "When will the mining ban be reviewed?",
              "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "trading of fish" }],
              "question": "What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "112,934 tonnes" }],
              "question": "How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?",
              "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "better understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?",
              "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Moon" }],
              "question": "From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?",
              "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "New types" }],
              "question": "Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Mars" }],
              "question": "About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?",
              "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "cosmic radiation" }],
              "question": "What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?",
              "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?",
              "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Wilkins Ice Shelf" }],
              "question": "What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?",
              "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "California" }],
              "question": "How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?",
              "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?",
              "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "5 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?",
              "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204daf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis\u2014a vast continent in the far south of the globe to \"balance\" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa\u2014had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled \"Antarctica\", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "balance" }],
              "question": "What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?",
              "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "symmetry" }],
              "question": "What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? ",
              "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?",
              "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?",
              "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few \"blue ice\" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "98%" }],
              "question": "How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?",
              "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1.6 km" }],
              "question": "How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "20 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Lake Vostok" }],
              "question": "What lake is thought to contain microbial life?",
              "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Europa" }],
              "question": "To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?",
              "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Jupiter's moon" }],
              "question": "With what is Europa associated??",
              "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "7 February 2008" }],
              "question": "When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?",
              "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "extremophiles" }],
              "question": "For what was NASA searching?",
              "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene\u2013Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Jurassic" }],
              "question": "In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7caf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "end of the Cretaceous" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?",
              "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "subtropical" }],
              "question": "What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?",
              "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Eocene epoch" }],
              "question": "When did Australia separate from Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "ice" }],
              "question": "After the division from Australia, what began to appear?",
              "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Antarctica" }],
              "question": "Which of the the poles is colder?",
              "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "3,000 m" }],
              "question": "How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?",
              "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "warmth is transferred" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?",
              "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "orbital distance" }],
              "question": "What contributes to the Antarctic cold?",
              "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "decreases" }],
              "question": "What does temperature do with elevation?",
              "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Emilio Marcos Palma" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?",
              "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "60th parallel south" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When was Palma born?",
              "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "suitable for family life" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?",
              "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1150" }],
              "question": "How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "cryptoendoliths" }],
              "question": "What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?",
              "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "adaptations" }],
              "question": "What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?",
              "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 960, "text": "similar to Antarctic" }
              ],
              "question": "How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?",
              "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine\u2013UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Queen Elizabeth Land" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the British claim in 2012?",
              "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what was the claim of land in tribute?",
              "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "protest" }],
              "question": "What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?",
              "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "18 December 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Falklands War" }],
              "question": "Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?",
              "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, \"site use guidelines\" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "visitors" }],
              "question": "The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?",
              "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "stricter regulations" }
              ],
              "question": "What do environmentalists want enacted?",
              "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "tourism quota" }],
              "question": "What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?",
              "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "site use guidelines" }
              ],
              "question": "What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?",
              "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?",
              "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen\u2013Scott station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Geologists" }],
              "question": "What group of scientists study tectonics?",
              "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Biologists" }],
              "question": "Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?",
              "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Glaciologists" }],
              "question": "Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?",
              "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "astronomical" }],
              "question": "What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?",
              "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1347, "text": "Amundsen\u2013Scott station." }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?",
              "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12\u201314 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Mary's parents?",
              "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "three years old" }],
              "question": "How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?",
              "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Joseph" }],
              "question": "Who was Mary betrothed to?",
              "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "12\u201314 years old" }
              ],
              "question": "When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?",
              "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the Temple in Jerusalem" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?",
              "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Apocryphal writings, at some time soon after her death, her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven, to be reunited with her soul, and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Gabriel" }],
              "question": "Which angel appeared to Mary?",
              "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "assumed directly into Heaven" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Mary's body at death?",
              "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?",
              "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "mother of Jesus" }],
              "question": "How was Mary related to Jesus?",
              "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gospel of Luke" }],
              "question": "Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?",
              "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Munificentissimus Deus" }
              ],
              "question": "In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?",
              "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Pope Pius XII" }],
              "question": "Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?",
              "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Eastern Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?",
              "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Dormition" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?",
              "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Mary continued in the \"blood of her purifying\" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus \u2013  \"As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord\" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and \"returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth\".[Luke 2:39]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "40 days" }],
              "question": "How long in total was the \"blood of her purifying\" for Mary?",
              "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Temple in Jerusalem" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?",
              "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Jesus" }],
              "question": "Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?",
              "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "Simeon and the prophetess Anna in"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?",
              "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "Nazareth" }],
              "question": "To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?",
              "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "priest" }],
              "question": "What was Zechariah's occupation?",
              "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Levi" }],
              "question": "Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?",
              "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Elisheba" }],
              "question": "Who was Aaron's wife?",
              "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Judah" }],
              "question": "Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?",
              "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Nathan" }],
              "question": "Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?",
              "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near \"the disciple whom Jesus loved\" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds \"the mother of the sons of Zebedee\", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a \"piet\u00e0\" or \"pity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?",
              "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "piet\u00e0" }],
              "question": "In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?",
              "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Salome" }],
              "question": "In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?",
              "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "pity" }],
              "question": "What does pieta mean?",
              "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "a Stabat Mater" }],
              "question": "What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?",
              "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d061"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. \"When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis.\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Isis" }],
              "question": "Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?",
              "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Egyptian" }],
              "question": "What type of goddess is Isis?",
              "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "iconographic" }],
              "question": "What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?",
              "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved,[Jn 19:27] identified as John the Evangelist.[citation needed] Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "In which country is Ephesus?",
              "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Anne Catherine Emmerich" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?",
              "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "John the Evangelist" }
              ],
              "question": "Which disciple is known as \"the Disciple whom Jesus loved?\"",
              "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?",
              "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?",
              "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "787" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?",
              "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "842" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?",
              "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "icon of the Virgin Theotokos" }
              ],
              "question": "Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?",
              "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Marian art" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?",
              "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 750, "text": "flat, two-dimensional icons" }
              ],
              "question": "In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?",
              "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45847"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion \"Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ephesus" }],
              "question": "Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?",
              "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?",
              "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "William E. Phipps" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of the book, \"Survivals of Roman Religion?\"",
              "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Queen Theodora" }],
              "question": "Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?",
              "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ephesus" }],
              "question": "Where was Mary rumored to have died?",
              "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the \"King of Kings\" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6, and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19-20 and Jeremiah 13:18-19. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary, e.g., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "King David" }],
              "question": "Jesus was known as the \"King of Kings\" because of his lieage from who?",
              "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Our Lady of Ransom" }
              ],
              "question": "Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?",
              "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Mary" }],
              "question": "Who was the mother of Jesus?",
              "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Luke" }],
              "question": "Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?",
              "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Martin Luther" }],
              "question": "Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary?",
              "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized?",
              "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Pope Pius IX" }],
              "question": "Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception?",
              "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Mother of God" }],
              "question": "What does Theotokos mean?",
              "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1791, "text": "Wittenberg" }],
              "question": "Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?",
              "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues\u2014the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.  While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "August 15" }],
              "question": "On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?",
              "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Dormition of the Theotokos" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?",
              "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "August 28" }],
              "question": "On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?",
              "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?",
              "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "do not" }],
              "question": "Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?",
              "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was \"the colour of an empress\". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?",
              "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "lapis lazuli" }],
              "question": "What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?",
              "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "From which country was lapis lazuli imported?",
              "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?",
              "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?",
              "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as \"Mother of God\" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider \"asleep\", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "biological mother" }],
              "question": "According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?",
              "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Emanuel Swedenborg" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?",
              "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nontrinitarians" }],
              "question": "Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?",
              "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Marian" }],
              "question": "\"Mother of God\" is an example of what kind of title?",
              "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35\u201347 and 19:16\u201334. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Maryam" }],
              "question": "By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?",
              "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?",
              "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?",
              "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Luke" }],
              "question": "Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? ",
              "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Zakariya" }],
              "question": "Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?",
              "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek \u1f00\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Ever-Virgin" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?",
              "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Jerome" }],
              "question": "Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?",
              "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Orthodox Churches" }],
              "question": "Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?",
              "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Protoevangelium of James" }
              ],
              "question": "What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?",
              "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?",
              "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d279"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Angels" }],
              "question": "In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?",
              "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "The Theotokia" }],
              "question": "What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?",
              "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "the Theotokos" }],
              "question": "In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?",
              "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "\"Lady of the Angels\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?",
              "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "a virgin" }],
              "question": "What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?",
              "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both \"catholic\" and \"Reformed\". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?",
              "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "the Episcopal Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?",
              "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "veneration of Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?",
              "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?",
              "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "venerating Mary" }],
              "question": "For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?",
              "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In which century did the Council of Trent occur?",
              "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Anglicans and Lutherans" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?",
              "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Age of the Enlightenment" }
              ],
              "question": "During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?",
              "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?",
              "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary \"continued a pure and unspotted virgin\", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Immaculate Conception" }
              ],
              "question": "Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?",
              "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "John Wesley" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?",
              "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?",
              "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "the Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "The Methodist movement began in which church?",
              "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "the perpetual virginity of Mary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?",
              "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who \"guarded her chastity\"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly \"provisions\" by God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Allah" }],
              "question": "To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?",
              "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Zakariya" }],
              "question": "Which prophet cared for Mary?",
              "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Al-Mihrab" }],
              "question": "What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?",
              "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "the Temple" }],
              "question": "Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?",
              "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "heavenly \"provisions\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did God provide for Mary?",
              "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Celsus" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?",
              "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Panthera" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?",
              "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?",
              "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?",
              "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "to challenge the divinity of Jesus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?",
              "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally \"Giver of birth to God\". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Giver of birth to God" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?",
              "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Protestants" }],
              "question": "Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?",
              "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Maryam" }],
              "question": "What is Mary called in Islam?",
              "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "brevity of biblical references"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?",
              "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Anglican, and Lutheran" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?",
              "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mary resided in \"her own house\"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal \u2014 the first stage of a Jewish marriage \u2014 the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, \"I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word.\" After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by \"an angel of the Lord\", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "betrothal" }],
              "question": "What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?",
              "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Gabriel" }],
              "question": "Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?",
              "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "divorce her" }],
              "question": "What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?",
              "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "in Nazareth in Galilee" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?",
              "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "an angel of the Lord" }
              ],
              "question": "In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?",
              "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus \"was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary\" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma (\"young woman\") in Isaiah 7:14 as \"virgin\", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Matthew" }],
              "question": "Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?",
              "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "alma" }],
              "question": "What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?",
              "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?",
              "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "1:34" }],
              "question": "Which verse in Luke states that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth?",
              "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "the Apostles' Creed" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?",
              "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\nIn the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title \"Blessed\", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Blessed" }],
              "question": "What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "beatus" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?",
              "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?",
              "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "Perpetual virginity of Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?",
              "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "standing hymns" }],
              "question": "What are Akathists?",
              "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Five" }],
              "question": "How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?",
              "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "the Akathist Hymn" }],
              "question": "What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?",
              "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Sunday of Orthodoxy" }
              ],
              "question": "Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?",
              "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as \"God-bearer\" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the \"Annunciation of our Lady\" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Annunciation of our Lady" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?",
              "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "31 May" }],
              "question": "On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?",
              "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?",
              "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "February 2" }],
              "question": "On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?",
              "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "New Year's Day" }],
              "question": "On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?",
              "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d327"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that \"the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Karl Barth" }],
              "question": "Which theologian described Mariology as \"the heresy of the Catholic Church?\"",
              "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "mother" }],
              "question": "Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?",
              "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "veneration and invocation" }
              ],
              "question": "Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?",
              "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?",
              "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d33a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The statement that Joseph \"knew her not till she brought forth her first born son\" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Virgin Mary" }],
              "question": "Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?",
              "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "1:23" }],
              "question": "Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?",
              "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Luke" }],
              "question": "Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?",
              "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "virgin" }],
              "question": "What is the English tranlation of the Greek word \"parthenos?\"",
              "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "until" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the Greek word \"heos?\"",
              "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d394"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: \"And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'.\"[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because \"he is out of his mind\", and the famous quote: \"A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home.\" A leading Biblical scholar commented: \"there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Whoever does the will of God" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Jesus say were his \"brother, and sister, and mother?\"",
              "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "A prophet" }],
              "question": "According to Jesus, who is \"without honor except in his own town?\"",
              "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "rejected" }],
              "question": "What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?",
              "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as \"superior to all created beings\" and \"ceaselessly pray for her intercession\". However, she is not considered a \"substitute for the One Mediator\" who is Christ. \"Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord\", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather \"hyper-venerate\" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "hyperdulia" }],
              "question": "What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?",
              "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "787" }],
              "question": "In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?",
              "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "other saints and angels" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?",
              "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Sergei Bulgakov" }],
              "question": "Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be \"superior to all created beings,\" but is not to be the object of worhip?",
              "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "latria" }],
              "question": "What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?",
              "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, \"Deipara\" and \"Dei genetrix\") literally means \"Godbearer\". The equivalent phrase \"Mater Dei\" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (\u039c\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (\u039c\u03a1 \u0398\u03a5), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers \"did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "431" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?",
              "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Nestorius" }],
              "question": "Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?",
              "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Mother of God" }],
              "question": "What does the phrase \"Mater Dei\" mean?",
              "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "\"Deipara\" and \"Dei genetrix\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term \"Theokotos?\"",
              "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Godbearer" }],
              "question": "What is the literal translation of Theokotos?",
              "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin \"original sin\") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "December 8" }],
              "question": "On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Pope Pius IX" }],
              "question": "Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?",
              "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?",
              "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "in her mother's womb" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?",
              "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "ancestral sin" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek term that means the same thing as \"original sin?\"",
              "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: \"The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Protoevangelium of James" }
              ],
              "question": "What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?",
              "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "At what age was Mary consecrated?",
              "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Zachariah" }],
              "question": "Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?",
              "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "an angel" }],
              "question": "While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?",
              "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. \"O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) \u00e2\u20ac\" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred.\" Quran 4/171",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Islamic" }],
              "question": "Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?",
              "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "a Messenger of God" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?",
              "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Allah" }],
              "question": "Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?",
              "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "People of the Book" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?",
              "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is \"most unlikely\" to have reliable historical information.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Toledot Yeshu" }],
              "question": "Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?",
              "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "warding off conversions to Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?",
              "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "virgin" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the term \"parthenos?\"",
              "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "medieval" }],
              "question": "During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?",
              "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "the birth of Jesus" }
              ],
              "question": "What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?",
              "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3bb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Melbourne",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Melbourne Airport" }],
              "question": "What is the second busiest airport in Australia?",
              "id": "570c2b91ec8fbc190045bd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Tullamarine Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name Melbourne Airport is called?",
              "id": "570c2b91ec8fbc190045bd0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Melbourne's main metropolitan train terminus called?",
              "id": "570c2b91ec8fbc190045bd10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Southern Cross Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Melbourne's main regional train and coach terminus called?",
              "id": "570c2b91ec8fbc190045bd11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "the Port of Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?",
              "id": "570c2b91ec8fbc190045bd12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What airport serves Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Southern Cross Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?",
              "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "What country has the world's largest urban tram network?",
              "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What passenger airport serves Melbourne?",
              "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Port of Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Who has the most extensive freeway network?",
              "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Southern Cross Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Tullamarine Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Melborne Airport?",
              "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?",
              "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Port of Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?",
              "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?",
              "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?",
              "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands. By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1836 and 1842" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?",
              "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bdda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "675" }],
              "question": "In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "The British Colonial Office" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?",
              "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "240 wealthy Europeans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?",
              "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "675" }],
              "question": "How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?",
              "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?",
              "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?",
              "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1836 and 1842" }
              ],
              "question": "During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?",
              "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "gold mining" }],
              "question": "How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?",
              "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "wool" }],
              "question": "What was protected by high tarriffs?",
              "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 924,
                  "text": "diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?",
              "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "By what year was the gold rush largely over?",
              "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "wool" }],
              "question": "What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?",
              "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 913,
                  "text": "introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?",
              "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 947, "text": "smallpox" }],
              "question": "Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?",
              "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?",
              "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne (/\u02c8m\u025blb\u0259rn/, AU i/\u02c8m\u025blb\u0259n/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name \"Melbourne\" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?",
              "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Oceania" }],
              "question": "What is the second most populas city in Australia?",
              "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "large natural bay of Port Phillip"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Metropolis?",
              "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 667, "text": "4,347,955 as of 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population of Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Melburnians" }],
              "question": "What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?",
              "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is the capital of Victoria?",
              "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?",
              "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?",
              "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "4,347,955" }],
              "question": "What was Melbourne's population in 2013?",
              "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Melburnians" }],
              "question": "What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?",
              "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?",
              "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?",
              "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "late 1890s" }],
              "question": "When did new construction start in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1893." }],
              "question": "When did Australia have a banking crisis?",
              "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d07a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "early 1890s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?",
              "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "133" }],
              "question": "How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Australian" }],
              "question": "The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?",
              "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "late 1890s" }],
              "question": "When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary \"tent city\" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "tent city" }],
              "question": "What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?",
              "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?",
              "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Irish, German and Chinese" }
              ],
              "question": "Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Melbourne Chinatown" }
              ],
              "question": "Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?",
              "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "second half of the nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?",
              "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation. In 1885 the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system was built, becoming one of the worlds most extensive systems by 1890.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?",
              "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "1885" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?",
              "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Exhibition Building" }
              ],
              "question": "In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?",
              "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having \"four seasons in one day\", a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city. The lowest temperature on record is \u22122.8 \u00b0C (27.0 \u00b0F), on 21 July 1869. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F), on 7 February 2009. While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "four seasons in one day" }
              ],
              "question": "What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?",
              "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "\u22122.8 \u00b0C (27.0 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?",
              "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "21 July 1869" }],
              "question": "On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?",
              "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 796, "text": "46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?",
              "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "7 February 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?",
              "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "closed" }],
              "question": "Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?",
              "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Southbank" }],
              "question": "On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?",
              "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "The Rialto" }],
              "question": "Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?",
              "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "The Rialto tower" }],
              "question": "What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?",
              "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Eureka Tower" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest tower in Australia?",
              "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "industries and property market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?",
              "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?",
              "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "Australian Bureau of Statistics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?",
              "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?",
              "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?",
              "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "high population growth" }
              ],
              "question": "What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "middle and outer-ring" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?",
              "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "medium-density and high-density"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?",
              "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named \"Melbourne\" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847, after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the nation's interim seat of government until 1927.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Melbourne named by?",
              "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?",
              "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Melbourne named in honor of?",
              "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?",
              "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Victoria" }],
              "question": "Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?",
              "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to attribution of recent climate change, the City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program, however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral. Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna, feral pigeon, brown rat, European wasp, common starling and red fox. Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne. Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good. Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?",
              "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "City of Glen Eira" }],
              "question": "Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?",
              "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?",
              "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "largest" }],
              "question": "Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?",
              "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1660,
                  "text": "EPA Victoria and several local councils"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which \u2014 the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight \u2014 still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "William Pitt" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? ",
              "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Eureka Tower" }],
              "question": "Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?",
              "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?",
              "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?",
              "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "second largest" }],
              "question": "How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?",
              "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that \"this will be the place for a village\". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Van Diemen's Land" }],
              "question": "Tasmania was formerly known as what?",
              "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "600,000" }],
              "question": "How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?",
              "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "John Batman" }],
              "question": "Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?",
              "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?",
              "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "2 September 1835" }],
              "question": "On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "quarter acre home and garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?",
              "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "high-density" }],
              "question": "Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?",
              "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?",
              "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "low density" }],
              "question": "Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?",
              "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "public buildings" }],
              "question": "When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?",
              "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "1850s and 1860s" }],
              "question": "During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?",
              "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "gold rush" }],
              "question": "Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?",
              "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well the nation's largest publishing sector. The city is home to significant writers' festivals, most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival. Several major literary prizes are open to local writers including the Melbourne Prize for Literature and the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas' The Slap. Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer and Peter Carey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Melbourne Writers Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "novels" }],
              "question": "What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?",
              "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "set in Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?",
              "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?",
              "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "writers and poets" }],
              "question": "What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?",
              "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase \"Marvellous Melbourne\", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a \"land boom\" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably the APA Building, amongst the world's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Marvellous Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?",
              "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?",
              "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "In what year was a hydraulic facility established?",
              "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In what year was the APA Building completed?",
              "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "elevators" }],
              "question": "What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?",
              "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204faf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city\u2014for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's \"cultural capital\", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Economist Intelligence Unit" }
              ],
              "question": "Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?",
              "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "fifth year in a row" }
              ],
              "question": "For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?",
              "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?",
              "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Melbourne Shuffle" }],
              "question": "What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?",
              "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Australia's most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking, six are located in Melbourne. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city. Furthermore, Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Melbourne is the home of seven public universities: the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Deakin University, La Trobe University, Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?",
              "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?",
              "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many public universities are located in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?",
              "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "rapid increase" }],
              "question": "Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city. New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?",
              "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Chadstone Shopping Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "demolished or subdivided" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?",
              "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "CBD and St Kilda Road" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?",
              "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?",
              "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 732, "text": "2006, 2008 and 2010" }
              ],
              "question": "In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\"?",
              "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Europe and the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?",
              "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "Olympic Stand" }],
              "question": "Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?",
              "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?",
              "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205007"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?",
              "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "13 April 1837" }],
              "question": "On what date did the official general post office open?",
              "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "the Hoddle Grid" }],
              "question": "What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?",
              "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Batmania" }],
              "question": "What was the settlement originally named?",
              "id": "570e66100dc6ce1900205010"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2006, the growth of the city extended into \"green wedges\" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city\u2014almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined, and Melbourne's property market remained strong, resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "less affected" }],
              "question": "Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?",
              "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "property market" }],
              "question": "Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?",
              "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Brisbane and Perth" }
              ],
              "question": "After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?",
              "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "Melbourne @ Five Million strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008? ",
              "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "NAB and ANZ" }],
              "question": "Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?",
              "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "Scoresby" }],
              "question": "Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?",
              "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "Ford Australia" }],
              "question": "Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?",
              "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and \"regattas\" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument\u2014the Burke and Wills statue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "1850s and 1860s" }],
              "question": "In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?",
              "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?",
              "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "1859" }],
              "question": "Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and \"regattas\" become popular?",
              "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?",
              "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 888, "text": "the Burke and Wills statue" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?",
              "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "68.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?",
              "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?",
              "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "70,000" }],
              "question": "The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?",
              "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 679,
                  "text": "more affordable housing and cost of living"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?",
              "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "spring and summer" }],
              "question": "During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?",
              "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "cold fronts" }],
              "question": "Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "changeable" }],
              "question": "Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?",
              "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Cfb" }],
              "question": "What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?",
              "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?",
              "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay\u2014the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems, as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution. In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment towards sustainability, was launched in Melbourne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?",
              "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?",
              "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "350,000" }],
              "question": "Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 717, "text": "The Transition Decade" }
              ],
              "question": "What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?",
              "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "septic systems, as well as litter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?",
              "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers. In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "freeway and highway developments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?",
              "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Bolte" }],
              "question": "Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Hoddle Street" }],
              "question": "The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?",
              "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "car-dominated" }],
              "question": "Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?",
              "id": "570e6e990dc6ce190020505a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "declining" }],
              "question": "Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?",
              "id": "570e6e990dc6ce190020505b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013\u20132014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?",
              "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?",
              "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?",
              "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "2013\u20132014" }],
              "question": "During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?",
              "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1041, "text": "twice a day" }],
              "question": "How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?",
              "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RMIT University was also ranked among the top 51\u2013100 universities in the world in the subjects of: accounting, Business and Management, communication and media studies, computer science and information systems. The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76\u2013100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline. Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Deakin University" }],
              "question": "Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?",
              "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 970,
                  "text": "'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the role of the DEECD?",
              "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 878,
                  "text": "Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who oversees education in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7efb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?",
              "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Victoria" }],
              "question": "Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?",
              "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "addressing and postal purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?",
              "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7f01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a \"bay effect\" similar to the \"lake effect\" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, Melbourne is, owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges, nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria. Within the city and surrounds, however, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 millimetres (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 millimetres (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 \u00b0C (49.1 \u00b0F) to 11.7 \u00b0C (53.1 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "48.6" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually?",
              "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 826,
                  "text": "9.5 \u00b0C (49.1 \u00b0F) to 11.7 \u00b0C (53.1 \u00b0F)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer?",
              "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "eastern suburbs" }],
              "question": "Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers?",
              "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "warmer" }],
              "question": "Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass?",
              "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 such as urban planning and waste management. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include services which are associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects. The state government retains the right to override certain local government decisions, including urban planning, and Melburnian issues often feature prominently in state election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Local Government Act 1989" }
              ],
              "question": "Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?",
              "id": "570e72420dc6ce190020507f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "Parliament House in Spring Street"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where does the Victorian state government operate?",
              "id": "570e72420dc6ce1900205080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "state government" }],
              "question": "Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?",
              "id": "570e72420dc6ce1900205081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1\u20442 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and caf\u00e9s and are a byproduct of the city's layout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "1 by 1\u20442 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?",
              "id": "570e72df0dc6ce190020508f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Royal Arcade" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?",
              "id": "570e72df0dc6ce1900205091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?",
              "id": "570e72df0dc6ce1900205090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is recognised for its mix of modern architecture which intersects with an extensive range of nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings. Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building, constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, A.C. Goode House, a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891), William Pitt's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange (1888), William Wardell's Gothic Bank (1883) which features some of Melbourne's finest interiors, the incomplete Parliament House, St Paul's Cathedral (1891) and Flinders Street Station (1909), which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?",
              "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Collins Street" }],
              "question": "On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?",
              "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?",
              "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Wright, Reed & Beaver" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the A.C. Goode House?",
              "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Neo Gothic" }],
              "question": "What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?",
              "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne. It is considered the spiritual home of the two sports in Australia. The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858. The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne, attracting an average 40,000 people per game. Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Australian rules football and cricket"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "March 1877" }],
              "question": "When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground?",
              "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Docklands Stadium" }],
              "question": "Where is the Australian Football League headquartered?",
              "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Nine" }],
              "question": "How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area?",
              "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "The Port of Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?",
              "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "South Yarra" }],
              "question": "How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?",
              "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "two million" }],
              "question": "How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?",
              "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "The Port of Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which is Australia's busiest port?",
              "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Port Phillip Bay" }],
              "question": "Where is Station Pier located?",
              "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "one third" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?",
              "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Sydney" }],
              "question": "In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?",
              "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "$15.8 billion" }],
              "question": "Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?",
              "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1.88 million" }],
              "question": "How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?",
              "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028, The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039, according to the first scenario projected by the ABS; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney. Another study claims that Melbourne will surpass Sydney in population by 2040.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?",
              "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?",
              "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "2037 or 2039" }],
              "question": "According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?",
              "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Pavilion" }],
              "question": "Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?",
              "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "East End Theatre District" }
              ],
              "question": "The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?",
              "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1841" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Pavilion open?",
              "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Southbank" }],
              "question": "Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?",
              "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?",
              "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (formerly broadsheet, now compact) and The Australian (national broadsheet). Six free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong: ABC Victoria, (ABV), SBS Victoria (SBS), Seven Melbourne (HSV), Nine Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) \u2013 community television. Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. C31 is only broadcast from the transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra. Hybrid digital/print media companies such as Broadsheet and ThreeThousand are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Six" }],
              "question": "How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?",
              "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where is C31 broadcast?",
              "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Hybrid digital/print media" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?",
              "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including: cricket clubs Melbourne Stars, Melbourne Renegades and Victorian Bushrangers, which play in the Big Bash League and other domestic cricket competitions; soccer clubs Melbourne Victory and Melbourne City FC (known until June 2014 as Melbourne Heart), which play in the A-League competition, both teams play their home games at AAMI Park, with the Victory also playing home games at Etihad Stadium. Rugby league club Melbourne Storm which plays in the NRL competition; rugby union clubs Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising, which play in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively; netball club Melbourne Vixens, which plays in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship; basketball club Melbourne United, which plays in the NBL competition; Bulleen Boomers and Dandenong Rangers, which play in the WNBL; ice hockey teams Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs, who play in the Australian Ice Hockey League; and baseball club Melbourne Aces, which plays in the Australian Baseball League. Rowing is also a large part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained. The city previously held the nation's premier long distance swimming event the annual Race to Prince's Bridge, in the Yarra River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "June 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC?",
              "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 942,
                  "text": "Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Melbourne's two ice hockey teams named?",
              "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1386, "text": "Yarra" }],
              "question": "In which river was the annual Race to Prince's Bridge held?",
              "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Etihad Stadium" }],
              "question": "Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games?",
              "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "Melbourne United" }],
              "question": "Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL?",
              "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport, particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought, with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world. The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion. By the mid 1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people. Today it has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways used by private vehicles including freight as well as public transport systems including bus and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large West Gate Bridge), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including CityLink (which spans the large Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "high" }],
              "question": "Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?",
              "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 979, "text": "CityLink" }],
              "question": "Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?",
              "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "3.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?",
              "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1123, "text": "Hume Freeway" }],
              "question": "Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?",
              "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2. Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "curtail urban sprawl" }
              ],
              "question": "What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do?",
              "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "9,000" }],
              "question": "How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?",
              "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "7,900" }],
              "question": "How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?",
              "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "12,400" }],
              "question": "According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2?",
              "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Television shows are produced in Melbourne, most notably Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, Underbelly , House Husbands, Wentworth and Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, along with national news-based programs such as The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast. Melbourne is also known as the game show capital of Australia; productions such as Million Dollar Minute, Millionaire Hot Seat and Family Feud are all based in Melbourne. Reality television productions such as Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, The Block and The Real Housewives of Melbourne are all filmed in and around Melbourne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Where are Million Dollar Minute and Family Feud based?",
              "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "in and around Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, and The Block filmed?",
              "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Television shows" }],
              "question": "Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, and Underbelly are examples of what kind of media produced in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which national news-based programs are based in Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is known as the game show capital of Australia?",
              "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many airports does Melbourne have?",
              "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Melbourne Airport" }],
              "question": "Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?",
              "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Melbourne Airport" }],
              "question": "Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?",
              "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Buses and taxis" }],
              "question": "What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?",
              "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%. The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline. Despite privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development into the 21st century, there have since been large increases in public transport patronage, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips. A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006. Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Flinders Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?",
              "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?",
              "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "7.6%" }],
              "question": "In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?",
              "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year was the public transport system privatised?",
              "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?",
              "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North\u2013South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Melbourne Water" }],
              "question": "Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the Victorian Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns Melbourne Water?",
              "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Thomson River Dam" }],
              "question": "Which is Melbourne's largest dam?",
              "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Victorian Alps" }],
              "question": "Where is the Thomson River Dam located?",
              "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?",
              "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Additionally, Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?",
              "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Ballarat and Geelong" }
              ],
              "question": "Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?",
              "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?",
              "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?",
              "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federation. The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to Canberra. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Royal Exhibition Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?",
              "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?",
              "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Canberra" }],
              "question": "Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?",
              "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "9 May 1901" }],
              "question": "On what date was the first federal parliament convened?",
              "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the centre of Australia's \"rust belt\", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1989 to 1992" }],
              "question": "During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?",
              "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Adelaide" }],
              "question": "The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?",
              "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is the center of Australia's \"rust belt\"?",
              "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Kennett" }],
              "question": "Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?",
              "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city reaches south-east through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland, and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley, the Mornington Peninsula and the city of Frankston taking in the peaks of Olivers Hill, Mount Martha and Arthurs Seat, extending along the shores of Port Phillip as a single conurbation to reach the exclusive suburb of Portsea and Point Nepean. In the west, it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards Sunbury and the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west, Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge south west of the CBD. The Little River, and the township of the same name, marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Little River" }],
              "question": "Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong?",
              "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Geelong" }],
              "question": "Little River marks the boundary between Melbourne and which city?",
              "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Little River marks the boundary between Geelong and which other city?",
              "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne's air quality is generally good and has improved significantly since the 1980s. Like many urban environments, the city faces significant environmental issues, many of them relating to the city's large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services. One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne. In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including: water recycling schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year, as well as a 70 km (43 mi) pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong. Both projects are being conducted under controversial Public-Private Partnerships and a multitude of independent reports have found that neither project is required to supply water to the city and that Sustainable Water Management is the best solution. In the meantime, the drought must be weathered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "improved significantly" }
              ],
              "question": "Has Melbourne's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s?",
              "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?",
              "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "Bracks Government" }],
              "question": "Which government announced a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007?",
              "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1025, "text": "150 billion litres" }
              ],
              "question": "How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year?",
              "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "The climate, waterfront location and nightlife"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?",
              "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?",
              "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 911, "text": "just under two million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?",
              "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "57.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?",
              "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "Moomba" }],
              "question": "What is Australia's largest free community festival?",
              "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first feature film, was shot in Melbourne in 1906. Melbourne filmmakers continued to produce bushranger films until they were banned by Victorian politicians in 1912 for the perceived promotion of crime, thus contributing to the decline of one of the silent film era's most productive industries. A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during Australia's cinematic lull is On the Beach (1959). The 1970s saw the rise of the Australian New Wave and its Ozploitation offshoot, instigated by Melbourne-based productions Stork and Alvin Purple. Picnic at Hanging Rock and Mad Max, both shot in and around Melbourne, achieved worldwide acclaim. 2004 saw the construction of Melbourne's largest film and television studio complex, Docklands Studios Melbourne, which has hosted many domestic productions, as well as international features. Melbourne is also home to the headquarters of Village Roadshow Pictures, Australia's largest film production company. Famous modern day actors from Melbourne include Cate Blanchett, Rachel Griffiths, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush and Eric Bana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Story of the Kelly Gang" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the world's first feature film?",
              "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "In what city was the world's first feature film shot in 1906?",
              "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "perceived promotion of crime" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were films banned by Victorian politicans in 1912?",
              "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "What year were bushranger films banned by Victorian politicians?",
              "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what \"lull\" year was On the Beach filmed?",
              "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings in the metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl). Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic Italianate, Tudor revival and Neo-Georgian mansions are all common in neighbourhoods such as Toorak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne?",
              "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "single architectural style" }
              ],
              "question": "Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings?",
              "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city?",
              "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?",
              "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?",
              "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "BHP Billiton" }],
              "question": "Which company is the world's largest mining company?",
              "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?",
              "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "$75 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?",
              "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?",
              "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Smith" }],
              "question": "What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?",
              "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Thessaloniki" }],
              "question": "Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?",
              "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Nguyen" }],
              "question": "What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?",
              "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012\u20132013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Swinburne University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?",
              "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "The University of Melbourne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university is the second oldest in Australia?",
              "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Monash" }],
              "question": "Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?",
              "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Group of Eight?",
              "id": "570e8c830dc6ce1900205100"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include \"public\" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Stations from towns in regional Victoria may also be heard (e.g. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN. Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Fairfax affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "ABC Triple J and youth run SYN"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of Youth radio stations?",
              "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which music stations strive to play under represented music?",
              "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "JOY 94.9" }],
              "question": "Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?",
              "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "SEN 1116" }],
              "question": "Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?",
              "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "classical" }],
              "question": "3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?",
              "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world which had its origins in the city's 1880s land boom. In 2013\u20132014, 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram. Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line and consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of track, 487 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. Around 80 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes. Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage restaurant trams travel through the city and surrounding areas during the evening. Melbourne is currently building 50 new E Class trams with some already in service in 2014. The E Class trams are about 30 metres long and are superior to the C2 class tram of similar length. Melbourne's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services. 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013\u20132014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "the city's 1880s land boom" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?",
              "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "176.9 million" }],
              "question": "How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?",
              "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "1,763" }],
              "question": "How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?",
              "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 990, "text": "almost 300" }],
              "question": "How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?",
              "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "127.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014",
              "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f99"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "John,_King_of_England",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard\u2014Anjou, Normandy and England\u2014and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "24 December 1166" }],
              "question": "When was John born?",
              "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Eleanor of Aquitaine" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Henry marry?",
              "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1708, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Henry's ally?",
              "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Eleanor" }],
              "question": "Who backed John's elder brothers?",
              "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Henry travel to?",
              "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Geoffrey" }],
              "question": "Who returned to Brittany?",
              "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Eleanor" }],
              "question": "Who was imprisoned?",
              "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "6 April 1199" }],
              "question": "When did Richard die?",
              "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who was the sole surviving son?",
              "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "Westminster" }],
              "question": "Where was John crowned?",
              "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1004, "text": "Arthur" }],
              "question": "Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?",
              "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur \u2013 with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself \u2013 and began a fresh war against John.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "1202" }],
              "question": "When did Philip summon John to attend court?",
              "id": "570c4d76fed7b91900d4587b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Count of Poitou" }],
              "question": "What was John summoned as?",
              "id": "570c4d76fed7b91900d4587c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of \"divine majesty\"; John continued this trend and claimed an \"almost imperial status\" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of \"royal schizophrenia\" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "vis et voluntas" }],
              "question": "What principle did John's predecessors use?",
              "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d4587f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "divine majesty" }],
              "question": "What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?",
              "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?",
              "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1024, "text": "royal schizophrenia" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John suffer from?",
              "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "sudden change in prices" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened at the start of John's reign?",
              "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "How long did the inflationary pressure continue?",
              "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1134, "text": "1204 and 1205" }],
              "question": "When did John address problems with the English currency?",
              "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1151,
                  "text": "carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did he address the problems with the English currency?",
              "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who was Henry's favorite child?",
              "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1177" }],
              "question": "When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?",
              "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1189" }],
              "question": "When did Richard I become king?",
              "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?",
              "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young \u2013 her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being \"downright mean\" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly \"amicable\" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a \"mad infatuation\" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a \"companionable couple\" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Isabella of Angoul\u00eame" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was John's second wife?",
              "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "downright mean" }],
              "question": " Nicholas Vincent was described as what?",
              "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 915, "text": "1207 and 1215" }],
              "question": "When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella?",
              "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "five children" }],
              "question": "How many children did John and Isabella have?",
              "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "1202" }],
              "question": "When did war with France break out?",
              "id": "570c50aeb3d812140066d0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "1209" }],
              "question": "When was John excommunicated?",
              "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "1215" }],
              "question": "When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?",
              "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1296, "text": "Henry III" }],
              "question": "Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?",
              "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longesp\u00e9e deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Baronial unrest in England" }
              ],
              "question": "What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?",
              "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1206" }],
              "question": "When did Poitou depart?",
              "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did John divert south?",
              "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "to meet John" }],
              "question": "Why did Philip move south?",
              "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed \"Lackland\" by his father.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1170" }],
              "question": "When was Henry crowned King of England?",
              "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Normandy and Anjou" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?",
              "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Geoffrey" }],
              "question": "Who became the Duke of Brittany?",
              "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Lackland" }],
              "question": "What was John's nickname?",
              "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backgammon, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards. He liked music, although not songs. John would become a \"connoisseur of jewels\", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being \"genial, witty, generous and hospitable\"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, \"biting and gnawing his fingers\" in anger.[nb 3]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "5 ft 5 in" }],
              "question": "How tall was John?",
              "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "travelling library of books" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John build up?",
              "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who became a connoisseur of jewels?",
              "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 793,
                  "text": "biting and gnawing his fingers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John do in fits of rage?",
              "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being \"governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre\" and established \"its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler\", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English church, albeit with an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an \"ambitious and aggressive\" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "13 July 1205" }],
              "question": "When did Hubert Walter die?",
              "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "a dispute with Pope Innocent III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lead to the king's excommunication?",
              "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 974, "text": "historian Ralph Turner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader?",
              "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1185" }],
              "question": "When did John make his first visit to Ireland?",
              "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?",
              "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "making fun of their unfashionable long beards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did John offend the local Irish rulers?",
              "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Richard" }],
              "question": "Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?",
              "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "dysentery" }],
              "question": "How did Henry the Young King die?",
              "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?",
              "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "1184" }],
              "question": "When did the war end?",
              "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a3666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (\u00a3466) for England and 300 marks (\u00a3200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "May 1213" }],
              "question": "When were the papal terms for submission accepted?",
              "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1,000" }],
              "question": "How many marks did John surrender?",
              "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Bulla Aurea" }],
              "question": "Where was the agreement formalised?",
              "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother \u2013 despite being 27 years old \u2013 was merely \"a child who has had evil counsellors\" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "French king Philip II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did John explore an alliance with?",
              "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "assert that his brother was dead"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?",
              "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Duke of Austria" }],
              "question": "Who captured Richard?",
              "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "1194" }],
              "question": "When did the king return to England?",
              "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point Walter of Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Longchamp" }],
              "question": "Who refused to work with Puiset?",
              "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "October 1191" }],
              "question": "When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?",
              "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Where did Walter of Coutances return to?",
              "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Northampton" }],
              "question": "Where did the rebel barons congregate?",
              "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Robert fitz Walter" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the rebel baron leader?",
              "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "organise peace talks with the rebel barons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John instruct Langton to do?",
              "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d117"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place \u2013 as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long did the new peace last?",
              "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "August 1200" }],
              "question": "When was John's decision to marry Isabella?",
              "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "Gascony" }],
              "question": "John acquired key land between Poitou and where?",
              "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman William des Roches was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur.[nb 4] John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of \"John Softsword\" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "John moved south into where?",
              "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who renewed the anti-French alliances?",
              "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "May 1200" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?",
              "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1437, "text": "John Softsword" }],
              "question": "What nickname did John's policy earn him?",
              "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Once John contained Alexander in Scotland, he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "French prince Louis" }
              ],
              "question": "The rebel barons invited who to lead them?",
              "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Blanche of Castile" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Henry II's granddaughter?",
              "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?",
              "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that \"John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine.\"[nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, Eleanor, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Pope Innocent III" }],
              "question": "Who did John attempt to convince?",
              "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Falaise" }],
              "question": "Where was Arthur imprisoned?",
              "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "Eleanor" }],
              "question": "Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?",
              "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At this time most of the regional nobility were closely linked through kinship, and this behaviour towards their relatives was regarded as unacceptable. William de Roches and other of John's regional allies in Anjou and Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip, and Brittany rose in fresh revolt. John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John.[nb 6]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Mirebeau" }],
              "question": "What victory strengthened John's position?",
              "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "William de Roches" }],
              "question": "Who deserted John in favor of Philip?",
              "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "tenuous" }],
              "question": "How was John's financial situation?",
              "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a \"turning point in European history\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "William Marshal" }],
              "question": "Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?",
              "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Louis" }],
              "question": "Who gave up their claim to the English throne?",
              "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Magna Carta" }],
              "question": "What agreement failed?",
              "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "1259" }],
              "question": "Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?",
              "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from taxation. Revenue from the royal demesne was inflexible and had been diminishing slowly since the Norman conquest. Matters were not helped by Richard's sale of many royal properties in 1189, and taxation played a much smaller role in royal income than in later centuries. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the scutage system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the king. He derived income from fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges. John intensified his efforts to maximise all possible sources of income, to the extent that he has been described as \"avaricious, miserly, extortionate and moneyminded\". John also used revenue generation as a way of exerting political control over the barons: debts owed to the crown by the king's favoured supporters might be forgiven; collection of those owed by enemies was more stringently enforced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "acquiring the large sums of money needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of John's principal challenges?",
              "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "1189" }],
              "question": "When did Richard sell many royal properties?",
              "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 805,
                  "text": "fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did John derive income from?",
              "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. John continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, Lewis Warren considers that John discharged \"his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted\". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; John's legal system also only applied to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "administration of justice" }
              ],
              "question": "What was of particular importance to John?",
              "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "1194" }],
              "question": "When was the system of coroners first introduced?",
              "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1041,
                  "text": "potential of the royal legal process to raise fees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was John motivated?",
              "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a \"new approach\" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded evidence was combined with an increased scepticism about two of the most colourful chroniclers of John's reign, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. In many cases the detail provided by these chroniclers, both writing after John's death, was challenged by modern historians. Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between \"partisan\" factions. There has been increasing debate about the nature of John's Irish policies. Specialists in Irish medieval history, such as Sean Duffy, have challenged the conventional narrative established by Lewis Warren, suggesting that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than was previously supposed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?",
              "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Vivian Galbraith" }],
              "question": "Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a \"new approach?\"",
              "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1104, "text": "Lewis Warren" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?",
              "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which went beyond anything considered acceptable at the time, proved to be that of William de Braose, a powerful marcher lord with lands in Ireland. De Braose was subjected to punitive demands for money, and when he refused to pay a huge sum of 40,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a326,666 at the time),[nb 13] his wife and one of his sons were imprisoned by John, which resulted in their deaths. De Braose died in exile in 1211, and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218. John's suspicions and jealousies meant that he rarely enjoyed good relationships with even the leading loyalist barons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "the barons" }],
              "question": "John was deeply suspicious of who?",
              "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "William Marshal" }],
              "question": "What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?",
              "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?",
              "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "1211" }],
              "question": "When did De Braose die?",
              "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia \u2013 \"anger and ill-will\" \u2013 and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia \u2013 royal ill-will. In the Norman period, suffering the king's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket; this ultimately resulted in Becket's death. John now had the additional ability to \"cripple his vassals\" on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures, which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Thomas Becket" }],
              "question": "Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?",
              "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?",
              "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "cripple his vassals" }
              ],
              "question": "John had to additional ability to do what?",
              "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d16b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended for Poitou, and a large fleet with soldiers under his own command intended for Normandy. To achieve this, John reformed the English feudal contribution to his campaigns, creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised, but would be financially supported by the other nine; knights would serve for an indefinite period. John built up a strong team of engineers for siege warfare and a substantial force of professional crossbowmen. The king was supported by a team of leading barons with military expertise, including William Longesp\u00e9e, William the Marshal, Roger de Lacy and, until he fell from favour, the marcher lord William de Braose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "securing England" }],
              "question": "John spent much of 1205 doing what?",
              "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1181" }],
              "question": "When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?",
              "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?",
              "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne \u2013 effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Normandy" }],
              "question": "John focused on trying to retake what?",
              "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Capetian power" }],
              "question": "John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?",
              "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "use Poitou as a base of operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was John's preferred plan?",
              "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. During Richard's rule, John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland, and he continued this policy as king. In 1210 the king crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland. John stopped short of trying to actively enforce this charter on the native Irish kingdoms, but historian David Carpenter suspects that he might have done so, had the baronial conflict in England not intervened. Simmering tensions remained with the native Irish leaders even after John left for England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Lord of Ireland" }],
              "question": "John remained what throughout his reign?",
              "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1210" }],
              "question": "When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?",
              "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "increased the size of his lands in Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?",
              "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d17b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy. John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of Northumbria, but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems. The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207, until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France. John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of \u00a310,000. This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support the Scottish king against his internal rivals.[nb 16] John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and both William and Alexander remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "late 12th and early 13th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?",
              "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d4590f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Henry II" }],
              "question": "Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?",
              "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d45910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Treaty of Norham" }],
              "question": "What did John force William to sign?",
              "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d45911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services, as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, only releasing them after the payment of fines; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him. In many cases, individual institutions were able to negotiate terms for managing their own properties and keeping the produce of their estates. By 1209 the situation showed no signs of resolution, and Innocent threatened to excommunicate John if he did not acquiesce to Langton's appointment. When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the king in November 1209. Although theoretically a significant blow to John's legitimacy, this did not appear to greatly worry the king. Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys: one 1213 estimate, for example, suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a366,666 at the time) to John. Official figures suggest that around 14% of annual income from the English church was being appropriated by John each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "John treated the interdict as what?",
              "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d17f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "those clergy unwilling to conduct services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "John seized the lands of who?",
              "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "November 1209" }],
              "question": "When did Innocent excommunicate the king?",
              "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1534, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many marks did the church lose?",
              "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d182"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "the Capetian court in Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?",
              "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Who was barred Langton from entering England?",
              "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "March 1208" }],
              "question": "when did Innocent place an interdict on England?",
              "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Roche-au-Moine" }],
              "question": "John besieged what castle?",
              "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "The local Angevin nobles" }
              ],
              "question": "Who refused to advance with the king?",
              "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Philip" }],
              "question": "Who won the battle of Bouvines?",
              "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long was the truce intended to last for?",
              "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45926"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longesp\u00e9e, marched south-west from Flanders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1214" }],
              "question": "When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?",
              "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did John build alliances with?",
              "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "February 1214" }],
              "question": "When did John leave for Poitou?",
              "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "rebels" }],
              "question": "Who made the first move in the war?",
              "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Rochester Castle" }],
              "question": "What did the rebels seize?",
              "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 851, "text": "Llywelyn the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?",
              "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "isolate the rebel barons in London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was John's strategy?",
              "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45934"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter \"not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust\" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "rebel barons" }],
              "question": "Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?",
              "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Innocent" }],
              "question": "John appealed to who for help?",
              "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "First Barons' War" }],
              "question": "The failure of the agreement lead to what?",
              "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a \"stalemate\", \"a military situation uncompromised by defeat\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "significant part of his baggage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the king lose on his way to the west?",
              "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "October 1216" }],
              "question": "When did John face a stalemate?",
              "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the Crown Jewels lost?",
              "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d193"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longesp\u00e9e, who both returned to John's faction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1216" }],
              "question": "When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?",
              "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d4593f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Cotswolds" }],
              "question": "Where did John march from?",
              "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "King's Lynn" }],
              "question": "Where did John contract dysentery?",
              "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Alexander II" }],
              "question": "Who invaded northern England?",
              "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John Foxe, William Tyndale and Robert Barnes portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and John Foxe included the king in his Book of Martyrs. John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine in 1632 praised John's \"great renown\" as a king; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the king's poor reputation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Tudor historians" }],
              "question": "Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?",
              "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What praised John's \"great renown\" as a king?",
              "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?",
              "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45947"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented \"an almost totally unfavourable picture\" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century children's writer Howard Pyle's book The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which in turn established John as the principal villain within the traditional Robin Hood narrative. During the 20th century, John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood. Sam De Grasse's role as John in the black-and-white 1922 film version shows John committing numerous atrocities and acts of torture. Claude Rains played John in the 1938 colour version alongside Errol Flynn, starting a trend for films to depict John as an \"effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home\". The character of John acts either to highlight the virtues of King Richard, or contrasts with the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is usually the \"swashbuckling villain\" opposing Robin. An extreme version of this trend can be seen in the Disney cartoon version, for example, which depicts John, voiced by Peter Ustinov, as a \"cowardly, thumbsucking lion\". Popular works that depict John beyond the Robin Hood legends, such as James Goldman's play and later film, The Lion in Winter, set in 1183, commonly present him as an \"effete weakling\", in this instance contrasted with the more masculine Henry II, or as a tyrant, as in A. A. Milne's poem for children, \"King John's Christmas\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Ivanhoe" }],
              "question": "What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?",
              "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "Claude Rains" }],
              "question": "Who played John in 1938?",
              "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Robin Hood" }],
              "question": "Who was John depicted alongside?",
              "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which historians wrote early in John's life?",
              "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "unsympathetic" }],
              "question": "How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?",
              "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?",
              "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d199"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a \"proto-Protestant martyr\", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts to save England from the \"evil agents of the Roman Church\". By contrast, Shakespeare's King John, a relatively anti-Catholic play that draws on The Troublesome Reign for its source material, offers a more \"balanced, dual view of a complex monarch as both a proto-Protestant victim of Rome's machinations and as a weak, selfishly motivated ruler\". Anthony Munday's play The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington portrays many of John's negative traits, but adopts a positive interpretation of the king's stand against the Roman Catholic Church, in line with the contemporary views of the Tudor monarchs. By the middle of the 17th century, plays such as Robert Davenport's King John and Matilda, although based largely on the earlier Elizabethan works, were transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons and focusing more on the tyrannical aspects of John's behaviour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Tudor period" }],
              "question": "When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?",
              "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 689,
                  "text": "The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Anthony Munday's play?",
              "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "proto-Protestant martyr" }
              ],
              "question": "In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?",
              "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits\", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Contemporary chroniclers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was critical of John's performance as king?",
              "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Jim Bradbury" }],
              "question": "What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?",
              "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "John remains a recurring character within what culture?",
              "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Aquitaine" }],
              "question": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?",
              "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Alais?",
              "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau" }
              ],
              "question": "What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?",
              "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and the Holy Roman Empire to apply pressure on Philip from Germany. In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of \u00c9vreux castle, and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip. The following year, John seized the town of Gamaches and led a raiding party within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris, capturing the Bishop of Beauvais. In return for this service, Richard withdrew his malevolentia (ill-will) towards John, restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "malevolentia" }],
              "question": "Richard withdrew what towards John?",
              "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "Who was the Count of Mortain?",
              "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1195" }],
              "question": "When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?",
              "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interests of the Lusignans, whose own lands currently provided the key route for royal goods and troops across Aquitaine. Rather than negotiating some form of compensation, John treated Hugh \"with contempt\"; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John, who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Hugh of Lusignan" }],
              "question": "Who was Isabella engaged to?",
              "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d45959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "a key Poitou noble family" }
              ],
              "question": "Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?",
              "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d4595a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "contempt" }],
              "question": "John treated Hugh with what?",
              "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d4595b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. John's relief operation was blocked by Philip's forces, and John turned back to Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy. John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy. Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive.[nb 8] John's situation began to deteriorate rapidly. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. His use of routier mercenaries in the central regions had rapidly eaten away his remaining support in this area too, which set the stage for a sudden collapse of Angevin power.[nb 9] John retreated back across the Channel in December, sending orders for the establishment of a fresh defensive line to the west of Chateau Gaillard. In March 1204, Gaillard fell. John's mother Eleanor died the following month. This was not just a personal blow for John, but threatened to unravel the widespread Angevin alliances across the far south of France. Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. By August, Philip had taken Normandy and advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou as well. John's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the Duchy of Aquitaine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?",
              "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d4595f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Philip's forces" }],
              "question": "Who blocked John's relief operation?",
              "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1458, "text": "March 1204" }],
              "question": "When did Gaillard fall?",
              "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1947, "text": "Duchy of Aquitaine" }
              ],
              "question": "What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?",
              "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45962"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service. John maximised his right to demand relief payments when estates and castles were inherited, sometimes charging enormous sums, beyond barons' abilities to pay. Building on the successful sale of sheriff appointments in 1194, John initiated a new round of appointments, with the new incumbents making back their investment through increased fines and penalties, particularly in the forests. Another innovation of Richard's, increased charges levied on widows who wished to remain single, was expanded under John. John continued to sell charters for new towns, including the planned town of Liverpool, and charters were sold for markets across the kingdom and in Gascony.[nb 11] The king introduced new taxes and extended existing ones. The Jews, who held a vulnerable position in medieval England, protected only by the king, were subject to huge taxes; \u00a344,000 was extracted from the community by the tallage of 1210; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders.[nb 12] John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 \u2013 effectively a version of a modern income tax \u2013 that produced \u00a360,000; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the crown. John found that these measures enabled him to raise further resources through the confiscation of the lands of barons who could not pay or refused to pay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many times did John levi scutage payments?",
              "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "1194" }],
              "question": "When did John initiate a new round of appointments?",
              "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1155, "text": "The Jews" }],
              "question": "Who were subject to huge taxes?",
              "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1473, "text": "1207" }],
              "question": "When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods?",
              "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen. John's behaviour after his second marriage to Isabella of Angoul\u00eame is less clear, however. None of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried, and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point, although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period. The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour.[nb 14]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "married noblewomen" }
              ],
              "question": "Many of John's mistresses were what?",
              "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?",
              "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "None" }],
              "question": "How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?",
              "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212. William of Wrotham was appointed \"keeper of the galleys\", effectively John's chief admiral. Wrotham was responsible for fusing John's galleys, the ships of the Cinque Ports and pressed merchant vessels into a single operational fleet. John adopted recent improvements in ship design, including new large transport ships called buisses and removable forecastles for use in combat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?",
              "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1209 and 1212" }],
              "question": "54 vessels were built between what years?",
              "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "William of Wrotham" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was appointed \"keeper of the galleys?\"",
              "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Wales" }],
              "question": "Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?",
              "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Llywelyn the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did John marry Joan to?",
              "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "marcher lords and the native Welsh"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John use to increase his own territory and power?",
              "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "1211" }],
              "question": "When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?",
              "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d4596a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1209" }],
              "question": "Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?",
              "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d4596f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1212" }],
              "question": "When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?",
              "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d45970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "French invasion" }],
              "question": "What threat was John worried about?",
              "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d45971"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict. John announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where did John hold a council in January 1215?",
              "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Poitou" }],
              "question": "Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?",
              "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "a crusader" }],
              "question": "John announced his intent to become what?",
              "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to that time\". Having regained the south-east John split his forces, sending William Longesp\u00e9e to retake the north side of London and East Anglia, whilst John himself headed north via Nottingham to attack the estates of the northern barons. Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "When did John retake Rochester Castle?",
              "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Alexander II of Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "John marched against who in January 1216?",
              "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "north side of London and East Anglia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "John sent William Longespee to retake what?",
              "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous \u2013 probably fictitious \u2013 accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of peaches\". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "18 October" }],
              "question": "When did John die?",
              "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1232" }],
              "question": "When was a new sarcophagus made for him?",
              "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Worcester Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was John buried?",
              "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his \"almost superhuman wickedness\", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the \"Whiggish\" tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the king himself. Winston Churchill, for example, argued that \"[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "James Ramsay" }],
              "question": "Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?",
              "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Domesday Book and Magna Carta" }
              ],
              "question": "What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?",
              "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Victorian" }],
              "question": "What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?",
              "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John (24 December 1166 \u2013 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "King Philip II of France" }
              ],
              "question": "John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?",
              "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "baronial revolt" }],
              "question": "What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?",
              "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Capetian" }],
              "question": "The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?",
              "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against her husband Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Poitiers" }],
              "question": "Where did Eleanor leave to?",
              "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Ranulph Glanville" }],
              "question": "John was taught by who?",
              "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "magister" }],
              "question": "John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?",
              "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "his father" }],
              "question": "John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?",
              "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1175" }],
              "question": "When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?",
              "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "Henry" }],
              "question": "Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?",
              "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45993"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England \u2013 the post of justiciar \u2013 jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1329, "text": "Longchamp" }],
              "question": "Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?",
              "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1443, "text": "Eleanor" }],
              "question": "Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?",
              "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "September 1189" }],
              "question": "When did Richard become king?",
              "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45997"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called Braban\u00e7ons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. As a result, commanders of the period were increasingly drawing on larger numbers of mercenaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "defensive potential of castles" }
              ],
              "question": "Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?",
              "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Braban\u00e7ons" }],
              "question": "What were mercenary forces called?",
              "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard" }
              ],
              "question": "What castle was built at a strategic point?",
              "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "William de Roches" }],
              "question": "Who accompanied John?",
              "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "southern flank weakening" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?",
              "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Arthur" }],
              "question": "Who was caught by surprised?",
              "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom. Thanks to the efforts of men like Hubert Walter, this trend towards improved record keeping continued into his reign. Like previous kings, John managed a peripatetic court that travelled around the kingdom, dealing with both local and national matters as he went. John was very active in the administration of England and was involved in every aspect of government. In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style. John was in England for much longer periods than his predecessors, which made his rule more personal than that of previous kings, particularly in previously ignored areas such as the north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "sophisticated system of administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John inherit in England?",
              "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "the Treasury and the Exchequer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who dealt with income and expenditure?",
              "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 747, "text": "Henry I and Henry II" }
              ],
              "question": "John followed in the tradition of who?",
              "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regis; these curiales were the senior officials and agents of the king and were essential to his day-to-day rule. Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the king, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. By the time of Henry II, these posts were increasingly being filled by \"new men\" from outside the normal ranks of the barons. This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou. These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including Falkes de Breaut\u00e9, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigong\u00e9 and Philip Marc. Many barons perceived the king's household as what Ralph Turner has characterised as a \"narrow clique enjoying royal favour at barons' expense\" staffed by men of lesser status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "several groups of followers" }
              ],
              "question": "John's royal household was based around what?",
              "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "senior officials and agents of the king"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the curia regis?",
              "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "their uncivilised behaviour" }
              ],
              "question": "The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?",
              "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the Resurrection. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the church. Historian Frank McLynn argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported John's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with Hugh of Lincoln, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances \u2013 albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was \"at least conventionally devout,\" citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "impious" }],
              "question": "Historians suspected that John was at best what?",
              "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 953, "text": "Hugh of Lincoln" }],
              "question": "Who was later declared a saint?",
              "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1135, "text": "John's offerings to the poor" }
              ],
              "question": "Many records showed what?",
              "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the truce of 1206\u20131208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "focused on building up his financial and military resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?",
              "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Otto IV" }],
              "question": "By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?",
              "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 910, "text": "the harbour of Damme" }
              ],
              "question": "John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?",
              "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "John de Gray" }],
              "question": "Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?",
              "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 760, "text": "Reginald and John de Gray" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Innocent disavow?",
              "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "Canterbury chapter" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?",
              "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as \"the Northerners\". The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as \"a rebellion of the king's debtors\". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an \"abrasive foreigner\" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as \"direct, short and unavoidable\" following the defeat at Bouvines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "north of England" }],
              "question": "Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?",
              "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "Peter des Roches" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed justiciar?",
              "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 978,
                  "text": "The failure of John's French military campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?",
              "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or \"Great Charter\". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "15 June 1215" }],
              "question": "When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?",
              "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?",
              "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Magna Carta" }],
              "question": "The peace agreement was renamed what?",
              "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longesp\u00e9e. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "May 1216" }],
              "question": "When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?",
              "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "due to the risks of open battle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?",
              "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "end of the summer" }],
              "question": "When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?",
              "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, left England for Angoul\u00eame soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons \u2013 Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip \u2013 and three daughters \u2013 Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1214" }],
              "question": "When was Isabel released from imprisonment?",
              "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "Alexander II of Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?",
              "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many legitimate children did John have?",
              "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Henry III" }],
              "question": "Who was John's eldest son?",
              "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\", albeit, as Turner suggests, with \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits\", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him \"one of the worst kings ever to rule England\". Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is \"bizarre\", and that as a monarch John \"fails almost all those [tests] that can be legitimately set\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren" }
              ],
              "question": "What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?",
              "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 807, "text": "John's numerous faults" }
              ],
              "question": "Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?",
              "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "a less effective general" }
              ],
              "question": "John Gillingham considers John what?",
              "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Macintosh",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "expensive" }],
              "question": "What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?",
              "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "education and desktop publishing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?",
              "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Wintel" }],
              "question": "Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "performance" }],
              "question": "What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?",
              "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Compaq" }],
              "question": "Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?",
              "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d283"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256\u00d7256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384\u00d7256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM \u2013 far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "64 kilobytes (kB)" }],
              "question": "How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?",
              "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?",
              "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 713, "text": "fewer RAM chips than the Lisa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?",
              "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1092, "text": "memory slots" }],
              "question": "What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?",
              "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d295"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple spent $2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special, post-election issue of Newsweek, and ran a \"Test Drive a Macintosh\" promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (about $5,200 when adjusted for inflation in 2010). The computer sold well, nonetheless, reportedly outselling the IBM PCjr which also began shipping early that year. By April 1984 the company sold 50,000 Macintoshes, and hoped for 70,000 by early May and almost 250,000 by the end of the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "$2.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?",
              "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "\"Test Drive a Macintosh\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?",
              "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "a Macintosh" }],
              "question": "What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?",
              "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "a bad condition" }],
              "question": "How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?",
              "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "John Sculley" }],
              "question": "Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?",
              "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals\u2014such as hard drives and scanners\u2014to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "The Mac Plus" }],
              "question": "What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?",
              "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "just over four years and ten months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?",
              "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 623,
                  "text": "Macintosh Programmer's Workshop"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 870, "text": "cooperative multitasking" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 831, "text": "HyperCard and MultiFinder" }
              ],
              "question": "After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be \"32-bit clean.\" This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had \"32-bit dirty\" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "the Macintosh IIx" }],
              "question": "What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?",
              "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "the Macintosh IIci" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Mac to be \"32-bit clean\"?",
              "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "US$9,900" }],
              "question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?",
              "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?",
              "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "40 MHz" }],
              "question": "How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?",
              "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the \"Snow White\" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Mac OS, System 7" }],
              "question": "Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?",
              "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Frogdesign" }],
              "question": "Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?",
              "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "the Apple Industrial Design Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?",
              "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Apple Industrial Design Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?",
              "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "co-operative multitasking" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?",
              "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Steve Jobs" }],
              "question": "Who returned to Apple in 1997?",
              "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Mac OS 8" }],
              "question": "What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?",
              "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "the clone line" }],
              "question": "What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?",
              "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "significant financial losses" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?",
              "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1211, "text": "USD$36 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?",
              "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called \"Aqua\". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 \"Cheetah\", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called \"Classic\". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 \"Puma\" (2001), 10.2 \"Jaguar\" (2002), 10.3 \"Panther\" (2003) and 10.4 \"Tiger\" (2005).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "replacement" }],
              "question": "What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?",
              "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Pascal" }],
              "question": "What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?",
              "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "C++" }],
              "question": "What language replaced Pascal for System 7?",
              "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Mac OS X" }],
              "question": "What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?",
              "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 950, "text": "Aqua" }],
              "question": "Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?",
              "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, and has done so twice. All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini, MacBook Pro (without Retina Display), and MacBook Air. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards as well as Intel graphics built into the main CPU. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Pro without Retina Display) do not ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD/CD burner. Apple refers to this as a SuperDrive. Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and Thunderbolt (except for the MacBook (2015 version), which only has a USB-C port and headphone port). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini computers now also feature the \"Thunderbolt\" port, which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today, while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with the then-new iMac G5, released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer. Front Row has been discontinued as of 2011, however, and the Apple Remote is no longer bundled with new Macs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Macintosh" }],
              "question": "What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?",
              "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "8 GB" }],
              "question": "What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?",
              "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1084, "text": "Thunderbolt" }],
              "question": "Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?",
              "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1391, "text": "October 2005" }],
              "question": "When was the iMac G5 released?",
              "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1513, "text": "Front Row" }],
              "question": "Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?",
              "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "8 GB" }],
              "question": "What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?",
              "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Intel x86-64" }],
              "question": "What processors are used by the current Mac product family?",
              "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?",
              "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1148,
                  "text": "up to 10 gigabits per second."
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?",
              "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?",
              "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Open Firmware-based PCI Macs" }
              ],
              "question": "What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?",
              "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "bugs in the firmware implementation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?",
              "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "EFI" }],
              "question": "Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?",
              "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Open Firmware" }],
              "question": "Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?",
              "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the \"multiple exclusive,\" event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Regis McKenna" }],
              "question": "Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?",
              "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "primary authors" }],
              "question": "What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?",
              "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "John Sculley" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept to Apple?",
              "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Pepsi" }],
              "question": "Which company first used the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept?",
              "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "a mystique" }],
              "question": "What did the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept create around a product?",
              "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Compaq" }],
              "question": "Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?",
              "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "IBM" }],
              "question": "Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?",
              "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "struggled" }],
              "question": "What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?",
              "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Windows 95" }],
              "question": "What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?",
              "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Windows 95" }],
              "question": "What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?",
              "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "2.06" }],
              "question": "What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?",
              "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "research firms" }],
              "question": "Who are IDC and Gartner?",
              "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "6.1 percent" }],
              "question": "What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?",
              "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?",
              "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "16%" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?",
              "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the Macintosh II" }],
              "question": "When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?",
              "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Macintosh SE" }],
              "question": "What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?",
              "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "$2900" }],
              "question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?",
              "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "high voltage" }],
              "question": "What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?",
              "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "an authorized Apple dealer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?",
              "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the success of the iPod and the iPhone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?",
              "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "iCloud cloud service" }
              ],
              "question": "What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?",
              "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "smartphones and tablet computers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?",
              "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Apple's own iPhone" }
              ],
              "question": "Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?",
              "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "iPhone and iPad" }],
              "question": "What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?",
              "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response, Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE, was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive \"pizza box\" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512\u00d7384 pixel monitor. The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot. All three machines sold well, although Apple's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "relatively inexpensive Macs" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?",
              "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "The Macintosh Classic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?",
              "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "LC" }],
              "question": "Which Macintosh had a distinctive \"pizza box\" case?",
              "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "only one" }],
              "question": "How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?",
              "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "considerably lower" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?",
              "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?",
              "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "MacBook Pro" }],
              "question": "Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?",
              "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Glass" }],
              "question": "Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?",
              "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "environmentally friendly" }
              ],
              "question": "Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?",
              "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "replaceable batteries" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?",
              "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to \"Macintosh\" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after \"early users\" misspelled \"McIntosh\". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for \"legal reasons.\")",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Jef Raskin" }],
              "question": "Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?",
              "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "an Apple employee" }],
              "question": "What was Jef Raskin's profession?",
              "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "easy-to-use, low-cost" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?",
              "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "for legal reasons" }],
              "question": "Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?",
              "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "audio equipment" }],
              "question": "What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?",
              "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K\u2014manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California\u2014in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, \"1984\". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a \"watershed event\" and a \"masterpiece.\" Regis McKenna called the ad \"more successful than the Mac itself.\" \"1984\" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the \"conformity\" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised \"Big Brother.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "John Dvorak" }],
              "question": "Who discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project in 1983?",
              "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "Apple factory in Fremont, California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?",
              "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "US$1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the television commercial \"1984\" cost?",
              "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Macintosh 128K" }],
              "question": "What did the television commercial \"1984\" introduce?",
              "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "\"more successful than the Mac itself.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Regis McKenna call the \"1984\" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?",
              "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Macintosh (/\u02c8m\u00e6k\u1d7bnt\u0252\u0283/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1997) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to \"Macintosh 128k\" for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of \"Mac\", though the product family has been nicknamed \"Mac\" or \"the Mac\" since the development of the first model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?",
              "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Apple Inc." }],
              "question": "Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?",
              "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "original Macintosh computer" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?",
              "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "integral graphical user" }
              ],
              "question": "What interface type did the original Macintosh include?",
              "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Since 1998" }],
              "question": "When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of \"Mac\"?",
              "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics\u2014an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?",
              "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Macintosh" }],
              "question": "What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?",
              "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?",
              "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did desktop publishing enable users to do?",
              "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?",
              "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d3a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him. His initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "September 1979" }],
              "question": "What year was Raskin hired by Apple?",
              "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "his long-time colleague, Brian Howard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?",
              "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?",
              "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Steve Jobs" }],
              "question": "Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?",
              "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season. As of Mid-2011, the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US, growing from 7.3% of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3% in 2011. According to IDC's quarterly PC tracker, globally, in 3rd quarter of 2014, Apple's PC market share increased 5.7 percent year over year, with record sales of 5.5 million units. Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "3.36 million" }],
              "question": "How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?",
              "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "7.3%" }],
              "question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?",
              "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "9.3%" }],
              "question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?",
              "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "about 6%" }],
              "question": "What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?",
              "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?",
              "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications, most notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the \"Pro\" series, including MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Claris" }],
              "question": "In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?",
              "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "\"Pro\" series" }],
              "question": "Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?",
              "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Claris Resolve" }],
              "question": "What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?",
              "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "AppleWorks" }],
              "question": "What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?",
              "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?",
              "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two days after \"1984\" aired, the Macintosh went on sale, and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. It was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac keynote speeches, and though the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labeled it a mere \"toy.\" Because the operating system was designed largely around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten. This was a time-consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake, and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984, Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, with Microsoft Word following in January 1985. In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz for the Macintosh platform after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop. Apple introduced the Macintosh Office suite the same year with the \"Lemmings\" ad. Infamous for insulting its own potential customers, the ad was not successful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "MacWrite and MacPaint" }
              ],
              "question": "What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after \"1984\" was aired?",
              "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "This was a time-consuming task"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?",
              "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?",
              "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?",
              "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1045,
                  "text": "insulting its own potential customers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple's \"Lemmings\" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?",
              "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market, having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 in 2009, according to NPD. The Macintosh took 45 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, compared to 13 percent for Dell, seven percent for Hewlett Packard, six percent for Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special \"store within a store\" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the web, and often with limited-time or region-specific models. The Macintosh ranked third on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2011 holiday season, then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard, and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?",
              "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1206, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What was Macintosh ranked on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2011 holiday season?",
              "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1342, "text": "Hewlett Packard" }],
              "question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?",
              "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1398, "text": "Dell" }],
              "question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?",
              "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "MacBooks" }],
              "question": "Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?",
              "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "memory" }],
              "question": "What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?",
              "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "a hard disk drive" }],
              "question": "What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?",
              "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "larger-capacity chips" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?",
              "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "quadruple" }],
              "question": "How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?",
              "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "the logic board" }],
              "question": "What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?",
              "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple's actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?",
              "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "against Apple" }],
              "question": "How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?",
              "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "seven years" }],
              "question": "How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?",
              "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?",
              "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "GUIs in general" }],
              "question": "What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?",
              "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d413"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "confused potential buyers" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?",
              "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d42f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Macintosh clones" }],
              "question": "What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?",
              "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "cheaper hardware" }],
              "question": "What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?",
              "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "market share" }],
              "question": "What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?",
              "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?",
              "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d433"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been \"late to the party\" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a \"digital hub\" that linked and enabled an \"emerging digital lifestyle\". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "early 2001" }],
              "question": "When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?",
              "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Steve Jobs" }],
              "question": "Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?",
              "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?",
              "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "\"Rip, Mix, Burn\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?",
              "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Power Mac G4 Cube" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?",
              "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Macintosh Portable" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?",
              "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When was the Macintosh Portable first released?",
              "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the PowerBook line" }
              ],
              "question": "What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?",
              "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "a color screen" }],
              "question": "What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?",
              "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?",
              "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 \"Snow Leopard.\" users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Darwin and NEXTSTEP" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?",
              "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1047,
                  "text": "everyone running Snow Leopard or later"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Apple make Maverick free to?",
              "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1109,
                  "text": "most Macs from 2007 and later"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What computers is Maverick compatible with?",
              "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1140, "text": "Mavericks" }],
              "question": "What brought better multi display support to Mac?",
              "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d46a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was Mavericks introduced?",
              "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d46b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Power Mac G4 Cube" }],
              "question": "What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?",
              "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "too expensive" }],
              "question": "Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?",
              "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "earlier perception" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?",
              "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "July 2001" }],
              "question": "When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?",
              "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "one third of expectations" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?",
              "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d475"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "malware and spyware" }
              ],
              "question": "Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?",
              "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "early 2011" }],
              "question": "When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?",
              "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 752, "text": "an increasing problem" }
              ],
              "question": "How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?",
              "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1195, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many users were affected by the increase in malware?",
              "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1001, "text": "the removal" }],
              "question": "What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?",
              "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "slightly over 14%" }],
              "question": "What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?",
              "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "a budget PC" }],
              "question": "Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?",
              "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1284, "text": "Steve Jobs' return" }
              ],
              "question": "Apple has remained profitable since what time?",
              "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1598, "text": "a higher-income demographic" }
              ],
              "question": "According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?",
              "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "Steve Jobs" }],
              "question": "Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?",
              "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e" }
              ],
              "question": "Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?",
              "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "a component shortage" }
              ],
              "question": "What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?",
              "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "cut prices" }],
              "question": "What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?",
              "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Apple USA head" }],
              "question": "Who was Allan Loren?",
              "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "May 1990" }],
              "question": "When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?",
              "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "CRT displays" }],
              "question": "What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?",
              "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "higher cost of the LCD technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?",
              "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "the education market" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?",
              "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "relatively bulky and somewhat outdated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?",
              "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1276,
                  "text": "the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?",
              "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable (iMac G3) to upscale (iMac G4) and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (the only sub-$1000 offering from Apple, albeit without a monitor and keyboard), not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "seven out of ten" }],
              "question": "In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?",
              "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 878,
                  "text": "The use of Intel microprocessors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?",
              "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1044, "text": "Intel's latest CPUs" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?",
              "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "MacBooks" }],
              "question": "What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?",
              "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Mac Mini" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?",
              "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45ca1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand. Since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops (the all-in-one iMac, entry-level Mac mini, and the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation), and four laptops (the MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Pro with Retina display). Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "its multiple consumer-level desktop models"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple consolidate in 1998?",
              "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "iMac G3" }],
              "question": "What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?",
              "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "revitalized the brand" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?",
              "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?",
              "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "Mac Mini and Mac Pro" }
              ],
              "question": "What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?",
              "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burrel's innovative design, which combined the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisa's CPU, the Motorola 68K, received the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin left the team in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs. Team member Andy Hertzfeld said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs' ideas than Raskin's. After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and its Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas. Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the \"Snow White\" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers. However, Jobs' leadership at the Macintosh project did not last; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985. He went on to found NeXT, another computer company targeting the education market, and did not return until 1997, when Apple acquired NeXT.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "over a personality conflict with Jobs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?",
              "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Jobs" }],
              "question": "According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?",
              "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 672, "text": "Apple stock options" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?",
              "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Xerox PARC" }],
              "question": "Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?",
              "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1165, "text": "an internal power struggle" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?",
              "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction \"we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard\", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC\u2014including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet\u2014although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the third industry standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?",
              "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Only about ten" }],
              "question": "How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?",
              "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "79" }],
              "question": "How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?",
              "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "280,000" }],
              "question": "How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?",
              "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many databases did Apple have available the first year?",
              "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d521"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Motorola" }],
              "question": "Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?",
              "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What powered the Macintosh II?",
              "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "$5500" }],
              "question": "How much did the Macintosh II sell for?",
              "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "The Macintosh II" }],
              "question": "What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?",
              "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "the IBM PC" }],
              "question": "What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?",
              "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, and according to a common saying at the time \"Windows was not as good as Macintosh, but it was good enough for the average user\". Though still a graphical wrapper that relied upon MS-DOS, 3.0 was the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the much more expensive Macintosh platform. It also did not help matters that during the previous year Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers. Finally, there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Macintosh" }],
              "question": "When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?",
              "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "the average user" }],
              "question": "Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?",
              "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "a component shortage" }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?",
              "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "Apple USA head Allan Loren" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?",
              "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Macintosh platform" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?",
              "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d535"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against \"the Dells of the world\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Intel chips" }],
              "question": "What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?",
              "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Motorola 68040" }],
              "question": "Which platform did Apple choose to use?",
              "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1299, "text": "Intel" }],
              "question": "Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?",
              "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1444, "text": "a generation" }],
              "question": "How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?",
              "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1513, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?",
              "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, Apple introduced its new iMac which, like the original 128K Mac, was an all-in-one computer. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later various additional colors, is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most of Apple's standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software, but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware. The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days. It made the company an annual profit of US$309 million, Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995. This aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh and later the iBook, Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer, filling the missing quadrant of Apple's \"four-square product matrix\" (desktop and portable products for both consumers and professionals). More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September, and by October proved to be a large success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Bondi blue" }],
              "question": "What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?",
              "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "two USB ports" }],
              "question": "What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?",
              "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "a CD-ROM drive" }],
              "question": "What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?",
              "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "external third-party hardware" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?",
              "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "800,000" }],
              "question": "How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?",
              "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006. At WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs announced this transition, revealing that Mac OS X was always developed to run on both the Intel and PowerPC architectures. All new Macs now use x86 processors made by Intel, and some were renamed as a result. Intel-based Macs running OS X 10.6 and below (support has been discontinued since 10.7) can run pre-existing software developed for PowerPC using an emulator called Rosetta, although at noticeably slower speeds than native programs. However, the Classic environment is unavailable on the Intel architecture. Intel chips introduced the potential to run the Microsoft Windows operating system natively on Apple hardware, without emulation software such as Virtual PC. In March 2006, a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac. The group released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website. On April 5, 2006, Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp, software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7. Classic was discontinued in Mac OS X 10.5, and Boot Camp became a standard feature on Intel-based Macs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?",
              "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "a group of hackers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?",
              "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 936, "text": "for download on their website" }
              ],
              "question": "How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?",
              "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "April 5, 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?",
              "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1040, "text": "Boot Camp" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?",
              "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Macs did not natively support pointing devices that featured multiple buttons, even from third parties, until Mac OS X arrived in 2001. Apple continued to offer only single button mice, in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions, until August 2005, when it introduced the Mighty Mouse. While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse, it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball, capable of independent x- and y-axis movement. A Bluetooth version followed in July 2006. In October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse, which uses multi-touch gesture recognition (similar to that of the iPhone) instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball. It is available only in a wireless configuration, but the wired Mighty Mouse (re-branded as \"Apple Mouse\") is still available as an alternative. Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?",
              "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Mighty Mouse" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?",
              "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?",
              "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "multi-touch gesture recognition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?",
              "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Magic Mouse" }],
              "question": "What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?",
              "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the release of Intel-based Macs, third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, and VirtualBox began to emerge. These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed. Apple also released Boot Camp and Mac-specific Windows drivers that help users to install Windows XP or Vista and natively dual boot between Mac OS X and Windows. Though not condoned by Apple, it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds. Unlike most PCs, however, Macs are unable to run many legacy PC operating systems. In particular, Intel-based macs lack the A20 gate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "third-party platform virtualization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?",
              "id": "570d395db3d812140066d57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "at near native speed" }
              ],
              "question": "At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?",
              "id": "570d395db3d812140066d580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "the Linux operating system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?",
              "id": "570d395db3d812140066d581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "the A20 gate" }],
              "question": "What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?",
              "id": "570d395db3d812140066d582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to \"OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction\". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established \"elitist aura\" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "MacBook Air" }],
              "question": "What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?",
              "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "MacBook Air" }],
              "question": "What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?",
              "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 833, "text": "Intel's latest CPUs" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?",
              "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 991, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?",
              "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1258,
                  "text": "when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?",
              "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Anti-aircraft_warfare",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as \"all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action.\" They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "counter-air defence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?",
              "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d37f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the effectiveness of hostile air action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?",
              "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "passive measures" }],
              "question": "Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?",
              "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "homeland defence" }],
              "question": "What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?",
              "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "anti-aircraft warfare" }
              ],
              "question": "What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?",
              "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, \"aircraft defence cannon\", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0301\u043d\u0430), a literal translation of \"anti-air defence\", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. \"pointing to zenith\") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (D\u00e9fense contre les a\u00e9ronefs, \"a\u00e9ronef\" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Protivovozdushnaya oborona" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Russian term for air defence?",
              "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "zenitnye" }],
              "question": "What are the AA systems called in Russian?",
              "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "PVO" }],
              "question": "How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?",
              "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "DCA" }],
              "question": "What is air defence called in French?",
              "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "a\u00e9ronef" }],
              "question": "What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?",
              "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "during the First World War" }
              ],
              "question": "When were sensors initially developed?",
              "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "optronics" }],
              "question": "Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?",
              "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "What country created an integrated system for ADGB?",
              "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the integrated system for ADGB link?",
              "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "NATO" }],
              "question": "What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?",
              "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which country had the most severe case?",
              "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Voyska PVO" }],
              "question": "This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "fighter aircraft and ground-based systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two systems did Voyska PVO have?",
              "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "What year did the PVO Strany become independent?",
              "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "PVO SV" }],
              "question": "What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?",
              "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries. The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun, it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion in military history that a military aircraft was shot down with ground-to-air fire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "30 September 1915" }],
              "question": "When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? ",
              "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?",
              "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Radoje Ljutovac" }],
              "question": "Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?",
              "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "both pilots died" }],
              "question": "What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?",
              "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 641, "text": "First Balkan War in 1912" }
              ],
              "question": "Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?",
              "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved. In this method when the sights were on the target, the barrel was pointed at the target's future position. Range and height of the target determined fuse length. The difficulties increased as aircraft performance improved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with AA gunnery?",
              "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "predicted trajectory" }
              ],
              "question": "Different things could affect what with the shell?",
              "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "'off-set' angles for range and elevation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?",
              "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "the target's future position" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?",
              "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "Range and height of the target"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things figured the fuse length?",
              "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force. As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew. However, in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote, particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were, and little financing was available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?",
              "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Gotha G.V bombers" }],
              "question": "In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?",
              "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "an independent air force" }
              ],
              "question": "The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?",
              "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "their range and weapon load" }
              ],
              "question": "The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?",
              "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?",
              "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German W\u00fcrzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?",
              "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Where was the Observer Corps based?",
              "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "When was the Observer Corps formed?",
              "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "hostile aircraft flying over Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?",
              "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "radar" }],
              "question": "What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?",
              "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "RAF" }],
              "question": "Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?",
              "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": ".50-inch" }],
              "question": "The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?",
              "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "an impact fused 2 lb HE shell" }
              ],
              "question": "What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?",
              "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "The air-cooled Bofors" }
              ],
              "question": "What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?",
              "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "The Predictor AA No 3" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?",
              "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "solid fuel rockets" }],
              "question": "What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?",
              "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "for anti-aircraft fire" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?",
              "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "unrotated projectiles" }
              ],
              "question": "What were rockets called at this time?",
              "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "2-inch" }],
              "question": "How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?",
              "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "3-inch" }],
              "question": "What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?",
              "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Bofors 40 mm" }],
              "question": "What did the British get a license to build?",
              "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "aircraft of any size" }
              ],
              "question": "While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?",
              "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45dec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "a movie" }],
              "question": "What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?",
              "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "The Gun" }],
              "question": "What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?",
              "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Americans" }],
              "question": "Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?",
              "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45def"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The interceptor aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?",
              "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "bombers" }],
              "question": "What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?",
              "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "after the end of World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?",
              "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "the late 1960s" }],
              "question": "When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?",
              "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d60a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "ICBMs" }],
              "question": "The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?",
              "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d60b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "the laser" }],
              "question": "What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?",
              "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "the late 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?",
              "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Tactical High Energy Laser" }
              ],
              "question": "What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?",
              "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "experimental usefulness" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?",
              "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "in the next ten years" }
              ],
              "question": "When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?",
              "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Area air defence" }],
              "question": "What is the air defence of a certain area called?",
              "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Air Forces" }],
              "question": "Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?",
              "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "CIM-10 Bomarc" }],
              "question": "What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?",
              "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "medium to long range" }
              ],
              "question": "What range do area defence systems have?",
              "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "to cover populated areas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?",
              "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; \"ack-ack\" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of \"AA\"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line \"Archibald, certainly not!\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Which country probably coined the term air defence?",
              "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Air Defence of Great Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ADGB stand for?",
              "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "What year was the ADGB created?",
              "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Amyas Borton" }],
              "question": "Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?",
              "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "\"Archibald, certainly not!\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?",
              "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "detect hostile aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first purpose of air defence?",
              "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "destroy them" }],
              "question": "What is the second purpose of air defence?",
              "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the critical issue in air defence?",
              "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?",
              "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "speed and direction" }
              ],
              "question": "What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?",
              "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Passive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Passive air defence" }],
              "question": "What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?",
              "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "ground forces" }],
              "question": "Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?",
              "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "concealment" }],
              "question": "Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?",
              "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "important buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What was camouflaged during World War II?",
              "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "the Cold War" }],
              "question": "Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?",
              "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "2 to 12" }],
              "question": "How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?",
              "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "fire control elements" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?",
              "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "in a small area" }],
              "question": "Where do batteries typically get deployed?",
              "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "SHORAD" }],
              "question": "Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?",
              "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "MANPADS" }],
              "question": "Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?",
              "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "in the air" }],
              "question": "It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?",
              "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "shrapnel" }],
              "question": "In addition to high explosive, what else was used?",
              "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Airburst fuses could be which two things?",
              "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Zeppelins" }],
              "question": "What were hydrogen filled balloons called?",
              "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Smoke shells" }],
              "question": "What was used as targets in training practices?",
              "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45ebb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "aimed fire" }],
              "question": "What was the primary method for HAA fire?",
              "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "its height" }],
              "question": "Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?",
              "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "speed and height" }],
              "question": "Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?",
              "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "24,000 feet" }],
              "question": "Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?",
              "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Mechanical" }],
              "question": "What kind of fuses were needed?",
              "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "throughout the inter-war period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were improvements developed for these guns?",
              "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "What year was the M1 version approved?",
              "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "90 mm AA gun" }],
              "question": "Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?",
              "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?",
              "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "two 3-inch AA guns" }],
              "question": "What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?",
              "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?",
              "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "NATO's Allied Command Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?",
              "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "forces in the field" }
              ],
              "question": "Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?",
              "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "A surface-based air defence capability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?",
              "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?",
              "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "John M. Browning" }],
              "question": "Who designed this cannon?",
              "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "125" }],
              "question": "How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?",
              "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Bofors 40 mm" }],
              "question": "What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?",
              "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "US Navy" }],
              "question": "What other US group was interested in the Bofors?",
              "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46015"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "a 75 mm gun from Krupp" }
              ],
              "question": "High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?",
              "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Bofors" }],
              "question": "Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?",
              "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?",
              "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?",
              "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Spanish Civil War" }],
              "question": "What war was the FlaK first used in?",
              "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used \"heavy barrel\" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?",
              "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?",
              "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?",
              "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "the Flakvierling" }],
              "question": "This system was a direct answer to what?",
              "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "many kilometers" }],
              "question": "The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?",
              "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "barrage balloons" }],
              "question": "What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?",
              "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "bomber aircraft over cities" }
              ],
              "question": "What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?",
              "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "steel cable" }],
              "question": "How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?",
              "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "fly at a higher altitude" }
              ],
              "question": "What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?",
              "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "minimal" }],
              "question": "What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?",
              "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One term is 'ceiling', maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically, not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically, and maximum fuse duration may be too short, but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The maximum distance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?",
              "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "only the ascending part of the trajectory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?",
              "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "maximum ceiling" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?",
              "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "vertically" }],
              "question": "Few AA guns are able to fire which way?",
              "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d952"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "guns" }],
              "question": "The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?",
              "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "armored cars and tank chassis" }
              ],
              "question": "Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?",
              "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "in the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?",
              "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "MANPADs" }],
              "question": "What are man-portable missiles better known as?",
              "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When were MANPADs introduced?",
              "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46135"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for the most part been superseded by the effective surface-to-air missile systems that were introduced in the 1950s, although they were still retained by many nations. The development of surface-to-air missiles began in Nazi Germany during the late World War II with missiles such as the Wasserfall, though no working system was deployed before the war's end, and represented new attempts to increase effectiveness of the anti-aircraft systems faced with growing threat from [bomber]s. Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers, either wheeled or tracked. The tracked vehicles are usually armoured vehicles specifically designed to carry SAMs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "ability to quickly follow the target"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?",
              "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d46159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Bofors of Sweden" }],
              "question": "Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?",
              "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?",
              "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "in Nazi Germany" }],
              "question": "Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?",
              "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 834,
                  "text": "from fixed installations or mobile launchers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can land-based SAMs be deployed?",
              "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In general, naval vessels should be treated with respect by aircraft, however the reverse is equally true. Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "machine-guns or fast cannons" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?",
              "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?",
              "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Carrier battle groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of ships are particularly well defended?",
              "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "fighter jets" }],
              "question": "Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?",
              "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rocket-propelled grenades can be\u2014and often are\u2014used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rocket-propelled grenades" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?",
              "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "a steel plate" }],
              "question": "What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?",
              "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d4617a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "US helicopters" }],
              "question": "What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?",
              "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d4617b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "the backblast" }],
              "question": "An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?",
              "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "the user" }],
              "question": "When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?",
              "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46178"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at which a directly approaching target at 400 mph (=643.6 km/h) can be engaged for 20 seconds before the gun reaches 70 degrees elevation\". However, effective ceiling for heavy AA guns was affected by non-ballistic factors:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "\"effective ceiling\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?",
              "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The British" }],
              "question": "Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?",
              "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "for 20 seconds" }],
              "question": "Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?",
              "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "non-ballistic factors" }
              ],
              "question": "What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?",
              "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "guns firing ballistic munitions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?",
              "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "guided missiles" }],
              "question": "After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?",
              "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the very shortest ranges" }
              ],
              "question": "Which range did not use guided missiles?",
              "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "permanently" }],
              "question": "Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?",
              "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "at least 150 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?",
              "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a complete circle of towers' was to be built around 'naval installations' and 'at other especially vulnerable points.' By December 1914 the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) was manning AA guns and searchlights assembled from various sources at some nine ports. The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was given responsibility for AA defence in the field, using motorised two-gun sections. The first were formally formed in November 1914. Initially they used QF 1-pounder \"pom-pom\" (a 37 mm version of the Maxim Gun).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "8 July 1914" }],
              "question": "When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?",
              "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "the coasts of the British Isles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?",
              "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "complete circle of towers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was built around naval installations?",
              "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who manned AA guns and searchlights?",
              "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who used motorised two-gun sections?",
              "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI",
              "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "RAF Regiment" }],
              "question": "Who protected airfields in WWII?",
              "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?",
              "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?",
              "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was disbanded in 1955?",
              "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and the elevation angle, which together gave the height of the aircraft. These were complex instruments and various other methods were also used. The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI), this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuse length curves, using the height reported by the HRF operator, the necessary fuse length could be read off.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "range measurement" }],
              "question": "What helped with better fuse setting?",
              "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Barr & Stroud UB2" }],
              "question": "What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?",
              "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "elevation angle" }],
              "question": "The HRF measured target distance and what else?",
              "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the HRF used with to set fuses?",
              "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "HRF operator" }],
              "question": "The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?",
              "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both impact and time types. Mountings were generally pedestal type, but could be on field platforms. Trials were underway in most countries in Europe but only Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider had published any information by 1910. Krupp's designs included adaptations of their 65 mm 9-pounder, a 75 mm 12-pounder, and even a 105 mm gun. Erhardt also had a 12-pounder, while Vickers Maxim offered a 3-pounder and Schneider a 47 mm. The French balloon gun appeared in 1910, it was an 11-pounder but mounted on a vehicle, with a total uncrewed weight of 2 tons. However, since balloons were slow moving, sights were simple. But the challenges of faster moving airplanes were recognised.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "balloon, or airship, guns" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of guns started attracting attention?",
              "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?",
              "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Fuzing options" }],
              "question": "The impact and time types of what were analyzed?",
              "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?",
              "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 762, "text": "French balloon gun" }
              ],
              "question": "What gun made the scene in 1910?",
              "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III was issued in 1915. It remained in service throughout the war but 18-pdr guns were lined down to take the 13-pdr shell with a larger cartridge producing the 13-pr QF 9 cwt and these proved much more satisfactory. However, in general, these ad-hoc solutions proved largely useless. With little experience in the role, no means of measuring target, range, height or speed the difficulty of observing their shell bursts relative to the target gunners proved unable to get their fuse setting correct and most rounds burst well below their targets. The exception to this rule was the guns protecting spotting balloons, in which case the altitude could be accurately measured from the length of the cable holding the balloon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?",
              "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III" }
              ],
              "question": "What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?",
              "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "18-pdr guns" }],
              "question": "What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?",
              "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "get their fuse setting correct"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?",
              "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "well below their targets" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?",
              "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but ballistic performance was unchanged. In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39, this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators. In 1938 design started on the 12.8 cm FlaK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Treaty of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?",
              "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "in the late 1920s" }],
              "question": "When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?",
              "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "In the late 1930s" }],
              "question": "When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?",
              "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?",
              "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "220v 24 kW generators" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the FlaK 39 have?",
              "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the problem of deflection settings \u2014 'aim-off' \u2014 required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the tachymetric devices do?",
              "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "French Brocq" }],
              "question": "Which system had electrical tracking?",
              "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "75 mm" }],
              "question": "What gun was the French Brocq system used with?",
              "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "British Wilson-Dalby gun director"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which system used a pair of trackers?",
              "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "aim-off" }],
              "question": "Deflection settings were also called what?",
              "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46235"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "German attack" }],
              "question": "Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?",
              "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Battle of Britain" }],
              "question": "What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?",
              "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Army's Anti-aircraft command" }
              ],
              "question": "What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?",
              "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?",
              "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "RAF regiment" }],
              "question": "What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?",
              "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?",
              "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?",
              "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gun did the Royal Navy start using?",
              "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "30-second running time" }
              ],
              "question": "How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?",
              "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 767, "text": "Machine Fuse Setter" }
              ],
              "question": "What was introduced in 1939?",
              "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?",
              "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "by watching the tracers" }
              ],
              "question": "How was target lead watched at short range?",
              "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "short range" }],
              "question": "Target area is relatively large at what range?",
              "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "slide rules" }],
              "question": "At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?",
              "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "small errors in distance" }
              ],
              "question": "What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?",
              "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nevertheless, while 20 mm was better than a machine gun and mounted on a very small trailer made it easy to move, its effectiveness was limited. Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm. The first, the 3.7 cm FlaK 18 developed by Rheinmetall in the early 1930s, was basically an enlarged 2 cm FlaK 30. It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year. A redesigned gun 3.7 cm FlaK 36 entered service in 1938, it too had a two-wheel carriage. However, by the mid-1930s the Luftwaffe realised that there was still a coverage gap between 3.7 cm and 8.8 cm guns. They started development of a 5 cm gun on a four-wheel carriage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rheinmetall" }],
              "question": "In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?",
              "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Oerlikon" }],
              "question": "Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?",
              "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Mauser-Werke" }],
              "question": "Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?",
              "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "a 3.7 cm" }],
              "question": "What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?",
              "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?",
              "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\" or \"Flakt\u00fcrme\" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?",
              "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "\"Flakt\u00fcrme\" flak towers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Another name for the High Bunkers was what?",
              "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "anti-aircraft artillery" }
              ],
              "question": "What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?",
              "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?",
              "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Maunsell Forts" }],
              "question": "What structure did the British build in the North Sea?",
              "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed008"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "the U.S. Army" }],
              "question": "Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?",
              "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "the 75 mm Skysweeper system" }
              ],
              "question": "What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?",
              "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "the 40 mm Bofors" }],
              "question": "The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?",
              "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "NATO Air Defence Ground Environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NADGE stand for?",
              "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "the NATO Integrated Air Defence System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did NADGE become?",
              "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Kerrison Predictor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?",
              "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "the proper aim point automatically"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?",
              "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed00f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "as a pointer mounted on the gun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Predictor display the information needed?",
              "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "followed the pointer and loaded the shells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?",
              "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?",
              "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed012"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "infantry positions" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?",
              "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "altitude" }],
              "question": "Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?",
              "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "most anti-aircraft gunnery" }
              ],
              "question": "Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?",
              "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally \"aircraft fist\") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall (\"waterfall\") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?",
              "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?",
              "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?",
              "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "American Lark" }],
              "question": "What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?",
              "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Germans missile research" }
              ],
              "question": "Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?",
              "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed026"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "guided missile" }],
              "question": "Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?",
              "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?",
              "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "the Nike Ajax missile" }
              ],
              "question": "What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?",
              "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "the larger anti-aircraft guns" }
              ],
              "question": "The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?",
              "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "SA-2 Guideline systems" }
              ],
              "question": "The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?",
              "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed03a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "the railgun" }],
              "question": "Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?",
              "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "a Tomahawk" }],
              "question": "Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?",
              "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "February 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the United States Navy test a railgun?",
              "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?",
              "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "2020 to 2025" }],
              "question": "When is the railgun expected to be ready?",
              "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed04a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "barometric, time-delay, or proximity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of fuses used for shells?",
              "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "a higher rate of fire" }
              ],
              "question": "At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?",
              "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?",
              "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "smallest mounts" }],
              "question": "Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?",
              "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "a system of concentric layers" }
              ],
              "question": "Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?",
              "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What protects the outer layer?",
              "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "the carrier's escorts" }
              ],
              "question": "The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?",
              "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?",
              "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "several thousand rounds per minute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?",
              "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in \"first line\" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "missiles" }],
              "question": "What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?",
              "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Guns" }],
              "question": "What is being lead to specialty roles?",
              "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?",
              "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?",
              "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Kashtan CIWS" }],
              "question": "What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?",
              "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "mobile" }],
              "question": "Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?",
              "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "trailers" }],
              "question": "What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?",
              "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "a fleet of vehicles" }
              ],
              "question": "Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?",
              "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 802,
                  "text": "places where it is not expected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?",
              "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "Soviet" }],
              "question": "What systems are really geared toward mobility?",
              "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services, of the military (i.e. army, navy and air force), as a separate arm or as part of artillery. In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990. This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany. The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "Western and Commonwealth militaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?",
              "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "artillery arm" }],
              "question": "Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?",
              "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?",
              "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "largely communist or ex-communist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?",
              "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "USSR" }],
              "question": "Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?",
              "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "air defence" }],
              "question": "What do armies tend to have in depth?",
              "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "army-level missile defence systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?",
              "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "smaller force levels" }
              ],
              "question": "Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?",
              "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "self-propelled anti-aircraft guns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does SPAAG stand for?",
              "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 648,
                  "text": "all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?",
              "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed098"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?",
              "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Dedicated weapons" }],
              "question": "The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?",
              "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "SAM systems with ECCM capabilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?",
              "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "All-Arms Air Defence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does AAAD stand for?",
              "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Ground Based AD" }],
              "question": "What does GBAD stand for?",
              "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Short Range AD" }],
              "question": "What does SHORAD stand for?",
              "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Man Portable AD Systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What does MANPADS stand for?",
              "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "Surface to Air Guided Weapon" }
              ],
              "question": "What does SAGW stand for?",
              "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below). Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the start of the 20th century these were either very primitive or non-existent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "air defence" }],
              "question": "What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?",
              "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "aircraft" }],
              "question": "The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?",
              "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "guided missiles" }],
              "question": "In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?",
              "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "command and control" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?",
              "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941\u201342 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "into battalions" }],
              "question": "How are batteries typically grouped?",
              "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "light gun or SHORAD" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?",
              "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Homeland air defence" }
              ],
              "question": "Which military section could have a full military structure?",
              "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "a full British Army general" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?",
              "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "three AA corps" }],
              "question": "How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?",
              "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the British Isles" }],
              "question": "Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?",
              "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?",
              "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "searchlights" }],
              "question": "What was used because of night attacks?",
              "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "183" }],
              "question": "How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?",
              "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "74" }],
              "question": "How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?",
              "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield, the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and, being relatively few, were not always in the right place (and were often unpopular with other troops), so changed positions frequently. Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles. These short-range weapons proved more deadly, and the \"Red Baron\" is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun. When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them. Nevertheless, a pattern had been set: anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "AA guns" }],
              "question": "What was many times unpopular with other troops?",
              "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "machine-gun based weapons" }
              ],
              "question": "What was mounted on poles by forces?",
              "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?",
              "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "increasing capabilities of aircraft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?",
              "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "lighter weapons" }],
              "question": "Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?",
              "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?",
              "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Predictor AA No 1" }],
              "question": "What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?",
              "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "M3A3" }],
              "question": "What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?",
              "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "Predictor AA No 2" }],
              "question": "What did the British designate the Sperry device as?",
              "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "UB 7" }],
              "question": "What replaced the UB 2?",
              "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When year did the Dambusters raid happen?",
              "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?",
              "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "a new 55 mm gun" }],
              "question": "What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?",
              "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "a centralised control system" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?",
              "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "hydraulics" }],
              "question": "What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?",
              "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "AAA battalions" }],
              "question": "What was also utilized to control ground targets?",
              "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "90 mm M3 gun" }],
              "question": "Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?",
              "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?",
              "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "60,000 ft" }],
              "question": "What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?",
              "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?",
              "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, \"retaliation weapon\"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the \"Antwerp X\" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "German V-1 cruise missiles" }
              ],
              "question": "What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?",
              "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Folkestone-Dover coast" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?",
              "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": "Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?",
              "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Antwerp" }],
              "question": "What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?",
              "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "SCR-584 radar" }],
              "question": "What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?",
              "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland. The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces. Both sides also used the Blowpipe missile. British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems, Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems. Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1982 Falklands War" }],
              "question": "In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?",
              "id": "570daef116d0071400510ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "British artillery and RAF regiment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two units used the Rapier missile system?",
              "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Sea Slug longer range systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What older system did the British naval use?",
              "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Sea Wolf" }],
              "question": "What new short range systems did the British naval use?",
              "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Machine guns" }],
              "question": "What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?",
              "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is \"locked-on\" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Larger SAMs" }],
              "question": "What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?",
              "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "MANPADS" }],
              "question": "What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?",
              "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Man-Portable Air Defence Systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does MANPADS mean?",
              "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "air-search radar" }],
              "question": "How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?",
              "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "autocannons" }],
              "question": "Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?",
              "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "anti-stealth technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What continues to grow along with stealth technology?",
              "id": "570db07b16d0071400510ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Multiple transmitter radars" }
              ],
              "question": "What can detect stealth aircraft?",
              "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Advanced forms of thermographic cameras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?",
              "id": "570db07b16d0071400510ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "the S-400" }],
              "question": "What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?",
              "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "90 km away" }],
              "question": "How far away can the S-400 detect a target?",
              "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cef"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sanskrit",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit (/\u02c8s\u00e6nskr\u026at/; Sanskrit: sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam [s\u0259mskr\u0329t\u032a\u0259m] or sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta, originally sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt\u0101 v\u0101k, \"refined speech\") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?",
              "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?",
              "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Uttarakhand" }],
              "question": "Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?",
              "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Sikhism" }],
              "question": "Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?",
              "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Old Indo-Aryan" }],
              "question": "Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?",
              "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?",
              "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "lingua franca" }],
              "question": "Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?",
              "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where is Sanskrit usually found?",
              "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Old Indo-Aryan" }],
              "question": "From what is Sanskrit an adaption?",
              "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Vedic Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "From what language did Sanskrit originate?",
              "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204de1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?",
              "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Gujarat" }],
              "question": "Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?",
              "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?",
              "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 90" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "6:55 AM IST" }],
              "question": "What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?",
              "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "daily newspaper" }],
              "question": "What is the publication, Sudharma?",
              "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Mysore, India" }],
              "question": "Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?",
              "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What language are many periodicals published in in India?",
              "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?",
              "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "AIR's website" }],
              "question": "Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?",
              "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term \"Sanskrit\" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins such as P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Prakrits" }],
              "question": "In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?",
              "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "social class and educational attainment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?",
              "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "Middle Indo-Aryan" }],
              "question": "What type of language were Prakrits?",
              "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Madhav Deshpande" }],
              "question": "Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a \"particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?\"",
              "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "perfected manner" }],
              "question": "What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?",
              "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "social class" }],
              "question": "Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?",
              "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "ritual" }],
              "question": "How was Sanskrit originally used?",
              "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Ancient India" }],
              "question": "Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?",
              "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "vernacular Prakrits" }
              ],
              "question": "With what did Sanskrit exist beside?",
              "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddha\u1e43 script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "between the fourth and eighth centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Kharosthi" }],
              "question": "What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?",
              "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?",
              "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "11th or 12th century" }
              ],
              "question": "In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?",
              "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Devanagari" }],
              "question": "Which script replaced the Gupta script?",
              "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Brahmic scripts" }],
              "question": "What were used to write Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Gupta" }],
              "question": "Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?",
              "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Kharosthi" }],
              "question": "What script was used in the northwest of India?",
              "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Brahmi" }],
              "question": "From what was Gupta derived?",
              "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "What script evolved from the Gupta script?",
              "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Philippine" }],
              "question": "Tagalog is what kind of language?",
              "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?",
              "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?",
              "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "spoken language" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword \"bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101?\"",
              "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Malay" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Austronesian languages" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were many Sanskrit words found?",
              "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Javanese" }],
              "question": "In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?",
              "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "spoken language" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of bhasa?",
              "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?",
              "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry\u2014the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from P\u0101\u1e47ini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations \u0101r\u1e63a (\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0937), meaning 'of the \u1e5b\u1e63is', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more \"prakritisms\" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the Ramayana and Mahabharata" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 648, "text": "borrowings from common speech" }
              ],
              "question": "What are prakritisms?",
              "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?",
              "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2000 years" }],
              "question": "How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?",
              "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Ramayana and Mahabharata" }
              ],
              "question": "What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Indian epic poetry" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?",
              "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Prakrits" }],
              "question": "Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?",
              "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "prakritisms" }],
              "question": "What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the Rigveda until the time of P\u0101\u1e47ini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "fourth century BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the time of Panini?",
              "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Vedic texts" }],
              "question": "What type of text is the Samaveda?",
              "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "sacred purposes" }],
              "question": "What was Sanskrit used for?",
              "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "conservative" }],
              "question": "How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?",
              "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "change" }],
              "question": "To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?",
              "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sheldon Pollock argues that \"most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead\".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to \"reinscription and restatements\" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of N\u012blaka\u1e47\u1e6dha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sheldon Pollock" }],
              "question": "Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?",
              "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "literary cultures" }],
              "question": "According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?",
              "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "the modern age" }],
              "question": "What is Sanskrit not  able to express?",
              "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "restatements" }],
              "question": "How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?",
              "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "hymns" }],
              "question": "To what is Sanskrit restricted?",
              "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "alternative option" }
              ],
              "question": "To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? ",
              "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "second or third" }],
              "question": "Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?",
              "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "5 to 8" }],
              "question": "What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?",
              "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Hindi" }],
              "question": "In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?",
              "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "gurukulas" }],
              "question": "In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?",
              "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the \"SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language\" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "St James Junior School" }
              ],
              "question": "What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?",
              "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "September 2009" }],
              "question": "Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?",
              "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Foreign Language" }],
              "question": "What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?",
              "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Samskrita Bharati." }
              ],
              "question": "Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?",
              "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Sydney Grammar School" }
              ],
              "question": "What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?",
              "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "oral tradition" }],
              "question": "Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?",
              "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Prakrits" }],
              "question": "After what language evolved was writing introduced?",
              "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "native script" }],
              "question": "What does Sanskrit not have of its own?",
              "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "regional scripts" }],
              "question": "What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?",
              "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "late 18th century" }],
              "question": "From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "IAST" }],
              "question": "What transliteration system is most common today?",
              "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "since 1888" }],
              "question": "How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "ASCII" }],
              "question": "What is used in transliteration for computer systems? ",
              "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "ITRANS" }],
              "question": "What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?",
              "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like \u524e\u90a3 ch\u00e0n\u00e0 (Devanagari: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 k\u1e63a\u1e47a 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the Tengyur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Buddhist texts" }],
              "question": "What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?",
              "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?",
              "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Ashoka" }],
              "question": "Who sent missionaries to China?",
              "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Many terms" }],
              "question": "What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?",
              "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Tibetan collections" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?",
              "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a \"Sanskritised register\" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What language has influenced the languages of India?",
              "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Khariboli" }],
              "question": "From what dialect is Hindi descended?",
              "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Sanskritised register" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "fifty percent" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?",
              "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Telugu" }],
              "question": "What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Br\u0101hm\u012b inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing \"reluctantly\" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "first century BCE" }],
              "question": "From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?",
              "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Brahmi" }],
              "question": "In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?",
              "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Prakrit" }],
              "question": "In what language was Brahmi first used?",
              "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Prakrit" }],
              "question": "What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "orally" }],
              "question": "How were early sacred texts offered?",
              "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sanskrit grammatical tradition, Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a, one of the six Vedangas, began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b of P\u0101\u1e47ini, which consists of 3990 sutras (ca. fifth century BCE). About a century after P\u0101\u1e47ini (around 400 BCE), K\u0101ty\u0101yana composed V\u0101rtikas on the P\u0101\u1e47ini s\u0169tras. Patanjali, who lived three centuries after P\u0101\u1e47ini, wrote the Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63ya, the \"Great Commentary\" on the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b and V\u0101rtikas. Because of these three ancient Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins (grammarians), this grammar is called Trimuni Vy\u0101karana. To understand the meaning of the sutras, Jayaditya and V\u0101mana wrote a commentary, the K\u0101sik\u0101, in 600 CE. P\u0101\u1e47inian grammar is based on 14 Shiva sutras (aphorisms), where the whole m\u0101trika (alphabet) is abbreviated. This abbreviation is called the Praty\u0101hara.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?",
              "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "late Vedic" }],
              "question": "In what period did Vyakarana begin?",
              "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "3990 sutras" }],
              "question": "How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?",
              "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "K\u0101ty\u0101yana" }
              ],
              "question": "Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?",
              "id": "570e66e60dc6ce1900205020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Praty\u0101hara" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviated alphabet called? ",
              "id": "570e66e60dc6ce1900205021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanskrit, as defined by P\u0101\u1e47ini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "earlier Vedic" }],
              "question": "According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?",
              "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "second millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?",
              "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "separate dialects" }],
              "question": "As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?",
              "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "the Vedas" }],
              "question": "What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?",
              "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Rigveda Samhita" }],
              "question": "What hymns are thought to be the earliest?",
              "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "early second millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?",
              "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "close" }],
              "question": "What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?",
              "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "north-west" }],
              "question": "From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?",
              "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "India and Pakistan" }
              ],
              "question": "Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?",
              "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Indo-Aryan migration theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?",
              "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Sanskrit dramas" }],
              "question": "What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?",
              "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "multilingual" }],
              "question": "What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7eca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "scholarly communication" }
              ],
              "question": "For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "British times" }],
              "question": "Until what period was high Sanskrit used?",
              "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "thin layer" }],
              "question": "How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The \"All-India Sanskrit Festival\" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samskrita Bharati" }],
              "question": "What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "composition contests" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?",
              "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "49,736" }],
              "question": "How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?",
              "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Mattur village" }],
              "question": "Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?",
              "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "king Krishnadevaraya" }
              ],
              "question": "Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?",
              "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of \"Indomania\", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was \"British Indophobia\", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English \"common-sense view\" that Indians constituted a \"separate, inferior and unimprovable race\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?",
              "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?",
              "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "neglect" }],
              "question": "How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "assimilated to Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?",
              "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "inferior" }],
              "question": "Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?",
              "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song \"Cyber-raga\" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of \"The Child In Us\" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Philip Glass" }],
              "question": "Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?",
              "id": "570e73c20dc6ce190020509f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Bhagavad Gita" }],
              "question": "On what was the Philip Glass opera based?",
              "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?",
              "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "John Williams" }],
              "question": "Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?",
              "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Rigveda" }],
              "question": "What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?",
              "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Valencia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Valencia (/v\u0259\u02c8l\u025bnsi\u0259/; Spanish: [ba\u02c8len\u03b8ja]), or Val\u00e8ncia (Valencian: [va\u02c8lensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "What country is Valencia in?",
              "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Valencia's urban area?",
              "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?",
              "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "the Mediterranean Sea" }
              ],
              "question": "What body of water is Valencia located on?",
              "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "the autonomous community of Valencia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the city of Valencia the capital of?",
              "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d401"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "service sector occupations" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main type of employment in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "5.5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?",
              "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "1.9" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?",
              "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "3973 hectares" }],
              "question": "How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?",
              "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "orchards and citrus groves" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?",
              "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d40b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estaci\u00f3 del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Valencia Airport" }],
              "question": "What airport is closest to Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Alicante Airport" }],
              "question": "What airport is south of Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Estaci\u00f3 del Nord" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main train station in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group runs Valencia's public transit?",
              "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?",
              "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Caba\u00f1al and Playa de la Malvarrosa).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo" }
              ],
              "question": "What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?",
              "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "4 km (2 mi)" }],
              "question": "How long is the Paseo Maritimo?",
              "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "San Miguel de los Reyes monastery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?",
              "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "the mid-1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia's rapid development begin?",
              "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "the Carmen Quarter" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?",
              "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "16 months" }],
              "question": "How long did the English occupy Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Battle of Almansa" }],
              "question": "At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?",
              "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?",
              "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Nueva Planta decrees" }
              ],
              "question": "What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?",
              "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 870, "text": "Cardinal Luis de Belluga" }
              ],
              "question": "Who resigned in protest against Philip?",
              "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1102" }],
              "question": "In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?",
              "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Ibn Khafaja" }],
              "question": "Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?",
              "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1145" }],
              "question": "When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?",
              "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Ibn Mardanis" }],
              "question": "Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "15th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Valencian Golden Age?",
              "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Crown of Aragon" }],
              "question": "Of what area was Valencia the largest city?",
              "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Silk Exchange" }],
              "question": "What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?",
              "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Queen Isabella I of Castile" }
              ],
              "question": "Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?",
              "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "textile production" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Valencia's leading industry?",
              "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520\u20131522.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Germaine of Foix" }],
              "question": "Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?",
              "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "1520\u20131522" }],
              "question": "When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?",
              "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "comuneros" }],
              "question": "What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?",
              "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?",
              "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Charles" }],
              "question": "Whom did the comuneros rebel against?",
              "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d461"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Gare du Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "wine and citrus" }],
              "question": "What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?",
              "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Art Nouveau" }],
              "question": "What architectural style was particularly successful?",
              "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 700, "text": "North Station (Gare du Nord)" }
              ],
              "question": "What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?",
              "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Central and Columbus" }
              ],
              "question": "What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?",
              "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d489"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Its average annual temperature is 18.4 \u00b0C (65.1 \u00b0F). 22.8 \u00b0C (73.0 \u00b0F) during the day and 13.8 \u00b0C (56.8 \u00b0F) at night. In the coldest month \u2013 January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 \u00b0C (55 to 70 \u00b0F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 \u00b0C (39 to 54 \u00b0F). In the warmest month \u2013 August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28\u201334 \u00b0C (82\u201393 \u00b0F), about 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F), with an average temperature of 19.0 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F) during the day and 10.0 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 \u00b0C (63 \u00b0F) during the day and 7 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "18.4 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?",
              "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "Which month is the hottest in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "January" }],
              "question": "Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1101, "text": "May and September" }
              ],
              "question": "In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?",
              "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "28\u201334 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Just\u00edcia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758\u20131802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Societat Econ\u00f2mica d'Amics del Pa\u00eds) was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When was the age of Enlightenment?",
              "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?",
              "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "When was the Economic Society of Friends created?",
              "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "woven silk and ceramic tiles" }
              ],
              "question": "What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?",
              "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Charles III" }],
              "question": "Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?",
              "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jard\u00ed del T\u00faria or Jard\u00edn del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Franco" }],
              "question": "Whose regime prohibited political parties?",
              "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "eighty-one" }],
              "question": "According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?",
              "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Turia" }],
              "question": "What river flooded in 1957?",
              "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1285, "text": "Garden of the Turia" }
              ],
              "question": "What park is located in the previous river bed?",
              "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "motorway" }],
              "question": "What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?",
              "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?",
              "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Mediterranean western coast" }
              ],
              "question": "Valencia has the largest port on which coast?",
              "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?",
              "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "oranges" }],
              "question": "What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?",
              "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, El\u00edo had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823\u20131833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "El\u00edo" }],
              "question": "Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?",
              "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1822" }],
              "question": "When was Elio killed?",
              "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "by garroting" }],
              "question": "How was Elio executed?",
              "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Ominous Decade" }],
              "question": "What are the years from 1823-1833 called?",
              "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?",
              "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Santo Caliz" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?",
              "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Benedict XVI" }],
              "question": "Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1st" }],
              "question": "What century is the Santo Caliz from?",
              "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "9 July 2006" }],
              "question": "When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "St. Peter" }],
              "question": "According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?",
              "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?",
              "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "General Martinez-Campos" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?",
              "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Alfonso XII" }],
              "question": "Who became king in 1874?",
              "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "11 January 1875" }],
              "question": "When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?",
              "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 940,
                  "text": "Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?",
              "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La M\u00fasica) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Santiago Calatrava" }],
              "question": "Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?",
              "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "centre of the city" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?",
              "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "modern" }],
              "question": "What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?",
              "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "City of Arts and Sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?",
              "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d614"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.\nValencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.\nSpanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many official languages does Valencia have?",
              "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?",
              "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?",
              "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1966, "text": "more than 70" }],
              "question": "How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?",
              "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1060, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did Valencian regain its offical status?",
              "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la M\u00fasica, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect F\u00e9lix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "the last thirty years" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?",
              "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Santiago Calatrava" }
              ],
              "question": "Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?",
              "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "F\u00e9lix Candela" }
              ],
              "question": "Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?",
              "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Old City" }],
              "question": "What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?",
              "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d644"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Saints John" }],
              "question": "What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?",
              "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Palonino" }],
              "question": "Who decorated the Saints John's dome?",
              "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who destroyed the Jesuit college?",
              "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Capital General" }],
              "question": "What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?",
              "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 797, "text": "Colegio de San Juan" }
              ],
              "question": "What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?",
              "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "554" }],
              "question": "When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?",
              "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "625" }],
              "question": "When were the Byzantines expelled?",
              "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 917, "text": "Toledo" }],
              "question": "What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?",
              "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "the church" }],
              "question": "Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?",
              "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "Visigothic military contingents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the fa\u00e7ade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Pal\u00e1u. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de D\u00e9u dels Desamparats).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "15th century" }],
              "question": "When was the dome built?",
              "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who started the construction of the main chapel?",
              "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "beginning of the 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the main entrance constructed?",
              "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Gothic" }],
              "question": "In what style is the door of the Apostles?",
              "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1220, "text": "Francisco Goya" }],
              "question": "Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?",
              "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "King James I of Aragon" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?",
              "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "28 September" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia surrender?",
              "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "the Muslim population" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?",
              "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Furs of Valencia" }],
              "question": "What were Valencia's new charters called?",
              "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Order of Calatrava" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?",
              "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Inter\u00e9s Tur\u00edstico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "the 32nd and the 33rd" }
              ],
              "question": "Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?",
              "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "Global Champions Tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?",
              "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tennis event has Valencia hosted?",
              "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?",
              "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Falles" }],
              "question": "What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?",
              "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Ba\u00f1os del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Abd al-Rahman I" }],
              "question": "Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?",
              "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "the Russafa" }],
              "question": "What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?",
              "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Medina al-Turab" }],
              "question": "What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?",
              "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "by 714 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?",
              "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1062, "text": "El Micalet" }],
              "question": "What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?",
              "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Llu\u00eds Dalmau, Peris Gon\u00e7al and Dami\u00e0 Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausi\u00e0s March, Roi\u00e7 de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausi\u00e0s March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General (\"studium generale\", place of general studies).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1392" }],
              "question": "When were the Serranos Towers constructed?",
              "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Tirant lo Blanch" }],
              "question": "What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?",
              "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "Ausi\u00e0s March" }],
              "question": "Who was an early poet to use Valencian?",
              "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 877, "text": "between 1499 and 1502" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the University of Valencia founded?",
              "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "Estudio General" }],
              "question": "What was the University of Valencia's original name?",
              "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702\u20131709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "War of Spanish Succession" }
              ],
              "question": "What war took place from 1702-1709?",
              "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Charles of Austria" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?",
              "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "24 January 1706" }],
              "question": "When did English cavalry enter Valencia?",
              "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?",
              "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "fortress at Sagunt" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?",
              "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26\u201328 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, Jos\u00e9 I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Moncey" }],
              "question": "Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?",
              "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "8 January 1812" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia surrender to the French?",
              "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Suchet" }],
              "question": "Who led the successful attack against Valencia?",
              "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Battle of Vitoria" }],
              "question": "What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?",
              "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Valencia" }],
              "question": "What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?",
              "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640\u20131652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Moriscos" }],
              "question": "What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?",
              "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1609" }],
              "question": "When were the Jews expelled?",
              "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?",
              "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?",
              "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "1613" }],
              "question": "When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?",
              "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "land-owners" }],
              "question": "Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?",
              "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "Who had suppressed the Valencian language?",
              "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "Lo Rat Penat" }],
              "question": "What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?",
              "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Teodor Llorente" }],
              "question": "What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?",
              "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "Constantine Llombart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded Lo Rat Penat?",
              "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d727"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property\u2014though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Espartero" }],
              "question": "Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?",
              "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Espartero rule?",
              "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "progressive" }],
              "question": "What type of government did Espartero have?",
              "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "local bourgeoisie" }],
              "question": "Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?",
              "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "General Cabrera" }],
              "question": "Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jes\u00fas and Pla\u00e7a d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barber\u00e1 called the accident a \"fortuitous\" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of \"rushing\" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of \"constant deterioration\" with a \"failure to carry out maintenance\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?",
              "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "3 July 2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Valencia metro derail?",
              "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barber\u00e1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?",
              "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?",
              "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "more than ten" }],
              "question": "How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?",
              "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d759"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposici\u00f3n Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tom\u00e1s Tr\u00e9nor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "739,014" }],
              "question": "What was Valencia's population in 2000?",
              "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?",
              "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?",
              "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When was the Gare du Nord station finished?",
              "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?",
              "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarl\u00f3, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negr\u00edn on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Manuel Azana" }],
              "question": "Who was prime minister in 1936?",
              "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Palau de Benicarl\u00f3" }
              ],
              "question": "What building did the government move to in 1936?",
              "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "over two hundred" }],
              "question": "How many bomb shelters were built?",
              "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "13 January 1937" }],
              "question": "When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?",
              "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1051, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "Where did the government relocate to in 1937?",
              "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Salvados" }],
              "question": "What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?",
              "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "visit of the pope to Valencia" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?",
              "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "book of train breakdowns" }
              ],
              "question": "What evidence related to the crash remains missing?",
              "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "El Mundo" }],
              "question": "Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?",
              "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2012" }],
              "question": "When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?",
              "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of \"Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados\". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the hospital's patroness?",
              "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?",
              "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 774, "text": "Archbishop Pedro de Urbina" }
              ],
              "question": "Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?",
              "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 899, "text": "a grain market" }],
              "question": "What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?",
              "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Conde de Oropesa" }],
              "question": "Who insisted on building the new chapel?",
              "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Hurac\u00e1n Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?",
              "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?",
              "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Levante UD's stadium?",
              "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B" }
              ],
              "question": "In which division does Huracan Valencia play?",
              "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Municipal de Manises" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Huracan Valencia play?",
              "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and F\u00e9lix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Vel\u00e1zquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "138 BC" }],
              "question": "When was Valencia's founding?",
              "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Turia" }],
              "question": "On what river is Valencia located?",
              "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "169 hectares" }],
              "question": "How big is Valencia's historic centre?",
              "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 987,
                  "text": "Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Valencian museum has a photography collection?",
              "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 766,
                  "text": "Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?",
              "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "11 km" }],
              "question": "How far from Valencia is the Albufera?",
              "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Parc Natural de l'Albufera" }
              ],
              "question": "In what park is the Albufera located?",
              "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "6.4 km" }],
              "question": "How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?",
              "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "Who founded Valencia?",
              "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Crown of Spain" }],
              "question": "From what entity was the Albufera bought?",
              "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46005"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "809,267" }],
              "question": "How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?",
              "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "14%" }],
              "question": "How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?",
              "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "24th" }],
              "question": "Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?",
              "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "134.6 km2" }],
              "question": "How much land is within Valencia's limits?",
              "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Bolivia, Romania and Italy" }
              ],
              "question": "From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?",
              "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?",
              "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "two thousand" }],
              "question": "How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?",
              "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Via Augusta" }],
              "question": "What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?",
              "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "Plaza de la Virgen" }
              ],
              "question": "What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?",
              "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?",
              "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom\u2014which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk J\u00e9r\u00f4me as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena D\u00edaz ruled in his place for two years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" }
              ],
              "question": "What was El Cid's real name?",
              "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "July 1099" }],
              "question": "When did El Cid die?",
              "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "Ximena D\u00edaz" }],
              "question": "Who took El Cid's position after his death?",
              "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "15 June 1094 to July 1099" }
              ],
              "question": "When did El Cid rule?",
              "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Abd al-Aziz" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?",
              "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics \u2014 and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom \u2014 and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city\u2014Christian, Jewish and Muslim \u2014 was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?",
              "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "Christian, Jewish and Muslim" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "Mosen Sorel" }],
              "question": "The Muslims lived near what current market?",
              "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "1391" }],
              "question": "When was the Jewish section attacked?",
              "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1229, "text": "1456" }],
              "question": "When was the Muslim section attacked?",
              "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519\u20131523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mud\u00e9jars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Charles I" }],
              "question": "Whose government did the guilds rebel against?",
              "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1519\u20131523" }],
              "question": "When did the guilds' rebellion take place?",
              "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "plague" }],
              "question": "What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?",
              "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Italian republics" }],
              "question": "From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?",
              "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "the Germanies" }],
              "question": "What were the artisan guilds called?",
              "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "foreign aristocrats" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of people often held Valencia's offices?",
              "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Madrid" }],
              "question": "From where were Valencia's officials chosen?",
              "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Santo Domingo" }],
              "question": "What convent was close to the area where troops lived?",
              "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "1762" }],
              "question": "Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?",
              "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814\u20131820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820\u20131823.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Valencia" }],
              "question": "Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?",
              "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long did absolutist rule last?",
              "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "1820\u20131823" }],
              "question": "When was the Trieno Liberal?",
              "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": "When was the Constitution abolished?",
              "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "General Elio" }],
              "question": "Who offered troops to the King?",
              "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebasti\u00e1n Monle\u00f3n Estell\u00e9s, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "When were plans for city expansion drawn?",
              "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d46109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "public water supply network" }
              ],
              "question": "What was finished in 1850?",
              "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "When did Valencia get electricity?",
              "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "city walls" }],
              "question": "What was knocked down in 1866?",
              "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "140,416" }],
              "question": "What was Valencia's population in 1860?",
              "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the night of 23 February 1981, shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress, the Captain General of the Third Military Region, Jaime Milans del Bosch, rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I, those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "the Valencian Community" }
              ],
              "question": "When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?",
              "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Jaime Milans del Bosch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led a coup in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 780, "text": "King Juan Carlos I" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?",
              "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1012, "text": "24 February" }],
              "question": "When did Milans del Bosch surrender?",
              "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d95a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Statute of Autonomy" }
              ],
              "question": "What law made Valencia the capital of its region?",
              "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d95b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Masclet\u00e0 can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Plaza del Ayuntamiento" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Valencia's City Hall located?",
              "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the central post office" }
              ],
              "question": "What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?",
              "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "triangular" }],
              "question": "What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?",
              "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "a large fountain" }],
              "question": "What is in the north part of the plaza?",
              "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "during the Les Falles" }
              ],
              "question": "When are firewords heard every day?",
              "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seo (Seo is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andr\u00e9s de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry (1660\u20131736).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Basilica Metropolitana" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?",
              "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Diana" }],
              "question": "What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?",
              "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1143, "text": "58 m" }],
              "question": "How tall is the cathedral's tower?",
              "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1058, "text": "El Miguelete" }],
              "question": "What is the tower called?",
              "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Iglesia Mayor" }],
              "question": "What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista? ",
              "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once a year between 2008\u20132012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia). Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Fernando Alonso" }],
              "question": "Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?",
              "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2008\u20132012" }],
              "question": "In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?",
              "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Circuit de Valencia" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?",
              "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d9a0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "General_Electric",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant \"Appliance Park\" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?",
              "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Appliance Park" }],
              "question": "What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?",
              "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?",
              "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "GXS" }],
              "question": "What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?",
              "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "GE" }],
              "question": "What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?",
              "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Edison Lamp Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?",
              "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Schenectady, New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Edison Machine Works located?",
              "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?",
              "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?",
              "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Edison Electric Light Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?",
              "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "financial services" }],
              "question": "What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?",
              "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?",
              "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "over half" }],
              "question": "How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?",
              "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?",
              "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, \"Imagination at work\", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual \"white space\" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "David Lucas" }],
              "question": "Who composed GE's slogan \"Imagination at work?\"?",
              "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }
              ],
              "question": "What was GE's slogan prior to \"Imagination at work?\"",
              "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year was the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" first used?",
              "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Wolff Olins" }],
              "question": "Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?",
              "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?",
              "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "fourth-largest" }],
              "question": "Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?",
              "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?",
              "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "EPA" }],
              "question": "According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?",
              "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?",
              "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "Political Economy Research Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?",
              "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "In what year was General Electric formed?",
              "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In which US state was GE incorporated?",
              "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Schenectady" }],
              "question": "Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?",
              "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Charles Coffin" }],
              "question": "Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?",
              "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Lynn, Massachusetts" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?",
              "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Housatonic River" }],
              "question": "Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?",
              "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "11,000" }],
              "question": "How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?",
              "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "110 mg/kg" }],
              "question": "How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?",
              "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?",
              "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Monsanto" }],
              "question": "Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?",
              "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?",
              "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "more than $850 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?",
              "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?",
              "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "more than 4,900" }],
              "question": "As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?",
              "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "May 2010" }],
              "question": "When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?",
              "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2005, GE announced the launch of a program called \"Ecomagination,\" intended, in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt \"to develop tomorrow's solutions such as solar energy, hybrid locomotives, fuel cells, lower-emission aircraft engines, lighter and stronger durable materials, efficient lighting, and water purification technology\". The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, \"while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2005" }],
              "question": "When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?",
              "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Jeff Immelt" }],
              "question": "Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?",
              "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "water purification technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program?",
              "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "The New York Times" }
              ],
              "question": "Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy?",
              "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "hybrid" }],
              "question": "What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?",
              "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GE's history of working with turbines in the power-generation field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers.[citation needed] Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, and continued to develop them during the Interwar period. Superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Although their early work with Whittle's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation emerged as one of the world's largest engine manufacturers, second only to the British company, Rolls-Royce plc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Sanford Alexander Moss" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?",
              "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Whittle W.1" }],
              "question": "Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?",
              "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "ninth" }],
              "question": "What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?",
              "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 799, "text": "Allison Engine Company" }
              ],
              "question": "To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?",
              "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 931, "text": "Rolls-Royce plc" }],
              "question": "Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?",
              "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d52b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "1947-77" }],
              "question": "In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?",
              "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Pete Seeger" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?",
              "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "polychlorinated biphenyls" }
              ],
              "question": "What does PCB stand for?",
              "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "superfund" }],
              "question": "What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution",
              "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 581,
                  "text": "mercury contamination and sewage dumping"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?",
              "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "$1.4 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?",
              "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?",
              "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "biogas" }],
              "question": "What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?",
              "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d55b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "halogen" }],
              "question": "What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?",
              "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d55a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "$25 billion" }],
              "question": "What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?",
              "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d559"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Short Films, Big Ideas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?",
              "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "cinelan" }],
              "question": "Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?",
              "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "water vapor distillation" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of system is Sligshot?",
              "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "US$100,000" }],
              "question": "What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?",
              "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "14 million" }],
              "question": "How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?",
              "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for \u20ac3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a \u20ac3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2014" }],
              "question": "When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?",
              "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "$17 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?",
              "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?",
              "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "June 2014" }],
              "question": "When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?",
              "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 687,
                  "text": "Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?",
              "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Fairfield, Connecticut" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is GE's headquarters located?",
              "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Lexington Avenue" }],
              "question": "On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield?",
              "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield?",
              "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "NBC" }],
              "question": "Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE's main offices in New York City?",
              "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d58a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Comcast Building, location of GE's main offices?",
              "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d58b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford, New York. In 1999, the company agreed to pay a $250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous substances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Robert Abrams" }],
              "question": "Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford, NY?",
              "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "$250 million" }],
              "question": "How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites?",
              "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "more than 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?",
              "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE's pollution of the Housatonic River?",
              "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Pittsfield, Massachusetts" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River?",
              "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d73"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "United_States_Army",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander. The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, and military thinking influenced the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught the army Prussian tactics and organizational skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "14 June 1775" }],
              "question": "When was the Continental Army created?",
              "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "George Washington" }],
              "question": "Who was the commander of the Continental Army?",
              "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?",
              "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "Prussian tactics and organizational skills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army?",
              "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?",
              "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Gulf of Tonkin Incident" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?",
              "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "communist" }],
              "question": "What political structure did Vietnam have?",
              "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the \"National Army\" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the \"career\" soldiers were known as the \"Regular Army\" with the \"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "the \"National Army\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?",
              "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "end of World War I" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the National Army demobilized?",
              "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "\"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?",
              "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1986, the Goldwater\u2013Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "The Chief of Staff" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?",
              "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Secretary of the Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?",
              "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?",
              "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?",
              "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d504"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?",
              "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many uniformed services are there in the US?",
              "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "1775\u201383" }],
              "question": "What years did the American Revolutionary War span?",
              "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "3 June 1784" }],
              "question": "What date was the U.S. Army created?",
              "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "Continental Army" }],
              "question": "What did the U.S Army replace?",
              "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d517"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada, burn York and defeat Tecumseh, which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse. Following ending victories in the province of Upper Canada, which dubbed the U.S. Army \"Regulars, by God!\", British troops were able to capture and burn Washington. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the status quo with no victor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?",
              "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?",
              "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Tecumseh" }],
              "question": "Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?",
              "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "Andrew Jackson" }],
              "question": "In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?",
              "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small, and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the \"United States Army\" in 1796.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "republican" }],
              "question": "What political party did not have trust in standing armies?",
              "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "General St. Clair" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?",
              "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?",
              "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "1791" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States established?",
              "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "1796" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?",
              "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d565"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels, Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental US (CONUS) replacement center at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas, before their individual deployment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Fort Irwin, California" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the National Training Center located?",
              "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Fort Polk, Louisiana" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?",
              "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Hohenfels, Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?",
              "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was ARFORGEN approved?",
              "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 778, "text": "New Mexico and Texas" }
              ],
              "question": "In what states is Fort Bliss located?",
              "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862\u201363, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans?",
              "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Ulysses Grant" }],
              "question": "Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?",
              "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 827, "text": "William T. Sherman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who captured Atlanta?",
              "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1007, "text": "Appomattox Court House" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Lee surrender his army?",
              "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of World War II set the stage for the East\u2013West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "What war occurred after the end of World War II?",
              "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?",
              "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?",
              "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "December 1941" }],
              "question": "What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?",
              "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?",
              "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "June 6, 1944" }],
              "question": "What is the month, day and year of \"D-Day\"?",
              "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Pacific War" }],
              "question": "What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?",
              "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Harry S. Truman" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?",
              "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army \u2013 the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force. Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take the United States (and more specifically the U.S. Army) to war without the support of the American people, General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible, without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "General Creighton Abrams" }
              ],
              "question": "Who adopted the Total Force Policy?",
              "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Vietnam War" }],
              "question": "What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?",
              "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d64a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?",
              "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d64b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?",
              "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?",
              "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "more than 4,000" }],
              "question": "About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?",
              "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "23,813" }],
              "question": "How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?",
              "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "state soldiers" }],
              "question": "What were National Guard members considered before 1903?",
              "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Milita Act take place?",
              "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the Army" }],
              "question": "The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?",
              "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "the governor" }],
              "question": "National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?",
              "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d702"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to \"450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?",
              "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Raymond Odierno" }],
              "question": "Who is the Army Chief of Staff?",
              "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "450,000" }],
              "question": "By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?",
              "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "195,000" }],
              "question": "How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?",
              "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories \u2013 individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14\u201320 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier, and some highly technical MOS training may require many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "individual and collective" }
              ],
              "question": "What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?",
              "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "10 weeks" }],
              "question": "How long does basic training last?",
              "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "14\u201320 weeks" }],
              "question": "How long does military occupation specialties training last?",
              "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "One Station Unit Training" }
              ],
              "question": "What does OSUT stand for?",
              "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 828, "text": "Fort Benning, Georgia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?",
              "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Squad Automatic Weapon" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?",
              "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "suppressive fire" }],
              "question": "What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?",
              "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "door breaching and close-quarters combat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Mossberg 590 used for?",
              "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "M14EBR" }],
              "question": "What gun do designated marksmen use?",
              "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "M110" }],
              "question": "What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?",
              "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep, 5,036 will be put in storage, 1,073 will be used for training, and the remainder will be spread across the active force. The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Thousands of other MRAPs like the Cougar, BAE Caiman, and larger MaxxPros will be disposed of.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?",
              "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1,073" }],
              "question": "How many of the vehicles will be used for training?",
              "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "7,456" }],
              "question": "How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?",
              "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Oshkosh M-ATV" }],
              "question": "The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?",
              "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Maxxpro" }],
              "question": "What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?",
              "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46149"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified, or not (maroon beret), Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret), and Special Forces (rifle green beret) and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "black beret" }],
              "question": "What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?",
              "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "General Martin Dempsey" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?",
              "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "June 2011" }],
              "question": "What month and year was the black beret replaced?",
              "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "maroon" }],
              "question": "If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?",
              "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Special Forces" }],
              "question": "The rifle green beret is worn by whom?",
              "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d983"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is \"to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders.\" The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?",
              "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Secretary of the Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What does SECARMY stand for?",
              "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Chief of Staff of the Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What does CSA stand for?",
              "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "475,000" }],
              "question": "At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?",
              "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1,015,000" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?",
              "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818\u201358) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Seminoles" }],
              "question": "What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?",
              "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "1818\u201358" }],
              "question": "During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?",
              "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "What state were the Seminoles moved to?",
              "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "winter food supply" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?",
              "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "eighteenth" }],
              "question": "During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?",
              "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "What year did the Korean War start?",
              "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "the Soviets" }],
              "question": "Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?",
              "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Korea and Vietnam" }],
              "question": "In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?",
              "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Korean war end?",
              "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army, organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "580,000" }],
              "question": "In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?",
              "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Kuwait" }],
              "question": "Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?",
              "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Desert Storm" }],
              "question": "What operation began in January 1991?",
              "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?",
              "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "one hundred hours" }],
              "question": "How long did Operation Desert Storm last?",
              "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1775" }],
              "question": "What year was the U.S. army organized?",
              "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "United States Volunteers" }
              ],
              "question": "What group combined with the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "various state governments" }
              ],
              "question": "Who raised the United States Volunteers?",
              "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors; the District of Columbia National Guard, however, reports to the U.S. President, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Regular Army" }],
              "question": "What is the active component of the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Army National Guard and the Army Reserve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "unit training assemblies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are UTAs?",
              "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?",
              "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 803, "text": "the U.S. President" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?",
              "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following their basic and advanced training at the individual-level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an \"additional skill identifier\" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide ranging MOS and focus it into a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, ASI training includes pre-commissioning training either at USMA, or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according their future assignments. Further career development is available through the Army Correspondence Course Program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "additional skill identifier" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ASI stand for?",
              "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "provide pre-hospital emergency treatment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is are combat medics duties?",
              "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "Basic Officer Leaders Course" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?",
              "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 863,
                  "text": "Army Correspondence Course Program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?",
              "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46206"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment. The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities), forward operating bases (FOBs), after action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities, and security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "tents" }],
              "question": "What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed?",
              "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "TOC" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?",
              "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "forward operating bases" }
              ],
              "question": "What does FOB stand for?",
              "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "DFAC buildings" }],
              "question": "Where are the dining facilities called?",
              "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "sleeping quarters" }],
              "question": "What are the barracks used for?",
              "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, C.S. troops led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a very large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the \"Union\" or \"the North\") formed the Union Army consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The American Civil War" }
              ],
              "question": "Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?",
              "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "the \"Union\" or \"the North\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the U.S. forces referred to as?",
              "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "South Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?",
              "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?",
              "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Pancho Villa" }],
              "question": "Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?",
              "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "What year did the U.S. join World War I?",
              "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "7 February 1917" }],
              "question": "What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?",
              "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions (1 mechanized infantry, 2 armored, and 5 infantry), but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 (1 airborne, 1 armored, 2 mechanized infantry, and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. No reduction, however, in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Robert McNamara" }],
              "question": "Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?",
              "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?",
              "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?",
              "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks. Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon, and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. on June 18, 1945, in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "125" }],
              "question": "How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon?",
              "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "American Airlines Flight 77" }
              ],
              "question": "What aircraft was hijacked?",
              "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.",
              "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "Lieutenant General Timothy Maude"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?",
              "id": "570d965afed7b91900d46250"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of ground combat brigades are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "brigades" }],
              "question": "What is the army replacing divisions with?",
              "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "modular" }],
              "question": "How will the brigades be structured?",
              "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "divisional headquarters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who can command any brigade?",
              "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62\u00d751mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "9 mm M9 pistol" }],
              "question": "What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "M67" }],
              "question": "What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "smoke" }],
              "question": "The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?",
              "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Modular Handgun System" }
              ],
              "question": "Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?",
              "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed053"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. Other vehicles include the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier, and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does HMMWV stand for?",
              "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Humvee" }],
              "question": "What is the HMMWV also known as?",
              "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "battle tank" }],
              "question": "The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?",
              "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "Mine Resistant Ambush Protected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does MRAP stand for?",
              "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed065"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Franco-Prussian_War",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen).The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power, that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Wilhelm I" }],
              "question": "Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?",
              "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "10 May 1871" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?",
              "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Alsace-Lorraine" }],
              "question": "The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?",
              "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Otto von Bismarck" }],
              "question": "Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?",
              "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "another Franco-German war" }
              ],
              "question": "Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?",
              "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. \"This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull\", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt \"he had just received a slap\". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility \"with a light heart.\" A crowd of 15\u201320,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ems telegram" }],
              "question": "What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?",
              "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "he felt \"he had just received a slap\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?",
              "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Adolphe Thiers" }],
              "question": "In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?",
              "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Emile Ollivier" }],
              "question": "Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?",
              "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "19 July 1870" }],
              "question": "On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?",
              "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz" }
              ],
              "question": "In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?",
              "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "25-year-old design" }
              ],
              "question": "At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?",
              "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "600 m (2,000 ft)" }],
              "question": "What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?",
              "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Krupp" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?",
              "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "a contact-detonated shell" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?",
              "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "4 August 1870" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?",
              "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "Bavarian and two Prussian corps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?",
              "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "General Douay of I Corps" }
              ],
              "question": "Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? ",
              "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "long-range fire of the Chassepots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Douay's initial success was credited by what?",
              "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 711,
                  "text": "the encirclement of the town by the Prussians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What threatened the French avenue of retreat?",
              "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was too late. Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren, German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights. Because the reserves had not arrived, Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach. Instead of continuing to defend the heights, by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south. The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle. They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain\u2014Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "German numerical superiority" }
              ],
              "question": "What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?",
              "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Frossard" }],
              "question": "Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?",
              "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "Seriously flawed communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?",
              "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 939,
                  "text": "effectiveness of the chassepot rifle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?",
              "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1077,
                  "text": "Frossard had abandoned his position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?",
              "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte\u2013St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112,800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "18 August" }],
              "question": "On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?",
              "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Battle of Gravelotte" }
              ],
              "question": "Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?",
              "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? ",
              "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Count Helmuth von Moltke" }
              ],
              "question": "Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?",
              "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?",
              "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Ch\u00e2lons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Ch\u00e2lons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Ch\u00e2lons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?",
              "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "over 150,000" }],
              "question": "At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?",
              "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Napoleon III and MacMahon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?",
              "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "the Prussian Third Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?",
              "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 977, "text": "5,000 men" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?",
              "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that \"Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.\" Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Germans" }],
              "question": "At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?",
              "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Florence" }],
              "question": "In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?",
              "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?",
              "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Garibaldi" }],
              "question": "To whom is the quote, \"Rescue the French Republic by every means\" attributed?",
              "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "the Army of the Vosges" }
              ],
              "question": "What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?",
              "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orl\u00e9ans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops joined the German 'Southern Army'. The French were forced to abandon Orl\u00e9ans on 4 December, and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans (10\u201312 January). A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens (27 November), the Battle of Bapaume (3 January 1871) and the Battle of St. Quentin (13 January).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "10 October" }],
              "question": "On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?",
              "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the Germans" }],
              "question": "Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?",
              "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "9 November" }],
              "question": "On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?",
              "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "4 December" }],
              "question": "On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?",
              "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Battle of Amiens" }],
              "question": "Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?",
              "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "any form of surrender" }
              ],
              "question": "What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?",
              "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "25 January" }],
              "question": "On what date did president Trochu resign?",
              "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Favre" }],
              "question": "Who replaced President Trochu?",
              "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Versailles" }],
              "question": "In which French city was the surrender made official?",
              "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Gambetta" }],
              "question": "Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?",
              "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d627"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The quick German victory" }
              ],
              "question": "What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?",
              "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "French victory" }],
              "question": "What outcome had most people expected from the war?",
              "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Germans" }],
              "question": "Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?",
              "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "their military system" }
              ],
              "question": "What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? ",
              "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d63a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "highly detailed mobilization systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?",
              "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d63b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway system, with multiple competing companies, had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains. Furthermore, no system had been put in place for military control of the railways, and officers simply commandeered trains as they saw fit. Rail sidings and marshalling yards became choked with loaded wagons, with nobody responsible for unloading them or directing them to the destination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "pre-war preparations" }
              ],
              "question": "The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?",
              "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "detailed mobilization plans using the railway system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?",
              "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "multiple competing companies" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?",
              "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "frequent changes between trains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?",
              "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "nobody" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?",
              "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as \"von Bredow's Death Ride\", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the battlefield. Use of traditional cavalry on the battlefields of 1914 proved to be disastrous, due to accurate, long-range rifle fire, machine-guns and artillery. Von Bredow's attack had succeeded only because of an unusually effective artillery bombardment just before the charge, along with favorable terrain that masked his approach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "General Adalbert von Bredow" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?",
              "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "a French artillery battery" }
              ],
              "question": "What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?",
              "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "von Bredow's Death Ride" }
              ],
              "question": "What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?",
              "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Use of traditional cavalry" }
              ],
              "question": "What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?",
              "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "favorable terrain that masked his approach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?",
              "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories\u2014a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army\u2014though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German\u2013Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Posen" }],
              "question": "In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?",
              "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "What was there strong support of in Posen?",
              "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "to desert from the Prussian Army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What calls were made for the Polish recruits?",
              "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "16 August 1870" }],
              "question": "On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?",
              "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "prolonged period of repressive measures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?",
              "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro\u2013Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon III, then the emperor of France, demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France's strategic position, which the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, flatly refused. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms, Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, into a unified Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "the unification of Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?",
              "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "North German Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?",
              "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "new power destabilized" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?",
              "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "the Congress of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "What established the European balance of power in 1815?",
              "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d67a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 820,
                  "text": "strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?",
              "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d67b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Franco-Mexican War. However, following the \"Seven Weeks War\" between Prussia and Austria four years earlier, it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when perhaps 1,000,000 would be required. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made. Universal conscription (rather than by ballot, as previously) and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000. However, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. The mobilisation of reservists was chaotic and resulted in large numbers of stragglers, while the Garde Mobile were generally untrained and often mutinous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?",
              "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "the Franco-Austrian War" }
              ],
              "question": "Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?",
              "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Prussia and Austria" }
              ],
              "question": "The \"Seven Weeks War\" was between which two countries?",
              "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Marshal Adolphe Niel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?",
              "id": "570d502db3d812140066d6a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "the Garde Mobile" }],
              "question": "If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?",
              "id": "570d502db3d812140066d6a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "the General Staff" }],
              "question": "What entity controlled the Prussian army?",
              "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the General Staff?",
              "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "to prepare the overall war strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?",
              "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?",
              "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "the railroad and telegraph" }
              ],
              "question": "What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?",
              "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbr\u00fccken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbr\u00fccken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbr\u00fccken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le B\u0153uf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2 August" }],
              "question": "On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?",
              "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "The Chassepot rifle" }
              ],
              "question": "What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?",
              "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?",
              "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "86 casualties" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?",
              "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "83 casualties" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?",
              "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, \u00c9mile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "King William" }],
              "question": "A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?",
              "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "to make it appear that the French had been insulted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?",
              "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "16 July 1870" }],
              "question": "On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?",
              "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "succession to the Spanish throne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? ",
              "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 752, "text": "northeastern France" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?",
              "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45eeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c.\u20091,000 casualties. The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks, until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Wissembourg" }],
              "question": "Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?",
              "id": "570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "westward" }],
              "question": "In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?",
              "id": "570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1,000 dead" }],
              "question": "How many dead troops leave behind?",
              "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1,000 prisoners" }],
              "question": "How many prisoners did the French leave behind?",
              "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "French Chassepot" }],
              "question": "What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?",
              "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Franco-German War" }],
              "question": "What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?",
              "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "the War of 1870" }],
              "question": "What was the war often referred to in France as?",
              "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "the Kingdom of Prussia" }
              ],
              "question": "In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?",
              "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Prussian ambitions" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?",
              "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Otto von Bismarck" }],
              "question": "Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?",
              "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?",
              "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "encirclement" }],
              "question": "What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?",
              "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Otto von Bismarck" }],
              "question": "Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?",
              "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Ems Dispatch" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the famous telelgram?",
              "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "inflamed public opinion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?",
              "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle of W\u00f6rth (also known as Fr\u00f6schwiller or Reichshoffen) began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near W\u00f6rth in the town of Fr\u00f6schwiller, about 10 miles (16 km) from Wissembourg. The Crown Prince of Prussia's 3rd army had, on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal, drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops. The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000. Although badly outnumbered, the French defended their position just outside Fr\u00f6schwiller. By afternoon, the Germans had suffered c.\u200910,500 killed or wounded and the French had lost a similar number of casualties and another c.\u20099,200 men taken prisoner, a loss of about 50%. The Germans captured Fr\u00f6schwiller which sat on a hilltop in the centre of the French line. Having lost any hope for victory and facing a massacre, the French army disengaged and retreated in a westerly direction towards Bitche and Saverne, hoping to join French forces on the other side of the Vosges mountains. The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south, attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Battle of W\u00f6rth" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?",
              "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "6 August" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?",
              "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "140,000 troops" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?",
              "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": "What number of troops did France have to contend with?",
              "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1104, "text": "Alsace" }],
              "question": "Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?",
              "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Prussia" }],
              "question": "In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable?",
              "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d75f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "unification of a great German empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?",
              "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?",
              "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?",
              "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Germans numerical superiority" }
              ],
              "question": "In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?",
              "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d763"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 18 August, the battle began when at 08:00 Moltke ordered the First and Second Armies to advance against the French positions. By 12:00, General Manstein opened up the battle before the village of Amanvillers with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division. But the French had spent the night and early morning digging trenches and rifle pits while placing their artillery and their mitrailleuses in concealed positions. Finally aware of the Prussian advance, the French opened up a massive return fire against the mass of advancing Germans. The battle at first appeared to favor the French with their superior Chassepot rifle. However, the Prussian artillery was superior with the all-steel Krupp breech-loading gun. By 14:30, General Steinmetz, the commander of the First Army, unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions. At 15:00, the massed guns of the VII and VIII Corps opened fire to support the attack. But by 16:00, with the attack in danger of stalling, Steinmetz ordered the VII Corps forward, followed by the 1st Cavalry Division.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "18 August" }],
              "question": "On what date did the battle begin?",
              "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Moltke" }],
              "question": "Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French?",
              "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "General Manstein" }],
              "question": "Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division?",
              "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Who did the battle first appear to favor?",
              "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "General Steinmetz" }],
              "question": "Who was the commander of the First Army?",
              "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet, the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) with a short reloading time. French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting\u2014the so-called feu de bataillon. The artillery was equipped with rifled, muzzle-loaded La Hitte guns. The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun: the mitrailleuse, which could unleash significant, concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile, and thus prone to being easily overrun. The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Chassepot rifle" }],
              "question": "What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?",
              "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "1,500 metres (4,900 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?",
              "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "trench-warfare" }],
              "question": "In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?",
              "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "the mitrailleuse" }],
              "question": "What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?",
              "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 756, "text": "on an artillery gun carriage" }
              ],
              "question": "On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?",
              "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 September 1870, the battle opened with the Army of Ch\u00e2lons, with 202 infantry battalions, 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns, attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry battalions, 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns. General De Wimpffen, the commander of the French V Corps in reserve, hoped to launch a combined infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps. But by 11:00, Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield. The French cavalry, commanded by General Marguerite, launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated. Marguerite was killed leading the very first charge and the two additional charges led to nothing but heavy losses. By the end of the day, with no hope of breaking out, Napoleon III called off the attacks. The French lost over 17,000 men, killed or wounded, with 21,000 captured. The Prussians reported their losses at 2,320 killed, 5,980 wounded and 700 captured or missing. By the next day, on 2 September, Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner with 104,000 of his soldiers. It was an overwhelming victory for the Prussians, for they not only captured an entire French army, but the leader of France as well. The defeat of the French at Sedan had decided the war in Prussia's favour. One French army was now immobilised and besieged in the city of Metz, and no other forces stood on French ground to prevent a German invasion. Nevertheless, the war would continue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 September 1870" }],
              "question": "On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?",
              "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "General De Wimpffen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?",
              "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "more Prussian troops" }
              ],
              "question": "As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?",
              "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "General Marguerite" }
              ],
              "question": "Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?",
              "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 913, "text": "over 17,000 men" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the French suffer?",
              "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland. This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun, which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive. As Austria along with Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg and Baden were expected to join in a revenge war against Prussia, I Corps would invade the Bavarian Palatinate and proceed to \"free\" the South German states in concert with Austro-Hungarian forces. VI Corps would reinforce either army as needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Marshal Niel" }],
              "question": "Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?",
              "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "the Prussian Rhineland" }
              ],
              "question": "From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?",
              "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun" }
              ],
              "question": "Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??",
              "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Army of the Rhine" }],
              "question": "The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?",
              "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the French side, planning after the disaster at Wissembourg had become essential. General Le B\u0153uf, flushed with anger, was intent upon going on the offensive over the Saar and countering their loss. However, planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride, as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible. Therefore, the armies of France would take up a defensive position that would protect against every possible attack point, but also left the armies unable to support each other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the disaster at Wissembourg" }
              ],
              "question": "Which disaster made French planning supremely essential?",
              "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "General Le B\u0153uf" }
              ],
              "question": "Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?",
              "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "the reality of unfolding events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what?",
              "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "General Wolff" }],
              "question": "Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible?",
              "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "a defensive position" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point?",
              "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Army of the Loire's defeats, Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe's Army of the North. The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham, La Hallue, and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France, allowing Faidherbe's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units, then retreat behind the fortresses. Despite access to the armaments factories of Lille, the Army of the North suffered from severe supply difficulties, which depressed morale. In January 1871, Gambetta forced Faidherbe to march his army beyond the fortresses and engage the Prussians in open battle. The army was severely weakened by low morale, supply problems, the terrible winter weather and low troop quality, whilst general Faidherbe was unable to command due to his poor health, the result of decades of campaigning in West Africa. At the Battle of St. Quentin, the Army of the North suffered a crushing defeat and was scattered, releasing thousands of Prussian soldiers to be relocated to the East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Army of the Loire's" }
              ],
              "question": "What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?",
              "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "General Faidherbe" }],
              "question": "Who led the Army of the North?",
              "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "belt of fortresses" }
              ],
              "question": "Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?",
              "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "northern France" }],
              "question": "The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?",
              "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Faidherbe's" }],
              "question": "This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?",
              "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite odds of four to one, the III Corps launched a risky attack. The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville, blocking any further escape attempts to the west. Once blocked from retreat, the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe. The battle soon erupted, and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges, losing over half its soldiers. The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "four to one" }],
              "question": "What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?",
              "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Vionville" }],
              "question": "What town were the III Corps able to capture?",
              "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "escape attempts" }],
              "question": "In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?",
              "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "incessant cavalry charges" }
              ],
              "question": "With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?",
              "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "15,780" }],
              "question": "The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?",
              "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Prince Frederick Charles" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?",
              "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "defeat of the First Army," }
              ],
              "question": "Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?",
              "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Roncourt" }],
              "question": "As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?",
              "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "ruins of St. Privat" }
              ],
              "question": "The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?",
              "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1115, "text": "French Army of the Rhine" }
              ],
              "question": "Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?",
              "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "North German coasts" }
              ],
              "question": "A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?",
              "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "only five" }],
              "question": "The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?",
              "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "SMS Arminius" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?",
              "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "470" }],
              "question": "How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?",
              "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1183, "text": "coal reserves" }],
              "question": "In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?",
              "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46027"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle. He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren, cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Spicheren" }],
              "question": "Which battle was the second of three key French losses?",
              "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "5 August" }],
              "question": "On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?",
              "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "the Saar River" }],
              "question": "Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?",
              "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "General von Steinmetz" }
              ],
              "question": "Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?",
              "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Spicheren" }],
              "question": "Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?",
              "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46037"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances. The Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army, was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch. The French General Staff\u2014along with those of every other European military\u2014was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders. This disorganization hampered the French commanders' ability to exercise control of their forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "extremely effective" }
              ],
              "question": "The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?",
              "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d4604f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "previous Prussian operations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?",
              "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "learn to avoid mistakes" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?",
              "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "significant distances" }
              ],
              "question": "The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?",
              "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "The Chief of the General Staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?",
              "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46053"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete. Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge, which included Strasbourg, Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital. In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly, Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul. To allow supplies into Paris, one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over. Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany, preferably by a peace with a friendly government, on terms acceptable to French public opinion. An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him, favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "an end to the war" }],
              "question": "What did the Germans expect to negotiate?",
              "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "20 September" }],
              "question": "On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?",
              "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "18 September" }],
              "question": "Bismarck and Favre met on what date?",
              "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "the Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?",
              "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Toul" }],
              "question": "Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?",
              "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "breaking up" }],
              "question": "By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?",
              "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "General Canrobert" }],
              "question": "Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?",
              "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "lethal French gunfire" }
              ],
              "question": "What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?",
              "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "Rezonville" }],
              "question": "By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?",
              "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "a brief victory parade" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?",
              "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the terms of the armistice" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?",
              "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?",
              "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "five billion franc" }
              ],
              "question": "France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?",
              "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?",
              "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men, the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The Government of National Defence had no electoral mandate, the Emperor was a captive and the Empress in exile but there had been no abdication de jure and the army was still bound by an oath of allegiance to the defunct imperial r\u00e9gime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?",
              "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Second Empire" }],
              "question": "Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?",
              "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "Provisional Government and a Third Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The uprising forced a proclamation of what?",
              "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "Government of National Defence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the new government refer to itself?",
              "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "a legitimate French authority" }
              ],
              "question": "Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?",
              "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "eastern France" }],
              "question": "A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?",
              "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Siege of Metz" }],
              "question": "What seige did these victories lead to?",
              "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Battle of Sedan" }],
              "question": "What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?",
              "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the army of the Second Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?",
              "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "4 September" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?",
              "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d935"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war, particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War, and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems. Other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. On 8 May 1870, shortly before the war, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "war" }],
              "question": "Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?",
              "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Prussia" }],
              "question": "Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?",
              "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "domestic political problems" }
              ],
              "question": "It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?",
              "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "a national plebiscite" }
              ],
              "question": "Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?",
              "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "Milza" }],
              "question": "Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?",
              "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46117"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "invasion of northern Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?",
              "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Denmark" }],
              "question": "What country were the French hoping to be allied with?",
              "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "the Royal Danish Navy" }
              ],
              "question": "What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?",
              "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "defences" }],
              "question": "What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?",
              "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d4612a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "heavy guns" }],
              "question": "What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?",
              "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d4612b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "conscripts" }],
              "question": "What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?",
              "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "of military age" }],
              "question": "Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?",
              "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1,000,000" }],
              "question": "Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?",
              "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Cannae" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a German encirclement battle?",
              "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "encirclement battles" }
              ],
              "question": "German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?",
              "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d964"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system \"was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "military education" }],
              "question": "What Prussian system was superior to the French example?",
              "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "independent thinking" }
              ],
              "question": "Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?",
              "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Moltke" }],
              "question": "What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?",
              "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "intellectual development" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?",
              "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Dallas Irvine" }],
              "question": "Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?",
              "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d979"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed in such secrecy, that little training with the weapon had occurred, leaving French gunners with no experience; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective. Worse still, once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties, there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "longer range" }],
              "question": "What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?",
              "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d4614f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "the mitrailleuse" }],
              "question": "What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? ",
              "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "thirty-seven barrels" }
              ],
              "question": "How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?",
              "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "1,200 yd (1,100 m)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the range of the mitrailleuse?",
              "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "artillery" }],
              "question": "Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective",
              "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "French Army of Ch\u00e2lons" }
              ],
              "question": "The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?",
              "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "at Sedan" }],
              "question": "The French navy fell captive where?",
              "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who also was captured at Sedan?",
              "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "the North Sea" }],
              "question": "The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?",
              "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "September 1870" }],
              "question": "On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?",
              "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d997"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them. What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, commander of the 1st Division. He told General Abel Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August that \"The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive\". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found \"a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff\". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army, without success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Marshal MacMahon" }],
              "question": "Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?",
              "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "four divisions" }],
              "question": "How many divisions did MacMahon command?",
              "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "20 miles" }],
              "question": "Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?",
              "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?",
              "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "the 1st Division" }],
              "question": "What group did General Ducrot command?",
              "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21\u201328 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Paris National Guard" }
              ],
              "question": "What became highly politicised during the war?",
              "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "working-class neighbourhoods" }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?",
              "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "uniforms" }],
              "question": "What did the National Guard refuse to wear?",
              "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "commands from the national government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the National Guard refuse to obey?",
              "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d46170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "21\u201328 May" }],
              "question": "On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?",
              "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d46171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of W\u00f6rth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbr\u00fccken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "General MacMahon" }],
              "question": "Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?",
              "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "German 3rd Army" }],
              "question": "Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?",
              "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Steinmetz" }],
              "question": "Who commanded the German 1st Army?",
              "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "decoy fires" }],
              "question": "What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?",
              "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Moltke's" }],
              "question": "Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?",
              "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards J\u00e4ger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the attacking Prussian forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the casualties especially terrible for?",
              "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "20,163" }],
              "question": "What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?",
              "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "7,855" }],
              "question": "What were the number of French killed and wounded?",
              "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "4,420" }],
              "question": "What was the number of French prisoners?",
              "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "French Chassepot rifles" }
              ],
              "question": "What did most Prussians fall under?",
              "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not \"yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses.\" The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre \u00e0 outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "war reparations" }],
              "question": "What was the republican government amenable to?",
              "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Favre" }],
              "question": "Who declared that France would not yield \"an inch of its territory?\"",
              "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Government of National Defense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?",
              "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "6 September" }],
              "question": "When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?",
              "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "declaration of war" }
              ],
              "question": "What did this cause the Republic to renew?",
              "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves. The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization. Thus, despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war, the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Albrecht von Roon" }],
              "question": "Who was the Prussian Minister of War?",
              "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1859 to 1873" }],
              "question": "What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?",
              "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "reforms" }],
              "question": "He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?",
              "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "a reorganization of the army" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first step in the reforms?",
              "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "the conscription of every male"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the second reform?",
              "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46199"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In addition, the Prussian artillery batteries had 30% more guns than their French counterparts. The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2\u20133 kilometres (1.2\u20131.9 mi), beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle. The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity, before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "bronze, rifled muzzle-loading" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of artillery were the French equipped with?",
              "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "steel breech-loading guns" }
              ],
              "question": "What newer artillery were Prussians using?",
              "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "ammunition" }],
              "question": "What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?",
              "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "30% more" }],
              "question": "The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?",
              "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "2\u20133 kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?",
              "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "28 January 1871" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?",
              "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "the Prussians" }],
              "question": "With whom did the French government negotiate?",
              "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "starving" }],
              "question": "What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?",
              "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Favre" }],
              "question": "Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?",
              "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "24 January" }],
              "question": "What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?",
              "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the fighting, the Communards killed c.\u2009500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000\u201330,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to \"a fortified place\" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "500 people" }],
              "question": "How many were killed by the Communards?",
              "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Archbishop of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?",
              "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "government buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?",
              "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Tuileries Palace" }],
              "question": "What famous palace was also burned down?",
              "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "between 6,000 and 10,000" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?",
              "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally \"circle\") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "462,000" }],
              "question": "At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?",
              "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "270,000" }],
              "question": "How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?",
              "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "literally \"circle\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word \"Kreis?\"",
              "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "having lost 100,000 stragglers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?",
              "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904\u201305 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "military thinking" }],
              "question": "The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?",
              "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "general staff system" }
              ],
              "question": "Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?",
              "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "European armies" }],
              "question": "Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?",
              "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "advancing infantry" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?",
              "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 707, "text": "Russo-Japanese War" }
              ],
              "question": "Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?",
              "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power, British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited, allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland.[citation needed] Besides, the Crown Prince's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German\u2013British relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Congress of Vienna" }],
              "question": "A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?",
              "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "the main power" }],
              "question": "At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?",
              "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Who remained the dominant world power at this time?",
              "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "very limited" }],
              "question": "British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?",
              "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "the daughter of Queen Victoria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?",
              "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9ff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Eritrea",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Buya" }],
              "question": "Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?",
              "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "over 1 million years" }
              ],
              "question": "How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "section of the Danakil Depression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?",
              "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi (\"Kings of the Sea\") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Scottish traveler" }],
              "question": "Who was James Bruce?",
              "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "James Bruce" }],
              "question": "In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?",
              "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "\"Kings of the Sea\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?",
              "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "geopolitical circumstances" }
              ],
              "question": "What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?",
              "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?",
              "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean\u2013Ethiopian War of 1998\u20132000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "annexation" }],
              "question": "What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?",
              "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?",
              "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Eritrean independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the War of Independence?",
              "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "modern-day Eritrea" }],
              "question": "What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?",
              "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500\u20131500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "the Gash Group" }],
              "question": "What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?",
              "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Gash Group?",
              "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "central Eritrea" }],
              "question": "Where is Agordat located?",
              "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "linguistic" }],
              "question": "What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?",
              "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "between 2500\u20131500 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?",
              "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320\u2013360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "What purpose did stelae serve?",
              "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Aksumites" }],
              "question": "Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?",
              "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the obelisk of Aksum" }
              ],
              "question": "Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?",
              "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Aksum" }],
              "question": "Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?",
              "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Aksum" }],
              "question": "Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?",
              "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "ACABQ" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?",
              "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "International Criminal Police Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?",
              "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Arab League" }],
              "question": "Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?",
              "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Zoskales" }],
              "question": "Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?",
              "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "by minting their own Aksumite currency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?",
              "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "on the Arabian peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?",
              "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Himyarite Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?",
              "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "throughout the ancient world" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?",
              "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara\u2013Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?",
              "id": "570db36a16d0071400510cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?",
              "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "The Asmara\u2013Massawa Cableway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the longest line in the world during its time?",
              "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?",
              "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "police and public works departments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?",
              "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?",
              "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "390A(V)" }],
              "question": "Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?",
              "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??",
              "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "independence" }],
              "question": "Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?",
              "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 733,
                  "text": "democratic rights and a measure of autonomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "a number of new factories" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?",
              "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "around 2,198" }],
              "question": "How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?",
              "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Eritrean citizens" }],
              "question": "Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Italians" }],
              "question": "Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?",
              "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "from 4,600 to 75,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?",
              "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lions" }],
              "question": "What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?",
              "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "about 30" }],
              "question": "In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?",
              "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "olive baboons" }],
              "question": "What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?",
              "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "elephant" }],
              "question": "Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?",
              "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?",
              "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Emba Soira" }],
              "question": "What is the highest point in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "in the center of Eritrea" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Emba Soira located?",
              "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How high is Emba Soira?",
              "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?",
              "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "around 100" }],
              "question": "How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "deadly" }],
              "question": "What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?",
              "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "widespread" }],
              "question": "Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?",
              "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "coastal areas" }],
              "question": "Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?",
              "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?",
              "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed11a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "among the worst" }],
              "question": "According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?",
              "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "a one-party state" }],
              "question": "What type of state government exists in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "for their political activism" }
              ],
              "question": "According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?",
              "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?",
              "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed12a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, \"What are human rights?\", \"Who determines what are human rights?\", and \"What should take precedence, human or communal rights?\" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In an attempt at reform" }
              ],
              "question": "Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?",
              "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "female genital mutilation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?",
              "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?",
              "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 937,
                  "text": "some people close to the government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "health concerns and individual freedom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?",
              "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, \"Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media\", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, \"[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara.\" The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Reporters Without Borders" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?",
              "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "just below" }],
              "question": "How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?",
              "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Independent" }],
              "question": "What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?",
              "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Eritrea" }],
              "question": "According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?",
              "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Asmara" }],
              "question": "According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?",
              "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Warsay Yika'alo" }],
              "question": "Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?",
              "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "more than 500 km" }],
              "question": "How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?",
              "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Steam" }],
              "question": "What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?",
              "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Asmara" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Eritrean" }],
              "question": "Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?",
              "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the \"equality of all Eritrean languages\". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, particularly in the southern and central parts of Eritrea. Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages, with the latter used in university education and many technical fields. Italian, the former colonial language, is widely used in commerce and is taught as a second language in schools, with a few elderly monolinguals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "The nation has no official language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official language of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Tigrinya" }],
              "question": "What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?",
              "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "equality" }],
              "question": "What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?",
              "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "Modern Standard Arabic and English"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?",
              "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204deb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded. Due to Eritrea's relative isolation, information and resources are extremely limited and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) found in 2008 average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years. Immunisation and child nutrition has been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the underweight prevalence among children decreased by 12% in 1995\u20132002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85% and the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "child health" }],
              "question": "Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?",
              "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "39.1" }],
              "question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?",
              "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "59.5" }],
              "question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?",
              "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1172, "text": "female genital mutilation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?",
              "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?",
              "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of \"pasta\" to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara. An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged, and dishes common dishes are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means \"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere\" (spice), but there are many more like \"lasagna\" and \"cotoletta alla milanese\" (milano cutlet). Alongside sowa, people in Eritrea also tend to drink coffee. Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage, made out of honey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "its colonial history" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?",
              "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "honey" }],
              "question": "What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?",
              "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "pasta" }],
              "question": "What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?",
              "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "\"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere\" (spice)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?",
              "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "pasta" }],
              "question": "What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?",
              "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez \u1261\u1295 b\u016bn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning \"to be blessed\". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea (\"shai\" \u123b\u1202 shahee) will instead be served.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Red Sea coast" }],
              "question": "What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?",
              "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the coffee ceremony" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?",
              "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "most likely tea" }],
              "question": "What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?",
              "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "awel" }],
              "question": "What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?",
              "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea (/\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tre\u026a.\u0259/ or /\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tri\u02d0\u0259/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Sudan" }],
              "question": "What country borders Eritrea in the west?",
              "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "What country borders Eritrea in the south?",
              "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Djibouti" }],
              "question": "What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?",
              "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Red Sea" }],
              "question": "What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?",
              "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "guaila" }],
              "question": "What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?",
              "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?",
              "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Helen Meles" }],
              "question": "Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?",
              "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "her powerful voice and wide singing range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Helen Meles noted for?",
              "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "ethnic groups" }],
              "question": "Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?",
              "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri (\"sea-land\"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 erythros \"red\"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Medri Bahri" }],
              "question": "What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "sea-land" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?",
              "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?",
              "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?",
              "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "following the 1993 referendum" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Eritrea gain independence?",
              "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians. Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California, the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum. One of the baboons had distorted isotopic data, so the other's oxygen isotope values were compared to those of present-day baboon specimens from regions of interest. The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia, which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "genetic" }],
              "question": "In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?",
              "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?",
              "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "oxygen isotope analysis" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?",
              "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Punt" }],
              "question": "Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?",
              "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 691,
                  "text": "region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?",
              "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr (\"between the seas/rivers,\" i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri (\"Sea land\" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?",
              "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Medri Bahri" }],
              "question": "What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?",
              "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "Debarwa" }],
              "question": "What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?",
              "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?",
              "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Sea land" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?",
              "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Benito Mussolini's" }],
              "question": "Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?",
              "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "May 1936" }],
              "question": "When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?",
              "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "industrial center of Italian East Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?",
              "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Italian East Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?",
              "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Emperor Haile Selassie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?",
              "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "ELF" }],
              "question": "Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?",
              "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Eritrean Liberation Front" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acroynm ELF stand for?",
              "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "30 years" }],
              "question": "How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?",
              "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "EPLF" }],
              "question": "What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?",
              "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "stalemate" }],
              "question": "What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?",
              "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "take action on Ethiopia" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?",
              "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?",
              "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "a UN report" }],
              "question": "What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?",
              "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "denied the claims" }],
              "question": "What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?",
              "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15\u201349 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "0.5" }],
              "question": "In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?",
              "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "exceeds 2%" }],
              "question": "How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "5 births per woman" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?",
              "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "28.3%" }],
              "question": "As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?",
              "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "severe infection" }],
              "question": "What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?",
              "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Western casual" }],
              "question": "How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "suits" }],
              "question": "How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "bright white gowns" }
              ],
              "question": "What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "in brightly colored clothes" }
              ],
              "question": "How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?",
              "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Rashaida women" }],
              "question": "Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?",
              "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena. Zersenay Tadese, an Eritrean athlete, currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage international cycling event, is held annually throughout the country. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced a lot of success, winning the continental cycling championship several years in a row. Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams, including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Tour\u00e9 and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a in 2012. In 2015 Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphine. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN\u2013Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race, where, on 9 July, Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Football and cycling" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "half marathon distance running"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?",
              "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Tour of Eritrea" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 915,
                  "text": "Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?",
              "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "Daniel Teklehaimanot" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?",
              "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "early anatomically modern humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?",
              "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "over 125,000 years old" }
              ],
              "question": "How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?",
              "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "near the Bay of Zula" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?",
              "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Eritrean Research Project Team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?",
              "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?",
              "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "end of the 16th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Aussa Sultanate established?",
              "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Denkel lowlands of Eritrea" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?",
              "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?",
              "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Mudaito Dynasty" }],
              "question": "What did Kedafu establish in 1734?",
              "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Mudaito Dynasty" }],
              "question": "What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?",
              "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen.\u2009Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889\u20131913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When did Emperor Yohannes II die?",
              "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "the Kingdom of Italy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?",
              "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "the new colony of Italian Eritrea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?",
              "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?",
              "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "1889\u20131913" }],
              "question": "What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?",
              "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Eritrea and Italian Somaliland" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?",
              "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "as a reward for their support during World War II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?",
              "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Emperor Haile Selassie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?",
              "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?",
              "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "The British and Americans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?",
              "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "according to the road classification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the Eritrean highway system named?",
              "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "improved earth roads which are occasionally paved"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?",
              "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "single-layered asphalt road" }
              ],
              "question": "What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?",
              "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?",
              "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "48%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?",
              "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "a registration process" }
              ],
              "question": "What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?",
              "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "May 2002" }],
              "question": "When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?",
              "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 708, "text": "personal information" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?",
              "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ed0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "between seven and 13 years of age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?",
              "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?",
              "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "61%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?",
              "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "45 to 1" }],
              "question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?",
              "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "54 to 1" }],
              "question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?",
              "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204edb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Eritrean dishes are also frequently \"lighter\" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "beef, kid, lamb or fish" }
              ],
              "question": "What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?",
              "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Ethiopia" }],
              "question": "Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?",
              "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "their coastal location" }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?",
              "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "lighter" }],
              "question": "How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?",
              "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "seasoned butter and spices" }
              ],
              "question": "What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?",
              "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dc1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Uranium",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Depleted" }],
              "question": "What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?",
              "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "radium" }],
              "question": "What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?",
              "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "ballast" }],
              "question": "How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?",
              "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "high density" }],
              "question": "What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?",
              "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "weak" }],
              "question": "What type of alpha emitter is uranium?",
              "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "pitchblende" }],
              "question": "What is another term for uranium ore?",
              "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Marie Curie" }],
              "question": "Who isolated radium in uranium ore?",
              "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "glow-in-the-dark" }],
              "question": "In what types of paints was radium first used?",
              "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "clock and aircraft dials" }
              ],
              "question": "What devices were painted with radium paint?",
              "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "mauve" }],
              "question": "Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?",
              "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?",
              "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?",
              "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "the Clinton Pile" }],
              "question": "Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?",
              "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Idaho" }],
              "question": "In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?",
              "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "20 December 1951" }],
              "question": "On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?",
              "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "51st" }],
              "question": "Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?",
              "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "in supernovae" }],
              "question": "Where is uranium naturally formed?",
              "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "thorium" }],
              "question": "Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?",
              "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "liquid" }],
              "question": "In what state is the Earth's outer core?",
              "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "235" }],
              "question": "What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?",
              "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "an explosion" }],
              "question": "When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?",
              "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?",
              "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "neutron poison" }],
              "question": "What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?",
              "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "free neutrons" }],
              "question": "What does a neutron poison absorb?",
              "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "carbonate" }],
              "question": "What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?",
              "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "carbonate" }],
              "question": "The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?",
              "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Sphingomonas sp." }],
              "question": "What is BSAR-1 a strain of?",
              "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "5.5" }],
              "question": "How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?",
              "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?",
              "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "$10" }],
              "question": "What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?",
              "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "US$200 million" }],
              "question": "In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?",
              "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "$774 million" }],
              "question": "How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?",
              "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process \"nuclear fission\". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?",
              "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Enrico Fermi" }],
              "question": "Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?",
              "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "hesperium" }],
              "question": "What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?",
              "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Dean of the Faculty of Rome" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?",
              "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Lise Meitner" }],
              "question": "Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?",
              "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "carbonate containing solution" }
              ],
              "question": "In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?",
              "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "uranium" }],
              "question": "What notable carbonates are often water soluble?",
              "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "anionic complexes" }],
              "question": "What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?",
              "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "molybdenum" }],
              "question": "Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?",
              "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "antimony" }],
              "question": "Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?",
              "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "uraninite" }],
              "question": "What is the most prevalent uranium ore?",
              "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "lignite" }],
              "question": "What mineral sometimes contains uranium?",
              "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "phosphate" }],
              "question": "What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?",
              "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "uranium-234" }],
              "question": "What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?",
              "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "0.71%" }],
              "question": "What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?",
              "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "uranium-239" }],
              "question": "What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?",
              "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "uranium-233" }],
              "question": "When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?",
              "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "thorium-232" }],
              "question": "What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?",
              "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "4.6 billion" }],
              "question": "About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?",
              "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "HiCap" }],
              "question": "What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?",
              "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "carbonate" }],
              "question": "The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?",
              "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were ORNL's results verified?",
              "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When was HiCap announced?",
              "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Uranium-235" }],
              "question": "What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?",
              "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Uranium-238" }],
              "question": "What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?",
              "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "uranium-233" }],
              "question": "What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?",
              "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "uranium-233" }],
              "question": "Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?",
              "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "Depleted uranium" }],
              "question": "What is 238U?",
              "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 756,
                  "text": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is OSHA?",
              "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "0.25 mg/m3" }],
              "question": "What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?",
              "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1000, "text": "recommended exposure limit" }
              ],
              "question": "What does REL stand for?",
              "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1036, "text": "0.2 mg/m3" }],
              "question": "What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?",
              "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1119, "text": "10 mg/m3" }],
              "question": "At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?",
              "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U\n3O\n8) and UO\n2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO\n2 will gradually convert to U\n3O\n8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "triuranium octoxide" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?",
              "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Triuranium octoxide" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the stablest uranium compound?",
              "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Uranium dioxide" }],
              "question": "In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?",
              "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now J\u00e1chymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry. In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "79 CE" }],
              "question": "What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?",
              "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?",
              "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "yellow" }],
              "question": "What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?",
              "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?",
              "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "the University of Oxford" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?",
              "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons (360 metric tons) of graphite, 58 short tons (53 metric tons) of uranium oxide, and six short tons (5.5 metric tons) of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Chicago Pile-1" }],
              "question": "What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?",
              "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 December 1942" }],
              "question": "On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?",
              "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Manhattan" }],
              "question": "What project was Fermi working for?",
              "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "University of Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?",
              "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?",
              "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "orange-red" }],
              "question": "Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?",
              "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?",
              "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?",
              "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Henri Becquerel" }],
              "question": "Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?",
              "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Little Boy" }],
              "question": "What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?",
              "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "0.7204%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?",
              "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "critical mass" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?",
              "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "uranium-238" }],
              "question": "What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?",
              "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "99.2742%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?",
              "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "pressurised heavy water" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?",
              "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1\u20132% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum. At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil (see Gulf War Syndrome).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "high-density penetrators" }
              ],
              "question": "What is uranium used for most often in the military?",
              "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "molybdenum" }],
              "question": "Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?",
              "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1\u20132%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?",
              "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "Persian Gulf" }],
              "question": "Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?",
              "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "Gulf War Syndrome" }],
              "question": "What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?",
              "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered uranium?",
              "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?",
              "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "In what city was uranium discovered?",
              "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "sodium diuranate" }],
              "question": "What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?",
              "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "William Herschel" }],
              "question": "Who discovered the planet Uranus?",
              "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining). Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "0.01 to 0.25%" }],
              "question": "What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?",
              "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "borehole" }],
              "question": "Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?",
              "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?",
              "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Saskatchewan" }],
              "question": "In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?",
              "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "23%" }],
              "question": "What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?",
              "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Little Boy" }],
              "question": "What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?",
              "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Fat Man" }],
              "question": "What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?",
              "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "6 August 1945" }],
              "question": "On what date was Little Boy detonated?",
              "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "12,500" }],
              "question": "What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?",
              "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Hiroshima" }],
              "question": "Over what city was Little Boy detonated?",
              "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?",
              "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "2.1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?",
              "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Uzbekistan" }],
              "question": "What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?",
              "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "seventeen" }],
              "question": "How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?",
              "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "9,430" }],
              "question": "How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?",
              "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?",
              "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?",
              "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "US $550 million" }],
              "question": "What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?",
              "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1301, "text": "weapons grade" }],
              "question": "What is another term for uranium that is enriched?",
              "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?",
              "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+\n2 (unstable), and UO2+\n2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+\n2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+\n2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What is the color of U4+?",
              "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "uranium(VI)" }],
              "question": "What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?",
              "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "uranyl carbonate" }],
              "question": "Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?",
              "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "uranyl acetate" }],
              "question": "What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?",
              "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Citrobacter" }],
              "question": "What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?",
              "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "glycerol phosphate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?",
              "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Trapelia involuta" }],
              "question": "What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?",
              "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Geobacter" }],
              "question": "What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?",
              "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "Glomus intraradices" }
              ],
              "question": "What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?",
              "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 \u00b0C (482 to 572 \u00b0F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an \u03b1 form that is obtained at low temperatures and a \u03b2 form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 \u00b0C.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "482 to 572" }],
              "question": "At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?",
              "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "hydrogen" }],
              "question": "What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?",
              "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "250 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "Above what temperature is the \u03b2 form of uranium hydride created?",
              "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "nitride" }],
              "question": "Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?",
              "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?",
              "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U\n3O\n8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC\n2), and diuranium tricarbide (U\n2C\n3). Both UC and UC\n2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 \u00b0C, U\n2C\n3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC\n2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN\n2), and diuranium trinitride (U\n2N\n3).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "diuranium tricarbide" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?",
              "id": "570e489e0b85d914000d7df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "1800 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?",
              "id": "570e489e0b85d914000d7df2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "3% and 5%" }],
              "question": "Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?",
              "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?",
              "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "0.3%" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?",
              "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "$5" }],
              "question": "What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?",
              "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "$130" }],
              "question": "How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?",
              "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+\n2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "kidney" }],
              "question": "Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?",
              "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "alpha radiation" }],
              "question": "What is the main form of 238U decay?",
              "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "hexavalent" }],
              "question": "What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?",
              "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1403, "text": "room" }],
              "question": "At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?",
              "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF\n6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "gas centrifuge" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?",
              "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "uranium hexafluoride" }
              ],
              "question": "What compound is UF6?",
              "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "gaseous diffusion" }],
              "question": "What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?",
              "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "uranium hexafluoride" }
              ],
              "question": "In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?",
              "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "heavier" }],
              "question": "How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?",
              "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "U" }],
              "question": "What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?",
              "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "What is the atomic number of uranium?",
              "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "silvery-white" }],
              "question": "What color is uranium?",
              "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?",
              "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "actinide" }],
              "question": "Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?",
              "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "noble gases" }],
              "question": "What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?",
              "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "uranium oxide" }],
              "question": "What coats uranium metal in air?",
              "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Hydrochloric" }],
              "question": "Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?",
              "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "uranium dioxide" }],
              "question": "What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?",
              "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "cold water" }],
              "question": "What reacts with finely divided uranium?",
              "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?",
              "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "238" }],
              "question": "From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?",
              "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "deuterium" }],
              "question": "What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?",
              "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "thermonuclear weapon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?",
              "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "unenriched" }],
              "question": "What does non-fissile mean?",
              "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense \"stains\" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "nitrate" }],
              "question": "What product of uranium was used as toner?",
              "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Uranyl acetate" }],
              "question": "Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?",
              "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "stage" }],
              "question": "What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?",
              "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "wood" }],
              "question": "Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?",
              "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "silk" }],
              "question": "In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?",
              "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth. This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality was Perrin?",
              "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Gabon" }],
              "question": "In what county was the Oklo mine located?",
              "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1.7 billion years" }],
              "question": "How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?",
              "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?",
              "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "Yucca Mountain" }],
              "question": "Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?",
              "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2\u00d71017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2\u00d71013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?",
              "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1013" }],
              "question": "How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?",
              "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "phosphate fertilizers" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?",
              "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "3 parts per billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?",
              "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468\u00d7109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13\u00d7108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48\u00d7105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Uranium-238" }],
              "question": "What isotope of uranium has the most stability?",
              "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "4.468\u00d7109 years" }
              ],
              "question": "About how old is the Earth?",
              "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "2.48\u00d7105 years" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the half-life of uranium-234?",
              "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "one-fifth" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?",
              "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "49%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?",
              "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "excreted" }],
              "question": "What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?",
              "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?",
              "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "0.5%" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?",
              "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "phosphates" }],
              "question": "What does uranium have an affinity for?",
              "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "bone tissue" }],
              "question": "Where does uranium accumulate in the body?",
              "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e51"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Order_of_the_British_Empire",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders\u2014such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit\u2014but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?",
              "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "the monarch" }],
              "question": "What remained the head of state of the British Empire?",
              "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Empire" }],
              "question": "What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?",
              "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "established their own Orders" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?",
              "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries established new orders?",
              "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?",
              "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "What year was it replaced?",
              "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the emblem?",
              "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Queen's Gallantry Medal" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?",
              "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "lower grade with the oak leaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "They continued to wear what the insignia of what?",
              "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as \"Sir Terry Wogan KBE\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Honorary knighthoods" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are appointed to citizens of nations?",
              "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "citizens of nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?",
              "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Sir or Dame" }],
              "question": "What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?",
              "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Bill Gates or Bob Geldof" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are examples of Sir of Dame?",
              "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Terry Wogan" }],
              "question": "What is an example of irish broadcaster?",
              "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not \u2013 unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the six officials of The Order?",
              "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "ex officio the Dean of the Order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was The Dean of St. Paul?",
              "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who serves as the Order's Prelate?",
              "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "The Order's King of Arms" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is not a member of the College of Arms?",
              "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Usher of the Order?",
              "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?",
              "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who established a national system of honours and awards?",
              "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "Canada, Australia, and New Zealand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?",
              "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Knights and Dames" }],
              "question": "What were the highest class?",
              "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205018"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: \"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war \u2013 for killing people\u2026 We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more.\" Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The members of The Beatles" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were MBE'S?",
              "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?",
              "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "John Lennon" }],
              "question": "Who compared military membership in the Order?",
              "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "John Lennon" }],
              "question": "Who said \"lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.",
              "id": "570e67880dc6ce190020502a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "25 November 1969" }],
              "question": "When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?",
              "id": "570e67880dc6ce190020502b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the \"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy\", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?",
              "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "4 June 1917" }],
              "question": "When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?",
              "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "\"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?",
              "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "King George V" }],
              "question": "Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?",
              "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "knight if male, or dame if female"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the recipient?",
              "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the foundation of the Order, the \"Medal of the Order of the British Empire\" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the \"British Empire Medal\". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country\u2019s population\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Medal of the Order of the British Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?",
              "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "British Empire Medal" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the medal renamed as?",
              "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?",
              "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When was it stopped being rewarded?",
              "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "293" }],
              "question": "How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?",
              "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?",
              "id": "570e6d560dc6ce190020504f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "below the level required for the George Medal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?",
              "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "14 January 1958" }],
              "question": "When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?",
              "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What grade was determined?",
              "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed \"knight\" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?",
              "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Dames Grand Cross" }],
              "question": "Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?",
              "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Wives of Knights" }],
              "question": "Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?",
              "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "peers and princes" }],
              "question": "Such forms are not used by whom?",
              "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?",
              "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?",
              "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is referred to as the Padma Awards?",
              "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "President of India" }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?",
              "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Padma Awards consist of?",
              "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?",
              "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many Knights are in The Order?",
              "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "8,960" }],
              "question": "How many commanders are in The Order?",
              "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "845" }],
              "question": "How many Knights and Dames Commander?",
              "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "858 Officers and 1,464 Members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?",
              "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Order of the British Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?",
              "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "positions in the order of precedence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?",
              "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who of the male members feature on the order?",
              "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "relatives of Ladies of the Order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are not assigned any special precedence?",
              "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "fathers or husbands" }
              ],
              "question": "Who can individuals derive precedence from?",
              "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "mothers or wives" }],
              "question": "Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?",
              "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205089"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Age_of_Enlightenment",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1715" }],
              "question": "What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?",
              "id": "570ec9a70b85d914000d7f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "scientific revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?",
              "id": "570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 760, "text": "the Enlightenment." }
              ],
              "question": "A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?",
              "id": "570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "The Philosophes" }],
              "question": "What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?",
              "id": "570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1715" }],
              "question": "In what year did Louis XIV die?",
              "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "In what year did the French Revolution begin?",
              "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1620s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?",
              "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his prot\u00e9g\u00e9s David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Francis Hutcheson" }],
              "question": "Who said that virtue provides \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\"? ",
              "id": "570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "David Hume" }],
              "question": "Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?",
              "id": "570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Adam Smith" }],
              "question": "Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?",
              "id": "570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Francis Hutcheson" }],
              "question": "Which moral philosopher said \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\"?",
              "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "David Hume and Adam Smith" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?",
              "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the scientific method" }
              ],
              "question": "The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?",
              "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "moral" }],
              "question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?",
              "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?",
              "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700\u20131748) penned his \"Poem to the Memory of Newton,\" which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "scientific topics" }],
              "question": "What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "570ed0690dc6ce1900205105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "James Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who penned a poem called \"Poem to the Memory of Newton\" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton? ",
              "id": "570ed0690dc6ce1900205106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Newtonian system" }],
              "question": "Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?",
              "id": "570ed0690dc6ce1900205107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1727" }],
              "question": "What year was Newton's death?",
              "id": "570ed0690dc6ce1900205108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "James Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"Poem to the Memory of Newton?\"",
              "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1727" }],
              "question": "In what year did Newton die?",
              "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Newton" }],
              "question": "Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?",
              "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Sir Richard Blackmore" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?",
              "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "1712" }],
              "question": "In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?",
              "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative\" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?",
              "id": "570ed1840b85d914000d7fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Leviathan" }],
              "question": "Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?",
              "id": "570ed1840b85d914000d7faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "social contract theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?",
              "id": "570ed1840b85d914000d7fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "social contract theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?",
              "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd698e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?",
              "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd698f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative?\"",
              "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd6990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "the artificial character of the political order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?",
              "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd6991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke the law of nature is grounded on mutual security, or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature; you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does John Locke define mutual security?",
              "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?",
              "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 926,
                  "text": "because it is morally reprehensible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?",
              "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1010,
                  "text": "enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?",
              "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Second Treatise" }],
              "question": "In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?",
              "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an \"unprejudiced examination\" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Thomas Jefferson" }],
              "question": "Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?",
              "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Thirty Years' War" }],
              "question": "The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?",
              "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "a return to simple Scripture" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?",
              "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "avoid" }],
              "question": "Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?",
              "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland, although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?",
              "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "Isaac Newton" }],
              "question": "Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?",
              "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?",
              "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "varied" }],
              "question": "Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?",
              "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "middle" }],
              "question": "In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?",
              "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future.\" However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, na\u00efve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "Terror during the French Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?",
              "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "Romantic" }],
              "question": "Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "materialism and skepticism" }
              ],
              "question": "What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?",
              "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804\u201315) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "French Revolution" }],
              "question": "Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Louis XV" }],
              "question": "French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "1637" }],
              "question": "In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?",
              "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "1687" }],
              "question": "In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?",
              "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the public sphere. Capitalism also increased society's autonomy and self-awareness, and an increasing need for the exchange of information. As the nascent public sphere expanded, it embraced a large variety of institutions; the most commonly cited were coffee houses and caf\u00e9s, salons and the literary public sphere, figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters. In France, the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy's move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720, since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations, especially fine paintings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "rise of the modern nation state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?",
              "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Capitalism" }],
              "question": "What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?",
              "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "1720" }],
              "question": "In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?",
              "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period (1776), which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time. Recently, musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment. For example, Rose Rosengard Subotnik's Deconstructive Variations (subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society) compares Mozart's Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives, and concludes that the work is \"an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?",
              "id": "57107355b654c5140001f8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Dictionnaire de musique" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?",
              "id": "57107355b654c5140001f900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?",
              "id": "57107355b654c5140001f901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 876, "text": "Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791)" }
              ],
              "question": "What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is \"an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment\"?",
              "id": "57107355b654c5140001f902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 909, "text": "Enlightenment and Romantic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?",
              "id": "57107355b654c5140001f903"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonni\u00e8res in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment.\" Women, as salonni\u00e8res, were \"the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse\" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien R\u00e9gime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "salon" }],
              "question": "What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "open" }],
              "question": "Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "salonni\u00e8res" }],
              "question": "What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "French Revolution" }],
              "question": "Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?",
              "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Troyes, France" }],
              "question": "Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?",
              "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "largely rural and semi-literate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?",
              "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1127, "text": "The Tatler and The Spectator" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? ",
              "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue" }
              ],
              "question": "What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition \u2013 many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists \"slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social\". The idea of taste (le go\u00fbt) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "French polite society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the target audience of natural history?",
              "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "erudition" }],
              "question": "Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?",
              "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 592, "text": "taste (le go\u00fbt)" }
              ],
              "question": "The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?",
              "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "specific discourse of the genre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?",
              "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation. Other technical dictionaries followed Harris' model, including Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia (1728), which included five editions, and was a substantially larger work than Harris'. The folio edition of the work even included foldout engravings. The Cyclopaedia emphasized Newtonian theories, Lockean philosophy, and contained thorough examinations of technologies, such as engraving, brewing, and dyeing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "John Harris" }],
              "question": "Who drafted the first technical dictionary?",
              "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?",
              "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "science and technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?",
              "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1704" }],
              "question": "What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?",
              "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?",
              "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works. These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises, and books published by the academies and scientists. Charles Leadbetter's Astronomy (1727) was advertised as \"a Work entirely New\" that would include \"short and easie  [sic] Rules and Astronomical Tables.\" The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was El\u00e9ments de la philosophie de Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738. \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet's translation of the Principia, published after her death in 1756, also helped to spread Newton's theories beyond scientific academies and the university. Francesco Algarotti, writing for a growing female audience, published Il Newtonianism per le dame, which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter. A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pembarton. His A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy was published by subscription. Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book, indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?",
              "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Bernard de Fontenelle" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?",
              "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1686, "text": "Sarah Trimmer" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?",
              "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1865, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?",
              "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "Principia" }],
              "question": "Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?",
              "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f917"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours acad\u00e9miques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages, and was revived in the mid-17th century. The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical, featuring essays, poetry, and painting. By roughly 1725, however, this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified, including \"royal propaganda, philosophical battles, and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime.\" Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "The practice of contests dates back to what time period?",
              "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "generally religious and/or monarchical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?",
              "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?",
              "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Were the concours academiques public or private matters?",
              "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f932"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into \"penny universities\", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the \"virtuosi\", who conducted their research on some of the resulting premises. According to Cowan, \"the coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?",
              "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "less" }],
              "question": "According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?",
              "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "penny universities" }
              ],
              "question": "What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?",
              "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f943"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington. Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Freemasonry" }],
              "question": "Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?",
              "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?",
              "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?",
              "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick I of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism. The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate, and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "enlightened absolutism" }
              ],
              "question": "Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?",
              "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?",
              "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 822,
                  "text": "Declaration of Independence and the Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?",
              "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "preceded" }],
              "question": "Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?",
              "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f94a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?",
              "id": "57108592b654c5140001f94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "1724" }],
              "question": "In what year was Immanuel Kant born?",
              "id": "57108592b654c5140001f950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?",
              "id": "57108592b654c5140001f951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "1791" }],
              "question": "In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?",
              "id": "57108592b654c5140001f952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "reason" }],
              "question": "Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?",
              "id": "57108592b654c5140001f953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Hume" }],
              "question": "The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?",
              "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Hume" }],
              "question": "Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?",
              "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Dugald Stewart" }],
              "question": "Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?",
              "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an \"unbiased judge\" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that \"civil man\" is corrupted, while \"natural man\" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "social contract" }],
              "question": "What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?",
              "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Rousseau" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?",
              "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Locke" }],
              "question": "Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?",
              "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1214,
                  "text": "to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?",
              "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "state of war" }],
              "question": "From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?",
              "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, and Joseph II of Austria. Joseph was over-enthusiastic, announcing so many reforms that had so little support that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors and nearly all his programs were reversed. Senior ministers Pombal in Portugal and Struensee in Denmark also governed according to Enlightenment ideals. In Poland, the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals, but was in effect for only one year as the nation was partitioned among its neighbors. More enduring were the cultural achievements, which created a nationalist spirit in Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "enlightened despots" }
              ],
              "question": "Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?",
              "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Joseph II of Austria" }
              ],
              "question": "Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?",
              "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?",
              "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?",
              "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any organized religion, but instead recommended that each person follow what they found most convincing. A good religion based in instinctive morals and a belief in God should not theoretically need force to maintain order in its believers, and both Mendelssohn and Spinoza judged religion on its moral fruits, not the logic of its theology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "moral fruits" }],
              "question": "Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??",
              "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "organized religion" }],
              "question": "What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?",
              "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "politics" }],
              "question": "Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?",
              "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "what they found most convincing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?",
              "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment\". In France, Voltaire said \"we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization.\" The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?",
              "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "agronomist" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of James Anderson?",
              "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "James Hutton" }],
              "question": "Who was the first modern geologist?",
              "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "physicist and chemist" }
              ],
              "question": "William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?",
              "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumi\u00e8res' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?\" (\"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?\") the German term became 'Aufkl\u00e4rung' (aufkl\u00e4ren = to illuminate; sich aufkl\u00e4ren = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like \"les Lumi\u00e8res\" (French), \"illuminismo\" (Italian), \"ilustraci\u00f3n\" (Spanish) and \"Aufkl\u00e4rung\" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about \"the Enlightenment.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1733" }],
              "question": "In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?",
              "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Aufkl\u00e4rung" }],
              "question": "What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?",
              "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?",
              "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "illuminismo" }],
              "question": "What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?",
              "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "overlapping" }],
              "question": "Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?",
              "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: \"economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century\".\" Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers (including the literature essential to the public sphere). Meanwhile, the colonial experience (most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures, leading to the breaking down of \"barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "lowered" }],
              "question": "Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?",
              "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?",
              "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?",
              "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f975"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, especially with keyboard music. Music publishers begin to print music that amateurs could understand and play. The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble. After these initial genres were popularized, from the mid-century on, amateur groups sang choral music, which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on. The increasing study of the fine arts, as well as access to amateur-friendly published works, led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music. Music magazines, reviews, and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "musicians" }],
              "question": "A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?",
              "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "middle" }],
              "question": "Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?",
              "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "keyboard" }],
              "question": "Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?",
              "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?",
              "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men came to London to become authors, only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers, who, in any case, were very poorly remunerated by the publishing-bookselling guilds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "mid-18th century" }],
              "question": "By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?",
              "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Grub Street" }],
              "question": "What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors\"?",
              "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "not" }],
              "question": "Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?",
              "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "very poorly" }],
              "question": "Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?",
              "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des S\u00e7avans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market \u2013 such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese \u2013 found journal success more difficult, and more often than not, a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the lingua franca of learned circles. This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Enlightenment" }],
              "question": "During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?",
              "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "the Parisian Journal des S\u00e7avans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?",
              "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1665" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?",
              "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "French and Latin" }],
              "question": "Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?",
              "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "Holland" }],
              "question": "Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?",
              "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) was better known than the Handlungs-Lexicon, and underscored technical subjects rather than scientific theory. For example, over five columns of text were dedicated to wine, while geometry and logic were allocated only twenty-two and seventeen lines, respectively. The first edition of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (1771) was modelled along the same lines as the German lexicons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?",
              "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "over five" }],
              "question": "In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?",
              "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "technical subjects" }
              ],
              "question": "Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?",
              "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "1771" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?",
              "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?",
              "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and the medical profession\"), there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays, and even winning. Similarly, a significant number of women participated \u2013 and won \u2013 the competitions. Of a total of 2300 prize competitions offered in France, women won 49 \u2013 perhaps a small number by modern standards, but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training. Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "anonymity" }],
              "question": "What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?",
              "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "wealthier strata of society" }
              ],
              "question": "Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?",
              "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "poetry" }],
              "question": "Women's education common stressed which literary genre?",
              "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?",
              "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "poetry" }],
              "question": "What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?",
              "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Caf\u00e9 Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 caf\u00e9s in the city. The Caf\u00e9 Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Caf\u00e9 Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclop\u00e9die. The caf\u00e9s were one of the various \"nerve centers\" for bruits publics, public noise or rumour. These bruits were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?",
              "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "around 400" }],
              "question": "By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?",
              "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "The Caf\u00e9 Procope" }
              ],
              "question": "In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?",
              "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "bruits" }],
              "question": "Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?",
              "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century. They fostered new codes of conduct \u2013 including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability \u2013 \"liberty, fraternity, and equality\" Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism. Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France \u2013 by 1789, there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations. The Freemasons displayed a passion for secrecy and created new degrees and ceremonies. Similar societies, partially imitating Freemasonry, emerged in France, Germany, Sweden and Russia. One example was the \"Illuminati\" founded in Bavaria in 1776, which was copied after the Freemasons but was never part of the movement. The Illuminati was an overtly political group, which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where did Freemasonry originate?",
              "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Where did Freemasonry first spread?",
              "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?",
              "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "Freemasonry" }],
              "question": "What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?",
              "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1281, "text": "Illuminati" }],
              "question": "Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?",
              "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn\". Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Locke" }],
              "question": "Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\"?",
              "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "labor" }],
              "question": "Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?",
              "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?",
              "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, \"My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Frederick the Great" }],
              "question": "Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Voltaire" }],
              "question": "Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?",
              "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Frederick the Great," }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?",
              "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke, and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670\u20131722) and Matthew Tindal (1656\u20131733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism \u2013 especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible \u2013 from which all supernatural aspects were removed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Benjamin Franklin" }],
              "question": "Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?",
              "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "both directions" }],
              "question": "Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?",
              "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "John Toland (1670\u20131722) and Matthew Tindal (1656\u20131733)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?",
              "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1005, "text": "The Age of Reason" }
              ],
              "question": "All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?",
              "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "science and religion" }
              ],
              "question": "Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?",
              "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself\". Le Gazetier cuirass\u00e9 by Charles Th\u00e9veneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. More importantly, according to Darnton, the Grub Street hacks inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the philosophes, and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political, moral and religious authority in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Grub Street Hacks" }
              ],
              "question": "What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?",
              "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "pamphlets" }],
              "question": "Libelles were generally written in what form?",
              "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "the Grub Street hacks" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?",
              "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "the libelles" }],
              "question": "Which works by the Grub Street Hacks \"slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself.\"?",
              "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. If classes were to join together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking, they might recognize the all-encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and, because of their size, might be able to carry out successful revolts. Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters, especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only, a result of their supposed divine right to rule. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Coffeehouses" }],
              "question": "Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?",
              "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "nobles" }],
              "question": "Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?",
              "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Monarchs" }],
              "question": "Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?",
              "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Monarchs" }],
              "question": "What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?",
              "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie compl\u00e8te, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746). Outside ancien r\u00e9gime France, natural history was an important part of medicine and industry, encompassing the fields of botany, zoology, meteorology, hydrology and mineralogy. Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology. As shown by M D Eddy, natural history in this context was a very middle class pursuit and operated as a fertile trading zone for the interdisciplinary exchange of diverse scientific ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "upper" }],
              "question": "Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?",
              "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "natural history" }],
              "question": "Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?",
              "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?",
              "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6abc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line \"As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened\" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to \"initiate the unenlightened\". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1730s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?",
              "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?",
              "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "the Parisian lodge" }
              ],
              "question": "Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?",
              "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to \"initate the unenlightened\"?",
              "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1085, "text": "Grand Architect" }],
              "question": "What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?",
              "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking matters, especially those regarding philosophy to politics. Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment, for they were centers of free-thinking and self-discovery. Although many coffeehouse patrons were scholars, a great deal were not. Coffeehouses attracted a diverse set of people, including not only the educated wealthy but also members of the bourgeoisie and the lower class. While it may seem positive that patrons, being doctors, lawyers, merchants, etc. represented almost all classes, the coffeeshop environment sparked fear in those who sought to preserve class distinction. One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse claimed that it \"allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder, from the artisan to the aristocrat\" and was therefore compared to Noah's Ark, receiving all types of animals, clean or unclean. This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism when Joseph Addison and Richard Steele recognized its potential as an audience. Together, Steele and Addison published The Spectator (1711), a daily publication which aimed, through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator, both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Coffeehouses" }],
              "question": "Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?",
              "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "the Enlightenment" }],
              "question": "Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?",
              "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1387, "text": "1711" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Spectator published?",
              "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1372, "text": "The Spectator" }],
              "question": "Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?",
              "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in France, Masons did not act as a group. American historians, while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons, have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?",
              "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "downplay" }],
              "question": "Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?",
              "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "the Loyalists" }],
              "question": "Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?",
              "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "non-political" }],
              "question": "Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?",
              "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6ace"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Enlightenment \u2013 known in French as the Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufkl\u00e4rung \u2013 was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumi\u00e8res were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Enlightenment known in French?",
              "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Enlightenment" }],
              "question": "Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?",
              "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "individual liberty and religious tolerance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?",
              "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 665, "text": "Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?",
              "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?",
              "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "reason" }],
              "question": "Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?",
              "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Montesquieu" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?",
              "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "the United States Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?",
              "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclop\u00e9die, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications were the Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and Letters on the English (1733) written by Voltaire; Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762); and Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws (1748). The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an opposing intellectual movement known as Romanticism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "the Encyclop\u00e9die" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "thirty-five" }],
              "question": "The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?",
              "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1733" }],
              "question": "Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?",
              "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "1754" }],
              "question": "When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?",
              "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "What year did the French Revolution begin?",
              "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith. Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Counter-Enlightenment." }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Spinoza" }],
              "question": "The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?",
              "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Spinoza" }],
              "question": "Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?",
              "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?",
              "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632\u20131704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?",
              "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?",
              "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "1632" }],
              "question": "In what year was John Locke born?",
              "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "the realm of individual conscience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?",
              "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time. Atheism was much discussed, but there were few proponents. Wilson and Reill note that, \"In fact, very few enlightened intellectuals, even when they were vocal critics of Christianity, were true atheists. Rather, they were critics of orthodox belief, wedded rather to skepticism, deism, vitalism, or perhaps pantheism.\" Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men. Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined. That is, since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law, and had no fear of eternal consequences, they were far more likely to disrupt society. Bayle (1647\u20131706) observed that in his day, \"prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of [religion].\". He believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self-interest to create and interact in society. Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law, the result would be moral anarchy: every individual \"could have no law but his own will, no end but himself. He would be a god to himself, and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?",
              "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Pierre Bayle" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?",
              "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Voltaire" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?",
              "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Voltaire" }],
              "question": "Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?",
              "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity \u2013 the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted \"opinion\" with populace, Marmontel \"the opinion of men of letters\" with \"the opinion of the multitude,\" and d'Alembert the \"truly enlightened public\" with \"the blind and noisy multitude\". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes. Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "women and the lower classes" }
              ],
              "question": "Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?",
              "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 679,
                  "text": "coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?",
              "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "\"the opinion of the multitude,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Marmontel contrasted \"the opinion of men of letters\" with what?",
              "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "\"the blind and noisy multitude\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "d'Alembert contrasted the \"truly enlightened public\" with whom?",
              "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals \u2013 \"media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes\". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "reading materials" }],
              "question": "The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "the Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?",
              "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "demand for information" }
              ],
              "question": "In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?",
              "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?",
              "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 976, "text": "just one-tenth of the total" }
              ],
              "question": "The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?",
              "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "performers' and composers'" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose incomes did public concerts help support?",
              "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "operas and oratorios" }
              ],
              "question": "Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?",
              "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Haydn and Mozart" }],
              "question": "Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?",
              "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Viennese Classical" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?",
              "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the \"most useful of all citizens\". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership; although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as \"interpreters of the sciences for the people\". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1635" }],
              "question": "What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?",
              "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "scientists" }],
              "question": "Members of what group were considered to be the \"most useful of all citizens?\"",
              "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "13 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?",
              "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 809, "text": "elite Parisian scholars" }
              ],
              "question": "The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?",
              "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "interpreters of the sciences for the people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?",
              "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "northern Europe" }],
              "question": "Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?",
              "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?",
              "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Edinburgh" }],
              "question": "Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?",
              "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6af0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "the medical university at Montpellier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6af1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can associationism be defined?",
              "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "associationism," }],
              "question": "What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?",
              "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?",
              "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers. The work, which began publication in 1751, was composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, the work's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "universal encyclopedias" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?",
              "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?",
              "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 757,
                  "text": "Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?",
              "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "d'Alembert's" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?",
              "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which included anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology. As with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally; Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier. Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories, most notably through the Encyclop\u00e9die and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet. Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science; however, the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "natural history" }],
              "question": "Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?",
              "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Rousseau" }],
              "question": "Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?",
              "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "scientific societies and academies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1154, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "Which century is considered by some as a \"drab\" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?",
              "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "Newtonianism" }],
              "question": "Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?",
              "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Ch\u00e2teau de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "the development of free speech and thought"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?",
              "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "chemist Joseph Black" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?",
              "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "geologist James Hutton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the argument for deep time?",
              "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "James Watt" }],
              "question": "Who invented the steam engine?",
              "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "the Montgolfier Brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?",
              "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6b00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples, and Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Crimes and Punishments (1764)" }
              ],
              "question": "For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?",
              "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?",
              "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?",
              "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?",
              "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge. As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish, learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members, and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe, and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "transmission of knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?",
              "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "to create knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?",
              "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 947, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?",
              "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1036, "text": "Bernard de Fontenelle" }
              ],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century?",
              "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the \"divine right of kings\". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?",
              "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Locke" }],
              "question": "Who delineated the \"consent of the governed\" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?",
              "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "\"consent of the governed\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The \"divine right of kings\" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?",
              "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "governance paradigm shift" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?",
              "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would \"never imagine that their consent made him sovereign\", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "An Essay on the History of Civil Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract?",
              "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "1767" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?",
              "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?",
              "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "David Hume" }],
              "question": "Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?",
              "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, sciences, and education. She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals, assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire (by correspondence) and, in residence, world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas. The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?",
              "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "the individual" }],
              "question": "What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Voltaire" }],
              "question": "From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?",
              "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation, and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th-century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church. Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics, Russell argues, by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bertrand Russell" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?",
              "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "16th-century Protestants" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?",
              "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "Martin Luther" }],
              "question": "Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of \"substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power\". This illusory power came from the rise of \"public opinion\", born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeoisie from the political sphere. The \"literary politics\" that resulted promoted a discourse of equality and was hence in fundamental opposition to the monarchical regime. De Tocqueville \"clearly designates ... the cultural effects of transformation in the forms of the exercise of power\". Nevertheless, it took another century before cultural approach became central to the historiography, as typified by Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclop\u00e9die, 1775\u20131800 (1979).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution?",
              "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "men of letters" }],
              "question": "Which group was considered \"a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power\" according to Tocqueville?",
              "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "the rise of \"public opinion\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?",
              "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclop\u00e9die provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge \u2013 of which the Encyclop\u00e9die forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment \"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\", tutelage being \"man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another\". \"For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance.\" The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment \"a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self-confidence and self-consciousness\". According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Moses Mendelssohn" }],
              "question": "Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?",
              "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "\"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Immanuel Kant" }],
              "question": "For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?\"",
              "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1115,
                  "text": "the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?",
              "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and state\" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Thomas Jefferson" }],
              "question": "John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?",
              "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "the United States Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?",
              "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Isaac Newton" }],
              "question": "Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?",
              "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the debate quite frequently upheld the status quo. From a historical standpoint, one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society, which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee. Once inside, spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "openness to the public" }
              ],
              "question": "From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?",
              "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?",
              "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "politics and the role of women" }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?",
              "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and J\u00fcrgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the \"bourgeois public sphere\" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange. Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state, making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society, away from the interference of established authority. While the public sphere is generally an integral component of the social study of the Enlightenment, other historians have questioned whether the public sphere had these characteristics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "social conditions" }],
              "question": "What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?",
              "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Habermas describe the public sphere?",
              "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "the \"bourgeois public sphere\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?",
              "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization \"was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "the ideas themselves" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?",
              "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?",
              "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "social and economic" }
              ],
              "question": "Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?",
              "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "1650 to the end of the 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?",
              "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century and 18th century. Elements of the public sphere included: it was egalitarian, it discussed the domain of \"common concern,\" and argument was founded on reason. Habermas uses the term \"common concern\" to describe those areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities, now open to critical examination by the public sphere. The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme, considering everything to be open to criticism (the public sphere is critical), and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the public sphere defined?",
              "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "late 17th century and 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?",
              "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "common concern" }],
              "question": "What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?",
              "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "reason" }],
              "question": "The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?",
              "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 880, "text": "secrecy of all sorts" }
              ],
              "question": "The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?",
              "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Across continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclop\u00e9die, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishing companies were conveniently located outside France so as to avoid overzealous French censors. They would smuggle their merchandise across the border, where it would then be transported to clandestine booksellers or small-time peddlers. The records of clandestine booksellers may give a better representation of what literate Frenchmen might have truly read, since their clandestine nature provided a less restrictive product choice. In one case, political books were the most popular category, primarily libels and pamphlets. Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself. The second most popular category, \"general works\" (those books \"that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority\") demonstrated a high demand for generally low-brow subversive literature. However, these works never became part of literary canon, and are largely forgotten today as a result.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?",
              "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "The Encyclop\u00e9die" }
              ],
              "question": "Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?",
              "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?",
              "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 880,
                  "text": "criminals and political corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?",
              "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "general works" }],
              "question": "What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?",
              "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclop\u00e9die, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law. But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all. Borrowing records from libraries in England, Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels. Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature, indicating the general trend of declining religiosity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Malesherbes" }],
              "question": "Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?",
              "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "The Encyclop\u00e9die" }
              ],
              "question": "The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?",
              "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?",
              "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?",
              "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part of the \"reading public\", then society could be said to be enlightened. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. Indeed, the men who wrote Diderot's Encyclop\u00e9die arguably formed a microcosm of the larger \"republic\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Republic of Letters support?",
              "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "the \"reading public\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?",
              "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "Diderot and Voltaire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?",
              "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "written communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?",
              "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments, and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld \"the legitimacy of God-ordained authority\"\u2014the Bible\u2014in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jonathan Israel" }],
              "question": "Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?",
              "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "established authorities" }
              ],
              "question": "To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?",
              "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "toleration and intellectual objectivity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?",
              "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "science and reason" }
              ],
              "question": "The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?",
              "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?",
              "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?",
              "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?",
              "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "secular affairs, particularly science and technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?",
              "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlightenment's desacrilization of religion was pronounced in the tree's design, particularly where theology accounted for a peripheral branch, with black magic as a close neighbour. As the Encyclop\u00e9die gained popularity, it was published in quarto and octavo editions after 1777. The quarto and octavo editions were much less expensive than previous editions, making the Encyclop\u00e9die more accessible to the non-elite. Robert Darnton estimates that there were approximately 25 000 copies of the Encyclop\u00e9die in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution. The extensive, yet affordable encyclopedia came to represent the transmission of Enlightenment and scientific education to an expanding audience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "according to a \"tree of knowledge.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Encyclopedie arranged?",
              "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "the arts and sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects?",
              "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "philosophy" }],
              "question": "What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge?",
              "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "quarto and octavo" }],
              "question": "Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite?",
              "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "25 000" }],
              "question": "How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution?",
              "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate,\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; \"Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants.\" Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Royal Society of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?",
              "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1662" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?",
              "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Robert Boyle" }],
              "question": "Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?",
              "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "Oxford professors" }],
              "question": "Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?",
              "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 970,
                  "text": "a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?",
              "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" \u2013 that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the \"monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority\". After this date everything thus previously rooted in tradition was questioned and often replaced by new concepts in the light of philosophical reason. After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century, a \"general process of rationalization and secularization set in,\" and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the \"escalating contest between faith and incredulity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "\"confessional\"" }],
              "question": "Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?",
              "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "\"confessional\"" }],
              "question": "Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?",
              "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what time period did a \"general process of rationalization and secularization set in\"?",
              "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "the \"monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?",
              "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6bab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right.\" Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism. He argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?",
              "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Thomas Munck" }],
              "question": "Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?",
              "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "political thought" }],
              "question": "Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?",
              "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "egalitarianism" }],
              "question": "Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?",
              "id": "571101b2b654c5140001faa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1049, "text": "noble women" }],
              "question": "The presence of whom in the French \"lodges of adoption\" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?",
              "id": "571101b2b654c5140001faa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment.\" For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780\u20131789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "alphabetical" }],
              "question": "What ordering scheme did readers prefer?",
              "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Charles Porset" }],
              "question": "Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?",
              "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?",
              "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "63" }],
              "question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?",
              "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "148" }],
              "question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?",
              "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning. The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food. This enabled many people to rise out of poverty, and instead of paying more for food, they had money for education. Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured \"to make information available to the greatest number of people.\" As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century, public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies. More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text. Sir Isaac Newton's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "a high rise in the availability of food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?",
              "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?",
              "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Popularization" }],
              "question": "Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?",
              "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Sir Isaac Newton" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1109,
                  "text": "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?",
              "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Circadian_rhythm",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "environmental changes" }
              ],
              "question": "For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?",
              "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "resources" }],
              "question": "What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?",
              "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "selective advantage" }
              ],
              "question": "By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?",
              "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "internal metabolic" }
              ],
              "question": "By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?",
              "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "fruit flies" }],
              "question": "What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?",
              "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norwegian researchers at the University of Troms\u00f8 have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Arctic animals" }],
              "question": "What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?",
              "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "sunrises and sunsets" }
              ],
              "question": "What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?",
              "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "autumn, winter and spring" }
              ],
              "question": "In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?",
              "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "78 degrees" }],
              "question": "At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?",
              "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab354a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "other Arctic animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?",
              "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab354b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as PRR 7 and 9 (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a negative feedback loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas TOC1 gene expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "central oscillator" }],
              "question": "What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?",
              "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "morning" }],
              "question": "When do the CCA1  and LHY function?",
              "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "evening" }],
              "question": "Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?",
              "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 903, "text": "negative feedback loop" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?",
              "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Andrew Millar" }],
              "question": "What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?",
              "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3555"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "sleep disorder FASPS" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?",
              "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "period" }],
              "question": "What is the Drosophila gene also known as?",
              "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "FASPS" }],
              "question": "What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?",
              "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "biological clock" }],
              "question": "What kind of clock have genetic functions?",
              "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "time of the day" }],
              "question": "What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?",
              "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?]  and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "airline pilots" }],
              "question": "Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?",
              "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "fatigue" }],
              "question": "What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?",
              "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "NTSB" }],
              "question": "What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?",
              "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "research studies" }],
              "question": "What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?",
              "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "combating fatigue" }],
              "question": "Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?",
              "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "4th century B.C.E" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?",
              "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Androsthenes" }],
              "question": "What ship captain described daily leaf movements?",
              "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "tamarind" }],
              "question": "What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?",
              "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "medical" }],
              "question": "What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?",
              "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?",
              "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "when to flower" }],
              "question": "What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?",
              "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "pollinators" }],
              "question": "What do plants need to attract to their flowering?",
              "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "light cycle" }],
              "question": " With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?",
              "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 783, "text": "Anticipation of changes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?",
              "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 991, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?",
              "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3569"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP. Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "prokaryotic cyanobacteria" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the simplest known circadian clock?",
              "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "three proteins" }],
              "question": "With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?",
              "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "DNA" }],
              "question": "What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?",
              "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "22-hour" }],
              "question": "How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?",
              "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "KaiA, KaiB, KaiC" }],
              "question": "What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?",
              "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rhythm is linked to the light\u2013dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers (from the German, \"time-givers\"). Totally blind subterranean mammals (e.g., blind mole rat Spalax sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their photoreceptors (which detect light) are still functional; they do surface periodically as well.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "light\u2013dark cycle" }
              ],
              "question": "To what is the circadian rhythm tied?",
              "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "total darkness" }],
              "question": "What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?",
              "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "zeitgebers" }],
              "question": "What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?",
              "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "photoreceptors" }],
              "question": "What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?",
              "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melatonin" }],
              "question": "What chemical is absent or low during daylight?",
              "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "9 p.m" }],
              "question": "When is the melatonin onset?",
              "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Melatonin" }],
              "question": "At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?",
              "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "hormone" }],
              "question": "The presence of what is a circadian marker?",
              "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "melatonin phase" }],
              "question": "What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?",
              "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al. found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "temperatures" }],
              "question": "What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> ",
              "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab356f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "05:00" }],
              "question": "At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?",
              "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "two hours" }],
              "question": "How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?",
              "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "04:00" }],
              "question": "When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?",
              "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "06:00" }],
              "question": "What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?",
              "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3573"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the \"period\" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clock\u039419) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Patrick and Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?",
              "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "J.S. Szymanski" }],
              "question": "Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?",
              "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "bees" }],
              "question": "What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?",
              "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "\"period\"" }],
              "question": "What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?",
              "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "circadian clock" }],
              "question": "What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?",
              "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "single cell" }],
              "question": "Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?",
              "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "cell-autonomous" }],
              "question": "By functioning within a single, what is the system?",
              "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "endocrine glands" }],
              "question": "What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?",
              "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 841, "text": "biological clock" }],
              "question": "How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?",
              "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390eca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "synchronise" }],
              "question": "What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?",
              "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ecb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades in light to produce Cry1. Phytochromes B\u2013E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1\u20132 (involved in blue\u2013UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Light" }],
              "question": "What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?",
              "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "photoreceptors" }],
              "question": "What do plants use to sense light?",
              "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "phytochromes and cryptochromes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?",
              "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "phyA" }],
              "question": "Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?",
              "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "phyB" }],
              "question": "What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?",
              "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep\u2013wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "28-hour" }],
              "question": "What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?",
              "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "time cues" }],
              "question": "What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?",
              "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "month" }],
              "question": "How long did the suppression of time clues study last?",
              "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "forced desynchrony" }
              ],
              "question": "What is this forced type of study called?",
              "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "24.18 hours" }],
              "question": "When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?",
              "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass. Shift-work also leads to increased metabolic risks for cardio-metabolic syndrome, hypertension, inflammation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "profound consequences" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?",
              "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab3579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "body mass" }],
              "question": "Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?",
              "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "insulin sensitivity" }
              ],
              "question": "How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?",
              "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "higher body mass" }],
              "question": "Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?",
              "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Shift-work" }],
              "question": "What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?",
              "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "abusive drugs" }],
              "question": "What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?",
              "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "circadian pacemaker" }
              ],
              "question": "What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?",
              "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "disrupted rhythms" }],
              "question": "What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?",
              "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "abuse and relapse" }],
              "question": "What can the disrupted circadian system cause?",
              "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "susceptibility to addiction" }
              ],
              "question": "What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?",
              "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "photosensitive proteins" }
              ],
              "question": "What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?",
              "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "replicating DNA" }],
              "question": "What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?",
              "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "ultraviolet radiation" }
              ],
              "question": "From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? ",
              "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1020, "text": "redox reactions" }],
              "question": "One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?",
              "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Great Oxidation Event" }
              ],
              "question": "What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?",
              "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3587"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "cellular/metabolic events" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?",
              "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "hyperphagic and obese" }
              ],
              "question": "What do mice without the clock gene become?",
              "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "glucose metabolism" }
              ],
              "question": "Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?",
              "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "not clear" }],
              "question": "How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?",
              "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab3590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Rev-ErbA alpha clock" }
              ],
              "question": "What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?",
              "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab3591"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary circadian \"clock\" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep\u2013wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains \"classical\" photoreceptors (\"rods\" and \"cones\"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "suprachiasmatic nucleus" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?",
              "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "hypothalamus" }],
              "question": "Where are these cell groups found in humans?",
              "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "complete absence" }],
              "question": "What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?",
              "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "eyes" }],
              "question": "What provides information to the SCN?",
              "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "ganglion" }],
              "question": "What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?",
              "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious \u2013 discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "25 hours" }],
              "question": "What did early research show people preferred as a day length?",
              "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "artificial light" }],
              "question": "What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?",
              "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "delayed" }],
              "question": "What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?",
              "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "solar day" }],
              "question": "To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?",
              "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab359b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? ",
              "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab359a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the \"master clock\". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "organs and cells" }],
              "question": "Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?",
              "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "peripheral oscillators" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for the independent clocks?",
              "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "master clock" }],
              "question": "What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?",
              "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "adrenal gland" }],
              "question": "In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?",
              "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "To what do oscillators in the skin respond?",
              "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Elizabeth_II",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?",
              "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?",
              "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "great-great-grandmother" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?",
              "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "world history" }],
              "question": "In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?",
              "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?",
              "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Britain was at war" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?",
              "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "Welsh Gorsedd of Bards" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth join in 1946?",
              "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "heir apparent" }],
              "question": "Who was the always the Prince of Wales?",
              "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Herbert Morrison" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?",
              "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "20 November 1947" }],
              "question": "When were Elizabeth and Philip married?",
              "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Westminster Abbey" }],
              "question": "At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?",
              "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "2500" }],
              "question": "How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?",
              "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Norman Hartnell" }],
              "question": "Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?",
              "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Duke of Windsor" }],
              "question": "What former King was not invited to the wedding?",
              "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorc\u00e9\u201a 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, \"the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought\u2014she hoped\u2014given time, the affair would peter out.\" Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Peter Townsend" }],
              "question": "Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?",
              "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "wait for a year" }],
              "question": "What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?",
              "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "remarriage after divorce" }
              ],
              "question": "What act would the Church of England not permit?",
              "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 708, "text": "Antony Armstrong-Jones" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?",
              "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Earl of Snowdon" }],
              "question": "What title was Armstrong-Jones given?",
              "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being \"out of touch\". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Suez crisis" }],
              "question": "Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?",
              "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "out of touch" }],
              "question": "What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?",
              "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When did Macmillan resign?",
              "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Earl of Home" }],
              "question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?",
              "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?",
              "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Gough Whitlam" }],
              "question": "During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?",
              "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Governor-General Sir John Kerr"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?",
              "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Speaker Gordon Scholes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?",
              "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "a majority" }],
              "question": "What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?",
              "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "interfere" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?",
              "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as monarch of Fiji, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth\u2014which were contradicted by the Palace\u2014and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed and the Queen was the target of satire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?",
              "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Pierre Trudeau" }],
              "question": "What politician criticized the proposed changes?",
              "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Fijian government" }],
              "question": "In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?",
              "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "republic" }],
              "question": "What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?",
              "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "private wealth" }],
              "question": "In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?",
              "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet \"memorable\" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Golden Jubilee" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?",
              "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?",
              "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Her sister" }],
              "question": "What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?",
              "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "million" }],
              "question": "How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? ",
              "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "journalists" }],
              "question": "What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?",
              "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?",
              "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?",
              "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "London Olympics" }],
              "question": "For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?",
              "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Daniel Craig" }],
              "question": "What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?",
              "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "patronage" }],
              "question": "For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?",
              "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at \u00a32 million (equivalent to about \u00a325 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of \u00a3100 million \"grossly overstated\". She inherited an estimated \u00a370 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at \u00a3340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "personal fortune" }],
              "question": "What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?",
              "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "\u00a32 million" }],
              "question": "What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?",
              "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "\"grossly overstated\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?",
              "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "\u00a3340 million" }],
              "question": "What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?",
              "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "302nd" }],
              "question": "Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?",
              "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "When was Elizabeth's coronation?",
              "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?",
              "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?",
              "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "assassination" }],
              "question": "How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?",
              "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?",
              "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "2 June 1953" }],
              "question": "When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?",
              "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "televised" }],
              "question": "How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?",
              "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "floral emblems" }],
              "question": "What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?",
              "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Tudor rose" }],
              "question": "What is the emblem of England?",
              "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Scots" }],
              "question": "What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?",
              "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, \"The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen.\" Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's \"calmness and courage in the face of the violence\" was noted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?",
              "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "23rd Canadian Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? ",
              "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "her safety" }],
              "question": "On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?",
              "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1024, "text": "Elizabeth's assassination" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?",
              "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband. In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator, Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had \"blood on their hands\". The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Silver" }],
              "question": "What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?",
              "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?",
              "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?",
              "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Anthony Blunt" }],
              "question": "Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?",
              "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 769,
                  "text": "Provisional Irish Republican Army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?",
              "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3617"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous \"fairytale Queen\". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a \"new Elizabethan age\". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a \"priggish schoolgirl\" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "\"fairytale Queen\"" }
              ],
              "question": "As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?",
              "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "\"priggish schoolgirl\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?",
              "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Prince of Wales" }],
              "question": "What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?",
              "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 619, "text": "solid-colour overcoats" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?",
              "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "\"new Elizabethan age\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the time after WWII heralded as?",
              "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at \u00a3442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate \u2013 with holdings of \u00a39.4 billion in 2014 \u2013 is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Crown Jewels" }],
              "question": "What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "official residences" }
              ],
              "question": "What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Balmoral Castle" }],
              "question": "What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "\u00a39.4 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?",
              "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "in trust" }],
              "question": "How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3629"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as \"Crawfie\". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as \"a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant.\" Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as \"a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Princess Margaret" }],
              "question": "Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P",
              "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab362f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When was Princess Margaret born?",
              "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "governess" }],
              "question": "Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?",
              "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "The Little Princesses" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?",
              "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "at home" }],
              "question": "Where were the royal princesses educated?",
              "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3631"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?",
              "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab3639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Grenadier Guards" }],
              "question": "Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?",
              "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Counsellors of State" }
              ],
              "question": "In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? ",
              "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "February 1945" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?",
              "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "driver and mechanic" }
              ],
              "question": "In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?",
              "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, \"Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin.\" Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip \"The Hun\". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was \"an English gentleman\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Where did Philip serve during WWII?",
              "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "good enough" }],
              "question": "What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?",
              "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "German noblemen" }],
              "question": "To whom did Philip's sisters marry?",
              "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "\"The Hun\"" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?",
              "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "\"an English gentleman\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?",
              "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, \"of course\". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "health declined" }],
              "question": "What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?",
              "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "6 February 1952" }],
              "question": "On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?",
              "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Kenya" }],
              "question": "In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?",
              "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3645"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?",
              "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Treaty of Rome" }],
              "question": "What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?",
              "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?",
              "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "November 1956" }],
              "question": "When did Britain and France invade Egypt?",
              "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "European Economic Community" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Treaty of Rome establish?",
              "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing \"loyalty and devotion\" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1960s and 1970s" }],
              "question": "When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?",
              "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Over 20 countries" }],
              "question": "How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?",
              "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When did Britain join the European Community?",
              "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "independence from Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?",
              "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab3650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "over a decade" }],
              "question": "In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?",
              "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab3651"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Trooping the Colour" }
              ],
              "question": "During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?",
              "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Marcus Sarjeant" }],
              "question": "Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? ",
              "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Prince Andrew" }],
              "question": "Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?",
              "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "Michael Fagan" }],
              "question": "Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?",
              "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab365a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1101, "text": "Grenada" }],
              "question": "What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab365b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "republicanism" }],
              "question": "What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?",
              "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Charles and Diana's marriage" }
              ],
              "question": "What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "high" }],
              "question": "In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?",
              "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "monarchy" }],
              "question": "What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?",
              "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "December 1995" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?",
              "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as \"an anchor for our age\". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 \u2013 her sixteenth visit since 1954 \u2013 was called her \"farewell tour\" in the press because of her age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Ban Ki-moon" }],
              "question": "Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?",
              "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "\"an anchor for our age\"" }
              ],
              "question": "As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?",
              "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "British victims" }],
              "question": "For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?",
              "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "October 2011" }],
              "question": "When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?",
              "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3677"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Tudor rose" }],
              "question": "Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?",
              "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Upon her accession" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?",
              "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "royal standards" }],
              "question": "Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?",
              "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "personal" }],
              "question": "What type of flags are used in foreign countries?",
              "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "21 April 1944" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?",
              "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "In what city was Elizabeth born?",
              "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Duke and Duchess of York" }
              ],
              "question": "At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?",
              "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?",
              "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "two daughters" }],
              "question": "How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?",
              "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "abdication of his brother" }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?",
              "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?",
              "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Edward, Prince of Wales" }
              ],
              "question": "Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?",
              "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?",
              "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "proposed marriage" }],
              "question": "What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?",
              "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 603, "text": "constitutional crisis" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?",
              "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, \"I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children.\" In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Mountbatten," }],
              "question": "What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?",
              "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "What Prime Minister objected to the name change?",
              "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "House of Windsor" }],
              "question": "What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?",
              "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Mountbatten-Windsor" }
              ],
              "question": "What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? ",
              "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab371a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? ",
              "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab371b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?",
              "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Lord President of the Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?",
              "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Harold Macmillan" }],
              "question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Lord Chancellor" }],
              "question": "What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?",
              "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "British Cabinet" }],
              "question": "Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?",
              "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1974" }],
              "question": "When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?",
              "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Austronesian Pacific Rim" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?",
              "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "fly back to Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?",
              "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "resigned" }],
              "question": "What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?",
              "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Harold Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?",
              "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: \"Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true\u2014so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards.\" Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: \"The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not.\" It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party\u2014Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed \"the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making\". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift\u2014membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter\u2014to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a \"behind the scenes force\" in ending apartheid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "sensational stories" }
              ],
              "question": "What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?",
              "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Kelvin MacKenzie" }],
              "question": "Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?",
              "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "royal soap opera" }],
              "question": "What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?",
              "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1344,
                  "text": "Thatcher's political opponents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?",
              "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1794, "text": "Brian Mulroney" }],
              "question": "Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?",
              "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd6800"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles\u2014Princes William and Harry\u2014wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings \"as a grandmother\" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "car crash" }],
              "question": "What incident killed Diana in Paris?",
              "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Diana die?",
              "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "five days" }],
              "question": "How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?",
              "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "fly a flag at half-mast" }
              ],
              "question": "What failure did the public find dismaying?",
              "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "live television broadcast" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?",
              "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: \"In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart\". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "60 years" }],
              "question": "How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?",
              "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd688e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Diamond Jubilee" }],
              "question": "What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?",
              "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd688f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?",
              "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?",
              "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 930, "text": "1781" }],
              "question": "When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? ",
              "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "constitutional monarch" }
              ],
              "question": "What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?",
              "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd689e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "rarely" }],
              "question": "How often does Elizabeth give interviews?",
              "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd689f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "inter-faith relations" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?",
              "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Supreme Governor" }],
              "question": "What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?",
              "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Church of Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?",
              "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called \"Lilibet\" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "King George V" }],
              "question": "During whose reign was Elizabeth born?",
              "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Prince Albert, Duke of York" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?",
              "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "King George VI" }],
              "question": "What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?",
              "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Cosmo Gordon Lang" }],
              "question": "Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? ",
              "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "Lilibet" }],
              "question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?",
              "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, \"The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave.\" Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: \"We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1939" }],
              "question": "When did Britain enter WWII?",
              "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Lord Hailsham" }],
              "question": "Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?",
              "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Elizabeth's mother" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?",
              "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?",
              "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?",
              "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardaman\u0121a, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Windlesham Moor" }],
              "question": "Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?",
              "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Clarence House" }],
              "question": "After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?",
              "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?",
              "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "British Crown Colony of Malta" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Philip stationed during WWII?",
              "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Lord Mountbatten" }],
              "question": "In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?",
              "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Commonwealth of Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?",
              "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?",
              "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "round-the-world tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?",
              "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "13 countries" }],
              "question": "How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?",
              "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "40,000 miles" }],
              "question": "How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?",
              "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f835"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown \"had little meaning for\" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau \"rather disappointing\". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen \"better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats\". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by \"the grace she displayed in public\" and \"the wisdom she showed in private\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Pierre Trudeau" }],
              "question": "About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?",
              "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Canadian constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?",
              "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 821, "text": "British parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?",
              "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "monarchy" }],
              "question": "What was retained in the constitution?",
              "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "reform" }],
              "question": "What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?",
              "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with \"a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding\". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated \u00a3200,000 to charity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "her accession" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?",
              "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "annus horribilis" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth call her past year?",
              "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?",
              "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Captain Mark Phillips" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?",
              "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "What great house caught fire in November?",
              "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was \"exasperated and frustrated\" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Prime Minister, Tony Blair" }
              ],
              "question": "Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?",
              "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "peace in Northern Ireland" }
              ],
              "question": "What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?",
              "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "20 March 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?",
              "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Maundy" }],
              "question": "What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?",
              "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "May 2011." }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?",
              "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?",
              "id": "57102712b654c5140001f875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "great-great-grandmother" }
              ],
              "question": "What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?",
              "id": "57102712b654c5140001f876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "9 September 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?",
              "id": "57102712b654c5140001f877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "world's oldest" }],
              "question": "In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?",
              "id": "57102712b654c5140001f878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej" }
              ],
              "question": "What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?",
              "id": "57102712b654c5140001f879"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?",
              "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd692e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "public criticism" }],
              "question": "What increased in the 1980s?",
              "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd692f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "royal family" }],
              "question": "What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?",
              "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "popularity" }],
              "question": "What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?",
              "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "income tax" }],
              "question": "What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?",
              "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6932"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "similar formula" }],
              "question": "What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?",
              "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd6938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Crown dependencies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?",
              "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd6939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Duke of Normandy" }],
              "question": "What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?",
              "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Lord of Mann" }],
              "question": "What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?",
              "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "Ma'am" }],
              "question": "Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?",
              "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sexual_orientation",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "genetic, hormonal, and environmental"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "biologically-based" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role"
                }
              ],
              "question": "IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "genetic, hormonal, and environmental"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?",
              "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "biologically-based theories" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?",
              "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?",
              "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to \"fantasies, attachments and longings.\" Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "individual's conception of themselves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is sexual identity defined as?",
              "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "actual sexual acts performed by the individual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is sexual behavior defined as?",
              "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term closeted mean?",
              "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 881, "text": "concordance or discordance" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?",
              "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "fantasies, attachments and longings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is sexual orientation defined as?",
              "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? ",
              "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?",
              "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "closeted" }],
              "question": "What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? ",
              "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "discordance" }],
              "question": "What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?",
              "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "concordance" }],
              "question": "Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?",
              "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "desire for a perceived traditional family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?",
              "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "concerns of discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?",
              "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "religious ostracism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?",
              "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?",
              "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "hide their respective orientations from their spouses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?",
              "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?",
              "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? ",
              "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?",
              "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?",
              "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f706"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "have adopted policy statements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these policy statements suggest? ",
              "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?",
              "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?",
              "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?",
              "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?",
              "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Magnus Hirschfeld" }],
              "question": "Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?",
              "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the published scheme attempt to do?",
              "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "on two independent 10-point scales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the scheme measure desire?",
              "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two scales defined as?",
              "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "10-point" }],
              "question": "How many points were on each scale?",
              "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "From at least the late nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?",
              "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Magnus Hirschfeld" }],
              "question": "Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?",
              "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. ",
              "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "a homosexual individual may be A5, B0"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?",
              "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "an asexual would be A0, B0" }
              ],
              "question": "On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?",
              "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?",
              "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "as independent concepts on a separate scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?",
              "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?",
              "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 878,
                  "text": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?",
              "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?",
              "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?",
              "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 747,
                  "text": "would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?",
              "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 878,
                  "text": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?",
              "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "scales of assessment" }
              ],
              "question": "How does research identify sexual population groups?",
              "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the understanding of the scales used?",
              "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why might the scales fail?",
              "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "three components" }],
              "question": "How many components are used in assessment?",
              "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "scales of assessment" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?",
              "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?",
              "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause problems with these scales that are used?",
              "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "there are three components of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many components are used in an assessment?",
              "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that \"we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 900,
                  "text": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?",
              "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 972,
                  "text": "averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the calculations of this myth?",
              "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1162,
                  "text": "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?",
              "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?",
              "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does knowing the sexual population influence?",
              "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Bruce Voeller" }],
              "question": "Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?",
              "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1067,
                  "text": "used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that \"we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?",
              "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 900,
                  "text": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?",
              "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "men and women have different patterns of arousal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?",
              "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab3609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "independent of their sexual orientations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the patterns related to orientation?",
              "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "both human and nonhuman stimuli"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?",
              "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "to non-human visual stimuli" }
              ],
              "question": "What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?",
              "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "their specific sexual interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?",
              "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?",
              "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?",
              "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?",
              "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": ", their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?",
              "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f726"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Androphilia and gynephilia" }
              ],
              "question": "What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?",
              "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?",
              "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "a sex assignment or gender identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?",
              "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "pansexual and polysexual" }
              ],
              "question": "What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?",
              "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?",
              "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?",
              "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "homosexual and heterosexual" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?",
              "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?",
              "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?",
              "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for \"husband\" and \"wife\", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms c\u00f3nyuges or consortes meaning \"spouses\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Translation" }],
              "question": "What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?",
              "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Language" }],
              "question": "What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?",
              "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "mass media" }],
              "question": "Where are the meanings of words negotiated?",
              "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "New words" }],
              "question": "What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab3620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Translation" }],
              "question": "What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?",
              "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?",
              "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problems can arise due to translation issues?",
              "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Language" }],
              "question": "What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?",
              "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the \"gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual\" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "the subject's own sex" }
              ],
              "question": "Early writers linked orientation to what concept?",
              "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theorists agreed with this concept?",
              "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 743,
                  "text": "gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?",
              "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1205,
                  "text": "gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?",
              "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1448, "text": "gender-nonconformity" }
              ],
              "question": "What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?",
              "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 793,
                  "text": "phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did gender idenity become to be seen as?",
              "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1204,
                  "text": "\"gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?",
              "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1332,
                  "text": "Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?",
              "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?",
              "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1469,
                  "text": "during their childhood years."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?",
              "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, \"\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" for Vietnamese American queer females.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "non-Caucasian LGBT" }],
              "question": "Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?",
              "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?",
              "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?",
              "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" for Vietnamese American queer females."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a culturally specific support network?",
              "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "in a double minority," }
              ],
              "question": "Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?",
              "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?",
              "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "racism" }],
              "question": "What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?",
              "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?",
              "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?",
              "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f741"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some research suggests that \"[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span...\" \"There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process).\" Some studies report that \"[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Some research suggests that \"[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?",
              "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f74f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": ". [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?",
              "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "choice" }],
              "question": "What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f752"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to \"cure\" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these \"therapies\" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012," }],
              "question": "When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?",
              "id": "57100800b654c5140001f761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?",
              "id": "57100800b654c5140001f762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "pathological condition" }
              ],
              "question": "What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?",
              "id": "57100800b654c5140001f763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1222,
                  "text": "violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?",
              "id": "57100800b654c5140001f765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1098,
                  "text": "that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?",
              "id": "57100800b654c5140001f764"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?",
              "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?",
              "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?",
              "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What positions does the KInsey scale not use?",
              "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does SASO stand for?",
              "id": "57100993b654c5140001f785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was SASO created?",
              "id": "57100993b654c5140001f786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?",
              "id": "57100993b654c5140001f787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of SASO's main goals?",
              "id": "57100993b654c5140001f788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "measurements of sexual orientation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?",
              "id": "57100993b654c5140001f789"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "(2006)" }],
              "question": "When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?",
              "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What issues to Savin address during this talk?",
              "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "Because of the limited populations that each component captures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?",
              "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 764,
                  "text": "should be cautious in generalizing these findings."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How should consumers of the research approach these findings?",
              "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have scientists started spending the most time on?",
              "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "by using brain-scanning techniques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do scientiest measure brain activity?",
              "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "positively" }],
              "question": "How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?",
              "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?",
              "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "known to be involved in regulating fear."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the amygdala region of the brain do?",
              "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd680a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were \"because of a sexual-orientation bias\". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, \"workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Perceived sexual orientation" }
              ],
              "question": "What can affect how a person is treated?",
              "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "15.6%" }],
              "question": "What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?",
              "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "2003," }],
              "question": "When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?",
              "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?",
              "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that \"the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence\". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?",
              "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "an individual's self-definition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?",
              "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?",
              "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd6830"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual \u2014 i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5\u201310%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?",
              "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd6848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What where people asked to do in these research studies?",
              "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd6849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did KInsey find during these studies ?",
              "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "(5\u201310%" }],
              "question": "In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?",
              "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 805,
                  "text": "the randomness of his sample population,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?",
              "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Innate bisexuality" }],
              "question": "What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?",
              "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "all humans are born bisexual" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Sigmunds idea theorize?",
              "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?",
              "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?",
              "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 653,
                  "text": "that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?",
              "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation \"also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions\". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "pansexual or polysexual," }
              ],
              "question": "Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?",
              "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?",
              "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Androphilia and gynephilia" }
              ],
              "question": "What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?",
              "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "sexual attraction to masculinity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is androphilia used to describe?",
              "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "the sexual attraction to femininity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is gynephilia used to describe?",
              "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Psychological Association states that \"[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes\" and that \"[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all\". They additionally state that sexual orientation \"is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)\". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person\u2019s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?",
              "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "identity labels" }],
              "question": "What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?",
              "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?",
              "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1080,
                  "text": "a person\u2019s choice of sexual partners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?",
              "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a \"professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,\" disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NARTH stand for?",
              "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "a \"professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NARTH consider itself to be?",
              "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NARTH disagree with?",
              "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?",
              "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?",
              "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd6870"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, \"is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.\" Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, \"The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?",
              "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "the affected s" }],
              "question": "Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?",
              "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "confusion" }],
              "question": "What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?",
              "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 938,
                  "text": "are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?",
              "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1069,
                  "text": "when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?",
              "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd687a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?",
              "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "because it is still not a true continuum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?",
              "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?",
              "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?",
              "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?",
              "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many questions does the SASO contain?",
              "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "sexual attraction" }],
              "question": "What do six of the questions asses?",
              "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the other six questions asses?",
              "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "heterosexuality" }],
              "question": "What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?",
              "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the results simplified when using the SASO?",
              "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences\u2014which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?",
              "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?",
              "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "the result of faulty psychological development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was once thought to cause homosexuality?",
              "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "this was based on prejudice and misinformation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?",
              "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6889"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?",
              "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd6898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "which component of sexual orientation is being assessed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?",
              "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd6899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?",
              "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd689a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "chromosome Y" }],
              "question": "Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?",
              "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "androgen hormones," }
              ],
              "question": "What is the differentiation process driven by?",
              "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results in sexual differences in males and females?",
              "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?",
              "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f804"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?",
              "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "in the 1860s" }],
              "question": "When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?",
              "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "meant only to describe males" }
              ],
              "question": "Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?",
              "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "dionings, urnings and uranodionings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?",
              "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "the categories of sexual orientation used today:"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did these three categories correspond with?",
              "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?",
              "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "collapsing the two values into one final score"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?",
              "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 396,
                  "text": "A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?",
              "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?",
              "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?",
              "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as \"extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither\" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "those assessing sexual attraction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?",
              "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?",
              "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?",
              "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a huge concern for SASO?",
              "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated \"I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint\". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reflects the prevalence rates varying?",
              "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?",
              "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Diamond find about the women?",
              "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 979,
                  "text": "the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?",
              "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1193,
                  "text": "individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?",
              "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of \"sodomy,\" which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, \"'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?",
              "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Michel Foucault" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?",
              "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?",
              "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "'Sexuality" }],
              "question": "What did he state was an invention of the modern state?",
              "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Sodomy" }],
              "question": "What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?",
              "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the concept may not apply similarly to men and women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?",
              "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?",
              "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6916"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "is independent of cultural and other social influences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does research show about sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "homophobic/hetereosexist settings."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can being openly gay be hindered by?",
              "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "white, middle-class, well-educated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?",
              "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "religion, language and ethnic traditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?",
              "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1138,
                  "text": "individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?",
              "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6928"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?",
              "id": "5710282db654c5140001f87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "femininity and/or inferiority" }
              ],
              "question": "When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?",
              "id": "5710282db654c5140001f880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "masculinity and/or superiority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?",
              "id": "5710282db654c5140001f881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "Little" }],
              "question": "How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?",
              "id": "5710282db654c5140001f882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do they believe about sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 832,
                  "text": "statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?",
              "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 927,
                  "text": "the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can these results be caused from?",
              "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f88b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "a concept that evolved in the industrialized West"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concept is sexual orientation argued as?",
              "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "the universality of its application in other societies or cultures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?",
              "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels \"heterosexual\" and \"homosexual\" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, \"...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around.\" Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "confusing and degrading" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?",
              "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": ". These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?",
              "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?",
              "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f893"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?",
              "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?",
              "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?",
              "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f899"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "fraternal birth order" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the FBO effect stand for?",
              "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd6948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this theory entail?",
              "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd6949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does research show about the FBO effect?",
              "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "maternal immunization hypothesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does MIH stand for?",
              "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1000, "text": "blood/brain barrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What does BBB stand for?",
              "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other name does the KInsey scale go by?",
              "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When was the KInsey scale first published?",
              "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the KInsey scale developed?",
              "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?",
              "id": "57103103b654c5140001f8a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?",
              "id": "57103103b654c5140001f8a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Klein sexual orientation grid" }
              ],
              "question": "What does KSOG stand for?",
              "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Fritz Klein" }],
              "question": "Who invented the KSOG?",
              "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?",
              "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "a 7-point scale" }],
              "question": "What kind of scale does the KSOG use?",
              "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?",
              "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is \"little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual\". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "sexual orientation" }],
              "question": "What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?",
              "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do individuals typically experience?",
              "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is there little coherent relationships between?",
              "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the paper \"Who's Gay? Does It Matter?\", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Ritch Savin-Williams" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the paper \"Whos Gay? Does It Matter?",
              "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?",
              "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 581,
                  "text": "that biological measures should be developed and used."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did he propose to measure attraction?",
              "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 932,
                  "text": "researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else does Savin-Williams suggest?",
              "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1015,
                  "text": "assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?",
              "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these studies suggest?",
              "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is this reflected in the studies?",
              "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "attractions, behavior, identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 929,
                  "text": "physical component of attractions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?",
              "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 760, "text": "emotional attachment" }
              ],
              "question": "What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?",
              "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that \"gaydar\" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?",
              "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "gaydar" }],
              "question": "What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?",
              "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses \"gaydar\"?",
              "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?",
              "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "not an accurate indication of orientation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this research also show about face-shape?",
              "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "due to differing definitions of bisexuality."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?",
              "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way a study can view bisexuality?",
              "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another way studies can view bisexuality?",
              "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1%." }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of asexuals?",
              "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?",
              "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "is a sign of homosexuality" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?",
              "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?",
              "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6976"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dell",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas \u2013 behind AT&T \u2013 and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "51" }],
              "question": "What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?",
              "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Dell go private?",
              "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "PC monitors" }],
              "question": "Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?",
              "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?",
              "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "third largest" }],
              "question": "What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?",
              "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company\u2019s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry\u2019s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "consumer market" }],
              "question": "What market did Dell ignore at first?",
              "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?",
              "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "going up" }],
              "question": "What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?",
              "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Dell create their internal marketing group?",
              "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "direct" }],
              "question": "What sales model did Dell use for a long time?",
              "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Consumers" }],
              "question": "Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?",
              "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "consumer electronics retail stores"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?",
              "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "retail" }],
              "question": "What market presence did Dell lack?",
              "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?",
              "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "PC" }],
              "question": "What industry was getting smaller?",
              "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?",
              "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Hewlett Packard" }],
              "question": "What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?",
              "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "ThinkPad" }],
              "question": "What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?",
              "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Apple Inc." }],
              "question": "What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?",
              "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including \"burn-in\"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, \"We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships.\" The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that \"Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell\" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?",
              "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "in-house" }],
              "question": "Where did Dell configure their notebooks?",
              "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?",
              "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "The Wall Street Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?",
              "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab3680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "Asian" }],
              "question": "What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?",
              "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab3681"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "advertisements" }],
              "question": "What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?",
              "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?",
              "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?",
              "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?",
              "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Internet" }],
              "question": "Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?",
              "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for \"Slashing Prices\". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks \u2014 owned by Coles Group \u2014 reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. As of 2009[update], Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks?",
              "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Inspiron" }],
              "question": "What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry?",
              "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Australian" }],
              "question": "In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology?",
              "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 746, "text": "Dick Smith Electronics" }
              ],
              "question": "What company did Dell team with in late 2008?",
              "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1241, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?",
              "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share. The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted. It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD. In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud. Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "accounting" }],
              "question": "What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?",
              "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "$50 million" }],
              "question": "What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?",
              "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?",
              "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "AMD" }],
              "question": "Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?",
              "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?",
              "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?",
              "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900390fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "servers" }],
              "question": "IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?",
              "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "PowerEdge" }],
              "question": "What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?",
              "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?",
              "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Compaq" }],
              "question": "Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?",
              "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "PC" }],
              "question": "What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?",
              "id": "570fcc155ab6b81900391009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "price" }],
              "question": "What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?",
              "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?",
              "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1253, "text": "big box stores" }],
              "question": "Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?",
              "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1269, "text": "CNET" }],
              "question": "What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?",
              "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in \u0141od\u017a in Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?",
              "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What plant did Dell close in Texas?",
              "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?",
              "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "Herbalife" }],
              "question": "What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?",
              "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab368a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1049, "text": "Florida" }],
              "question": "The plant in what US state still remains in operation?",
              "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab368b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual \"Federation\" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core \"EMC II\" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Elliott Management" }
              ],
              "question": "What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?",
              "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "doubled" }],
              "question": "How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?",
              "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 697, "text": "The Wall Street Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?",
              "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1271, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell go private?",
              "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b81900391020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell opened plants in Penang, Malaysia in 1995, and in Xiamen, China in 1999. These facilities serve the Asian market and assemble 95% of Dell notebooks. Dell Inc. has invested[when?] an estimated $60 million in a new manufacturing unit in Chennai, India, to support the sales of its products in the Indian subcontinent. Indian-made products bear the \"Made in India\" mark. In 2007 the Chennai facility had the target of producing 400,000 desktop PCs, and plans envisaged it starting to produce notebook PCs and other products in the second half of 2007.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Malaysia" }],
              "question": "In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995?",
              "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants?",
              "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "$60 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India?",
              "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2007?",
              "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391028"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Michael Dell" }],
              "question": "Who is the founder of Dell?",
              "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many board members does Dell have?",
              "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?",
              "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Audit Committee" }],
              "question": "Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?",
              "id": "570fce815ab6b81900391030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1026,
                  "text": "Antitrust Compliance Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?",
              "id": "570fce815ab6b81900391031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?",
              "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?",
              "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Sears" }],
              "question": "What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?",
              "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?",
              "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Best Buy" }],
              "question": "Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US? ",
              "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its \"Recycling Works\" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "product-recycling goal" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Dell the first IT company to establish?",
              "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program?",
              "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "275 million pounds" }
              ],
              "question": "How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?",
              "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?",
              "id": "570fcfe65ab6b8190039103a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "12.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled?",
              "id": "570fcfe65ab6b8190039103b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors. This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts. While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?",
              "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Dell-compatible parts" }
              ],
              "question": "With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?",
              "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?",
              "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "pin-outs" }],
              "question": "What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of?",
              "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. PC's Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When did Michael Dell found his company?",
              "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "$1,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell receive as capital from his family?",
              "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "University of Texas at Austin" }
              ],
              "question": "What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?",
              "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell design its own computer?",
              "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "$73 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell profit in its first year?",
              "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "steady growth" }],
              "question": "What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004?",
              "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Compaq" }],
              "question": "What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer?",
              "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "$35 billion" }],
              "question": "How much were Dell profiting in 2002?",
              "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Hewlett Packard" }],
              "question": "What company did Compaq merge with in 2002?",
              "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Dell" }],
              "question": "What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s?",
              "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator. By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector. Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Apple Inc.)\u2014which worked well in the commoditized PC market\u2014prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices. Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized. Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "supply chain efficiencies" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation?",
              "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "R&D" }],
              "question": "What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors?",
              "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "horizontal" }],
              "question": "What was Dell's organizational structure considered?",
              "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "IT solutions" }],
              "question": "Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?",
              "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391058"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell announced a change campaign called \"Dell 2.0,\" reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products. While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO. With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company. Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the \"Dell 2.0\" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of \"bureaucracy\". Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Dell 2.0" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Dell's change campaign?",
              "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Michael Dell" }],
              "question": "Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?",
              "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?",
              "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "Donald Carty" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?",
              "id": "570fd59c5ab6b81900391060"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services. It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard. Dell also managed some success in taking advantage of its high-touch direct sales heritage to establish close relationships and design solutions for clients. Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price. Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a \"moat\" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "How much of Dell's revenue was its PC division?",
              "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Hewlett Packard" }],
              "question": "Who was Dell's main business rival?",
              "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "$13 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?",
              "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "declines" }],
              "question": "What happened to Dell's revenue and share price in the post-PC market?",
              "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Plano, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida. Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolandia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; and Casablanca, Morocco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Nashua" }],
              "question": "What city is Dell's New Hampshire facility in?",
              "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Nashville" }],
              "question": "What city is Dell's Tennessee facility in?",
              "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Eden Prairie" }],
              "question": "What city is Dell's Minnesota facility in?",
              "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Miami" }],
              "question": "What city is Dell's Florida facility in?",
              "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391068"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Austin" }],
              "question": "What city is Dell's Texas facility in?",
              "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?",
              "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?",
              "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?",
              "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Alienware" }],
              "question": "What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?",
              "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace\u2019s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "greenhouse gas" }],
              "question": "What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?",
              "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?",
              "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?",
              "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Greenpeace" }],
              "question": "What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are? ",
              "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honour a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website. In the first instance, Dell offered a 19\" LCD panel for $15. In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900). Concerning the E4300, rather than honour the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation. The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements. Many consumers sued the firm for the unfair compensation. A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price. The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?",
              "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan?",
              "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "19\" LCD" }],
              "question": "What did dell sell for $19 in Taiwan?",
              "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "NT$1 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?",
              "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its \"build-to-order\" or \"configure to order\" approach to manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems, Dell entered the market for IT services. The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems, with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions for enterprise customers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "supply chain" }],
              "question": "Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?",
              "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "direct-sales" }],
              "question": "What sales model did Dell follow?",
              "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "hardware" }],
              "question": "For the majority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?",
              "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Perot Systems" }],
              "question": "What company did Dell acquire in 2009?",
              "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "IT services" }],
              "question": "What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009?",
              "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue. Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run. Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994. Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President and CEO.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?",
              "id": "570fdda25ab6b8190039107f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Wal-Mart" }],
              "question": "What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs?",
              "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Kevin Rollins" }],
              "question": "Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs?",
              "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "CEO" }],
              "question": "What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain?",
              "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391082"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988. Walker retired in 1990 due to health, and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson, former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?",
              "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "board of directors" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?",
              "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "What year did Walker retire?",
              "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "CEO" }],
              "question": "What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?",
              "id": "570fde875ab6b8190039108a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results. U.S. shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems. The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008. Heavily depending on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "U.S" }],
              "question": "What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?",
              "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "32 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?",
              "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?",
              "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "Microsoft's Windows Vista" }
              ],
              "question": "What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?",
              "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "mobility" }],
              "question": "Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?",
              "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "iPad" }],
              "question": "The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?",
              "id": "570fe1765ab6b8190039108f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Streak" }],
              "question": "What Dell product was a commercial failure?",
              "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "XPS" }],
              "question": "What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?",
              "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 942, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?",
              "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391093"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell's reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same lineup sold for hundreds. Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service. Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting \"got in the way,\" aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm.com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional \"bloatware\" on PCs. These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the \"Dell Hell\" prominent on Internet search engines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "customer service" }],
              "question": "What did Dell have a poor reputation for?",
              "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "offshore" }],
              "question": "Where did Dell move its call centers?",
              "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Dick Hunter" }],
              "question": "Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service?",
              "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service?",
              "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell. In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business. Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co. and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the \"wide-open bidding war\" never materialized. Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an \u201cexit strategy\u201d to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned \u201cBut even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell?",
              "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "KKR & Co" }],
              "question": "What was the first private equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?",
              "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Silver Lake" }],
              "question": "What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell?",
              "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "$25bn" }],
              "question": "How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell?",
              "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab3700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer. The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it. Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building. These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs. The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta office, losing 900 jobs. In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007\u20132008 \u2014 10% of its workforce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center?",
              "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1100" }],
              "question": "How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center?",
              "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center?",
              "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 841, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008?",
              "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3708"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a \"ton of sense\" for Dell, it's a \"nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies\" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but \"does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not.\" The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would \"blow up the current IT chess board\", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63\u201364bn rather than the $67bn originally reported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "private cloud computing" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?",
              "id": "570fe5335ab6b81900391099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "FBR Capital Markets" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?",
              "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?",
              "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "$67bn" }],
              "question": "What was the original valuation of the merger?",
              "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013 that it had struck a $24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private. Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13.65 apiece. The $24.4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis. It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17.5 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "$24.4 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of Dell's buyout deal?",
              "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell announce its buyout deal?",
              "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "$2 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft?",
              "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "$17.5 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?",
              "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "80,000 square feet" }],
              "question": "How much space did Dell lease in Texas?",
              "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?",
              "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?",
              "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 992, "text": "Round Rock" }],
              "question": "Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?",
              "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1057, "text": "312,000 square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?",
              "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled \"Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design.\" Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Austin" }],
              "question": "What Texas city was Dell's headquarters previously in?",
              "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many employees worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?",
              "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas?",
              "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "top floor" }],
              "question": "Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?",
              "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab3710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "1,100" }],
              "question": "How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994?",
              "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab3711"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country. Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a by January 2010. European Union officials said they would investigate a \u20ac52.7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland. European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick. EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002,[citation needed] and Dell Inc. has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now[when?] contains only offices). Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time. After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland plant. Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain. Construction of EMF4 in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland has started[update]: Dell started production there in autumn 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "EMEA" }],
              "question": "For what market did Dell make computers for in Ireland?",
              "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "4,500" }],
              "question": "How many Irish employees did Dell hire?",
              "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "\u20ac52.7million" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the aid package given to Dell that the European Union investigated?",
              "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell announce it was relocating its Irish facility?",
              "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1556, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell begin production in the Lodz, Poland facility?",
              "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, the company provides protection services, advisory services, multivendor hardware support, \"how-to\" support for software applications, collaborative support with many third-party vendors, and online parts and labor dispatching for customers who diagnose and troubleshoot their hardware. Dell also provides Dell ProSupport customers access to a crisis-center to handle major outages, or problems caused by natural disasters. Dell also provide on-line support by using the computer's service-tag that provides full list of the hardware elements installed originally, purchase date and provides the latest upgrades for the original hardware drivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "multivendor" }],
              "question": "What kind of hardware support does Dell provide?",
              "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "ProSupport" }],
              "question": "What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for major outages?",
              "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "on-line support" }],
              "question": "What kind of support does Dell provide using a computer's service-tag?",
              "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously \"Dell on Call\"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management (\"Software as a Service\" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Dell on Call" }],
              "question": "What is the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station?",
              "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Dell Business Support" }
              ],
              "question": "What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle commercial technical support?",
              "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "Dell Everdream Desktop Management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Dell service offers remote desktop management?",
              "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Your Tech Team" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Dell service that gives home-users a support queue?",
              "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9% (versus HP's 23.9% growth). As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9% (versus HP's 17.4%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?",
              "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2006?",
              "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "8.9%" }],
              "question": "What was the rate of decline that Dell experienced in PC shipments?",
              "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "13.9%" }],
              "question": "What was Dell's market share at the end of 2006?",
              "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell\u2019s founder and CEO Michael Dell to \u2018drop the toxics\u2019 and claiming that Dell\u2019s aspiration to be \u2018the greenest technology company on the planet\u2019 was \u2018hypocritical\u2019. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "polyvinyl chloride" }],
              "question": "What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?",
              "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?",
              "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Greenpeace" }],
              "question": "What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?",
              "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?",
              "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: \"We're spending more than a $100 million \u2014 and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people \u2014 to fix this.\" Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process.[original research?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "45%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?",
              "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab3729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "$100 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?",
              "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab372a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "$150 million" }],
              "question": "What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?",
              "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab372b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs. Internal energy-efficiency programs reportedly save the company more than $3 million annually in energy-cost savings. The largest component of the company's internal energy-efficiency savings comes through PC power management: the company expects to save $1.8 million in energy costs through using specialized energy-management software on a network of 50,000 PCs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "external environmental impact" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?",
              "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab372f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "$3 million" }],
              "question": "How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year?",
              "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "PC power management" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?",
              "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on?",
              "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3732"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "direct review" }],
              "question": "What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?",
              "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "appellate" }],
              "question": "In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?",
              "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?",
              "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "trial" }],
              "question": "In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?",
              "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1114, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "What percentage of convictions survive direct review?",
              "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 \u2014 codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 \u2014 which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?",
              "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?",
              "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?",
              "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?",
              "id": "570fd7d85ab6b81900391070"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Gary Gilmore" }],
              "question": "Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?",
              "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Utah" }],
              "question": "In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?",
              "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "May 25, 1979" }],
              "question": "On what date was John Spenkelink executed?",
              "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Nevada" }],
              "question": "In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?",
              "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "lethal injection" }],
              "question": "How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?",
              "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the \"Yellow Mama\" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Old Sparky" }],
              "question": "What was a common nickname for the electric chair?",
              "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Yellow" }],
              "question": "What color was Alabama's electric chair?",
              "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Florida" }],
              "question": "What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?",
              "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "lethal injection" }],
              "question": "Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?",
              "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Electrocution" }],
              "question": "Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?",
              "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Wisconsin" }],
              "question": "What state has had only a single execution?",
              "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?",
              "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?",
              "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?",
              "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Rhode Island" }],
              "question": "What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?",
              "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "700" }],
              "question": "In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?",
              "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?",
              "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How many states in the US have the death penalty?",
              "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Alabama" }],
              "question": "What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?",
              "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab373a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?",
              "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab373b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating \"The death penalty shall not exist\", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Puerto Rico's" }],
              "question": "What territory's constitution says \"The death penalty shall not exist\"?",
              "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Michigan" }],
              "question": "What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?",
              "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?",
              "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "federal" }],
              "question": "Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?",
              "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?",
              "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Furman v. Georgia" }],
              "question": "What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?",
              "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Luis Monge" }],
              "question": "Who was executed on June 2, 1967?",
              "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Eighth" }],
              "question": "What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?",
              "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?",
              "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute \u00a7 54\u2013100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an \"enclosure\" which \"shall be so constructed as to exclude public view.\" Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. \u00a7 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a \"room or place enclosed from public view.\" Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 \u00a7 60, required executions to take place \"within an enclosure or building.\" North Carolina General Statute \u00a7 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed \"within the walls\" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 \u00a7 1015 and Montana Code \u00a7 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code \u00a7 2949.22 requires that \"[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view.\" Similarly, Tennessee Code \u00a7 40-23-116 requires \"an enclosure\" for \"strict seclusion and privacy.\" United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Connecticut" }],
              "question": "What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an \"enclosure\"?",
              "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state's law requires that capital punishment occur \"within the walls\" of a penitentiary?",
              "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730?",
              "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1156,
                  "text": "Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?",
              "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "New Mexico's" }],
              "question": "What state's law mandated that executions occur in \"\"room or place enclosed from public view\"?",
              "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty \u2013 either death or life in prison, either with or without parole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?",
              "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "sentencing" }],
              "question": "Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?",
              "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "first-degree murder" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?",
              "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "mitigating" }],
              "question": "Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?",
              "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "the defendant's guilt" }
              ],
              "question": "What is decided at the first proceeding?",
              "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "98" }],
              "question": "How many executions occurred in 1999?",
              "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "What was the number of people executed in 2015?",
              "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?",
              "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1,411" }],
              "question": "How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?",
              "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "California" }],
              "question": "Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?",
              "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\" Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Demarcus Sears" }],
              "question": "In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?",
              "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Gloria Ann Wilbur" }],
              "question": "Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?",
              "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Kentucky" }],
              "question": "In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?",
              "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?",
              "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Georgia" }],
              "question": "A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?",
              "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "state collateral review" }
              ],
              "question": "When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?",
              "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1294, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?",
              "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1398, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?",
              "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 936,
                  "text": "ineffective assistance of counsel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?",
              "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Hill v. McDonough" }],
              "question": "In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?",
              "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?",
              "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Eighth" }],
              "question": "What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?",
              "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "Baze v. Rees" }],
              "question": "What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?",
              "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "habeas corpus" }],
              "question": "Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?",
              "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f715"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "38" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?",
              "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "December 26, 1862" }],
              "question": "On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?",
              "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Minnesota" }],
              "question": "In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?",
              "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?",
              "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1723" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?",
              "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review, the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus, which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts. Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review, and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court (other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review). The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which restricted significantly its previous scope. The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts, through the process of direct review and state collateral review, have done at least a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner's federal constitutional rights. Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime, though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process, evidence of innocence must be truly compelling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?",
              "id": "571001dab654c5140001f735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Federal habeas corpus" }
              ],
              "question": "How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?",
              "id": "571001dab654c5140001f736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "federal" }],
              "question": "In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?",
              "id": "571001dab654c5140001f737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "truly compelling" }],
              "question": "If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?",
              "id": "571001dab654c5140001f738"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to \"evolving standards of decency,\" thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Illinois" }],
              "question": "Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?",
              "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Maryland" }],
              "question": "The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?",
              "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Martin O'Malley" }],
              "question": "Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?",
              "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Connecticut" }],
              "question": "In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?",
              "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?",
              "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights, saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?",
              "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "United States Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?",
              "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Eighth" }],
              "question": "What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?",
              "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "mitigating" }],
              "question": "What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?",
              "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?",
              "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?",
              "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Milan" }],
              "question": "In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?",
              "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?",
              "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f75a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?",
              "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f75b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Drug Kingpin Act of 1988" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?",
              "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?",
              "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "June 2001" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?",
              "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "Louis Jones, Jr." }],
              "question": "Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?",
              "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Indiana" }],
              "question": "In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?",
              "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2009, the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962, as part of the Model Penal Code, \"in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment.\" A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?",
              "id": "571008eab654c5140001f775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?",
              "id": "571008eab654c5140001f776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "systemic fairness for minorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?",
              "id": "571008eab654c5140001f777"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1977, the Supreme Court's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman, and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder. Prior to the decision, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, the State of Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense. However, three states maintained the death penalty for child rape, as the Coker decision only imposed a ban on executions for the rape of an adult woman. In 2008, the Kennedy v. Louisiana decision barred the death penalty for child rape. The result of these two decisions means that the death penalty in the United States is largely restricted to cases where the defendant took the life of another human being. The current federal kidnapping statute, however, may be exempt because the death penalty applies if the victim dies in the perpetrator's custody, not necessarily by his hand, thus stipulating a resulting death, which was the wording of the objection. In addition, the Federal government retains the death penalty for non-murder offenses that are considered crimes against the state, including treason, espionage, and crimes under military jurisdiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?",
              "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f78f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "rape of an adult woman" }
              ],
              "question": "For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?",
              "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "U.S. Federal government" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?",
              "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 670, "text": "Kennedy v. Louisiana" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?",
              "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?",
              "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f793"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?",
              "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?",
              "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "State v. Kleypas" }],
              "question": "In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?",
              "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "electrocution" }],
              "question": "What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?",
              "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "lethal injection" }],
              "question": "After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?",
              "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6814"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "sodium thiopental" }],
              "question": "What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?",
              "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Hospira" }],
              "question": "Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?",
              "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Danish" }],
              "question": "What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?",
              "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "low production volume" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?",
              "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "execution" }],
              "question": "The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?",
              "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd683a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As noted in the introduction to this article, the American public has maintained its position of support for capital punishment for murder. However, when given a choice between the death penalty and life imprisonment without parole, support has traditionally been significantly lower than polling which has only mentioned the death penalty as a punishment. In 2010, for instance, one poll showed 49 percent favoring the death penalty and 46 percent favoring life imprisonment while in another 61% said they preferred another punishment to the death penalty. The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 (16 percent opposed), and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 (47 percent opposed). On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole, the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 (29 percent favoring life), and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 (48 percent favoring life).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?",
              "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?",
              "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 873, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?",
              "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?",
              "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6843"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky and South Carolina; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado; armed robbery in Georgia; drug trafficking resulting in a person's death in Florida; train wrecking which leads to a person's death, and perjury which leads to a person's death in California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "aggravated rape" }],
              "question": "What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?",
              "id": "57101004b654c5140001f799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?",
              "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Mississippi" }],
              "question": "Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?",
              "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Georgia" }],
              "question": "In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?",
              "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?",
              "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as \"cruel and unusual\" punishment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 709, "text": "William J. Brennan, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?",
              "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "William O. Douglas" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?",
              "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Byron White" }],
              "question": "Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?",
              "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6854"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "156" }],
              "question": "Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?",
              "id": "57101113a58dae1900cd6858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "2.5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?",
              "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?",
              "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?",
              "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "four times" }],
              "question": "How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?",
              "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "1" }],
              "question": "What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?",
              "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death, including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone. Such non-death capital offenses include treason, espionage (spying for another country), and high-level drug trafficking. Since no one has yet been sentenced to death for such non-death capital offenses, the Supreme Court has not ruled on their constitutionality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?",
              "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?",
              "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "espionage" }],
              "question": "What is another term for the act of spying for another country?",
              "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "high-level drug trafficking" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?",
              "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Gary Gilmore" }],
              "question": "Who was executed on January 17, 1977?",
              "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "firing squad" }],
              "question": "By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?",
              "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?",
              "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "filing repeated writs of habeas corpus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?",
              "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis, believed by many to be innocent, Richard Dieter, the director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States. He said: \"They weren't expecting such passion from people in opposition to the death penalty. There's a widely held perception that all Americans are united in favor of executions, but this message came across loud and clear that many people are not happy with it.\" Brian Evans of Amnesty International, which led the campaign to spare Davis's life, said that there was a groundswell in America of people \"who are tired of a justice system that is inhumane and inflexible and allows executions where there is clear doubts about guilt\". He predicted the debate would now be conducted with renewed energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "September 2011" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?",
              "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Richard Dieter" }],
              "question": "Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?",
              "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Amnesty International" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Brian Evans work for?",
              "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6882"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?",
              "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "hanging" }],
              "question": "What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?",
              "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "South Carolina" }],
              "question": "In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?",
              "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "John Marshall" }],
              "question": "Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?",
              "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?",
              "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "41" }],
              "question": "What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?",
              "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?",
              "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?",
              "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "2.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?",
              "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "17.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?",
              "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States is complex. Typically, it involves four critical steps: (1) sentencing, (2) direct review, (3) state collateral review, and (4) federal habeas corpus. Recently, a narrow and final fifth level of process \u2013 (5) the Section 1983 challenge \u2013 has become increasingly important. (Clemency or pardon, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.) The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995\u20131996 (309). There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?",
              "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Governor" }],
              "question": "Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?",
              "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "309" }],
              "question": "How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?",
              "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "44" }],
              "question": "How many capital sentences were given in 1973?",
              "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?",
              "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe \"Red\" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena, Missouri, on May 26, 1937. Two Kentucky hangings were conducted after Galena in which numerous persons were present within a wooden stockade, that of John \"Peter\" Montjoy in Covington, Kentucky on December 17, 1937, and that of Harold Van Venison in Covington on June 3, 1938. An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana, on December 30, 1939. The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people, some by closed-circuit television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "April 2, 1937" }],
              "question": "On what date was Fred Adams hanged?",
              "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Owensboro" }],
              "question": "Where was Bethea hanged?",
              "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Red" }],
              "question": "What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?",
              "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Missouri" }],
              "question": "In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?",
              "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?",
              "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was \"a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995.\" Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between \"1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted.\" The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Columbia Law School" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution does James Liebman work for?",
              "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "What does James Liebman teach?",
              "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?",
              "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?",
              "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f82a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "In what year did Liebman announce his findings?",
              "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f82b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "James W. Rodgers" }],
              "question": "Who was executed on March 30, 1960?",
              "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "firing squad" }],
              "question": "What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?",
              "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Utah" }],
              "question": "In what state was Rodgers executed?",
              "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "June 22, 1965" }],
              "question": "On what date was George York executed?",
              "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "Which state executed James French?",
              "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "364" }],
              "question": "About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?",
              "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?",
              "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Twenty-two" }],
              "question": "Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?",
              "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How old was George Stinney when he was executed?",
              "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "gas chamber" }],
              "question": "What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?",
              "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?",
              "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Director of Corrections" }
              ],
              "question": "As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?",
              "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "African-American" }],
              "question": "What race was Clayton Lockett?",
              "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "nitrogen" }],
              "question": "What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?",
              "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "heart attack" }],
              "question": "What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?",
              "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "socio-economic" }],
              "question": "Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?",
              "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "human life" }],
              "question": "According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?",
              "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "criminals involved in murder" }
              ],
              "question": "According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?",
              "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "deterring crime" }],
              "question": "What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?",
              "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "the innocent" }],
              "question": "Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?",
              "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5\u20134 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sixteen" }],
              "question": "According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?",
              "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?",
              "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "March 2005" }],
              "question": "In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?",
              "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?",
              "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?",
              "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, \"the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail.\" The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs \u2013 for various reasons \u2013 sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not \"public\" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?",
              "id": "57102438b654c5140001f84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "hanging" }],
              "question": "What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?",
              "id": "57102438b654c5140001f850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "the local sheriff" }],
              "question": "In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?",
              "id": "57102438b654c5140001f851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?",
              "id": "57102438b654c5140001f852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979\u20131987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of \"possible innocence\" or \"disproportionality.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Toney Anaya" }],
              "question": "Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?",
              "id": "57102482b654c5140001f857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "New Mexico" }],
              "question": "Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?",
              "id": "57102482b654c5140001f858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Dick Celeste" }],
              "question": "Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?",
              "id": "57102482b654c5140001f859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?",
              "id": "57102482b654c5140001f85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?",
              "id": "57102482b654c5140001f85b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Kansas" }],
              "question": "Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?",
              "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Paul Ezra Rhoades" }],
              "question": "Who did Idaho execute in 2011?",
              "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Donald Moeller" }],
              "question": "Who was executed on October 30, 2012?",
              "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?",
              "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?",
              "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?",
              "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "sodium thiopental" }],
              "question": "What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?",
              "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?",
              "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?",
              "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "Torture Regulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?",
              "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nintendo_Entertainment_System",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Katsuyah Nakawaka" }],
              "question": "Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?",
              "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "15-pin expansion port" }
              ],
              "question": "What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?",
              "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "cost reasons" }],
              "question": "Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?",
              "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Game & Watch machines" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the game pad controllers copied from?",
              "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan\u2019s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[\u203a] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title \"Robot Gyro\" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title \"Robot Block\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "NES" }],
              "question": "What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?",
              "id": "571112eab654c5140001faed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "October 18, 1985" }],
              "question": "What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?",
              "id": "571112eab654c5140001faee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?",
              "id": "571112eab654c5140001faef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Consumer Electronics Show" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?",
              "id": "571112eab654c5140001faf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Peter Main" }],
              "question": "In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?",
              "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?",
              "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "It can't be beaten" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?",
              "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Sega's Master System" }
              ],
              "question": "What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?",
              "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Where was Nintendo not available?",
              "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Japanese (Famicom)" }],
              "question": "Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?",
              "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "72-pin" }],
              "question": "Which interface did the NES use?",
              "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "60-pin" }],
              "question": "Which interface did Famicom use?",
              "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "develop their own customized chips"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?",
              "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?",
              "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Electronic Arts" }],
              "question": "Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?",
              "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "first-party games" }],
              "question": "Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?",
              "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "post-SNES era" }],
              "question": "Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?",
              "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6beb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions\u2014usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box\u2014that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Blockbuster Video" }],
              "question": "Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?",
              "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 684,
                  "text": "would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?",
              "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 872,
                  "text": "copyrighted instruction booklets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?",
              "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 973,
                  "text": "produced their own short instructions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?",
              "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the \"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled \"NES Version\"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Mattel" }],
              "question": "Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?",
              "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did Nintendo take over European distribution?",
              "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "UK, Italy and Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three countries share the PAL A region?",
              "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "\"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?",
              "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a \"Slow\" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The \"Slow\" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the \"Slow\" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "NES Advantage and the NES Max" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?",
              "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "shoot much faster during shooter games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?",
              "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "The NES Max" }],
              "question": "Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?",
              "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 938, "text": "Power Pad and the Power Glove" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?",
              "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "\"Slow\" button" }],
              "question": "The NES Max also did not feature what?",
              "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2\") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk. This process would cost less than cartridges and users could take the disk back to a vending booth and have it rewritten with a new game. The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k (64k per side).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?",
              "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "kiosks in malls" }],
              "question": "Where could the disks for the game be obtained?",
              "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the disks purchased?",
              "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "storing the game and saving progress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the storage disks used for?",
              "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "128k" }],
              "question": "What was the total capacity of a disk?",
              "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system \"failed miserably\".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "spring of 1985" }],
              "question": "When was the system originally supposed to be released?",
              "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?",
              "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "February 1986" }],
              "question": "When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?",
              "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "September 1986" }],
              "question": "When was the nationwide release of the NES?",
              "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "Europe and Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?",
              "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?",
              "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Nintendo" }],
              "question": "Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?",
              "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Mattel" }],
              "question": "Who handled distribution in the other region?",
              "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?",
              "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES\u2019s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no B\u014dken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), while in North America, Wario's Woods is the final licensed game. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. However, Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?",
              "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "late 1993" }],
              "question": "When did the demand for new NES software dry up?",
              "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "Wario's Woods" }],
              "question": "What was the final Famicom game released in North America?",
              "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?",
              "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1062, "text": "October 31, 2007" }],
              "question": "How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?",
              "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Activision" }],
              "question": "Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?",
              "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "third-party software developers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?",
              "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Sega, Sony, and Microsoft" }
              ],
              "question": "Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?",
              "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game, in order to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. In order to combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles. In addition, multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent these games from working.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?",
              "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?",
              "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Europe and Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?",
              "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "threatened retailers" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?",
              "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: \u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf, Hepburn: Famir\u012b Konpy\u016bta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (\ud604\ub300 \ucef4\ubcf4\uc774 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "NES" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?",
              "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Family Computer" }],
              "question": "what was it called in Japan?",
              "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "July 15, 1983" }],
              "question": "When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?",
              "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was it released in Australia?",
              "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What succeeded the Famicom?",
              "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console's most infamous problem: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication with the chip in the game to work. Dirty, aging and bent connectors would often disrupt the communication, resulting in the blink effect. Alternatively, the console would turn on but only show a solid white, gray, or green screen. Users attempted to solve this problem by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors, inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower, licking the edge connector, slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge, shifting the cartridge from side to side after insertion, pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly, holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been, and cleaning the connectors with alcohol. These attempted solutions often became notable in their own right and are often remembered alongside the NES. Many of the most frequent attempts to fix this problem instead ran the risk of damaging the cartridge and/or system.[citation needed] In 1989, Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "blinking red power light" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the console's most common problem?",
              "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "once per second" }],
              "question": "The 10NES would reset the system how often?",
              "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "Dirty, aging and bent connectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What disrupted the communication as well?",
              "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "blowing air onto the cartridge connectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?",
              "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1209, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?",
              "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name \"Nintendo Advanced Video System\" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that \"the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared\" and that \"this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "2.5 million units" }],
              "question": "How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?",
              "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "Advanced Video Entertainment System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was this system to be called in North America?",
              "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Electronic Games magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?",
              "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape. In addition, the AV Famicom joined its international counterpart and dropped the hardwired controllers in favor of detachable controller ports. However, the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm (3 feet) long, as opposed to the standard 180 cm(6 feet) of NES controllers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "NES 2" }],
              "question": "Which console featured a top-loading design?",
              "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "game controllers" }],
              "question": "The design of what was modified slightly?",
              "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "brick" }],
              "question": "the original design of the controller was what shape?",
              "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "dog bone" }],
              "question": "What was the new design shape of the controller?",
              "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "6 feet" }],
              "question": "How long were standard NES controller cables?",
              "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years. \"Computer game makers [are] scared stiff\", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?",
              "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Compute!" }],
              "question": "Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?",
              "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?",
              "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Commodore 64s" }],
              "question": "The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?",
              "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A variety of games for the FDS were released by Nintendo (including some like Super Mario Bros. which had already been released on cartridge) and third party companies such as Konami and Taito. A few unlicensed titles were made as well. However, its limitations became quickly apparent as larger ROM chips were introduced, allowing cartridges with greater than 128k of space. More advanced memory management chips (MMC) soon appeared and the FDS quickly became obsolete. Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games, and many refused to develop for it, instead continuing to make cartridge titles. Many FDS disks have no dust covers (except in some unlicensed and bootleg variants) and are easily prone to getting dirt on the media. In addition, the drive use a belt which breaks frequently and requires invasive replacement. After only two years, the FDS was discontinued, although vending booths remained in place until 1993 and Nintendo continued to service drives, and to rewrite and offer replacement disks until 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "FDS games" }],
              "question": "Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?",
              "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "make cartridge titles" }
              ],
              "question": "What did companies do instead of making FDS games?",
              "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "dust covers" }],
              "question": "Many FDS disks lack what?",
              "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "belt" }],
              "question": "What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?",
              "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1057, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?",
              "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges and Famicom Disk System disks. It was available in two colors (red and black) and used hardwired controllers (as did the original Famicom), but it featured a different case design. The SHARP 19SC111 television was a television which included a built-in Famicom. A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics, who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market. This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government's wide ban on all Japanese \"cultural products\", which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor (see also Japan\u2013Korea disputes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Sharp Corporation" }],
              "question": "Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?",
              "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Twin Famicom" }],
              "question": "What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?",
              "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "Comboy" }],
              "question": "Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?",
              "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?",
              "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 987,
                  "text": "licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?",
              "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The back of the cartridge bears a label with instructions on handling. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, manufactured in gold-plastic carts, all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these \"test carts\" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim. For promotion of DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the Remastered art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show's theme song, \"Life is like a hurricane\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?",
              "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "gray" }],
              "question": "What is the standard color of all other cartridges?",
              "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "yellow" }],
              "question": "What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?",
              "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "licensed US cartridges" }
              ],
              "question": "What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?",
              "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1046, "text": "Life is like a hurricane" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?",
              "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "antitrust behavior" }],
              "question": "What was Nintendo accused of?",
              "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "strict licensing requirements" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?",
              "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "FTC" }],
              "question": "Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?",
              "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "United States Department of Justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who began probing Nintendo's business?",
              "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "$5" }],
              "question": "How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?",
              "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a popular MS-DOS emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. There have since been many other emulators. The Virtual Console for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also offers emulation of many NES games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Pasofami" }],
              "question": "What was the first NES emulator?",
              "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "iNES" }],
              "question": "What was the first English available emulator?",
              "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "MS-DOS" }],
              "question": "What platform was NESticle available for use?",
              "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "April 3, 1997" }],
              "question": "When was NESticle released?",
              "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Famicom contained no lockout hardware and, as a result, unlicensed cartridges (both legitimate and bootleg) were extremely common throughout Japan and the Far East. The original NES (but not the top-loading NES-101) contained the 10NES lockout chip, which significantly increased the challenges faced by unlicensed developers. Tinkerers at home in later years discovered that disassembling the NES and cutting the fourth pin of the lockout chip would change the chip\u2019s mode of operation from \"lock\" to \"key\", removing all effects and greatly improving the console\u2019s ability to play legal games, as well as bootlegs and converted imports. NES consoles sold in different regions had different lockout chips, so games marketed in one region would not work on consoles from another region. Known regions are: USA/Canada (3193 lockout chip), most of Europe (3195), Asia (3196) and UK, Italy and Australia (3197). Since two types of lockout chip were used in Europe, European NES game boxes often had an \"A\" or \"B\" letter on the front, indicating whether the game is compatible with UK/Italian/Australian consoles (A), or the rest of Europe (B). Rest-of-Europe games typically had text on the box stating \"This game is not compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System\". Similarly, UK/Italy/Australia games stated \"This game is only compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "lockout hardware" }],
              "question": "What did the Famicom sorely lack?",
              "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "3193" }],
              "question": "What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?",
              "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "3195" }],
              "question": "What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?",
              "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "3196" }],
              "question": "What was the lockout chip number for Asia?",
              "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "3197" }],
              "question": "What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?",
              "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper, more conventional cartridge-based game console as he felt that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, after which work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Masayuki Uemura" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Famicom system?",
              "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "The plans called for how many bits as a feature?",
              "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Hiroshi Yamauchi" }],
              "question": "Who was the Nintendo president at the time?",
              "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "October 1982" }],
              "question": "When was the test model constructed?",
              "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "NEC PC-8001" }],
              "question": "Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?",
              "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Zapper" }],
              "question": "What was the light gun controller called?",
              "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "DA-15" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?",
              "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "control ports on the front" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the special controllers connected to the NES?",
              "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "What year did the video game market crash?",
              "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "marketing" }],
              "question": "The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?",
              "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "artwork" }],
              "question": "What specifically was misrepresented on game products?",
              "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "confidence" }],
              "question": "Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?",
              "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For its complete North American release, the Nintendo Entertainment System was progressively released over the ensuing years in four different bundles: the Deluxe Set, the Control Deck, the Action Set and the Power Set. The Deluxe Set, retailing at US$199.99 (equivalent to $475 in 2016), included R.O.B., a light gun called the NES Zapper, two controllers, and two Game Paks: Gyromite, and Duck Hunt. The Basic Set, retailing at US$89.99 with no game, and US$99.99 bundled with \"Super Mario Bros.\" The Action Set, retailing in 1988 for US$149.99, came with the Control Deck, two game controllers, an NES Zapper, and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt. In 1989, the Power Set included the console, two game controllers, a NES Zapper, a Power Pad, and a triple Game Pak containing Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, and World Class Track Meet. In 1990, a Sports Set bundle was released, including the console, an NES Satellite infrared wireless multitap adapter, four game controllers, and a dual Game Pak containing Super Spike V'Ball and Nintendo World Cup. Two more bundle packages were later released using the original model NES console. The Challenge Set of 1992 included the console, two controllers, and a Super Mario Bros. 3 Game Pak for a retail price of US$89.99. The Basic Set, first released in 1987, was repackaged for a retail US$89.99. It included only the console and two controllers, and no longer was bundled with a cartridge. Instead, it contained a book called the Official Nintendo Player's Guide, which contained detailed information for every NES game made up to that point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "$475" }],
              "question": "How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?",
              "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "US$199.99" }],
              "question": "How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?",
              "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "US$99.99" }],
              "question": "How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?",
              "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Duck Hunt" }],
              "question": "Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?",
              "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1364, "text": "US$89.99" }],
              "question": "The Basic Set sold for how much at release?",
              "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced with certain specialized markets in mind, such as an NES clone that functions as a rather primitive personal computer, which includes a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called NES-on-a-chip.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "unlicensed clone market" }
              ],
              "question": "What thrived after the NES was discontinued?",
              "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "color LCD" }],
              "question": "What feature does the PocketFami have?",
              "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "chip" }],
              "question": "The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?",
              "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NES was released after the \"video game crash\" of the early 1980s, whereupon many retailers and adults had regarded electronic games as being merely a passing fad, and many believed at first that the NES was another fad. Before the NES/Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer, and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry. With the NES, Nintendo also changed the relationship of console manufacturers and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval. This led to higher quality software titles, which helped to change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced titles for other game systems of the day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "playing card" }],
              "question": "Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?",
              "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Atari" }],
              "question": "Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?",
              "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "licensed approval" }],
              "question": "Nintendo required what from its software developers?",
              "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "higher quality" }],
              "question": "What did licensing lead to regarding games?",
              "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach. The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own \"Rabbit\" chip. However, Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case. Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement, which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team. Tengen's antitrust claims against Nintendo were never finally decided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Tengen" }],
              "question": "Atari created NES products under which name?",
              "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "copyright infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?",
              "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "\"Rabbit\" chip" }],
              "question": "Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?",
              "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "United States Patent and Trademark Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?",
              "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV\u4ed5\u69d8\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Eibui Shiy\u014d Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 1993" }],
              "question": "What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?",
              "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "HVC-101" }],
              "question": "What used composite video output?",
              "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "HVC-001" }],
              "question": "What device was RF only?",
              "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "AV Famicom" }],
              "question": "What was the newer model called?",
              "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 796, "text": "3D graphic capable headset" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nintendo release in Japan only?",
              "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6cac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die \"object attribute memory\" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Ricoh" }],
              "question": "Who developed Nintendo's PPU?",
              "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?",
              "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "The system has how many colors available on it?",
              "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many grays could be used as well?",
              "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 954,
                  "text": "256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the standard display resolution of the NES?",
              "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari\u2019s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[\u203a]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?",
              "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "June 1983" }],
              "question": "When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?",
              "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Coleco" }],
              "question": "Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?",
              "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Ray Kassar" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?",
              "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an \"Entertainment System\" instead of a \"video game system\", which was centered upon a machine called a \"Control Deck\" instead of a \"console\", and which featured software cartridges called \"Game Paks\" instead of \"video games\". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, \"This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product\". This text was later changed to \"Official Nintendo Seal of Quality\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Entertainment System" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nintendo's euphemism for \"video game system?\"",
              "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Control Deck" }],
              "question": "What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?",
              "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Game Pak" }],
              "question": "What was the term used by Nintendo instead of \"video games?\"",
              "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1054, "text": "seal of quality" }],
              "question": "What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?",
              "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1301,
                  "text": "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The seal of quality took on what eventual name?",
              "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "hardwired" }],
              "question": "How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?",
              "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "SELECT" }],
              "question": "The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?",
              "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "microphone" }],
              "question": "What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?",
              "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "square" }],
              "question": "What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?",
              "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "circular" }],
              "question": "What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?",
              "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's \"iron-clad terms\" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "summer 1988" }],
              "question": "When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?",
              "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Mediagenic" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?",
              "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "cartridges" }],
              "question": "Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?",
              "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "risk" }],
              "question": "As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?",
              "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 957, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?",
              "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Nintendo released the NES in the US, the design styling was deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the video game crash of 1983. One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force (ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR. The newly designed connector worked quite well when both the connector and the cartridges were clean and the pins on the connector were new. Unfortunately, the ZIF connector was not truly zero insertion force. When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly, as well as pressing the cartridge\u2019s ROM board back into the cartridge itself. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges caused the pins to wear out from repeated usage over the years and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo\u2019s choice of materials; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing. Many players would try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually hurt the copper connectors by speeding up the tarnishing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "zero insertion force" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ZIF stand for?",
              "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "VCR" }],
              "question": "The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?",
              "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "bent the contact pins slightly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?",
              "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1243, "text": "nickel" }],
              "question": "What material were the connector springs made of?",
              "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1316, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?",
              "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to these hardware flaws, \"Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers\" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?",
              "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "ensure that the machines were properly repaired"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the repair centers promise?",
              "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "paying a fee" }],
              "question": "What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?",
              "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin \"multi-out\" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "radio frequency (RF)" }
              ],
              "question": "The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?",
              "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "composite video" }],
              "question": "The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?",
              "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?",
              "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "RF modulator" }],
              "question": "The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?",
              "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other\u2014the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?",
              "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "identical" }],
              "question": "Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?",
              "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "primary controller" }
              ],
              "question": "The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?",
              "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "Famicom microphone" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?",
              "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6ced"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: \u0414\u0435\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0438), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of \"Family Game\", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: \u5c0f\u5929\u624d) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Dendy" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?",
              "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Where was the Dendy sold?",
              "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "Which country marketed a clone called \"Family Game?\"",
              "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "Pegasus" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the clone in Poland?",
              "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "Samurai" }],
              "question": "India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?",
              "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11\" to 14\") is meant to be placed atop it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "11.7" }],
              "question": "How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?",
              "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "typically 11\" to 14\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How large was the typical television recommended for the device?",
              "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "atop" }],
              "question": "Where was the Television meant to be placed?",
              "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Game Pak slot" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?",
              "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ashkenazi_Jews",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "74%" }],
              "question": "According to Sergio DellaPergola, what percent of Jews worldwide do Ashkenazi Jews's make up?",
              "id": "57194aad3e985219001bc016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "11th century" }],
              "question": "During what century did Ashkenazi Jews make up around three percent of the Jewish population worldwide?",
              "id": "57194aad3e985219001bc017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Holocaust" }],
              "question": "Prior to which major event were there approximately 16.7 million Jews in the world?",
              "id": "57194aad3e985219001bc018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "During what year did Ashkenazi Jews account for 92 percent of Jews worldwide?",
              "id": "57194aad3e985219001bc019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "92 percent" }],
              "question": "By 1931, what percentage of the world\u2019s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?",
              "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "16.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?",
              "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?",
              "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Sergio DellaPergola" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?",
              "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "10 million and 11.2 million" }
              ],
              "question": "The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?",
              "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical \"Ashkenaz\" with Khazaria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Yoma" }],
              "question": "In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?",
              "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "cradle of Germanic tribes" }
              ],
              "question": "Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?",
              "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "Slavic" }],
              "question": "Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?",
              "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "Saadia Gaon" }],
              "question": "Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?",
              "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Germanikia in northwestern Syria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?",
              "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "King Dagobert I of the Franks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?",
              "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "very few Jews" }],
              "question": "Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?",
              "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "traders or artisans" }
              ],
              "question": "In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?",
              "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "465 CE" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?",
              "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 640, "text": "conversion to Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?",
              "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a974"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35\u201336% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the \"melting pot\". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to \"melt down\" their own particular exilic identities within the general social \"pot\" in order to become Israeli.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "47.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?",
              "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400304fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews" }
              ],
              "question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?",
              "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "the concept of the \"melting pot\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?",
              "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "35\u201336%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?",
              "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "east European Ashkenazim" }
              ],
              "question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?",
              "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Yiddishkeit" }],
              "question": "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?",
              "id": "571a616610f8ca1400305009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?",
              "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "\"Jewishness\"" }],
              "question": "What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?",
              "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew" }
              ],
              "question": "In the past most Jews prayed in what language?",
              "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?",
              "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "For roughly a thousand years" }
              ],
              "question": "For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?",
              "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "University of Huddersfield in England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?",
              "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Central Europe" }],
              "question": "In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?",
              "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 942,
                  "text": "many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?",
              "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "high frequencies" }],
              "question": "Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?",
              "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "have not always been warm" }
              ],
              "question": "In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?",
              "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "led to protest movements" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?",
              "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "as second-class citizens" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?",
              "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Saadia Marciano" }],
              "question": "Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?",
              "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Moroccan Jew" }],
              "question": "Where was Saadia Marciano from?",
              "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a987"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European \"admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome\" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to \"mine\" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "35 to 55 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?",
              "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "admixture is considerably higher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?",
              "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "a genetically more divergent population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?",
              "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "more diverse" }],
              "question": "In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?",
              "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 950,
                  "text": "Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?",
              "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a992"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies\u2014researching both their paternal and maternal lineages\u2014point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "ancient Levantine origins" }
              ],
              "question": "Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?",
              "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "they have arrived at diverging conclusions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?",
              "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "researching both their paternal and maternal lineages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?",
              "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the Levant" }],
              "question": "Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?",
              "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan. By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter, where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose. Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Sefarad" }],
              "question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?",
              "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Tsarefat" }],
              "question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?",
              "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "1 Kings 17:9" }],
              "question": "The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?",
              "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "as Ashkenazim" }],
              "question": "How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?",
              "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 921, "text": "medieval Germany and France" }
              ],
              "question": "Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?",
              "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as \"Ashkenaz\" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "a brief period of stability" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?",
              "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "north of the Alps" }],
              "question": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?",
              "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?",
              "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "finance and commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?",
              "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1127, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?",
              "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "shtetls" }],
              "question": "The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?",
              "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "a strong system of education" }
              ],
              "question": "A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?",
              "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "increased with every outbreak of antisemitism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?",
              "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "heeded rabbinic leadership" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?",
              "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakhic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Rabbi Elijah of Chelm" }
              ],
              "question": "Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?",
              "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "halakhic questions" }
              ],
              "question": "Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?",
              "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "16th-century" }],
              "question": "Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?",
              "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Worms" }],
              "question": "In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?",
              "id": "571a76a610f8ca140030505a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million \u2013 more than two-thirds \u2013 were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50\u201390% of the Jews of other Slavic nations, Germany, Hungary, and the Baltic states, and over 25% of the Jews in France. Sephardi communities suffered similar depletions in a few countries, including Greece, the Netherlands and the former Yugoslavia. As the large majority of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews, their percentage dropped from nearly 92% of world Jewry in 1931 to nearly 80% of world Jewry today. The Holocaust also effectively put an end to the dynamic development of the Yiddish language in the previous decades, as the vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, around 5 million, were Yiddish speakers. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "8.8 million" }],
              "question": "At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?",
              "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "about 6 million" }],
              "question": "Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?",
              "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "91%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?",
              "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "nearly 80%" }],
              "question": "The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?",
              "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?",
              "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305075"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religious Jews have Minhagim, customs, in addition to Halakha, or religious law, and different interpretations of law. Different groups of religious Jews in different geographic areas historically adopted different customs and interpretations. On certain issues, Orthodox Jews are required to follow the customs of their ancestors, and do not believe they have the option of picking and choosing. For this reason, observant Jews at times find it important for religious reasons to ascertain who their household's religious ancestors are in order to know what customs their household should follow. These times include, for example, when two Jews of different ethnic background marry, when a non-Jew converts to Judaism and determines what customs to follow for the first time, or when a lapsed or less observant Jew returns to traditional Judaism and must determine what was done in his or her family's past. In this sense, \"Ashkenazic\" refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry. Reform Judaism, which does not necessarily follow those minhagim, did nonetheless originate among Ashkenazi Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "customs" }],
              "question": "For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?",
              "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Orthodox Jews" }],
              "question": "What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?",
              "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "religious law" }],
              "question": "For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?",
              "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 952,
                  "text": "a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For religious Jews, \"Ashkenazic\" refers to what two things?",
              "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1127, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews" }],
              "question": "Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?",
              "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel, or immigration to North America, and other English-speaking areas; and Europe (particularly France) and Latin America, the geographic isolation that gave rise to Ashkenazim has given way to mixing with other cultures, and with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales. Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews, although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life. (There are numerous Ashkenazi Jewish anglophones and Russian-speakers as well, although English and Russian are not originally Jewish languages.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?",
              "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?",
              "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "many Hasidic and Hareidi groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?",
              "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?",
              "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "ethnic group" }],
              "question": "Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?",
              "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Hasidic or Hareidi sects" }
              ],
              "question": "Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?",
              "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 912,
                  "text": "Haredi Jews often have extremely large families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?",
              "id": "571a7c6710f8ca14003050a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ashkenazi Jews have a noted history of achievement in Western societies in the fields of exact and social sciences, literature, finance, politics, media, and others. In those societies where they have been free to enter any profession, they have a record of high occupational achievement, entering professions and fields of commerce where higher education is required. Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards. While they make up about 2% of the U.S. population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, a quarter of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, half the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?",
              "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?",
              "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "27%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? ",
              "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "a quarter" }],
              "question": "About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?",
              "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "half the world's chess champions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?",
              "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described, genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests \"that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple, 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a 'severe bottleneck' as they dispersed, reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "the destruction of the First Temple"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?",
              "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "2,500 years ago" }],
              "question": "The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?",
              "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?",
              "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "Central and eventually Eastern Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?",
              "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries. In comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region, Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent. The authors also report on Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes, which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans (54%\u201360%) at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews. They hypothesized that the differences among Ashkenazim Jews could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. A later 2005 study by Nebel et al., found a similar level of 11.5% of male Ashkenazim belonging to R1a1a (M17+), the dominant Y-chromosome haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europeans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?",
              "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "54%\u201360%" }],
              "question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?",
              "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "12.7%" }],
              "question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?",
              "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?",
              "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "They established communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, which had been their primary region of concentration and residence until recent times, evolving their own distinctive characteristics and diasporic identities. In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population, and its traditional cultural life, shifted steadily eastward, out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine). In the course of the late 18th and 19th centuries, those Jews who remained in or returned to the German lands experienced a cultural reorientation; under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation, as well the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centers, they gradually abandoned the use of Yiddish, while developing new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "shifted steadily eastward" }
              ],
              "question": "In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?",
              "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "German lands" }],
              "question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?",
              "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?",
              "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "a cultural reorientation" }
              ],
              "question": "In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?",
              "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Khaphet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians. Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza (cuneiform A\u0161kuzai/I\u0161kuzai), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates, whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians. The intrusive n in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a waw \u05d5 with a nun \u05e0.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Ashkenaz" }],
              "question": "The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?",
              "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Gomer" }],
              "question": "Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?",
              "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Cimmerians" }],
              "question": "The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?",
              "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Cimmerians" }],
              "question": "Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?",
              "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among all major Jewish groups, including Ashkenazim, as well as the genetic relationship between these Jewish groups and non-Jewish ethnic populations. The study found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship with people from the Levant. The authors explained that \"the most parsimonious explanation for these observations is a common genetic origin, which is consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "the Levant" }],
              "question": "Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?",
              "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "all major Jewish groups" }
              ],
              "question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?",
              "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "non-Jewish ethnic populations" }
              ],
              "question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?",
              "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called \"Palestinian Syrians\", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Archaic Era of Greece" }
              ],
              "question": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?",
              "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Herodotus" }],
              "question": "Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?",
              "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "267 and 396 CE" }],
              "question": "The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?",
              "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "\"Palestinian Syrians\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?",
              "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "the invading Persians" }
              ],
              "question": "The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?",
              "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, \"Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two\", but by the end of the 18th century, \"Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world.\" By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92% of world Jewry. These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "97%" }],
              "question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?",
              "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?",
              "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "92%" }],
              "question": "By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?",
              "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no connection with the Iberian Peninsula, have similarly come to be lumped together as Sephardic. Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "in a manner unrelated to its original meaning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?",
              "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?",
              "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "Jews of mixed background are increasingly common"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?",
              "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews" }],
              "question": "By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?",
              "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "children inherit a Sephardic identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?",
              "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "the practice of the beth din that converted him or her"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A convert generally follows which practice?",
              "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years and the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, first by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, and later by Sephardi immigrants and refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When did the Dreyfus affair occur?",
              "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the 1920s and 1930s" }
              ],
              "question": "In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?",
              "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?",
              "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?",
              "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, \"liturgical tradition\", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, as used by Lubavitch Hasidim.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "prayer book" }],
              "question": "What is the Siddur?",
              "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the nusach Ashkenaz" }
              ],
              "question": "The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?",
              "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "\"liturgical tradition\", or rite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?",
              "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?",
              "id": "571a8d3710f8ca140030511a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Lubavitch Hasidim" }],
              "question": "Nusach Ari is used by whom?",
              "id": "571a8d3710f8ca140030511b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "three types of genetic origin testing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?",
              "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "the 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?",
              "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Y-DNA show?",
              "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three types of origin testing?",
              "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Autosomal DNA is what?",
              "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or \"founder lineages\", that were \"likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool\" originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Additionally, Behar et al. suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from ~150 women, and that most of those were also likely of Middle Eastern origin. In reference specifically to Haplogroup K, they suggested that although it is common throughout western Eurasia, \"the observed global pattern of distribution renders very unlikely the possibility that the four aforementioned founder lineages entered the Ashkenazi mtDNA pool via gene flow from a European host population\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from \"founder lineages\"?",
              "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "from just four women" }
              ],
              "question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? ",
              "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "founder lineages" }],
              "question": "The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?",
              "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Hebrew/Levantine" }],
              "question": "The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?",
              "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses. A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "in the later 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?",
              "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "argued for Khazar descent" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?",
              "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?",
              "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Sz\u0151ny), Aquincum (\u00d3buda), Intercisa (Duna\u00fajv\u00e1ros), Triccinae (S\u00e1rv\u00e1r), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (P\u00e9cs), and Osijek in Croatia, attest to the presence of Jews after the 2nd and 3rd centuries where Roman garrisons were established, There was a sufficient number of Jews in Pannonia to form communities and build a synagogue. Jewish troops were among the Syrian soldiers transferred there, and replenished from the Middle East, after 175 C.E. Jews and especially Syrians came from Antioch, Tarsus and Cappadocia. Others came from Italy and the Hellenized parts of the Roman empire. The excavations suggest they first lived in isolated enclaves attached to Roman legion camps, and intermarried among other similar oriental families within the military orders of the region.Raphael Patai states that later Roman writers remarked that they differed little in either customs, manner of writing, or names from the people among whom they dwelt; and it was especially difficult to differentiate Jews from the Syrians. After Pannonia was ceded to the Huns in 433, the garrison populations were withdrawn to Italy, and only a few, enigmatic traces remain of a possible Jewish presence in the area some centuries later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "the 2nd and 3rd centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?",
              "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "a synagogue" }],
              "question": "The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?",
              "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "433" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?",
              "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305159"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as \"usurious\" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1095" }],
              "question": "What year marked the onset of the Crusades?",
              "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?",
              "id": "571a927010f8ca140030516b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1290" }],
              "question": "What year were the expulsions from England?",
              "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "1394" }],
              "question": "What year were the expulsions from France?",
              "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Jewish migration pushed eastward"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?",
              "id": "571a927010f8ca140030516a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from \"Germanica.\" This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Rabbi Berechiah" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?",
              "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?",
              "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "the Talmud" }],
              "question": "Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?",
              "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Genesis Rabbah" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Midrash compilation?",
              "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaa8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "a comparatively stable socio-political environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?",
              "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?",
              "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "in the 19th and 20th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Massive western emigration occurred around what time?",
              "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "1750" }],
              "question": "Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?",
              "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305174"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely to support certain religious interests in Israel, including certain political parties. These political parties result from the fact that a portion of the Israeli electorate votes for Jewish religious parties; although the electoral map changes from one election to another, there are generally several small parties associated with the interests of religious Ashkenazi Jews. The role of religious parties, including small religious parties that play important roles as coalition members, results in turn from Israel's composition as a complex society in which competing social, economic, and religious interests stand for election to the Knesset, a unicameral legislature with 120 seats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "the chief Ashkenazi rabbi" }
              ],
              "question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?",
              "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 853,
                  "text": "a unicameral legislature with 120 seats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Knesset?",
              "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "halakhic matters" }],
              "question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?",
              "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aad0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Kabbalah, which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework. Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan, both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?",
              "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Kabbalah" }],
              "question": "What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?",
              "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aadf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "ecstatic worship" }],
              "question": "Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?",
              "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would have some Ashkenazi ancestors since the surname was adopted by families who were initially of Ashkenazic origins who moved to Sephardi countries and joined those communities. Ashkenazi would be formally adopted as the family surname having started off as a nickname imposed by their adopted communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Syrian Jewish community" }
              ],
              "question": "Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?",
              "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Ash" }],
              "question": "Some people with the surname shorten it to what?",
              "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Vladimir Ashkenazy" }],
              "question": "What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?",
              "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with \"relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim,\" and a total admixture estimate \"very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%.\" This supported the finding that \"Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors.\" \"Past research found that 50\u201380 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East,\" Richards said.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Middle Eastern peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?",
              "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "uncommon in the general European population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?",
              "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "the Middle East" }],
              "question": "The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?",
              "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborating the pre-2006 origin hypothesis. Testing was performed on the full 16,600 DNA units composing mitochondrial DNA (the 2006 Behar study had only tested 1,000 units) in all their subjects, and the study found that the four main female Ashkenazi founders had descent lines that were established in Europe 10,000 to 20,000 years in the past while most of the remaining minor founders also have a deep European ancestry. The study states that the great majority of Ashkenazi maternal lineages were not brought from the Near East (i.e., they were non-Israelite), nor were they recruited in the Caucasus (i.e., they were non-Khazar), but instead they were assimilated within Europe, primarily of Italian and Old French origins. Richards summarized the findings on the female line as such: \"[N]one [of the mtDNA] came from the North Caucasus, located along the border between Europe and Asia between the Black and Caspian seas. All of our presently available studies including my own, should thoroughly debunk one of the most questionable, but still tenacious, hypotheses: that most Ashkenazi Jews can trace their roots to the mysterious Khazar Kingdom that flourished during the ninth century in the region between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire.\" The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe, and only 8 percent from the Near East, while the origin of the remainder is undetermined. According to the study these findings \"point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1471, "text": "80 percent" }],
              "question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?",
              "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1561, "text": "8 percent" }],
              "question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?",
              "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1591,
                  "text": "while the origin of the remainder is undetermined"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?",
              "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated \"Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry\", as both groups \u2013 the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews \u2013 shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?",
              "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1452, "text": "modern-day Italians" }
              ],
              "question": "The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?",
              "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1572,
                  "text": "inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?",
              "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. \"Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region\", the authors concluded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "30 geneticists" }],
              "question": "How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?",
              "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?",
              "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "13 universities and academies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?",
              "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "through what is now Italy" }
              ],
              "question": "The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?",
              "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "pre-Christian times" }
              ],
              "question": "The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?",
              "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "212 CE" }],
              "question": "Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?",
              "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Emperor Caracalla" }],
              "question": "Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?",
              "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "8th and 9th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?",
              "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "11th century" }],
              "question": "Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?",
              "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?",
              "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz. During the 12th century, the word appears quite frequently. In the Mahzor Vitry, the kingdom of Ashkenaz is referred to chiefly in regard to the ritual of the synagogue there, but occasionally also with regard to certain other observances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "the first half of the 11th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?",
              "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?",
              "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?",
              "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When did France expel its original Jewish population?",
              "id": "571a9ba84faf5e1900b8ab2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "two distinct Jewish populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?",
              "id": "571a9ba84faf5e1900b8ab2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various studies have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of the non-Levantine admixture in Ashkenazim, particularly in respect to the extent of the non-Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages, which is in contrast to the predominant Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi paternal lineages. All studies nevertheless agree that genetic overlap with the Fertile Crescent exists in both lineages, albeit at differing rates. Collectively, Ashkenazi Jews are less genetically diverse than other Jewish ethnic divisions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Fertile Crescent" }],
              "question": "All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?",
              "id": "571a9be84faf5e1900b8ab2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to Israelite Jewish male migrants from the Middle East and \"the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism.\" Thus, in 2002, in line with this model of origin, David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities \"did not seem to be Middle Eastern\", and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that \"in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community.\" In his view this suggested \"that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?",
              "id": "571a9c8f4faf5e1900b8ab30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed \"a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups\". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the \"northern\" population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the \"southern\" group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the \"southern\" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were \"consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "five thousand" }],
              "question": "In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?",
              "id": "571a9c9210f8ca14003051bd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Athanasius_of_Alexandria",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259\u02c8ne\u026a\u0283\u0259s/; Greek: \u1f08\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Athan\u00e1sios Alexandr\u00edas; c. 296\u2013298 \u2013 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 \u2013 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?",
              "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Athanasius the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?",
              "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "45 years" }],
              "question": "For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?",
              "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?",
              "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "2 May 373" }],
              "question": "When did Saint Athanasius die?",
              "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Athanasius the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?",
              "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Of what city was he bishop?",
              "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "45 years" }],
              "question": "How long did his episcopate last?",
              "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Athanasius the Confessor" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?",
              "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "326" }],
              "question": "In what year was Athanasius consecrated?",
              "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "about thirty years of age" }
              ],
              "question": "How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?",
              "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "He was most unwilling to accept"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?",
              "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "people were determined to have him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?",
              "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "five months" }],
              "question": "How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?",
              "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "unwilling" }],
              "question": "Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?",
              "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "in 326" }],
              "question": "In what year was he consecrated?",
              "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "thirty years of age." }
              ],
              "question": "How old was he when he was consecrated?",
              "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; \"Apology to Constantius\", the \"Apology for his Flight\", the \"Letter to the Monks\", and the \"History of the Arians\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Upper Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?",
              "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Letter to the Monks" }
              ],
              "question": "What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?",
              "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "George of Cappadocia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took over after Athanasius?",
              "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?",
              "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "the desert of Upper Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?",
              "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?",
              "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long did he spend in the desert?",
              "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Apology to Constantius" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing he wrote during this time?",
              "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "George of Cappadocia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?",
              "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the \"Galileans\" to return to their \"towns and provinces\". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Julian" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?",
              "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Pistus" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?",
              "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "362" }],
              "question": "In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?",
              "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "361" }],
              "question": "In what year did Emperor Constantius die?",
              "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "murdered" }],
              "question": "How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?",
              "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were the Arians united in their oppostion?",
              "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "22 February, 362" }],
              "question": "When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?",
              "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Julian" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?",
              "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who then succeeded George?",
              "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "flung into prison and murdered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the usurping bishop, George?",
              "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Arian" }],
              "question": "What party benefited from the accession of Valens?",
              "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Constantius" }],
              "question": "Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?",
              "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Athanasius" }],
              "question": "What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?",
              "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?",
              "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the decree of Valens do?",
              "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? ",
              "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?",
              "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 746,
                  "text": "issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Valens get him to return?",
              "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(\u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth, the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius. It later served as an inspiration to Christian monastics in both the East and the West. The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine's De trinitate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Athanasius" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?",
              "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Eastern and Western Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?",
              "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Athanasius" }],
              "question": "The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?",
              "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "Augustine's De trinitate" }
              ],
              "question": "The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?",
              "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Anthony the Great" }],
              "question": "About whom did he write his most widely-read work?",
              "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this work considered to be important?",
              "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "illiterate and holy" }
              ],
              "question": "How did he depict Anthony?",
              "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "Augustine's De trinitate" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?",
              "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Athanasius" }],
              "question": "Whose life did Anthony's resemble?",
              "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May\u2013August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as \"Athanasius Contra Mundum\" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "Athanasius began his leading role at what age?",
              "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?",
              "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 764, "text": "Athanasius Contra Mundum" }
              ],
              "question": "Athanasius was also known as what?",
              "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Three years" }],
              "question": "How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?",
              "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Constantine" }],
              "question": "Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?",
              "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict shaped his career?",
              "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?",
              "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "Athanasius Against the World" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?",
              "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "the Arian position" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?",
              "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "the baptisms were genuine" }
              ],
              "question": "Were the pretend baptisms real?",
              "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "ritual of Christian baptism" }
              ],
              "question": "As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?",
              "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "clerical careers" }],
              "question": "What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?",
              "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "not been properly catechized" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?",
              "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312\u2013328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander \"invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen\". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen \u2013 On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the \"entirely allegorical interpretation of the text\". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "in the East" }],
              "question": "Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?",
              "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1462, "text": "Homer" }],
              "question": "What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?",
              "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "in 311" }],
              "question": "In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?",
              "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Peter of Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?",
              "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1008, "text": "quoting Plato" }],
              "question": "What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?",
              "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?",
              "id": "571a901410f8ca1400305149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "common Christological view" }
              ],
              "question": "Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?",
              "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "powerful bishops" }],
              "question": "What other leaders believed this?",
              "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 876, "text": "excommunicated by Alexander" }
              ],
              "question": "What eventually happened to Arius?",
              "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 \u2013 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life. This gave rise to the expression \"Athanasius contra mundum\" or \"Athanasius against the world\". However, during his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including Pachomius, which proved very valuable to him over the years. Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "Who did Athanasius succeed?",
              "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "five exiles" }],
              "question": "How many exiles did he endure?",
              "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "Egypt and Libya" }],
              "question": "The churches of what countries were in his territory?",
              "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "disputes against Arians" }
              ],
              "question": "Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?",
              "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened / summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. The travel was a mammoth task in itself. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic, \u2013 an absurd charge.). [The Council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the Semi-Arian Synod of Antioch (341), and went into exile. It was called according to Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) by the two Emperors, Constans and Constantius; but, according to Baronius by Pope Julius (337\u2013352), (Ad an. 343). One hundred and seventy six attended. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops, about a hundred were orthodox, who were the majority. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to Philoppopolis in Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), where they held an opposition council, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch, and confirmed the decrees of the Synod of Antioch. ]. Once more, at the Council of Sardica, was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempt to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. It was Hosius who presided over the Council of Sardica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod, found Athanasius innocent. &. He celebrated his last Easter in exile in Aquileia in April 345, received by bishop Fortunatianus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Gaul currently located?",
              "id": "571aa5df10f8ca1400305259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1713, "text": "his innocence reaffirmed" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?",
              "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Hosius of Cordoba" }],
              "question": "With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?",
              "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "misdemeanours and even murder" }
              ],
              "question": "About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?",
              "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1289,
                  "text": "objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?",
              "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the \"homoousion\", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "352" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Julius die?",
              "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Liberius had been favourable" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?",
              "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "armed men" }],
              "question": "Where the men armed who arrested him?",
              "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "a fourth condemnation of Athanasius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?",
              "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 696, "text": "engaged in services" }
              ],
              "question": "What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?",
              "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again. This was followed, in 356, by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service. Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. During this period, Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight. Constantius's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Arians" }],
              "question": "Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?",
              "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "a vigil service" }],
              "question": "What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?",
              "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Upper Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?",
              "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "History of the Arians" }
              ],
              "question": "In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?",
              "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "Four Orations against the Arians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did he write during this time?",
              "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A \"Homoeon\" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be \"like the Father\". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the \"Homoiousion\", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the \"Homoean\" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the \"Home Synod\", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: \" ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Rimini in Italy" }],
              "question": "Where did bishops of the West meet?",
              "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1721, "text": "Arian" }],
              "question": "What belief was accepted by Constantius?",
              "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "The Son to be \"like the Father\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the belief that was approved at this council?",
              "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1213, "text": "the Nicene" }],
              "question": "What did the orthodox leaders believe?",
              "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "a formula of faith" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?",
              "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the \"Chronicon Athanasianum\" (XXXV) as a \"philosopher\", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Prefect of Egypt" }],
              "question": "What position did Ecdicius hold?",
              "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1064, "text": "short duration" }],
              "question": "Did he think he would be gone a long time?",
              "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8ac00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Julian" }],
              "question": "Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?",
              "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "expulsion" }],
              "question": "What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?",
              "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 981, "text": "urged them to submit" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?",
              "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy, they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption. Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "before the Arian controversy" }
              ],
              "question": "When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?",
              "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Against the Heathen" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?",
              "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "in human form" }],
              "question": "How did he believe Jesus came into the world?",
              "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Incarnation of the Word of God" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?",
              "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. \"When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; \"Give us Athanasius!\" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us...\" (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "fled" }],
              "question": "What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?",
              "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "\"Give us Athanasius!\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?",
              "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "on his death-bed" }],
              "question": "When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? ",
              "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "The Bishops had nothing better"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?",
              "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used \"Arian\" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents \"Arian\", except for Miletus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "many detractors" }],
              "question": "Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?",
              "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "defiling an altar" }],
              "question": "What was he accused of doing to a church?",
              "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "his own personal gain" }
              ],
              "question": "He was accused of selling grain for what reason?",
              "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Christians who disagreed with his formulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the term Arian mean to him?",
              "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Arian" }],
              "question": "What did he call his detractors?",
              "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the \"Pillar of the Church\". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the \"Father of Orthodoxy\". Some Protestants label him \"Father of the Canon\". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Pillar of the Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What was he known as soon after he died?",
              "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "18 January" }],
              "question": "What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?",
              "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Father of Orthodoxy" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?",
              "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "Father of the Canon" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Protestants call him?",
              "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "2 May" }],
              "question": "What is his feast day in Western Christianity?",
              "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's boyhood. Intellectually, morally, and politically\u2014it epitomized the ethnically diverse Graeco-Roman world, even more than Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles. Its famous catechetical school, while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Dionysius and Theognostus, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests, and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "important trade center" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Alexandria known for?",
              "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "secular character" }],
              "question": "Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?",
              "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "influential pagans" }
              ],
              "question": "Did only Christians attend the school?",
              "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "ethnically diverse" }
              ],
              "question": "Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures?",
              "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Maximian persecution" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous event happened in 303?",
              "id": "571addd732177014007e9f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "the Festal Epistles" }
              ],
              "question": "What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?",
              "id": "571addd732177014007e9f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "canonical age (30)" }
              ],
              "question": "At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?",
              "id": "571addd732177014007e9f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "failed to abide" }],
              "question": "Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea?",
              "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "cut off essential Egyptian grain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians?",
              "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "was found guilty" }],
              "question": "What was the verdict of the accusation?",
              "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "anathematized" }],
              "question": "What was his punishment?",
              "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Arians and Meletians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was he accused of harming?",
              "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan.]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to Aquila once in the Ecthesis, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms), and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint. Nonetheless, during his later exile, with no access to a copy of the Scriptures, Athanasius could quote from memory every verse in the Old Testament with a supposed reference to the Trinity without missing any.[citation needed] The combination of Scriptural study and of Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "knew Greek" }],
              "question": "Did Athanasius speak Greek?",
              "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "not knowing Hebrew" }],
              "question": "Did he understand Hebrew?",
              "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "limited to the Septuagint" }
              ],
              "question": "Did he know all of the Old Testament?",
              "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "Scriptural study and of Greek" }
              ],
              "question": "What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?",
              "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Septuagint Greek" }],
              "question": "What translation of the Old Testament did he study?",
              "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a \"golden decade\" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relating to his exiles and returns from exile in the Apology Against the Arians. However, upon Constans's death in 350, another civil war broke out, which left pro-Arian Constantius as sole emperor. An Alexandria local council in 350 replaced (or reaffirmed) Athanasius in his see.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Constans" }],
              "question": "Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345?",
              "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "enthusiastic demonstrations" }
              ],
              "question": "Were the people glad to have him home?",
              "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Apology Against the Arians" }
              ],
              "question": "In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?",
              "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "civil war" }],
              "question": "What happened when Constans died?",
              "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "pro-Arian" }],
              "question": "Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians?",
              "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. \"When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; \"Give us Athanasius!\" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us...\" (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "fled" }],
              "question": "What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?",
              "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Give us Athanasius" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?",
              "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Bishops had nothing better" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?",
              "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "called Athanasius" }],
              "question": "Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?",
              "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold \"to bear his charges\" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: \"calumny\") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "Constantius" }],
              "question": "Who tried to bribe Liberius?",
              "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "three days" }],
              "question": "How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?",
              "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Beroea" }],
              "question": "Where did Liberius go?",
              "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "were refused" }],
              "question": "Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?",
              "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1307, "text": "comply with the bishops" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?",
              "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Emperor Constantine I died, Athanasius was allowed to return to his See of Alexandria. Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius's banishment in 338. Athanasius went to Rome, where he was under the protection of Constans, the Emperor of the West. During this time, Gregory of Cappadocia was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria, usurping the absent Athanasius. Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters, in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "When Emperor Constantine I died" }
              ],
              "question": "At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?",
              "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Constans" }],
              "question": "Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?",
              "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Gregory of Cappadocia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?",
              "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Festal Letters" }],
              "question": "How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?",
              "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Constantius II" }],
              "question": "Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?",
              "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "threats of the Emperor" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?",
              "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1261, "text": "sent into exile" }],
              "question": "What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?",
              "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Pope refused to accept" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Pope agree with this order?",
              "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "Constantius consented" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?",
              "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 941, "text": "Arian formula of faith" }
              ],
              "question": "What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?",
              "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith in Christianity, even if they differed on matters of terminology. This prepared the groundwork for his definition of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. However, the council also was directed against those who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and Christ's divinity. Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented, but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "murder" }],
              "question": "What happened to Bishop George?",
              "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "severe penance" }],
              "question": "What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?",
              "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "after the death of Emperor Constantius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?",
              "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "Eusebius of Vercelli" }
              ],
              "question": "Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?",
              "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two years later, the Emperor Valens, who favored the Arian position, in his turn exiled Athanasius. This time however, Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria, where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile. Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb in a Christian cemetery. It was during this period, the final exile, that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb. (Soz., \"Hist. Eccl.\", VI, xii; Soc., \"Hist. Eccl.\", IV, xii).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Arian" }],
              "question": "What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?",
              "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "outskirts of Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?",
              "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "few months" }],
              "question": "For how long was he exiled this time?",
              "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "his father's tomb" }],
              "question": "Where did he hide during this time?",
              "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "local authorities" }],
              "question": "Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?",
              "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the \"7 books not in the canon but to be read\" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Athanasius" }],
              "question": "Who standardized the books of the New Testament?",
              "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "various" }],
              "question": "What books were used before his decision to standardize?",
              "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "7 books" }],
              "question": "How many books are listed that should be included but were not?",
              "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "27 books" }],
              "question": "How many books are in the New Testament?",
              "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "in use today" }],
              "question": "Have those books changed over time?",
              "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; \"I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "not optional but necessary" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?",
              "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "the true Faith" }],
              "question": "Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?",
              "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "outside of the true Faith" }
              ],
              "question": "Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?",
              "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "within you" }],
              "question": "Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?",
              "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "his Church in Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Festal Letter written for?",
              "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alban Butler, writes on the subject: \"Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his death-bed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age. \" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "thrice repeating his name" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?",
              "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "thirty years" }],
              "question": "How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?",
              "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "bishops of all Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?",
              "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "unanimous in their choice" }
              ],
              "question": "Did all the people want him as Patriarch?",
              "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Five months" }],
              "question": "How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?",
              "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1\u201314], together with the prayer; \"Placeat tibi\", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gospel of John" }],
              "question": "Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?",
              "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Divinity of Jesus" }
              ],
              "question": "What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?",
              "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "a result of Athanasius" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?",
              "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "at the altar" }],
              "question": "Where was this Gospel said?",
              "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 907, "text": "certain Feast days" }
              ],
              "question": "When are different Gospels said?",
              "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic, but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum. They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology, but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled \"Arian\" did not consider themselves followers of Arius. In addition, non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops. However, others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "different theological views" }
              ],
              "question": "Did all Arians believe the same things?",
              "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "supported the tenets" }
              ],
              "question": "Were Arians also Origenists?",
              "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "bishops disagreed" }],
              "question": "Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?",
              "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "a real theological ideology" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?",
              "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "not monolithic" }],
              "question": "Did Arians have one set of beliefs?",
              "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bad"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Seattle",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994 the Internet retail giant Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Klondike Gold Rush" }
              ],
              "question": "To what golden event was Seattle the portal?",
              "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Microsoft" }],
              "question": "Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Alaska" }],
              "question": "In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?",
              "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Logging" }],
              "question": "What was Seattle's first primary money maker?",
              "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Boeing" }],
              "question": "What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability? ",
              "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle (i/si\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259l/) is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County. With an estimated 662,400 residents as of 2015[update], Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013 it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States, and remained in the top five in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada\u2013United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "King County" }],
              "question": "Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?",
              "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "662,400" }],
              "question": "By 2015 what was Seattle's population?",
              "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "third largest" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing? ",
              "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "July 2013" }],
              "question": "By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?",
              "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "100 miles" }],
              "question": "How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?",
              "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square. Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it \"New York\", but renamed \"New York Alki\" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, \"by and by\" or \"someday\". For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Denny Party" }],
              "question": "What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square?",
              "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "April 1853" }],
              "question": "When was New York Alki established?",
              "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement?",
              "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "New York Alki" }],
              "question": "What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low's settlement?",
              "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "New York Alki" }],
              "question": "What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny?",
              "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name \"Seattle\" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The town of Seattle was disincorporated January 18, 1867 and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869 with a Mayor-council government. The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date \"1869\" and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "May 23, 1853" }],
              "question": "At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?",
              "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Chief Sealth" }],
              "question": "What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?",
              "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "May 23, 1853" }],
              "question": "When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "January 14, 1865" }],
              "question": "At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town?",
              "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Mayor-council" }],
              "question": "What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?",
              "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname \"Skid Road\", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.) Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885\u20131886. This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population. Authorities declared martial law and federal troops arrived to put down the disorder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "lumber" }],
              "question": "What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?",
              "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Skid Road" }],
              "question": "What name was given to the street Yesler Way?",
              "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Skid Row" }],
              "question": "After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?",
              "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "4.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?",
              "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "anti-Chinese riots" }
              ],
              "question": "What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?",
              "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed \"ton of gold\", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth, however; it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for extraction, of precious metals. The boom lasted well into the early part of the 20th century and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer. Seattle brought in the Olmsted Brothers landscape architecture firm to design a system of parks and boulevards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Klondike Gold Rush" }],
              "question": "After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?",
              "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "depression" }],
              "question": "What event ended the Gold Rush?",
              "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Panic of 1893" }],
              "question": "What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?",
              "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "miners" }],
              "question": "For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?",
              "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 952, "text": "American Messenger Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?",
              "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market. Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair. Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of Government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading \"Will the last person leaving Seattle \u2013 Turn out the lights.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Boeing aircraft" }],
              "question": "During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?",
              "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Japanese American internment" }
              ],
              "question": "What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?",
              "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "commercial airliner market" }
              ],
              "question": "In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?",
              "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1962 World's Fair" }],
              "question": "How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?",
              "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Boeing" }],
              "question": "What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?",
              "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "vaudeville" }],
              "question": "What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "When did Pantages open his movie houses?",
              "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "John Considine" }],
              "question": "Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?",
              "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "B. Marcus Priteca" }],
              "question": "Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "Paramount Theatre" }],
              "question": "Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?",
              "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777, and 787). The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area, though it is now open to all residents of Washington.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago?",
              "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Seattle" }],
              "question": "Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?",
              "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "production facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?",
              "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Everett" }],
              "question": "Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?",
              "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "all residents" }],
              "question": "To whom is the Boeing credit union open?",
              "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "Port of Los Angeles." }
              ],
              "question": "What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?",
              "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Seattle General Strike" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Maritime Strike" }],
              "question": "What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?",
              "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As prosperity began to return in the 1980s, the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983, when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District, Seattle's Chinatown. Beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico to nearby Bellevue, Washington, Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com, RealNetworks, Nintendo of America, McCaw Cellular (now part of AT&T Mobility), VoiceStream (now T-Mobile), and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream (later purchased by Philips), Heart Technologies (later purchased by Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (later purchased by Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company) and Immunex (later purchased by Amgen). This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000, and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country. In 1993, the movie Sleepless in Seattle brought the city further national attention. Many of the Seattle area's tech companies remained relatively strong, but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Wah Mee massacre" }],
              "question": "What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?",
              "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "gambling club" }],
              "question": "What type of establishment was Wan Mee?",
              "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Microsoft" }],
              "question": "Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 942, "text": "real estate" }],
              "question": "What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?",
              "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1204, "text": "early 2001" }],
              "question": "About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?",
              "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a820"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention\u2014hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999\u2014garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Goodwill Games" }],
              "question": "What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?",
              "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Nisqually earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?",
              "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a82a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "grunge" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s? ",
              "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?",
              "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "police reactions" }],
              "question": "What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Puget Sound" }],
              "question": "What water mass is located west of Seattle?",
              "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Olympic Peninsula" }],
              "question": "What land area is west of Puget Sound?",
              "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Lake Washington" }],
              "question": "What lake is to the east of Seattle?",
              "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Elliott Bay" }],
              "question": "Where is Seattle's prime harbor?",
              "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "oceanic port" }],
              "question": "Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?",
              "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a833"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yet another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession. Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion. For the five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city, as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent. The city has found itself \"bursting at the seams,\" with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Amazon.com" }],
              "question": "What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?",
              "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?",
              "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "14,511" }],
              "question": "How many new people move to Seattle each year?",
              "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "sixth-worst" }],
              "question": "Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?",
              "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused only one fatality. Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4), April 13, 1949 (7.1), and April 29, 1965 (6.5). The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure. Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Pacific Ring of Fire" }
              ],
              "question": "What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?",
              "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "reclaimed land" }],
              "question": "What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?",
              "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "6.8" }],
              "question": "What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?",
              "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "February 28, 2001" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?",
              "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "9.0 or greater" }],
              "question": "What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?",
              "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so. Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington. The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center. The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway, the terminus of the Green River. The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle, which is roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill, View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "What other famous city, besides Seattle, lies on seven hills?",
              "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "ridge" }],
              "question": "What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?",
              "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "Harbor Island" }],
              "question": "What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?",
              "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "High Point" }],
              "question": "Where is the highest place in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "Duwamish Waterway" }],
              "question": "Where was Harbor Island built?",
              "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1981 to 2010, the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches (952 mm). Annual precipitation has ranged from 23.78 in (604 mm) in 1952 to 55.14 in (1,401 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 \u2013 September 30) precipitation, the range is 23.16 in (588 mm) in 1976\u201377 to 51.82 in (1,316 mm) in 1996\u201397. Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (129 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3.61 m). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm). The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "37.49 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall in Seattle? ",
              "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Hoh Rain Forest" }],
              "question": "Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?",
              "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Olympic Mountains" }],
              "question": "What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?",
              "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "variations in microclimate" }
              ],
              "question": "What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Olympia" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of the state of Washington?",
              "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a847"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation, and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states, along with some cities in the Northeast, Ohio and Michigan. Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year. By comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year, Kansas City on 52, and New York City on 25.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?",
              "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "June to September" }],
              "question": "When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?",
              "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Seattle" }],
              "question": "In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?",
              "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Thunderstorms" }],
              "question": "What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. The region is largely shielded from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range. Despite being on the margin of the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, the city has a reputation for frequent rain. This reputation stems from the frequency of light precipitation in the fall, winter, and spring. In an average year, at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains. It is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days. Official weather and climatic data is collected at Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, located about 19 km (12 mi) south of downtown in the city of SeaTac, which is at a higher elevation, and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Temperature extremes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Olympic Mountains" }],
              "question": "What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?",
              "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Cascade Range" }],
              "question": "What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?",
              "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "light precipitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?",
              "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Puget Sound Convergence Zone" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?",
              "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "streams of air" }],
              "question": "Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?",
              "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "From where do the two streams of air come?",
              "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Olympic Mountains" }],
              "question": "What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?",
              "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm" }
              ],
              "question": "What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?",
              "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 6.8 inches (17.3 cm). Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948, and only once since February 17, 1990, when 6.8 in (17.3 cm) of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18, 2012. This moderate snow event was officially the 12th snowiest calendar day at the airport since 1948 and snowiest since November 1985. Much of the city of Seattle proper received somewhat lesser snowfall accumulations. Locations to the south of Seattle received more, with Olympia and Chehalis receiving 14 to 18 in (36 to 46 cm). Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12\u201325, 2008, when over one foot (30 cm) of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads over those two weeks, when temperatures remained below 32 \u00b0F (0 \u00b0C), causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow. The largest documented snowstorm occurred from January 5\u20139, 1880, with snow drifting to 6 feet (1.8 m) in places at the end of the snow event. From January 31 to February 2, 1916, another heavy snow event occurred with 29 in (74 cm) of snow on the ground by the time the event was over. With official records dating to 1948, the largest single-day snowfall is 20.0 in (51 cm) on January 13, 1950. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from zero in 1991\u201392 to 67.5 in (171 cm) in 1968\u201369, with trace amounts having occurred as recently as 2009\u201310. The month of January 1950 was particularly severe, bringing 57.2 in (145 cm) of snow, the most of any month along with the aforementioned record cold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "heavy snow" }],
              "question": "What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "6.8 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "once" }],
              "question": "How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?",
              "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "December 12\u201325, 2008" }
              ],
              "question": "When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?",
              "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1038, "text": "January 5\u20139, 1880" }
              ],
              "question": "On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?",
              "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 \u00b0F (4.8 \u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 \u00b0F (18.9 \u00b0C), and with temperatures reaching 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 \u00b0F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 \u00b0F (22 \u00b0C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "40.6 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's average December temperature? ",
              "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "28 annual days" }],
              "question": "How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "What month is the warmest in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "66.1 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is August's usual temperature?",
              "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "250 days" }],
              "question": "How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November, December and January, receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall (by volume) during this period. In late fall and early winter, atmospheric rivers (also known as \"Pineapple Express\" systems), strong frontal systems, and Pacific low pressure systems are common. Light rain & drizzle are the predominant forms of precipitation during the remainder of the year; for instance, on average, less than 1.6 in (41 mm) of rain falls in July and August combined when rain is rare. On occasion, Seattle experiences somewhat more significant weather events. One such event occurred on December 2\u20134, 2007, when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong Pineapple Express event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon. Precipitation totals exceeded 13.8 in (350 mm) in some areas with winds topping out at 209 km/h (130 mph) along coastal Oregon. It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain fell on Seattle in a 24-hour period. Lack of adaptation to the heavy rain contributed to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?",
              "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "heaviest rainfall" }],
              "question": "What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?",
              "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Pineapple Express" }],
              "question": "What are atmospheric rivers called  in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 649, "text": "December 2\u20134, 2007" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?",
              "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1188, "text": "five deaths" }],
              "question": "How many deaths occurred during the 2007  heavy rains?",
              "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040. However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws. The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre. As a sign of increasing inner-city growth, the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?",
              "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "height limits" }],
              "question": "What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?",
              "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Greg Nickels" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?",
              "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "77%" }],
              "question": "How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?",
              "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?",
              "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong province. The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents, as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants. The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans, and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry. Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau. According to a 2012 HistoryLink study, Seattle's 98118 ZIP code (in the Columbia City neighborhood) was one of the most diverse ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?",
              "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 777, "text": "self-identified mixed-race" }
              ],
              "question": "What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?",
              "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Guangdong province" }
              ],
              "question": "From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?",
              "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "55,000" }],
              "question": "How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle? ",
              "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "19,000" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white. The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining. In 1960, whites comprised 91.6% of the city's population, while in 2010 they comprised 69.5%. According to the 2006\u20132008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "91.6%" }],
              "question": "In 1960, what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area?",
              "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What is the basic race of most people in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "69.5%" }],
              "question": "According to the 2010 census, what was the white population in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304eca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "78.9%" }],
              "question": "In 2006-2008, how many people in Seattle spoke English at home?",
              "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "10.2%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle?",
              "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#49), coffee chain Starbucks (#208), department store Nordstrom (#227), and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#428). Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#22), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#35) is located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#363), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#168). Other major companies in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, Expedia Inc. in Bellevue and Providence Health & Services \u2014 the state's largest health care system and fifth largest employer \u2014 in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption; coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks, Seattle's Best Coffee, and Tully's. There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and caf\u00e9s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1023, "text": "coffee" }],
              "question": "What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?",
              "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Starbucks" }],
              "question": "What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Amazon.com" }],
              "question": "Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Redmond" }],
              "question": "In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?",
              "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Boeing" }],
              "question": "Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1241, "text": "buying a house" }],
              "question": "For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?",
              "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Everett and Renton" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?",
              "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Mayor Greg Nickels" }
              ],
              "question": "Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? ",
              "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "biotech companies" }],
              "question": "What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?",
              "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and \"new economy\" Internet and technology companies, service, design and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States. The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. Though it was affected by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies: it was ranked as America's No. 1 \"smarter city\" based on its government policies and green economy. In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to becoming North America's first \"climate neutral\" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "$231 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Seattle's gross product in 2010?",
              "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "11th largest" }],
              "question": "Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010?",
              "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "8th largest port" }],
              "question": "How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?",
              "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304edf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1010, "text": "2030" }],
              "question": "When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city?",
              "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "start-up businesses" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of industry thrives in Settle?",
              "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ee1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle also has large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 per cent, surpassing San Francisco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "12.9%" }],
              "question": "By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?",
              "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "second-highest" }],
              "question": "How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?",
              "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?",
              "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "2.6" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?",
              "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "highest percentage" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?",
              "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a87a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars. Seattle has \"around 100\" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract). In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "around 100" }],
              "question": "How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?",
              "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many equity theaters does Seattle have?",
              "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "5th Avenue Theatre" }],
              "question": "What Seattle theater was built in 1926?",
              "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "fringe theatre" }],
              "question": "To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?",
              "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "equity theaters" }],
              "question": "To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?",
              "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States. The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "century" }],
              "question": "How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?",
              "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "PNB School" }],
              "question": "What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?",
              "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Benaroya Hall" }],
              "question": "In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?",
              "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "McCaw Hall" }],
              "question": "Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?",
              "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Seattle Opera House" }
              ],
              "question": "What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?",
              "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City\", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, \"Rain City\" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and \"Jet City\" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: \"The City of Flowers\", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and \"The City of Goodwill\", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Emerald City" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's present nickname?",
              "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "The City of Goodwill" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?",
              "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "evergreen forests" }],
              "question": "To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?",
              "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Gateway to Alaska" }],
              "question": "Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?",
              "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Boeing" }],
              "question": "From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?",
              "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304eea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Seattle International Film Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?",
              "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Bite of Seattle" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?",
              "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?",
              "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "July and August" }],
              "question": "When are Seafair events held in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "art and music" }],
              "question": "What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?",
              "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?",
              "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Poetry Circus" }],
              "question": "What poetry festival was first held in 1997?",
              "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "biennial" }],
              "question": "How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?",
              "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "annually" }],
              "question": "How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?",
              "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "performance poets" }],
              "question": "To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?",
              "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a897"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle is considered the home of grunge music, having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensr\u00ffche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "grunge" }],
              "question": "What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?",
              "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "Seattle" }],
              "question": "Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?",
              "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "avant-garde jazz" }],
              "question": "What type of musician is Bill Frisell?",
              "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a89f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "hip hop" }],
              "question": "What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "alternative rock" }],
              "question": "What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?",
              "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill. Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries, including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery, and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?",
              "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Henry Art Gallery" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?",
              "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?",
              "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Olympic Sculpture Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?",
              "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 931, "text": "artist-run" }],
              "question": "Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?",
              "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show; an anime convention, Sakura-Con; Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention; a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival, the Seattle Asian American Film Festival (formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival), Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, and the Seattle Polish Film Festival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Sakura-Con" }],
              "question": "What anime convention is held in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "gaming" }],
              "question": "What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo?",
              "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "9,000" }],
              "question": "How many bicyclists attend the Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic?",
              "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "Seattle Transgender Film Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community?",
              "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "Seattle Polish Film Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?",
              "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304eff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup. Seattle was also home to a previous Major League Baseball franchise in 1969: the Seattle Pilots. The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season. From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was also home to an National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise: the Seattle SuperSonics, who were the 1978\u201379 NBA champions. The SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and became the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?",
              "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "1978\u201379" }],
              "question": "When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?",
              "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?",
              "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Milwaukee, Wisconsin" }
              ],
              "question": "To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?",
              "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Milwaukee Brewers" }],
              "question": "What was the new name of the Seattle team?",
              "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?",
              "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Denver Broncos" }],
              "question": "Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?",
              "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "New England Patriots" }
              ],
              "question": "What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?",
              "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Seattle Sounders FC" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Seattle soccer club named?",
              "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Seahawks" }],
              "question": "With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?",
              "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle is widely considered one of the most liberal cities in the United States, even surpassing its neighbor, Portland, Oregon. Support for issues such as same-sex marriage and reproductive rights are largely taken for granted in local politics. In the 2012 U.S. general election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state. In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state. Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "liberal" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle thought to be politically?",
              "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "gay marriage" }],
              "question": "What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?",
              "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "use of cannabis" }],
              "question": "What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?",
              "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "atheism" }],
              "question": " What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?",
              "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "much lower" }],
              "question": "How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US? ",
              "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election. In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Seattle is considered the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes. It has also elected an openly gay mayor, Ed Murray, and a socialist councillor, Kshama Sawant. For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councillor in 1991. The majority of the current city council is female, while white men comprise a minority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "over 80%" }],
              "question": "How many people in Seattle vote Democratic?",
              "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election?",
              "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Democrats" }],
              "question": "What party members win most state and national legislative elections?",
              "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Bertha Knight Landes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?",
              "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "female" }],
              "question": "What is the sex of the majority of Seattle's city council?",
              "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referenda (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people). Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jim McDermott, elected in 1988 and one of Congress's liberal members. Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "7th congressional district" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part?",
              "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Like most" }],
              "question": "To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?",
              "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Jim McDermott" }],
              "question": "Who is the representative for Seattle's district?",
              "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When was McDermott elected to office?",
              "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Ed Murray" }],
              "question": "Who is the present mayor of Seattle?",
              "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city. The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "53.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?",
              "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "most literate" }],
              "question": "How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?",
              "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "27.4%" }],
              "question": "What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?",
              "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "91.9%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?",
              "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "84.5%" }],
              "question": "What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?",
              "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Non-commercial" }],
              "question": "What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "Internet radio" }],
              "question": "Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?",
              "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "NPR affiliates" }],
              "question": "What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?",
              "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "UW" }],
              "question": "With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?",
              "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "KNHC-FM 89.5" }],
              "question": "What radio station is operated by the public school system?",
              "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves \"alternative\" papers. The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner, and numerous neighborhood newspapers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "The Seattle Times" }],
              "question": "What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?",
              "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "homeless persons" }],
              "question": "Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?",
              "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "on-line" }],
              "question": "In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?",
              "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?",
              "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "Seattle Gay News" }],
              "question": "What is the LGBT newspaper called?",
              "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown. Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit currently provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area; two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown; its Central Link light rail line, which opened in 2009, between downtown and Sea-Tac Airport gives the city its first rapid transit line that has intermediate stops within the city limits. Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "King County Metro" }],
              "question": "What is Seattle's bus line called?",
              "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "South Lake Union Streetcar" }
              ],
              "question": "What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?",
              "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "Washington State Ferries" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US?",
              "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "third largest" }],
              "question": "How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?",
              "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 796, "text": "Bainbridge and Vashon" }
              ],
              "question": "To what two islands does the ferry service connect?",
              "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "pediatric referral center" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?",
              "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Alaska" }],
              "question": "Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?",
              "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "University of Washington" }
              ],
              "question": "What entity operates Harborview?",
              "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Eastlake" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?",
              "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Beacon Hill" }],
              "question": "Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?",
              "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma\u2013Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett\u2013Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "automobile" }],
              "question": "What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "trolleybus" }],
              "question": "The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?",
              "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?",
              "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?",
              "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North. Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, which was built in 1953. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. Unfortunately, due to issues with the worlds largest tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is nicknamed \"Bertha\" and is 57 feet (17 m) in diameter, the projected date of completion has been pushed back to 2017. Seattle has the 8th worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 10th among all North American cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "streets" }],
              "question": "What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Alaskan Way Viaduct" }
              ],
              "question": "What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?",
              "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "tunnel" }],
              "question": "What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?",
              "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1006, "text": "2017" }],
              "question": "When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?",
              "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "$4.25 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?",
              "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a927"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seattle is home to the University of Washington, as well as the institution's professional and continuing education unit, the University of Washington Educational Outreach. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited the University of Washington as the twenty-second best university in the world. Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter Free Methodist; universities aimed at the working adult, like City University and Antioch University; colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system, comprising North, Central, and South; seminaries, including Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center, and The Art Institute of Seattle. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, stating the school \"pushes diverse students to work together in small teams\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "University of Washington" }
              ],
              "question": "What educational institution is at home in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "arts colleges" }],
              "question": "Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "continuing education" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?",
              "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?",
              "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "private universities" }
              ],
              "question": "Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?",
              "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "mass transit" }],
              "question": "On what type of transportation system has Seattle begun to focus?",
              "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "automobile" }],
              "question": "From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away?",
              "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "RapidRide" }],
              "question": "What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?",
              "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "2023" }],
              "question": "By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?",
              "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1038, "text": "Michael McGinn" }],
              "question": "Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard?",
              "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f85"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Memory",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?",
              "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?",
              "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to information during the encoding process?",
              "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Storage" }],
              "question": "What is the second memory stage?",
              "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "retrieval of information that has been stored"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the third process that happens during the memory process?",
              "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D). Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text; thus, while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalisations to all forms of memory cannot be made.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does short-term memory depend on?",
              "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did conrad find about test subjects?",
              "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": ". Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Conrads finding seem to mean?",
              "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "encoding of written text;" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Conrads deal with?",
              "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7\u00b12 items (the title of his famous paper, \"The magical number 7\u00b12\"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4\u20135 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "working memory." }],
              "question": "What is another name for short-term memory?",
              "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?",
              "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "capacity is also very limited" }
              ],
              "question": "How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?",
              "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "chunking." }],
              "question": "How can one higher their memory capacity?",
              "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 897,
                  "text": "because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?",
              "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can't some memories be held onto forever?",
              "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "sometimes a whole life span)" }
              ],
              "question": "If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?",
              "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "capacity is immeasurable" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the capacity of long term memory?",
              "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "in our short-term memory" }
              ],
              "question": "If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?",
              "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model. Patient KF was brain damaged, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Interestingly, visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "visual information and acoustic information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?",
              "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Zlonoga and Gerber" }
              ],
              "question": "Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?",
              "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model." }
              ],
              "question": "What did KF disprove during this study?",
              "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "difficulties regarding short-term memory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did KF have trouble doing?",
              "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "a dichotomy between visual and audial memory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this study seem to conclude?",
              "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?",
              "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "hippocampus" }],
              "question": "Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?",
              "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "does not" }],
              "question": "How much information can the hippocampus store?",
              "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 747,
                  "text": "may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning."
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?",
              "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to \"see\" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) using the \"partial report paradigm\". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments,Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the \"whole report\" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "less than one second" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does sensory  memory to to store information?",
              "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "It is out of cognitive control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?",
              "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "George Sperling" }],
              "question": "Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?",
              "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 987,
                  "text": "this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spellings' findings reveal?",
              "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, \"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'\". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "acoustically" }],
              "question": "How does short term memory encode information?",
              "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?",
              "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "semantically" }],
              "question": "How does long term memory encode information?",
              "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "\"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is episodic memory?",
              "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "episodic memory," }],
              "question": "If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?",
              "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children\u2019s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants\u2019 recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants\u2019 recall memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "do not have the language ability to report on their memories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?",
              "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": ", researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?",
              "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "elicited imitation techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "How can a researcher study a childs memory?",
              "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some catgories of retrospective memory?",
              "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "Time-based prospective memories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?",
              "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Cues" }],
              "question": "What is something somebody can use to remember something?",
              "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "Event-based prospective memories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?",
              "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage. This memory loss includes, retrograde amnesia which is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "research showed this to be false"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?",
              "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "cortisol or epinephrine" }
              ],
              "question": "Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?",
              "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "excitement enhances memory" }
              ],
              "question": "What relationship does excitement and memory share?",
              "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "hippocampus" }],
              "question": "Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?",
              "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304fa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "that is crucial" }],
              "question": "Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?",
              "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "have gained much knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?",
              "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?",
              "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has most of the research on memories revolved around?",
              "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?",
              "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "term of internal representation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What suggests that memory has two different components?",
              "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "Moscovitch 2007" }],
              "question": "What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?",
              "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "the underpinning physical neural changes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an engram trace?",
              "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "implicit memory" }],
              "question": "What is another term for procedural memory?",
              "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "procedural memory" }],
              "question": "If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?",
              "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "motor skills" }],
              "question": "What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?",
              "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "no new explicit memories have been formed,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?",
              "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks (one verbal and one visual) than two similar tasks (e.g., two visual), and the aforementioned word-length effect. However, the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague.[citation needed] Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "working memory model" }
              ],
              "question": "Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?",
              "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "concept of a central executive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?",
              "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Working memory" }],
              "question": "Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?",
              "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of memory loss, especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. However, memory loss is qualitatively different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's (Budson & Price, 2005). Research has revealed that individuals\u2019 performance on memory tasks that rely on frontal regions declines with age. Older adults tend to exhibit deficits on tasks that involve knowing the temporal order in which they learned information; source memory tasks that require them to remember the specific circumstances or context in which they learned information; and prospective memory tasks that involve remembering to perform an act at a future time. Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by using appointment books, for example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "memory loss," }],
              "question": "What do most elderly people worry about?",
              "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "memory loss is qualitatively different"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?",
              "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "frontal regions" }],
              "question": "Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?",
              "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 802, "text": "prospective memory" }
              ],
              "question": "Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?",
              "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a953"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It should be noted that although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term, they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information. It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order - that is, recalling step 1 and then step 2. In other words, when asked to imitate a two-step action sequence (such as putting a toy car in the base and pushing in the plunger to make the toy roll to the other end), 9-month-olds tend to imitate the actions of the sequence in the correct order (step 1 and then step 2). Younger infants (6-month-olds) can only recall one step of a two-step sequence. Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "can recall information over the short-term"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does a 6 month old have short term memory?",
              "id": "571a6bf110f8ca1400305013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "9 months of age" }],
              "question": "What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?",
              "id": "571a6bf110f8ca1400305014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "one step of a two-step sequence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?",
              "id": "571a6bf210f8ca1400305015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 763,
                  "text": "the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?",
              "id": "571a6bf210f8ca1400305016"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory, concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory, concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as \"Paris is the capital of France\". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Episodic memories often reflect the \"firsts\" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly. Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory. Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual memory can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Episodic memories" }],
              "question": "When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?",
              "id": "571a704810f8ca140030502f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Semantic memory" }],
              "question": "Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?",
              "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "Autobiographical memory" }
              ],
              "question": "When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?",
              "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "Visual memory" }],
              "question": "Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?",
              "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305032"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or \u2018Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test\u2019) for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stress" }],
              "question": "What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?",
              "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "adrenal hormones" }],
              "question": "Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?",
              "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "L. Schwabe and O. Wolf" }
              ],
              "question": "Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?",
              "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1341,
                  "text": "stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?",
              "id": "571a711910f8ca140030503a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning of new information. Knowing Latin, for instance, can help an individual learn a related language such as French \u2013 this phenomenon is known as positive transfer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "can hamper memorization and retrieval"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trouble can interference cause?",
              "id": "571a719210f8ca140030503f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is retroactive interference?",
              "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "where prior learning disrupts recall of new information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is proactive interference?",
              "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "positive transfer." }
              ],
              "question": "What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?",
              "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period, 9-month-olds after up to five weeks, and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months. In addition, studies have shown that with age, infants can store information faster. Whereas 14-month-olds can recall a three-step sequence after being exposed to it once, 6-month-olds need approximately six exposures in order to be able to remember it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?",
              "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": ". A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?",
              "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?",
              "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "9-month-olds" }],
              "question": "Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?",
              "id": "571a722f10f8ca140030504a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "thought to be involved in emotional memory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What role does the amygdala play in memory?",
              "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. ",
              "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 837, "text": "neuronal synapses," }
              ],
              "question": "What changes can be linked to learning and memory?",
              "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?",
              "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus. Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have blood glucocorticoid levels that have increased drastically when measured after the exposure is completed. When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties. Prenatal stress also hinders the ability to learn and memorize by disrupting the development of the hippocampus and can lead to unestablished long term potentiation in the offspring of severely stressed parents. Although the stress is applied prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?",
              "id": "571a746210f8ca140030504f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "levels that have increased drastically"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?",
              "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 757,
                  "text": "prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?",
              "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?",
              "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305052"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What neurons are damaged during stressful events?",
              "id": "571a776810f8ca140030505f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "the more stressful situations that someone encounters,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?",
              "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?",
              "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?",
              "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305062"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sleep does not affect acquisition or recall while one is awake. Therefore, sleep has the greatest effect on memory consolidation. During sleep, the neural connections in the brain are strengthened. This enhances the brain\u2019s abilities to stabilize and retain memories. There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, as memories are enhanced through active consolidation. System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS). This process implicates that memories are reactivated during sleep, but that the process doesn\u2019t enhance every memory. It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep. When you are sleeping, the hippocampus replays the events of the day for the neocortex. The neocortex then reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory. When you do not get enough sleep it makes it more difficult to learn as these neural connections are not as strong, resulting in a lower retention rate of memories. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to focus, resulting in inefficient learning. Furthermore, some studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to false memories as the memories are not properly transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, it is important to get the proper amount of sleep so that memory can function at the highest level. One of the primary functions of sleep is thought to be the improvement of the consolidation of information, as several studies have demonstrated that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test. Additionally, data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day, suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does sleep hurt a persons memory?",
              "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "slow-wave sleep" }],
              "question": "What does SWS stand for?",
              "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "System consolidation" }
              ],
              "question": "What take place during SWS?",
              "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 828,
                  "text": "reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?",
              "id": "571a782d10f8ca140030506a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1693,
                  "text": "activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?",
              "id": "571a782d10f8ca140030506b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives. This study examined 17 subjects, (average age 53) with normal memory performance. Eight subjects were asked to follow a \"brain healthy\" diet, relaxation, physical, and mental exercise (brain teasers and verbal memory training techniques). After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. No long term follow up was conducted, it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can one increase their brain efficency?",
              "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?",
              "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?",
              "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 702,
                  "text": "it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?",
              "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying memory disorders, particularly amnesia. Loss of memory is known as amnesia. Amnesia can result from extensive damage to: (a) the regions of the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, amygdala, the parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices or the (b) midline diencephalic region, specifically the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. There are many sorts of amnesia, and by studying their different forms, it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain's memory systems, and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain. Other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease can also affect memory and cognition. Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymesic syndrome, is a disorder that affects an individual's autobiographical memory, essentially meaning that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored. Korsakoff's syndrome, also known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, is an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "amnesia." }],
              "question": "What is a term to describe memory loss?",
              "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What diseases can have a major imact on memory?",
              "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1151,
                  "text": "an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Korsakoff's syndrome?",
              "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "There are many sorts of amnesia,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is amnesia only seen in one form?",
              "id": "571a7a2810f8ca1400305090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 983,
                  "text": "that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?",
              "id": "571a7a2810f8ca1400305091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?",
              "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?",
              "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?",
              "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "aerobic exercises" }],
              "question": "What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?",
              "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013 a computerized version of the card game \"Concentration\" or \"Memory\". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "when material is linked to the learning context,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can impact memory performance in a positive way?",
              "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1363,
                  "text": "both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?",
              "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 775, "text": "strong cue for memory." }
              ],
              "question": "What can the scent of vanilla be used for?",
              "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?",
              "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?",
              "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause a person to have fake memories?",
              "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Goff and Roediger" }],
              "question": "Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?",
              "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 845,
                  "text": "researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a similar study done by Garry find?",
              "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although people often think that memory operates like recording equipment, it is not the case. The molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of memory are very dynamic and comprise distinct phases covering a time window from seconds to even a lifetime. In fact, research has revealed that our memories are constructed. People can construct their memories when they encode them and/or when they recall them. To illustrate, consider a classic study conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974) in which people were instructed to watch a film of a traffic accident and then asked about what they saw. The researchers found that the people who were asked, \"How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?\" gave higher estimates than those who were asked, \"How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?\" Furthermore, when asked a week later whether they have seen broken glass in the film, those who had been asked the question with smashed were twice more likely to report that they have seen broken glass than those who had been asked the question with hit. There was no broken glass depicted in the film. Thus, the wording of the questions distorted viewers\u2019 memories of the event. Importantly, the wording of the question led people to construct different memories of the event \u2013 those who were asked the question with smashed recalled a more serious car accident than they had actually seen. The findings of this experiment were replicated around the world, and researchers consistently demonstrated that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "our memories are constructed" }
              ],
              "question": "What has research shown about our memories?",
              "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "when they encode them and/or when they recall them."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a person build their memories?",
              "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1553,
                  "text": "that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?",
              "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1121, "text": "broken glass" }],
              "question": "In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word \"smashed\" inserted into the question?",
              "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim. Rote learning is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets. The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is cramming: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called Method of loci uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Rote learning" }],
              "question": "What is the most widely used way in learing?",
              "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Zeigarnik effect?",
              "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does memorization mean?",
              "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "using visual alphabets." }
              ],
              "question": "What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?",
              "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the spacing effect?",
              "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa85"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Multiracial_American",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or \"other.\" Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among \"Other;\" in later censuses, they were included as \"Free people of color\" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "When was the first federal population census taken in the US?",
              "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "white or \"other.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two categories for race in the census?",
              "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Only the heads of households" }
              ],
              "question": "Who all was identified by name in the house holds?",
              "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "\"Free people of color\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?",
              "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first US federal population census taken?",
              "id": "571a94b810f8ca1400305179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": ". Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or \"other.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?",
              "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was every resident listed by name?",
              "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "until the Civil War and end of slavery."
                }
              ],
              "question": "when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?",
              "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Slaves were counted separately from free persons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were all residents counted together or separately?",
              "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "When did the US begin to take census?",
              "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1850" }],
              "question": "At what point were all members of the household named on a census?",
              "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "visible European ancestry in addition to African"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does mulatto mean?",
              "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "Who were considered \"free people of color\"?",
              "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Indian reservations" }
              ],
              "question": "Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?",
              "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "more than a dozen" }],
              "question": "The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?",
              "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "over 75%" }],
              "question": "By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?",
              "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were there more immigrants in the US?",
              "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?",
              "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "federal assistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?",
              "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?",
              "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aaba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?",
              "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."
                }
              ],
              "question": "About how many African American have multiracial ancestries",
              "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?",
              "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?",
              "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?",
              "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "in the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did laws allow for more immigrants?",
              "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "over 75%" }],
              "question": "How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?",
              "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "assistance to historically underserved groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?",
              "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed \"hypodescent\" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "black (historically) or African American"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?",
              "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "hypodescent" }],
              "question": "What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?",
              "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 775,
                  "text": "European and sub-Saharan African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?",
              "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "for its social and economic advantages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many with European ancetry \"marry white\" and want to be part of the white society?",
              "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?",
              "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "slavery became a racial caste" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused lower classification status for African Americans?",
              "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?",
              "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?",
              "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Melungeons," }],
              "question": "What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?",
              "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Melungeon?",
              "id": "571ddbf65569731900639074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "assimilated into white society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean to have \"marred white\"?",
              "id": "571ddbf65569731900639075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "black (historically) or African American"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?",
              "id": "571ddbf65569731900639077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "hypodescent" }],
              "question": "What were slaves and Africans classified by?",
              "id": "571ddbf65569731900639076"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to \"pass\" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "more people are openly forming interracial unions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?",
              "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Diverse immigration" }
              ],
              "question": "What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?",
              "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was there a period of formal racial segregation?",
              "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?",
              "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?",
              "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 850,
                  "text": "In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US",
              "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?",
              "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are \"mestizos\"?",
              "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?",
              "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": ". Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has brought more mixed race people to the US?",
              "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "try to \"pass\" as white" }
              ],
              "question": "What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?",
              "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Loving Day" }],
              "question": "What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?",
              "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "African American" }],
              "question": "What does the first multiracial president identify as?",
              "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?",
              "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 853, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When was an African American president elected?",
              "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71db0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Anti-miscegenation laws" }
              ],
              "question": "What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?",
              "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?",
              "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "In California and the western US"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?",
              "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?",
              "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Latino and Asian residents" }
              ],
              "question": "What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?",
              "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?",
              "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "were prohibited from official relationships with whites."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? ",
              "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?",
              "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "In California and the western US,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?",
              "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?",
              "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Latino and Asian residents" }
              ],
              "question": "In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?",
              "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "the 1950s" }],
              "question": "When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?",
              "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were taking slaves as concubines?",
              "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "After the American Revolutionary War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?",
              "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "in programs of gradual emancipation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the laws in New York abolished?",
              "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "more than two decades to be completed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?",
              "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "Quaker and Methodist preachers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?",
              "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the last slaves freed in New York state?",
              "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "After the American Revolutionary War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?",
              "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?",
              "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?",
              "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?",
              "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "gradual emancipation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?",
              "id": "571ddf15556973190063907c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "The last slave in New York was freed when?",
              "id": "571ddf15556973190063907d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Second Great Awakening" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?",
              "id": "571ddf15556973190063907e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "nearly 10 percent" }],
              "question": "In 1810, how many black people were considered free?",
              "id": "571ddf15556973190063907f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "Revolutionary ideals" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?",
              "id": "571ddf155569731900639080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it \"the traceable amount rule.\" Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one-drop rule?",
              "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "\"the traceable amount rule.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did some courts call the one-drop rule?",
              "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a hypodesecnt rule?",
              "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "in the early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the one-drop rule in effect?",
              "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "black, persons with any known African ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one-drop rule?",
              "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hypodescent rule?",
              "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?",
              "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?",
              "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "persons with any known African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?",
              "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "judging a person by appearance and association."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?",
              "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "a hypodescent rule" }
              ],
              "question": "What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?",
              "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "the one-drop rule" }],
              "question": "What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?",
              "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "the traceable amount rule" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the rule in the 1800s called?",
              "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?",
              "id": "571a8c4810f8ca140030510d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?",
              "id": "571a8c4810f8ca1400305111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?",
              "id": "571a8c4810f8ca140030510e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 881,
                  "text": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?",
              "id": "571a8c4810f8ca140030510f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the accepted definition of \"multicultural\" ancestry?",
              "id": "571a8c4810f8ca1400305110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?",
              "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the accepted definition of \"multicultural\" ancestry?",
              "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?",
              "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": ", generally that of the culture in which they were raised."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?",
              "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 881,
                  "text": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?",
              "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean to be a mutliracial?",
              "id": "571da1b05569731900639056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "approximately 9 million individuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?",
              "id": "571da1b05569731900639057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "the mid-20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?",
              "id": "571da1b05569731900639058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "the culture in which they were raised"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are people most likely to identify themselves as?",
              "id": "571da1b05569731900639059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "higher number" }],
              "question": "Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?",
              "id": "571da1b0556973190063905a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "two or more races" }],
              "question": "What does it mean to be a mutliracial?",
              "id": "571dd9035569731900639060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "approximately 9 million individuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?",
              "id": "571dd9035569731900639061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "the mid-20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?",
              "id": "571dd9035569731900639063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "The African-American Civil Rights Movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occured from 1955 to 1968?",
              "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "less than 5%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?",
              "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "a social construct" }
              ],
              "question": "What is race sometimes seen as?",
              "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The American people" }],
              "question": "Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?",
              "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "mixed racial ancestry" }
              ],
              "question": "What does affect recent identification in many cases?",
              "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called \"white Indians\". They \"lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions.\" More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called \"country wives\" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their \"natural\" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "Europeans living among Indigenous Americans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were considered \"white Indians\"?",
              "id": "571de2575569731900639086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Some traders" }],
              "question": "Who had Indigenous \"Country wives\"?",
              "id": "571de2575569731900639087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "\"white Indians\"" }],
              "question": "Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?",
              "id": "571de2575569731900639088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 680, "text": "for their education" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?",
              "id": "571de2575569731900639089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "in the city" }],
              "question": "Where were legal wives usually kept?",
              "id": "571de257556973190063908a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790\u20131810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the colonial years" }
              ],
              "question": "When could white women and black men be in a union?",
              "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Virginia in colonial years" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?",
              "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "scholar" }],
              "question": "What is Paul Heinegg?",
              "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "from 1790\u20131810" }
              ],
              "question": "What censuses did he study?",
              "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "slaves" }],
              "question": "Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?",
              "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Sally Hemings" }],
              "question": "Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?",
              "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "paternity" }],
              "question": "Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?",
              "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "elder family members" }
              ],
              "question": "Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?",
              "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71ddb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as \"Hawaiian squaws.\" By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "traders" }],
              "question": "Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?",
              "id": "571de4b45569731900639090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the Anglo-Saxon presence" }
              ],
              "question": "What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?",
              "id": "571de4b45569731900639091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "dark skin and ample bodies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?",
              "id": "571de4b45569731900639092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Hawaiian squaws" }],
              "question": "What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?",
              "id": "571de4b45569731900639093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "By the last half of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?",
              "id": "571de4b45569731900639094"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "white Democrats" }],
              "question": "Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?",
              "id": "571de5e2556973190063909a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?",
              "id": "571de5e2556973190063909b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 646, "text": "to restore white supremacy" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were laws limiting people of color passed?",
              "id": "571de5e2556973190063909d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "eugenics and ideas of racial purity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?",
              "id": "571de5e2556973190063909e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "that many whites had multiracial ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?",
              "id": "571de5e2556973190063909c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The phenomenon known as \"passing as white\" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: \"Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?\" or \"To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?\" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "exceed one-fourth" }],
              "question": "A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?",
              "id": "571de6c155697319006390a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 785, "text": "African blacks and whites" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?",
              "id": "571de6c155697319006390a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 830, "text": "less threatening to whites" }
              ],
              "question": "What are groups other than blacks considered to be?",
              "id": "571de6c155697319006390a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Geneticists" }],
              "question": "Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?",
              "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "the pattern of markers" }
              ],
              "question": "What are geneticists looking for?",
              "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "three major migrations into North America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is there genetic evidence of?",
              "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to \"check only one.\" While some surveys offer an \"other\" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "marginalized by U.S. society" }
              ],
              "question": "How do some mixed raced people feel?",
              "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "Typically, about five race choices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?",
              "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "only one" }],
              "question": "How many race choices may someone check?",
              "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "groups together individuals of many different multiracial types"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"other\" box do?",
              "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "when applying to schools or for a job"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?",
              "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71dea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "social acceptance" }],
              "question": "What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?",
              "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "frontier areas" }],
              "question": "Where did people not ask about racial background?",
              "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "they served in the militia and voted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the hallmarks of free citizens?",
              "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "neighbors" }],
              "question": "Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?",
              "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term \"African-American\" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Kenya" }],
              "question": "The President's father is from what country?",
              "id": "571de95b55697319006390aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 653,
                  "text": "American slave descendant community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What community still has some effects of slavery?",
              "id": "571de95b55697319006390ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 740,
                  "text": "recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must Africans who recently immigrated do?",
              "id": "571de95b55697319006390ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "some black writers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?",
              "id": "571de95b55697319006390ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?",
              "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "mostly negative" }],
              "question": "What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?",
              "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?",
              "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?",
              "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71dfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered \"white\"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "the tribe's kinship system" }
              ],
              "question": "What determined a child's social identity?",
              "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "matrilineal" }],
              "question": "What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?",
              "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?",
              "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?",
              "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "if adopted by a man" }
              ],
              "question": "How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?",
              "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Charles Eastman" }],
              "question": "Who was a doctor?",
              "id": "571debb355697319006390b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Sioux woman" }],
              "question": "Who did the relative of the doctor marry?",
              "id": "571debb355697319006390b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Seth Eastman" }],
              "question": "Who was the doctor related to?",
              "id": "571debb355697319006390b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "three European-American middle-class female teachers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?",
              "id": "571debb355697319006390b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Sioux" }],
              "question": "What tribe was Eastman related to?",
              "id": "571debb355697319006390b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that \"most\" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Sherrel W. Stewart" }],
              "question": "Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?",
              "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?",
              "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Henry Louis Gates" }],
              "question": "Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?",
              "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "explorers and soldiers" }
              ],
              "question": "What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?",
              "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "traders and fur trappers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?",
              "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "a continuing, critical labor shortage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?",
              "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "the Dutch" }],
              "question": "Who first imported slaves to New York?",
              "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "their masters" }],
              "question": "Who freed some of the early slaves?",
              "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to \"escape\" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and \"married out\", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Sally Hemings" }],
              "question": "President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?",
              "id": "571df34b55697319006390bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?",
              "id": "571df34b55697319006390bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "nearly 40 years" }],
              "question": "How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?",
              "id": "571df34b55697319006390be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "Madison Hemings" }],
              "question": "Which child of Jefferson identified as black?",
              "id": "571df34b55697319006390bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "Seven-eighths" }],
              "question": "How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?",
              "id": "571df34b55697319006390c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Cr\u00e9ole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause\u2014regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "traditionally free people of color in Louisiana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?",
              "id": "571df3d555697319006390c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "people of any portion of African descent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?",
              "id": "571df3d555697319006390c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "primarily on the West Coast and in western territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did most Chinese men enter the US?",
              "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "white planters" }],
              "question": "Who imported Chinese laborers?",
              "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "the Chinese Exclusion Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?",
              "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "they did not take white spouses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?",
              "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "set up groceries in small towns throughout the South"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?",
              "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: \"White,\" \"Black or African American,\" \"Asian,\" \"American Indian or Alaskan Native,\" \"Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander,\" and \"Other.\" Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What office is responsible for the census form changes?",
              "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?",
              "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "participants to select more than one of the six available categories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?",
              "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?",
              "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a \"race\" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "born into slavery" }],
              "question": "What was the result of a child having an African mother?",
              "id": "571df5db55697319006390ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "partus sequitur ventrem" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?",
              "id": "571df5db55697319006390cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 902, "text": "Anita Florence Hemmings" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?",
              "id": "571df5db55697319006390cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1033, "text": "parents were black and white" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes a person mulatto?",
              "id": "571df5db55697319006390cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1154,
                  "text": "one black great-grandparent and the remainder white"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?",
              "id": "571df5db55697319006390ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, \"Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him.\" He later claimed his comment was intended to be \"provocative\" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a \"recent American immigrant\" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said \"descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that.\" She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term \"black\" or \"white\" .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Because he has no slave blood in him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?",
              "id": "571df6a455697319006390d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 770, "text": "\"black\" or \"white\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?",
              "id": "571df6a455697319006390d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 483, "text": "recent American immigrant" }
              ],
              "question": "What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?",
              "id": "571df6a455697319006390d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?",
              "id": "571df6a455697319006390d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "to be \"provocative\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Steele say what he did?",
              "id": "571df6a455697319006390d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "April 5, 1614" }],
              "question": "When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?",
              "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 664, "text": "considered English or white" }
              ],
              "question": "What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?",
              "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "male settlers" }],
              "question": "Who married Indigenous women early on?",
              "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "present-day Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?",
              "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Thomas Rolfe" }],
              "question": "Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?",
              "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has helped geneologists researching slaves?",
              "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "learn to read and write" }
              ],
              "question": "What were slaves usually not allowed to do?",
              "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "oral histories" }],
              "question": "What replaced written records for black families?",
              "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 839, "text": "Southern Congressional bloc" }
              ],
              "question": "Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?",
              "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?",
              "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Indigenous American tribes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?",
              "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1726" }],
              "question": "When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?",
              "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Numerous advertisements" }
              ],
              "question": "What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?",
              "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 644,
                  "text": "through the institution of slavery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did natives and Africans come to know each other?",
              "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?",
              "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children \u2013 this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "gave children the social status of their mother"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?",
              "id": "571dfcde55697319006390e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "partus sequitur ventrem" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?",
              "id": "571dfcde55697319006390e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 993,
                  "text": "paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?",
              "id": "571dfcde55697319006390ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "a man gave his status to his children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "English common law generally said what?",
              "id": "571dfcde55697319006390eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are many Latin American migrants?",
              "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?",
              "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "the U.S. Hispanic media" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?",
              "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "blond and blue/green-eyed white"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the typical latino in media look like?",
              "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "if having seven-eights or more white ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?",
              "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "What year was mulatto left off the US Census?",
              "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "Southern-dominated Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?",
              "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a \"Magic Negro\", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say \"He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stanley Crouch" }],
              "question": "Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?",
              "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "\"Magic Negro\"," }],
              "question": "What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?",
              "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "assuage white 'guilt'" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?",
              "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "\"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Crouch's article?",
              "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the \"Mixture\" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include \"Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "cannot be racially categorized"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"mixture\" heading mean?",
              "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?",
              "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Mixture" }],
              "question": "Bi-racial would be coded as what?",
              "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "five enumerated races" }
              ],
              "question": "How many race options were there?",
              "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered to be neglected in American history?",
              "id": "571e014555697319006390f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "April 1502" }],
              "question": "When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?",
              "id": "571e014555697319006390f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Santo Domingo" }],
              "question": "Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?",
              "id": "571e014555697319006390f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "near the mouth of the Pee Dee River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?",
              "id": "571e014555697319006390f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "100 enslaved Africans" }
              ],
              "question": "How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?",
              "id": "571e014555697319006390f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life\u2014A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Anatole Broyard" }],
              "question": "Who is related to Bliss Broyard?",
              "id": "571e029e55697319006390fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "autobiography" }],
              "question": "Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?",
              "id": "571e029e55697319006390fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Colored White Boy" }],
              "question": "What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?",
              "id": "571e029e55697319006390fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?",
              "id": "571e032d5569731900639100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "mostly negative" }],
              "question": "How did the public react to the categories of \"bi-racial\" and \"multiracial\"?",
              "id": "571e032d5569731900639101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?",
              "id": "571e032d5569731900639102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "a loss in political and economic power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did they fear would happen?",
              "id": "571e032d5569731900639103"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who married Sacagewea?",
              "id": "571e03b55569731900639108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "European men and Indigenous American women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?",
              "id": "571e03b55569731900639109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "the kinship system of the woman's tribe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?",
              "id": "571e03b5556973190063910a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "Creek and Cherokee" }
              ],
              "question": "What nations are considered matrilineal?",
              "id": "571e03b5556973190063910b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 739,
                  "text": "adopted into the tribe by an adult male"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?",
              "id": "571e03b5556973190063910c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "the one-drop rule" }],
              "question": "What brought African Americans together?",
              "id": "571e05005569731900639112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "family elders" }],
              "question": "Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?",
              "id": "571e05005569731900639113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "to learn to read and write" }
              ],
              "question": "Slaves were not allowed to do what?",
              "id": "571e05005569731900639114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "spoke English, nor read or wrote it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?",
              "id": "571e05005569731900639115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?",
              "id": "571e05005569731900639116"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's \"The Quadroons\" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "\"tragic octoroon\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?",
              "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Lydia Maria Child" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?",
              "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "\"The Quadroons\"" }],
              "question": "What story was written by Child in 1842?",
              "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "sexual exploitation in slavery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the tragic octoroon point out?",
              "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "abolitionists" }],
              "question": "Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?",
              "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pharmaceutical_industry",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "John Abel" }],
              "question": "Who identified the active substance?",
              "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Jokichi Takamine" }],
              "question": "Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?",
              "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "Parke Davis" }],
              "question": "Who marketed epinephrine?",
              "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Adrenalin" }],
              "question": "What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?",
              "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "nasal congestion" }],
              "question": "As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?",
              "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Jokichi Takamine" }],
              "question": "Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?",
              "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "nasal congestion" }],
              "question": "What could epinephrine treat?",
              "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?",
              "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Adrenalin" }],
              "question": "What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?",
              "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "In what year was epinephrine discovered?",
              "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "Adrenalin" }],
              "question": "What was the trade name of epinephrine?",
              "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "John Abel" }],
              "question": "Who first discovered epinephrine?",
              "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 986, "text": "asthma attacks" }],
              "question": "What is epinephrine used to treat?",
              "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?",
              "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "Smith, Kline and French" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed Amphetamine?",
              "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Gordon Alles" }],
              "question": "Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?",
              "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "sensations of exhilaration and palpitations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are common side effects of Amphetamine?",
              "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1101, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?",
              "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 775,
                  "text": "narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some uses for Amphetamine?",
              "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "asthma" }],
              "question": "Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?",
              "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?",
              "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 697, "text": "Benzedrine Inhaler" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?",
              "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 996, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?",
              "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1101, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?",
              "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is diabetes caused from?",
              "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was insulin therapy delayed?",
              "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "surgical removal of the pancreas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can diabetes be induced in dogs?",
              "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1411, "text": "only a few months" }
              ],
              "question": "Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?",
              "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?",
              "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "pancreas" }],
              "question": "Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?",
              "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1416, "text": "a few months" }],
              "question": "Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?",
              "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "pH" }],
              "question": "What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?",
              "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Eli Lilly and Co." }],
              "question": "To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?",
              "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "dogs" }],
              "question": "Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?",
              "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1128, "text": "epilepsy" }],
              "question": "What is phenobarbital used for?",
              "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?",
              "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Veronal" }],
              "question": "What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?",
              "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1063, "text": "attention deficit disorder" }
              ],
              "question": "What is amphetamine used for today?",
              "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 824,
                  "text": "addictive properties and abuse potential"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?",
              "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "diethylbarbituric acid" }
              ],
              "question": "What compound was discovered to induce sleep?",
              "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Veronal" }],
              "question": "What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?",
              "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1128, "text": "epilepsy" }],
              "question": "What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?",
              "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year was phenobarbital discovered?",
              "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "sleep aid" }],
              "question": "What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?",
              "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed Arsphenamine?",
              "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Arsphenamine" }],
              "question": "What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?",
              "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What complications are associated with Syphilis?",
              "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "Institute of Experimental Therapy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Amphetamine's market name?",
              "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?",
              "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "arsenic" }],
              "question": "Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?",
              "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "arsphenamine" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?",
              "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "syphilis" }],
              "question": "Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?",
              "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year was arsphenamine discovered?",
              "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Salvarsan" }],
              "question": "What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?",
              "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of these structural changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "mid 1800s" }],
              "question": "When was Morphine and Quinine first available?",
              "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Morpheus" }],
              "question": "Who was the compound named after?",
              "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came up with the name Morphine?",
              "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "opium" }],
              "question": "Where were was Morphine extracted from?",
              "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 756, "text": "German dye manufacturers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?",
              "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Morpheus" }],
              "question": "Morphine was named after what Greek god?",
              "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Glaxo Smith Kline" }],
              "question": "Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?",
              "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered morphine?",
              "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "opium" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?",
              "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ehrlich\u2019s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Gerhard Domagk" }],
              "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?",
              "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "antibiotics" }],
              "question": "Prontosil is in what drug class?",
              "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?",
              "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "pathogens" }],
              "question": "What causes Streptococci?",
              "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 778, "text": "infectious diseases" }
              ],
              "question": "Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?",
              "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Prontosil" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?",
              "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 684, "text": "Nobel Prize in Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Domagk receive in 1939?",
              "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1021, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?",
              "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "less" }],
              "question": "Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?",
              "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "sulfonamides" }],
              "question": "Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?",
              "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the first rabies vaccine?",
              "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "206,000" }],
              "question": "How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?",
              "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "formaldehyde" }],
              "question": "In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?",
              "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?",
              "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "15,520" }],
              "question": "How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?",
              "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "1885" }],
              "question": "The rabies vaccine was created in what year?",
              "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?",
              "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "formaldehyde" }],
              "question": "What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?",
              "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? ",
              "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1058, "text": "Merck" }],
              "question": "What company did Hilleman later work for?",
              "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an \"elixir\", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "S.E. Massengill Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who manufactured \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\"?",
              "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?",
              "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?",
              "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Elixir Sulfanilamide" }
              ],
              "question": "What drug killed 100 people in 1937?",
              "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "antifreeze" }],
              "question": "What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?",
              "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? ",
              "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Elixir Sulfanilamide" }
              ],
              "question": "What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?",
              "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "antifreeze" }],
              "question": "Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?",
              "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?",
              "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "ethanol" }],
              "question": "The name \"elixir\" implied a solution in what liquid?",
              "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?",
              "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 809, "text": "cities in developed countries" }
              ],
              "question": "50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?",
              "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Streptomycin" }],
              "question": "What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?",
              "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?",
              "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Lederle Laboratories" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Tetracyclines discovered?",
              "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Streptomycin" }],
              "question": "What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?",
              "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?",
              "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "In what year was streptomycin discovered?",
              "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?",
              "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Merck" }],
              "question": "What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?",
              "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When was the Polio vaccine created?",
              "id": "571ab7b210f8ca140030530f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1142,
                  "text": "United States Cancer Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?",
              "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?",
              "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "cause tumors" }],
              "question": "What was a complication of the SV40 virus?",
              "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who funded the Polio vaccine?",
              "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year was the polio vaccine created?",
              "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Jonas Salk" }],
              "question": "Who created the polio vaccine?",
              "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "SV40" }],
              "question": "What virus caused tumors in most mammals?",
              "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?",
              "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 920, "text": "polio" }],
              "question": "SV40 was present in what vaccine?",
              "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "$3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?",
              "id": "571ab82810f8ca1400305319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "illegal promotion of prescription drugs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case?",
              "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 July 2012" }],
              "question": "When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty?",
              "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?",
              "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drugs were used for off-label uses?",
              "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?",
              "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "$3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for?",
              "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "GlaxoSmithKline" }],
              "question": "What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors?",
              "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c264"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "become fully transparent." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?",
              "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Sunshine Act" }],
              "question": "What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?",
              "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?",
              "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "financial relationships with physicians and hospitals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?",
              "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "starting in 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?",
              "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Sunshine Act" }],
              "question": "The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?",
              "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?",
              "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?",
              "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is expected when the relationships are made public?",
              "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective. The report concluded that \"it appears that the use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors have limited the epidemic spread and thus the number of these diseases which have occurred\". The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy (syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, scarlet fever, whooping cough, meningococcal infections, and pneumonia), and found a 56% decline over the same period. Notable among these was a 75% decline in deaths due to tuberculosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "tuberculosis" }],
              "question": "What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?",
              "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?",
              "id": "571abee110f8ca140030533b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1946-1955" }],
              "question": "What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?",
              "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2, "text": "Federal Trade Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued the report in 1958?",
              "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "mortality rates" }],
              "question": "What were eight diseases examined for?",
              "id": "571abee110f8ca140030533a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "56%" }],
              "question": "How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?",
              "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?",
              "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2, "text": "Federal Trade Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?",
              "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "In what year was the FTC's report issued?",
              "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?",
              "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 876,
                  "text": "The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?",
              "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who brought litigation to South Africa?",
              "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "250,000 signatures" }
              ],
              "question": "How many signatures were collected by MSF?",
              "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2001" }],
              "question": "When was litigation brought to South Africa?",
              "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?",
              "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "antiretroviral" }],
              "question": "South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?",
              "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "between 10,000 and 15,000 USD" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?",
              "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "250,000" }],
              "question": "How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?",
              "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy. To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax. In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin. The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs. This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs. A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs. The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 648, "text": "Pure Food and Drugs Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What Act forbade misbranded drugs?",
              "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a Tetanus outbreak?",
              "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "The Biologics Control Act of 1902"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?",
              "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?",
              "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1118, "text": "Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?",
              "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Biologics Control Act of 1902" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?",
              "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 648, "text": "Pure Food and Drugs Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? ",
              "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?",
              "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "World Trade Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "Who adopted the Doha Declaration?",
              "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?",
              "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "thought to reduce access to existing medicines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are patents criticized?",
              "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Doha Declaration do?",
              "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When was the Doha Declaration adopted?",
              "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Patents" }],
              "question": "What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?",
              "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "compulsory licensing or parallel imports"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?",
              "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?",
              "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334ee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company. It affects individuals and public and private insurers. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry. These include: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs. Of this amount $2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010. Examples of fraud cases include the GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion settlement, Pfizer $2.3 billion settlement and Merck & Co. $650 million settlement. Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act, most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a \"whistleblower\", or relator (law).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "$2.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money was recovered through the False Claims?",
              "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?",
              "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is pharmaceutical fraud?",
              "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "GlaxoSmithKline" }],
              "question": "Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?",
              "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "qui tam" }],
              "question": "What provision rewards \"whistle-blowers\"?",
              "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pharmaceutical fraud" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?",
              "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "individuals and public and private insurers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?",
              "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "$2.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?",
              "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "False Claims Act" }],
              "question": "Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?",
              "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, including loop diuretics (Lasix/furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients, irrespective of whether they have hypertension.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?",
              "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Cochrane" }],
              "question": "Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?",
              "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "combination therapy" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?",
              "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do ACE inhibitors do?",
              "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Cochrane release the report?",
              "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "ACE inhibitors" }],
              "question": "What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?",
              "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?",
              "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?",
              "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development, including 1) expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes, 2) creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations, and 3) undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new, adaptive drug approval process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who put out a report in 2012?",
              "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "excessive regulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been argued restricted innovation?",
              "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a recommendations brought about from the report?",
              "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "therapeutic innovation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing excessive regulations causes?",
              "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "pilot projects" }],
              "question": "What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?",
              "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "therapeutic innovation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?",
              "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?",
              "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "current cost of regulator-required clinical trials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?",
              "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for \"the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "researchers at Ciba" }],
              "question": "Who discovered Hydralazine?",
              "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?",
              "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed Chlorothiazide?",
              "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "hypertension" }],
              "question": "What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?",
              "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "lost its effectiveness over time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?",
              "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "hydralazine" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?",
              "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "chlorothiazide" }],
              "question": "What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?",
              "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "Public Health Lasker Award" }
              ],
              "question": "Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?",
              "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year was hydralazine discovered?",
              "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "hypertension" }],
              "question": "Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?",
              "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "FD&C" }],
              "question": "What act needed provisions?",
              "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Senator Estes Kefauver" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the congressional hearings?",
              "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?",
              "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "a new tragedy emerged" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a need for more regulation?",
              "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When did this push occur?",
              "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "FD&C" }],
              "question": "Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?",
              "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Senator Estes Kefauver" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?",
              "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "greater" }],
              "question": "Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?",
              "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles, and mumps all fell by >95% in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?",
              "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "John Franklin Enders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who originally created the measles vaccine?",
              "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": ">95%" }],
              "question": "How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?",
              "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "When did the Rubella vaccine come out?",
              "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who recreated the measles vaccine?",
              "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year was the measles vaccine made?",
              "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Maurice Hilleman" }],
              "question": "Who helped refine the measles vaccine?",
              "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year was the mumps vaccine made?",
              "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": ">95%" }],
              "question": "How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?",
              "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "52 million" }],
              "question": "Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?",
              "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "10 October 1962" }],
              "question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?",
              "id": "571addd39499d21900609b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this new law require?",
              "id": "571addd39499d21900609b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?",
              "id": "571addd39499d21900609b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "ten years later" }],
              "question": "How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?",
              "id": "571addd39499d21900609b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The thalidomide tragedy" }
              ],
              "question": "What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?",
              "id": "571addd39499d21900609b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "10 October 1962" }],
              "question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?",
              "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "FDA" }],
              "question": "What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?",
              "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "1938 and 1962" }],
              "question": "Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?",
              "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "40 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?",
              "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application\u2014until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though the drug was never approved in the USA, the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use. Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this \"study,\" including 624 pregnant patients, and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Over 20,000" }],
              "question": "How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?",
              "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "November 1961" }],
              "question": "When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?",
              "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "about 17" }],
              "question": "How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?",
              "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "under the guise of investigational use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?",
              "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "association with grave congenital abnormalities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this drug pulled off shelves?",
              "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?",
              "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "congenital abnormalities" }
              ],
              "question": "What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?",
              "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Kevadon" }],
              "question": "Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?",
              "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Over 20,000" }],
              "question": "About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?",
              "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?",
              "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c202"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of activists Margaret Sanger, Mary Dennett, and Emma Goldman. Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co., the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960. The original formulation incorporated vastly excessive doses of hormones, and caused severe side effects. Nonetheless, by 1962, 1.2 million American women were on the pill, and by 1965 the number had increased to 6.5 million. The availability of a convenient form of temporary contraceptive led to dramatic changes in social mores including expanding the range of lifestyle options available to women, reducing the reliance of women on men for contraceptive practice, encouraging the delay of marriage, and increasing pre-marital co-habitation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Comstock laws" }],
              "question": "What law prohibited birth control?",
              "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When was Enovid first approved?",
              "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1184, "text": "pre-marital co-habitation" }
              ],
              "question": "What increased due to the availability of birth control?",
              "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "E.D. Searle and Co" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the first oral birth control?",
              "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "6.5 million" }],
              "question": "In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?",
              "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Comstock laws" }],
              "question": "Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?",
              "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Enovid" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?",
              "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "6.5 million" }],
              "question": "By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?",
              "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did the FDA approve Enovid?",
              "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "second world war" }],
              "question": "Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?",
              "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%. In 1995, Zocor and Mevacor both made Merck over US$1 billion. Endo was awarded the 2006 Japan Prize, and the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008. For his \"pioneering research into a new class of molecules\" for \"lowering cholesterol,\"[sentence fragment]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Endo" }],
              "question": "Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?",
              "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "over US$1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did Merk make in 1995?",
              "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "4,444" }],
              "question": "How many patients received Zocor?",
              "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?",
              "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the study reveal after 5 years?",
              "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Zocor" }],
              "question": "What was the brand name of simvastatin?",
              "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?",
              "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "42%" }],
              "question": "How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?",
              "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "over US$1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?",
              "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Endo received what award in 2008?",
              "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c216"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a drug discovery?",
              "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "universities and research institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?",
              "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "molecular biology or biochemistry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is used to manipulate pathways?",
              "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is involved in drug discovery?",
              "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "biotechnology" }],
              "question": "What focuses on metabolic pathways?",
              "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Drug discovery" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?",
              "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "research institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?",
              "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "biotechnology" }],
              "question": "What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?",
              "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "active ingredient" }],
              "question": "Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?",
              "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molecular Entities) were approved and three biologics by the FDA, or 21 in total, which is down from 26 in 2009 and 24 in 2008. On the other hand, there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (new chemical entity, or NCE), has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD(not including marketing expenses). Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012, however, that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1038, "text": "about 1.3 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does it cost to develop a new drug?",
              "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "averaged 22.9 approvals" }
              ],
              "question": "How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?",
              "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "Center for Drug Evaluation and Research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?",
              "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "18 approvals" }],
              "question": "How many drugs were approved in 2007?",
              "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1095, "text": "Professors Light and Lexchin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?",
              "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "New Molecular Entities" }
              ],
              "question": "What does NMEs stand for?",
              "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "22.9" }],
              "question": "How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?",
              "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1044, "text": "1.3 billion USD" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?",
              "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1236, "text": "15 to 25" }],
              "question": "What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?",
              "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research, which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role, and overall strategies being redefined accordingly. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drugs are the least expensive to develop?",
              "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "opportunity cost of investing capital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?",
              "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the consequence in the value chain?",
              "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when companies outsource?",
              "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "Line-extensions" }],
              "question": "What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?",
              "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "nearly half the total expense" }
              ],
              "question": "Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?",
              "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "biotechnology" }],
              "question": "What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?",
              "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "major pharmaceutical multinationals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What firms tend to outsource drug development?",
              "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334eaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials, however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use. Mevastatin was never marketed, because of its adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death in laboratory dogs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Mevastatin never marketed?",
              "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Akira Endo" }],
              "question": "Who discovered Mevastatin?",
              "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "cholesterol" }],
              "question": "What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?",
              "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Penicillium citrinum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Endo discover ML-236B?",
              "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "too toxic for human use" }
              ],
              "question": "What was discovered in long term studies?",
              "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year was mevastatin discovered?",
              "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Akira Endo" }],
              "question": "Who discovered mevastatin?",
              "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Penicillium citrinum" }
              ],
              "question": "What organism produces mevastatin?",
              "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "HMG-CoA reductase" }],
              "question": "What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?",
              "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every major company selling the antipsychotics \u2014 Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson \u2014 has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges of illegal marketing, two of the settlements set records last year for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations. One involved Eli Lilly's antipsychotic Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra. In the Bextra case, the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, Geodon; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $301 million, without admitting any wrongdoing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "$301 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?",
              "id": "571aeca132177014007e9fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?",
              "id": "571aeca132177014007e9fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Geodon" }],
              "question": "What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?",
              "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?",
              "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "False Claims Act" }],
              "question": "What do illegal marketing cases fall under?",
              "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "False Claims Act" }],
              "question": "Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?",
              "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Eli Lilly" }],
              "question": "Zyprexa was owned by what company?",
              "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Geodon" }],
              "question": "Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?",
              "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "$301 million" }],
              "question": "Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?",
              "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?",
              "id": "571af11632177014007e9ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "May 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?",
              "id": "571af11632177014007e9ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 793,
                  "text": "bring greater benefits to patients"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason behind these interactions?",
              "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "moral outrage over industry malfeasance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?",
              "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "New England Journal of Medicine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?",
              "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "New England Journal of Medicine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?",
              "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "May 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the editorial published?",
              "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "encouraged greater interactions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?",
              "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses. Some prominent medical schools have since tightened rules on faculty acceptance of such payments by drug companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "ProPublica" }],
              "question": "Who conduced an investigation on doctors?",
              "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?",
              "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "more than $500,000" }],
              "question": "How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?",
              "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?",
              "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "at least 21" }],
              "question": "How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?",
              "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "more than $500,000" }],
              "question": "A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?",
              "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "psychiatry" }],
              "question": "Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?",
              "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "$2 billion" }],
              "question": "Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?",
              "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations. Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances. More recently, multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "to explore the potential of new drug substances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are collaborative agreements important?",
              "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do large corporations show vertical integration?",
              "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "to manage drug development" }
              ],
              "question": "What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?",
              "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are smaller organizations responsible for?",
              "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "vertical" }],
              "question": "What type of integration do large corporations often do?",
              "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "a specific aspect" }],
              "question": "What type of integration do smaller organizations do?",
              "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "collaborative agreements" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?",
              "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "contract research" }],
              "question": "What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?",
              "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use. The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "The British National Formulary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the core guide?",
              "id": "571af86f32177014007ea002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "571af86f32177014007ea003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "comes later" }],
              "question": "After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?",
              "id": "571af86f32177014007ea004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?",
              "id": "571af86f32177014007ea005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "European Medicines Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "571af86f32177014007ea006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?",
              "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "European Medicines Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "What UK organization evaluates drugs? ",
              "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?",
              "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "British National Formulary" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?",
              "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are special rules for certain rare diseases (\"orphan diseases\") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.  Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?",
              "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is given to companies who develop drugs for \"orphan diseases\"?",
              "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are these companies rewarded?",
              "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "fewer than 200,000 patients" }
              ],
              "question": "What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?",
              "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "tax reductions" }],
              "question": "What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?",
              "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "seven years" }],
              "question": "What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?",
              "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "orphan diseases" }],
              "question": "What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?",
              "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c234"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators \u2013 such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States \u2013 advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees. He argues that regulators do not require that new drugs offer an improvement over what is already available, or even that they be particularly effective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ben Goldacre" }],
              "question": "Who argued against regulators?",
              "id": "571af9889499d21900609bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ben Goldacre" }],
              "question": "Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?",
              "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "regulator and company employees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?",
              "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "regulators" }],
              "question": "Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?",
              "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available by the NHS, whilst similar arrangements exist with the Scottish Medicines Consortium in Scotland, and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia. A product must pass the threshold for cost-effectiveness if it is to be approved. Treatments must represent 'value for money' and a net benefit to society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "England and Wales" }],
              "question": "NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?",
              "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Scottish Medicines Consortium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?",
              "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "cost-effectiveness" }
              ],
              "question": "What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?",
              "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abilify ($6.3 billion,) Nexium ($6 billion) and Humira ($5.4 billion). The best-selling drug ever, Lipitor, averaged $13 billion annually and netted $141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer's patent expired in November 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "$75.6 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?",
              "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Humira" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?",
              "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Lipitor" }],
              "question": "What was the bestselling drug in history?",
              "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "$141 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?",
              "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?",
              "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities grant permission for the company to market and sell the drug. Patent protection enables the owner of the patent to recover the costs of research and development through high profit margins for the branded drug. When the patent protection for the drug expires, a generic drug is usually developed and sold by a competing company. The development and approval of generics is less expensive, allowing them to be sold at a lower price. Often the owner of the branded drug will introduce a generic version before the patent expires in order to get a head start in the generic market. Restructuring has therefore become routine, driven by the patent expiration of products launched during the industry's \"golden era\" in the 1990s and companies' failure to develop sufficient new blockbuster products to replace lost revenues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "20 years" }],
              "question": "How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?",
              "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "10 to 15 years on average" }
              ],
              "question": "Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?",
              "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Patent protection" }],
              "question": "What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?",
              "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334eca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "generic" }],
              "question": "What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?",
              "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1034, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"golden era\"?",
              "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Food and Drug Administration" }
              ],
              "question": "The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?",
              "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Investigational New Drug" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?",
              "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?",
              "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 667, "text": "New Drug Application" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?",
              "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 776, "text": "positive benefit-risk" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?",
              "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c24a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers. In some countries, notably the US, pharmaceutical companies also employ lobbyists to influence politicians. Marketing of prescription drugs in the US is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Pharmaceutical companies" }
              ],
              "question": "\"Drug reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?",
              "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law regulates drug marketing in the US?",
              "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "directly and personally to physicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who do drug reps market to?",
              "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns; lobbying physicians and politicians (more than any other industry in the US); sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training; sponsorship of continuing educational events, with influence on the curriculum; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "'gifts' and biased information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?",
              "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "physicians" }],
              "question": "Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?",
              "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "journals and conferences" }
              ],
              "question": "What publications can drug ads be commonly found?",
              "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c258"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Umayyad_Caliphate",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680\u2013692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740\u2013743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744\u2013747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-\u00c1ndalus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "692" }],
              "question": "In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?",
              "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "740\u2013743 CE" }],
              "question": "During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?",
              "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Marwanid" }],
              "question": "What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?",
              "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "661" }],
              "question": "In what year was Ali killed?",
              "id": "571a9f4010f8ca14003051c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Kharijite partisan" }],
              "question": "Who killed Ali?",
              "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Hasan ibn Ali" }],
              "question": "Who made peace with Muawiyah I?",
              "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Damascus" }],
              "question": "Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?",
              "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups (still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate), should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the jizya taxation. The welfare state of both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Umar ibn al Khattab had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were stable in this time. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "jizya" }],
              "question": "What form of tax were Christians required to pay?",
              "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Maysum" }],
              "question": "Who was the mother of Yazid?",
              "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What was Maysum's religion?",
              "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u200e, trans. Al-Khil\u0101fat al-\u02beumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u200e, al-\u02beUmawiyy\u016bn, or \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629, Ban\u016b \u02beUmayya, \"Sons of Umayya\"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644\u2013656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?",
              "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "Uthman ibn Affan" }],
              "question": "Who was the third caliph?",
              "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Umayyad regime?",
              "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 903, "text": "5.79" }],
              "question": "How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?",
              "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661\u201380) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644\u2013656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "661" }],
              "question": "When did Muawiyah become caliph?",
              "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "656" }],
              "question": "When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?",
              "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Marwan ibn al-Hakam" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?",
              "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husayn, word of his death and the imprisonment of his family led to a large opposition movement. In 683, Yazid dispatched an army to subdue both movements. The army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-Harrah. The Grand Mosque in Medina was severely damaged and widespread pillaging caused deep-seated dissent. Yazid's army continued on and laid siege to Mecca. At some point during the siege, the Kaaba was badly damaged in a fire. The destruction of the Kaaba and Grand Mosque became a major cause for censure of the Umayyads in later histories of the period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Kharijites" }],
              "question": "What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?",
              "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Yazid" }],
              "question": "Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?",
              "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Battle of al-Harrah" }
              ],
              "question": "In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?",
              "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Mecca" }],
              "question": "Where is the Kaaba located?",
              "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Man\u0101f via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Banu Abd-Shams" }],
              "question": "What is another term for the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Abd Manaf ibn Qusai" }
              ],
              "question": "Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?",
              "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Mecca" }],
              "question": "From what city did the Umayyads originate?",
              "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Umayya" }],
              "question": "What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Battle of Siffin" }],
              "question": "Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?",
              "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Abu Musa Ashaari" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?",
              "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1232, "text": "Battle of Nahrawan" }
              ],
              "question": "In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?",
              "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1163, "text": "those who leave" }],
              "question": "What did the term Kharjites mean?",
              "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman\u2013Persian Wars and the Byzantine\u2013Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Umar" }],
              "question": "Who was the second caliph?",
              "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?",
              "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Persian Sassanid Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?",
              "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn \u2018Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?",
              "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1292, "text": "Muawiyah I" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?",
              "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Hashimites" }],
              "question": "Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?",
              "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Battle of Uhud" }],
              "question": "What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?",
              "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "Hind" }],
              "question": "Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?",
              "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "jizyah" }],
              "question": "What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?",
              "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "mawali" }],
              "question": "What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?",
              "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Zoroastrian" }],
              "question": "Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna (\"civil war\"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "656" }],
              "question": "When did Uthman die?",
              "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Quraysh" }],
              "question": "What tribe did Ali belong to?",
              "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "civil war" }],
              "question": "What does Fitna mean?",
              "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "son-in-law" }],
              "question": "Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?",
              "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Medina" }],
              "question": "Where was the capital before Ali changed it?",
              "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Egyptians" }],
              "question": "What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?",
              "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Muawiyah I" }],
              "question": "Who was Marwan I related to?",
              "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib" }],
              "question": "Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?",
              "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Ja'far al-Sadiq" }],
              "question": "Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?",
              "id": "571aa20e10f8ca1400305200"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Mecca" }],
              "question": "Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?",
              "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Muslim bin Agail" }],
              "question": "Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?",
              "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Basrah" }],
              "question": "What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?",
              "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Muslim bin Agail" }],
              "question": "Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?",
              "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi \"gave up the project of conquering any part of India.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "712" }],
              "question": "When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?",
              "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Sindh" }],
              "question": "Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?",
              "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Rajasthan" }],
              "question": "At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Nagabhata" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?",
              "id": "571aa29f10f8ca1400305211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Pratihara" }],
              "question": "To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?",
              "id": "571aa29f10f8ca1400305210"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "Where was the Dome of the Rock built?",
              "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "692" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?",
              "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Abd al-Malik" }],
              "question": "During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?",
              "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with \"peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike\", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "John of Damascus" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Sarjun?",
              "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Crete" }],
              "question": "Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?",
              "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Mardaites" }],
              "question": "Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?",
              "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Kairouan" }],
              "question": "What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?",
              "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683\u201384) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Muawiya II" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Yazid?",
              "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "683" }],
              "question": "When did Muawiya II's reign begin?",
              "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "684" }],
              "question": "In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?",
              "id": "571aa35110f8ca140030521b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Ibn al-Zubayr" }],
              "question": "Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?",
              "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah" }
              ],
              "question": "From whom was Marwan descended?",
              "id": "571aa35110f8ca140030521a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685\u2013705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Marwan" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?",
              "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "685" }],
              "question": "When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?",
              "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Kufa" }],
              "question": "Where was Al-Mukhtar based? ",
              "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Ali" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?",
              "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "692" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?",
              "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "khalifah" }],
              "question": "Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?",
              "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Damascus" }],
              "question": "Where was the government of the Umayyads based?",
              "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "religious officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?",
              "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the \"Day of Thirst\" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Balkh" }],
              "question": "What was the main city of Tokharistan?",
              "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Samarkand" }],
              "question": "What was the central part of Transoxiana called?",
              "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "724" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?",
              "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 785, "text": "al-Harith ibn Surayj" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?",
              "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 744, "text": "Battle of the Defile" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable battle occurred in 731?",
              "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305234"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word \"Hashimiyya\" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Kaysanites Shia" }],
              "question": "What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?",
              "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Abbasid family" }],
              "question": "Who led the Hashimiyya movement?",
              "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Muhammad ibn Ali" }],
              "question": "Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?",
              "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Hashim" }],
              "question": "Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?",
              "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "717" }],
              "question": "What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?",
              "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "711" }],
              "question": "When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?",
              "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "759" }],
              "question": "What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?",
              "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1112, "text": "Marwan ibn Muhammad" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?",
              "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Franks" }],
              "question": "Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?",
              "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "739" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?",
              "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724\u201343), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Abd al-Malik" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of Hisham?",
              "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what part of Syria was Resafa located?",
              "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "724" }],
              "question": "When did Hisham's reign start?",
              "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Resafa" }],
              "question": "Where did Hisham base his court?",
              "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Battle of Akroinon" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?",
              "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Maysum" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?",
              "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Kalb" }],
              "question": "What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?",
              "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Syria" }],
              "question": "Where was the Kalb tribe based?",
              "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?",
              "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Arab" }],
              "question": "What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?",
              "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz" }
              ],
              "question": "What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?",
              "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca140030524f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "converts to Islam" }],
              "question": "For whom did Umar end the jizya?",
              "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "720" }],
              "question": "In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?",
              "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "poisoned" }],
              "question": "What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?",
              "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Mawali" }],
              "question": "What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?",
              "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Abu Muslim" }],
              "question": "Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?",
              "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "black flag" }],
              "question": "What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Marwan die?",
              "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Nasr ibn Sayyar" }],
              "question": "Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?",
              "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "749" }],
              "question": "When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?",
              "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Sunni" }],
              "question": "In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?",
              "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Al-Tabri" }],
              "question": "What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?",
              "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Arab" }],
              "question": "What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?",
              "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740\u201350) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "cohort" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?",
              "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "Marwan II" }],
              "question": "What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?",
              "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 929, "text": "manjaniq" }],
              "question": "What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?",
              "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?",
              "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "cavalry" }],
              "question": "Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?",
              "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305276"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mu'awiyah" }],
              "question": "Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?",
              "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Khurasan" }],
              "question": "Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?",
              "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "4,000,000" }],
              "question": "In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?",
              "id": "571aa72d10f8ca1400305280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "donkeys" }],
              "question": "Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?",
              "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?",
              "id": "571aa72d10f8ca1400305281"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Byzantine" }],
              "question": "What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?",
              "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Heraclius" }],
              "question": "Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?",
              "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?",
              "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?",
              "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Hind bint Utbah" }],
              "question": "Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?",
              "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "dhimmis" }],
              "question": "What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?",
              "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?",
              "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Christians" }],
              "question": "Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305293"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, \"Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "mawali" }],
              "question": "What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?",
              "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "G.R. Hawting" }],
              "question": "Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?",
              "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "old Arab" }],
              "question": "What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?",
              "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305299"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "John of Damascus" }],
              "question": "What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?",
              "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?",
              "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 737,
                  "text": "not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?",
              "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah (\"successor of the messenger of God\", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah (\"deputy of God\"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads \"regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars.\" In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "khalifat Allah" }],
              "question": "What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?",
              "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Baghdad" }],
              "question": "Where was the Abbasid court based?",
              "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "mulk" }],
              "question": "What is the Arabic term for kingship?",
              "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "khalifat rasul Allah" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?",
              "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "deputy of God" }],
              "question": "What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?",
              "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Asphalt",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as \"oil sands\" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar \"tar sands\" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4\u00d710^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370\u00d710^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "bitumen" }],
              "question": "What is another term for asphalt?",
              "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Utah" }],
              "question": "Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?",
              "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "most" }],
              "question": "How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?",
              "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "142,000 square kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?",
              "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "oil refineries" }],
              "question": "Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?",
              "id": "571b012e32177014007ea010"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luise\u00f1o and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "indigenous peoples" }],
              "question": "What group initially made use of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "adhesive" }],
              "question": "For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? ",
              "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "petroleum" }],
              "question": "What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?",
              "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "watertight" }],
              "question": "What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?",
              "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "canoes" }],
              "question": "On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?",
              "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "new pavement mixtures" }
              ],
              "question": "What is used asphalt turned back into?",
              "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "99%" }],
              "question": "How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?",
              "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?",
              "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "maintenance" }],
              "question": "During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?",
              "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "worn or damaged" }],
              "question": "For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? ",
              "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?",
              "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "crude oil" }],
              "question": "What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?",
              "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "diesel fuel" }],
              "question": "Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?",
              "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Redwater, Alberta" }],
              "question": "Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?",
              "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?",
              "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 \u00b0C (302 \u00b0F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called \"bitumen feedstock\", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "150 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "About what temperature is asphalt shipped?",
              "id": "571b08d99499d21900609beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "liquidity" }],
              "question": "To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?",
              "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "bitumen feedstock" }],
              "question": "What is the liquefied mixture called? ",
              "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "engine exhaust" }],
              "question": "What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?",
              "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "environmental" }],
              "question": "Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?",
              "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "What ancient group used bitumen extraction?",
              "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?",
              "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Ottoman" }],
              "question": "What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?",
              "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?",
              "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?",
              "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea01a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e1sphaltos, \u00e1sphalton), a word meaning \"asphalt/bitumen/pitch\", which perhaps derives from \u1f00-, \"without\" and \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 (sfall\u014d), \"make fall\". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the \"asphaltic concrete\" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English (\"asphaltum\" and \"asphalt\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "late Middle English" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the last origination of the word asphalt?",
              "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "From what language does asphalt initially come?",
              "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "asphalt/bitumen/pitch" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?",
              "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "asphalte" }],
              "question": "What is the French term for natural asphalt?",
              "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "wall" }],
              "question": "To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?",
              "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea024"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as \"tar\", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is \"pitch\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "interchangeably" }],
              "question": "How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?",
              "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?",
              "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Geologists" }],
              "question": "What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "tar" }],
              "question": "What is a naming term for asphalt?",
              "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "bitumen" }],
              "question": "What is asphalt called outside of the US?",
              "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 \u00b0C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "petroleum" }],
              "question": "From where does most asphalt come?",
              "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "once-living things" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "above 50 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "pressure" }],
              "question": "Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?",
              "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "kerogen" }],
              "question": "What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?",
              "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Athabasca oil sands" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Northern Alberta" }],
              "question": "Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?",
              "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "early Cretaceous" }],
              "question": "What formative period  produced bitumen?",
              "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "110 million years" }],
              "question": "How old are the Athabasca deposits?",
              "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?",
              "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "photographic" }],
              "question": "In what early technology was bitumen used?",
              "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?",
              "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "hours of exposure" }],
              "question": "What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?",
              "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "1850s to the 1920s" }
              ],
              "question": "During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?",
              "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?",
              "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also \"instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)\". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "25 November 1837" }],
              "question": "When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?",
              "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1834" }],
              "question": "When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "France and Belgium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?",
              "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Samuel Ryland Phipson" }
              ],
              "question": "What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?",
              "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "mastic" }],
              "question": "What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?",
              "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring \"bituminous rock\", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?",
              "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "City Hall" }],
              "question": "In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?",
              "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "bituminous rock" }],
              "question": "What natural substance was used in early road pavings?",
              "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Ritchie Mines" }],
              "question": "From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?",
              "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "waterproofing" }],
              "question": "For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?",
              "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, \"Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?",
              "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "pools and baths" }],
              "question": "In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?",
              "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "damp proofing" }],
              "question": "For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?",
              "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "1840s and 50s" }],
              "question": "When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? ",
              "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "patents" }],
              "question": "Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?",
              "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Sidney Ells" }],
              "question": "Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?",
              "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Dr. Karl A. Clark" }],
              "question": "What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?",
              "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?",
              "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 656, "text": "Robert C. Fitzsimmons" }
              ],
              "question": "Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?",
              "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "roofs" }],
              "question": "For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?",
              "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea038"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210\u00d710^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "extremely viscous" }],
              "question": "What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?",
              "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea03e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "modern oil refineries" }
              ],
              "question": "What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?",
              "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea03f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "cost is lower" }],
              "question": "Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?",
              "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1074, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?",
              "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea041"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form \"cutbacks\" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "emulsion" }],
              "question": "What does mixing bitumen with water create?",
              "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?",
              "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "cationic and anionic" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?",
              "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "recycled" }],
              "question": "What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?",
              "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "hot-mixed" }],
              "question": "What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?",
              "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from \"Oil sands\", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50\u00d710^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Alberta, Canada" }],
              "question": "Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?",
              "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "140,000 square kilometres" }
              ],
              "question": "How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?",
              "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "second-largest" }],
              "question": "Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?",
              "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Athabasca oil sands" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?",
              "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1087, "text": "310 billion barrels" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?",
              "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea04a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Roofing shingles" }],
              "question": "Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b40f532177014007ea050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Japan black" }],
              "question": "What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?",
              "id": "571b40f532177014007ea051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "weather resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?",
              "id": "571b40f532177014007ea052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "permanence" }],
              "question": "Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?",
              "id": "571b40f532177014007ea053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "alkaline batteries" }
              ],
              "question": "What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?",
              "id": "571b40f532177014007ea054"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The expression \"bitumen\" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning \"pitch,\" and jatu-krit, meaning \"pitch creating\", \"pitch producing\" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "What language originated the word bitumen?",
              "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "pitch creating" }],
              "question": "What does the Sanskrit word translate as?",
              "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "pitch" }],
              "question": "To what English word does the Latin translate?",
              "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "French" }],
              "question": " Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?",
              "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "mastix" }],
              "question": "To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?",
              "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with \"coal tar\", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "coal tar" }],
              "question": "To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?",
              "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "binder" }],
              "question": "For what was coal tar used in road paving?",
              "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "tarmac" }],
              "question": "What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?",
              "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "natural gas" }],
              "question": "What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?",
              "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "bitumen" }],
              "question": "Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?",
              "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by \"a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel\", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways \u2013 \"principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth\", which at that time made the water unusable. \"He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces\" in palaces, \"the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation\". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used \"for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes\". Its rise in Europe was \"a sudden phenomenon\", after natural deposits were found \"in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)\", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Pierre Belon" }],
              "question": "Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?",
              "id": "571b46e632177014007ea064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1553" }],
              "question": "When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?",
              "id": "571b46e632177014007ea065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b46e632177014007ea066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1103, "text": "revolution of 1830" }
              ],
              "question": "After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?",
              "id": "571b46e632177014007ea067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1653, "text": "Place de la Concorde" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? ",
              "id": "571b46e632177014007ea068"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain \"Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France\", and \"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall\". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, \"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park\". \"The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry\". \"By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production\", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving \"continue(d) in good order\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b49039499d21900609c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Pyrimont Seysell" }],
              "question": "From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?",
              "id": "571b49039499d21900609c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 901, "text": "British asphalt industry" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? ",
              "id": "571b49039499d21900609c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Whitehall" }],
              "question": "In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?",
              "id": "571b49039499d21900609c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 958, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?",
              "id": "571b49039499d21900609c49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, \"At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "canoes" }],
              "question": "For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?",
              "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Henry Kelsey" }],
              "question": "Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?",
              "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Hudson\u2019s Bay Company" }
              ],
              "question": " For what trading company did Kelsey work?",
              "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "Alexander MacKenzie" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?",
              "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7\u201310% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 \u00b0C (410 \u00b0F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?",
              "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "waterproofing" }],
              "question": "How is asphalt used in the construction industry?",
              "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "7\u201310%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?",
              "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "210 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?",
              "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "20 millimeters" }],
              "question": "What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?",
              "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "diluted" }],
              "question": "What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?",
              "id": "571b51299499d21900609c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "dilbit" }],
              "question": "What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?",
              "id": "571b51299499d21900609c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "synbit" }],
              "question": "What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?",
              "id": "571b51299499d21900609c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Western Canadian Select" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?",
              "id": "571b51299499d21900609c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "refining" }],
              "question": "In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?",
              "id": "571b51299499d21900609c67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 \u00b0C (120 to 300 \u00b0F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "meteorites" }],
              "question": "To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?",
              "id": "571b532132177014007ea06e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "living material" }],
              "question": "What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?",
              "id": "571b532132177014007ea06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "plants and animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b532132177014007ea070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "ocean" }],
              "question": "What feature originally covered Alberta?",
              "id": "571b532132177014007ea071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "50 to 150 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?",
              "id": "571b532132177014007ea072"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Selenizza" }],
              "question": "What component is added to bitumen to improve it?",
              "id": "571b55a832177014007ea078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "mastic asphalts" }],
              "question": "To what other paving material is Selenizza added?",
              "id": "571b55a832177014007ea079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "fluid additives" }],
              "question": "What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?",
              "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "granular" }],
              "question": "In what form is Selenizza offered?",
              "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "bags" }],
              "question": "How is Selenizza shipped?",
              "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen \"upgraded\" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "mixture" }],
              "question": "To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?",
              "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "tarmac" }],
              "question": "What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?",
              "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "asphaltum" }],
              "question": "When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?",
              "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "'asphalt" }],
              "question": "With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?",
              "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1086, "text": "Bitumen" }],
              "question": "What is the geological term for asphalt?",
              "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818\u20131819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bitumen" }],
              "question": "What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?",
              "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "solidifies" }],
              "question": "What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?",
              "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "deterioration" }],
              "question": "What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?",
              "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?",
              "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "unstable" }],
              "question": "What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  ",
              "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea086"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Clarmac" }],
              "question": "Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?",
              "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "When did Claridge's company liquidate?",
              "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "First World War" }],
              "question": "What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?",
              "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Clarmac Roads Ltd" }],
              "question": "What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?",
              "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "substantial amount" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?",
              "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "road surfaces" }],
              "question": "What is the biggest use of asphalt?",
              "id": "571b63799499d21900609c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?",
              "id": "571b63799499d21900609c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?",
              "id": "571b63799499d21900609c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?",
              "id": "571b63799499d21900609c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "4,000" }],
              "question": "How many concrete plants are in the US?",
              "id": "571b63799499d21900609c85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160\u00d710^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "syncrude" }],
              "question": "What is synthetic crude oil usually called?",
              "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "upgrading facility" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?",
              "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Dr. Karl Clark" }],
              "question": "Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?",
              "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?",
              "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "1 million barrels" }],
              "question": "How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?",
              "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the \"heavy\" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 \u00b0C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by \"blowing\" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "40,000,000" }],
              "question": "How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?",
              "id": "571b66819499d21900609c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "500 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?",
              "id": "571b66819499d21900609c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Vacuum distillation" }
              ],
              "question": "What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?",
              "id": "571b66819499d21900609c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "blowing" }],
              "question": "What is the process used to harden the asphalt?",
              "id": "571b66819499d21900609c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "de-asphalting" }],
              "question": "In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?",
              "id": "571b66819499d21900609c99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 \u00b0C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Selenice, in Albania" }
              ],
              "question": "To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?",
              "id": "571b684832177014007ea08c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "still in use" }],
              "question": "What is it about the mine that is unusual?",
              "id": "571b684832177014007ea08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "rock asphalt" }],
              "question": "In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? ",
              "id": "571b684832177014007ea08e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "83% to 92%" }],
              "question": "What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?",
              "id": "571b684832177014007ea08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "veins" }],
              "question": "How is the rock asphalt mainly found?",
              "id": "571b684832177014007ea090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 \u00b0C (390 \u00b0F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "fumes or skin" }],
              "question": "By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?",
              "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "5 mg/m3" }],
              "question": "What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?",
              "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "heated or diluted" }],
              "question": "How must asphalt be treated to be workable?",
              "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 764, "text": "greater than 199 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?",
              "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "temperature" }],
              "question": "What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?",
              "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Queen_Victoria",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet \"the grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria marry?",
              "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the grandmother of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?",
              "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "her popularity recovered" }
              ],
              "question": "In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?",
              "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What year did Prince Albert die?",
              "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many children did she have?",
              "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?",
              "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What was the year of Alberts death?",
              "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "celebration" }],
              "question": "Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?",
              "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?",
              "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "first cousin" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?",
              "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?",
              "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?",
              "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many children did Victoria and Albert have?",
              "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What year did Prince Albert die?",
              "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "republicanism" }],
              "question": "Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?",
              "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When did Queen Victoria get married?",
              "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's husband?",
              "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the grandmother of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria's nickname?",
              "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "After Albert's death in 1861" }
              ],
              "question": "When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?",
              "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?",
              "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Victoria marry?",
              "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?",
              "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?",
              "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the grandmother of Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Victoria's unofficial title?",
              "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When did Prince Albert die?",
              "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "mother" }],
              "question": "Who was extremely protective over Victoria?",
              "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Kensington System" }],
              "question": "What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?",
              "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?",
              "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "Dash" }],
              "question": "What was Victoria's dog's name?",
              "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 958, "text": "dolls" }],
              "question": "During her free time, what did she play with?",
              "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?",
              "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1021,
                  "text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages did Victoria take lessons in?",
              "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1076, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?",
              "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's mothers lover?",
              "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Kensington System" }],
              "question": "What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?",
              "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Kensington System" }],
              "question": "What system did Victorias mother raise her under?",
              "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?",
              "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?",
              "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?",
              "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "Dash" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?",
              "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Kensington System?",
              "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "rather melancholy" }],
              "question": "How did Victoria describe her childhood?",
              "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1021,
                  "text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages did Victoria study? ",
              "id": "5724d2c40a492a1900435630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "Dash" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?",
              "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1021,
                  "text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?",
              "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58dff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Kensington System" }],
              "question": "What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?",
              "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?",
              "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "most of her father's family" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?",
              "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child?",
              "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "chloroform" }],
              "question": "What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?",
              "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "post-natal depression" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?",
              "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "thought it dangerous" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?",
              "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Albert complain about Victoria?",
              "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?",
              "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "post-natal depression" }
              ],
              "question": "Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?",
              "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "chloroform" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?",
              "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?",
              "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Beatrice" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's final child?",
              "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?",
              "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victorias eighth child?",
              "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "chloroform." }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?",
              "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "What year was victorias final child born?",
              "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Beatrice" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victorias final child?",
              "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child? ",
              "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? ",
              "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "chloroform" }],
              "question": "What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? ",
              "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "considered it against biblical teaching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? ",
              "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "loss of self-control" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? ",
              "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?",
              "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "chloroform" }],
              "question": "What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?",
              "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Beatrice" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?",
              "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "considered it against biblical teaching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?",
              "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "post-natal depression" }
              ],
              "question": "After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?",
              "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "During which year did Victoria's mother die?",
              "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "Through reading her mother's papers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?",
              "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "chronic stomach trouble" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Albert ill with?",
              "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 964,
                  "text": "Prince of Wales's philandering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?",
              "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "army manoeuvres" }],
              "question": "What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?",
              "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria's mother die?",
              "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "What year did Albert die?",
              "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Conroy and Lehzen" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?",
              "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Albert" }],
              "question": "Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?",
              "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "chronic stomach trouble" }
              ],
              "question": "What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?",
              "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1861" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria's mother die? ",
              "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "typhoid fever" }],
              "question": "What disease was Albert diagnosed with? ",
              "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "14 December 1861" }],
              "question": "When did Albert die of his illness? ",
              "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1257, "text": "widow of Windsor" }],
              "question": "What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? ",
              "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 642, "text": "an actress in Ireland" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? ",
              "id": "5724d5ba0a492a190043563a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When did the Duchess die?",
              "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Conroy and Lehzen" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?",
              "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "typhoid fever" }],
              "question": "What caused Prince Albert's death?",
              "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "their son, the Prince of Wales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?",
              "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "had slept with an actress in Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?",
              "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28539"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at\u2014to see how much one is loved\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Roderick Maclean" }],
              "question": "Who shot at the queen?",
              "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 March 1882" }],
              "question": "When was the shooting?",
              "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "poet" }],
              "question": "What was Maclean's occupation?",
              "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Eton College" }],
              "question": "Which college were to two boys attending?",
              "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "umbrellas" }],
              "question": "With what did the college boy's hit the shooter with?",
              "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Roderick Maclean" }],
              "question": "Who shot Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "What year was the Queen shot?",
              "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "Two schoolboys from Eton College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen?",
              "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "not guilty by reason of insanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen?",
              "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "struck him with their umbrellas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the schoolboys stop Maclean?",
              "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Roderick Maclean" }],
              "question": "What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria's carriage on March 2, 1882?",
              "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Eton College" }],
              "question": "What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend? ",
              "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "he was found not guilty by reason of insanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial? ",
              "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor? ",
              "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "outraged" }],
              "question": "What was Victoria's reaction to the verdict?",
              "id": "57256b48cc50291900b283c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Roderick Maclean" }],
              "question": "Who attempted to assassinate the Queen?",
              "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "not guilty by reason of insanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the verdict in Maclean's trial?",
              "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "\"worth being shot at\u2014to see how much one is loved\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Victoria take on being shot at?",
              "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2 March 1882" }],
              "question": "When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria?",
              "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "refusal to accept one of his poems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria?",
              "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "What year did Gladstone return to power?",
              "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "82" }],
              "question": "How old was Gladstone in 1892?",
              "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "What year did Gladstone retire?",
              "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?",
              "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "What year did Gadstone return to power?",
              "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?",
              "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "82 years old" }],
              "question": "How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?",
              "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "What year did Gladstone retire?",
              "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Lord Rosebery" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?",
              "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "82 years old" }],
              "question": "How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? ",
              "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Henry Labouchere" }],
              "question": "What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? ",
              "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Lord Rosebery" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?",
              "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? ",
              "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "for the remainder of Victoria's reign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Gladstone" }],
              "question": "Who was returned to power in 1892?",
              "id": "57258041cc50291900b2853f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Lord Rosebery" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?",
              "id": "57258041cc50291900b28540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "His government was weak" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "57258041cc50291900b28541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "57258041cc50291900b28542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "the remainder of Victoria's reign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?",
              "id": "57258041cc50291900b28543"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?",
              "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "wedding veil" }],
              "question": "What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?",
              "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What color was her dress?",
              "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Albert's" }],
              "question": "Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?",
              "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "his hand" }],
              "question": "A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?",
              "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 927,
                  "text": "St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?",
              "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "a white dress and her wedding veil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?",
              "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fc9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "What year did Queen Victoria die?",
              "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fc9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "a lock of John Brown's hair" }
              ],
              "question": "What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?",
              "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? ",
              "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "John Brown" }],
              "question": "Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? ",
              "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? ",
              "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 902, "text": "Saturday, 2 February" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? ",
              "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1042,
                  "text": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? ",
              "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1042,
                  "text": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Victoria laid to rest?",
              "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 912, "text": "2 February" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?",
              "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?",
              "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "a white dress and her wedding veil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Victoria dressed for burial?",
              "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who placed Victoria into her coffin?",
              "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her \"best and kindest adviser\", to thank him \"for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\" However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?",
              "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Albert" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?",
              "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who introduced Albert to Victoria?",
              "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?",
              "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria when she met Albert?",
              "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "her uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who introduced Victoria and Albert?",
              "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fcaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?",
              "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fcab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Whom did Queen Victoria consider her \"best and kindest adviser\"? ",
              "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Albert" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?",
              "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "the most pleasing and delightful exterior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? ",
              "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "her uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?",
              "id": "57258350cc50291900b28549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?",
              "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Albert's best qualities?",
              "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Victoria find Albert's looks?",
              "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?",
              "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "to form a new ministry" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?",
              "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "In what year did Melbourne resign?",
              "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Tory" }],
              "question": "Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?",
              "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "bedchamber crisis" }],
              "question": "What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?",
              "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "What year did Melbourne resign?",
              "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Radicals and Tories" }
              ],
              "question": "Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?",
              "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Sir Robert Peel" }],
              "question": "Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?",
              "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?",
              "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "the bedchamber crisis" }
              ],
              "question": "The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?",
              "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who resigned their position in 1839? ",
              "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?",
              "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Sir Robert Peel" }],
              "question": "What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? ",
              "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 812, "text": "resigned his commission" }
              ],
              "question": "After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? ",
              "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? ",
              "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?",
              "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "plantation owners" }],
              "question": "Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?",
              "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "wives of Tories" }],
              "question": "Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?",
              "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 727,
                  "text": "Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Peel resign his comission?",
              "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?",
              "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d71b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at ch\u00e2teau d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "France and Britain" }],
              "question": "Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?",
              "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "by marriage through the Coburgs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related?",
              "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "King Louis Philippe I" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?",
              "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1145, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria first visit Ireland?",
              "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "1844" }],
              "question": "What year did Louis Philippe visit England?",
              "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "France and Britain" }],
              "question": "What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between?",
              "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1145, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland?",
              "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "House of Orleans" }],
              "question": "Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?",
              "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "King Louis Philippe I" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845?",
              "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Louis Philippe" }],
              "question": "Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Louis Philippe" }],
              "question": "Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria? ",
              "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 697, "text": "fled to exile in England" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France? ",
              "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "Osborne House" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848? ",
              "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1134, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849?",
              "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "House of Orleans" }],
              "question": "What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with? ",
              "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "improvement of relations between France and Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of Victoria's major concerns?",
              "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "When was Louis Phillipe deposed?",
              "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 861,
                  "text": "Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848?",
              "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "When was Osborne house purchased?",
              "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 981,
                  "text": "Chartists and Irish nationalists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before, ultimately, failing?",
              "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Where was Orsini from?",
              "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who did Orsini try to assassinate?",
              "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "Victoria recalled Palmerston to office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in June 1859?",
              "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "What position did Derby hold?",
              "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "14 January 1858" }],
              "question": "What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?",
              "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Orsini" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?",
              "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "port of Cherbourg" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?",
              "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?",
              "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Palmerston" }],
              "question": "Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?",
              "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?",
              "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Palmerston" }],
              "question": "Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England? ",
              "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Cherbourg" }],
              "question": "What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?",
              "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III? ",
              "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "Palmerston" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859? ",
              "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?",
              "id": "57263383271a42140099d745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "14 January 1858" }],
              "question": "When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?",
              "id": "57263383271a42140099d746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "a bomb" }],
              "question": "How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?",
              "id": "57263383271a42140099d747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "June 1859" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?",
              "id": "57263383271a42140099d748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "French military port of Cherbourg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?",
              "id": "57263383271a42140099d749"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\" With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Palmerston" }],
              "question": "Who died in 1865?",
              "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Derby" }],
              "question": "Who resigned in 1868?",
              "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "matter of months" }],
              "question": "How long was Disraeli in office?",
              "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 735, "text": "William Ewart Gladstone" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Disraeli's rival?",
              "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Liberal" }],
              "question": "What political view did Gladstone hold?",
              "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "What year did Palmerston die?",
              "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Russell" }],
              "question": "Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?",
              "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Derby" }],
              "question": "Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?",
              "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?",
              "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Benjamin Disraeli" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Derby after his resignation?",
              "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "What year did Pamerston die? ",
              "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "State Opening of Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?",
              "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Reform Act 1867" }],
              "question": "What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women? ",
              "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Benjamin Disraeli" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868? ",
              "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 735, "text": "William Ewart Gladstone" }
              ],
              "question": "What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office? ",
              "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "When did Palmerston die?",
              "id": "5726341a271a42140099d74f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Derby" }],
              "question": "Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?",
              "id": "5726341a271a42140099d750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "When did Derby resign?",
              "id": "5726341a271a42140099d751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Benjamin Disraeli" }],
              "question": "Who was Derby's replacement?",
              "id": "5726341a271a42140099d752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "only lasted a matter of months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Disralei last in office?",
              "id": "5726341a271a42140099d753"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\" Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?",
              "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "fiftieth anniversary" }
              ],
              "question": "What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?",
              "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Her family and retainers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who accused Karim of spying?",
              "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "his parentage" }],
              "question": "What was Munshi lying about?",
              "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?",
              "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 814, "text": "Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?",
              "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Abdul Karim" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?",
              "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "Sir Henry" }],
              "question": "Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?",
              "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 691, "text": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?",
              "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? ",
              "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Hindustani" }],
              "question": "What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? ",
              "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "Muslim Patriotic League" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? ",
              "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 691, "text": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? ",
              "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "20 June" }],
              "question": "What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? ",
              "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?",
              "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "the fiftieth anniversary of her accession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?",
              "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Abdul Karim" }],
              "question": "Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?",
              "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?",
              "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1013,
                  "text": "until he returned to India with a pension on her death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?",
              "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died; \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?",
              "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?",
              "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?",
              "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?",
              "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?",
              "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Biarritz" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? ",
              "id": "5724e9730a492a190043565e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Boer War" }],
              "question": "What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?",
              "id": "5724e9730a492a190043565f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? ",
              "id": "5724e9730a492a1900435660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "her second son Alfred" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? ",
              "id": "5724e9730a492a1900435661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "mainland Europe" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria often go for holiday?",
              "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac57e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "set foot in Spain" }],
              "question": "In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?",
              "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?",
              "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "the Boer War" }],
              "question": "Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?",
              "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?",
              "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac582"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "no more than five feet tall" }
              ],
              "question": "How tall was Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "her diary and letters" }
              ],
              "question": "The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?",
              "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?",
              "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?",
              "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "five feet" }],
              "question": "How tall was Queen Victoria? ",
              "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Lytton Strachey" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? ",
              "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 641, "text": "Elizabeth Longford" }
              ],
              "question": "What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?",
              "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? ",
              "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Victoria like, physically?",
              "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "after the release of her diary and letters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "1964 and 1972" }],
              "question": "When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?",
              "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 799,
                  "text": "emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of person was Victoria?",
              "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the centre of England" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?",
              "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Malvern Hills" }],
              "question": "What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?",
              "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835" }
              ],
              "question": "What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?",
              "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "his rival" }],
              "question": "Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?",
              "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "William" }],
              "question": "Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?",
              "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "William" }],
              "question": "Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? ",
              "id": "5724eddd0a492a190043566f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Ramsgate" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? ",
              "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1002, "text": "Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? ",
              "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1013, "text": "private secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? ",
              "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Duchess of Kent and Conroy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?",
              "id": "5724eddd0a492a190043566e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1103, "text": "Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?",
              "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "disliked" }],
              "question": "How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?",
              "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "enthusiastically welcomed in each"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?",
              "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?",
              "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1155, "text": "banned him from her presence" }
              ],
              "question": "When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?",
              "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac616"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of her accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations. She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of \u00a3385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Lord Melbourne" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?",
              "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Lord Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession?",
              "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "28 June 1838" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victorias coronation held?",
              "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Westminster Abbey" }],
              "question": "Where was Victorias coronation held?",
              "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Over 400,000" }],
              "question": "How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation?",
              "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "28 June 1838" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Charles Greville" }],
              "question": "Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter? ",
              "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria? ",
              "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 715, "text": "\u00a3385,000 per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Victoria's allowance upon becoming Queen? ",
              "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Lord Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What Whig was prime minister during Victoria's accession? ",
              "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria's accension?",
              "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "powerful" }],
              "question": "What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria?",
              "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "28 June 1838" }],
              "question": "When was Victoria's coronation?",
              "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 755,
                  "text": "she paid off her father's debts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance?",
              "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Buckingham Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen Victoria reside?",
              "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\". She personally donated \u00a32,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only \u00a35 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "What year was the potato blight in Ireland?",
              "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "\u00a32,000" }],
              "question": "How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?",
              "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "four years" }],
              "question": "How long did the Great Famine last?",
              "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "over a million" }],
              "question": "How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?",
              "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "The Famine Queen" }],
              "question": "What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?",
              "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "potato blight" }],
              "question": "What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?",
              "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "over a million" }],
              "question": "How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?",
              "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "The Famine Queen" }],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? ",
              "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "that she donated only \u00a35 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? ",
              "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "\u00a32,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? ",
              "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "potato blight" }],
              "question": "What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?",
              "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1845" }],
              "question": "When did the potato blight begin?",
              "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "a million" }],
              "question": "How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?",
              "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "The Famine Queen" }],
              "question": "What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?",
              "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "\u00a32,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?",
              "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences\u2014Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the republican movement" }
              ],
              "question": "When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?",
              "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "in her royal residences" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria isolate herself?",
              "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Balmoral Castle" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?",
              "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?",
              "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1864" }],
              "question": "What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?",
              "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Balmoral Castle" }],
              "question": "What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?",
              "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Buckingham Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?",
              "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? ",
              "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "republican movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? ",
              "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "self-imposed isolation from the public"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?",
              "id": "572646e3708984140094c137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the growth of the republican movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria's isolation give way to?",
              "id": "572646e3708984140094c138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Her uncle Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?",
              "id": "572646e3708984140094c139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?",
              "id": "572646e3708984140094c13a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 723,
                  "text": "take a drive through London in an open carriage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?",
              "id": "572646e3708984140094c13b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\". At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "What year was the Indian Rebellion?",
              "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion?",
              "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company ruled much of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?",
              "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "both sides" }],
              "question": "Who did the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion?",
              "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruler was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion in 1857?",
              "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Albert" }],
              "question": "Who encouraged Victoria to issue an official statement on the conflict of the civil war in India? ",
              "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "were formally incorporated into the British Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the British possesions after the Rebellion of 1857? ",
              "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? ",
              "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Before 1857, who controlled most of India?",
              "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "the Indian Rebellion of 1857" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the British East India Company to lose control of India?",
              "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "formally incorporated into the British Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the assets of the British East India Company after it was removed from power?",
              "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Queen view the Indian Rebellion?",
              "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "\"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria believe that an official proclamation transferring control from the company to the monarchy would do?",
              "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor?",
              "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "rheumatism thereafter" }
              ],
              "question": "After her fall down the stairs, what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter?",
              "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Brown" }],
              "question": "Who died 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs?",
              "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "by telegram" }],
              "question": "How was Victoria notified of her youngest son leopolds death?",
              "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Sir Henry Ponsonby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Victorias private secretary during the years following her accident at Windsor?",
              "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "17 March 1883" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria get injured after taking a fall down some stairs? ",
              "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "John Brown" }],
              "question": "Who did Queen Victoria write a biography about that was never published? ",
              "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "Cannes" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria's youngest son, Leopold die? ",
              "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1025, "text": "Prince Henry of Battenberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Victoria initially opposed Beatrice's marriage to what man? ",
              "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1052,
                  "text": "at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Beatrice meet and fall in love with Prince Henry? ",
              "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "she fell down some stairs at Windsor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Victoria's rheumatism?",
              "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Brown" }],
              "question": "Who died 10 days after Victoria's accident?",
              "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "a eulogistic biography" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria begin working on after Brown's death?",
              "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Sir Henry Ponsonby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was opposed to Victoria writing a biography of Brown?",
              "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 842,
                  "text": "her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Victoria's life on the day after the one year anniversary of Brown's death?",
              "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "haemophilia B" }],
              "question": "What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?",
              "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?",
              "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "the Duke of Kent" }],
              "question": "It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?",
              "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "male" }],
              "question": "What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?",
              "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "over 50" }],
              "question": "How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?",
              "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? ",
              "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Alice and Beatrice" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? ",
              "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "a haemophiliac" }],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?",
              "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "haemophilia B" }],
              "question": "What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?",
              "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?",
              "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Alice and Beatrice" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?",
              "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "older fathers" }],
              "question": "What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?",
              "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 924, "text": "about a third of cases" }
              ],
              "question": "In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?",
              "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victorias father?",
              "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1820" }],
              "question": "What year did Victorias Father die?",
              "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?",
              "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1820" }],
              "question": "What year did King George III die?",
              "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?",
              "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Victoria's father? ",
              "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1820" }],
              "question": "When did the Duke of Kent die? ",
              "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Victoria's mother's name?",
              "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?",
              "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's father?",
              "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who raised Victoria?",
              "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "aged 18" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?",
              "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria inherit the throne?",
              "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "constitutional monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of government did England have at the time?",
              "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born?",
              "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "1820" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria's father and grandfather die?",
              "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year did Victorias Uncle George IV die?",
              "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "within a week of each other" }
              ],
              "question": "What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather?",
              "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "What year did the Duke of York die?",
              "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "What place was Victoria in the line of succession after her birth? ",
              "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Duke of Clarence" }],
              "question": "Whose infant daugheters both died, leaving him without an heir to the throne of England? ",
              "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "When did George IV die? ",
              "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 797,
                  "text": "made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Regency Act of 1830?",
              "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "King William" }],
              "question": "Who distrusted the Duchesses capability to reign in Victoria's place until she became of age? ",
              "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria fall in the line of succession?",
              "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "her father and his three older brothers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who came in line for the throne before Victoria?",
              "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 708,
                  "text": "became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when Victoria's Uncle George IV died?",
              "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's last surviving uncle?",
              "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "Duchess of Kent" }],
              "question": "Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor?",
              "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen.\" Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "24 May 1837" }],
              "question": "On what date did Victoria turn 18?",
              "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "20 June 1837" }],
              "question": "On what date did William IV die?",
              "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "71" }],
              "question": "How old was William IV when he died?",
              "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "12 minutes past 2" }],
              "question": "What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?",
              "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Alexandrina Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?",
              "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "24 May 1837" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria turn 18?",
              "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "20 June 1837" }],
              "question": "When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? ",
              "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Alexandrina Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?",
              "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "71" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? ",
              "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? ",
              "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "20 June 1837, William IV died" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Alexandrina Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?",
              "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "71" }],
              "question": "How old was William IV when he died?",
              "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "sitting-room" }],
              "question": "Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?",
              "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8de00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking  [sic] alternative\". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "unmarried" }],
              "question": "What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?",
              "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?",
              "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Kensington System" }],
              "question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?",
              "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Conroy" }],
              "question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?",
              "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?",
              "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Kensington System" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria and her mother disagree on? ",
              "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Conroy" }],
              "question": "Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure? ",
              "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Melbourne" }],
              "question": "To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? ",
              "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Buckingham Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen? ",
              "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "with her mother" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?",
              "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "was required by social convention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?",
              "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "marriage" }],
              "question": "What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?",
              "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "a \"schocking  [sic] alternative\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?",
              "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "close proximity promised \"torment for many years\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?",
              "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped. The following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to provoke Francis to take a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plain-clothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge. Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London. In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Francis" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the man that tried to shoot Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the gun did not fire" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "29 May 1842" }],
              "question": "On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "riding in a carriage along The Mall, London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her?",
              "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "he escaped" }],
              "question": "What happened to Francis after his attempt to shoot Victoria?",
              "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Francis" }],
              "question": "Who made two unsuccessful attempts on Queen Victoria's life in 1842?",
              "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "transportation for life" }
              ],
              "question": "What was John Francis's eventual sentence for the attempt on the Queens life? ",
              "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "John William Bean" }],
              "question": "Who shot at Queen Victoria on July 3, days after John Francis's sentence was commuted? ",
              "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "William Hamilton" }],
              "question": "Who fired a shot at Queen Victoria's carriage in 1849?",
              "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "Robert Pate" }],
              "question": "What person recieved a seven year transportation sentence for striking Victoria on the head with his cane? ",
              "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Francis" }],
              "question": "Who escaped Victoria's guards after attempting to fire a shot at her?",
              "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "death sentence was commuted to transportation for life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to John Francis after his second attempt to fire on the Queen?",
              "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "paper and tobacco" }],
              "question": "What did John William Bean try to fire at Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "18 months in jail" }],
              "question": "What were the consequences of John William Bean's attempt to fire at the Queen?",
              "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "When did William Hamilton fire a powder charge at Victoria's carriage?",
              "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What political party was Russells ministry?",
              "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Emperor Napoleon III" }
              ],
              "question": "What was president Bonapartes name changed to?",
              "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Lord Palmerston" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?",
              "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Russell" }],
              "question": "To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?",
              "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "What year was Palmerston removed from office?",
              "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Foreign Secretary" }],
              "question": "What position did Lord Palmerston hold?",
              "id": "572500580a492a19004356ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?",
              "id": "572500580a492a19004356ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Emperor Napoleon III" }
              ],
              "question": "President Bonaparte was declared what in France? ",
              "id": "572500580a492a19004356ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Lord Derby" }],
              "question": "Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister? ",
              "id": "572500580a492a19004356af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton? ",
              "id": "572500580a492a19004356b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Lord Palmerston" }],
              "question": "Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?",
              "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?",
              "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 781,
                  "text": "a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What replaced Russell's administration?",
              "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "declared Emperor Napoleon III" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?",
              "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup? ",
              "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too \u2013 one by one.\" Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Kaiser.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?",
              "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?",
              "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?",
              "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?",
              "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?",
              "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17? ",
              "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick? ",
              "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage? ",
              "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "Wilhelm" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild? ",
              "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 844, "text": "last German Kaiser" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany? ",
              "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?",
              "id": "57266b70708984140094c567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?",
              "id": "57266b70708984140094c568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?",
              "id": "57266b70708984140094c569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "Wilhelm" }],
              "question": "Who was the Queen's first grandchild?",
              "id": "57266b70708984140094c56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 840, "text": "the last German Kaiser" }
              ],
              "question": "What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "57266b70708984140094c56b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children\u2014Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)\u2014by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victorias father?",
              "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Princess Charlotte of Wales" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?",
              "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "George III" }],
              "question": "Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?",
              "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?",
              "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?",
              "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victorias father?",
              "id": "5723fd9a0a492a19004355ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Princess Charlotte of Wales" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?",
              "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?",
              "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "Prince of Leiningen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?",
              "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "4.15 a.m" }],
              "question": "What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?",
              "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "Leopold" }],
              "question": "Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? ",
              "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "The Duke and Duchess of Kent" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?",
              "id": "57266c49708984140094c581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 708, "text": "4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria born?",
              "id": "57266c49708984140094c582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?",
              "id": "57266c49708984140094c583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?",
              "id": "57266c49708984140094c584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?",
              "id": "57266c49708984140094c585"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \"[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\" Alexander, on the other hand, was \"very plain\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "the Belgians" }],
              "question": "The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?",
              "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1831" }],
              "question": "What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?",
              "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the nephew of leopold?",
              "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Alberts father?",
              "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1084, "text": "very plain" }],
              "question": "How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?",
              "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?",
              "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead? ",
              "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Prince of Orange" }],
              "question": "Prince Alexander was the second son of whom? ",
              "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1084, "text": "very plain" }],
              "question": "What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange? ",
              "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Victoria feel about Albert?",
              "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f7279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Duchess's brother, Leopold" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?",
              "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?",
              "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?",
              "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "an abdominal growth" }
              ],
              "question": "What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?",
              "id": "572403030a492a19004355e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?",
              "id": "572403030a492a19004355e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "an out-of-wedlock pregnancy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?",
              "id": "572403030a492a19004355e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings \"pregnancy\"?",
              "id": "572403030a492a19004355e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?",
              "id": "572403030a492a19004355e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Lady Flora Hastings" }
              ],
              "question": "What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?",
              "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 810, "text": "large tumour on her liver" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? ",
              "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "Conroy and the Duchess of Kent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria? ",
              "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "Mrs. Melbourne" }],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?",
              "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?",
              "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Sir John Conroy" }],
              "question": "Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's \"baby\"?",
              "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "despised" }],
              "question": "What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?",
              "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "the Kensington System" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?",
              "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's \"pregnancy\"?",
              "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "What year was the Third French Republic established?",
              "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Trafalgar Square" }],
              "question": "Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?",
              "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Radical MPs" }],
              "question": "Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?",
              "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "arm" }],
              "question": "In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?",
              "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Joseph Lister" }],
              "question": "Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?",
              "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?",
              "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Trafalgar Square" }],
              "question": "Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? ",
              "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "new antiseptic carbolic acid spray"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?",
              "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "typhoid fever" }],
              "question": "What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? ",
              "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "acid spray" }],
              "question": "WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?",
              "id": "57267189708984140094c63f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "establishment of the Third French Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?",
              "id": "57267189708984140094c640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?",
              "id": "57267189708984140094c641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "carbolic acid spray" }
              ],
              "question": "WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?",
              "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "typhoid fever" }],
              "question": "What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?",
              "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Radical MPs" }],
              "question": "Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?",
              "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "the tenth anniversary of her husband's death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?",
              "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?",
              "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Edward Oxford" }],
              "question": "Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?",
              "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How old was Edward Oxford?",
              "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?",
              "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?",
              "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Edward Oxford" }],
              "question": "Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?",
              "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? ",
              "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "21 November 1840" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? ",
              "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 873, "text": "1841" }],
              "question": "What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? ",
              "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "first pregnancy" }],
              "question": "What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?",
              "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?",
              "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "popularity soared" }],
              "question": "What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?",
              "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "high treason" }],
              "question": "What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?",
              "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "acquitted on the grounds of insanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?",
              "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8574"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. \"If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power\", she wrote, \"we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY.\" Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\" To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\", and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?",
              "id": "572406670a492a19004355ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "no impact" }],
              "question": "What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?",
              "id": "572406670a492a19004355ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "expansionist foreign policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?",
              "id": "572406670a492a19004355ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "Disraeli" }],
              "question": "Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?",
              "id": "572406670a492a19004355ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "Gladstone" }],
              "question": "Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?",
              "id": "572406670a492a19004355f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Russo-Turkish War" }],
              "question": "What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times? ",
              "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Congress of Berlin" }
              ],
              "question": "What ended the Russo-Turkish War?",
              "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries? ",
              "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "Gladstone" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?",
              "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "Disraeli" }],
              "question": "To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? ",
              "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?",
              "id": "572675735951b619008f7337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "Gladstone" }],
              "question": "Who won the 1880 general election?",
              "id": "572675735951b619008f7338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?",
              "id": "572675735951b619008f7339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "a memorial tablet" }],
              "question": "What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?",
              "id": "572675735951b619008f733a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?",
              "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "April 1855" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon iii visit London?",
              "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Dunkirk" }],
              "question": "Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?",
              "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?",
              "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "the Palace of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?",
              "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?",
              "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Exposition Universelle" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? ",
              "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? ",
              "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?",
              "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Dunkirk" }],
              "question": "Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?",
              "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?",
              "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?",
              "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Palace of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?",
              "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "April 1855" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon III visit London?",
              "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e082"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Brown" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?",
              "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?",
              "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "a romantic connection" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?",
              "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Mrs. Brown" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?",
              "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Mrs. Brown" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?",
              "id": "572408e80a492a19004355fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?",
              "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Mrs. Brown" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?",
              "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Sir Edwin Henry Landseer" }
              ],
              "question": "What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?",
              "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?",
              "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Brown" }],
              "question": "Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?",
              "id": "572678a5708984140094c73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Mrs. Brown" }],
              "question": "Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?",
              "id": "572678a5708984140094c73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?",
              "id": "572678a5708984140094c73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "John Brown" }],
              "question": "Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?",
              "id": "572678a5708984140094c73e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\", and by mid-January she was \"drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused\". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Osborne House" }],
              "question": "Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?",
              "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "on the Isle of Wight" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?",
              "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Rheumatism in her legs" }
              ],
              "question": "What had caused Victoria to be lame?",
              "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "cataracts" }],
              "question": "Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?",
              "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "22 January 1901" }],
              "question": "What was the date of Queen Victorias death?",
              "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Isle of Wight" }],
              "question": "Where was Osborne House located?",
              "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Queen Victoria die? ",
              "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "81" }],
              "question": "How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? ",
              "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "King Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? ",
              "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "pet Pomeranian, Turri" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? ",
              "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Osborne House on the Isle of Wight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?",
              "id": "57267966708984140094c749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Rheumatism" }],
              "question": "What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?",
              "id": "57267966708984140094c74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901" }
              ],
              "question": "Whaen did Queen Victoria die?",
              "id": "57267966708984140094c74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "81" }],
              "question": "How old was Victoria when she died?",
              "id": "57267966708984140094c74c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "King Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor?",
              "id": "57267966708984140094c74d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Royal Titles Act 1876" }
              ],
              "question": "What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?",
              "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Empress of India" }],
              "question": "In 1876 Victoria held what title?",
              "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?",
              "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?",
              "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?",
              "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? ",
              "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? ",
              "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Disraeli" }],
              "question": "Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?",
              "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "1 May 1876" }],
              "question": "When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? ",
              "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Delhi Durbar" }],
              "question": "Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? ",
              "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "When was Disraeli returned to office?",
              "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "removed Catholic rituals" }
              ],
              "question": "What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?",
              "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?",
              "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Royal Titles Act 1876" }
              ],
              "question": "What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?",
              "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?",
              "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "modern constitutional monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "the voting system" }],
              "question": "Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?",
              "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "morality and family values" }
              ],
              "question": "As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?",
              "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "family monarchy" }],
              "question": "What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?",
              "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "increased the power" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? ",
              "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "emphasis on morality and family values"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? ",
              "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "family monarchy" }],
              "question": "What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?",
              "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "modern constitutional monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? ",
              "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "modern constitutional monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?",
              "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Reforms of the voting system" }
              ],
              "question": "What increased the power in the House of Commons?",
              "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "House of Lords and the monarch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?",
              "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "symbolic" }],
              "question": "Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?",
              "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "family" }],
              "question": "What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?",
              "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1885" }],
              "question": "What year did Gladstone resign?",
              "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "his budget" }],
              "question": "Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?",
              "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "General Gordon at Khartoum." }
              ],
              "question": "Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?",
              "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?",
              "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "a few months" }],
              "question": "How long did Lord Salisburys government last?",
              "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "General Gordon" }],
              "question": "What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?",
              "id": "5725662acc50291900b2839f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? ",
              "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "granting Ireland home rule" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? ",
              "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?",
              "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "his budget was defeated" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? ",
              "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1885" }],
              "question": "When did Gladstone resign?",
              "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "his budget was defeated" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Gladstone resign?",
              "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "pleased" }],
              "question": "How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?",
              "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "General Gordon" }],
              "question": "Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?",
              "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Lord Salisbury" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Gladstone?",
              "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "average of 2,500" }],
              "question": "How many words a day did Victoria write?",
              "id": "57240e580a492a1900435608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1832" }],
              "question": "What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?",
              "id": "57240e580a492a1900435609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "122" }],
              "question": "How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?",
              "id": "57240e580a492a190043560a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Princess Beatrice" }],
              "question": "Who was Victorias youngest daughter?",
              "id": "57240e580a492a190043560b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "transcribed and edited" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?",
              "id": "57240e580a492a190043560c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "122" }],
              "question": "How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?",
              "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "burned the originals" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? ",
              "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Princess Beatrice" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? ",
              "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Lord Esher" }],
              "question": "Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? ",
              "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Giles St Aubyn" }],
              "question": "What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?",
              "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How avid of a writer was the Queen?",
              "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "122 volumes" }],
              "question": "How many volumes did her journal span?",
              "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "transcribed and edited" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?",
              "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Victoria's literary executer?",
              "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "burned" }],
              "question": "What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?",
              "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7487"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Freemasonry",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Recognition" }],
              "question": "What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?",
              "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "amity" }],
              "question": "What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?",
              "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Masonic communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? ",
              "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?",
              "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "brethren" }],
              "question": "What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?",
              "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "amity" }],
              "question": "Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?",
              "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Recognition" }],
              "question": "What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?",
              "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "a list" }],
              "question": "What does each Grand Lodge maintain?",
              "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "inter-visitation" }],
              "question": "What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? ",
              "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?",
              "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "The fifteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?",
              "id": "57241ed90a492a1900435618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "middle of the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?",
              "id": "57241ed90a492a1900435619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "fidelity" }],
              "question": "What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?",
              "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Regius Poem" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?",
              "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1425" }],
              "question": "When was the Regius Poem written?",
              "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "middle of the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?",
              "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Old Charges" }],
              "question": "What are the old Masonic document referred as?",
              "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Old Charges are dated from when to when?",
              "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "ceremonial regalia." }
              ],
              "question": "The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?",
              "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Old Charges" }],
              "question": "The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?",
              "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d973"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, \"Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity\", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "Freemasonry was not a religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?",
              "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "existence of God and the immortality of the soul"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?",
              "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 681, "text": "United Grand Lodge of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?",
              "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "political tension between France and Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?",
              "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?",
              "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?",
              "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dbff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Grand Orient of France" }
              ],
              "question": "What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?",
              "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "political tension between France and Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?",
              "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Grand Orient de France" }
              ],
              "question": "Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?",
              "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "during the 1720s" }],
              "question": "When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?",
              "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "James Anderson" }],
              "question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?",
              "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Lodges of Adoption" }
              ],
              "question": "What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?",
              "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?",
              "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "during the 1720s" }],
              "question": "When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?",
              "id": "57263323271a42140099d73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "James Anderson" }],
              "question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?",
              "id": "57263323271a42140099d73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who is excluded from Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57263323271a42140099d73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Lodges of Adoption" }
              ],
              "question": "What were lodges called that included women?",
              "id": "57263323271a42140099d73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "The French" }],
              "question": "Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?",
              "id": "57263323271a42140099d73f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724eebf0a492a1900435678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "rationalism and naturalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724eebf0a492a1900435679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "No one voice" }],
              "question": "Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Albert Pike" }],
              "question": "Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?",
              "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?",
              "id": "572634c8271a42140099d763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? ",
              "id": "572634c8271a42140099d764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Albert Pike" }],
              "question": "Who was controversial among Freemasons?",
              "id": "572634c8271a42140099d765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "No one" }],
              "question": "Who has spoke for all Freemasons?",
              "id": "572634c8271a42140099d766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?",
              "id": "572634c8271a42140099d767"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local \"Clerk of the Peace\" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Parliamentary proclamation" }
              ],
              "question": "What put English Freemasonry at risk?",
              "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?",
              "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?",
              "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "a list of the members of his lodge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?",
              "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Prime Minister William Pitt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?",
              "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?",
              "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Parliamentary proclamation" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?",
              "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "the Unlawful Societies Act 1799"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?",
              "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Prime Minister William Pitt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?",
              "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?",
              "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac578"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to \"promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations\". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: \"Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?",
              "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?",
              "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Professor Andrew Prescott" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?",
              "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?",
              "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism" }
              ],
              "question": "In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?",
              "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?",
              "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Professor Andrew Prescott" }
              ],
              "question": "Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?",
              "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "degree ceremonies" }],
              "question": "What do most masonic rituals consist of?",
              "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Entered Apprentice" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first degree of Masonry?",
              "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Fellowcraft" }],
              "question": "What is the second degree of Masonry?",
              "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Master Mason" }],
              "question": "What is the final degree of Masonry?",
              "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "passwords, signs and grips" }
              ],
              "question": "What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "degree ceremonies" }],
              "question": "The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?",
              "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "the degree of Fellowcraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?",
              "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "the degree of Entered Apprentice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first of degree ceremonies?",
              "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the degree of Master Mason" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the final degree in the Freemasons?",
              "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?",
              "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "the 1720s" }],
              "question": "When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?",
              "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the first English Freemasons in France?",
              "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?",
              "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Duke of Clermont" }],
              "question": "Who formed the Grand Loge de France?",
              "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "Duke of Orl\u00e9ans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?",
              "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "the 1720s" }],
              "question": "When did English Freemasonry spread to France?",
              "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?",
              "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Grand Loge de France formed under who?",
              "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?",
              "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1773" }],
              "question": "When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?",
              "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances ma\u00e7onniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?",
              "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "When was CLIPSAS set up?",
              "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "Anglo-American and Continental"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two major sections of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Irregular" }],
              "question": "What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "the Liberal (Continental) strand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?",
              "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?",
              "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?",
              "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "does not communicate" }
              ],
              "question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?",
              "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "teaches a naturalistic deistic religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?",
              "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Pope Clement XII" }],
              "question": "Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "28 April 1738" }],
              "question": "When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?",
              "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572504be0a492a19004356ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57264651dd62a815002e802e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "The 1917 Code of Canon Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57264651dd62a815002e802f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?",
              "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Pope Clement XII" }],
              "question": "What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?",
              "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Pope Leo XIII" }],
              "question": "What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?",
              "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8032"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: \"Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "cannot partake of the Eucharist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?",
              "id": "572506730a492a19004356c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "cannot be at all compatible with Christianity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?",
              "id": "572506730a492a19004356c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "constitutes an act of apostasy" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?",
              "id": "572506730a492a19004356c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?",
              "id": "572506730a492a19004356c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Roman Catholic and Protestant" }
              ],
              "question": "Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?",
              "id": "572506730a492a19004356c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?",
              "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8dafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?",
              "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8daff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "the Eucharist" }],
              "question": "Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?",
              "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8db00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, \"Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "belief in a Supreme Being" }
              ],
              "question": "What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?",
              "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "few cases" }],
              "question": "Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?",
              "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Continental Freemasonry" }
              ],
              "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?",
              "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "\"Liberal\" or Continental" }
              ],
              "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?",
              "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Swedish Rite" }],
              "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?",
              "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "a Supreme Being" }],
              "question": "Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?",
              "id": "57264908708984140094c167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Christians" }],
              "question": "Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?",
              "id": "57264908708984140094c168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "the Grand Orient de France" }
              ],
              "question": "What Freemason group accept atheists?",
              "id": "57264908708984140094c169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57264908708984140094c16a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?",
              "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?",
              "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?",
              "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "recognise both" }],
              "question": "If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?",
              "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "choose between them" }
              ],
              "question": "What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?",
              "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?",
              "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?",
              "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?",
              "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th\u201318th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "17th\u201318th" }],
              "question": "From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?",
              "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?",
              "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "accepted or speculative Masons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?",
              "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "show continuity" }],
              "question": "When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?",
              "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?",
              "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "1598" }],
              "question": "When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?",
              "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "in the later 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?",
              "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls \u2013 due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 \u2013 and became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?",
              "id": "572511840a492a19004356d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1775" }],
              "question": "When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?",
              "id": "572511840a492a19004356d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?",
              "id": "572511840a492a19004356d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 864, "text": "African Lodge, Number 1" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?",
              "id": "572511840a492a19004356d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 894,
                  "text": "became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?",
              "id": "572511840a492a19004356d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Prince Hall Freemasonry" }
              ],
              "question": "What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?",
              "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1775" }],
              "question": "In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?",
              "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "1784" }],
              "question": "When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?",
              "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "When was the UGLE formed?",
              "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 860, "text": "the African Lodge, Number 1" }
              ],
              "question": "The African Lodge re-titled itself what?",
              "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572512df0a492a19004356dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572512df0a492a19004356dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Disagreements over ritual" }
              ],
              "question": "What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?",
              "id": "572512df0a492a19004356de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Georges Martin" }],
              "question": "Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?",
              "id": "572512df0a492a19004356df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Annie Besant" }],
              "question": "Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?",
              "id": "572512df0a492a19004356e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maria Deraismes" }],
              "question": "Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?",
              "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8db9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Georges Martin" }],
              "question": "Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?",
              "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?",
              "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8db9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?",
              "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?",
              "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups \"work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ...\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?",
              "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?",
              "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Rotary" }],
              "question": "What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?",
              "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "antisemitism and Anti-Zionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on? ",
              "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?",
              "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e816e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "the interests of the Jews" }
              ],
              "question": "Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?",
              "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e816f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "article 28" }],
              "question": "What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?",
              "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e8170"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for \"ideological\" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "between 80,000 and 200,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?",
              "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "political prisoners" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?",
              "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "inverted red triangle" }
              ],
              "question": "What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?",
              "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Professor Franz Six" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?",
              "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?",
              "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Reichssicherheitshauptamt" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?",
              "id": "572652fd708984140094c265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Professor Franz Six" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?",
              "id": "572652fd708984140094c266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "between 80,000 and 200,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?",
              "id": "572652fd708984140094c267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "an inverted red triangle." }
              ],
              "question": "What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?",
              "id": "572652fd708984140094c268"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "local fraternities of stonemasons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the origins of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?",
              "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "the three grades of medieval craft guilds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?",
              "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the degrees of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "the local fraternities of stonemasons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Freemasons trace their origins to what?",
              "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "three grades" }],
              "question": "How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?",
              "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Blue Lodge" }],
              "question": "Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?",
              "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Freemasons or Masons" }
              ],
              "question": "Members of Craft Masonry are called what?",
              "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "they are never invited" }
              ],
              "question": "How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?",
              "id": "572519280a492a19004356f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "The onus is on candidates to ask to join"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does one become a Freemason?",
              "id": "572519280a492a19004356f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?",
              "id": "572519280a492a19004356f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "track down a local Lodge through the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?",
              "id": "572519280a492a19004356f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated? ",
              "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "a friend" }],
              "question": "Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?",
              "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "the Internet" }],
              "question": "Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?",
              "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "never invited" }],
              "question": "Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?",
              "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "an interview" }],
              "question": "What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?",
              "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "around six million worldwide" }
              ],
              "question": "How large is the membership of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572519c80a492a19004356f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "United Grand Lodge of England" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572519c80a492a19004356f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "around a quarter million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many members does the UGLE have?",
              "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "just under two million" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the membership numbers of the United States?",
              "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?",
              "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "around six million worldwide" }
              ],
              "question": "How many members are in Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "the United Grand Lodge of England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "around a quarter million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?",
              "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "approximately 150,000 members" }
              ],
              "question": "The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?",
              "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "just under two million" }
              ],
              "question": "The United States has how many Freemason members?",
              "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?",
              "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "on a Volume of Sacred Law" }
              ],
              "question": "How are oaths taken?",
              "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Progressive continental Freemasonry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?",
              "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?",
              "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "have broken the law" }
              ],
              "question": "Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?",
              "id": "572657f1708984140094c327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Volume of Sacred Law" }
              ],
              "question": "Most lodges have the oath taken on what?",
              "id": "572657f1708984140094c328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "keep the contents of that degree secret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mason swear at each degree to do what?",
              "id": "572657f1708984140094c329"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Pennsylvania" }],
              "question": "Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?",
              "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1715" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?",
              "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "1731" }],
              "question": "When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?",
              "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?",
              "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "after they were confident of their own survival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?",
              "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Pennsylvania" }],
              "question": "Where were the earliest lodges in America?",
              "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "John Moore" }],
              "question": "Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?",
              "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "1731" }],
              "question": "A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?",
              "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Pennsylvania" }],
              "question": "The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?",
              "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was \"prescribed\" for those who \"promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "as early as 1917" }],
              "question": "How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?",
              "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Nine" }],
              "question": "How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?",
              "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the death penalty" }],
              "question": "What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?",
              "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?",
              "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?",
              "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?",
              "id": "57265d965951b619008f70a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "the United Grand Lodge of England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?",
              "id": "57265d965951b619008f70aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?",
              "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?",
              "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Saddam Hussein" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?",
              "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?",
              "id": "57265b4e708984140094c377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the 1860s and 1870s" }
              ],
              "question": "The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?",
              "id": "57265b4e708984140094c378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?",
              "id": "57265b4e708984140094c379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: \"A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict.\" This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: \"... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion.\" For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that \"Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?",
              "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger" }
              ],
              "question": "Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?",
              "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1189,
                  "text": "Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?",
              "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "from 1999 to 2009" }],
              "question": "Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?",
              "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?",
              "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "the rule was considered disproportionate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?",
              "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Masonic Lodge" }],
              "question": "What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.",
              "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "a formal dinner" }],
              "question": "What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?",
              "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "During the ceremony of initiation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?",
              "id": "5726613a708984140094c421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "usually on a volume of sacred text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a candidate swear on?",
              "id": "5726613a708984140094c422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "three degrees" }],
              "question": "How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?",
              "id": "5726613a708984140094c423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?",
              "id": "5726613a708984140094c424"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other \"Irregular\" and withdraw or withhold recognition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Regularity" }],
              "question": "What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?",
              "id": "572662b9708984140094c46f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?",
              "id": "572662b9708984140094c470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "If the differences are significant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?",
              "id": "572662b9708984140094c471"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Freemasons begin their journey in the \"craft\" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry" }
              ],
              "question": "All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?",
              "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "lecture" }],
              "question": "The initiations are part allegory and part what?",
              "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Master Mason" }],
              "question": "What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?",
              "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Hiram Abiff" }],
              "question": "Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?",
              "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "at least two" }],
              "question": "How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?",
              "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the \"Antient Grand Lodge of England.\" These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "GLE" }],
              "question": "The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?",
              "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "24 June 1717" }],
              "question": "When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?",
              "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "17 July 1751" }],
              "question": "The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?",
              "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "27 December 1813" }],
              "question": "The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?",
              "id": "572665ad5951b619008f71a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Moderns" }],
              "question": "Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?",
              "id": "572665ad5951b619008f71a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions \u2013 and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "By the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?",
              "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "Prince Hall is open to all men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?",
              "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?",
              "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry \"in general\". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "the 1890s" }],
              "question": "When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?",
              "id": "57266813708984140094c4fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?",
              "id": "57266813708984140094c4fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?",
              "id": "57266813708984140094c4ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?",
              "id": "57266813708984140094c500"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Geoffrey Fisher" }],
              "question": "What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?",
              "id": "572669465951b619008f71e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Dr Rowan Williams" }],
              "question": "What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?",
              "id": "572669465951b619008f71e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?",
              "id": "572669465951b619008f71e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 912, "text": "Bishop of Monmouth" }
              ],
              "question": "Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?",
              "id": "572669465951b619008f71e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Propaganda Due lodge" }
              ],
              "question": "Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?",
              "id": "57266b29708984140094c557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Grande Oriente d'Italia" }
              ],
              "question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?",
              "id": "57266b29708984140094c558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?",
              "id": "57266b29708984140094c559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "P2" }],
              "question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?",
              "id": "57266b29708984140094c55a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?",
              "id": "57266b29708984140094c55b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Israel",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel,\" which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956\u201357, 1967\u201382), part of Southern Lebanon (1982\u20132000), Gaza Strip (1967\u20132005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "29 November 1947" }],
              "question": "When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?",
              "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "midnight on 14 May 1948" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the end of the British Mandate set?",
              "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "David Ben-Gurion" }],
              "question": "Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?",
              "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "What is the official State of Israel?",
              "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "Where is Israel located?",
              "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "Tel Aviv" }],
              "question": "What's Israel's financial and technology center?",
              "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "8,476,600" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Israel in 2016?",
              "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "6,345,400" }],
              "question": "How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?",
              "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1,760,400" }],
              "question": "How many citizens in Israel are Arab?",
              "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Jewish and democratic state" }
              ],
              "question": "Israel defines itself as what?",
              "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "35th" }],
              "question": "Where is Israel's economy ranked?",
              "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?",
              "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name \"Israel\" (Standard Yisra\u02beel, Isr\u0101\u02be\u012bl; Septuagint Greek: \u1f38\u03c3\u03c1\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb Isra\u0113l; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as \"struggle with God\") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus\". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word \"Israel\" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 756,
                  "text": "a great-great grandson of Jacob"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Moses?",
              "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Moses" }],
              "question": "Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus?\"",
              "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Jacob" }],
              "question": "What does the word \"Israel\" refer to?",
              "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The notion of the \"Land of Israel\", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Eretz Yisrael" }],
              "question": "What is the \"Land of Israel\" known as in Hebrew?",
              "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?",
              "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "early 2nd millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?",
              "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first record of the name Israel (as ysr\u1ec9\ua723r) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.\" This \"Israel\" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, \"It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'\", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Merneptah stele" }],
              "question": "When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?",
              "id": "5725b404271a42140099d057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Semites" }],
              "question": "Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?",
              "id": "5725b404271a42140099d058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "intermarriage" }],
              "question": "What did Canaanites prohibit?",
              "id": "5725b404271a42140099d059"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724\u2013722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "930 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the kingdom split?",
              "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Samaria" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the destroyed capital?",
              "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Assyrian king Sargon II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who captured Samaria?",
              "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "King Nebuchadnezzar II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who conquered Judah?",
              "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?",
              "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "How many Judeans did Ezra lead?",
              "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d417"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "167 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?",
              "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Hasmonean Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?",
              "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Judeans" }],
              "question": "Who dominated the society?",
              "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "132 CE" }],
              "question": "When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?",
              "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1139, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "Who conquered the country in 628?",
              "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What was evolving over Roman paganism?",
              "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and \"mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops\", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? \u2013 discuss]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Fatimid garrison" }],
              "question": "Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?",
              "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were massacred when the city fell?",
              "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews were seeking refuge?",
              "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the \"great, holy house\". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: \"From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it.\" Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1165" }],
              "question": "When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?",
              "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Yehuda Halevi" }],
              "question": "Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?",
              "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Sultan Saladin" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?",
              "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote \"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1211" }],
              "question": "When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?",
              "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Nachmanides" }],
              "question": "Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?",
              "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "\"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nachmanides write?",
              "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d423"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1260" }],
              "question": "When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?",
              "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Cairo and Damascus" }
              ],
              "question": "What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?",
              "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1266" }],
              "question": "When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?",
              "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d433"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to \"Zion\" and the \"Land of Israel\", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities\u2014Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed\u2014and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Zion" }],
              "question": "Many Jews have aspired to return to where?",
              "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Palestine" }],
              "question": "Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?",
              "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?",
              "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time. In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the first Zionist Congress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "First Aliyah" }],
              "question": "What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as?",
              "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "When did the First Aliyah begin?",
              "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Theodor Herzl" }],
              "question": "Who is credited as founding political Zionism?",
              "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d439"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Second Aliyah (1904\u201314), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish \"national home\" within the Palestinian Mandate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "after the Kishinev pogrom" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Second Aliyah begin?",
              "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews settled into Palestine?",
              "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Orthodox Jews" }],
              "question": "The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?",
              "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning \"The Defense\" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "a group primarily of Zionist volunteers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Jewish Legion?",
              "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?",
              "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "The Defense" }],
              "question": "What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?",
              "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d093"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Third (1919\u201323) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924\u201329) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936\u201339 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760, resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population. On July 22, 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah (the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine). It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920\u20131948).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine?",
              "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "July 22, 1946" }],
              "question": "When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters?",
              "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "33%" }],
              "question": "What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II?",
              "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the \"most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century\". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II?",
              "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When was the King David Hotel bombing?",
              "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?",
              "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), be created \"to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine\". In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly, the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with \"an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System\". On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II). The Plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the Report of 3 September 1947.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the UNSCOP?",
              "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "15 May 1947" }],
              "question": "When was the UNSCOP formed?",
              "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "City of Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System?",
              "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following day, the armies of four Arab countries\u2014Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq\u2014entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?",
              "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?",
              "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "slaughter the Jews" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the invading Arab armies aim?",
              "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet (\"Institution for Illegal Immigration\"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Israeli Immigration Department" }
              ],
              "question": "Who aided the immigration to Israel?",
              "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "One Million Plan" }],
              "question": "The immigration was in accordance to what?",
              "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?",
              "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "two million" }],
              "question": "The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?",
              "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Zionist" }],
              "question": "What ideology did some immigrants believe in?",
              "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1,150,000" }],
              "question": "Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?",
              "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d465"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "ma'abarot" }],
              "question": "What were temporary camps known as?",
              "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "over 200,000" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?",
              "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Ben-Gurion" }],
              "question": "Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?",
              "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?",
              "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d46f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Palestinian fedayeen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Israel frequently attacked by?",
              "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1011,
                  "text": "significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the war result in?",
              "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d471"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction. By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea[citation needed]. Other Arab states mobilized their forces. Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli. On 5 June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights. Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who refused toe recognize Israel?",
              "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel?",
              "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "Green Line" }],
              "question": "What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories?",
              "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 1967 war and the \"three nos\" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967\u20131970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to \"armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland\". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?",
              "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "three nos" }],
              "question": "What was the resolution of the Arab league?",
              "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ELO commit itself on?",
              "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10\u201335,000 lives in just 20 days. An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "6 October 1973" }],
              "question": "When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces?",
              "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "10\u201335,000" }],
              "question": "How many lives were lost?",
              "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "Prime Minister Golda Meir" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was forced to resign?",
              "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel\u2013Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to?",
              "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Camp David Accords" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sadat and Begin sign?",
              "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Sinai Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Israel withdrew from where?",
              "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "11 March 1978" }],
              "question": "When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur?",
              "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Who secured southern Lebanon?",
              "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "south of the Litani River" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the PLO bases located?",
              "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?",
              "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "What is the Capital of Israel?",
              "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Begin's government" }],
              "question": "Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?",
              "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 June 1981" }],
              "question": "When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor?",
              "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor?",
              "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Kahan Commission" }],
              "question": "What government inquiry held Begin?",
              "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did the First Intifada break out?",
              "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "More than a thousand people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the violence?",
              "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Saddam Hussein" }],
              "question": "PLO supported who during the Gulf War?",
              "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel\u2013Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Yitzhak Rabin" }],
              "question": "Who became the Prime Minister in 1992?",
              "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed?",
              "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "November 1995" }],
              "question": "When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?",
              "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African \"bantustans\", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Benjamin Netanyahu" }],
              "question": "Who led Israel in the 1990s?",
              "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Wye River Memorandum" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?",
              "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Ehud Barak" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?",
              "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, ending the Intifada. By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings. The Palestinian fatalities, by 30 April 2008, reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 577 killed by Palestinians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Ariel Sharon" }],
              "question": "Who visited the Temple Mount?",
              "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d49f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister?",
              "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "4,745" }],
              "question": "How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008?",
              "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "6 September 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria?",
              "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Hamas" }],
              "question": "Who announced its own ceasefire? ",
              "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d10a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1024, "text": "eight days" }],
              "question": "How long did the operation in Gaza in November last?",
              "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d10b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1041,
                  "text": "East of the central highlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?",
              "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 934, "text": "Israeli Coastal Plain" }
              ],
              "question": "What's home to 57% of the nation's population?",
              "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "20,770 square kilometers" }
              ],
              "question": "How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?",
              "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Jordan River" }],
              "question": "What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?",
              "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Ramon Crater" }],
              "question": "What is the largest makhtesh in the world?",
              "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "plant species" }],
              "question": "Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?",
              "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Jordan Rift Valley" }],
              "question": "What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?",
              "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "high seismic activity in the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the tectonic disposition lead to?",
              "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Mw~7.4." }],
              "question": "The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?",
              "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most catastrophic earthquakes we know of occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average. Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years. While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007[update] the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were \"expected to collapse\" if exposed to a strong quake. Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur?",
              "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards?",
              "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "every 80 years" }],
              "question": "How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur?",
              "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate. The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (54.0 \u00b0C or 129.2 \u00b0F) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have?",
              "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "desert" }],
              "question": "What kind of climate does Arava have?",
              "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "54.0 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi?",
              "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the other extreme mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and areas at elevation of 750 meters or more (same elevation as Jerusalem) will usually receive at least one snowfall each year. From May to September, rain in Israel is rare. With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation. Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita (practically every house uses solar panels for water heating).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "various water-saving technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Israel developed what?",
              "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "sunlight" }],
              "question": "What does Israelis take advantage of?",
              "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Who leads the nation in solar energy use?",
              "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2016, Israel's population was an estimated 8,476,600 million people, of whom 6,345,400 (74.9%) were recorded by the civil government as Jews. 1,760,400 Arabs comprised 20.7% of the population, while non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed in the civil registry made up 4.4%. Over the last decade, large numbers of migrant workers from Romania, Thailand, China, Africa, and South America have settled in Israel. Exact figures are unknown, as many of them are living in the country illegally, but estimates run in the region of 203,000. By June 2012, approximately 60,000 African migrants had entered Israel. About 92% of Israelis live in urban areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "8,476,600" }],
              "question": "What was Israel's population in 2016?",
              "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "How many African migrants entered Israel by June 2012?",
              "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "92%" }],
              "question": "How many Israelis live in urban areas?",
              "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "over 300,000" }],
              "question": "How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements?",
              "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements?",
              "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip?",
              "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship. Over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as \"others\", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return. Approximately 75% of Israeli Jews are born in Israel, 17% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 8% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab World). Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 50% of Jewish Israelis. Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, form most of the rest of the Jewish population. Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year, with over 25% of school children now originating from both communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "What's the homeland for Jewish people?",
              "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Israeli Jews are born in Israel?",
              "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1071, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at?",
              "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Hebrew and Arabic" }],
              "question": "What are the two official languages of Israel?",
              "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1125, "text": "700,000" }],
              "question": "How many Israelis speak French?",
              "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "one million" }],
              "question": "How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel?",
              "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d517"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "16%" }],
              "question": "Muslims make up how much of the Israel's population?",
              "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1.5%" }],
              "question": "Druze makes up what percent?",
              "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "2% of the population in Israel are what?",
              "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. The administrative center of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith and the Shrine of the B\u00e1b are located at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre in Haifa; the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Bah\u00e1'\u00ed staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy. A few miles south of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre is the Middle East centre of the reformist Ahmadiyya movement. Its mixed neighbourhood of Jews and Ahmadi Arabs is the only one of its kind in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Old City" }],
              "question": "What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount?",
              "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "Bethlehem" }],
              "question": "Where is Rachel's Tomb?",
              "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1146, "text": "Bah\u00e1'\u00ed staff" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do not teach their faith to Israelis?",
              "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education in Israel is highly valued in the national culture with its historical values dating back to Ancient Israel and was viewed as one fundamental blocks of ancient Israelite life. Israeli culture views higher education as the key to higher mobility and socioeconomic status in Israeli society. The emphasis of education within Israeli society goes to the gulf within the Jewish diaspora from the Renaissance and Enlightenment Movement all the way to the roots of Zionism in the 1880s. Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community, not less than the parents, was responsible for the education of the next generation of Jews. With contemporary Jewish culture's strong emphasis, promotion of scholarship and learning and the strong propensity to promote cultivation of intellectual pursuits as well as the nations high university educational attainment rate exemplifies how highly Israeli society values higher education. The Israeli education system has been praised for various reasons, including its high quality and its major role in spurring Israel's economic development and technological boom. Many international business leaders and organizations such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel's economic development. In 2012, the country ranked second among OECD countries (tied with Japan and after Canada) for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 46 percent compared with the OECD average of 32 percent. In addition, nearly twice as many Israelis aged 55\u201364 held a higher education degree compared to other OECD countries, with 47 percent holding an academic degree compared with the OECD average of 25%. In 2012, the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1395, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "What was Israel ranked among OECD countries?",
              "id": "5725c576271a42140099d179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1829, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What did it rank in the number of academic degrees per capita?",
              "id": "5725c576271a42140099d17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1255, "text": "Bill Gates" }],
              "question": "Who praised Israel for its high quality education?",
              "id": "5725c576271a42140099d17b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has a school life expectancy of 15.5 years and a literacy rate of 97.1% according to the United Nations. The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen. Schooling is divided into three tiers \u2013 primary school (grades 1\u20136), middle school (grades 7\u20139), and high school (grades 10\u201312) \u2013 culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate. In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage. Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv have describe the Christian Arabs sectors as \"the most successful in education system\", since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. Israeli children from Russian-speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high-school level. Although amongst immigrant children born in the FSU, the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from Western FSU states of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova (at 62.6%), and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states. In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "15.5 years" }],
              "question": "What is the school expectancy in Israel?",
              "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "97.1%" }],
              "question": "What is the literacy rate in Israel?",
              "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 886, "text": "Biblical scripture and civics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate?",
              "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's second-oldest university after the Technion, houses the National Library of Israel, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica. The Technion, the Hebrew University, and the Weizmann Institute consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine. Other major universities in the country include Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, The Open University, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Ariel University, in the West Bank, is the newest university institution, upgraded from college status, and the first in over thirty years. Israel's seven research universities (excluding the Open University) are consistently ranked among top 500 in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "How many public universities does Israel have?",
              "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d17f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many private colleges does Israel have?",
              "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Technion" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest university in Israel?",
              "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d181"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister\u2014usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "parliamentary" }],
              "question": "Israel operates under what kind of system?",
              "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the Knesset?",
              "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "proportional representation of political parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Knesset member is based on what?",
              "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has a three-tier court system. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities. Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "three-tier" }],
              "question": "What kind of court system does Israel have?",
              "id": "5725c65038643c19005acca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "Where is the Supreme Court located?",
              "id": "5725c65038643c19005accaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "What is the highest tier?",
              "id": "5725c65038643c19005accab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel's legal system combines three legal traditions: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law. It is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent) and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries. Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian. A committee of Knesset members, Supreme Court justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges. Administration of Israel's courts (both the \"General\" courts and the Labor Courts) is carried by the Administration of Courts, situated in Jerusalem. Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts: the storage of court files, as well as court decisions, are conducted electronically. Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "English common law, civil law, and Jewish law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legal traditions does Israel combine?",
              "id": "5725c691271a42140099d195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "stare decisis" }],
              "question": "What principle is it based on?",
              "id": "5725c691271a42140099d196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "Human Dignity" }],
              "question": "What is Israel's Basic Law?",
              "id": "5725c691271a42140099d197"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d5\u05ea; singular: mahoz) \u2013 Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, Southern, and Tel Aviv Districts, as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank. All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and North districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea; singular: nafa), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "The State of Israel is divided into how many administrative districts?",
              "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "mehozot" }],
              "question": "What are these districts known as?",
              "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "How many sub-districts are there?",
              "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv metropolitan area (population 3,206,400), Haifa metropolitan area (population 1,021,000), and Beer Sheva metropolitan area (population 559,700). Israel's largest municipality, in population and area, is Jerusalem with 773,800 residents in an area of 126 square kilometres (49 sq mi) (in 2009). Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation. Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Rishon LeZion rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 393,900, 265,600, and 227,600 respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many metropolitan areas are there?",
              "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Tel Aviv" }],
              "question": "What metropolitan area has the largest population?",
              "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d53a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "559,700" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Beer Sheva?",
              "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d53b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since Israel's capture of these territories, Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them. Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship. The West Bank, outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory, has remained under direct military rule, and Palestinians in this area cannot become Israeli citizens. Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters. The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be \"null and void\" and continues to view the territories as occupied. The International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations, asserted, in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 679, "text": "UN Security Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem?",
              "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1006, "text": "Israeli West Bank" }
              ],
              "question": "What was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War?",
              "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Gaza Strip" }],
              "question": "Where did Israel withdraw and disband its military forces?",
              "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians, as Israel views it as its sovereign territory, as well as part of its capital. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which emphasises \"the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war\", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as \"Land for peace\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "sovereign territory" }
              ],
              "question": "Israel views East Jerusalem as what?",
              "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 242"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?",
              "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Land for peace" }],
              "question": "What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?",
              "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan?",
              "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Palestinians" }],
              "question": "What was the majority of the population in the West Bank?",
              "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1033, "text": "13%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line?",
              "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?",
              "id": "5725c99938643c19005accfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?",
              "id": "5725c99938643c19005accfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "June 2007" }],
              "question": "When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?",
              "id": "5725c99938643c19005accff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "158" }],
              "question": "How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?",
              "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "107" }],
              "question": "How many diplomatic missions do they have?",
              "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Arab League members have relations with Israel?",
              "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States and the Soviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel, having declared recognition roughly simultaneously. The United States regards Israel as its \"most reliable partner in the Middle East,\" based on \"common democratic values, religious affinities, and security interests\". Their bilateral relations are multidimensional and the United States is the principal proponent of the Arab-Israeli peace process. The United States and Israeli views differ on some issues, such as the Golan Heights, Jerusalem, and settlements. The United States has provided $68 billion in military assistance and $32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967, under the Foreign Assistance Act (period beginning 1962), more than any other country for that period until 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "United States and the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel?",
              "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "The United States" }],
              "question": "Who regards Israel as it's most reliable partner in the Middle East?",
              "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "$68 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did the United States provide in military assistance?",
              "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Germany's strong ties with Israel include cooperation on scientific and educational endeavors and the two states remain strong economic and military partners. Under the reparations agreement, by 2007[update] Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors. The UK has kept full diplomatic relations with Israel since its formation having had two visits from heads of state in 2007. The UK is seen as having a \"natural\" relationship with Israel on account of the British Mandate for Palestine. Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair's efforts for a two state resolution. Israel is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "25 billion euros" }],
              "question": "How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state?",
              "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Tony Blair" }],
              "question": "What prime minister helped relations?",
              "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 735, "text": "European Neighbourhood Policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer?",
              "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d599"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991, Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel. Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008\u201309 Gaza War and Israel's raid of the Gaza flotilla. IHH, which organized the flotilla, is a Turkish charity that has been challenged on ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda. Relations between Israel and Greece have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli-Turkish relations. The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece\u2019s Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus. Cooperation in the world's longest sub-sea electric power cable, the EuroAsia Interconnector, has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?",
              "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "IHH" }],
              "question": "Who organized the flotilla?",
              "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "after the 2008\u201309 Gaza War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?",
              "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel?",
              "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Who's the most pro-Israel country in the world?",
              "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "Russian Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who?",
              "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli foreign aid ranks very low among OECD nations, spending less than 0.1% of its GNI on foreign aid, as opposed to the recommended 0.7%. Individual international charitable donations are also very low, with only 0.1% of charitable donations being sent to foreign causes. However, Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world. Israel's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1958, with the establishment of MASHAV, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Agency for International Development Cooperation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "less than 0.1%" }],
              "question": "How much does Israel spend on foreign aid?",
              "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When was MASHAV established?",
              "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "emergency aid" }],
              "question": "Israel has a history of providing what?",
              "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1985 and 2015, Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit to 22 countries. In Haiti, immediately following the 2010 earthquake, Israel was the first country to set up a field hospital capable of performing surgical operations. Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene. At the conclusion of its humanitarian mission 11 days later, the Israeli delegation had treated more than 1,110 patients, conducted 319 successful surgeries, delivered 16 births and rescued or assisted in the rescue of four individuals. Despite radiation concerns, Israel was one of the first countries to send a medical delegation to Japan following the earthquake and tsunami disaster. Israel dispatched a medical team to the tsunami-stricken city of Kurihara in 2011. A medical clinic run by an IDF team of some 50 members featured pediatric, surgical, maternity and gynecological, and otolaryngology wards, together with an optometry department, a laboratory, a pharmacy and an intensive care unit. After treating 200 patients in two weeks, the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many delegations of IDF search and rescue units between 1985 and 2015?",
              "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "over 200" }],
              "question": "How many doctors did Israel send to Haiti?",
              "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1067, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many patients did Israeli doctors treat in Japan?",
              "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abede"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations\u2014chiefly the Haganah\u2014that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Israel Defense Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?",
              "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Ramatkal" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of the IDF?",
              "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When was the IDF founded?",
              "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and eight months and women two years. Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. Arab citizens of Israel (except the Druze) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service, although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years. An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is Sherut Leumi, or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks. As a result of its conscription program, the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "What age are most Israelis drafted into the military?",
              "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long do women serve in the military?",
              "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Arab citizens" }],
              "question": "What citizens are exempt from military service?",
              "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nation's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. The Arrow missile is one of the world's few operational anti-ballistic missile systems. The Python air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history. Israel's Spike missile is one of the most widely exported ATGMs in the world. Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of Qassam, 122 mm Grad and Fajr-5 artillery rockets fire by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip. Since the Yom Kippur War, Israel has developed a network of reconnaissance satellites. The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "high-tech weapons systems" }
              ],
              "question": "The military relies on what?",
              "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "Python air-to-air missile series"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel's military history?",
              "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "Ofeq" }],
              "question": "The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites?",
              "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities. The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles, offering nuclear second strike capability. Since the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles, all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room, Merkhav Mugan, impermeable to chemical and biological substances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "nuclear weapons" }],
              "question": "Israel is widely believed to possess what?",
              "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles?",
              "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Merkhav Mugan" }],
              "question": "All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what?",
              "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has one of the highest ratios of defense spending to GDP of all developed countries, only topped by Oman and Saudi Arabia. In 1984, for example, the country spent 24% of its GDP on defense. By 2006, that figure had dropped to 7.3%. Israel is one of the world's largest arms exporters, and was ranked fourth in the world for weapons exports in 2007. The majority of Israel's arms exports are unreported for security reasons. Since 1967, the United States has been a particularly notable foreign contributor of military aid to Israel: the US is expected to provide the country with $3.15 billion per year from 2013 to 2018. Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index, ranking 148th out of 162 nations for peacefulness in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Oman and Saudi Arabia" }
              ],
              "question": "What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel?",
              "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "24%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?",
              "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "148th" }],
              "question": "What was Israel's Global Peace Index rank in 2015?",
              "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development. Israel's quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development. In 2010, it joined the OECD. The country is ranked 3rd in the region and 38th worldwide on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia?",
              "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Israel join the OECD?",
              "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where does Israel rank in number of startup companies in the world?",
              "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports to Israel, totaling $77.59 billion in 2012, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds; in 2012, Israeli exports reached $64.74 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "$77.59 billion" }],
              "question": "Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012?",
              "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "$64.74 billion" }],
              "question": "Israeli exports reached what in 2012?",
              "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "electronics, software, computerized systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the leading exports in Israel?",
              "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Google, Apple, HP, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened R&D facilities in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "solar energy" }],
              "question": "Israel is a leading country of what development?",
              "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "expenditure on Research and Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what?",
              "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Intel and Microsoft" }
              ],
              "question": "What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel?",
              "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2007, American business magnate and investor Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company, Iscar, its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion. Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which in December 2015[update] stood at a surplus of US$118 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Warren Buffett" }],
              "question": "What investor bought Iscar?",
              "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel?",
              "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "US$118 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Israel's debt surplus in December 2015?",
              "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a \"short day\", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Sunday through Thursday" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the days of working in Israel?",
              "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "short day" }],
              "question": "Friday is considered what?",
              "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "make Sunday a non-working day" }
              ],
              "question": "Several proposals have been raised to do what?",
              "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli universities are among 100 top world universities in mathematics (Hebrew University, TAU and Technion), physics (TAU, Hebrew University and Weizmann Institute of Science), chemistry (Technion and Weizmann Institute of Science), computer science (Weizmann Institute of Science, Technion, Hebrew University, TAU and BIU) and economics (Hebrew University and TAU). Israel has produced six Nobel Prize-winning scientists since 2002 and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of scientific papers per capita in the world. Israel has led the world in stem-cell research papers per capita since 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "Israeli universities rank where in mathematics?",
              "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many Nobel Prize-winning scientists has Israel produced?",
              "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d21a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "stem-cell research" }
              ],
              "question": "Israel leads the world in what research papers per capita?",
              "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d21b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is one of the world's technological leaders in water technology. In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization, drip irrigation, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, the largest in the world, was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards in 2006. Israel hosts an annual Water Technology Exhibition and Conference (WaTec) that attracts thousands of people from across the world. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "$2 billion a year" }],
              "question": "How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?",
              "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the largest desalination plant in the world?",
              "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "How much drinking water is produced by Israel's desalination programs?",
              "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Over 90%" }],
              "question": "How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?",
              "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "How much electricity does the country save per year?",
              "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1109, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Better Place shut down?",
              "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d221"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index. Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the spaceport at the Palmachim Airbase by the Israeli Space Agency. Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Israeli Space Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?",
              "id": "5725d003271a42140099d22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "ninth in the world" }
              ],
              "question": "Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?",
              "id": "5725d003271a42140099d230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When did Israel launch it's first satellite?",
              "id": "5725d003271a42140099d231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel has 18,096 kilometers (11,244 mi) of paved roads, and 2.4 million motor vehicles. The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons was 324, relatively low with respect to developed countries. Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes, operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 949 kilometers (590 mi) and are operated solely by government-owned Israel Railways (All figures are for 2008). Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 35 million in 2008; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo, per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "18,096" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?",
              "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "5,715" }],
              "question": "How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "6.8 million tons" }],
              "question": "How much cargo do railways transport per year?",
              "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d607"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Ben Gurion International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the country's main hub for international air travel?",
              "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Haifa Port" }],
              "question": "What is the country's oldest and largest port?",
              "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many international airports are in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound. In 2013, a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68% of tourists visiting there. Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tourism" }],
              "question": "What is an important industry in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "3.54 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited Israel in 2013?",
              "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Western Wall" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population: Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs. Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar. Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Israel's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture, music, and cuisine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "diversity of its population" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Israel's diverse culture stem from?",
              "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Hebrew calendar" }],
              "question": "Life revolves around what in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Jewish holidays" }],
              "question": "Work and school holidays are determined by what?",
              "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media. In 2013, 91 percent of the 7,863 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew. The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the Sapir Prize, is presented.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "Israeli literature is primarily written in what?",
              "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "When is the Hebrew Book Week held?",
              "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "the Sapir Prize" }],
              "question": "What is Israel's top literary reward?",
              "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d617"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs. Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman and Rachel Bluwstein. Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz, Etgar Keret and David Grossman. The Israeli-Arab satirist Sayed Kashua (who writes in Hebrew) is also internationally known.[citation needed] Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers: Emile Habibi, whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, and other writings, won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature; and Mahmoud Darwish, considered by many to be \"the Palestinian national poet.\" Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel, but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Nelly Sachs" }],
              "question": "Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966?",
              "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Sayed Kashua" }],
              "question": "What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known?",
              "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Emile Habibi" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist?",
              "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Sephardic music, Hasidic melodies, Belly dancing music, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene. Among Israel's world-renowned orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year. Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel.[citation needed] Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice. Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, every summer since 1987.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "What Israeli orchestra has been in operation for more than seventy years?",
              "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three internationally acclaimed musicians were born in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "Eilat" }],
              "question": "Who hosts its own international music festival every summer?",
              "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nation's canonical folk songs, known as \"Songs of the Land of Israel,\" deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland. The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities. It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction and of the ability to experience joy amidst austerity. It now plays a significant role in modern Israeli folk dancing and is regularly performed at weddings and other celebrations, and in group dances throughout Israel.[citation needed] Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field, and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin, Rami Beer, Barak Marshall and many others, are considered[by whom?] to be among the most versatile and original international creators working today. Famous Israeli companies include the Batsheva Dance Company and the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Songs of the Land of Israel" }
              ],
              "question": "What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?",
              "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Hora circle dance" }],
              "question": "What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?",
              "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Modern dance" }],
              "question": "What's a flourishing field in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d635"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel is home to many Palestinian musicians, including internationally acclaimed oud and violin virtuoso Taiseer Elias, singer Amal Murkus, and brothers Samir and Wissam Joubran. Israeli Arab musicians have achieved fame beyond Israel's borders: Elias and Murkus frequently play to audiences in Europe and America, and oud player Darwish Darwish (Prof. Elias's student) was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003. The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance has an advanced degree program, headed by Taiseer Elias, in Arabic music.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Taiseer Elias" }],
              "question": "What internationally acclaimed violin virtuoso is from Israel?",
              "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Darwish Darwish" }],
              "question": "Who was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003?",
              "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Taiseer Elias" }],
              "question": "Who is the head of the advanced degree program in Arabic music?",
              "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d251"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world. Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?",
              "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Beth Hatefutsoth" }],
              "question": "What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?",
              "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?",
              "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli cuisine includes local dishes as well as dishes brought to the country by Jewish immigrants from the diaspora. Since the establishment of the State in 1948, and particularly since the late 1970s, an Israeli fusion cuisine has developed. Roughly half of the Israeli-Jewish population attests to keeping kosher at home. Kosher restaurants, though rare in the 1960s, make up around 25% of the total as of 2015[update], perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out. Hotel restaurants are much more likely to serve kosher food. The non-kosher retail market was traditionally sparse, but grew rapidly and considerably following the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia during the 1990s. Together with non-kosher fish, rabbits and ostriches, pork\u2014often called \"white meat\" in Israel\u2014is produced and consumed, though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When was Israeli fusion cuisine first developed?",
              "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "Kosher restaurants make up what percent of total restaurants?",
              "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "white meat" }],
              "question": "What is pork often called in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israeli cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of various styles of Jewish cuisine, particularly the Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi styles of cooking, along with Moroccan Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, Ethiopian Jewish, Indian Jewish, Iranian Jewish and Yemeni Jewish influences. It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Arab, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines, such as falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar, which have become common ingredients in Israeli cuisine. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common in Israel.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?",
              "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine?",
              "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common where?",
              "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball. The Israeli Premier League is the country's premier football league, and the Israeli Basketball Super League is the premier basketball league. Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Beitar Jerusalem are the largest sports clubs. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Tel Aviv have competed in the UEFA Champions League and Hapoel Tel Aviv reached the UEFA Cup quarter-finals. Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. has won the European championship in basketball six times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "association football and basketball"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most popular spectator sports in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Israeli Premier League" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the country's premier football league?",
              "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Israeli Basketball Super League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the premier basketball league?",
              "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d273"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup, which is still considered[by whom?] the biggest achievement of Israeli football.[citation needed] The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, were the last Asian Games in which Israel participated, and was plagued by the Arab countries which refused to compete with Israel, and Israel since ceased competing in Asian competitions. Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games due to security and expense involved if they were to participate. In 1994, UEFA agreed to admit Israel and all Israeli sporting organizations now compete in Europe.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup?",
              "id": "5725d426271a42140099d277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup?",
              "id": "5725d426271a42140099d278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1974 Asian Games" }],
              "question": "What were the last Asian Games that Israel participated in?",
              "id": "5725d426271a42140099d279"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chess is a leading sport in Israel and is enjoyed by people of all ages. There are many Israeli grandmasters and Israeli chess players have won a number of youth world championships. Israel stages an annual international championship and hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005. The Ministry of Education and the World Chess Federation agreed upon a project of teaching chess within Israeli schools, and it has been introduced into the curriculum of some schools. The city of Beersheba has become a national chess center, with the game being taught in the city's kindergartens. Owing partly to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world. The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad and the bronze, coming in third among 148 teams, at the 2010 Olympiad. Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand won the Chess World Cup in 2009 and the 2011 Candidates Tournament for the right to challenge the world champion. He only lost the World Chess Championship 2012 to reigning world champion Anand after a speed-chess tie breaker.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chess" }],
              "question": "What's a leading sport in Israel?",
              "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Beersheba" }],
              "question": "What city has become a national chess center?",
              "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "Boris Gelfand" }],
              "question": "Who won the Chess Cup in 2009?",
              "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf64"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hellenistic_period",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Greek Science" }],
              "question": "What mathematician advance Greek Science?",
              "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What period saw the rise of New Comedy?",
              "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "31 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Actium?",
              "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "323 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Alexander the Great die?",
              "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?",
              "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1102, "text": "yptian Se" }],
              "question": "dd",
              "id": "57262473271a42140099d4e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "Buddh" }],
              "question": "dd",
              "id": "57262473271a42140099d4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 915, "text": "m and E" }],
              "question": "dd",
              "id": "57262473271a42140099d4eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "dd",
              "id": "57262473271a42140099d4ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1090, "text": "the Gre" }],
              "question": "d",
              "id": "57262473271a42140099d4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruler's death in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "57270130708984140094d84b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "31 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Actium take place?",
              "id": "57270130708984140094d84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Ptolemaic Egypt" }],
              "question": "What kingdom did the Romans take over the year after the Battle of Actium?",
              "id": "57270130708984140094d84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 849, "text": "Alexandrian poetry" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of poetry debuted in the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "57270130708984140094d84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What ancient religion did Greece embrace during the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "57270130708984140094d84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Battle of Actium" }],
              "question": "What signified the emergence of the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "5727ff19ff5b5019007d9a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "death of Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is the recognized beginning of the Hellenistic Period?",
              "id": "5727ff19ff5b5019007d9a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 978,
                  "text": "the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who advanced Greek Science?",
              "id": "5727ff19ff5b5019007d9a80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards \"barbarian\" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th\u20136th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific \"mother city\". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1376, "text": "Koine Greek" }],
              "question": "What is a common Attic-based dialect?",
              "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "north-east Africa" }],
              "question": "Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "South Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "South Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "south-west Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?",
              "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "north-east Africa" }],
              "question": "Where was the Ptolemaic Kingdom located?",
              "id": "57280059ff5b5019007d9aa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Persian Empire" }],
              "question": "Alexander the Great was the emperor of what?",
              "id": "57280059ff5b5019007d9aa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "Asia and Africa" }],
              "question": "The Hellenistic Period expanded the Greek Empire into what 2 continents?",
              "id": "57280059ff5b5019007d9aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1376, "text": "Koine Greek" }],
              "question": "What was the new, Attic-based dialect called?",
              "id": "57280059ff5b5019007d9aa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. \"Hellenistic\" is distinguished from \"Hellenic\" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "31 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Constantine the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Roman emporer?",
              "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?",
              "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What term defines the influence of Greek culture?",
              "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "330 AD" }],
              "question": "When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?",
              "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Hellenic" }],
              "question": "Which era refers primarily to just Greece?",
              "id": "572801afff5b5019007d9ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Constantine" }],
              "question": "Who moved the Roman Empire capital in 330 AD?",
              "id": "572801afff5b5019007d9acf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Achean War" }],
              "question": "Rome's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war?",
              "id": "572801afff5b5019007d9ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What is the period called that comprises all Greek influence?",
              "id": "572801afff5b5019007d9ad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Hellenistic\" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, Hell\u0113nist\u0113s), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander\u2019s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "J. G. Droysen" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?",
              "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "History of Hellenism" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?",
              "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Matthew Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?",
              "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What century did Hellenistic become a concept?",
              "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Hellenism" }],
              "question": "In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?",
              "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "19th-century" }],
              "question": "The word \"Hellenistic\" was derived in what time period?",
              "id": "572802574b864d19001641fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "J. G. Droysen" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"Hellenistic?\"",
              "id": "572802574b864d19001641ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Geschichte des Hellenismus" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Droysen's work called that explained the era?",
              "id": "572802574b864d1900164200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Matthew Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?",
              "id": "572802574b864d1900164201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "Hebraism" }],
              "question": "Hellenism contrasts with what other similar concept of era?",
              "id": "572802574b864d1900164202"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Some" }],
              "question": "How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?",
              "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "not always" }],
              "question": "How often did Greek population and natives mix?",
              "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?",
              "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "moved" }],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "572628a738643c19005ad190"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Polybius" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Megalopolis" }],
              "question": "Where was Polybius from?",
              "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?",
              "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "220 to 167 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years do Polybius books cover?",
              "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Achaean" }],
              "question": "What League was Polybius a statesman?",
              "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50\u2014c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "60 and 30 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?",
              "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "battle of Ipsus" }],
              "question": "What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?",
              "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Plutarch" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Parallel Lives?",
              "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Where was Apprian from?",
              "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Plutarch" }],
              "question": "Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?",
              "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431\u2013404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "431\u2013404 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Peloponnesian War?",
              "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Theban" }],
              "question": "What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?",
              "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "371 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Leuctra?",
              "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "362 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Mantinea?",
              "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Philip II" }],
              "question": "Which king lend the rise of Macedon?",
              "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "352 BC" }],
              "question": "When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?",
              "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philip II" }],
              "question": "Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?",
              "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "338 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Chaeronea?",
              "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Philip" }],
              "question": "Who formed the League of Corinth?",
              "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Achaemenid Empire of Persia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?",
              "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d493"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged \u2013 Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, \"everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?",
              "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Perdiccas" }],
              "question": "Who was the leading calvary commander?",
              "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Perdiccas" }],
              "question": "Who order the death of Meleager?",
              "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "Babylon" }],
              "question": "What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?",
              "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "Arrian" }],
              "question": "Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? ",
              "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Cleopatra" }],
              "question": "Who did Diadochi plan to marry?",
              "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d0ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Cleopatra" }],
              "question": "Who was Alexander's sister?",
              "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader in Asia Minor?",
              "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Anatolia" }],
              "question": "Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?",
              "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Perdiccas" }],
              "question": "Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?",
              "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d103"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "319 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Antipater die?",
              "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Polyperchon" }],
              "question": "Who did Antipater declar as his successor?",
              "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "317" }],
              "question": "When did Cassander invade Macedonia?",
              "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Antigonus" }],
              "question": "Who ordered Eumenes' execution?",
              "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Cassander" }],
              "question": "Who sentenced Olympias to death?",
              "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?",
              "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Ptolemy" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?",
              "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "312 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Gaza?",
              "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "Cassander" }],
              "question": "Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?",
              "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "310" }],
              "question": "What year did the Argead Dynasty end?",
              "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Demetrius" }],
              "question": "Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?",
              "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "307" }],
              "question": "When did Demetrius take control of Athens?",
              "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Antigonus" }],
              "question": "Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?",
              "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Battle of Salamis" }],
              "question": "What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?",
              "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?",
              "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Seleucus" }],
              "question": "Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?",
              "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Antigonus" }],
              "question": "Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?",
              "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "301 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Ipsus?",
              "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Cilicia" }],
              "question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?",
              "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Cyprus" }],
              "question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?",
              "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (\"the thunderbolt\"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "298 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Cassander die?",
              "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "294" }],
              "question": "When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?",
              "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "Seleucus" }],
              "question": "Who captured Demetrius?",
              "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "281 BCE" }],
              "question": "What year was Seleucus killed?",
              "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1032, "text": "Battle of Corupedium" }
              ],
              "question": "At what battle was Seleucus killed ?",
              "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?",
              "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Antioch" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?",
              "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?",
              "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?",
              "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "young and ambitious" }
              ],
              "question": "What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?",
              "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "323-322" }],
              "question": "When was the Lamian war?",
              "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "307" }],
              "question": "When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?",
              "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Antigonus" }],
              "question": "Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?",
              "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "Ptolemaic Egypt" }],
              "question": "Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?",
              "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "267-61" }],
              "question": "When was the Chremonidean War?",
              "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235\u2013222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "235\u2013222 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years did Cleomenes III rule?",
              "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Battle of Sellasia" }
              ],
              "question": "In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?",
              "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Sparta" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?",
              "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "independent" }],
              "question": "What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?",
              "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "refor" }],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "572628deec44d21400f3daaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the \"Northern League\" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the \"Nesiotic League\" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "370 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the Aetolian League formed?",
              "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "280 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the Achaean League formed?",
              "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Northern League" }],
              "question": "Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?",
              "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "sympoliteia" }],
              "question": "What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?",
              "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "Achean" }],
              "question": "What league freed Corinth?",
              "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Colossus of Rhodes" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?",
              "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What period did Rhodes prosper?",
              "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "navy" }],
              "question": "What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?",
              "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "304-305 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?",
              "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "tes (3" }],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "572628f0271a42140099d623"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Chremonidean War" }],
              "question": "What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?",
              "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Pangaeum" }],
              "question": "What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?",
              "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "25,000 men" }],
              "question": "How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?",
              "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Zeno of Citium" }],
              "question": "Who taught Antigonus II?",
              "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Epirus" }],
              "question": "Who did Antigonus II defend against?",
              "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the \"cloud rising in the west\": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as \"the darling of Hellas\". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "221 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Doson die?",
              "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "Who took control when Doson died?",
              "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?",
              "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "the darling of Hellas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Philip V known as?",
              "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "217 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Peace of Naupactus?",
              "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BCE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "215 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?",
              "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "212 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the First Macedonian War begin?",
              "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "205 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the First Macedonian War end?",
              "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "inconclusively" }],
              "question": "How did the First Macedonian War end?",
              "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who defeated Philip?",
              "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "231 BC to 227 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years did Queen Teutra reign?",
              "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Ancient Greeks" }],
              "question": "From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?",
              "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Ancient Macedon" }],
              "question": "What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?",
              "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Illyrian" }],
              "question": "What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?",
              "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Agrianes" }],
              "question": "What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?",
              "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Thrace" }],
              "question": "What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?",
              "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "one fifth" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?",
              "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken by the Odrysians?",
              "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Thracian" }],
              "question": "Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?",
              "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 \u2013 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Magna Graecia" }],
              "question": "What was Southern Italy refered to as?",
              "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?",
              "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Carthaginian" }],
              "question": "In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?",
              "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Agathocles of Syracuse" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "300 BCE" }],
              "question": "In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?",
              "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rh\u00f4ne, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Massalia" }],
              "question": "What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?",
              "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many inhabitants were in Massalia?",
              "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Massalia" }],
              "question": "Who controlled Nice and Agde?",
              "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 874, "text": "Strabo" }],
              "question": "Massalia was the center of education according to whom?",
              "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1045, "text": "49 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Massalia side with Pompey?",
              "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?",
              "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "military and paramilitary forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?",
              "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "the monarch" }],
              "question": "Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?",
              "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "royal estates" }],
              "question": "What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?",
              "id": "5725d315271a42140099d260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Greco-Macedonian settlers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?",
              "id": "5725d315271a42140099d261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as \"Soter\" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ptolemy" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?",
              "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "323 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?",
              "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "305 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?",
              "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d653"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Soter" }],
              "question": "What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?",
              "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Faiyum" }],
              "question": "Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?",
              "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d655"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Egyptian Pharaohs" }],
              "question": "Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?",
              "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Serapis" }],
              "question": "What god did Ptolemy I create?",
              "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1132, "text": "strategoi" }],
              "question": "Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?",
              "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "Ancient Egyptian" }],
              "question": "By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?",
              "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Serapis" }],
              "question": "Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?",
              "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d681"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "the Seleucids" }],
              "question": "The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?",
              "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Coele-Syria" }],
              "question": "What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?",
              "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Ptolemy IV" }],
              "question": "Who won the great battle of Raphia?",
              "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "217 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the great battle of Raphia?",
              "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Seleucids" }],
              "question": "Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?",
              "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "30 BC" }],
              "question": "Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?",
              "id": "5725d643271a42140099d285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Ptolemy" }],
              "question": "All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?",
              "id": "5725d643271a42140099d286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Ptolemaic queens" }],
              "question": "Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?",
              "id": "5725d643271a42140099d287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Cleopatra VII" }],
              "question": "Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?",
              "id": "5725d643271a42140099d288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "suicide" }],
              "question": "How did Cleoptra die?",
              "id": "5725d643271a42140099d289"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 \u2013 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Babylonia" }],
              "question": "After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?",
              "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Eumenes I" }],
              "question": "Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?",
              "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Antiochus I" }],
              "question": "Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?",
              "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1029, "text": "Antiochus Hierax" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?",
              "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1229, "text": "Attalus I" }],
              "question": "Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?",
              "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Greco-Macedonian political elite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?",
              "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "choria" }],
              "question": "What are Seleucid garrisons called?",
              "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "katoikiai" }],
              "question": "What are Seleucid military colonies called?",
              "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1230, "text": "Ptolemy IV" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?",
              "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1600, "text": "204" }],
              "question": "What year did Ptolemy IV die?",
              "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241\u2013197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Philetaerus" }],
              "question": "Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?",
              "id": "5725d957271a42140099d299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Seleucus I" }],
              "question": "Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?",
              "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Philip V of Macedon" }
              ],
              "question": "Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?",
              "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Pergamon" }],
              "question": "Where was the library of Pergamum located?",
              "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "Pergamum Altar" }],
              "question": "What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?",
              "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241\u2013197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Thrace" }],
              "question": "Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?",
              "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "battle of the Elephants" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?",
              "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "Dying Gaul" }],
              "question": "What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?",
              "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "2nd century BC" }],
              "question": "What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?",
              "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1066, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?",
              "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 \u2013 c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Bithynians" }],
              "question": "Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?",
              "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Calas" }],
              "question": "King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?",
              "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Zipoetes I" }],
              "question": "Who assumed the title of king from Bas?",
              "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "297 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?",
              "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Nicomedes I" }],
              "question": "Who founded Nicomedia?",
              "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Ariarathes III" }],
              "question": "Who married Stratonice?",
              "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "255 B.C." }],
              "question": "When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?",
              "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Antiochus II" }],
              "question": "Who was Stratonice's father?",
              "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Ariarathes IV" }],
              "question": "Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?",
              "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "130 BCE" }],
              "question": "What year was Ariarathes V defeated?",
              "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Pontus" }],
              "question": "What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Mithridates I" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?",
              "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "291 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?",
              "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "63 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?",
              "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?",
              "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as \"King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus.\" and as the \"great liberator\". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Mithridates VI" }],
              "question": "Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?",
              "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Mithridates VI" }],
              "question": "Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?",
              "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "anastole" }],
              "question": "What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?",
              "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Herakles" }],
              "question": "Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?",
              "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Mithridatic" }],
              "question": "Pontus was defeated in what wars?",
              "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Persia" }],
              "question": "Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?",
              "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Mithranes" }],
              "question": "Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?",
              "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Seleucid" }],
              "question": "Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?",
              "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "212 BC" }],
              "question": "What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?",
              "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Antiochus III the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?",
              "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as \"Philhellenes\". During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95\u201355 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities including the entire Syrian tetrapolis. Cleopatra, the wife of Tigranes the Great, invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and - according to Plutarch - when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. Tigranes' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "190 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?",
              "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Artaxias" }],
              "question": "Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?",
              "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Philhellenes" }],
              "question": "Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?",
              "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "95\u201355 BC" }],
              "question": "What years did Tigranes the Great reign?",
              "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 980, "text": "Artavasdes II" }],
              "question": "Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?",
              "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168\u2013165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "247 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?",
              "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "238 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Andragoras' reign end?",
              "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Arsaces" }],
              "question": "Who killed Andragoras?",
              "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Parni" }],
              "question": "What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?",
              "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "209 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?",
              "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid\u2013Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138\u2013129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars (66 BC \u2013 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Antiochus VII Sidetes" }
              ],
              "question": "The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?",
              "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Parthian" }],
              "question": "Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?",
              "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "66 BC \u2013 217 AD" }
              ],
              "question": "What years were the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars?",
              "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "Greek drachmas" }],
              "question": "What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?",
              "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "Iranian" }],
              "question": "The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?",
              "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Nabatean Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?",
              "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Petra" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?",
              "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Hasmoneans" }],
              "question": "Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?",
              "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "Aretas III Philhellene" }
              ],
              "question": "Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?",
              "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "1st" }],
              "question": "What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?",
              "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koin\u00e9 Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Judea" }],
              "question": "What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?",
              "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Judaism" }],
              "question": "What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Antioch" }],
              "question": "Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?",
              "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "High Priest of Israel" }
              ],
              "question": "Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "y of" }],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "57262957ec44d21400f3daff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "the Tobiads" }],
              "question": "What was the Jewish elite class called?",
              "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Antiochus III" }],
              "question": "Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?",
              "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "198" }],
              "question": "When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?",
              "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?",
              "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "174\u2013135 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?",
              "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Hasmonaean Dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?",
              "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "165 BCE to 63 BCE" }],
              "question": "What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?",
              "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Antigonus II Mattathias" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?",
              "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Herod" }],
              "question": "Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?",
              "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "37 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?",
              "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Diodotus" }],
              "question": "Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?",
              "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "230 BC" }],
              "question": "When was Diodotus II overthrown?",
              "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Euthydemus" }],
              "question": "What leader overthrew Diodotus II?",
              "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Antiochus III" }],
              "question": "The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?",
              "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "Euthydemus" }],
              "question": "Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?",
              "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Strabo" }],
              "question": "Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?",
              "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "180 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?",
              "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Demetrius" }],
              "question": "Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?",
              "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 967, "text": "Heliocles" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?",
              "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Apollodotus I" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?",
              "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Antimachus II" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?",
              "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Menander I" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded Antimachus II?",
              "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What religion did Menander I convert to?",
              "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "Milinda" }],
              "question": "What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?",
              "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "130 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Menander die?",
              "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Indo-Scythian" }],
              "question": "What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?",
              "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Paropamisadae" }],
              "question": "Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?",
              "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "dom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek"
                }
              ],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "5726298fec44d21400f3db08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "in" }],
              "question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ",
              "id": "5726298fec44d21400f3db09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as \"the all-knowing Yavanas\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\" and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The \"Brihat-Samhita\" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others.....\" .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "the all-knowing Yavanas" }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"sarvajnaa yavanaa\" mean?",
              "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "The Mahabharata" }],
              "question": "Who said \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so.\"?",
              "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Varahamihira" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?",
              "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "The Mahabharata" }],
              "question": "Who said \"The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\"",
              "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Varahamihira" }],
              "question": "Who said \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....\"",
              "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d769"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?",
              "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?",
              "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?",
              "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438\u2013110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the \"young Scythians\". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Crimean" }],
              "question": "Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?",
              "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Bosporan" }],
              "question": "What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?",
              "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Pontic-Caspian steppe" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?",
              "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "Greeks of Bactria" }],
              "question": "From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?",
              "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1223, "text": "young Scythians" }],
              "question": "Hellenized Scythians were known as?",
              "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Tylos" }],
              "question": "What did the Greeks call Bahrain?",
              "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Bahrain" }],
              "question": "Where was the central point of pearl trading?",
              "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Nearchus" }],
              "question": "Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?",
              "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?",
              "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "Shams" }],
              "question": "Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?",
              "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d785"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Tunisia" }],
              "question": "Carthage was on the coast of what country?",
              "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "military" }],
              "question": "What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?",
              "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Mago I of Carthage" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?",
              "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "phalanx" }],
              "question": "What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?",
              "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d36a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "Xanthippus of Carthage" }
              ],
              "question": "What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?",
              "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d36b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "Rome dominated what peninsula?",
              "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?",
              "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "First Punic War" }],
              "question": "Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?",
              "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?",
              "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215\u2013202 BC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?",
              "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?",
              "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "the Romans" }],
              "question": "Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?",
              "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "216 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Cannae?",
              "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Second Punic War" }],
              "question": "In what war was the Battle of Cannae?",
              "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d797"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "the Balkans" }],
              "question": "In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?",
              "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Philip" }],
              "question": "Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?",
              "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "200 BC" }],
              "question": "What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?",
              "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Battle of Cynoscephalae" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?",
              "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "What empire won the Second Macedonian War?",
              "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d7a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192\u2013188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Philip V" }],
              "question": "Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?",
              "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Antiochus" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Ptolemy?",
              "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Fifth Syrian War" }],
              "question": "In what war was Ptolemy defeated?",
              "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "Roman-Syrian War" }],
              "question": "What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?",
              "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "192\u2013188 BC" }],
              "question": "What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?",
              "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Perseus" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?",
              "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Third Macedonian War" }
              ],
              "question": "Perseus fought the Romans in what war?",
              "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "146 BC" }],
              "question": "When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?",
              "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "Lucius Mummius" }],
              "question": "Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?",
              "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1186, "text": "146 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?",
              "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Attalus III" }],
              "question": "Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?",
              "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "133 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Attalus III die?",
              "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Attalus III" }],
              "question": "Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?",
              "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "88 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year was the final Greek resistance?",
              "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Mithridates of Pontus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the final Greek resistance?",
              "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?",
              "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Pompey the Great" }],
              "question": "Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?",
              "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "Cleopatra VII" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?",
              "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Battle of Actium" }],
              "question": "At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?",
              "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?",
              "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Hellenistic Greeks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?",
              "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?",
              "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?",
              "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes. The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity. Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Athens" }],
              "question": "Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?",
              "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Library of Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?",
              "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Pergamon" }],
              "question": "Which city became a major center of book production?",
              "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Rhodes" }],
              "question": "What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?",
              "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "Seleucia" }],
              "question": "What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?",
              "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Attic Greek" }],
              "question": "Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?",
              "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Koine" }],
              "question": "Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?",
              "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "trade" }],
              "question": "Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?",
              "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap, and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows \u2013 larger than the theater in Babylon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "Interpretatio graeca" }
              ],
              "question": "The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?",
              "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Plutarch" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the story of Crassus?",
              "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "The Bacchae" }],
              "question": "Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?",
              "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "Ai-Khanoum" }],
              "question": "A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?",
              "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, \"to civilise the natives\"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought in Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the 'barbarians'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?",
              "id": "5726050338643c19005acf59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Persian" }],
              "question": "Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?",
              "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1020, "text": "the Macedonians" }],
              "question": "Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?",
              "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1176, "text": "megalomania" }],
              "question": "Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?",
              "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native \"barbarians\" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid empire for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?",
              "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Greeks" }],
              "question": "Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?",
              "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "highly localized" }],
              "question": "What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?",
              "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1177, "text": "2.5" }],
              "question": "What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?",
              "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "Menander converted to what religion?",
              "id": "5726097838643c19005acf69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?",
              "id": "5726097838643c19005acf6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "customs" }],
              "question": "Greeks adopted what from local cultures?",
              "id": "5726097838643c19005acf6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families, usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It is only until Cleopatra VII, that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "adopt local ways" }],
              "question": "A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?",
              "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?",
              "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "non-Greeks" }],
              "question": "Who did Greeks look down upon?",
              "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Cleopatra VII" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?",
              "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Isis" }],
              "question": "What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?",
              "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1163, "text": "Ammon" }],
              "question": "Zeus was paired with which local god?",
              "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1180, "text": "Hagne" }],
              "question": "Aphrodite was paired with which local god?",
              "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1220, "text": "Demeter" }],
              "question": "Isis was paired with what local god?",
              "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Pharaonic" }],
              "question": "What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?",
              "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "isotheism" }],
              "question": "What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?",
              "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?",
              "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "Where was Alexander's tomb located?",
              "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "traditional" }],
              "question": "The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?",
              "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Sophists" }],
              "question": "Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?",
              "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Euhemerism" }],
              "question": "What is the view \"that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes\" called?",
              "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Epicurus" }],
              "question": "Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?",
              "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "down to earth" }],
              "question": "Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?",
              "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Magic was practiced widely, and these too, were a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology, which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "charms" }],
              "question": "How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?",
              "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "astrology" }],
              "question": "What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?",
              "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Tyche" }],
              "question": "Astrology was associated with which cult?",
              "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "luck" }],
              "question": "What does Tyche mean?",
              "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "grew" }],
              "question": "What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?",
              "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d879"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "New Comedy" }],
              "question": "Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?",
              "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Dyskolos" }],
              "question": "What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?",
              "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "The Supplementum Hellenisticum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?",
              "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "342/1 BCE" }],
              "question": "What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?",
              "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common (\"big book, big evil\" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "kings" }],
              "question": "Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?",
              "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Callimachus" }],
              "question": "Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?",
              "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Callimachus" }],
              "question": "Who said \"Big book, big evil\"?",
              "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Pinakes" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?",
              "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "Apollonius of Rhodes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Argonautica?",
              "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Athens" }],
              "question": "What city remained the center of philosophical thought?",
              "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "un-disturbedness" }],
              "question": "What does ataraxia mean?",
              "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "self-sufficiency" }],
              "question": "What does autarky mean?",
              "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "freedom from suffering" }
              ],
              "question": "What does apatheia mean?",
              "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Epicurus" }],
              "question": "Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?",
              "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Diogenes of Sinope" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?",
              "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Cyrenaics" }],
              "question": "Which group embraced hedonism?",
              "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Zeno of Citium" }],
              "question": "Who founded Stoicism?",
              "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 999, "text": "Antiochus of Ascalon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?",
              "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?",
              "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?",
              "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "3rd" }],
              "question": "What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?",
              "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c.\u2009287 \u2013 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c.\u2009262 \u2013 c.\u2009190 BC), and Euclid (c.\u2009325 \u2013 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the \ufb01ve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the \"Father of Geography \", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "212 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Archimedes die?",
              "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "When was Euclid born?",
              "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Euclid" }],
              "question": "Who worked on the five Platonic solids?",
              "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Eratosthenes" }],
              "question": "Who measured the circumference of the Earth?",
              "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "Eratosthenes" }],
              "question": "Who was the Father of Geomtery?",
              "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Astronomers like Hipparchus (c.\u2009190 \u2013 c.\u2009120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "190" }],
              "question": "When was Hipparchus born?",
              "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Earth" }],
              "question": "Hipparchus measured the precession of what?",
              "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Pliny" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?",
              "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Farnese Atlas" }],
              "question": "Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?",
              "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Aristarchos of Samos" }
              ],
              "question": "Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?",
              "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150\u2013100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Antikythera mechanism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?",
              "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?",
              "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Al-Biruni" }],
              "question": "What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?",
              "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "150\u2013100 BC" }],
              "question": "What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?",
              "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335\u2013280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. In\ufb02uenced by Philinus of Cos (\ufb02. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Praxagoras of Kos" }],
              "question": "Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?",
              "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Herophilos" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?",
              "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Empiric" }],
              "question": "Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?",
              "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Herophilos" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?",
              "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "Macedonian Phalanx" }
              ],
              "question": "Philip II used a dense military formation called what?",
              "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?",
              "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 997, "text": "Thureos" }],
              "question": "The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?",
              "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1285, "text": "Mauryan empire" }],
              "question": "From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?",
              "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1427, "text": "African elephant" }],
              "question": "What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?",
              "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?",
              "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Dionysios of Alexandria" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the Polybolos?",
              "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "ballista" }],
              "question": "What type of weapon is the Polybolos?",
              "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "160 ton" }],
              "question": "Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?",
              "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "12-month" }],
              "question": "How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?",
              "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d491"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "pathos" }],
              "question": "Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?",
              "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "ethos" }],
              "question": "Character is called what in Hellenistic art?",
              "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Zeuxis" }],
              "question": "Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?",
              "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "passion" }],
              "question": "The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?",
              "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What painting epitomized the female nude?",
              "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, \"He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures\" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laoco\u00f6n and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Peiraikos" }],
              "question": "Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?",
              "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Galatians" }],
              "question": "Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?",
              "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?",
              "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "Hellenistic" }],
              "question": "Venus de Milo belongs to which period?",
              "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Zeuxis" }],
              "question": "Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?",
              "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?",
              "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Seleucus" }],
              "question": "Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?",
              "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "basileion" }],
              "question": "What is a Greek royal palace called?",
              "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "villa of Cassander at Vergina" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?",
              "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars (\"then art disappeared\"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Pliny the Elder" }],
              "question": "Who said \"then art dissapeared\"?",
              "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Vergina" }],
              "question": "The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?",
              "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Golden Age of Classical Athens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?",
              "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?",
              "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?",
              "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "a mirror" }],
              "question": "How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?",
              "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "unfair" }],
              "question": "The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?",
              "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Pr\u00e9aux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "William Woodthorpe Tarn" }
              ],
              "question": "Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?",
              "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Russian Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?",
              "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Arnaldo Momigliano" }
              ],
              "question": "Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?",
              "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "class" }],
              "question": "Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?",
              "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "C. Pr\u00e9aux" }],
              "question": "Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?",
              "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4d1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Napoleon",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (/n\u0259\u02c8po\u028ali\u0259n, -\u02c8po\u028alj\u0259n/; French: [nap\u0254le\u0254\u0303 b\u0254napa\u0281t], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 \u2013 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?",
              "id": "5725b31769ff041400e58e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon's empire collapse?",
              "id": "5725b31769ff041400e58e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "military schools" }],
              "question": "Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?",
              "id": "5725b31769ff041400e58e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 978, "text": "liberal reforms" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?",
              "id": "5725b31769ff041400e58e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1244, "text": "the Napoleonic Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?",
              "id": "5725b31769ff041400e58e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "15 August 1769" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?",
              "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "5 May 1821" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?",
              "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?",
              "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "the French Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?",
              "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?",
              "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "5 May 1821" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?",
              "id": "572649185951b619008f6f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "the French Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?",
              "id": "572649185951b619008f6f10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Tuscan" }],
              "question": "Of what ancestry was Napoleon?",
              "id": "5725b40389a1e219009abd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795?",
              "id": "5725b40389a1e219009abd0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy?",
              "id": "5725b40389a1e219009abd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798?",
              "id": "5725b40389a1e219009abd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "the Austrians" }],
              "question": "Against whom was Napoleon's first military campaign waged?",
              "id": "5725b40389a1e219009abd0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Corsica" }],
              "question": "Where was Napoleon born?",
              "id": "572644761125e71900ae191e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1793" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?",
              "id": "572644761125e71900ae191f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?",
              "id": "572644761125e71900ae1920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "the Austrians and their Italian allies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?",
              "id": "572644761125e71900ae1921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "1798" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?",
              "id": "572644761125e71900ae1922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "November 1799" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon engineer a coup?",
              "id": "5725b4fe271a42140099d05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Battle of Marengo" }],
              "question": "What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon's political power?",
              "id": "5725b4fe271a42140099d05e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Concordat of 1801" }],
              "question": "What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "5725b4fe271a42140099d05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1804" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French?",
              "id": "5725b4fe271a42140099d060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "Holy Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805?",
              "id": "5725b4fe271a42140099d061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the Battle of Marengo" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?",
              "id": "5726486f708984140094c153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "the Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? ",
              "id": "5726486f708984140094c154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1804" }],
              "question": "When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?",
              "id": "5726486f708984140094c155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 772, "text": "the Battle of Austerlitz" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "5726486f708984140094c156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 919, "text": "the Battle of Trafalgar" }
              ],
              "question": "The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?",
              "id": "5726486f708984140094c157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Iberia" }],
              "question": "What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System?",
              "id": "5725b60289a1e219009abd30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long did the Peninsular War last?",
              "id": "5725b60289a1e219009abd31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Battle of Wagram" }],
              "question": "With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?",
              "id": "5725b60289a1e219009abd32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "over 70 million" }],
              "question": "How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811?",
              "id": "5725b60289a1e219009abd33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "the Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "When, before Napoleon, had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation?",
              "id": "5725b60289a1e219009abd34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Iberia" }],
              "question": "What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?",
              "id": "57264acb708984140094c1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "his brother Joseph" }],
              "question": "Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?",
              "id": "57264acb708984140094c1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "How long did the Peninsular War last?",
              "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Battle of Wagram" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?",
              "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "over 70 million people" }
              ],
              "question": "By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?",
              "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?",
              "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "the Grand Army" }],
              "question": "The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?",
              "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?",
              "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Prussia and Austria" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?",
              "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?",
              "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.[note 2]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Carlo Maria di Buonaparte" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Napoleon's father?",
              "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Maria Letizia Ramolino" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Napoleon's mother?",
              "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Corsica" }],
              "question": "On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?",
              "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Casa Buonaparte" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Napoleon's family home?",
              "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "an uncle" }],
              "question": "Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?",
              "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon \"has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor.\"[note 3]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "January 1779" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?",
              "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?",
              "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Corsican" }],
              "question": "What was Napoleon's first language?",
              "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "his accent" }],
              "question": "Why did other students often tease Napoleon?",
              "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "mathematics" }],
              "question": "According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?",
              "id": "57265007dd62a815002e814a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La F\u00e8re artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, \"As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "September 1785" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon graduate?",
              "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "second lieutenant" }],
              "question": "What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?",
              "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "La F\u00e8re artillery regiment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?",
              "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Pasquale Paoli" }],
              "question": "What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?",
              "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "When did the Revolution begin?",
              "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Nice" }],
              "question": "Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?",
              "id": "572658de708984140094c341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Thermidorian Reaction" }
              ],
              "question": "What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?",
              "id": "572658de708984140094c342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "July 1794" }],
              "question": "When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?",
              "id": "572658de708984140094c343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "the Army of Italy" }],
              "question": "At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?",
              "id": "572658de708984140094c344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Salicetti" }],
              "question": "After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?",
              "id": "572658de708984140094c345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary, daughter of Fran\u00e7ois Clary. D\u00e9sir\u00e9e's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vend\u00e9e\u2014a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vend\u00e9e, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general\u2014for which the army already had a full quota\u2014and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?",
              "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "the Army of the West" }
              ],
              "question": "In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?",
              "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "the War in the Vend\u00e9e" }
              ],
              "question": "At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?",
              "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Joseph" }],
              "question": "Which older brother of Napoleon's did D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary's sister Julie marry?",
              "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "poor health" }],
              "question": "What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?",
              "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with D\u00e9sir\u00e9e. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vend\u00e9e campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?",
              "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie" }
              ],
              "question": "Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?",
              "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "15 September" }],
              "question": "On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vend\u00e9e?",
              "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "the Bureau of Topography" }
              ],
              "question": "In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?",
              "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's novella \"Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie\" was based on his relationship with whom?",
              "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "the Army of Italy" }],
              "question": "After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?",
              "id": "5726625e5951b619008f7119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Montenotte Campaign" }
              ],
              "question": "In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?",
              "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "January 1797" }],
              "question": "When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?",
              "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "14,000" }],
              "question": "Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?",
              "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?",
              "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1796" }],
              "question": "In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?",
              "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?",
              "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "the Battle of Tarvis" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?",
              "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "March 1797" }],
              "question": "When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?",
              "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "100 km" }],
              "question": "Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?",
              "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "envelopment" }],
              "question": "What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?",
              "id": "5726684d708984140094c505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?",
              "id": "5726684d708984140094c506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "540" }],
              "question": "How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?",
              "id": "5726684d708984140094c507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "artillery" }],
              "question": "In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?",
              "id": "5726684d708984140094c508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "170" }],
              "question": "How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?",
              "id": "5726684d708984140094c509"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'\u00e9tat and purge the royalists on 4 September\u2014Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister\u2014who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon\u2014and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "looting" }],
              "question": "For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?",
              "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "$45 million" }],
              "question": "About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?",
              "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "three-hundred" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?",
              "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Pierre Augereau" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?",
              "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "the Treaty of Campo Formio" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?",
              "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "the Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?",
              "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1 July" }],
              "question": "On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?",
              "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Battle of Shubra Khit" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?",
              "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "the Mamluks" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?",
              "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?",
              "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "the Battle of the Nile" }
              ],
              "question": "In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?",
              "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Horatio Nelson" }],
              "question": "Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?",
              "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?",
              "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Jaffa" }],
              "question": "During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?",
              "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "13,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?",
              "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease\u2014mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "13,000" }],
              "question": "How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?",
              "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?",
              "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?",
              "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "bubonic plague" }],
              "question": "What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?",
              "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "opium" }],
              "question": "To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?",
              "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Siey\u00e8s, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouch\u00e9, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'\u00e9tat on 9 November 1799 (\"the 18th Brumaire\" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became \"first consul\" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new \"Constitution of the Year VIII\", originally devised by Siey\u00e8s to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "the Council of Five Hundred" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?",
              "id": "57267326dd62a815002e853e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "9 November 1799" }],
              "question": "On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?",
              "id": "57267326dd62a815002e853f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "the council of five hundred" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?",
              "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "\"first consul\"" }],
              "question": "After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?",
              "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "3,000,000" }],
              "question": "What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the \"Constitution of the Year VIII\"?",
              "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8542"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called \"dictatorship by plebiscite.\" Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting \"yes.\" Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "\"dictatorship by plebiscite.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?",
              "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "the Constitution of the Year VIII"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?",
              "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "the Tuileries." }],
              "question": "  After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?",
              "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "99.94" }],
              "question": " What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?",
              "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": " What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?",
              "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8626"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?",
              "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?",
              "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "June 14" }],
              "question": " What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?",
              "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "General Melas" }],
              "question": "Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?",
              "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?",
              "id": "572679afdd62a815002e866a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that \"Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless\" while \"[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "the north" }],
              "question": "From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?",
              "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "the west" }],
              "question": " What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?",
              "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "a year" }],
              "question": "Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?",
              "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "a month" }],
              "question": "How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?",
              "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 692, "text": "the conquest of North Italy" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?",
              "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lun\u00e9ville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Marengo" }],
              "question": "Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?",
              "id": "57267da5708984140094c7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Lun\u00e9ville" }],
              "question": "Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?",
              "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Moreau" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?",
              "id": "57267da5708984140094c7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?",
              "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Hohenlinden" }],
              "question": "Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?",
              "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the Treaty of Amiens" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?",
              "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1802" }],
              "question": "What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?",
              "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "1802" }],
              "question": "In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?",
              "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 972, "text": "over 99%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?",
              "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1132, "text": "First Consul for Life" }
              ],
              "question": "What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?",
              "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Ha\u00efti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "the French colonies abroad" }
              ],
              "question": "During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?",
              "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Saint-Domingue" }],
              "question": "During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?",
              "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Toussaint Louverture" }
              ],
              "question": " Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?",
              "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1794" }],
              "question": "In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?",
              "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 987, "text": "Leclerc" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?",
              "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e210"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?",
              "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "October 1800" }],
              "question": " When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?",
              "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "the Bourbon family" }
              ],
              "question": "What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Dagger plot" }],
              "question": " What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?",
              "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Baden" }],
              "question": "The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?",
              "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Roman" }],
              "question": "The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?",
              "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "assassination plots" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?",
              "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Bourbon" }],
              "question": "Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?",
              "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "99%" }],
              "question": "Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?",
              "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "3.6 million" }],
              "question": "About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?",
              "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e288"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "December 2, 1804" }],
              "question": "On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?",
              "id": "572686845951b619008f7599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?",
              "id": "572686845951b619008f759a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?",
              "id": "572686845951b619008f759b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "May 26, 1805" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?",
              "id": "572686845951b619008f759c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 688, "text": "at the Cathedral of Milan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?",
              "id": "572686845951b619008f759d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Arm\u00e9e. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Arm\u00e9e countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Arm\u00e9e had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?",
              "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Boulogne" }],
              "question": "Where in Northern France were the camps of the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre located?",
              "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What country was the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre intended to strike at?",
              "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "La Grande Arm\u00e9e." }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the later military organization that the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?",
              "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "350,000" }],
              "question": "How many men were in the Grande Arm\u00e9e by 1805?",
              "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to C\u00e1diz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "the Royal Navy" }],
              "question": "Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?",
              "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "the West Indies." }],
              "question": " Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?",
              "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "the Western Approaches" }
              ],
              "question": " Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?",
              "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 649, "text": "the Battle of Cape Finisterre" }
              ],
              "question": " Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?",
              "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "July 1805" }],
              "question": "When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?",
              "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Arm\u00e9e performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "the Rhine" }],
              "question": "By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?",
              "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "25 September" }],
              "question": " On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?",
              "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?",
              "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Karl Mack" }],
              "question": "Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?",
              "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?",
              "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan \u2014 of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?",
              "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": " How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?",
              "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?",
              "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "2 December" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?",
              "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "Moravia" }],
              "question": "In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?",
              "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e430"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lun\u00e9ville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, \"The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought.\" Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, \"he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Austerlitz" }],
              "question": "The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?",
              "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Treaty of Pressburg" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?",
              "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "26 December" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?",
              "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?",
              "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "40 million francs" }],
              "question": "How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?",
              "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France \"our sincere and natural ally.\" That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "the Middle East" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?",
              "id": "572697b35951b619008f7775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Selim III" }],
              "question": "In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?",
              "id": "572697b35951b619008f7776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1806" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?",
              "id": "572697b35951b619008f7777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?",
              "id": "572697b35951b619008f7778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?",
              "id": "572697b35951b619008f7779"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Confederation of the Rhine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?",
              "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1806" }],
              "question": "When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?",
              "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "the Holy Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?",
              "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "Frederick William III" }
              ],
              "question": " Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?",
              "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Queen Louise" }],
              "question": "What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?",
              "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8aca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carr\u00e9 ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carr\u00e9 system, the various corps of the Grande Arm\u00e9e would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the \"peak of Napoleonic warfare,\" according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: \"Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered.\" Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "180,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?",
              "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "the Saale" }],
              "question": " What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?",
              "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Marshal Soult" }],
              "question": "To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?",
              "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "14 October" }],
              "question": " On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?",
              "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1310, "text": "140,000" }],
              "question": "How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?",
              "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: \"I hate the English as much as you do.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "the Berlin Decree" }],
              "question": "In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?",
              "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "The Continental System" }
              ],
              "question": " What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?",
              "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "November 1806" }],
              "question": "When was the Berlin Decree issued?",
              "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Battle of Eylau?",
              "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "the Battle of Friedland" }
              ],
              "question": "In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?",
              "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms\u2013demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia. He then appointed his young brother J\u00e9r\u00f4me as the new monarch of this kingdom. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism which festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Constantine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?",
              "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "the Ionian Islands" }
              ],
              "question": " Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?",
              "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Westphalia" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?",
              "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?",
              "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1036, "text": "the Treaties of Tilsit" }
              ],
              "question": " What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?",
              "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. At first, John VI agreed to close his ports to British trade. The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Tilsit" }],
              "question": "Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?",
              "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?",
              "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "the Kingdom of Portugal" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?",
              "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1801" }],
              "question": "In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?",
              "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?",
              "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French machinations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout the country. The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bail\u00e9n in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "17 October 1807" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?",
              "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f782f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?",
              "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "General Junot" }],
              "question": "Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?",
              "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "the Peninsular War" }
              ],
              "question": "The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?",
              "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?",
              "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7833"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria \"to the best of its ability.\" Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Arm\u00e9e, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Congress of Erfurt" }
              ],
              "question": "At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?",
              "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1808" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?",
              "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?",
              "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?",
              "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1119, "text": "January 1809" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Corunna fought?",
              "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Austrians" }],
              "question": "Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?",
              "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f7899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?",
              "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?",
              "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1335, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?",
              "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1193, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": " In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?",
              "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called \"peace party,\" he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Frederick William" }],
              "question": "Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?",
              "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "1809" }],
              "question": "The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?",
              "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Charles" }],
              "question": " Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "8 February 1809" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?",
              "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauw\u00f6rth on the 17th to find the Grande Arm\u00e9e in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckm\u00fchl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckm\u00fchl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "10 April" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?",
              "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": " Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?",
              "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "75 miles (121 km)" }],
              "question": " When Napoleon reached Donauw\u00f6rth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Arm\u00e9e separated by?",
              "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Landshut Maneuver" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?",
              "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 780, "text": "Battle of Eckm\u00fchl" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?",
              "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "17 May" }],
              "question": "On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?",
              "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Charles" }],
              "question": " Who led the main Austrian army?",
              "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "21 May" }],
              "question": "On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?",
              "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "110,000" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?",
              "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1002, "text": "23,000" }],
              "question": "Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?",
              "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "six weeks" }],
              "question": "Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?",
              "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "30 June" }],
              "question": "On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?",
              "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "180,000" }],
              "question": " Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?",
              "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?",
              "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "two days" }],
              "question": "How long did the Battle of Wagram last?",
              "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed \"Walcheren Fever.\" Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the Walcheren Campaign" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?",
              "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Austrians" }],
              "question": "The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?",
              "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "30 July" }],
              "question": " On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?",
              "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "\"Walcheren Fever.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?",
              "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "December 1809" }],
              "question": "When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?",
              "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "October 1809" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn signed?",
              "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the Habsburg Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?",
              "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Galicia" }],
              "question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?",
              "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "the Bavarians" }],
              "question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?",
              "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "three million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn?",
              "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Jos\u00e9phine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Jos\u00e9phine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "domestic affairs" }],
              "question": "After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?",
              "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "January 1810" }],
              "question": " When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?",
              "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Archduchess Marie Louise" }
              ],
              "question": "After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?",
              "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "20 March 1811" }],
              "question": " When did Marie Louise give birth?",
              "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Congress of Erfurt" }
              ],
              "question": "What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?",
              "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1808" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?",
              "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Tilsit" }],
              "question": " Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?",
              "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?",
              "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "the Continental System" }
              ],
              "question": "Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?",
              "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War\u2014the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "the Second Polish War" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?",
              "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "the First Polish War" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?",
              "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the Duchy of Warsaw" }
              ],
              "question": "Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?",
              "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?",
              "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "serfs" }],
              "question": "During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?",
              "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e836"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?",
              "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Smolensk" }],
              "question": "Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?",
              "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?",
              "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "scorched earth tactics" }
              ],
              "question": "What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?",
              "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e887"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: \"The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?",
              "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "7 September" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?",
              "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "44,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?",
              "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": " Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?",
              "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Who won the Battle of Borodino?",
              "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Alexander" }],
              "question": "When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?",
              "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Feodor Rostopchin" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?",
              "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "five weeks" }],
              "question": "How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?",
              "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "the Malet coup" }],
              "question": "What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?",
              "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?",
              "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its \"natural frontiers.\" That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the Frankfurt proposals" }
              ],
              "question": "The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?",
              "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "November 1813" }],
              "question": "When were the Frankfurt proposals made?",
              "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Emperor" }],
              "question": "The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?",
              "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "its \"natural frontiers.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?",
              "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Metternich" }],
              "question": " Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?",
              "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?",
              "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?",
              "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the Frankfurt proposals" }
              ],
              "question": "Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?",
              "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1791" }],
              "question": "The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?",
              "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": "In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?",
              "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e996"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 April, Alexander addressed the S\u00e9nat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the S\u00e9nat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the S\u00e9nat passed the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur (\"Emperor's Demise Act\"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 April" }],
              "question": "On what date did Alexander speak to the S\u00e9nat conservateur?",
              "id": "5726be2b708984140094d007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Talleyrand's" }],
              "question": " The S\u00e9nat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?",
              "id": "5726be2b708984140094d008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the act passed by the S\u00e9nat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726be2b708984140094d009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Fontainebleau" }],
              "question": "Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?",
              "id": "5726be2b708984140094d00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "mutinied" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?",
              "id": "5726be2b708984140094d00b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the Treaty of Fontainebleau" }
              ],
              "question": "In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?",
              "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Elba" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?",
              "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "the Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "In what sea is Elba located?",
              "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Emperor" }],
              "question": "The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?",
              "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?",
              "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The 5th Regiment" }],
              "question": "What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "March 7, 1815" }],
              "question": "On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?",
              "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "\"Vive L'Empereur!\"" }
              ],
              "question": " When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?",
              "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "an iron cage" }],
              "question": " Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?",
              "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": " After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?",
              "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?",
              "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "22 June" }],
              "question": " On what date did Napoleon abdicate?",
              "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "three days" }],
              "question": " How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?",
              "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "29 June" }],
              "question": " On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?",
              "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Josephine" }],
              "question": " When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?",
              "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?",
              "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eaf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "15 December 1840" }],
              "question": " On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eaf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "the Arc de Triomphe" }
              ],
              "question": "At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?",
              "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel" }
              ],
              "question": " In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?",
              "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?",
              "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?",
              "id": "5726c96f708984140094d165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Louis Marchand" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Napoleon's valet?",
              "id": "5726c96f708984140094d166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "arsenic poisoning" }],
              "question": " What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?",
              "id": "5726c96f708984140094d167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Sten Forshufvud" }],
              "question": "In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?",
              "id": "5726c96f708984140094d168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "well preserved" }],
              "question": "What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?",
              "id": "5726c96f708984140094d169"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "potassium tartrate" }],
              "question": "What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?",
              "id": "5726d110708984140094d21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "his thirst" }],
              "question": "What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?",
              "id": "5726d110708984140094d21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "that he was murdered" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?",
              "id": "5726d110708984140094d21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?",
              "id": "5726d110708984140094d220"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "arsenic poisoning" }],
              "question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?",
              "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e920e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "peptic ulcer and gastric cancer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?",
              "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e920f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "hair" }],
              "question": " A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?",
              "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e9210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "100 times" }],
              "question": "The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?",
              "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e9211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon had a civil marriage with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: \"We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one\".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: \"It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vend\u00e9e. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon.\" However, according to Juan Cole, \"Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine\" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "civil" }],
              "question": "What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?",
              "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "religion" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?",
              "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Pope Pius VI" }],
              "question": "General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?",
              "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1057, "text": "Juan Cole" }],
              "question": "Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?",
              "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's marriage to Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?",
              "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d373"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 \"I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours.\" and that \"the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all.\" However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "2 December 1804" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?",
              "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d37f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Notre Dame de Paris" }
              ],
              "question": " Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?",
              "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Pope Pius VII" }],
              "question": "Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?",
              "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1 April 1810" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?",
              "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the Spanish Inquisition" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?",
              "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d383"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the Concordat of 1801" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?",
              "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Pope Pius VII" }],
              "question": "Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?",
              "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?",
              "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "15 July 1801" }],
              "question": " What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?",
              "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "the Concordat" }],
              "question": "What were the Organic Articles a part of?",
              "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8015"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, \"Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them.\" French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "the papacy" }],
              "question": "The Concodat restored significant power to what position?",
              "id": "5726dccf708984140094d405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Napoleon's" }],
              "question": "Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?",
              "id": "5726dccf708984140094d406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "the pope" }],
              "question": "Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?",
              "id": "5726dccf708984140094d407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": " The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?",
              "id": "5726dccf708984140094d408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1801" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?",
              "id": "5726dccf708984140094d409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rud\u00e9 stresses his \"rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour.\" At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, \"seeing\" the best plays moves ahead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "5 ft 6 in" }],
              "question": "How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?",
              "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "168 cm" }],
              "question": "How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?",
              "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "an innovator" }],
              "question": "How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?",
              "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "George F. E. Rud\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's \"rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?\"",
              "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "hypnotic" }],
              "question": "How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?",
              "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, \"Give me lucky generals,\" aware that \"luck\" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "luck" }],
              "question": "According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?",
              "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "1805-06" }],
              "question": " When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?",
              "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": " In what year did the Russian campaign take place?",
              "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Dwyer" }],
              "question": "Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?",
              "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d48a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "cheated" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?",
              "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d48b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men\u2014Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?",
              "id": "5726e200708984140094d4a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?",
              "id": "5726e200708984140094d4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Wellington" }],
              "question": "Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?",
              "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "1806" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?",
              "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "King Frederick William III" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?",
              "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the \"bogeyman\". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch\u20142.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the \"Napoleon Complex\u201d \u2014 named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex \u2014 stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "the British press" }],
              "question": "Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?",
              "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Boney" }],
              "question": "What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Tory" }],
              "question": "Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?",
              "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "5 feet 2 inches" }],
              "question": "What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?",
              "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "5 ft 6 in" }],
              "question": "What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?",
              "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his L\u00e9gion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "colonel" }],
              "question": "After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?",
              "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?",
              "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "blue" }],
              "question": "What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?",
              "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?",
              "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "white" }],
              "question": " What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?",
              "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "the Banque de France" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?",
              "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "the Concordat of 1801" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "the Organic Articles" }
              ],
              "question": "What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?",
              "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "public worship" }],
              "question": "What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?",
              "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "the Holy Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?",
              "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil\u2014now often known as the Napoleonic Code\u2014was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes (\"Les cinq codes\") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "the Code Civil" }],
              "question": "What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Napoleonic Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?",
              "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?",
              "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "Code of Criminal Instruction" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?",
              "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "His opponents" }],
              "question": "Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?",
              "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": " Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?",
              "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "McConachy" }],
              "question": "Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?",
              "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "artillery" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?",
              "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade\u2014a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g\u2014the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "September 1799" }],
              "question": "When was the metric system officially introduced?",
              "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "the metric system" }],
              "question": "What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?",
              "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": "What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?",
              "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "500" }],
              "question": " How many grams were in the livre metrique?",
              "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "489.5" }],
              "question": "How many grams were in the livre du roi?",
              "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien R\u00e9gime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lyc\u00e9es) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien R\u00e9gime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Napoleon's educational reforms" }
              ],
              "question": "What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?",
              "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language did Napoleon make the only official one?",
              "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "public support" }],
              "question": "What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?",
              "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "lyc\u00e9es" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?",
              "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "the sciences" }],
              "question": "Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lyc\u00e9es taught?",
              "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was \"an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler.\" Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "grandiose" }],
              "question": "How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?",
              "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1808" }],
              "question": "As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?",
              "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "historians" }],
              "question": "Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?",
              "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "his empire" }],
              "question": "Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?",
              "id": "5726ed89708984140094d650"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Napoleon" }],
              "question": "Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?",
              "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "slavery" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?",
              "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "his opponents" }],
              "question": "Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?",
              "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "the Haitian Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?",
              "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "His critics" }],
              "question": "Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?",
              "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9598"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, \"Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius\u2014in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "plunder" }],
              "question": "What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?",
              "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Pieter Geyl" }],
              "question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?",
              "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Claude Ribbe" }],
              "question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?",
              "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "David G. Chandler" }],
              "question": "In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?",
              "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, \"After all, the military record is unquestioned\u201417 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost.\" McLynn notes that, \"He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars.\" However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Victor Davis Hanson" }
              ],
              "question": "Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?",
              "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "McLynn" }],
              "question": "Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?",
              "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Vincent Cronin" }],
              "question": "Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?",
              "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "six million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?",
              "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his r\u00e9gime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "propaganda" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?",
              "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "censorship" }],
              "question": "Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?",
              "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?",
              "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "civilian" }],
              "question": "Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?",
              "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations\u2014they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "St. Helena" }],
              "question": "Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?",
              "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "royal celebrations" }
              ],
              "question": "Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?",
              "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "the Bourbon regime" }
              ],
              "question": "Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?",
              "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "rosettes" }],
              "question": "Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?",
              "id": "5726f6845951b619008f8380"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period\u2014Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-G\u00eane (1893), Maurice Barr\u00e8s's Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's Napol\u00e9onette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle \u00c9poque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "the late 1880s" }],
              "question": "When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?",
              "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-G\u00eane written?",
              "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "What year was Maurice Barr\u00e8s's Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s written?",
              "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?",
              "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "In what year was Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's Napol\u00e9onette written?",
              "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Napoleonic Code" }],
              "question": "After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?",
              "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?",
              "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "favorable" }],
              "question": "How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?",
              "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?",
              "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "serfdom" }],
              "question": "One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?",
              "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?",
              "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "the Holy Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?",
              "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?",
              "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "less than 50" }],
              "question": "How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?",
              "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "15 million dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?",
              "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon married Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as \"Rose\", a name which he disliked. He called her \"Jos\u00e9phine\" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eug\u00e8ne and cousin St\u00e9phanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Jos\u00e9phine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?",
              "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f840f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1796" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon marry Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?",
              "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How old was Napoleon when he married Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?",
              "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How old was Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Rose" }],
              "question": "What was the disliked name Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8413"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles L\u00e9on (1806\u20131881) by El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810\u20131868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Napoleone Bonaparte (1816\u20131907) by Albine de Montholon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Charles L\u00e9on" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?",
              "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the mother of Charles L\u00e9on?",
              "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Alexandre Colonna-Walewski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?",
              "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype"
                }
              ],
              "question": " DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?",
              "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?",
              "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7f1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest private foundation in the world?",
              "id": "5725b3556a3fe71400b89537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? ",
              "id": "5725b3556a3fe71400b89538"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: \"Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement.\" The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 ",
              "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acb9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation ",
              "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1149,
                  "text": "In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much ",
              "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acba1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, \"to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets\". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the foundation announce in November 2014",
              "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "open access (OA) policy for publications and data, \"to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?",
              "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the OA policy cover ?",
              "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty,\" and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals\"\u2014it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two entities was the foundation divided into ",
              "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the foundation entity focus on",
              "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "The trust section manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Trust entity focus on ",
              "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is held in the trust entity ",
              "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The foundation trust invests undistributed assets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Trust invest",
              "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the Trust investments ",
              "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the negatives of the investments ",
              "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of company's are  critiscized",
              "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As a result of the critics what did the company announce ",
              "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to \"create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery\" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: \"conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1,
                  "text": "n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the foundation announce in March 2006 ",
              "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the International Justice Mission",
              "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "the grant would allow the IJM to \"create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would the grant allow the IJM to do ",
              "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the office that ijm opened do specifically ",
              "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The IJM used the grant money to found \"Project Lantern\" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to \"an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services \u2013 like shelter, counseling and career training \u2013 provided to trafficking survivors\". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The IJM used the grant money to found \"Project Lantern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the project founded by the IJM ",
              "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "\"Project Lantern\" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did project lantern open an office ",
              "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to \"an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did project lantern announce in 2010",
              "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "increase in services \u2013 like shelter, counseling and career training \u2013 provided to trafficking survivors\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What services were also increased by project lantern",
              "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was project Lantern exploring ",
              "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a \"Learning Initiative,\" and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the WSH program launched in 2005",
              "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the WSH become a full fledeged program",
              "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What efforts have the WSH taken ",
              "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the foundation decide in 2009 ",
              "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHy did the foundation make the switch ",
              "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview\" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the focus since 2011",
              "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What models have been delivered",
              "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the new overview",
              "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the foundation announce in 2011",
              "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the \"Reinvent the Toilet Fair\" in Delhi, India in March 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is need in the developing world ",
              "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does data collected by unicef and Who show",
              "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people have no sanatation facilities",
              "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country is the worst violator",
              "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "\"Reinvent the Toilet Fair\" in Delhi, India in March 2014."
                }
              ],
              "question": "India is host to what activity",
              "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d525"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, the foundation launched a program called \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 2011, the foundation launched a program called \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was reinvent the toilet launched ",
              "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the aim of reinvent the toilet ",
              "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "It was complemented by a program called \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet ",
              "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was excluded by the funding schemes ",
              "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the launch of the \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries have received grants ",
              "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much were the grants for ",
              "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many investigate ",
              "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the \"Omni-Ingestor\") and fecal sludge processing (called \"Omni-Processor\"). The aim of the \"Omni Processor\" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop",
              "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What compliments the challenge ",
              "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "The aim of the \"Omni Processor\" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Omni processor do",
              "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but \"by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care\" in sub-Saharan Africa. This \"brain drain\" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, \"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation\". Third, \"Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore \u2013 even discourage patients from discussing \u2013 ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of ",
              "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many children were protected from death ",
              "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care\" in sub-Saharan Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some consequences of the investments ",
              "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 855,
                  "text": "\"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the focus on a few diseases caused ",
              "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1038,
                  "text": "discourage patients from discussing \u2013 ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Vaccinations programs encouraged what ",
              "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation \"has decided not to fund abortion\". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she \"struggle[s] with the issue\" and that \"the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning\". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "has decided not to fund abortion\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the foundation decide not to fund",
              "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHy did they decide not to fund abortion",
              "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood",
              "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet\". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is the US libraries initiative ",
              "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the worlds population can reach the internet",
              "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what have the grants provided public libraries",
              "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the grant enabled ",
              "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US",
              "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these efforts include",
              "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "It spent $373 million on education in 2009."
                }
              ],
              "question": "how much did it spend in 2009",
              "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative."
                }
              ],
              "question": "It was an early backer of what ",
              "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d5a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded \"Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is 1 foundation goal ",
              "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is ",
              "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "how did they work on college financing ",
              "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of \"astroturfing\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been funded as part of the education initiatives",
              "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do ",
              "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Critics don't like the foundations use of media why ",
              "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the foundation list grants ",
              "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who founded teach plus ",
              "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abef0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized",
              "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are several of the gates backed policies ",
              "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have the policies been criticized ",
              "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does 1 specific study of charter schools show ",
              "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which \"... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made\". Also announced was the decision to \"... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths\". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett \"... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016",
              "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When must the trust resources be spent",
              "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death ",
              "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd73"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Northwestern_University",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "John Evans" }],
              "question": "Who founded Northwestern University?",
              "id": "5725b464ec44d21400f3d40b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "What year was Northwestern founded?",
              "id": "5725b464ec44d21400f3d40c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?",
              "id": "5725b464ec44d21400f3d40d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?",
              "id": "5725b464ec44d21400f3d40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "Education City, Doha, Qatar" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?",
              "id": "5725b464ec44d21400f3d40e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "to serve the Northwest Territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?",
              "id": "5727c22d4b864d1900163c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "When did instruction begin at Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727c22d4b864d1900163c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "When were women first admitted to Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727c22d4b864d1900163c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "240" }],
              "question": "How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?",
              "id": "5727c22d4b864d1900163c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 739, "text": "journalism and communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?",
              "id": "5727c2bf4b864d1900163cac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Lake Michigan" }],
              "question": "Which great lake is Northwestern located along?",
              "id": "5727c2bf4b864d1900163cad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727c2bf4b864d1900163cae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many founders did Northwestern University have?",
              "id": "5725b662ec44d21400f3d427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Methodist Episcopal Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of church is Northwestern University associated with?",
              "id": "5725b662ec44d21400f3d428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "May 31, 1850" }],
              "question": "What was the date that lay down the foundation for Northwestern University?",
              "id": "5725b662ec44d21400f3d429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many ministers founded Northwestern University?",
              "id": "5725b662ec44d21400f3d42a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Methodists" }],
              "question": "What denomination did the all of the founders associated with?",
              "id": "5725b662ec44d21400f3d42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "a meeting" }],
              "question": "In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?",
              "id": "5727cb7d3acd2414000dec87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "the Illinois General Assembly" }
              ],
              "question": "Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?",
              "id": "5727cb7d3acd2414000dec88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Methodists" }],
              "question": "What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727cb7d3acd2414000dec89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?",
              "id": "5727cb7d3acd2414000dec8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Methodist Episcopal" }
              ],
              "question": "Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?",
              "id": "5727cb7d3acd2414000dec8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 \"perpetual scholarships\" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Old College" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?",
              "id": "5727ccb33acd2414000decb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "$100 \"perpetual scholarships\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?",
              "id": "5727ccb33acd2414000decb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "the purchaser and his heirs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?",
              "id": "5727ccb33acd2414000decb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 625, "text": "Evanston College for Ladies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?",
              "id": "5727ccb33acd2414000decb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "Frances Willard" }],
              "question": "Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?",
              "id": "5727ccb33acd2414000decb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "intercollegiate football" }
              ],
              "question": "What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?",
              "id": "5727ce8e2ca10214002d96e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?",
              "id": "5727ce8e2ca10214002d96e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "Northwestern University School of Law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest law school in Chicago?",
              "id": "5727ce8e2ca10214002d96e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "The Association of American Universities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?",
              "id": "5727ce8e2ca10214002d96e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "a founding member" }],
              "question": "What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?",
              "id": "5727ce8e2ca10214002d96ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "integrated" }],
              "question": "What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?",
              "id": "5727d0143acd2414000decff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Dyche Stadium" }],
              "question": "What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?",
              "id": "5727d0143acd2414000ded00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Northwestern with the University of Chicago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?",
              "id": "5727d0143acd2414000ded01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?",
              "id": "5727d0143acd2414000ded02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?",
              "id": "5727d0143acd2414000ded03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses. After the war, surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. J. Roscoe Miller's tenure as president from 1949 to 1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement, as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727dd873acd2414000dee65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "nearly 50,000" }],
              "question": "Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?",
              "id": "5727dd873acd2414000dee66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "G.I. Bill" }],
              "question": "Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?",
              "id": "5727dd873acd2414000dee67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "Program of African Studies at Northwestern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?",
              "id": "5727dd873acd2414000dee68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 808, "text": "first and second Unabomber" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727dd873acd2414000dee69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Northwestern student journalists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?",
              "id": "5727dfba2ca10214002d987e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the Innocence Project" }
              ],
              "question": "What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?",
              "id": "5727dfba2ca10214002d987f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 743,
                  "text": "Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?",
              "id": "5727dfba2ca10214002d9880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "stabilize" }],
              "question": "What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?",
              "id": "5727dfba2ca10214002d9881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) (\"Hail to purple, hail to white\") and in many university guidelines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Purple" }],
              "question": "What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?",
              "id": "5727e1213acd2414000deec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "too many other universities had used these colors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?",
              "id": "5727e1213acd2414000deec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Whatsoever things are true" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?",
              "id": "5727e1213acd2414000deec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "The Word full of grace and truth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?",
              "id": "5727e1213acd2414000deeca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727e1213acd2414000deecb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1018,
                  "text": "by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?",
              "id": "5727e2e12ca10214002d98a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Evanston" }],
              "question": "Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?",
              "id": "5727e2e12ca10214002d98a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "atmospheres" }],
              "question": "What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?",
              "id": "5727e2e12ca10214002d98a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "North Campus" }],
              "question": "Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?",
              "id": "5727e2e12ca10214002d98a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "South Campus" }],
              "question": "Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?",
              "id": "5727e2e12ca10214002d98a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "the Purple Line" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?",
              "id": "5727e4082ca10214002d98c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Northwestern's school color" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?",
              "id": "5727e4082ca10214002d98c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Foster and Davis" }],
              "question": "Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?",
              "id": "5727e4082ca10214002d98c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Noyes" }],
              "question": "Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?",
              "id": "5727e4082ca10214002d98c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Ryan Field" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?",
              "id": "5727e4082ca10214002d98c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920. The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance. The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorne Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939. In October 2013, Northwestern began the demolition of the architecturally significant Prentice Women's Hospital. Eric G. Neilson, dean of the medical school, penned an op-ed that equated retaining the building with loss of life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "8.5" }],
              "question": "In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?",
              "id": "5727e5dc2ca10214002d98fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "collegiate gothic" }],
              "question": "What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?",
              "id": "5727e5dc2ca10214002d98fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Mrs. Montgomery Ward" }
              ],
              "question": "Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?",
              "id": "5727e5dc2ca10214002d98fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "medical and dental" }
              ],
              "question": "What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?",
              "id": "5727e5dc2ca10214002d98ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "Montgomery Ward Memorial Building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5727e5dc2ca10214002d9900"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "NU-Q" }],
              "question": "What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?",
              "id": "5727e7f83acd2414000def75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "journalism" }],
              "question": "What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?",
              "id": "5727e7f83acd2414000def76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?",
              "id": "5727e7f83acd2414000def77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "through the 2027-2028 academic year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?",
              "id": "5727e7f83acd2414000def78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "journalism" }],
              "question": "What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?",
              "id": "5727e7f83acd2414000def79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2009, the Green Power Partnership (GPP, sponsored by the EPA) listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources. The university matches 74 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of its annual energy use with Green-e Certified Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA's Green Power Leadership Club. The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a \"B-\" on its College Sustainability Report Card. The Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), supporting research, teaching and outreach in these themes, was launched in 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Green Power Partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2009, who named Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing renewable energy?",
              "id": "5727e9803acd2414000defa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "30 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of the university's total annual electric bill is represented by the green power commitment?",
              "id": "5727e9803acd2414000defaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "B-" }],
              "question": "What grade was given to Northwestern on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card  by The Sustainable Endowments Institute?",
              "id": "5727e9803acd2414000defab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Green Power Leadership Club" }
              ],
              "question": "Which EPA club is Northwestern University included in?",
              "id": "5727e9803acd2414000defac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "the EPA" }],
              "question": "Who sponsored the Green Power Partnership?",
              "id": "5727e9803acd2414000defad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible. The university also released at the beginning of the 2008\u201309 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access. Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. Additionally, all landscape waste at the university is composted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "LEED" }],
              "question": "What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?",
              "id": "5727eae03acd2414000defdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "at least a 20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?",
              "id": "5727eae03acd2414000defdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?",
              "id": "5727eae03acd2414000defde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1090, "text": "composted" }],
              "question": "How is all university landscape waste used?",
              "id": "5727eae03acd2414000defdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "future development of the Evanston Campus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?",
              "id": "5727eae03acd2414000defdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011[update] chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters. Daniel I. Linzer, provost since September 2007, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "an appointed Board of Trustees" }
              ],
              "question": "Who governs Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727ee953acd2414000df01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?",
              "id": "5727ee953acd2414000df020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "an elected president" }
              ],
              "question": "Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?",
              "id": "5727ee953acd2414000df021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?",
              "id": "5727ee953acd2414000df022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "the president" }],
              "question": "Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?",
              "id": "5727ee953acd2414000df023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012\u20132013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "124" }],
              "question": "How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727ef71ff5b5019007d98ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "145" }],
              "question": "How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727ef71ff5b5019007d98cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "3,272" }],
              "question": "How many master's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?",
              "id": "5727ef71ff5b5019007d98d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "565" }],
              "question": "How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?",
              "id": "5727ef71ff5b5019007d98d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "2,190" }],
              "question": "How many bachelor's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?",
              "id": "5727ef71ff5b5019007d98d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences, plus the professions of engineering, journalism, communication, music, and education. Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors, there is no required common core curriculum; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school. Northwestern's full-time undergraduate and graduate programs operate on an approximately 10-week academic quarter system with the academic year beginning in late September and ending in early June. Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate. Northwestern offers honors, accelerated, and joint degree programs in medicine, science, mathematics, engineering, and journalism. The comprehensive doctoral graduate program has high coexistence with undergraduate programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "full-time undergraduate" }
              ],
              "question": "Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727f1163acd2414000df051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "the faculty of each school" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727f1163acd2414000df052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "at least twelve" }],
              "question": "How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate?",
              "id": "5727f1163acd2414000df053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter?",
              "id": "5727f1163acd2414000df054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "approximately 10" }],
              "question": "How many weeks is one academic quarter at Northwestern?",
              "id": "5727f1163acd2414000df055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Undergraduate tuition for the 2012/13 school year was $61,240; this includes the basic tuition of $43,380, fees (health $200, etc.), room and board of $13,329 (less if commuting), books and supplies $1,842, personal expenses $1,890, transportation cost of $400. Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009\u20132010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "$61,240" }],
              "question": "What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?",
              "id": "5727f2323acd2414000df07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "need" }],
              "question": "On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?",
              "id": "5727f2323acd2414000df07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "Approximately 44" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?",
              "id": "5727f2323acd2414000df07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "$17,200" }],
              "question": "What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?",
              "id": "5727f2323acd2414000df080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "in excess of $472 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?",
              "id": "5727f2323acd2414000df081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 40.6% of undergraduates enroll in?",
              "id": "5727f3593acd2414000df0af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 21.3% of undergraduates enroll in?",
              "id": "5727f3593acd2414000df0b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "School of Communication" }
              ],
              "question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 14.3% of undergraduates enroll in?",
              "id": "5727f3593acd2414000df0b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Medill School of Journalism" }
              ],
              "question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 11.7% of undergraduates enroll in?",
              "id": "5727f3593acd2414000df0b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "Bienen School of Music" }
              ],
              "question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 5.7% of undergraduates enroll in?",
              "id": "5727f3593acd2414000df0b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Admissions are characterized as \"most selective\" by U.S. News & World Report. There were 35,099 applications for the undergraduate class of 2020 (entering 2016), and 3,751 (10.7%) were admitted, making Northwestern one of the most selective schools in the United States. For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019, the interquartile range (middle 50%) on the SAT was 690\u2013760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math, ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 31\u201334, and 91% ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "most selective" }],
              "question": "How selective are admissions at Northwestern characterized by U.S. News & World Report?",
              "id": "5727f4bcff5b5019007d992c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "10.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of applications were admitted for the undergraduate class entering in 2016?",
              "id": "5727f4bcff5b5019007d992d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "91%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?",
              "id": "5727f4bcff5b5019007d992e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "690\u2013760" }],
              "question": "For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for critical reading?",
              "id": "5727f4bcff5b5019007d992f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "710-800" }],
              "question": "For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for math?",
              "id": "5727f4bcff5b5019007d9930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2016, Northwestern announced that it signed on to the Chicago Star Partnership, a City Colleges initiative. Through this partnership, Northwestern is one of 15 Illinois public and private universities that will \"provide scholarships to students who graduate from Chicago Public Schools, get their associate degree from one of the city's community colleges, and then get admitted to a bachelor's degree program.\" The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district. The University of Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, the School of the Art Institute, DePaul University and Loyola University are also part of the Star Scholars partnership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Chicago Star Partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016?",
              "id": "5727f604ff5b5019007d994e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Mayor Rahm Emanuel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts?",
              "id": "5727f604ff5b5019007d994f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "scholarships" }],
              "question": "Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria?",
              "id": "5727f604ff5b5019007d9950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Rahm Emanuel" }],
              "question": "Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership?",
              "id": "5727f604ff5b5019007d9951"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Northwestern library system consists of four libraries on the Evanston campus including the present main library, University Library and the original library building, Deering Library; three libraries on the Chicago campus; and the library affiliated with Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. The University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes, 4.6 million microforms, and almost 99,000 periodicals making it (by volume) the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities. Notable collections in the library system include the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, the largest Africana collection in the world, an extensive collection of early edition printed music and manuscripts as well as late-modern works, and an art collection noted for its 19th and 20th-century Western art and architecture periodicals. The library system participates with 15 other universities in digitizing its collections as a part of the Google Book Search project. The Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art is a major art museum in Chicago, containing more than 4,000 works in its permanent collection as well as dedicating a third of its space to temporary and traveling exhibitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many libraries are on the Evanston campus?",
              "id": "5727f926ff5b5019007d9996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "over 4.9 million" }],
              "question": "How many volumes does the University Library contain?",
              "id": "5727f926ff5b5019007d9997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "the 30th-largest" }],
              "question": "How does the University Library rank among North American university libraries?",
              "id": "5727f926ff5b5019007d9998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 960, "text": "digitizing its collections" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Google Book Search project help libraries with?",
              "id": "5727f926ff5b5019007d9999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest African collection in the world that is part of the Northwesern library system?",
              "id": "5727f926ff5b5019007d999a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with \"very high\" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern received $550 million in research funding in 2014. Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO), Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions, filed 270 patents applications, received 81 foreign and US patents, started 12 companies, and generated $79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013. The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. INVO has been involved in creating a number of centers, including the Center for Developmental Therapeutics (CDT) and the Center for Device Development (CD2). It has also helped form over 50 Northwestern startup companies based on Northwestern technologies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities?",
              "id": "5727fa854b864d190016412a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "management, engineering, and communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation?",
              "id": "5727fa854b864d190016412b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "$550 million" }],
              "question": "In 2014, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?",
              "id": "5727fa854b864d190016412c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 827,
                  "text": "chemistry professor Richard Silverman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica?",
              "id": "5727fa854b864d190016412d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many companies were started through Northwestern's Innovations and New Ventures Office?",
              "id": "5727fa854b864d190016412e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Materials Research Center, Institute for Policy Research, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies, the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science?",
              "id": "5727fb814b864d1900164148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology?",
              "id": "5727fb814b864d1900164149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "Where is the home of the Materials Research Center?",
              "id": "5727fb814b864d190016414a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research?",
              "id": "5727fb814b864d190016414b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Northwestern" }],
              "question": "Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies?",
              "id": "5727fb814b864d190016414c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The undergraduates have a number of traditions: Painting The Rock (originally a fountain donated by the Class of 1902) is a way to advertise, for example, campus organizations, events in Greek life, student groups, and university-wide events. Dance Marathon, a 30-hour philanthropic event, has raised more than 13 million dollars in its history for various children's charities. Primal Scream is held at 9 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter; students lean out of windows or gather in courtyards and scream. Armadillo Day, or, more popularly, Dillo Day, a day of music and food, is held on Northwestern's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day. And in one of the University's newer traditions, every year during freshman orientation, known as Wildcat Welcome, freshmen and transfer students pass through Weber Arch to the loud huzzahs of upperclassmen and the music of the University Marching Band.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "more than 13 million dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money has the traditional Northwestern Dance Marathon raised for children's charities?",
              "id": "5727fd7e2ca10214002d9ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "scream" }],
              "question": "What do students do during the traditional Primal Scream event held before finals week every quarter?",
              "id": "5727fd7e2ca10214002d9ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Dillo Day" }],
              "question": "What is the popular name for Northwestern's traditional Armadillo Day?",
              "id": "5727fd7e2ca10214002d9aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 643,
                  "text": "on the weekend after Memorial Day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is Armadillo Day held every year?",
              "id": "5727fd7e2ca10214002d9acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "Wildcat Welcome" }],
              "question": "What name is freshman orientation known as?",
              "id": "5727fd7e2ca10214002d9acc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "jingle keys" }],
              "question": "What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff?",
              "id": "5727ff3c4b864d19001641be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "students would throw marshmallows during games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What football game tradition has since been discontinued?",
              "id": "5727ff3c4b864d19001641bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "purple" }],
              "question": "What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game?",
              "id": "5727ff3c4b864d19001641c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "growl" }],
              "question": "What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football?",
              "id": "5727ff3c4b864d19001641c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "until a loss or until the end of the sports season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game?",
              "id": "5727ff3c4b864d19001641c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two annual productions are especially notable: the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show. Waa-Mu is an original musical, written and produced almost entirely by students. Children's theater is represented on campus by Griffin's Tale and Purple Crayon Players. Its umbrella organization\u2014the Student Theatre Coalition, or StuCo, organizes nine student theatre companies, multiple performance groups and more than sixty independent productions each year. Many Northwestern alumni have used these productions as stepping stones to successful television and film careers. Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company, for example, which began life in the Great Room in Jones Residential College, was founded in 1988 by several alumni, including David Schwimmer; in 2011, it won the Regional Tony Award.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most notable productions each year at Northwestern?",
              "id": "572800904b864d19001641d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "students" }],
              "question": "Who is the Waa-Muu show primarily written and produced by?",
              "id": "572800904b864d19001641d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Student Theatre Coalition" }
              ],
              "question": "What does StuCo stand for?",
              "id": "572800904b864d19001641d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many student theatre companies does StuCo organize?",
              "id": "572800904b864d19001641d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Chicago's Lookingglass" }
              ],
              "question": "Which theater company was founded by several Northwestern alumni in 1988?",
              "id": "572800904b864d19001641d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many students are involved in community service in one form or another. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011; and Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps (NCDC) to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets. NCDC's work is to connect hundreds of student volunteers to some twenty volunteer sites in Evanston and Chicago throughout the year. Many students have assisted with the Special Olympics and have taken alternative spring break trips to hundreds of service sites across the United States. Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program, a program for students interested in community service. A large and growing number of students participate in the university's Global Engagement Summer Institute (GESI), a group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development. Several internationally recognized non-profit organizations have originated at Northwestern including the World Health Imaging, Informatics and Telemedicine Alliance, a spin-off from an engineering student's honors thesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Dance Marathon" }],
              "question": "What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011?",
              "id": "572802ae4b864d1900164212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Project Pumpkin" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited?",
              "id": "572802ae4b864d1900164213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "Freshman Urban Program" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service?",
              "id": "572802ae4b864d1900164214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 871,
                  "text": "Global Engagement Summer Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the university's group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa or Latin America?",
              "id": "572802ae4b864d1900164215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "Northwestern Community Development Corps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does NCDC stand for?",
              "id": "572802ae4b864d1900164216"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern has several housing options, including both traditional residence halls and residential colleges which gather together students who have a particular intellectual interest in common. Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies (CCS), Ayers College of Commerce and Industry, Jones Residential College (Arts), and Slivka Residential College (Science and Engineering). Dorms include 1835 Hinman, Bobb-McCulloch, Foster-Walker complex (commonly referred to as Plex), and several more. In Winter 2013, 39% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority. Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "39%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?",
              "id": "572803c8ff5b5019007d9afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize?",
              "id": "572803c8ff5b5019007d9afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many sororities does Northwestern recognize?",
              "id": "572803c8ff5b5019007d9afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Slivka" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering?",
              "id": "572803c8ff5b5019007d9afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Foster-Walker complex" }
              ],
              "question": "Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex?",
              "id": "572803c8ff5b5019007d9afe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper. Established in 1881, and published on weekdays during the academic year, it is directed entirely by undergraduates. Although it serves the Northwestern community, the Daily has no business ties to the university, being supported wholly by advertisers. It is owned by the Students Publishing Company. North by Northwestern is an online undergraduate magazine, having been established in September 2006 by students at the Medill School of Journalism. Published on weekdays, it consists of updates on news stories and special events inserted throughout the day and on weekends. North by Northwestern also publishes a quarterly print magazine. Syllabus is the undergraduate yearbook. First published in 1885, the yearbook is an epitome of that year's events at Northwestern. Published by Students Publishing Company and edited by Northwestern students, it is distributed in late May. Northwestern Flipside is an undergraduate satirical magazine. Founded in 2009, The Flipside publishes a weekly issue both in print and online. Helicon is the university's undergraduate literary magazine. Started in 1979, it is published twice a year, a web issue in the Winter, and a print issue with a web complement in the Spring. The Protest is Northwestern's quarterly social justice magazine. The Northwestern division of Student Multicultural Affairs also supports publications such as NUAsian, a magazine and blog about Asian and Asian-American culture and the issues facing Asians and Asian-Americans, Ahora, a magazine about Hispanic and Latino/a culture and campus life, BlackBoard Magazine about African-American life, and Al Bayan published by the Northwestern Muslim-cultural Student Association.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Daily Northwestern" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Northwestern's main student newspaper?",
              "id": "572804a92ca10214002d9ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "undergraduates" }],
              "question": "Who is The Daily Northwestern entirely directed by?",
              "id": "572804a92ca10214002d9ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "Syllabus" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Northwestern's undergraduate yearbook?",
              "id": "572804a92ca10214002d9bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "the Students Publishing Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns The Daily Northwestern?",
              "id": "572804a92ca10214002d9baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 934, "text": "Northwestern Flipside" }
              ],
              "question": "What undergraduate satirical magazine was founded in 2009?",
              "id": "572804a92ca10214002d9bac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Northwestern University Law Review is a scholarly legal publication and student organization at Northwestern University School of Law. The Law Review's primary purpose is to publish a journal of broad legal scholarship. The Law Review publishes four issues each year. Student editors make the editorial and organizational decisions and select articles submitted by professors, judges, and practitioners, as well as student pieces. The Law Review recently extended its presence onto the web, and now publishes scholarly pieces weekly on the Colloquy. The Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property is a law review published by an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law. Its Bluebook abbreviation is Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. The current editor-in-chief is Aisha Lavinier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Northwestern University Law Review"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the scholarly legal publication at Northwestern School of Law?",
              "id": "5728064bff5b5019007d9b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "a journal of broad legal scholarship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of journal does the Law Review strive to publish?",
              "id": "5728064bff5b5019007d9b21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many issues does the Law Review publish each year?",
              "id": "5728064bff5b5019007d9b22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 648,
                  "text": "an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who publishes the Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property?",
              "id": "5728064bff5b5019007d9b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Student editors" }],
              "question": "Who makes the editorial decisions for The Northwestern University Law Review?",
              "id": "5728064bff5b5019007d9b24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review is a scholarly legal publication published annually by an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates. The journal's mission is to publish interdisciplinary legal research, drawing from fields such as history, literature, economics, philosophy, and art. Founded in 2008, the journal features articles by professors, law students, practitioners, and undergraduates. The journal is funded by the Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What journal was founded in 2008 that features articles by professors and law students?",
              "id": "572807ba4b864d190016428a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who funds The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?",
              "id": "572807ba4b864d190016428b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "annually" }],
              "question": "How often is The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review published?",
              "id": "572807ba4b864d190016428c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who publishes The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?",
              "id": "572807ba4b864d190016428d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sherman Ave is a humor website that formed in January 2011. The website often publishes content about Northwestern student life, and most of Sherman Ave's staffed writers are current Northwestern undergraduate students writing under pseudonyms. The publication is well known among students for its interviews of prominent campus figures, its \"Freshman Guide\", its live-tweeting coverage of football games, and its satiric campaign in autumn 2012 to end the Vanderbilt University football team's clubbing of baby seals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sherman Ave" }],
              "question": "What is the name Northwestern's humor website formed in 2011?",
              "id": "572808ae2ca10214002d9c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "pseudonyms" }],
              "question": "What do many of the writers staffed by Sherman Ave write under?",
              "id": "572808ae2ca10214002d9c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sherman Ave" }],
              "question": "Which website publishes the well known \"Freshman Guide\"?",
              "id": "572808ae2ca10214002d9c1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, School of Communication, and Medill School of Journalism, the organization reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates, Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Politics & Policy" }],
              "question": "What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?",
              "id": "57280996ff5b5019007d9b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?",
              "id": "57280996ff5b5019007d9b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "undergraduates" }],
              "question": "Who completely runs Politics and Policy?",
              "id": "57280996ff5b5019007d9b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "the Buffett Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Who partially funds Politics and Policy?",
              "id": "57280996ff5b5019007d9b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "several times a week" }
              ],
              "question": "How often is Politics & Policy published?",
              "id": "57280996ff5b5019007d9b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 NCAA championships in 8 years, and holds several scoring records. The men's basketball team is recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the 1931 National Champion. In the 2010\u201311 school year, the Wildcats had one national championship, 12 teams in postseason play, 20 All-Americans, two CoSIDA Academic All-American selections, 8 CoSIDA Academic All0District selections, 1 conference Coach of the Year and Player of the Year, 53 All-Conference and a record 201 Academic All-Big Ten athletes. Overall, 12 of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many men's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?",
              "id": "57280ae14b864d19001642d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many women's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?",
              "id": "57280ae14b864d19001642d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009?",
              "id": "57280ae14b864d19001642d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "Helms Athletic Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who recognized the men's basketball team as the 1931 National Champion?",
              "id": "57280ae14b864d19001642d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances?",
              "id": "57280ae14b864d19001642d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The football team plays at Ryan Field (formerly known as Dyche Stadium); the basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena. Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as \"The Purple\" and unofficially as \"The Fighting Methodists.\" The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by Wallace Abbey, a writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago, \"Football players had not come down from Evanston; wildcats would be a name better suited to [Coach Glenn] Thistletwaite's boys.\" The name was so popular that university board members made \"wildcats\" the official nickname just months later. In 1972, the student body voted to change the official nickname from \"Wildcats\" to \"Purple Haze\" but the new name never stuck.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Welsh-Ryan Arena" }],
              "question": "Where do Northwestern's basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play?",
              "id": "57280be44b864d1900164306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Wildcats" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname given to Northwestern's athletic teams?",
              "id": "57280be44b864d1900164307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "The Purple" }],
              "question": "What was the official nickname of Northwestern's athletic teams prior to 1924?",
              "id": "57280be44b864d1900164308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "The Fighting Methodists" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the unofficial nickname of the Northwestern athletic teams prior to 1924?",
              "id": "57280be44b864d1900164309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "Purple Haze" }],
              "question": "What name did the student body unsuccessfully try to rename the Wildcats in 1972?",
              "id": "57280be44b864d190016430a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat. The first mascot, however, was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans. But after a losing season, the team, deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune, banished him from campus forever. Willie the Wildcat made his debut in 1933 first as a logo, and then in three dimensions in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed as wildcats during a Homecoming Parade. The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) performs at all home football games and leads cheers in the student section and performs the Alma Mater at the end of the game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Willie the Wildcat" }],
              "question": "Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics?",
              "id": "57280cfc3acd2414000df323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics?",
              "id": "57280cfc3acd2414000df324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Furpaw" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Northwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?",
              "id": "57280cfc3acd2414000df325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Furpaw" }],
              "question": "Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?",
              "id": "57280cfc3acd2414000df326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "banished him from campus forever"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season?",
              "id": "57280cfc3acd2414000df327"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982. They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "73" }],
              "question": "How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?",
              "id": "57280e204b864d1900164334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?",
              "id": "57280e204b864d1900164335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1996 Rose Bowl" }],
              "question": "What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?",
              "id": "57280e204b864d1900164336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "2013 Gator Bowl" }],
              "question": "What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?",
              "id": "57280e204b864d1900164337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Pat Fitzgerald" }],
              "question": "In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?",
              "id": "57280e204b864d1900164338"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big Ten schools during the 1995 season. The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indicted four former players for perjury related to betting on their own games. In August 2001, Rashidi Wheeler, a senior safety, collapsed and died during practice from an asthma attack. An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine, a stimulant banned by the NCAA, in his system, which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs. In 2006, the Northwestern women's soccer team was suspended and coach Jenny Haigh resigned following the release of images of alleged hazing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "sports bribery" }],
              "question": "What were 2 former Northwestern basketball players charged and convicted for in 1998?",
              "id": "57280fd92ca10214002d9cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "perjury related to betting on their own games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did federal prosecutors indict four former players for in a separate betting scandal?",
              "id": "57280fd92ca10214002d9cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "ephedrine" }],
              "question": "What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler's system after he died during a practice?",
              "id": "57280fd92ca10214002d9cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 832,
                  "text": "the release of images of alleged hazing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2006, what prompted the women's soccer team coach, Jenny Haigh,  to resign?",
              "id": "57280fd92ca10214002d9cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "After the death of Rashidi Wheeler in 2001, which athletic programs were investigated for stimulants and other banned substances?",
              "id": "57280fd92ca10214002d9cfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools, including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize\u2013winning economist Dale T. Mortensen; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning historian Garry Wills; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, and Jennifer Richeson. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artist Ed Paschke, writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize\u2013winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and \"don't ask, don't tell\" author Charles Moskos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "3,401" }],
              "question": "How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ?",
              "id": "57281100ff5b5019007d9c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Arthur Butz" }],
              "question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier?",
              "id": "57281100ff5b5019007d9c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "historian Garry Wills" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize?",
              "id": "57281100ff5b5019007d9c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Mary Zimmerman" }],
              "question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director?",
              "id": "57281100ff5b5019007d9c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1093, "text": "chemist John Pople" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize?",
              "id": "57281100ff5b5019007d9c4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, Nobel Prize\u2013winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize\u2013winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton currently serves as president of Cornell University. Rahm Emanuel, the mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "George McGovern" }],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?",
              "id": "572812233acd2414000df3b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Ali Babacan" }],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?",
              "id": "572812233acd2414000df3b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Abraham Vereide" }],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?",
              "id": "572812233acd2414000df3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "Adlai Stevenson" }],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?",
              "id": "572812233acd2414000df3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1012, "text": "Rod Blagojevich" }],
              "question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?",
              "id": "572812233acd2414000df3b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Paul Lynde, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dusty Kay, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a \"Northwestern mafia.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1578, "text": "Northwestern alumni" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?",
              "id": "572813642ca10214002d9d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Northwestern's School of Communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?",
              "id": "572813642ca10214002d9d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Northwestern's School of Communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?",
              "id": "572813642ca10214002d9d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Northwestern's School of Communication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?",
              "id": "572813642ca10214002d9d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "Lee Phillip Bell" }],
              "question": "Which alumni was a co-creator of \"The Young and the Restless\", and \"The Bold and the Beautiful\"?",
              "id": "572813642ca10214002d9d62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "38" }],
              "question": "How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?",
              "id": "572814b94b864d1900164414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Medill School of Journalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?",
              "id": "572814b94b864d1900164415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Medill School of Journalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?",
              "id": "572814b94b864d1900164416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?",
              "id": "572814b94b864d1900164417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Richard Threlkeld" }],
              "question": "Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?",
              "id": "572814b94b864d1900164418"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital, Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named, Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic, Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians, Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever, Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery, Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide, Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012, Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA, C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer, David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006, and Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies, and a university trustee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Mary Harris Thompson" }
              ],
              "question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?",
              "id": "572816beff5b5019007d9ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Daniel Hale Williams" }
              ],
              "question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?",
              "id": "572816beff5b5019007d9ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Charles Horace Mayo" }
              ],
              "question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?",
              "id": "572816beff5b5019007d9ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 997, "text": "Allen B. Kanavel" }],
              "question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?",
              "id": "572816beff5b5019007d9ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1506, "text": "Joseph P. Kerwin" }],
              "question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?",
              "id": "572816beff5b5019007d9ce8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hokkien",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Hokkien /h\u0252\u02c8ki\u025bn/ (traditional Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00faji\u00e0nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: Hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou\u2013Zhangzhou / Chinchew\u2013Changchew; BP: Zu\u00e1nzi\u016b\u2013Zi\u0101ngzi\u016b) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "southern Fujian." }],
              "question": "Where did Hokkien originate?",
              "id": "5725b53c38643c19005acb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Teochew" }],
              "question": "What dialect is Hokkien closely related to?",
              "id": "5725b53c38643c19005acb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Hokkien?",
              "id": "5725b53c38643c19005acb9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Southeast Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is Hokkien spoken?",
              "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "southern Fujian" }],
              "question": "Where did Hokkien originate?",
              "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Teochew" }],
              "question": "What language is Hokkien closely related to?",
              "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Hainanese" }],
              "question": "What language is Hokkien distantly related to?",
              "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Fujian province" }],
              "question": "Min and Hakka dialects are found where?",
              "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Hokkien (\u798f\u5efa; h\u0254k\u02e5\u02e5k\u026a\u025bn\u02e8\u02e9) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: \u6cc9\u6f33\u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: \u95a9\u5357\u8a9e, \u95a9\u5357\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u95fd\u5357\u8bed, \u95fd\u5357\u8bdd; pinyin: M\u01d0nn\u00e1ny\u01d4, M\u01d0nn\u00e1nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-g\u00ed,B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-o\u0113) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: \u798f\u4f6c\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u798f\u4f6c\u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00fal\u01ceohu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: H\u014d-l\u00f3-o\u0113). The term Hokkien (Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8a71; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113;T\u00e2i-l\u00f4:Hok-ki\u00e0n-u\u0113), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Quanzhou and Zhangzhou." }
              ],
              "question": "What at the main Hokkioen urban centers?",
              "id": "5725b63989a1e219009abd3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 853, "text": "Min-nan dialects." }],
              "question": "What dialects does Hokkien refer to?",
              "id": "5725b63989a1e219009abd3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "South East Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is the term Hokkien mainly used?",
              "id": "5725b63989a1e219009abd3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Fujian province" }],
              "question": "What does Hokkien mean?",
              "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "Quanzhang Division (Chinese: \u6cc9\u6f33\u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) of Min Nan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?",
              "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "Hokkien" }],
              "question": "In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?",
              "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Hokkien" }],
              "question": "Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?",
              "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 (\"Our people\u2019s language\"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "98.5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers?",
              "id": "5725b777ec44d21400f3d443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 (\"Our people\u2019s language\")."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines?",
              "id": "5725b777ec44d21400f3d444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Hokkien speakers" }],
              "question": "Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore?",
              "id": "5725b777ec44d21400f3d445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Hokkien speakers" }],
              "question": "Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia?",
              "id": "5725b777ec44d21400f3d446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Hokkien speakers" }],
              "question": "Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia?",
              "id": "5725b777ec44d21400f3d447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Han Chinese emigrants" }
              ],
              "question": "Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?",
              "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Burma" }],
              "question": "What is the current name for Myanmar?",
              "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Dutch East Indies" }],
              "question": "What is the former name for Indonesia?",
              "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "98.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?",
              "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?",
              "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The J\u00ecn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese \u2014 spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century \u2014 into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?",
              "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "the Central Plain of China" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?",
              "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "the Disaster of Yongjia" }
              ],
              "question": "What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?",
              "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "old Chinese" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?",
              "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "north to the south" }
              ],
              "question": "What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?",
              "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (\u9673\u653f), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (\u9673\u5143\u5149), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (\u738b\u6f6e) and Wang Shenzhi (\u738b\u5be9\u77e5), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Emperor Gaozong" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of China in 677?",
              "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Chen Zheng" }],
              "question": "Who led the military expedition in Fujian?",
              "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Chen Yuanguang" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?",
              "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Emperor Xizong of Tang" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of China in 885?",
              "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "two waves of migrations from the north"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?",
              "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Amoy" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Xiamen dialect?",
              "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e817e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Xiamen dialect" }],
              "question": "What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?",
              "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e817f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "late Ming dynasty" }],
              "question": "During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?",
              "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Xiamen" }],
              "question": "What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?",
              "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "in search of job opportunities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?",
              "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8182"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /t\u0282/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' \u7af9 is tik, but zh\u00fa in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hokkien" }],
              "question": "What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?",
              "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "similar" }],
              "question": "How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?",
              "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "many pronunciations" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?",
              "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "phoneme inventories" }
              ],
              "question": "Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?",
              "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 \"tones\",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic \"entering tones\" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone (\"tone 9\" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "5 to 7" }],
              "question": "How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?",
              "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "tone classes" }],
              "question": "What is another name for phonemic tones?",
              "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "minor" }],
              "question": "What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?",
              "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Amoy or Quanzhou" }],
              "question": "What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?",
              "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "the area of Taiwan" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?",
              "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Quanzhou and Zhangzhou" }
              ],
              "question": "The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?",
              "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Taiwanese" }],
              "question": "Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?",
              "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Quanzhou" }],
              "question": "What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?",
              "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Zhangzhou speech" }],
              "question": "What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?",
              "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Malay" }],
              "question": "In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?",
              "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject\u2013verb\u2013object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "meaning" }],
              "question": "In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?",
              "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?",
              "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?",
              "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "time, gender and plural" }
              ],
              "question": "Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?",
              "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Different particles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?",
              "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The existence of literary and colloquial readings (\u6587\u767d\u7570\u8b80), called tha\u030dk-im (\u8b80\u97f3), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (\u6587\u8b80, b\u00fbn-tha\u030dk), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (\u767d\u8b80, pe\u030dh-tha\u030dk) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "tha\u030dk-im" }],
              "question": "What are literary and colloquial readings called?",
              "id": "5726c099708984140094d085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "vernacular)" }],
              "question": "What is another name for colloquial?",
              "id": "5726c099708984140094d086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "formal phrases and written language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Literary readings are usually used where?",
              "id": "5726c099708984140094d087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "spoken language and vulgar phrases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "colloquial reading are usually used where?",
              "id": "5726c099708984140094d088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Min" }],
              "question": "Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?",
              "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Han dynasty" }],
              "question": "The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?",
              "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "206 BCE - 220 CE" }],
              "question": "When was the Han Dynasty?",
              "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "420 - 589 CE" }],
              "question": "When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?",
              "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "618\u2013907 CE" }],
              "question": "When was the Tang Dynasty?",
              "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "in the state of Wu" }],
              "question": "Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?",
              "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "the state of Chu" }],
              "question": "Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?",
              "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Mandarin Chinese" }],
              "question": "Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?",
              "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Quanzhou" }],
              "question": "Where did Hokkein originate?",
              "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "What year was the Opium war?",
              "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Amoy" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Xiamen?",
              "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Xiamen" }],
              "question": "What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?",
              "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Amoy Hokkien" }],
              "question": "What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?",
              "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Hokkien degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien on a regular basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In the 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?",
              "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?",
              "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?",
              "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "Tai-lo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?",
              "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?",
              "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (\u6f22\u5b57, H\u00e0n-j\u012b). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (\u66ff\u5b57, th\u00e8-j\u012b or th\u00f2e-j\u012b; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Hokkien is usually written using what characters?",
              "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "classical Chinese" }],
              "question": "Written Hokkein is based on what?",
              "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Mandarin" }],
              "question": "What is another name for standard written chinese?",
              "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "20 to 25%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?",
              "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include \"beautiful\" (\u7f8e b\u00ed is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme su\u00ed is represented by characters like \u5aa0 (an obsolete character), \u5a4e (a vernacular reading of this character) and even \u6c34 (transliteration of the sound su\u00ed), or \"tall\" (\u9ad8 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme k\u00f4an is \u61f8. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m\u0304 (not) is variously represented by \u6bcb, \u5463 or \u5514, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character \ud869\udf36 in, which represents the personal pronoun \"they\"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah (\"meat\") has been reduced to the character \u8089, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he\u030dk and jio\u030dk, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia\u030dh, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as \u5477 (a Mandarin transliteration, xi\u0101, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is \u98df.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "standard designated" }
              ],
              "question": "Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?",
              "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 730, "text": "a particular morpheme" }
              ],
              "question": "In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?",
              "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "etymological or phono-semantic" }
              ],
              "question": "Hokkien morphemes are not always what?",
              "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?",
              "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b (traditional Chinese: \u767d\u8a71\u5b57; simplified Chinese: \u767d\u8bdd\u5b57; pinyin: B\u00e1ihu\u00e0z\u00ec). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?",
              "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e905e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?",
              "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e905f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for POJ?",
              "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "Presbyterian missionaries in China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed POJ?",
              "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?",
              "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9062"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (\u95a9\u5357\u65b9\u8a00\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u8a5e\u5178) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the 16th century" }],
              "question": "When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?",
              "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?",
              "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "after 1587" }],
              "question": "What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?",
              "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?",
              "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Romance of the Lychee Mirror" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?",
              "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9076"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Latin characters required by Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, \u00b7) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646\u2014namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2\u2014to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for unicode?",
              "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "diacritics" }],
              "question": "Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?",
              "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Unicode" }],
              "question": "All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?",
              "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "This proposal encountered strong opposition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?",
              "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "the proposal did not pass" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?",
              "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?",
              "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "ethnic" }],
              "question": "Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?",
              "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Taiwan Solidarity Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?",
              "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e89"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Montevideo",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a \"vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life\", and \"a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture\", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "a Beta World City" }],
              "question": "What is Montevideo classified as?",
              "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?",
              "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Uruguay" }],
              "question": "Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?",
              "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Uruguay" }],
              "question": "Montevideo is the chief port of what area?",
              "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "around 2 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals \"guanches\", \"guanchos\" or \"canarios\". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Bruno Mauricio de Zabala" }
              ],
              "question": "Who organized the Spanish expedition?",
              "id": "5725b711271a42140099d081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "22 January 1724" }],
              "question": "What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?",
              "id": "5725b711271a42140099d082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Jorge Burgues" }],
              "question": "Who was one significant early italian resident? ",
              "id": "5725b711271a42140099d083"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the R\u00edo de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?",
              "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "maritime commerce" }],
              "question": "What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?",
              "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Buenos Aires" }],
              "question": "The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?",
              "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental\u2014roughly the same area as modern Uruguay\u2014and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de El\u00edo opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. El\u00edo disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "3 February 1807" }],
              "question": "When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "2 September" }],
              "question": "When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "John Whitelocke" }],
              "question": "Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? ",
              "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 665, "text": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros" }
              ],
              "question": "Who replaced Liniers?",
              "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Rio de la Plata" }],
              "question": "After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? ",
              "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?",
              "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales (\"Thirty-Three Orientals\") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the \"Ciudad Nueva\" (\"new city\"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "What year was the Spanish governor expelled?",
              "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1816" }],
              "question": "What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?",
              "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Treinta y Tres Orientales" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? ",
              "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "1828" }],
              "question": "What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?",
              "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d478"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos (\"whites\"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados (\"reds\"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Empire of Brazil" }],
              "question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?",
              "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Lavalleja" }],
              "question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?",
              "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "National Party" }],
              "question": "Who represented Oribe's Blancos?",
              "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Colorado Party" }],
              "question": "Who represented Rivera's Colorados?",
              "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d48a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally, in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting, however, resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until past the middle of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "a siege" }],
              "question": "What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?",
              "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "by sea" }],
              "question": "How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??",
              "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d49a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?",
              "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d49b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Uni\u00f3n and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Sol\u00eds was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cord\u00f3n were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1854 to 1861" }],
              "question": "Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?",
              "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? ",
              "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Tranv\u00edas al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Uni\u00f3n, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Col\u00f3n, Nuevo Par\u00eds and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Trist\u00e1n Narvaja Street was established in Cord\u00f3n in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalaci\u00f3n was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Nov\u00edsima Ciudad (Most New City).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?",
              "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? ",
              "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? ",
              "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? ",
              "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hip\u00f3dromo de Maro\u00f1as started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliaci\u00f3n were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Pe\u00f1arol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "When were the first telephone lines installed?",
              "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1886" }],
              "question": "When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?",
              "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?",
              "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? ",
              "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d112"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighbourhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, the Prado and Villa Col\u00f3n. The Rod\u00f3 Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "early 20th century" }],
              "question": "What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?",
              "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "urban development" }],
              "question": "The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?",
              "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Admiral Graf Spee" }],
              "question": "Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?",
              "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Punta del Este" }],
              "question": "Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?",
              "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "13 December 1939" }],
              "question": "When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?",
              "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the R\u00edo de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Luc\u00eda River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jos\u00e9 Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the R\u00edo de la Plata" }
              ],
              "question": "Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?",
              "id": "5725c051271a42140099d121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Santa Luc\u00eda River" }
              ],
              "question": "What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?",
              "id": "5725c051271a42140099d122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "a natural harbour" }],
              "question": "What does the Bay of Montevideo form?",
              "id": "5725c051271a42140099d123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "43 metres" }],
              "question": "The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?",
              "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "90 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?",
              "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "46 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?",
              "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909\u20131911) was Daniel Mu\u00f1oz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "18 December 1908" }],
              "question": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?",
              "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Daniel Mu\u00f1oz" }],
              "question": "Who was the municipality's first mayor?",
              "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "Uruguayan Constitution of 1918"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Municipalities were abolished by what?",
              "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?",
              "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "an alcalde" }],
              "question": "What is the head of each Municipio called?",
              "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "the citizens registered in the constituency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? ",
              "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of much greater importance is the division of the city into 62 barrios: neighbourhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios\u2014such as Sayago, Ituzaing\u00f3 and Pocitos\u2014were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo Par\u00eds. Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "geographically separate settlements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had many of the city's barrios previously been?",
              "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ciudad Vieja" }],
              "question": "What is a neighborhood of great significance? ",
              "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "a protective wall" }],
              "question": "What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?",
              "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d159"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "57,913" }],
              "question": "How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?",
              "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "the great European immigration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?",
              "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "had quadrupled" }],
              "question": "What happened to the population by the year 1880?",
              "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "309,331 inhabitants" }
              ],
              "question": "What had the population grown to in 1908?",
              "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons, compared to Uruguay's total population of 3,241,003. The female population was 707,697 (53.4%) while the male population accounted for 618,271 (46.6%). The population had declined since the previous census carried out in 1996, with an average annual growth rate of \u22121.5 per thousand. Continual decline has been documented since the census period of 1975\u20131985, which showed a rate of \u22125.6 per thousand. The decrease is due in large part to lowered fertility, partly offset by mortality, and to a smaller degree in migration. The birth rate declined by 19% from 1996 (17 per thousand) to 2004 (13.8 per thousand). Similarly, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 2.24 in 1996 to 1.79 in 2004. However, mortality continued to fall with life expectancy at birth for both sexes increasing by 1.73 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1,325,968 persons" }],
              "question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?",
              "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "3,241,003" }],
              "question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?",
              "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "707,697" }],
              "question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?",
              "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "618,271" }],
              "question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?",
              "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country. Most of the largest and wealthiest businesses in Uruguay have their headquarters in the city. Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization, including two of Uruguay's most important buildings\u2014the World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), and Telecommunications Tower (2000), the headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL, increasing the city's integration into the global marketplace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "What is the economic and political centre of the country?",
              "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?",
              "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "(2000" }],
              "question": "What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?",
              "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d175"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are: AFE (railways), ANCAP (Energy), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (telecommunications), BHU (savings and loan), BROU (bank), BSE (insurance), OSE (water & sewage), UTE (electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called Ente Autonomo (\"autonomous entity\"). The government also owns part of other companies operating under private law, such as those owned wholly or partially by the CND (National Development Corporation).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Energy" }],
              "question": "What kind of company does ANCAP run?",
              "id": "5725c61c38643c19005acc9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "telecommunications" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of company does ANTEL run?",
              "id": "5725c61c38643c19005acc9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed \"the Switzerland of America\", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Dar\u00edo Cukier, GBU, Horde\u00f1ana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Banking" }],
              "question": "What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Switzerland of America" }
              ],
              "question": "Uruguay was once dubbed as what?",
              "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Banco Republica" }],
              "question": "What is the largest bank in Uruguay? ",
              "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "Where is Banco Republica based in?",
              "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay's economy. Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area, which includes the city's oldest buildings, several museums, art galleries, and nightclubs, with Sarand\u00ed Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city. On the edge of Ciudad Vieja, Plaza Independencia is surrounded by many sights, including the Sol\u00eds Theatre and the Palacio Salvo; the plaza also constitutes one end of 18 de Julio Avenue, the city's most important tourist destination outside of Ciudad Vieja. Apart from being a shopping street, the avenue is noted for its Art Deco buildings, three important public squares, the Gaucho Museum, the Palacio Municipal and many other sights. The avenue leads to the Obelisk of Montevideo; beyond that is Parque Batlle, which along with the Parque Prado is another important tourist destination. Along the coast, the Fortaleza del Cerro, the Rambla (the coastal avenue), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) of sandy beaches, and Punta Gorda attract many tourists, as do the Barrio Sur and Palermo barrios.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tourism" }],
              "question": "What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?",
              "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Ciudad Vieja area" }],
              "question": "Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?",
              "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "18 de Julio Avenue" }
              ],
              "question": "Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?",
              "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "207" }],
              "question": "How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?",
              "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many suites does the Sheraton have?",
              "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "232" }],
              "question": "How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?",
              "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay. The city has become the principal centre of business and real estate, including many expensive buildings and modern towers for residences and offices, surrounded by extensive green spaces. In 1985, the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping was built. In 1994, with building of three more shopping complexes such as the Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, and Punta Carretas Shopping, the business map of the city changed dramatically. The creation of shopping complexes brought a major change in the habits of the people of Montevideo. Global firms such as McDonald's and Burger King etc. are firmly established in Montevideo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "What city has become the centre of business and real estate? ",
              "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?",
              "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building fa\u00e7ades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Est\u00e9vez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rod\u00f3 and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Neoclassical" }],
              "question": "What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? ",
              "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Postmodern" }],
              "question": "What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? ",
              "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "ANTEL Telecommunication Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?",
              "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the \"Edificio Panamericano\" designed by Raul Sichero, and the \"Positano\" and \"El Pilar\" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis Garc\u00eda Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Pocitos" }],
              "question": "What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?",
              "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1920 and 1940" }],
              "question": "Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district? ",
              "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Raul Sichero" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?",
              "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "modern apartment buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?",
              "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, although work is still ongoing as of 2010[update]. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and a large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated, in 1998.[citation needed] It has 22 floors and 17,100 square metres of space. That same year the avenue and the auditorium were raised. World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002, a twin tower of World Trade Center 1. Finally, in 2009, World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated. It is located between the avenues Luis Alberto de Herrera and 26 de Marzo and has 19 floors and 27,000 square metres (290,000 sq ft) of space. The 6,300-square-metre (68,000 sq ft)[citation needed] World Trade Center Plaza is designed to be a centre of gastronomy opposite Towers Square and Bonavita St. Among the establishments on the plaza are Burger King, Walrus, Bamboo, Asia de Cuba, Gardenia Mvd, and La Claraboya Cafe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?",
              "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "World Trade Center 1" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first building to be inaugurated? ",
              "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?",
              "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?",
              "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Towers Square, is an area of remarkable aesthetic design, intended to be a platform for the development of business activities, art exhibitions, dance and music performances and social place. This square connects the different buildings and towers which comprise the WTC Complex and it is the main access to the complex. The square contains various works of art, notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry. World Trade Center 4, with 40 floors and 53,500 square metres (576,000 sq ft) of space is under construction as of 2010[update].[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Towers Square" }],
              "question": "What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?",
              "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Pablo Atchugarry" }],
              "question": "The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor? ",
              "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "53,500 square metres" }
              ],
              "question": "How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?",
              "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre is Uruguay's oldest theatre. It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo. In 1998, the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre, which included two US$110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck. The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year. The plaza is also the site of the offices of the President of Uruguay (both the Est\u00e9vez Palace and the Executive Tower). The Artigas Mausoleum is located at the centre of the plaza. Statues include that of Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas, hero of Uruguay's independence movement; an honour guard keeps vigil at the Mausoleum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Uruguay's oldest theater? ",
              "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "When was The Solis Theater built?",
              "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the government of Montevideo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns The Solis Theater?",
              "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?",
              "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?",
              "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confiter\u00eda La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez wrote his tango \"La Cumparsita\" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Mario Palanti" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Palacio Salvo?",
              "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? ",
              "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "100 metres (330 ft) high" }
              ],
              "question": "How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?",
              "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d205"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo\u2014the seat of colonial government\u2014and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Venancio Flores. Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On its south side, Palacio Taranco, once residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers, is now the Museum of Decorative Arts. A few blocks northwest of Plaza Zabala is the Mercado del Puerto, another major tourist destination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?",
              "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "the seat of colonial government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Cabildo?",
              "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?",
              "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Plaza Zabala" }],
              "question": "Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? ",
              "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: \"Park of the Allies\") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rod\u00f3 it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Do\u00f1a Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Parque Batlle" }],
              "question": "What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? ",
              "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include? ",
              "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "Villa Dolores" }],
              "question": "What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?",
              "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parque Batlle is named in honour of Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the \"lung\" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?",
              "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Uruguay" }],
              "question": "Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? ",
              "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1911 to 1915" }],
              "question": "Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay? ",
              "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "an Act of March 1907" }
              ],
              "question": "Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?",
              "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parque Rod\u00f3 is both a barrio (neighbourhood) of Montevideo and a park which lies mostly outside the limits of the neighbourhood itself and belongs to Punta Carretas. The name \"Rod\u00f3\" commemorates Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, an important Uruguayan writer whose monument is in the southern side of the main park. The park was conceived as a French-style city park. Apart from the main park area which is delimited by Sarmiento Avenue to the south, Parque Rod\u00f3 includes an amusement park; the Estadio Luis Franzini, belonging to Defensor Sporting; the front lawn of the Faculty of Engineering and a strip west of the Club de Golf de Punta Carretas that includes the Canteras (\"quarry\") del Parque Rod\u00f3, the Teatro de Verano (\"summer theatre\") and the Lago (\"lake\") del Parque Rod\u00f3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Punta Carretas" }],
              "question": "Parque Rodo belongs to who?",
              "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the name \"Rodo\" commemorate? ",
              "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo? ",
              "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "a French-style city park" }
              ],
              "question": "Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?",
              "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rod\u00f3 barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edif\u00edcio Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "the National Museum of Visual Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is on the east side of the park?",
              "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "a very popular street market" }
              ],
              "question": "What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?",
              "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "north side" }],
              "question": "What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?",
              "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "a municipal library" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?",
              "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d628"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires. These fortifications were planned within the River Plate estuary at Colonia del Sacramento. However, this plan came to fruition only in November 1723, when Captain Manuel Henriques de Noronha reached the shores of Montevideo with soldiers, guns and colonists on his warship Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. They built a small square fortification. However, under siege from forces from Buenos Aires, the Portuguese withdrew from Montevideo Bay in January 1724, after signing an agreement with the Spaniards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?",
              "id": "5725d297271a42140099d247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1701" }],
              "question": "When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?",
              "id": "5725d297271a42140099d248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "frequent insurrections by the Spaniards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?",
              "id": "5725d297271a42140099d249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Buenos Aires" }],
              "question": "Where were the Spaniards emanating from?",
              "id": "5725d297271a42140099d24a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fortaleza del Cerro overlooks the bay of Montevideo. An observation post at this location was first built by the Spanish in the late 18th century. In 1802, a beacon replaced the observation post; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839. It has been involved in many historical developments and has been repeatedly taken over by various sides. In 1907, the old beacon was replaced with a stronger electric one. It has been a National Monument since 1931 and has housed a military museum since 1916. Today it is one of the tourist attractions of Montevideo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Fortaleza del Cerro" }],
              "question": "What overlooks the bay of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "a beacon" }],
              "question": "What replaced the observation post in 1802?",
              "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1809" }],
              "question": "When did construction of the fortress begin?",
              "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "When did construction of the fortress finish?",
              "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d646"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo. The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is \"avenue\" or \"watercourse\", but in the Americas it is mostly used as \"coastal avenue\", and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the R\u00edo de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean, they all have ramblas as well. As an integral part of Montevidean identity, the Rambla has been included by Uruguay in the Indicative List of World Heritage sites, though it has not received this status. Previously, the entire Rambla was called Rambla Naciones Unidas (\"United Nations\"), but in recent times different names have been given to specific parts of it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Rambla" }],
              "question": "What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "rambla" }],
              "question": "Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?",
              "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "\"coastal avenue\"" }
              ],
              "question": "In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?",
              "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d665"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest cemetery is the Cementerio del Norte, located in the northern-central part of the city. The Central Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio central), located in Barrio Sur in the southern area of the city, is one of Uruguay's main cemeteries. It was one of the first cemeteries (in contrast to church graveyards) in the country, founded in 1835 in a time where burials were still carried out by the Catholic Church. It is the burial place of many of the most famous Uruguayans, such as Eduardo Acevedo, Delmira Agustini, Luis Batlle Berres, Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, Juan Manuel Blanes, Fran\u00e7ois Ducasse, father of Comte de Lautr\u00e9amont (Isidore Ducasse), Luis Alberto de Herrera, Benito Nardone, Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, and Juan Zorrilla de San Mart\u00edn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Cementerio del Norte" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest cemetery?",
              "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Barrio Sur" }],
              "question": "Where is the Central Cemetery located?",
              "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "What year was the Central Cemetery founded?",
              "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Brit\u00e1nico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Buceo neighborhood" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?",
              "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood" }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?",
              "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "1828" }],
              "question": "When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? ",
              "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1884" }],
              "question": "When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?",
              "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d280"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montevideo has a very rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Uruguayan tango is a unique form of dance that originated in the neighbourhoods of Montevideo towards the end of the 1800s. Tango, candombe and murga are the three main styles of music in this city. The city is also the centre of the cinema of Uruguay, which includes commercial, documentary and experimental films. There are two movie theatre companies running seven cinemas, around ten independent ones and four art film cinemas in the city. The theatre of Uruguay is admired inside and outside Uruguayan borders. The Sol\u00eds Theatre is the most prominent theatre in Uruguay and the oldest in South America. There are several notable theatrical companies and thousands of professional actors and amateurs. Montevideo playwrights produce dozens of works each year; of major note are Mauricio Rosencof, Ana Magnabosco and Ricardo Prieto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Uruguayan tango" }],
              "question": "What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?",
              "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from Jos\u00e9 Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta. In 1816 its stock was 5,000 volumes.[citation needed] The current building of the National Library of Uruguay (Biblioteca P\u00fablica de Uruguay) was designed by Luis Crespi in the Neoclassical style and occupies an area of 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). Construction began in 1926 and it was finally inaugurated in 1964. Its current collection amounts to roughly 900,000 volumes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Father Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave the initial donation of the private library?",
              "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?",
              "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Father D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Montevideo, as throughout the Rio de Plata region, the most popular forms of music are tango, milonga and vals criollo. Many notable songs originated in Montevideo including \"El Tango supremo\", La Cumparsita\", La Milonga\", \"La Pu\u00f1alada\" and \"Desde el Alma\", composed by notable Montevideo musicians such as Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez, Pint\u00edn Castellanos and Rosita Melo. Tango is deeply ingrained in the cultural life of the city and is the theme for many of the bars and restaurants in the city. Fun Fun' Bar, established in 1935, is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito, located in the old part of the city and Joventango, Caf\u00e9 Las Musas, Garufa and Vieja Viola. The city is also home to the Montevideo Jazz Festival and has the Bancaria Jazz Club bar catering for jazz enthusiasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Rio de Plata region" }
              ],
              "question": "Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?",
              "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "When was Fun Fun Bar established?",
              "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 619, "text": "the old part of the city" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is El Farolito located?",
              "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a \"hotbed of resistance\". This resulted in the military junta coming down heavily on artists by closing the Fine Art Institute and carting away all the presses and other studio equipment. Consequently, the learning of fine arts was only in private studios run by people who had been let out of jail, in works of printing and on paper and also painting and sculpture. It resumed much later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "art" }],
              "question": "What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "artists" }],
              "question": "Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?",
              "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Rimer Cardillo" }],
              "question": "Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?",
              "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Montevideo Cabildo was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata. It is located in front of Constitution Square, in Ciudad Vieja. Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style, with a series of Doric and Ionic columns, it became a National Heritage Site in 1975. In 1958, the Municipal Historic Museum and Archive was inaugurated here. It features three permanent city museum exhibitions, as well as temporary art exhibitions, cultural events, seminars, symposiums and forums.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Montevideo Cabildo" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?",
              "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "front of Constitution Square" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?",
              "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "between 1804 and 1869" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?",
              "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Neoclassical style" }
              ],
              "question": "What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?",
              "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1975." }],
              "question": "When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?",
              "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th\u201318th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the heart of Ciudad Vieja" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Palacio Taranco located?",
              "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Palacio Taranco erected?",
              "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Ortiz Taranco brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?",
              "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Palacio Taranco?",
              "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera. It exhibits artifacts related to the history of Uruguay. In a process begun in 1998, the National Museum of Natural History (1837) and the National Museum of Anthropology (1981), merged in 2001, becoming the National Museum of Natural History and Anthropology. In July 2009, the two institutions again became independent. The Historical Museum has annexed eight historical houses in the city, five of which are located in the Ciudad Vieja. One of them, on the same block with the main building, is the historic residence of Antonio Montero, which houses the Museo Romantico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?",
              "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Antonio Montero" }],
              "question": "What houses the Museo Romantico?",
              "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?",
              "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Museo Torres Garc\u00eda is located in the Old Town, and exhibits Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque. The museum was established by Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres, the widow of Torres Garcia, after his death in 1949. She also set up the Garc\u00eda Torres Foundation, a private non-profit organization that organizes the paintings, drawings, original writings, archives, objects and furniture designed by the painter as well as the photographs, magazines and publications related to him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "the Old Town" }],
              "question": "The Museo Torres Garcia is located where?",
              "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits? ",
              "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres" }
              ],
              "question": "Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?",
              "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Torres Garcia" }],
              "question": "Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who?",
              "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several other important art museums in Montevideo. The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rod\u00f3 has Uruguay's largest collection of paintings. The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930, the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay, significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes. In back of the museum is a beautiful Japanese Garden with a pond where there are over a hundred carp. The Museo de Historia del Arte, located in the Palacio Municipal, features replicas of ancient monuments and exhibits a varied collection of artifacts from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, Rome and Native American cultures including local finds of the pre-Columbian period. The Museo Municipal Precolombino y Colonial, in the Ciudad Vieja, has preserved collections of the archaeological finds from excavations carried out by Uruguayan archaeologist Antonio Taddei. These antiquaries are exhibits of pre-Columbian art of Latin America, painting and sculpture from the 17th and 18th century mostly from Mexico, Peru and Brazil. The Museo de Arte Contempo has small but impressive exhibits of modern Uruguayan painting and sculpture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Parque Rod\u00f3" }],
              "question": "Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?",
              "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "paintings" }],
              "question": "What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?",
              "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Juan Manuel Blanes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?",
              "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "the Palacio Municipal" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?",
              "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also other types of museums in the city. The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, located in the Centro, has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay's gauchos, their horse gear, silver work and mate (tea), gourds, and bombillas (drinking straws) in odd designs. The Museo Naval, is located on the eastern waterfront in Buceo and offers exhibits depicting the maritime history of Uruguay. The Museo del Autom\u00f3vil, belonging to the Automobile Club of Uruguay, has a rich collection of vintage cars which includes a 1910 Hupmobile. The Museo y Parque Fernando Garc\u00eda in Carrasco, a transport and automobile museum, includes old horse carriages and some early automobiles. The Castillo Pittamiglio, with an unusual fa\u00e7ade, highlights the eccentric legacy of Humberto Pittamiglio, local alchemist and architect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Centro" }],
              "question": "Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?",
              "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "(drinking straws" }],
              "question": "What are bombillas?",
              "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "the eastern waterfront in Buceo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Museo Naval located?",
              "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Carrasco" }],
              "question": "Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?",
              "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto (\"Port Market\"). A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay. It is generally circular, with a small cut in the centre for cooking, and is made from wheat flour, yeast, water and sugar or salt. Beef is very important in Uruguayan cuisine and an essential part of many dishes. Montevideo has a variety of restaurants, from traditional Uruguayan cuisine to Japanese cuisine such as sushi. Notable restaurants in Montevideo include Arcadia atop the Plaza Victoria, widely regarded to be the finest restaurant in the city. Arcadia is set in a classic Italian-inspired dining room and serves lavish dishes such as terrine of pheasant marinated in cognac, grilled lamb glazed with mint and garlic, and duck confit on thin strudel pastry with red cabbage. El Fogon is more popular with the late-night diners of the city. Its interior is brightly lit and the walls covered with big mirrors. Officially a barbecue and seafood restaurant, it serves grilled meat dishes, as well as salmon, shrimp and calamari. Also of note is the Cru. Numerous restaurants are located along the Rambla of Montevideo. There is an Irish pub in the eastern part of the Old District named Shannon Irish pub, another testament to the European heritage of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the Mercado del Puerto" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "a pan-fried cake" }],
              "question": "What is a torta frita?",
              "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "atop the Plaza Victoria" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Arcadia located?",
              "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1245,
                  "text": "the eastern part of the Old District"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Shannon Irish pub located?",
              "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated throughout Uruguay, with central activities in the capital, Montevideo. Officially, the public holiday lasts for two days on Carnival Monday and Shrove Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, but due to the prominence of the festival, most shops and businesses close for the entire week. During carnival there are many open-air stage performances and competitions and the streets and houses are vibrantly decorated. \"Tablados\" or popular scenes, both fixed and movable, are erected in the whole city. Notable displays include \"Desfile de las Llamadas\" (\"Parade of the Calls\"), which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown, where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century. Due to the scale of the festival, preparation begins as early as December with an election of the \"zonal beauty queens\" to appear in the carnival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "the annual Montevideo Carnaval"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "the national festival of Carnival Week"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?",
              "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "popular scenes" }],
              "question": "What does Tablados mean?",
              "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "Parade of the Calls" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?",
              "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac00b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado\u2013Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San Jos\u00e9 de Mayo, Tacuaremb\u00f3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?",
              "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Roman Catholicism" }],
              "question": "What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?",
              "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Sagrado Coraz\u00f3n (\"Our Lady of the Sacred Heart\"), also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas (\"Punta Carretas Church\"), was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style. The church was originally part of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, but is presently in the parish of the Ecclesiastic Curia. Its location is at the corner of Solano Garc\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 Ellauri. It has a nave and aisles. The roof has many vaults. During the construction of the Punta Carretas Shopping complex, major cracks developed in the structure of the church as a result of differential foundation settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean?",
              "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Punta Carretas Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean?",
              "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "between 1917 and 1927" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built?",
              "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Romanesque Revival style" }
              ],
              "question": "What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in?",
              "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university houses 14 faculties (departments) and various institutes and schools. Many eminent Uruguayans have graduated from this university, including Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Jos\u00e9 Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott and Eladio Dieste",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the country's largest university? ",
              "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "81,774" }],
              "question": "In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?",
              "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "18 July 1849" }],
              "question": "When was the University of the Republic founded?",
              "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Dr. Rodrigo Arocena" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?",
              "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac02b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836, the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence. On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "11 June 1833" }],
              "question": "When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?",
              "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?",
              "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When was the House of General Studies formed?",
              "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "27 May 1838" }],
              "question": "When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?",
              "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest private university in Uruguay, is also located in Montevideo. ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942, and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996, becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status.[citation needed] It is a member of World ORT, an international educational network founded in 1880 by the Jewish community in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The university has about 8,000 students, distributed among 5 faculties and institutes, mainly geared towards the sciences and technology/engineering. Its current rector as of 2010[update] is Dr. Jorge A. Gr\u00fcnberg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "ORT Uruguay" }],
              "question": "What is the largest private university in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "When was ORT Uruguay established?",
              "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "September 1996" }],
              "question": "When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university?",
              "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "about 8,000" }],
              "question": "How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have?",
              "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute is an American School of missionary origin and the main Methodist educational institution in Uruguay. Founded in 1879 and supported by the Women's Society of the Methodist Church of the United States, it is one of the most traditional and emblematic institutions in the city inculcating John Wesley's values. Its alumni include presidents, senators, ambassadors and Nobel Prize winners, along with musicians, scientists, and others. The Montevideo Crandon Institute boasts of being the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?",
              "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?",
              "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac044"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College is a private, co-educational, not-for-profit Catholic school located in the wealthy residential southeastern neighbourhood of Carrasco. Established in 1955, it is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country, blending a rigorous curriculum with strong extracurricular activities. The school's headmaster, history professor Juan Pedro Toni, is a member of the Stella Maris Board of Governors and the school is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). Its long list of distinguished former pupils includes economists, engineers, architects, lawyers, politicians and even F1 champions. The school has also played an important part in the development of rugby union in Uruguay, with the creation of Old Christians Club, the school's alumni club.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Carrasco" }],
              "question": "Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located?",
              "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established?",
              "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?",
              "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "professor Juan Pedro Toni" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?",
              "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo, one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, established in 1908.[citation needed] Its original purpose was to give Uruguayan children a complete education, on par with the best schools of the United Kingdom and to establish strong bonds between the British and Uruguayan children living in the country. The School is governed by the Board of Governors, elected by the British Schools Society in Uruguay, whose honorary president is the British Ambassador to Uruguay. Prominent alumni include former government ministers Pedro Bordaberry Herr\u00e1n and Gabriel Gurm\u00e9ndez Armand-Ugon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Carrasco" }],
              "question": "Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?",
              "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "When was the British Schools of Montevideo established?",
              "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "to give Uruguayan children a complete education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose?",
              "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac066"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in Cordon, St.Brendan\u00b4s school, before named St.Catherine\u00b4s is a non-profit civil association, which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future. It is knowned for being one of the best schools in the country, joining students from the wealthiest parts of Montevideo, such us, Punta Carretas, Pocitos, Malvin and Carrasco. St. Brendan\u2019s School is a bilingual, non-denominational school that promotes a pedagogical constructivist approach focused on the child as a whole. In this approach, understanding is built from the connections children make between their own prior knowledge and the learning experiences, thus developing critical thinking skills. It is also the only school in the country implementing the three International Baccalaureate Programmes. These are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Cordon" }],
              "question": "Where is St. Brendan's school located?",
              "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "St.Catherine\u00b4s" }
              ],
              "question": "What was St. Brendan's school previously named?",
              "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "St.Brendan\u00b4s school" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes?",
              "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estadio Centenario, the national football stadium in Parque Batlle, was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup, as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay's first constitution. In this World Cup, Uruguay won the title game against Argentina by 4 goals to 2. The stadium has 70,000 seats. It is listed by FIFA as one of the football world's classic stadiums, along with Maracan\u00e3, Wembley Stadium, San Siro, Estadio Azteca, and Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium. A museum located within the football stadium has exhibits of memorabilia from Uruguay's 1930 and 1950 World Cup championships. Museum tickets give access to the stadium, stands, locker rooms and playing field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Estadio Centenario" }],
              "question": "What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?",
              "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When was Estadio Centenario opened? ",
              "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "70,000" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have? ",
              "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac072"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Uruguayan Basketball League is headquartered in Montevideo and most of its teams are from the city, including Defensor Sporting, Bigu\u00e1, Aguada, Goes, Malv\u00edn, Uni\u00f3n Atl\u00e9tica, and Trouville. Montevideo is also a centre of rugby; equestrianism, which regained importance in Montevideo after the Maro\u00f1as Racecourse reopened; golf, with the Club de Punta Carretas; and yachting, with the Puerto del Buceo, an ideal place to moor yachts. The Golf Club of Punta Carretas was founded in 1894 covers all the area encircled by the west side of Bulevar Artigas, the Rambla (Montevideo's promenade) and the Parque Rod\u00f3 (Fun Fair).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Montevideo" }],
              "question": "Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered?",
              "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded?",
              "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "the Maro\u00f1as Racecourse reopened"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what?",
              "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte (DNT), part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works, is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure. A bus service network covers the entire city. An international bus station, the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal, is located on the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center, on the side of Artigas Boulevard. This terminal, along with the Baltazar Brum Bus Terminal (or Rio Branco Terminal) by the Port of Montevideo, handles the long distance and intercity bus routes connecting to destinations within Uruguay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does DNT stand for?",
              "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?",
              "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located?",
              "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San Jos\u00e9 and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Columbus (line to San Jose and Florida), Pe\u00f1arol and Manga (line Empalme Olmos) stations. The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada, six blocks from the central business district, was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed. A new station, 500 metres (1,600 ft) north of the old one and part of the Tower of Communications modern complex, has taken over the rail traffic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The State Railways Administration of Uruguay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the AFE stand for?",
              "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "Aguada" }],
              "question": "What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?",
              "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1 March 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?",
              "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of R\u00edo de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The port on Montevideo Bay" }
              ],
              "question": "What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "1870 and 1930" }],
              "question": "Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?",
              "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "A major storm" }],
              "question": "What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?",
              "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac09a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaran\u00ed and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of Jos\u00e9 Toribio (son of Tom\u00e1s Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaran\u00ed street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaran\u00ed and 25 de Mayo) and Juli\u00e1n Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Est\u00e9vez in 1798.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hospital Maciel" }],
              "question": "What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?",
              "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Francisco Antonio Maciel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?",
              "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "between 1781 and 1788" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?",
              "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3 is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo. Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche, it opened 21 May 1880. The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 inpatients. Today the hospital is very deteriorated, with broken walls and floors, lack of medicines, beds, and rooms for the personnel. It has an emergency service, outpatient, clinic and inpatient rooms and employs approximately 610 staff, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, administrators, guards, among others. The average patient age is 30 years; more than half of the patients arrive by court order; 42% suffer from schizophrenia, 18% from depression and mania, and there are also a high percentage of drug addicted patients.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?",
              "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?",
              "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "21 May 1880" }],
              "question": "When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?",
              "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "1,500 inpatients" }],
              "question": "How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?",
              "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d756"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Poultry",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Poultry (/\u02ccpo\u028altri\u02d0/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as \"waterfowl\" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word \"poultry\" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?",
              "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?",
              "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "chickens, quails and turkeys" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?",
              "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?",
              "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "domestic ducks and domestic geese."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?",
              "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?",
              "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?",
              "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? ",
              "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?",
              "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 786,
                  "text": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?",
              "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Poultry\" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). \"Poultry\" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term \"fowl\" is often used near-synonymously with \"domesticated chicken\" (Gallus gallus), or with \"poultry\" or even just \"bird\", and many languages do not distinguish between \"poultry\" and \"fowl\". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from \"game\", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?",
              "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "R. D. Crawford" }],
              "question": "Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?",
              "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 655,
                  "text": "frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?",
              "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?",
              "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1155,
                  "text": "many languages do not distinguish between \"poultry\" and \"fowl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?",
              "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "cocks" }],
              "question": "What are male chickens called ?",
              "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are male chickens able to be identified ?",
              "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?",
              "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do chickens fly like other birds?",
              "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what birds are chickens decended from ?",
              "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?",
              "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 877,
                  "text": "can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?",
              "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 595,
                  "text": "light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?",
              "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?",
              "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a \"true bantam\" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A bantam" }],
              "question": "What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?",
              "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dcc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a \"true bantam\" with no larger counterpart"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are bantams different from other chickens?",
              "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dcca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?",
              "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are bantams kept?",
              "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?",
              "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac5fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cockfighting" }],
              "question": "What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?",
              "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac5ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?",
              "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?",
              "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?",
              "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac602"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you identify a duck from other poultry?",
              "id": "57264268271a42140099d7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "drakes" }],
              "question": "What do you call a male duck?",
              "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?",
              "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?",
              "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do all ducks fly south for the winter?",
              "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks \"lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen\". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?",
              "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?",
              "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?",
              "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?",
              "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 671,
                  "text": "mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?",
              "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1946"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What breed of duck is considered the first?",
              "id": "572646a7708984140094c12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?",
              "id": "572646a7708984140094c12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Pekin duck" }],
              "question": "What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.",
              "id": "572646a7708984140094c12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?",
              "id": "572646a7708984140094c130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 949,
                  "text": "Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??",
              "id": "572646a7708984140094c131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?",
              "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Chinese goose" }],
              "question": "What other name is the swan goose know by ?",
              "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Siberia" }],
              "question": "Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?",
              "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?",
              "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?",
              "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "The greylag-derived birds" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of geese are used for human consumption?",
              "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Chinese geese" }],
              "question": "What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?",
              "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "use in pillows and padded garments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?",
              "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 874,
                  "text": "they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?",
              "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e8070"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a \"turkey fowl\" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?",
              "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e807e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?",
              "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e807f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?",
              "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e8080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?",
              "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e8081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?",
              "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?",
              "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?",
              "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?",
              "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 880,
                  "text": "60 million birds in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?",
              "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 846,
                  "text": "They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?",
              "id": "57265269708984140094c253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can quails typically be found in the wild?",
              "id": "57265269708984140094c254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?",
              "id": "57265269708984140094c255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?",
              "id": "57265269708984140094c256"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?",
              "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?",
              "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?",
              "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?",
              "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?",
              "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?",
              "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "ancient Greeks and Romans." }
              ],
              "question": "Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?",
              "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.",
              "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?",
              "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on \"pigeon's milk\", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A squab" }],
              "question": "What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?",
              "id": "572656375951b619008f7003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "rock pigeon (Columba livia)" }
              ],
              "question": "From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?",
              "id": "572656375951b619008f7004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on \"pigeon's milk\", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?",
              "id": "572656375951b619008f7005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?",
              "id": "572656375951b619008f7006"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?",
              "id": "572657b3708984140094c313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?",
              "id": "572657b3708984140094c314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?",
              "id": "572657b3708984140094c315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?",
              "id": "572657b3708984140094c316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?",
              "id": "572657b3708984140094c317"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?",
              "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?",
              "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "battery cages, often set in multiple tiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?",
              "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?",
              "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as \"broilers\". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? ",
              "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "six weeks or less" }],
              "question": "How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?",
              "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Mortality rates at 1%" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?",
              "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?",
              "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "18 weeks to reach similar weights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?",
              "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?",
              "id": "57265c265951b619008f708d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?",
              "id": "57265c265951b619008f708e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?",
              "id": "57265c265951b619008f708f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?",
              "id": "57265c265951b619008f7090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?",
              "id": "57265c265951b619008f7091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?",
              "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?",
              "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there breed standards used for the competitions?",
              "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?",
              "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?",
              "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?",
              "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "Sixteen billion birds are raised annually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?",
              "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?",
              "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "There are two distinct models of production;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?",
              "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?",
              "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?",
              "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?",
              "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?",
              "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "94% share" }],
              "question": "What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat",
              "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the \"thigh\" and \"drumstick\". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier \"drumette\", the \"wingette\" (also called the \"flat\"), and the wing tip (also called the \"flapper\"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as \u624b\u7fbd\u5143 (teba-moto \"wing base\") and \u624b\u7fbd\u5148 (teba-saki \"wing tip\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the \"thigh\" and \"drumstick\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?",
              "id": "5726618d5951b619008f7100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?",
              "id": "5726618d5951b619008f7101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is poultry available in various forms?",
              "id": "5726618d5951b619008f70ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as \"red muscle\", is used for sustained activity\u2014chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?",
              "id": "572663915951b619008f7135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?",
              "id": "572663915951b619008f7136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 668,
                  "text": "the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?",
              "id": "572663915951b619008f7137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?",
              "id": "572663915951b619008f7138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Translational Genomics Research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?",
              "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "47%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?",
              "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?",
              "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??",
              "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?",
              "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?",
              "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?",
              "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?",
              "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?",
              "id": "572668125951b619008f71c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "egg allergies are unable to be immunised"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?",
              "id": "572668125951b619008f71ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "process that takes about six months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?",
              "id": "572668125951b619008f71cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "viruses need living cells in which to replicate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?",
              "id": "572668125951b619008f71cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": ". Cell-based culture" }
              ],
              "question": "What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?",
              "id": "572668125951b619008f71cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "protein of high quality" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?",
              "id": "5726696b708984140094c51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "4 g of fat and 31 g of protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?",
              "id": "5726696b708984140094c520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?",
              "id": "5726696b708984140094c521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does chicken contain fat?",
              "id": "5726696b708984140094c522"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Arsenal_F.C.",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have since accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970\u201371, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. Between 1988 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal join The Football League?",
              "id": "5725b97c271a42140099d0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "During the 1930s, Arsenal won how many League Championships?",
              "id": "5725b97c271a42140099d0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1970\u201371" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal win their first Double Cup?",
              "id": "5725b97c271a42140099d0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "Over a 17 year period which began in the late 80s, stretching five years into the new millenia, how many FA Cups did Arsenal win?",
              "id": "5725b97c271a42140099d0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arsenal" }],
              "question": "What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?",
              "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal join the Football League?",
              "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?",
              "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "highest average" }],
              "question": "What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?",
              "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d571"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned \u20ac435.5m in 2014\u201315, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014\u201315, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Dial Square" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of the Arsenal team?",
              "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1886" }],
              "question": "When was Arsenal originally formed?",
              "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?",
              "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?",
              "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "$1.3 billion" }],
              "question": "How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?",
              "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "workers" }],
              "question": "What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?",
              "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?",
              "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?",
              "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "second division" }],
              "question": "In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?",
              "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1076, "text": "First Division" }],
              "question": "By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?",
              "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925. Having already won the league twice with Huddersfield Town in 1923\u201324 and 1924\u201325 (see Seasons in English football), Chapman brought Arsenal their first period of major success. His revolutionary tactics and training, along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, laid the foundations of the club's domination of English football in the 1930s. Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies \u2013 victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships, in 1930\u201331 and 1932\u201333. In addition, Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from \"Gillespie Road\" to \"Arsenal\", making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Herbert Chapman" }],
              "question": "What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?",
              "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "revolutionary" }],
              "question": "What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?",
              "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?",
              "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Chapman" }],
              "question": "What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "1930 FA Cup Final" }],
              "question": "What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?",
              "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969\u201370 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970\u201371. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972\u201373.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "physiotherapist" }],
              "question": "What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?",
              "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1969\u201370" }],
              "question": "In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?",
              "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "decade" }],
              "question": "For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?",
              "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d26a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "1970\u201371" }],
              "question": "In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?",
              "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d26b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date. With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double, reaching a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only success during this time was a last-minute 3\u20132 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "9 July 1976" }],
              "question": "On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Terry Neill" }],
              "question": "What Arsenal manager replaced Mee?",
              "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "new signings" }],
              "question": "What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "trio" }],
              "question": "What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in",
              "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "1978, 1979 and 1980" }
              ],
              "question": "In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?",
              "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988\u201389, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990\u201391, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "George Graham" }],
              "question": "What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?",
              "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "League Cup" }],
              "question": "Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?",
              "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?",
              "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?",
              "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "kickbacks" }],
              "question": "What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Ars\u00e8ne Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997\u201398 and a third in 2001\u201302. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003\u201304 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname \"The Invincibles\". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Ars\u00e8ne Wenger" }
              ],
              "question": "What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?",
              "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "foreign players" }],
              "question": "Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?",
              "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1997\u201398" }],
              "question": "In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?",
              "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "penalties" }],
              "question": "What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?",
              "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Premier League" }],
              "question": "What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?",
              "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfcc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005\u201306; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2\u20131 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?",
              "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Premier League created?",
              "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?",
              "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Emirates Stadium" }],
              "question": "To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?",
              "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "93" }],
              "question": "For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?",
              "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2\u20131 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3\u20130 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1\u20130 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Chelsea" }],
              "question": "What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?",
              "id": "5725df1689a1e219009abffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Birmingham City" }],
              "question": "Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>",
              "id": "5725df1689a1e219009abfff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?",
              "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "Chelsea" }],
              "question": "What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?",
              "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?",
              "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?",
              "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac08e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "three cannon" }],
              "question": "What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?",
              "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Highbury" }],
              "question": "After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?",
              "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "The Gunners" }],
              "question": "What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?",
              "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?",
              "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac092"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit \"victory comes from harmony\", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold \"unofficial\" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Victoria Concordia Crescit" }
              ],
              "question": "What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?",
              "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "rendered in colour" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?",
              "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "trademark" }],
              "question": "What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?",
              "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?",
              "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1337, "text": "fans" }],
              "question": " Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?",
              "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors. From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname \"The Gunners\", in the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Art Deco" }],
              "question": "What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "corporate logo" }],
              "question": "Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?",
              "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Highbury Stadium" }],
              "question": "Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?",
              "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "The Gunners" }],
              "question": "What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?",
              "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?",
              "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d339"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2011\u201312 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \"Forward\" at the bottom of the crest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "125th year anniversary" }
              ],
              "question": "What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?",
              "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "founding members" }],
              "question": "What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?",
              "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "1886 and 2011" }],
              "question": "What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?",
              "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Forward" }],
              "question": "What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?",
              "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "on their jerseys" }],
              "question": "Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?",
              "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "bright red" }],
              "question": "What has the color of the Arsenal  home shirts been?",
              "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "charitable donation" }
              ],
              "question": "In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?",
              "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Dial Square" }],
              "question": "What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?",
              "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?",
              "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What was the color  of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?",
              "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966\u201367, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005\u201306, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008\u201309 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Herbert Chapman" }],
              "question": "What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?",
              "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "pillar box red" }],
              "question": "What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?",
              "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "white sleeves" }],
              "question": "What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?",
              "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "red and white" }],
              "question": "For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?",
              "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "first season" }],
              "question": "What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?",
              "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas. These teams still wear those designs to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Sparta Prague" }],
              "question": "What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?",
              "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Hibernian" }],
              "question": "What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?",
              "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Os Arsenalistas" }],
              "question": "By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?",
              "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "to this day" }],
              "question": "For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?",
              "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?",
              "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac108"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "1969\u201370 season" }
              ],
              "question": "During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?",
              "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d38f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "1969\u201370 season" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?",
              "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "1971 FA Cup Final" }],
              "question": "For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?",
              "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "lucky" }],
              "question": "What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?",
              "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "darker shade" }],
              "question": "What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?",
              "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d393"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001\u201302 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013. As of 2009, the away kit is changed every season, and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Nike" }],
              "question": "What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?",
              "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Adidas" }],
              "question": "Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?",
              "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac11f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "replica kit market" }
              ],
              "question": "To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?",
              "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "yellow and blue" }],
              "question": "What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?",
              "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?",
              "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac122"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "May 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?",
              "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "September 1913" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?",
              "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Archibald Leitch" }],
              "question": "What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?",
              "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?",
              "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Second World War" }],
              "question": "When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?",
              "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s. The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993\u201394 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators. This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "60,000" }],
              "question": "What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?",
              "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "1993\u201394 season" }
              ],
              "question": "When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?",
              "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Wembley" }],
              "question": "Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?",
              "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1998 to 2000" }],
              "question": "During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?",
              "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "70,000" }],
              "question": "What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?",
              "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006\u201307 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around \u00a3100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018\u201319 season. From the start of the 2010\u201311 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?",
              "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Emirates Stadium" }],
              "question": "By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?",
              "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "\u00a3100 million" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?",
              "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1004, "text": "corporate sponsorship" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?",
              "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "sponsorship deal" }],
              "question": "What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?",
              "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as \"Gooners\", the name derived from the team's nickname, \"The Gunners\". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007\u201308 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance. Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke. The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Gooners" }],
              "question": "What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?",
              "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "The Gunners" }],
              "question": "From what name does Gooners come?",
              "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 879, "text": "variety of social classes" }
              ],
              "question": "From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?",
              "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "second-highest average" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?",
              "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "location" }],
              "question": "What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?",
              "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "domestic supporters' clubs" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of clubs does Arsenal have?",
              "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "Arsenal Football Supporters' Club"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?",
              "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?",
              "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Arsenal Supporters' Trust" }
              ],
              "question": "What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?",
              "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "One-Nil to the Arsenal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?",
              "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014\u201315 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "satellite television" }
              ],
              "question": "What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?",
              "id": "57260512271a42140099d3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?",
              "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "113 million" }],
              "question": "In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?",
              "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "fifth highest" }],
              "question": "What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?",
              "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "geography" }],
              "question": "In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?",
              "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies. Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea, Fulham and West Ham United. In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title \u2013 so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea. A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Tottenham Hotspur" }],
              "question": "What football club is Arsenal's greatest rival?",
              "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "North London derbies" }
              ],
              "question": "Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called?",
              "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Manchester United" }],
              "question": "What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s?",
              "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Premier League title" }
              ],
              "question": "What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?",
              "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest?",
              "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac168"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke. Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007. Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016. Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of June 2015, Kroenke owns 41,698 shares (67.02%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief Executive since 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Stan Kroenke" }],
              "question": "What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?",
              "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "62.89%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?",
              "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "Ivan Gazidis" }],
              "question": "Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?",
              "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 780, "text": "Red & White Securities" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?",
              "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "April 2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?",
              "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 10 March 2016, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of \u00a315,670, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately \u00a3975m. Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $1.3 billion in 2015. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand. Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club's value at \u00a31.118 billion in 2015, the second highest in the Premier League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "non-quoted public limited" }
              ],
              "question": "By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?",
              "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "62,217" }],
              "question": "How many shares of Arsenal stock are there?",
              "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "\u00a315,670" }],
              "question": "On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock?",
              "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "$1.3 billion" }],
              "question": "What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015?",
              "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 969, "text": "second highest" }],
              "question": "At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?",
              "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal's financial results for the 2014\u201315 season show group revenue of \u00a3344.5m, with a profit before tax of \u00a324.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of \u00a3329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at \u00a3331.3m (\u20ac435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs. Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as \u00a3100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "seventh" }],
              "question": "Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?",
              "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "\u00a3331.3m" }],
              "question": "What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal?",
              "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "\u00a3100.4m" }],
              "question": "What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?",
              "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world?",
              "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "\u00a324.7m" }],
              "question": "What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15?",
              "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d85b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal have appeared in a number of media \"firsts\". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio. A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live. Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964. BSkyB's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "broadcast live on radio" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?",
              "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Sheffield United" }],
              "question": "What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?",
              "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "16 September 1937" }],
              "question": "When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?",
              "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "BBC's Match of the Day" }
              ],
              "question": "To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?",
              "id": "57260ff138643c19005acfa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "3D television" }],
              "question": "In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?",
              "id": "57260ff138643c19005acfa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing. Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema \u2013 the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988\u201389 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "The Arsenal Stadium Mystery" }
              ],
              "question": "In what film was Arsenal FC shown?",
              "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "George Allison" }],
              "question": "What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film?",
              "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Fever Pitch" }],
              "question": "What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film?",
              "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When was Hornby's book published?",
              "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain?",
              "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s; many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense. The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine. Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs \u2013 the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "defensive and \"boring\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How have Arsenal players portrayed in media?",
              "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1970s and 1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way?",
              "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "The Full Monty" }],
              "question": "What film featured a Arsenal play in  derogatory way?",
              "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Eric Morecambe" }],
              "question": "Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players?",
              "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "Plunkett & Macleane" }
              ],
              "question": "What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs?",
              "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \"Doubles\" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2\u20131 to Barcelona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many League Championships has Arsenal won?",
              "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "third highest" }],
              "question": "Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?",
              "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "FA Cup trophies" }],
              "question": "Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?",
              "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 691, "text": "UEFA Champions League" }
              ],
              "question": "In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?",
              "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Barcelona" }],
              "question": "What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?",
              "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "Boreham Wood." }],
              "question": "At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?",
              "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "UEFA Women's Cup" }],
              "question": "By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?",
              "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?",
              "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "most successful" }],
              "question": "How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?",
              "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arsenal Ladies" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?",
              "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac232"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dutch_language",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Suriname" }],
              "question": "In what place with the word \"name\" in it do most people speak Dutch?",
              "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Aruba" }],
              "question": "Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Cura\u00e7ao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?",
              "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "half a million" }],
              "question": "It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?",
              "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Afrikaans" }],
              "question": "In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?",
              "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "16 million" }],
              "question": "What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?",
              "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d481"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders\u2014albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]\u2014as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "German and English" }],
              "question": "Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?",
              "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "umlaut" }],
              "question": "Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?",
              "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?",
              "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "subjunctive" }],
              "question": "Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?",
              "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?",
              "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands \"Hollandish\", West-Vlaams \"Western Flemish\", Brabants \"Brabantian\". The use of the word Vlaams (\"Flemish\") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Flemish" }],
              "question": "What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?",
              "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Nederlands" }],
              "question": "What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Vlaams" }],
              "question": "What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?",
              "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Hollands" }],
              "question": "What is the Dutch name for the \"Hollandish\" dialect of the language?",
              "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Western Flemish" }],
              "question": "If \"Vlaams\" is \"Flemish,\" what would English speakers call \"West-Vlaams\"?",
              "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "theudisk" }],
              "question": "What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?",
              "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abdde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language \"of the people\"?",
              "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "784" }],
              "question": "The word \"theudisk\" was first found in a text from what year?",
              "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "842" }],
              "question": "What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?",
              "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "teudisca" }],
              "question": "What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?",
              "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?",
              "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Pennsylvania Dutch" }
              ],
              "question": "What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?",
              "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Deitsch" }],
              "question": "What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?",
              "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?",
              "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for \"Dutch\", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, \"Low Dutch\", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, \"High Dutch\", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the \"Dutch\" language until what century?",
              "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Nederduits" }],
              "question": "What word meaning \"Low Dutch\" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?",
              "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Hoogduits" }],
              "question": "Instead of \"German,\" what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?",
              "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "High Dutch" }],
              "question": "What does \"Hoogduits\" translate to in English?",
              "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Duits" }],
              "question": "Now that \"Nederlands\" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?",
              "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or \"low\") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Nederduits" }],
              "question": "What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?",
              "id": "5725c68938643c19005accaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "What does the word \"Neder\" translate to in English?",
              "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Netherlands are \"low\" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?",
              "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as \"Germania Inferior\"?",
              "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "\"Nederduits\" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? ",
              "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?",
              "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad35f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Saxon" }],
              "question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?",
              "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Franconian" }],
              "question": "Which dialects are referred to as \"Old Dutch\"?",
              "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "gradual" }],
              "question": "Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?",
              "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Frisian" }],
              "question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? ",
              "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad363"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Indo-European" }],
              "question": "Which language tree groups Dutch with English?",
              "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?",
              "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Iron Age" }],
              "question": "In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?",
              "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Verner's law" }],
              "question": "Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?",
              "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "common ancestor" }],
              "question": "What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?",
              "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?",
              "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the Migration Period" }
              ],
              "question": "In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?",
              "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "West Germanic" }],
              "question": "What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?",
              "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Ingvaeonic" }],
              "question": "What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?",
              "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Istvaeonic" }],
              "question": "Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?",
              "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1934"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest \"Dutch\" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: \"mudflat\"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Franconian" }],
              "question": "What's another term for \"Frankish\"?",
              "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Tiel" }],
              "question": "What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?",
              "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?",
              "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "vadam" }],
              "question": "What word found in Roman writings became \"wad\" in modern Dutch?",
              "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "mudflat" }],
              "question": "What does the Dutch word \"wad\" mean in English?",
              "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The \"Low\" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Anglo-Frisian" }],
              "question": "What's another name for Old Frisian?",
              "id": "57264a2e708984140094c181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Anglo-Saxon" }],
              "question": "What's another name for Old English?",
              "id": "57264a2e708984140094c182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Old Dutch" }],
              "question": "What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?",
              "id": "57264a2e708984140094c183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 955, "text": "Old Frankish" }],
              "question": "What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?",
              "id": "57264a2e708984140094c184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Old Low Franconian" }
              ],
              "question": "What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?",
              "id": "57264a2e708984140094c185"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "rare" }],
              "question": "Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?",
              "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "the Salic law" }],
              "question": "What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?",
              "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "fish" }],
              "question": "What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase \"Visc flot aftar themo uuatare\"?",
              "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "Rochester, England" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?",
              "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "the Utrecht baptismal vow" }
              ],
              "question": "What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase \"Forsachistu diobolae\"?",
              "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Old Dutch" }],
              "question": "What language did Middle Dutch come from?",
              "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1150" }],
              "question": "What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?",
              "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "closely related dialects" }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term \"Middle Dutch\" refer to?",
              "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "readable" }],
              "question": "Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?",
              "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Burgundian Ducal Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?",
              "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Flanders and Brabant" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?",
              "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1585" }],
              "question": "What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?",
              "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "Statenvertaling" }],
              "question": "What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?",
              "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Southern Netherlands" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?",
              "id": "57265446708984140094c29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?",
              "id": "57265446708984140094c29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?",
              "id": "57265446708984140094c29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1020, "text": "Language Union Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?",
              "id": "57265446708984140094c29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "American English" }],
              "question": "The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?",
              "id": "57265446708984140094c29f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Limburgish" }],
              "question": "What's the \"cheesy\" name for East Low Franconian?",
              "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Afrikaans" }],
              "question": "What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?",
              "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Frisian" }],
              "question": "Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?",
              "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Low German" }],
              "question": "Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?",
              "id": "572655bf708984140094c2ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?",
              "id": "572655bf708984140094c2cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Dutch Low Saxon" }],
              "question": "What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?",
              "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "IJssel" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?",
              "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Gelderland" }],
              "question": "Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?",
              "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "14th to 15th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?",
              "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Geert Driessen" }],
              "question": "What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?",
              "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?",
              "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "4 percent" }],
              "question": "How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?",
              "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Limburgish" }],
              "question": "What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?",
              "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as \"g\" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as \"h\" in Dutch), while the letter \"h\" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between \"held\" (hero) and \"geld\" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the \"h\" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "geld" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for \"money\"?",
              "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "\"h\"" }],
              "question": "West Flemings pronounce the Dutch \"g\" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?",
              "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What other European language has a mute \"h\" like the West Flemings do?",
              "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "held" }],
              "question": "What word that means \"hero\" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as \"geld\"?",
              "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "g-sound" }],
              "question": "If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent \"h,\" they might over-correct into what sound?",
              "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words \"ja\" (yes) and \"nee\" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "nee" }],
              "question": "What's the West Flemish word for \"no\"?",
              "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "ja" }],
              "question": "How would you tell a West Flemish speaker \"yes\"?",
              "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "subject" }],
              "question": "What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a \"yes\" or \"no\" to?",
              "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "easy" }],
              "question": "Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?",
              "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "sound shifts" }],
              "question": "Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?",
              "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "West Flemish" }],
              "question": "What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?",
              "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "political boundaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?",
              "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "Zeeland" }],
              "question": "What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?",
              "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "French Flanders" }],
              "question": "What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?",
              "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Brabantian" }],
              "question": "Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?",
              "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "West Frisian" }],
              "question": "What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?",
              "id": "57266080708984140094c409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Afrikaans" }],
              "question": "Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?",
              "id": "57266080708984140094c40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?",
              "id": "57266080708984140094c40b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "South Africa" }],
              "question": "The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?",
              "id": "57266080708984140094c40c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "mutually intelligible" }
              ],
              "question": "What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?",
              "id": "57266080708984140094c40d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "59%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?",
              "id": "572661f5708984140094c441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "the Netherlands" }],
              "question": "What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?",
              "id": "572661f5708984140094c442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "French Flanders" }],
              "question": "What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?",
              "id": "572661f5708984140094c443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Dutch Language Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?",
              "id": "572661f5708984140094c444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?",
              "id": "572661f5708984140094c445"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Kleve" }],
              "question": "What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?",
              "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?",
              "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?",
              "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "the Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?",
              "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Northeastern France" }
              ],
              "question": "In what area of France is Calais located?",
              "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Prussia" }],
              "question": "In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?",
              "id": "572668875951b619008f71d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "German or French" }],
              "question": "In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?",
              "id": "572668875951b619008f71d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "younger generations" }
              ],
              "question": "In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?",
              "id": "572668875951b619008f71d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?",
              "id": "572668875951b619008f71d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "572668875951b619008f71d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?",
              "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "4,550" }],
              "question": "How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?",
              "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?",
              "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?",
              "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Lower Saxony" }],
              "question": "Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?",
              "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "almost 350 years" }],
              "question": "For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?",
              "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "the legal profession" }
              ],
              "question": "In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?",
              "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "Erasmus Language Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?",
              "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": "About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?",
              "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 809, "text": "history" }],
              "question": "In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?",
              "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?",
              "id": "57266c455951b619008f7249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "local elite" }],
              "question": "What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?",
              "id": "57266c455951b619008f724a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "destabilising the colony" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?",
              "id": "57266c455951b619008f724b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "power" }],
              "question": "Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?",
              "id": "57266c455951b619008f724c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for \"office\") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus (\"bus\") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for \"hospital\") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally \"house of the sick\"), kebun binatang (\"zoo\") on dierentuin (literally \"animal garden\"), undang-undang dasar (\"constitution\") from grondwet (literally \"ground law\"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Malay" }],
              "question": "What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?",
              "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "kantor" }],
              "question": "What's the Indonesian word for \"office\"? ",
              "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "calques" }],
              "question": "What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?",
              "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "kebun binatang" }],
              "question": "What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as \"animal garden\"?",
              "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "ziekenhuis" }],
              "question": "What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian \"rumah sakit\"?",
              "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?",
              "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?",
              "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?",
              "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?",
              "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Sranan Tongo" }],
              "question": "What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?",
              "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?",
              "id": "572670205951b619008f72a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Mohawk Dutch" }],
              "question": "What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?",
              "id": "572670205951b619008f72a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "Pennsylvania German" }
              ],
              "question": "What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?",
              "id": "572670205951b619008f72a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Negerhollands" }],
              "question": "Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?",
              "id": "572670205951b619008f72aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Guyana" }],
              "question": "In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?",
              "id": "572670205951b619008f72ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local \"African\" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating \"the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans\". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?",
              "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?",
              "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "constitution" }],
              "question": "What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?",
              "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "137" }],
              "question": "What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?",
              "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Afrikaner nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes vo\u00ebl (\"bird\") and regen becomes re\u00ebn (\"rain\"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Afrikaans speakers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?",
              "id": "572672e8708984140094c677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "less complex" }],
              "question": "Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?",
              "id": "572672e8708984140094c678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "vogel" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for \"bird\"?",
              "id": "572672e8708984140094c679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "re\u00ebn" }],
              "question": "What is the Afrikaans word for \"rain\"?",
              "id": "572672e8708984140094c67a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "difficult" }],
              "question": "Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?",
              "id": "572672e8708984140094c67b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "13.5%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?",
              "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Namibia" }],
              "question": "Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?",
              "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "40 percent" }],
              "question": "How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?",
              "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "6.8 million" }],
              "question": "About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?",
              "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "5 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?",
              "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede (\"good\") is /\u02c8\u0263ud\u0259/ but the related form goed is /\u0263ut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [bro\u02d0t] and German Brot vs Eng bread).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "velar fricatives" }],
              "question": "What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?",
              "id": "57267681708984140094c707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "the second consonant shift" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?",
              "id": "57267681708984140094c708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "voiceless" }],
              "question": "How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?",
              "id": "57267681708984140094c709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "goede" }],
              "question": "How would you say \"good\" in Dutch?",
              "id": "57267681708984140094c70a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?",
              "id": "57267681708984140094c70b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /\u03b8/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG V\u00f6sse, Ossen vs. Germ F\u00fcchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ \u2192 /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?",
              "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?",
              "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?",
              "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "sieben" }],
              "question": "What's the German word for \"seven\"?",
              "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "zeven" }],
              "question": "Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for \"seven\" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?",
              "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [\u02c8z\u0254n\u0259] (\"suns\") versus zone [\u02c8z\u0254\u02d0n\u0259] (\"zone\") versus zonen [\u02c8zo\u02d0n\u0259(n)] (\"sons\"), or kroes [krus] (\"mug\") versus cruise [kru\u02d0s] (\"cruise\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "length" }],
              "question": "What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?",
              "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "true" }],
              "question": "Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?",
              "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "zonen" }],
              "question": "How would you say \"sons\" in Dutch?",
              "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "length" }],
              "question": "Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?",
              "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "mug" }],
              "question": "What does the Dutch word \"kroes\" mean in English?",
              "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e14a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /\u0251u/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /\u025bi \u0153y/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /\u025bi/ (written as ij or ei) as /a\u026a/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "y" }],
              "question": "What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with \"ij\" or \"ei\" in them?",
              "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?",
              "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "diphthong" }],
              "question": "What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch \"goud\" or \"zout\"?",
              "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "ol + dental" }],
              "question": "What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?",
              "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8709"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically \"natural\" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, \"should\" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "English Great Vowel Shift" }
              ],
              "question": "What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?",
              "id": "5726801e708984140094c80f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?",
              "id": "5726801e708984140094c810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?",
              "id": "5726801e708984140094c811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Stroop" }],
              "question": "What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is \"natural\"?",
              "id": "5726801e708984140094c812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs \"should\" have lowered?",
              "id": "5726801e708984140094c813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an \"intermediate\" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "\"intermediate\"" }],
              "question": "What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?",
              "id": "5726822d5951b619008f7509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "educated classes" }],
              "question": "What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?",
              "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Estuary English" }],
              "question": "What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?",
              "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "standardisation" }],
              "question": "What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?",
              "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "lowered diphthongs" }
              ],
              "question": "What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?",
              "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?",
              "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "the common gender" }],
              "question": "What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?",
              "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "neuter" }],
              "question": "Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?",
              "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Continental Scandinavian languages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?",
              "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?",
              "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "mijn" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for \"my\"?",
              "id": "5726866b5951b619008f758f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "100 years" }],
              "question": "Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?",
              "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "pronouns" }],
              "question": "What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?",
              "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Nouns and adjectives" }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?",
              "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?",
              "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where \"-en\" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "genitive" }],
              "question": "What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like \"Der Herr des Hauses\"?",
              "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "de heer des huizes" }],
              "question": "How would you say \"the man of the house\" in Dutch?",
              "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "lexicalized" }],
              "question": "What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?",
              "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "Heren" }],
              "question": "Which word in the phrase \"het jaar des Heren\" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?",
              "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8877"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" (literally \"Can you your pen not find?\") \"Can't you find your pen?\"\nIn the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: \"Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" (\"Why can you your pen not find?\") \"Why can't you find your pen?\"\"\nIn a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: \"Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?\" (\"You can your pen not find?\") \"You can't find your pen?\"\"\nA subordinate clause does not change its word order: \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?\" (\"Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?\") \"Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?\"\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "interrogative main clause" }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?",
              "id": "57268a8d708984140094c973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "a wh-question" }],
              "question": "What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?",
              "id": "57268a8d708984140094c974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "declarative clause" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?",
              "id": "57268a8d708984140094c975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "word order" }],
              "question": "What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?",
              "id": "57268a8d708984140094c976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "\"Can you your pen not find?\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\"",
              "id": "57268a8d708984140094c977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, \"the two of us\"), pronouns (onderonsje, \"t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate\"), verbal particles (moetje, \"shotgun marriage\"), and even prepositions (toetje, \"dessert\"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen (\"green\") \u2192 noun: groentje (\"rookie\"); adverb: even (\"just\") \u2192 adverb: eventjes (\"just a minute\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "moetje" }],
              "question": "What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a \"shotgun marriage\"?",
              "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "noun" }],
              "question": "In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?",
              "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "adverb" }],
              "question": "When the diminutive ending \"-tjes\" is added to the adverb \"even,\" as what part of speech does it function?",
              "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "groen" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for \"green\"?",
              "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "rookie" }],
              "question": "With the diminutive ending \"-tje\" added to the Dutch word for \"green,\" what does the new formation translate to in English?",
              "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) \u2192 bloempje (lit. \"small flower\"), but bloemetje (lit. also \"small flower\", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) \u2192 ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) \u2192 biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "bloemetje" }],
              "question": "Which diminutive of \"bloem\" means a \"bouquet\"?",
              "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "zeepaardje" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for \"seahorse\" that has no non-diminutive form?",
              "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "meid" }],
              "question": "What Dutch word did their word for \"girl\" come from that has a totally different meaning?",
              "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "kleertjes" }],
              "question": "What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?",
              "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "a single portion" }],
              "question": "Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?",
              "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?",
              "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "hen" }],
              "question": "In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?",
              "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?",
              "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "hun" }],
              "question": "Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?",
              "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "ze" }],
              "question": "When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?",
              "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "hondenhok" }],
              "question": "How would a Dutch speaker say \"doghouse\"?",
              "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Unlike" }],
              "question": "Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?",
              "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "boomhuis" }],
              "question": "\"Tree house,\" which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?",
              "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?",
              "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "spaces" }],
              "question": "In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?",
              "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been \"Dutchified\", e.g. German \"Fremdling\" become Dutch \"vreemdeling\". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?",
              "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?",
              "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?",
              "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "2.7%" }],
              "question": "Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?",
              "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 986, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?",
              "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e426"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (food storage container). The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix. Whereas a hyphen is used when this problem occurs in compound words. For example; \"be\u00efnvloed\" (influenced), but zee-eend (sea duck). Generally, other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords, though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article 'een' (a, an) and the numeral '\u00e9\u00e9n' (one).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?",
              "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "digraph" }],
              "question": "What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?",
              "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "doubled letters" }],
              "question": "Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?",
              "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "voorraaddoos" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?",
              "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "acute accent" }],
              "question": "What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for \"a\" or \"an\" and the word for \"one\"?",
              "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a18"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Buckingham_Palace",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as \"The Queen's House\". During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Buckingham House" }],
              "question": "What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as?",
              "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Duke of Buckingham" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for?",
              "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "King George III" }],
              "question": "Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761?",
              "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "\"The Queen's House\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there?",
              "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "John Nash and Edward Blore" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Duke of Buckingham" }
              ],
              "question": "For whom was Buckingham house originally built?",
              "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "King George III" }],
              "question": "Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?",
              "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "John Nash and Edward Blore" }
              ],
              "question": "Who enlarged the house in the 19th century?",
              "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs?",
              "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d805"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?",
              "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abde8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?",
              "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abde9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "775 rooms" }],
              "question": "How many rooms does the palace have?",
              "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Chinese regency style" }
              ],
              "question": "In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?",
              "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Carlton House" }],
              "question": "What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?",
              "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Sir Charles Long" }],
              "question": "Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?",
              "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "King Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour scheme?",
              "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "Chinese regency style" }
              ],
              "question": "Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?",
              "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Carlton House" }],
              "question": "Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?",
              "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d848"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "river Tyburn" }],
              "question": "Which river runs underneath the palace?",
              "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Edith of Wessex" }],
              "question": "The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?",
              "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Geoffrey de Mandeville" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?",
              "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Westminster Abbey" }],
              "question": "The site was passed to monks from which abbey?",
              "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Manor of Ebury" }],
              "question": "The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?",
              "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Eye Cross" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?",
              "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Geoffrey de Mandeville" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?",
              "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Manor of Ebury" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?",
              "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden for the production of silk. (This is at the northwest corner of today's palace.) Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana (1649) refers to \"new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's\"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Sir Hugh Audley" }],
              "question": "Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?",
              "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Eye Cross" }],
              "question": "Which village had fallen into decay?",
              "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "James I" }],
              "question": "Who established a mulberry garden on the property?",
              "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "silk" }],
              "question": "What product did the mulberry garden produce?",
              "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Clement Walker" }],
              "question": "Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?",
              "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the freehold" }],
              "question": "What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?",
              "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Eye Cross" }],
              "question": "Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?",
              "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "James I" }],
              "question": "Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?",
              "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "mulberry" }],
              "question": "What type of garden did James I create?",
              "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "silk." }],
              "question": "What did the mulberry garden produce?",
              "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document \"failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution\". It was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Sir William Blake" }],
              "question": "Who built the first house on the site?",
              "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Lord Goring" }],
              "question": "Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?",
              "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Goring Great Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Lord Goring's garden known as?",
              "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "King George III" }],
              "question": "Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property? ",
              "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "King Charles I" }],
              "question": "Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?",
              "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Sir William Blake" }],
              "question": "Who owned the first house built on the site?",
              "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Lord Goring" }],
              "question": "Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?",
              "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Goring Great Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?",
              "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "King Charles I" }],
              "question": "Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?",
              "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d412"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1703" }],
              "question": "In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?",
              "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Sir Charles Sheffield" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?",
              "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "\u00a321,000" }],
              "question": "How much did George III pay for the house?",
              "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "1774" }],
              "question": "In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?",
              "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005accce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?",
              "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "Duke of Buckingham and Normanby"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?",
              "id": "572610b9271a42140099d417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "William Winde" }],
              "question": "Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?",
              "id": "572610b9271a42140099d418"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?",
              "id": "572610b9271a42140099d419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "George III" }],
              "question": "Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?",
              "id": "572610b9271a42140099d41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "\u00a321,000" }],
              "question": "How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? ",
              "id": "572610b9271a42140099d41b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution. The external fa\u00e7ade was designed keeping in mind the French neo-classical influence preferred by George IV. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work. At one stage, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament, after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "a small, comfortable home" }
              ],
              "question": "What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?",
              "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "new Houses of Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?",
              "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "John Nash" }],
              "question": "Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?",
              "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "1829" }],
              "question": "In what year was Nash removed as architect?",
              "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "Edward Blore" }],
              "question": "Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?",
              "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1762" }],
              "question": "What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?",
              "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "a small, comfortable home" }
              ],
              "question": "What was George IV's original plan for the house? ",
              "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "1826" }],
              "question": "What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?",
              "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "John Nash" }],
              "question": "Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?",
              "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "Edward Blore" }],
              "question": "Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?",
              "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion. While the state rooms were a riot of gilt and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. For one thing, it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence. Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when a decision was taken to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also said that staff were lax and lazy and the palace was dirty. Following the queen's marriage in 1840, her husband, Prince Albert, concerned himself with a reorganisation of the household offices and staff, and with the design faults of the palace. The problems were all rectified by the close of 1840. However, the builders were to return within the decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who died before the palace was completed?",
              "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?",
              "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "the chimneys smoked" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?",
              "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?",
              "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?",
              "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was the first monarch to reside there?",
              "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "William IV" }],
              "question": "Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?",
              "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "the chimneys smoked" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?",
              "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Prince Albert" }],
              "question": "Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?",
              "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the \"public face\" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour. The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Edward Blore" }],
              "question": "Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?",
              "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Thomas Cubitt" }],
              "question": "The new wing was built by whom?",
              "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "\"public face\" of Buckingham Palace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the East front of the palace known as?",
              "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "the balcony" }],
              "question": "The East Front contains what famous feature?",
              "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Sir James Pennethorne." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?",
              "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Edward Blore" }],
              "question": "Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?",
              "id": "57261391271a42140099d435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Thomas Cubitt" }],
              "question": "Who built the new wing?",
              "id": "57261391271a42140099d436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "The large East Front" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered the public face of the palace?",
              "id": "57261391271a42140099d437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "The ballroom wing" }],
              "question": "What other wing was built during this time?",
              "id": "57261391271a42140099d438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Sir James Pennethorne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?",
              "id": "57261391271a42140099d439"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's \"Alice Polka\" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "musical entertainments" }
              ],
              "question": "The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?",
              "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn" }],
              "question": "Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?",
              "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Alice Polka" }],
              "question": "Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?",
              "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "lavish costume balls" }
              ],
              "question": "Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?",
              "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "musical entertainments" }
              ],
              "question": "Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?",
              "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn" }],
              "question": "Which composer played there on three occasions?",
              "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Johann Strauss II" }],
              "question": "Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?",
              "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "lavish costume balls" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?",
              "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac213"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When year did Prince Albert die?",
              "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "public opinion" }],
              "question": "What forced the Queen to return to London?",
              "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "the palace was seldom used, even neglected."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?",
              "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?",
              "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When did Prince Albert die?",
              "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "left Buckingham Palace" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?",
              "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Osborne House" }],
              "question": "Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?",
              "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "palace was seldom used, even neglected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?",
              "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?",
              "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The palace measures 108 metres (354 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft), is 24 metres (79 ft) high and contains over 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft) of floorspace. The floor area is smaller than the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Papal Palace in Rome, the Louvre in Paris, the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, or the Forbidden City. There are 775 rooms, including 19 state rooms, 52 principal bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, and 78 bathrooms. The principal rooms are contained on the piano nobile behind the west-facing garden fa\u00e7ade at the rear of the palace. The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room, its large bow the dominant feature of the fa\u00e7ade. Flanking the Music Room are the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. At the centre of the suite, serving as a corridor to link the state rooms, is the Picture Gallery, which is top-lit and 55 yards (50 m) long. The Gallery is hung with numerous works including some by Rembrandt, van Dyck, Rubens and Vermeer; other rooms leading from the Picture Gallery are the Throne Room and the Green Drawing Room. The Green Drawing Room serves as a huge anteroom to the Throne Room, and is part of the ceremonial route to the throne from the Guard Room at the top of the Grand Staircase. The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Roman costume, set in a tribune lined with tapestries. These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining, but are open to the public every summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?",
              "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "78" }],
              "question": "How many bathrooms are there?",
              "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "the Music Room" }],
              "question": "A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?",
              "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "55 yards" }],
              "question": "How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?",
              "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1236, "text": "The Guard Room" }],
              "question": "Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?",
              "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the floor space of the palace?",
              "id": "572615c9271a42140099d455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "19 state rooms" }],
              "question": "How many staterooms does the palace have?",
              "id": "572615c9271a42140099d457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "78 bathrooms" }],
              "question": "How many bathrooms does the palace have?",
              "id": "572615c9271a42140099d458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "92 offices" }],
              "question": "How many offices does the palace have?",
              "id": "572615c9271a42140099d459"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "Emperor Napoleon III of France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?",
              "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "1844 Room" }],
              "question": "Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?",
              "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Bow Room" }],
              "question": "Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?",
              "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "the north wing" }],
              "question": "Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?",
              "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "the semi-state apartments" }
              ],
              "question": "Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?",
              "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "semi-state apartments" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?",
              "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "less formal entertaining" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?",
              "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 382, "text": "Tsar Nicholas I of Russia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the 1844 Room named after?",
              "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "Emperor Napoleon III of France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the 1855 Room named after?",
              "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "the north wing" }],
              "question": "Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?",
              "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1847 and 1850, when Blore was building the new east wing, the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings. As a result, many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere. The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up from parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimney piece sculpted by Richard Westmacott. The Yellow Drawing Room has wallpaper supplied in 1817 for the Brighton Saloon, and a chimney piece which is a European vision of how the Chinese chimney piece may appear. It has nodding mandarins in niches and fearsome winged dragons, designed by Robert Jones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Brighton Pavilion" }],
              "question": "Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?",
              "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1847 and 1850" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the new east wing built?",
              "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "oriental" }],
              "question": "What is the theme for the new east wing?",
              "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "large oriental chimney piece" }
              ],
              "question": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?",
              "id": "5725e762271a42140099d300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Robert Jones" }],
              "question": "Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?",
              "id": "5725e762271a42140099d301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "the new east wing" }],
              "question": "What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?",
              "id": "572617b838643c19005acfd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "oriental" }],
              "question": "Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?",
              "id": "572617b838643c19005acfda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?",
              "id": "572617b838643c19005acfdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more \"binding\" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Centre Room" }],
              "question": "Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?",
              "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "What is the main theme of the Centre Room?",
              "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?",
              "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "mirrored doors" }],
              "question": "The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?",
              "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Centre Room" }],
              "question": "Which room feature the famous balcony?",
              "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Sir Charles Allom" }],
              "question": "Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?",
              "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "mirrored doors" }],
              "question": "The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?",
              "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?",
              "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing. The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors, one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane. A second corridor in the suite has Gothic influenced cross over vaulting. The Belgian Rooms themselves were decorated in their present style and named after Prince Albert's uncle L\u00e9opold I, first King of the Belgians. In 1936, the suite briefly became the private apartments of the palace when they were occupied by King Edward VIII.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Belgian Suite" }],
              "question": "Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "ground floor" }],
              "question": "What floor are the Belgian Suites located?",
              "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the Minister's Staircase" }
              ],
              "question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?",
              "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "by narrow corridors" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?",
              "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "the style of Soane" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?",
              "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Belgian Suite" }],
              "question": "Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Minister's Staircase" }
              ],
              "question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?",
              "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "the ground floor" }],
              "question": "On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?",
              "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "by narrow corridors" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?",
              "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "the style of Soane" }
              ],
              "question": "The saucer domes are in whose style?",
              "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous fa\u00e7ade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking \"like everybody's idea of a palace\", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The palace also houses the offices of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl and Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra, and is the workplace of more than 800 people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "art gallery" }],
              "question": "Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?",
              "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Bromsgrove Guild" }],
              "question": "Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?",
              "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "more than 800" }],
              "question": "How many people work at Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Duke of York" }],
              "question": "Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?",
              "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "the British monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Buckingham palace home to?",
              "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Bromsgrove Guild" }],
              "question": "Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?",
              "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year were the railings and gates completed?",
              "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "800 people" }],
              "question": "How many people work at Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the Crown Estate. It is not the monarch's personal property, unlike Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews. Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection. It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II. The palace's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in entry fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the 1992 fire devastated many of its state rooms. 476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014\u201315 financial year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Crown Estate" }],
              "question": "Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?",
              "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Queen's Gallery" }],
              "question": "Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?",
              "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "chapel" }],
              "question": "What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?",
              "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "The palace's state rooms" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?",
              "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Crown Estate" }],
              "question": "Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?",
              "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "at the Queen's Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can the public view the Royal Collection?",
              "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "since 1993" }],
              "question": "Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?",
              "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "476,000 people" }],
              "question": "How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?",
              "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Formerly, men not wearing military uniform wore knee breeches of an 18th-century design. Women's evening dress included obligatory trains and tiaras or feathers in their hair (or both). The dress code governing formal court uniform and dress has progressively relaxed. After World War I, when Queen Mary wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground, she requested a lady-in-waiting to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the king's reaction. King George V was horrified, so the queen kept her hemline unfashionably low. Following their accession in 1936, King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth, allowed the hemline of daytime skirts to rise. Today, there is no official dress code. Most men invited to Buckingham Palace in the daytime choose to wear service uniform or lounge suits; a minority wear morning coats, and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, black tie or white tie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "there is no official dress code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?",
              "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?",
              "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "King George V" }],
              "question": "Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?",
              "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?",
              "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "18th-century design" }
              ],
              "question": "The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?",
              "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "18th-century design" }
              ],
              "question": "From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?",
              "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac26e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "tiaras or feathers" }
              ],
              "question": "What were women obliged to wear in their hair?",
              "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac26f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?",
              "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "George V" }],
              "question": "Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?",
              "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "there is no official dress code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the dress code today at Buckingham?",
              "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac272"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. These young women were known as d\u00e9butantes, and the occasion\u2014termed their \"coming out\"\u2014represented their first entr\u00e9e into society. D\u00e9butantes wore full court dress, with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair. They entered, curtsied, and performed a choreographed backwards walk and a further curtsy, while manoeuvring a dress train of prescribed length. (The ceremony, known as an evening court, corresponded to the \"court drawing rooms\" of Victoria's reign.) After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?",
              "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "coming out" }],
              "question": "What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?",
              "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "ostrich feathers" }],
              "question": "Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?",
              "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "less formal afternoon receptions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After WWII \"coming out\" ceremonies were replaces with what event?",
              "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Edward VII" }],
              "question": "Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?",
              "id": "57261c35271a42140099d485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "ostrich feathers" }],
              "question": "What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?",
              "id": "57261c35271a42140099d486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "\"coming out\"" }],
              "question": "What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?",
              "id": "57261c35271a42140099d487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "less formal afternoon receptions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?",
              "id": "57261c35271a42140099d488"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. A military band plays in the musicians' gallery as award recipients approach the Queen and receive their honours, watched by their families and friends.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "in the palace's Ballroom" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do Investitures take place?",
              "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d33f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "What year was The Ballroom built?",
              "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "the throne room" }],
              "question": "Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?",
              "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "the palace's Ballroom" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest room in the palace?",
              "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "the throne dais" }],
              "question": "What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?",
              "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "a sword" }],
              "question": "Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?",
              "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad02e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Ballroom" }],
              "question": "What is the largest room in the palace?",
              "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "the throne room" }],
              "question": "The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?",
              "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal \"white tie and decorations\", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "the Ballroom" }],
              "question": "Where do State Banquets take place?",
              "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?",
              "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Grand Service" }],
              "question": "What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?",
              "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1811" }],
              "question": "When was the Grand Service made?",
              "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "the Prince of Wales" }
              ],
              "question": "For whom was the Grand Service made?",
              "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "in the Ballroom" }],
              "question": "Where do state banquets take place?",
              "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are state banquets held?",
              "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Grand Service" }],
              "question": "What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?",
              "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Prince of Wales" }],
              "question": "Who was the Grand Service originally made for?",
              "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d909"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Nash" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Royal Mews?",
              "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Royal Mews" }],
              "question": "Where is the Gold State Coach housed?",
              "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Sir William Chambers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Gold State Coach?",
              "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1762" }],
              "question": "When was the Gold State Coach first used?",
              "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "horses" }],
              "question": "The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?",
              "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Nash" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Royal Mews?",
              "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Royal Mews" }],
              "question": "Where is the Gold State Coach kept?",
              "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Sir William Chambers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Gold State Coach?",
              "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1762" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?",
              "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "horses" }],
              "question": "What animals are kept in the mews?",
              "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d925"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as \"the Marlborough House Set\", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace\u2014the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today\u2014once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?",
              "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "\"the Marlborough House Set\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?",
              "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "Nash's" }],
              "question": "Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?",
              "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "King Edward" }],
              "question": "Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?",
              "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "the Marlborough House Set" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?",
              "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "King Edward's heavy redecorations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?",
              "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "When did King Edward VII take the throne?",
              "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?",
              "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal fa\u00e7ade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) \u2013 the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden fa\u00e7ade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "King George V" }],
              "question": "Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?",
              "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Portland stone" }],
              "question": "The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?",
              "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "George V" }],
              "question": "Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?",
              "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 998, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?",
              "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1414, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?",
              "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Sir Aston Webb" }],
              "question": "Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?",
              "id": "5726213938643c19005ad065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Portland stone" }],
              "question": "The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?",
              "id": "5726213938643c19005ad066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "George V" }],
              "question": "Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?",
              "id": "5726213938643c19005ad067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1072,
                  "text": "Royal Collection of furniture and art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?",
              "id": "5726213938643c19005ad068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1414, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?",
              "id": "5726213938643c19005ad069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ. The King imposed rationing at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household. To the King's later regret, David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol, to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class. The workers continued to imbibe and the King was left unhappy at his enforced abstinence. In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "King George V and Queen Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?",
              "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Windsor" }],
              "question": "Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?",
              "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "The king refrained from doing what during the war?",
              "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?",
              "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "David Lloyd George" }
              ],
              "question": "Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?",
              "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?",
              "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Windsor" }],
              "question": "Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?",
              "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What did the King give up during the war?",
              "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "David Lloyd George" }
              ],
              "question": "Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?",
              "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "swimming pool" }],
              "question": "What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?",
              "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times, the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940. Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed. War-time coverage of such incidents was severely restricted, however. The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, the smiling Queen, as always, immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her. It was at this time the Queen famously declared: \"I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the East End in the face\". The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects' hardship, as The Sunday Graphic reported:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "nine times" }],
              "question": "How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?",
              "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "the palace chapel" }],
              "question": "What was destroyed in 1940?",
              "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?",
              "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "the common suffering of rich and poor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?",
              "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "the chapel" }],
              "question": "What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?",
              "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "inspecting their bombed home" }
              ],
              "question": "The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?",
              "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 834, "text": "their subjects' hardship" }
              ],
              "question": "The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?",
              "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 15 September 1940, known as the Battle of Britain Day, an RAF pilot, Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it. Holmes bailed out. Both aircraft crashed. In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty. It had already been damaged, two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, landed, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack. During the Dornier's descent, it somehow unloaded its bombs, one of which hit the Palace. It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station. The bomber's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London. The British pilot became a King's Messenger after the war, and died at the age of 90 in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "15 September 1940" }],
              "question": "What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?",
              "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac114"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "the Palace" }],
              "question": "What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?",
              "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Dornier Do 17 bomber" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?",
              "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "King's Messenger" }],
              "question": "After the war what did Holmes become?",
              "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did Ray Holmes die?",
              "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "the Battle of Britain Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What is September 15, 1940 known as?",
              "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "the Palace" }],
              "question": "What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?",
              "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "ram it" }],
              "question": "What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?",
              "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Dornier Do 17 bomber" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of aircraft was the German Plane?",
              "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did Holmes die?",
              "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Incandescent_light_bulb",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "electric current" }],
              "question": "What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?",
              "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d53f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "wire filament" }],
              "question": "Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?",
              "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?",
              "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "a socket" }],
              "question": "What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?",
              "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "incandescent light bulb" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?",
              "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d543"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "less efficient" }],
              "question": "Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?",
              "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "2.2%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?",
              "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "LED" }],
              "question": "Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?",
              "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "1,000 hours" }],
              "question": "How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?",
              "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "The remaining energy is converted into heat."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?",
              "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d557"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "prohibited them already" }
              ],
              "question": "What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?",
              "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?",
              "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "cold cathode fluorescent lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym CCFL refer to?",
              "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "compact fluorescent lamps" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym CFL refer to?",
              "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "light-emitting diode" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym LED refer to?",
              "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Alexander Lodygin" }],
              "question": "Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?",
              "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "two carbon rods" }],
              "question": "What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?",
              "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?",
              "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Alexander de Lodyguine" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?",
              "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?",
              "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious \u2013 discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?",
              "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Charles Stearn" }],
              "question": "Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?",
              "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1182, "text": "'parchmentised thread'" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?",
              "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1241, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?",
              "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1624,
                  "text": "the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first public building to install electric lighting?",
              "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for \"Improvement In Electric Lights\" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using \"a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires.\" Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using \"cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways,\" Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?",
              "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "With what material did Edison make his first filament?",
              "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "13.5 hours" }],
              "question": "How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?",
              "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "bamboo" }],
              "question": "What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?",
              "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "Columbia" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?",
              "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Albon Man" }],
              "question": "Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?",
              "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Hiram S. Maxim" }],
              "question": "Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?",
              "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "Mercantile Safe Deposit Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?",
              "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "fall of 1880" }],
              "question": "When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?",
              "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "Electro-Dynamic Light Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?",
              "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic \"M\" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lewis Latimer" }],
              "question": "Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?",
              "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "17 January 1882" }],
              "question": "When did Latimer patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?",
              "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "United States Electric Light Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which company purchased Latimer's patent?",
              "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Edison" }],
              "question": "Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?",
              "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 13 December 1904, Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?",
              "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "13 December 1904" }],
              "question": "When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?",
              "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Tungsram" }],
              "question": "Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?",
              "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "argon or nitrogen" }],
              "question": "What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?",
              "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Tungsram-bulbs" }],
              "question": "What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?",
              "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are \"lumens per watt\" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "radiant luminous efficacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym LER refer to?",
              "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "683 lm/W" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum LER possible?",
              "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "two ways" }],
              "question": "In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?",
              "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?",
              "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "source luminous efficacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym LES refer to?",
              "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid \u2013 below 3,695 K (3,422 \u00b0C; 6,191 \u00b0F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: \"An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 \u00b0C (6,600 K; 11,400 \u00b0F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt.\" No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "6,300 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?",
              "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005acea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 902, "text": "52 lumens per watt" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?",
              "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "infrared radiation" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?",
              "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the light emitted does not appear white,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?",
              "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 902, "text": "52 lumens per watt" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?",
              "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005acead"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of white-balancing?",
              "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "incandescent lights" }
              ],
              "question": "Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?",
              "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?",
              "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?",
              "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "100" }],
              "question": "What is the highest possible color rendering index score?",
              "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad \"tail\" of invisible infrared emissions. By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution, the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources, or other different color temperatures of white light. Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum, the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?",
              "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac16e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?",
              "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac16f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 676,
                  "text": "Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?",
              "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac170"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 875,
                  "text": "a building's air conditioning system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?",
              "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "shorter" }],
              "question": "Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?",
              "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?",
              "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "less" }],
              "question": "Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?",
              "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1040, "text": "heat from the heating system" }
              ],
              "question": "What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?",
              "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia, among others. In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year, translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?",
              "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "5 to 10 billion euros" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?",
              "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "40 TWh of electricity" }
              ],
              "question": "How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?",
              "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "15 million tonnes" }],
              "question": "How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?",
              "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?",
              "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "better" }],
              "question": "Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?",
              "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "LED lamps" }],
              "question": "Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?",
              "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?",
              "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "mercury" }],
              "question": "What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?",
              "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "much less" }],
              "question": "Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?",
              "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac200"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new \"hybrid\" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The \"Halogena Energy Saver\" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light. This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W. More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency, up to a limit of about 270 lm/W (40% of the maximum efficacy possible). Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W, approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Philips" }],
              "question": "Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?",
              "id": "57261826271a42140099d473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "30 percent" }],
              "question": "How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?",
              "id": "57261826271a42140099d474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Duro-Test" }],
              "question": "What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?",
              "id": "57261826271a42140099d475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "270 lm/W" }],
              "question": "What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?",
              "id": "57261826271a42140099d476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "45 lm/W" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?",
              "id": "57261826271a42140099d477"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the envelope" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?",
              "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "tungsten wire" }],
              "question": "What is the filament made of?",
              "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "two (or more)" }],
              "question": "How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?",
              "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?",
              "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?",
              "id": "57261afa38643c19005acfff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for \"party bulbs\", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "kaolin" }],
              "question": "What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?",
              "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "blown in and electrostatically deposited"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?",
              "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "a more gentle and evenly distributed light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?",
              "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "by coloring the glass with a dopant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?",
              "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "It diffuses the light emitted from the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does kaolin create a more gentle light?",
              "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "screw base" }],
              "question": "What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?",
              "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "bayonet base" }],
              "question": "What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?",
              "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?",
              "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?",
              "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "automotive and special purpose lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?",
              "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac29a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?",
              "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?",
              "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?",
              "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?",
              "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "ribbon machine" }],
              "question": "What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.",
              "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?",
              "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the filament attached to the bulb?",
              "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "by a flame" }],
              "question": "How is the evacuation tube sealed?",
              "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "precisely aligned air nozzles" }
              ],
              "question": "What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?",
              "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance \u2014 as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the \"flashing\" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or \"graphitized\" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?",
              "id": "57262d20271a42140099d703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?",
              "id": "57262d20271a42140099d704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 678,
                  "text": "improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the positive effects of the flashing process?",
              "id": "57262d20271a42140099d705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 923,
                  "text": "further strengthened and smoothed the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What properties of graphite improved the filament?",
              "id": "57262d20271a42140099d706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1077,
                  "text": "helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?",
              "id": "57262d20271a42140099d707"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Siemens" }],
              "question": "What company invented the tantalum light filament?",
              "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?",
              "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?",
              "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "General Electric" }],
              "question": "Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?",
              "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?",
              "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small \"doping\" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?",
              "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "William D. Coolidge" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?",
              "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?",
              "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "When was the tungsten filament introduced?",
              "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other materials were combined with tungsten?",
              "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "22.8 inches" }],
              "question": "How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?",
              "id": "57263583271a42140099d77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?",
              "id": "57263583271a42140099d780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 659, "text": "more efficient light source" }
              ],
              "question": "What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?",
              "id": "57263583271a42140099d781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "0.0018 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?",
              "id": "57263583271a42140099d782"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause \"hot spots\" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point\u2014this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the negative effect of \"hot spots\" forming on the filament?",
              "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Irving Langmuir" }],
              "question": "Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?",
              "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?",
              "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 929,
                  "text": "alloys of tungsten and rhenium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of alloys can decrease \"stairstep\" irregularities in light bulb filaments?",
              "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?",
              "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?",
              "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?",
              "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is xenon gas not more widely used?",
              "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "reduces filament evaporation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?",
              "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?",
              "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "several hundred to 2,000 hours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?",
              "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?",
              "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "efficiency and longevity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?",
              "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?",
              "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?",
              "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the primary causes of light loss?",
              "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "on the uppermost part of the envelope"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?",
              "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "across the entire surface of the envelope"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?",
              "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "significantly increase darkening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?",
              "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does water increase lamp darkening?",
              "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "zirconium" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?",
              "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?",
              "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament. The halogen lamp can operate its filament at a higher temperature than a standard gas filled lamp of similar power without loss of operating life. Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs, and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space. Fiber-optic lamps for optical microscopy is one typical application.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "reduces" }],
              "question": "Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?",
              "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?",
              "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?",
              "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?",
              "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "where intense illumination is needed in a limited space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?",
              "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. Such lamps were used for projection or illumination for scientific instruments such as microscopes. These arc lamps ran on relatively low voltages and incorporated tungsten filaments to start ionization within the envelope. They provided the intense concentrated light of an arc lamp but were easier to operate. Developed around 1915, these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?",
              "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "scientific instruments such as microscopes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a common application for this type of bulb?",
              "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "When was this style of lamp developed?",
              "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "mercury and xenon arc lamps" }
              ],
              "question": "What displaced this style of lamp?",
              "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad39a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a power factor of 1 mean?",
              "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f017f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "the resistance of the filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?",
              "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "the filament's length, thickness, and material"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the resistance of the filament?",
              "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?",
              "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "the higher-powered bulb gives more light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?",
              "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0183"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a \"T\" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "temperature" }],
              "question": "What determines the resistance of a filament?",
              "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a \"T\" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?",
              "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "0.13 seconds" }],
              "question": "How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?",
              "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?",
              "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "144 ohms" }],
              "question": "What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?",
              "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae1950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "the shape of the bulb" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?",
              "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the maximum diameter" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?",
              "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?",
              "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What units are the bulb sizes measured in?",
              "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8057"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "General Electric" }],
              "question": "Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?",
              "id": "57264a04708984140094c177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?",
              "id": "57264a04708984140094c178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 893,
                  "text": "ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?",
              "id": "57264a04708984140094c179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1046, "text": "Bayonet base lamps" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?",
              "id": "57264a04708984140094c17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1145, "text": "bipin base" }],
              "question": "What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?",
              "id": "57264a04708984140094c17b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "a 5% reduction in operating voltage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?",
              "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?",
              "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?",
              "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "1000 hours" }],
              "question": "What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?",
              "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?",
              "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The \"Centennial Light\" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "When did the \"Centennial Light\" begin burning?",
              "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "the equivalent light of a four watt bulb"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much light does the bulb emit?",
              "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "21 September 1908" }],
              "question": "When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?",
              "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "an opera house" }],
              "question": "Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?",
              "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 \u00b0F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?",
              "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Tungsten" }],
              "question": "Which metal has the highest melting point?",
              "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "as short as two hours" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?",
              "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "higher color temperature" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?",
              "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "17.1 lumens per watt" }
              ],
              "question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?",
              "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "as much as 19.8 lumens per watt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?",
              "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does filament size relate to voltage level?",
              "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?",
              "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "high resistance" }],
              "question": "What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?",
              "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?",
              "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "by use of the Sprengel pump" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?",
              "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Robert Friedel and Paul Israel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?",
              "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f84"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Clothing",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "safety" }],
              "question": "What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?",
              "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "rough" }],
              "question": "What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?",
              "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "body" }],
              "question": "What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?",
              "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Clothes" }],
              "question": "What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?",
              "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "UV" }],
              "question": "What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?",
              "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000\u201372,000 BP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "when clothing was first developed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?",
              "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "lice" }],
              "question": "What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?",
              "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "clothing" }],
              "question": "What habitat is the body louse specific to?",
              "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "primates" }],
              "question": "What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?",
              "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "650" }],
              "question": "How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?",
              "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d30b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "comfort" }],
              "question": "What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?",
              "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "hot" }],
              "question": "In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?",
              "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "thermal insulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What property of clothing is important in cold climates?",
              "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "clothing" }],
              "question": "What has seasonal and regional aspects?",
              "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "thinner" }],
              "question": "What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?",
              "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d327"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "very wide" }],
              "question": "What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?",
              "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "purses" }],
              "question": "What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?",
              "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "adornment" }],
              "question": "Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?",
              "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "accessories" }],
              "question": "What are footwear and hats both considered?",
              "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "eyeglasses" }],
              "question": "What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?",
              "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac188"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "the uncovered human body" }
              ],
              "question": "What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?",
              "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "elements" }],
              "question": "Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?",
              "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "protection" }],
              "question": "Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?",
              "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "environmental" }],
              "question": "What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?",
              "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "medical scrubs" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?",
              "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac19a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut\u2014since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Humans" }],
              "question": "What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?",
              "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "environmental hazards" }
              ],
              "question": "What are space suits an example of a solution to? ",
              "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "social" }],
              "question": "What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?",
              "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "protective" }],
              "question": "What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?",
              "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "social norms" }],
              "question": "Why are some parts of the body covered?",
              "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?",
              "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "What year was J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes published?",
              "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Newburgh's" }],
              "question": "Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?",
              "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "little" }],
              "question": "How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?",
              "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "the main concepts" }],
              "question": "What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?",
              "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Trousers" }],
              "question": "What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?",
              "id": "57261162271a42140099d421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Male" }],
              "question": "What gender's clothing is often more practical?",
              "id": "57261162271a42140099d422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "their chests" }],
              "question": "What can males typically bare in more places?",
              "id": "57261162271a42140099d423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "male clothing" }],
              "question": "What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?",
              "id": "57261162271a42140099d424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "unusual" }],
              "question": "What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?",
              "id": "57261162271a42140099d425"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "senators" }],
              "question": "Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?",
              "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "high-ranking chiefs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?",
              "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "the right to cover their upper body"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?",
              "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?",
              "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "clothing choice" }],
              "question": "What can peer pressure influence?",
              "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "tied around" }],
              "question": "How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?",
              "id": "5726144d271a42140099d441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "deteriorate" }],
              "question": "What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?",
              "id": "5726144d271a42140099d442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Archeologists" }],
              "question": "Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?",
              "id": "5726144d271a42140099d443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "a prehistoric cave" }
              ],
              "question": "Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?",
              "id": "5726144d271a42140099d444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Dyed flax fibers" }],
              "question": "What dates back to 36,000 BP?",
              "id": "5726144d271a42140099d445"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Scientists" }],
              "question": "What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?",
              "id": "57261520271a42140099d44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "genetic" }],
              "question": "What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?",
              "id": "57261520271a42140099d44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "survive" }],
              "question": "What do lice require human clothing to do?",
              "id": "57261520271a42140099d44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "northward migration" }
              ],
              "question": "What may have the invention of clothing happened with?",
              "id": "57261520271a42140099d44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "the date" }],
              "question": "What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?",
              "id": "57261520271a42140099d44f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit \u2013 for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "cloth" }],
              "question": "Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?",
              "id": "57261636271a42140099d45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "rectangles" }],
              "question": "Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?",
              "id": "57261636271a42140099d460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Scottish" }],
              "question": "What nationality wears kilts?",
              "id": "57261636271a42140099d461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "garments" }],
              "question": "Pins or belts hold what in place?",
              "id": "57261636271a42140099d462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "cloth" }],
              "question": "What precious material may remain uncut?",
              "id": "57261636271a42140099d463"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "western clothing styles" }
              ],
              "question": "What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?",
              "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "centuries" }],
              "question": "Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?",
              "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "markets throughout the world" }
              ],
              "question": "What have Western corporations penetrated?",
              "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Western media corporations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?",
              "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "charity organizations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?",
              "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "special" }],
              "question": "Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.",
              "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "sportswear" }],
              "question": "Leotards are an example of what type of garment?",
              "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "sweat" }],
              "question": "What does spandex soak up?",
              "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Spandex" }],
              "question": "What's an example of a form fitting garment?",
              "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "active" }],
              "question": "What type of sport is wrestling considered?",
              "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac254"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "technological" }],
              "question": "Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.",
              "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "prototypes" }],
              "question": "What have researchers in science labs been making?",
              "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "electricity" }],
              "question": "What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?",
              "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "bullets" }],
              "question": "What can garments made with kevlar resist?",
              "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "absorption of liquids" }
              ],
              "question": "Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?",
              "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac268"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "challenging" }],
              "question": "What type of conditions do many garment works endure?",
              "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Mass-produced" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?",
              "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "long work hours" }],
              "question": "What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?",
              "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "industrialized" }],
              "question": "Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?",
              "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "undocumented" }],
              "question": "What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?",
              "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?",
              "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad00f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "textiles imports" }],
              "question": "What did the MFA put quotas on?",
              "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Globalization" }],
              "question": "What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?",
              "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "the International Labor Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?",
              "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?",
              "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad013"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "animal fur" }],
              "question": "What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?",
              "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "arctic" }],
              "question": "Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?",
              "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "uncontroversial" }],
              "question": "Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?",
              "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "campaigners" }],
              "question": "Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?",
              "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "PETA" }],
              "question": "What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?",
              "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac290"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "to remove wrinkles" }],
              "question": "What's the point of ironing clothing?",
              "id": "57261e08271a42140099d497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Ironed" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?",
              "id": "57261e08271a42140099d498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "knit" }],
              "question": "What material doesn't easily wrinkle?",
              "id": "57261e08271a42140099d499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "a coating" }],
              "question": "Permanent press materials have been treated with what?",
              "id": "57261e08271a42140099d49a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "wrinkles" }],
              "question": "What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?",
              "id": "57261e08271a42140099d49b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A resin" }],
              "question": "What releases formaldehyde?",
              "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "formaldehyde" }],
              "question": "What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?",
              "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Accountability" }],
              "question": "What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?",
              "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?",
              "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?",
              "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material \u2013 cloth \u2013 was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "mending" }],
              "question": "What used to be considered an art, back in the day?",
              "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "tear" }],
              "question": "What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?",
              "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "worth more than labor" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?",
              "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "a consumable item" }],
              "question": "What is clothing considered today?",
              "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "thrifty" }],
              "question": "What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?",
              "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Chicago_Cubs",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a members of the National League (NL) Central division; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field. The Cubs are also one of two active major league teams based in Chicago; the other is the Chicago White Sox, who are a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is currently owned by Thomas S. Ricketts, son of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Chicago Cubs" }],
              "question": "What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?  ",
              "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the National League" }
              ],
              "question": "What league are the Chicago Cubs in?",
              "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Wrigley Field" }],
              "question": "Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?",
              "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Joe Ricketts" }],
              "question": "Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?",
              "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?",
              "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1903 season" }],
              "question": "What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? ",
              "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Atlanta Braves" }],
              "question": "What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?",
              "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1906, the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins (tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners) and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, which still stands today. They appeared in their first World Series the same year, falling to their crosstown rivals, the Chicago White Sox, four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics, and the first to win it twice. The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title, most recently in 1945. The Cubs have not won the World Series in 107 years, the longest championship drought of any major North American professional sports team, and are often referred to as the \"Lovable Losers\" because of this distinction. They are also known as \"The North Siders\" because Wrigley Field, their home park since 1916, is located in Chicago's North Side Lake View community at 1060 West Addison Street. The Cubs have a major rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?",
              "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": ".763" }],
              "question": "What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?",
              "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "The Cubs" }],
              "question": "Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?",
              "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?",
              "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League (NL) as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, and Adrian \"Cap\" Anson, to join the team prior to the N.L.'s first season. The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds,against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league's top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at .429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the game's top prize.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "the Chicago White Stockings" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs began play as?",
              "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "William Hulbert" }],
              "question": "When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?",
              "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "West Side Grounds" }],
              "question": "Where did the White Stockings play their home games?",
              "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods, assumed ownership of the club. The White Stockings, with Anson acting as player/manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the game's first true superstar. In 1885 and '86, after winning N.L. pennants, the White Stockings met the short-lived American Association champion in that era's version of a World Series. Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicago's club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes \"Anson's Colts\", referring to Cap's influence within the club. Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits. After a disappointing record of 59-73 and a 9th-place finish in 1897, Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager. Due to Anson's absence from the club after 22 years, local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the \"Orphans\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Spalding" }],
              "question": "Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?",
              "id": "5725f633271a42140099d385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1882" }],
              "question": "What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant?",
              "id": "5725f633271a42140099d386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win?",
              "id": "5725f633271a42140099d387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "Chicago Colts" }],
              "question": "What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890?",
              "id": "5725f633271a42140099d388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1000, "text": "Anson" }],
              "question": "Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits?",
              "id": "5725f633271a42140099d389"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai \"Three-Finger\" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the \"Hitless Wonders\" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Jim Hart" }],
              "question": "Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?",
              "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Chicago Daily News" }
              ],
              "question": "Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?",
              "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1303, "text": "the Cubs" }],
              "question": "Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?",
              "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Franklin P. Adams" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?",
              "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1914, advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise. Lasker brought in a wealthy partner, Charles Weeghman, the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short-lived Federal League. As principal owners, the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park, which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier, where they remain to this day. The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war-shortened season of 1918, where they played a part in another team's curse: the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series, Boston's last Series championship until 2004.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Albert Lasker" }],
              "question": "Who obtained a large block of the Cub's shares in 1914?",
              "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Albert Lasker" }],
              "question": "Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season?",
              "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Charles Weeghman" }],
              "question": "Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs?",
              "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Weeghman Park" }],
              "question": "Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds?",
              "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills' guidance, the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years, following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932, 1935, and 1938. Unfortunately, their success did not extend to the Fall Classic, as they fell to their AL rivals each time. The '32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth's \"called shot\" at Wrigley Field in Game 3. There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well; In 1930, Hack Wilson, one of the top home run hitters in the game, had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history, hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs-batted-in record of 191. That 1930 club, which boasted six eventual Hall of Famers (Wilson, Gabby Hartnett, Rogers Hornsby, George \"High Pockets\" Kelly, Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy) established the current team batting average record of .309. In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion, winning a record 21 games in a row in September. The '38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late-season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk-off home run by Gabby Hartnett, which became known in baseball lore as \"The Homer in the Gloamin'\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history?",
              "id": "57266235708984140094c45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1012, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935?",
              "id": "57266235708984140094c460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant?",
              "id": "57266235708984140094c461"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II, finishing 98\u201356. Due to the wartime travel restrictions, the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit, where the Cubs won two games, including a one-hitter by Claude Passeau, and the final four were played at Wrigley. In Game 4 of the Series, the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when P.K. Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis, who had come to Game 4 with two box seat tickets, one for him and one for his goat. They paraded around for a few innings, but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor. Upon his ejection, Mr. Sianis uttered, \"The Cubs, they ain't gonna win no more.\" The Cubs lost Game 4, lost the Series, and have not been back since. It has also been said by many that Sianis put a \"curse\" on the Cubs, apparently preventing the team from playing in the World Series. After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers, the Cubs finished with winning seasons the next two years, but those teams did not enter post-season play.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "wartime travel restrictions" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit?",
              "id": "57266409708984140094c499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Wrigley" }],
              "question": "Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played?",
              "id": "57266409708984140094c49a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Game 4 of the Series" }
              ],
              "question": "In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs?",
              "id": "57266409708984140094c49b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "goat" }],
              "question": "What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it's bad odor?",
              "id": "57266409708984140094c49c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the following two decades after Sianis' ill will, the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball, finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis. Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta, who had been a key player during the '45 season, was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place. Although shortstop Ernie Banks would become one of the star players in the league during the next decade, finding help for him proved a difficult task, as quality players such as Hank Sauer were few and far between. This, combined with poor ownership decisions such as the College of Coaches, and the ill-fated trade of future Hall of Famer Lou Brock to the Cardinals for pitcher Ernie Broglio (who won only 7 games over the next three seasons), hampered on-field performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Phil Cavarretta" }],
              "question": "Who had been a key player in the 1945 season?",
              "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "the '45 season" }],
              "question": "What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs?",
              "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Phil Cavarretta" }],
              "question": "Who was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the Cubs were unlikely to finish above fifth place?",
              "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1969 the Cubs, managed by Leo Durocher, built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August. Ken Holtzman pitched a no-hitter on August 19, and the division lead grew to 8 1\u20442 games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 1\u20442 games over the New York Mets. After the game of September 2, the Cubs record was 84-52 with the Mets in second place at 77-55. But then a losing streak began just as a Mets winning streak was beginning. The Cubs lost the final game of a series at Cincinnati, then came home to play the resurgent Pittsburgh Pirates (who would finish in third place). After losing the first two games by scores of 9-2 and 13-4, the Cubs led going into the ninth inning. A win would be a positive springboard since the Cubs were to play a crucial series with the Mets the very next day. But Willie Stargell drilled a 2-out, 2-strike pitch from the Cubs' ace reliever, Phil Regan, onto Sheffield Avenue to tie the score in the top of the ninth. The Cubs would lose 7-5 in extra innings. Burdened by a four-game losing streak, the Cubs traveled to Shea Stadium for a short two-game set. The Mets won both games, and the Cubs left New York with a record of 84-58 just 1\u20442 game in front. Disaster followed in Philadelphia, as a 99 loss Phillies team nonetheless defeated the Cubs twice, to extend Chicago's losing streak to eight games. In a key play in the second game, on September 11, Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo, who was nowhere near the bag or the ball. Selma's throwing error opened the gates to a Phillies rally. After that second Philly loss, the Cubs were 84-60 and the Mets had pulled ahead at 85-57. The Mets would not look back. The Cubs' eight-game losing streak finally ended the next day in St. Louis, but the Mets were in the midst of a ten-game winning streak, and the Cubs, wilting from team fatigue, generally deteriorated in all phases of the game. The Mets (who had lost a record 120 games 7 years earlier), would go on to win the World Series. The Cubs, despite a respectable 92-70 record, would be remembered for having lost a remarkable 17\u00bd games in the standings to the Mets in the last quarter of the season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Leo Durocher" }],
              "question": "Who managed the Cubs in 1969?",
              "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "National League Eastern Division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Cubs built a substantial lead in what league under management of Leo Durocher?",
              "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "August 19" }],
              "question": "When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?",
              "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1446, "text": "Dick Selma" }],
              "question": "Who threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo?",
              "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the '69 season, the club posted winning records for the next few seasons, but no playoff action. After the core players of those teams started to move on, the 70s got worse for the team, and they became known as \"The Loveable Losers.\" In 1977, the team found some life, but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses. The Cubs hit a high-water mark on June 28 at 47\u201322, boasting an 8 1\u20442 game NL East lead, as they were led by Bobby Murcer (27 Hr/89 RBI), and Rick Reuschel (20\u201310). However, the Philadelphia Phillies cut the lead to two by the All-star break, as the Cubs sat 19 games over .500, but they swooned late in the season, going 20\u201340 after July 31. The Cubs finished in 4th place at 81\u201381, while Philadelphia surged, finishing with 101 wins. The following two seasons also saw the Cubs get off to a fast start, as the team rallied to over 10 games above .500 well into both seasons, only to again wear down and play poorly later on, and ultimately settling back to mediocrity. This trait became known as the \"June Swoon.\" Again, the Cubs' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team's inconsistent late season play.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "the 70s" }],
              "question": "During what decade did the Cubs become known as \"The Loveable Losers\"?",
              "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1070,
                  "text": "unusually high number of day games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often pointed to as the one reason for the Cubs' inconsistent late season play?",
              "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "What year did the Cubs experience one of their biggest collapses?",
              "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After over a dozen more subpar seasons, in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise. Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title. One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor-league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg, along with Larry Bowa for Iv\u00e1n DeJes\u00fas. The 1983 Cubs had finished 71\u201391 under Lee Elia, who was fired before the season ended by Green. Green continued the culture of change and overhauled the Cubs roster, front-office and coaching staff prior to 1984. Jim Frey was hired to manage the 1984 Cubs, with Don Zimmer coaching 3rd base and Billy Connors serving as pitching coach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "What year did the Cubs hire GM Dallas Green?",
              "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "Where was GM Dallas Green from?",
              "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Phillies" }],
              "question": "What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980?",
              "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions. In December, 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Mart\u00ednez. Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (.333 BA in 1984) was signed as a free-agent. In spring training, moves continued: LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26, for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer. Reliever Tim Stoddard (10\u20136 3.82, 7 saves) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Green" }],
              "question": "Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?",
              "id": "57266857dd62a815002e83fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "December, 1983" }],
              "question": "When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?",
              "id": "57266857dd62a815002e83ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "March 26" }],
              "question": "When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?",
              "id": "57266857dd62a815002e8400"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The team's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5\u20135) and Sanderson. The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians. Joe Carter (who was with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs at the time) and center fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back-up catcher Ron Hassey (.333 with Cubs in 1984). Sutcliffe (5\u20135 with the Indians) immediately joined Sanderson (8\u20135 3.14), Eckersley (10\u20138 3.03), Steve Trout (13\u20137 3.41) and Dick Ruthven (6\u201310 5.04) in the starting rotation. Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16\u20131 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "June 15" }],
              "question": "When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?",
              "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8deee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5\u20135) and Sanderson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?",
              "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8deef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Rick Sutcliffe" }],
              "question": "Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?",
              "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8def0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Cleveland Indians" }
              ],
              "question": "Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?",
              "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8def1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The shift in the Cubs' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the \"NBC Saturday Game of the Week\" contest against the St. Louis Cardinals. it has since been dubbed simply \"The Sandberg Game.\" With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed, Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one, but two game-tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter. With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East. No one would catch them, except the Padres in the playoffs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "NBC Saturday Game of the Week" }
              ],
              "question": "What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes? ",
              "id": "57266b63708984140094c561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "The Sandberg Game" }],
              "question": "What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?",
              "id": "57266b63708984140094c562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?",
              "id": "57266b63708984140094c563"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1984, each league had two divisions, East and West. The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series, in a \"2\u20133\" format, first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage. Then the last three games were played at the home of the team, with home field advantage. Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents, San Diego. A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West. In fact, home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded. In even numbered years, the NL West had home field advantage. In odd numbered years, the NL East had home field advantage. Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983, the NL West winners were entitled to it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "In what year did the league have two divisions? ",
              "id": "57266d49708984140094c59b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "best-of-5 series" }],
              "question": "The division winners met in what kind of series to advance to the World Series?",
              "id": "57266d49708984140094c59c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Wrigley Field" }],
              "question": "Where were the first two games of the 1984 division winners held?",
              "id": "57266d49708984140094c59d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that, should the Cubs make it to the World Series, the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights. Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park, home of the American League's Chicago White Sox. Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park, the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch, owner of the St. Louis Cardinals, to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs \"home field\" for the World Series. This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2, along with games 6 and 7 if necessary. At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league. Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage. Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage. In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage. In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "Wrigley Field did not yet have lights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?",
              "id": "57266e865951b619008f728b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Comiskey Park" }],
              "question": "Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?",
              "id": "57266e865951b619008f728c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Chicago White Sox" }],
              "question": "Comiskey Park was the home to what team?",
              "id": "57266e865951b619008f728d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1079, "text": "Baltimore Orioles" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had the home field advantage in 1983?",
              "id": "57266e865951b619008f728e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the NLCS, the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres. The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins. With wins of 13\u20130 and 4\u20132, the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series. After being beaten in Game 3 7\u20131, the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith, with the game tied 5\u20135, allowed a game-winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3\u20130 lead into the 6th inning, and a 3\u20132 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe (who won the Cy Young Award that year) still on the mound. Then, Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove. This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6\u20133, with a 4-run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers. The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs, one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": ", the Cubs" }],
              "question": "Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?",
              "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Wrigley Field" }],
              "question": "Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?",
              "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "San Diego Padres" }],
              "question": "Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?",
              "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field, Don Zimmer's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg, Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson, who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace, Shawon Dunston, Greg Maddux, Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton, and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith. The Cubs won the NL East once again that season winning 93 games. This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS. After splitting the first two games at home, the Cubs headed to the Bay Area, where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games, bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses. The Cubs couldn't overcome the efforts of Will Clark, whose home run off Maddux, just after a managerial visit to the mound, led Maddux to think Clark knew what pitch was coming. Afterward, Maddux would speak into his glove during any mound conversation, beginning what is a norm today. Mark Grace was 11\u201317 in the series with 8 RBI. Eventually, the Giants lost to the \"Bash Brothers\" and the Oakland A's in the famous \"Earthquake Series.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year was the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field?",
              "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Jerome Walton" }],
              "question": "Who was rookie of the year in 1989?",
              "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Dwight Smith" }],
              "question": "Who was rookie of the year Runner-Up in 1989?",
              "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "San Francisco Giants" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs meet in the NLCS during 1989?",
              "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The '98 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray. After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston, the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodr\u00edguez, known affectionately as \"H-Rod\" to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup, as Rodriguez slugged 31 round-trippers in his first season in Chicago. Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins, Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons. The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998, and the team's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood. Wood's signature performance was one-hitting the Houston Astros, a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings. His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname \"Kid K,\" and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award. Sosa caught fire in June, hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month, and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks. McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs, but Sosa's .308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award. After a down-to-the-wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants, Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied, and thus squared off in a one-game playoff at Wrigley Field in which third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer. The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason once again with a 90\u201373 regular season tally. Unfortunately, the bats went cold in October, as manager Jim Riggleman's club batted .183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta. On a positive note, the home run chase between Sosa, McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike. The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in '98, and after a fast start in 1999, they collapsed again (starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Harry Caray" }],
              "question": "What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season?",
              "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Henry Rodr\u00edguez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was affectionately known as \"H-Rod\"?",
              "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago?",
              "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency, and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley, skipper Don Baylor's Cubs put together a good season in 2001. The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach \"positive thinking.\" One of the biggest stories of the season transpired as the club made a midseason deal for Fred McGriff, which was drawn out for nearly a month as McGriff debated waiving his no-trade clause, as the Cubs led the wild card race by 2.5 games in early September. That run died when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom \"Flash\" Gordon, which halted the team's momentum. The team was unable to make another serious charge, and finished at 88\u201374, five games behind both Houston and St. Louis, who tied for first. Sosa had perhaps his finest season and Jon Lieber led the staff with a 20 win season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Don Baylor" }],
              "question": "Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001?",
              "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Mack Newton" }],
              "question": "Who was brought in to preach \"positive thinking\"?",
              "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Preston Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom \"Flash\" Gordon?",
              "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs had high expectations in 2002, but the squad played poorly. On July 5, 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position. The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in '03. Most notably, they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ram\u00edrez, and rode dominant pitching, led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior, as the Cubs led the division down the stretch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "July 5, 2002" }],
              "question": "When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?",
              "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "the General Manager position" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Jim Hendry promoted to?",
              "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Dusty Baker" }],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?",
              "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After losing an extra-inning game in Game 1, the Cubs rallied and took a 3 games to 1 lead over the Wild Card Florida Marlins in the NLCS. Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5, but young pitcher Mark Prior led the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3\u20130 lead into the 8th inning and it was at this point when a now-infamous incident took place. Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo. A Chicago Cubs fan by the name of Steve Bartman, of Northbrook, Illinois, reached for the ball and deflected it away from the glove of Mois\u00e9s Alou for the second out of the 8th inning. Alou reacted angrily toward the stands, and after the game stated that he would have caught the ball. Alou at one point recanted, saying he would not have been able to make the play, but later said this was just an attempt to make Bartman feel better and believing the whole incident should be forgotten. Interference was not called on the play, as the ball was ruled to be on the spectator side of the wall. Castillo was eventually walked by Prior. Two batters later, and to the chagrin of the packed stadium, Cubs shortstop Alex Gonzalez misplayed an inning ending double play, loading the bases and leading to eight Florida runs and a Marlin victory. Despite sending Kerry Wood to the mound and holding a lead twice, the Cubs ultimately dropped Game 7, and failed to reach the World Series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Game 5" }],
              "question": "In what game did Florida shut the Cubs out?",
              "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Mark Prior" }],
              "question": "What pitcher led the Cubs in Game 6?",
              "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Luis Castillo" }],
              "question": "Who hit the foul ball that several spectators attempted to catch?",
              "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8534"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series. The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee (who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectation. Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra, misfortune struck the Cubs again. They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25, and both of those teams lost that day, giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to a commanding 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season, but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets, and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings, a defeat that seemingly deflated the team, as they proceeded to drop 6 of their last 8 games as the Astros won the Wild Card.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series?",
              "id": "572673895951b619008f72f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Derek Lee" }],
              "question": "Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi?",
              "id": "572673895951b619008f72fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Nomar Garciaparra" }],
              "question": "Who was the mid-season deal for?",
              "id": "572673895951b619008f72fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games, this fallout was decidedly unlovable, as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season's final game early and then lied about it publicly. Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked-bat incident, Sammy's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him, (many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs' lore for years to come. The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood. Additionally, the '04 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone, who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker. Things were no better in 2005, despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster. The club struggled and suffered more key injuries, only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant. In 2006, bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66\u201396, last in the NL Central.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Sammy Sosa" }],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it?",
              "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Sammy Sosa" }],
              "question": "Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident?",
              "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "Steve Stone" }],
              "question": "What popular commentator left during the '04 season?",
              "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "Kent Mercker" }],
              "question": "Who verbally attacked Steve Stone?",
              "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006, the Cubs re-tooled and went from \"worst to first\" in 2007. In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at 8 years for $136 million, and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella. After a rough start, which included a brawl between Michael Barrett and Carlos Zambrano, the Cubs overcame the Milwaukee Brewers, who had led the division for most of the season, with winning streaks in June and July, coupled with a pair of dramatic, late-inning wins against the Reds, and ultimately clinched the NL Central with a record of 85\u201377. The Cubs traded Barrett to the Padres, and later acquired Jason Kendall from Oakland. Kendall was highly successful with his management of the pitching rotation and helped at the plate as well. By September, Geovany Soto became the full-time starter behind the plate, replacing the veteran Kendall. They met Arizona in the NLDS, but controversy followed as Piniella, in a move that has since come under scrutiny, pulled Carlos Zambrano after the sixth inning of a pitcher's duel with D-Backs ace Brandon Webb, to \"....save Zambrano for (a potential) Game 4.\" The Cubs, however, were unable to come through, losing the first game and eventually stranding over 30 baserunners in a 3-game Arizona sweep.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "66" }],
              "question": "How many wins did the Cubs finish the NL Central with in 2006?",
              "id": "572675ae5951b619008f733f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Alfonso Soriano" }],
              "question": "Who was signed to a contract at 8 years for $136 million?",
              "id": "572675ae5951b619008f7340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Lou Piniella" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager?",
              "id": "572675ae5951b619008f7341"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008, going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906\u201308. The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts, as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome. The team recorded their 10,000th win in April, while establishing an early division lead. Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July. The Cubs headed into the All-Star break with the N.L.'s best record, and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All-Star game, including catcher Geovany Soto, who was named Rookie of the Year. The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four-game series in Milwaukee. On September 14, in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike, Zambrano pitched a no-hitter against the Astros, and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley. The club ended the season with a 97\u201364 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS. The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1, but James Loney's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series' momentum. Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20\u20136 in a Dodger sweep, which provided yet another sudden ending.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Kosuke Fukudome" }],
              "question": "What  Chunichi Dragons  start was signed to the Cubs in 2008?",
              "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Rich Harden" }],
              "question": "Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July?",
              "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "Geovany Soto" }],
              "question": "Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008?",
              "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "Zambrano" }],
              "question": "Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th?",
              "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009, ending the Tribune years. Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts family, the Cubs' quest for a NL Central 3-peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years. Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009, but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20\u20136 pace that month, designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race, from which they were eliminated in the season's final week. The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009, and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season. Third baseman Aramis Ram\u00edrez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers, sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles. Additionally, key players like Derrek Lee (who still managed to hit .306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season), Alfonso Soriano and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries. The Cubs posted a winning record (83\u201378) for the third consecutive season, the first time the club had done so since 1972, and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts' family was approved by MLB owners in early October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs?",
              "id": "57267806708984140094c72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "St. Louis" }],
              "question": "Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009?",
              "id": "57267806708984140094c72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "injuries" }],
              "question": "What plagued the Cubs in 2009?",
              "id": "57267806708984140094c72d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct \"unacceptable.\" On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24\u201313 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Starlin Castro" }],
              "question": "Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?",
              "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "early May (2010)" }],
              "question": "When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?",
              "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Lou Piniella" }],
              "question": "Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? ",
              "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "take care of his sick mother" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?",
              "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free-agent slugger Carlos Pe\u00f1a, the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under .500 with a record of 71-91. Weeks after the season came to an end, the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy, as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox, naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $18 million, and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade. Epstein, a proponent of sabremetrics and one of the architects of two world series titles in Boston brought along Jed Hoyer to fill the role of GM and hired Dale Sveum as manager. Although the team had a dismal 2012 season, losing 101 games (the worst record since 1966) it was largely expected. The youth movement ushered in by Epstein and Hoyer began as longtime fan favorite Kerry Wood retired in May, followed by Ryan Dempster and Geovany Soto being traded to Texas at the All-Star break for a group of minor league prospects headlined by Christian Villanueva. The development of Castro, Anthony Rizzo, Darwin Barney, Brett Jackson and pitcher Jeff Samardzija as well as the replenishing of the minor-league system with prospects such as Javier Baez, Albert Almora, and Jorge Soler became the primary focus of the season, a philosophy which the new management said would carry over at least through the 2013 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many games under .500 did the Cubs finish the 2011 season with?",
              "id": "57267aad708984140094c77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Tom Ricketts" }],
              "question": "Who was the new owner of the Cubs?",
              "id": "57267aad708984140094c77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Theo Epstein" }],
              "question": "Who did the new owner of the Cubs sign from the Boston Red Sox?",
              "id": "57267aad708984140094c77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "$18 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth?",
              "id": "57267aad708984140094c780"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2013 season resulted in much as the same the year before. Shortly before the trade deadline, the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C. J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm. Three days later, the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black. The mid season fire sale led to another last place finish in the NL Central, finishing with a record of 66-96. Although there was a five-game improvement in the record from the year before, Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro seemed to take steps backward in their development. On September 30, 2013, Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs. The regression of several young players was thought to be the main focus point, as the front office said Dale would not be judged based on wins and losses. In two seasons as skipper, Sveum finished with a record of 127-197.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Matt Garza" }],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs trade to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C.J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm?",
              "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Alfonso Soriano" }],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs send to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black?",
              "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "September 30, 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum?",
              "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "two seasons" }],
              "question": "How many seasons did Dale Sveum spend with the Cubs before getting fired?",
              "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 2, 2014, the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager in team history. On December 10, 2014, Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a 6-year, $155 million contract. Many other trades and acquisitions occurred during the off season. The opening day lineup for the Cubs contained five new players including rookie right fielder Jorge Soler. Rookies Kris Bryant and Addison Russell were in the starting lineup by mid-April, and rookie Kyle Schwarber was added in mid-June. The Cubs finished the 2015 season with a record of 97\u201365, third best in the majors. On October 7, in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game, Jake Arrieta pitched a complete game shutout and the Cubs defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates 4\u20130.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2, 2014" }],
              "question": "When did the Cubs announce that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager?",
              "id": "57267c335951b619008f7457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Jon Lester" }],
              "question": "Who did the team sign on December 10, 2014 as a free agent?",
              "id": "57267c335951b619008f7458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "$155 million" }],
              "question": "How much was Jon Lester's contract worth?",
              "id": "57267c335951b619008f7459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "97\u201365" }],
              "question": "What was the record the Cubs finished with during the 2015 season?",
              "id": "57267c335951b619008f745a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 23, 1908, the Cubs and New York Giants were involved in a tight pennant race. The two clubs were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds, and N.Y. had runners on first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell singled, scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants' apparent winning run, but the runner on first base, rookie Fred Merkle, left the field without touching second base. As fans swarmed the field, Cub infielder Johnny Evers retrieved the ball and touched second. Since there were two outs, a forceout was called at second base, ending the inning and the game. Because of the tie the Giants and Cubs ended up tied for first place. The Giants lost the ensuing one-game playoff and the Cubs went on to the World Series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 23, 1908" }],
              "question": "When were the Cubs and New York Giants involved in a tight pennant race?",
              "id": "57267d415951b619008f7473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "New York Giants" }],
              "question": "Who were the Cubs involved with for a tight pennant race on September 23, 1908?",
              "id": "57267d415951b619008f7474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Fred Merkle" }],
              "question": "Who was the runner on first base?",
              "id": "57267d415951b619008f7475"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 1, 1932, in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees, Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate, pointed his finger to Wrigley Field's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center. There is speculation as to whether the \"facts\" surrounding the story are true or not, but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1, 1932" }],
              "question": "When was game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees?",
              "id": "57267da65951b619008f748d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Babe Ruth" }],
              "question": "Who allegedly hit a home run to the Center?",
              "id": "57267da65951b619008f748e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "When did Babe Ruth retire?",
              "id": "57267da65951b619008f748f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in in 1930, breaking Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI. (In 1999, a long-lost extra RBI mistakenly credited to Charlie Grimm had been found by Cooperstown researcher Cliff Kachline and verified by historian Jerome Holtzman, increasing the record number to 191.) As of 2014 the record still stands, with no serious threats coming since Gehrig (184) and Hank Greenberg (183) in the same era. The closest anyone has come to the mark in the last 75 years was Manny Ramirez's 165 RBI in 1999. In addition to the RBI record, Wilson 56 home-runs stood as the National League record until 1998, when Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire hit 66 and 70, respectively. Wilson was named \"Most Useful\" player that year by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, as the official N.L. Most Valuable Player Award was not awarded until the next season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in?",
              "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hack Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who Broke Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI?",
              "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did Manny Ramirez get his 165 RBI?",
              "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 728, "text": "\"Most Useful\" player" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Wilson named by the Baseball Writer's Association of America? ",
              "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 25, 1976, at Dodger Stadium, father-and-son protestors ran into the outfield and tried to set fire to a U.S. flag. When Cubs outfielder Rick Monday noticed the flag on the ground and the man and boy fumbling with matches and lighter fluid, he dashed over and snatched the flag to thunderous applause. When he came up to bat in the next half-inning, he got a standing ovation from the crowd and the stadium titantron flashed the message, \"RICK MONDAY... YOU MADE A GREAT PLAY...\" Monday later said, \"If you're going to burn the flag, don't do it around me. I've been to too many veterans' hospitals and seen too many broken bodies of guys who tried to protect it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 25, 1976" }],
              "question": "When did protesters run into the outfield and try to set fire to the U.S. flag?",
              "id": "572680405951b619008f74d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Dodger Stadium" }],
              "question": "What stadium did protesters try to burn the U.S.  flag?",
              "id": "572680405951b619008f74d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Rick Monday" }],
              "question": "Who grabbed the flag before protesters could light it on fire?",
              "id": "572680405951b619008f74d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June, 1998 Sammy Sosa exploded into the pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record. Sosa had 13 home runs entering the month, representing less than half of Mark McGwire's total. Sosa had his first of four multi-home run games that month on June 1, and went on to break Rudy York's record with 20 home runs in the month, a record that still stands. By the end of his historic month, the outfielder's 33 home runs tied him with Ken Griffey, Jr. and left him only four behind McGwire's 37. Sosa finished with 66 and won the NL MVP Award.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did Sammy Sosa explode into pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record? ",
              "id": "572680bb5951b619008f74f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Sammy Sosa" }],
              "question": "Who was in pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record?",
              "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Roger Maris" }],
              "question": "Sammy Sosa was in pursuit of beating whose home run record?",
              "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "the NL MVP Award" }],
              "question": "What award did Sammy Sosa win?",
              "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 23, 2008, against the Colorado Rockies, the Cubs recorded the 10,000th regular-season win in their franchise's history dating back to the beginning of the National League in 1876. The Cubs reached the milestone with an overall National League record of 10,000-9,465. Chicago was only the second club in Major League Baseball history to attain this milestone, the first having been the San Francisco Giants in mid-season 2005. The Cubs, however, hold the mark for victories for a team in a single city. The Chicago club's 77\u201377 record in the National Association (1871, 1874\u20131875) is not included in MLB record keeping. Post-season series are also not included in the totals. To honor the milestone, the Cubs flew an extra white flag displaying \"10,000\" in blue, along with the customary \"W\" flag.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 23, 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season win?",
              "id": "57268114708984140094c847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Colorado Rockies" }],
              "question": "Who did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season against?",
              "id": "57268114708984140094c848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When was the beginning of the National League?",
              "id": "57268114708984140094c849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Guti\u00e9rrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?",
              "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "May 6, 1998" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?",
              "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Houston" }],
              "question": "Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?",
              "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chicago Cubs have not won a World Series championship since 1908, and have not appeared in the Fall Classic since 1945, although between their postseason appearance in 1984 and their most recent in 2015, they have made the postseason seven times. 107 seasons is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues, which also includes the National Football League (NFL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Hockey League (NHL). In fact, the Cubs' last World Series title occurred before those other three leagues even existed, and even the Cubs' last World Series appearance predates the founding of the NBA. The much publicized drought was concurrent to championship droughts by the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox, who both had over 80 years between championships. It is this unfortunate distinction that has led to the club often being known as \"The Lovable Losers.\" The team was one win away from breaking what is often called the \"Curse of the Billy Goat\" in 1984 and 2003 (Steve Bartman incident), but was unable get the victory that would send it to the World Series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "107 seasons" }],
              "question": "What is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues?",
              "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 935, "text": "The Lovable Losers" }
              ],
              "question": "The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what?",
              "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs appeared in the Fall Classic?",
              "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs win a World Series championship?",
              "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 11, 2000, Glenallen Hill, facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard, became the first, and thus far only player, to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave, beyond Wrigley Field's left field wall. The shot was estimated at well over 500 feet (150 m), but the Cubs fell to Milwaukee 12\u20138. No batted ball has ever hit the center field scoreboard, although the original \"Slammin' Sammy\", golfer Sam Snead, hit it with a golf ball in an exhibition in the 1950s. In 1948, Bill Nicholson barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue and in 1959, Roberto Clemente came even closer with a home run ball hit onto Waveland Avenue. In 2001, a Sammy Sosa shot landed across Waveland and bounced a block down Kenmore Avenue. Dave Kingman hit a shot in 1979 that hit the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore, estimated at 555 feet (169 m), and is regarded as the longest home run in Wrigley Field history. On May 26, 2015, the Cubs rookie third baseman, Kris Bryant, hit a homerun that traveled an estimated 477 feet (145 m) off the park's new videoboard in left field. Later the same year, he hit a homer that traveled 495 feet (151 m) that also ricocheted off of the videoboard On October 13, 2015, Kyle Schwarber's 438-foot home run landed on the equally new right field videoboard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Glenallen Hill" }],
              "question": "Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?",
              "id": "572684db5951b619008f7551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 11, 2000" }],
              "question": "When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?",
              "id": "572684db5951b619008f7552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Bill Nicholson" }],
              "question": "Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue?",
              "id": "572684db5951b619008f7553"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985\u20131995 and 2004\u20132012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as \"Steve Stone's favorite team.\" The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?",
              "id": "5726856d708984140094c8cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Peoria Chiefs" }],
              "question": "The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?",
              "id": "5726856d708984140094c8d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "September 16, 2014" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?",
              "id": "5726856d708984140094c8d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chicago White Stockings, (today's Chicago Cubs), began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886. President Albert Spalding (founder of Spalding Sporting Goods) and player/manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds. The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season. After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886, winning the National League Pennant, other teams began bringing their players to \"spring training\".  The Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, New York Highlanders, Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive. Whittington Park (1894) and later Majestic Park (1909) and Fogel Field (1912) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chicago White Stockings" }
              ],
              "question": "Who began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886?",
              "id": "57268614dd62a815002e8818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Albert Spalding" }],
              "question": "Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods?",
              "id": "57268614dd62a815002e8819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Hot Springs, Arkansas" }
              ],
              "question": "Whittington Park, Majestic Park, and Fogel Field were all built where?",
              "id": "57268614dd62a815002e881a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in |Mesa, Arizona, where they play in the Cactus League. The park seats 15,000, making it Major League baseball's largest spring training facility by capacity. The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road. Before Sloan Park opened in 2014, the team played games at HoHoKam Park - Dwight Patterson Field from 1979. \"HoHoKam\" is literally translated from Native American as \"those who vanished.\" The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Sloan Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the Cubs' current spring  training facility located?",
              "id": "572686975951b619008f75a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "How many seats are in the Cubs' Sloan Park training facility?",
              "id": "572686975951b619008f75a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did Sloan Park open?",
              "id": "572686975951b619008f75a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Mesa, the club has held spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896\u20131900), (1909\u20131910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911\u20131912); Champaign, Illinois (1901\u201302, 1906); Los Angeles (1903\u201304, 1948\u20131949), Santa Monica, California (1905); French Lick, Indiana (1908, 1943\u20131945); Tampa, Florida (1913\u20131916); Pasadena, California (1917\u20131921); Santa Catalina Island, California (1922\u20131942, 1946\u20131947, 1950\u20131951); Rendezvous Park in Mesa (1952\u20131965); Blair Field in Long Beach, California (1966); and Scottsdale, Arizona (1967\u20131978).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Mesa" }],
              "question": "Where is Rendezvous Park?",
              "id": "572686f05951b619008f75bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Long Beach, California" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Blair Field?",
              "id": "572686f05951b619008f75be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "(1967\u20131978)" }],
              "question": "Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?",
              "id": "572686f05951b619008f75bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr.'s then-majority interest in the island in 1919. Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training: it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field. (The ballpark is long gone, but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club.) However, by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa, Arizona. The Cubs' 30-year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book, The Cubs on Catalina, by Jim Vitti . . . which was named International 'Book of the Year' by The Sporting News.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "William Wrigley Jr" }],
              "question": "Who had a majority interest in Cataline island  in 1919?",
              "id": "572687a75951b619008f75eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "a ballpark" }],
              "question": "What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?",
              "id": "572687a75951b619008f75ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island?",
              "id": "572687a75951b619008f75ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979. Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "the second HoHoKam Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the former location in Mesa?",
              "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "25,000 square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?",
              "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?",
              "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call \"Hey Hey!\" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. \"Whoo-boy!\" and \"Wheeee!\" and \"Oh, brother!\" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jack Brickhouse" }],
              "question": "Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?",
              "id": "572688895951b619008f7601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Hey Hey!" }],
              "question": "What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?",
              "id": "572688895951b619008f7602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "he personally recommended his successor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?",
              "id": "572688895951b619008f7603"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Harry Caray's stamp on the team is perhaps even deeper than that of Brickhouse, although his 17-year tenure, from 1982 to 1997, was half as long. First, Caray had already become a well-known Chicago figure by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade, after having been a St Louis Cardinals icon for 25 years. Caray also had the benefit of being in the booth during the NL East title run in 1984, which was widely seen due to WGN's status as a cable-TV superstation. His trademark call of \"Holy Cow!\" and his enthusiastic singing of \"Take me out to the ballgame\" during the 7th inning stretch (as he had done with the White Sox) made Caray a fan favorite both locally and nationally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "17-year" }],
              "question": "How long was Harry Caray's tenure  with the Cubs?",
              "id": "572688fd708984140094c92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure?",
              "id": "572688fd708984140094c92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "25 years" }],
              "question": "How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon?",
              "id": "572688fd708984140094c92d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Caray had lively discussions with commentator Steve Stone, who was hand-picked by Harry himself, and producer Arne Harris. Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone's cigar and why Stone was single, while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being \"under the influence.\" Stone disclosed in his book \"Where's Harry\" that most of this \"arguing\" was staged, and usually a ploy developed by Harry himself to add flavor to the broadcast. The Cubs still have a \"guest conductor\", usually a celebrity, lead the crowd in singing \"Take me out to the ballgame\" during the 7th inning stretch to honor Caray's memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Steve Stone" }],
              "question": "Who did Harry hand-pick himself?",
              "id": "57268a4a708984140094c94f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Stone" }],
              "question": "Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?",
              "id": "57268a4a708984140094c950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "over Stone's cigar" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?",
              "id": "57268a4a708984140094c951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "Take me out to the ballgame" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?",
              "id": "57268a4a708984140094c952"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1981, after 6 decades under the Wrigley family, the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $20,500,000. Tribune, owners of the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, WGN Television, WGN Radio and many other media outlets, controlled the club until December 2007, when Sam Zell completed his purchase of the entire Tribune organization and announced his intention to sell the baseball team. After a nearly two-year process which involved potential buyers such as Mark Cuban and a group led by Hank Aaron, a family trust of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts won the bidding process as the 2009 season came to a close. Ultimately, the sale was unanimously approved by MLB owners and the Ricketts family took control on October 27, 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Tribune Company" }],
              "question": "What company purchased the  Cubs in 1981?",
              "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "$20,500,000" }],
              "question": "How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for?",
              "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "6 decades" }],
              "question": "How long were the Cubs ran under the Wrigley family?",
              "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,\" also known as \"Tinker to Evers to Chance\" after its refrain, is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams. The poem is presented as a single, rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker, second baseman Johnny Evers, and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play. The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902, and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912. The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910, often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "\"Tinker to Evers to Chance\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\" also known as?",
              "id": "57268b24708984140094c997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Franklin Pierce Adams" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\"?",
              "id": "57268b24708984140094c998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon," }
              ],
              "question": "What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? ",
              "id": "57268b24708984140094c999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub. Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13, 2014, the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club's first ever official physical mascot. The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "a young bear cub" }],
              "question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot?",
              "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Clark" }],
              "question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?",
              "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "January 13, 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Clark make his debut?",
              "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e362"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark, though a man in a 'polar bear' looking outfit, called \"The Bear-man\" (or Beeman), which was mildly popular with the fans, paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s. There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club. Through the 2013 season, there were \"Cubbie-bear\" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day, but none are employed by the team. They pose for pictures with fans for tips. The most notable of these was \"Billy Cub\" who worked outside of the stadium until for over 6 years until July 2013, when the club asked him to stop. Billy Cub, who is played by fan John Paul Weier, had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "'polar bear' looking outfit" }
              ],
              "question": "What did \"The Bear-man\" wear as an outfit?",
              "id": "57268c675951b619008f7657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "2013 season" }],
              "question": "During what season were \"cubbie-bear\" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day?",
              "id": "57268c675951b619008f7658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "John Paul Weier" }],
              "question": "Who played Billy Cub?",
              "id": "57268c675951b619008f7659"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another unofficial but much more well-known mascot is Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area. He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games, generally punctuated with an exclamatory \"Woo!\" (e.g., \"Cubs, woo! Cubs, woo! Big-Z, woo! Zambrano, woo! Cubs, woo!\") Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers \"Leather Lungs\" for his ability to shout for hours at a time. He is not employed by the team, although the club has on two separate occasions allowed him into the broadcast booth and allow him some degree of freedom once he purchases or is given a ticket by fans to get into the games. He is largely allowed to roam the park and interact with fans by Wrigley Field security.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another unofficial well-known mascot?",
              "id": "57268d025951b619008f765d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Ronnie known for to Wrigley Field visitors?",
              "id": "57268d025951b619008f765e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "\"Leather Lungs" }],
              "question": "What did Harry Caray dub Wickers?",
              "id": "57268d025951b619008f765f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in Chicago's Lake View neighborhood, Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues. The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville. There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area, most with baseball inspired themes, including Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear. Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement. One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says \"Eamus Catuli!\" which is Latin for \"Let's Go Cubs!\" and another chronicles the time since the last Division title, pennant, and World Series championship. The 02 denotes two years since the 2008 NL Central title, 65 years since the 1945 pennant and 102 years since the 1908 World Series championship. On game days, many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots. The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood, and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events, such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings, as well as a 2010 NCAA men's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "Chicago's Lake View neighborhood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Wrigley Field located?",
              "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Wrigleyville" }],
              "question": "What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to?",
              "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "bleachers" }],
              "question": "What have many apartment buildings  surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops?",
              "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8972"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five-year, $575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field. Called the 1060 Project, the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium's facade, infrastructure, restrooms, concourses, suites, press box, bullpens, and clubhouses, as well as a 6,000-square foot jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers, batting tunnels, a 3,000-square-foot video board in right field, and, eventually, an adjacent hotel, plaza, and office-retail complex. In previously years mostly all efforts to conduct any large-scale renovations to the field had been opposed by the city, former mayor Richard M. Daley (a staunch White Sox fan), and especially the rooftop owners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Tom Ricketts and Crane Kenney unveil plans for a five-year funded renovation of Wrigley Field?",
              "id": "5726928c708984140094ca97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "$575 million" }],
              "question": "How much money has been funded to the renovation of Wrigley Field?",
              "id": "5726928c708984140094ca98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "6,000-square foot" }],
              "question": "How big is the jumbotron going to be?",
              "id": "5726928c708984140094ca99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Bleacher Bums\" is a name given to fans, many of whom spend much of the day heckling, who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field. Initially, the group was called \"bums\" because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games, and since those games were all day games, it was assumed they did not work. Many of those fans were, and are still, students at Chicago area colleges, such as DePaul University, Loyola, Northwestern University, and Illinois-Chicago. A Broadway play, starring Joe Mantegna, Dennis Farina, Dennis Franz, and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club's games. The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl, Tom Nall and \"mad bugler\" Mike Murphy, who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago-based WSCR AM 670 \"The Score\". Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams' home run balls. The current group is headed by Derek Schaul (Derek the Five Dollar Kid). Prior to the 2006 season, they were updated, with new shops and private bar (The Batter's Eye) being added, and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section, dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers. Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission, except during the playoffs. The bleachers have been referred to as the \"World's Largest Beer Garden.\" A popular T-shirt (sold inside the park and licensed by the club) which says \"Wrigley Bleachers\" on the front and the phrase \"Shut Up and Drink Your Beer\" on the reverse fuels this stereotype.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Bleacher Bums" }],
              "question": "What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field?",
              "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "Derek Schaul" }],
              "question": "Who heads the current group?",
              "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1191, "text": "the Bud Light Bleachers" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section?",
              "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1975, a group of Chicago Cubs fans based in Washington, D.C. formed the Emil Verban Society. The society is a select club of high profile Cub fans, currently headed by Illinois Senator Dick Durbin which is named for Emil Verban, who in three seasons with the Cubs in the 1940s batted .280 with 39 runs batted in and one home run. Verban was picked as the epitome of a Cub player, explains columnist George Will, because \"He exemplified mediocrity under pressure, he was competent but obscure and typifying of the work ethics.\" Verban initially believed he was being ridiculed, but his ill feeling disappeared several years later when he was flown to Washington to meet President Ronald Reagan, also a society member, at the White House. Hillary Clinton, Jim Belushi, Joe Mantegna, Rahm Emanuel, Dick Cheney and many others have been included among its membership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society?",
              "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Washington, D.C" }],
              "question": "Where were the Emil Verban Society founders based in?",
              "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Illinois Senator Dick Durbin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society?",
              "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e462"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "What year was the single \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" produced? ",
              "id": "57269483708984140094cad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Cub Power" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?",
              "id": "57269483708984140094cad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Cubs Song incorporate?",
              "id": "57269483708984140094cad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of \"Talkin' Baseball\" (subtitled \"Baseball and the Cubs\") by Terry Cashman. The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released? ",
              "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "17 songs" }],
              "question": "How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?",
              "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "September 21, 1997" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\"?",
              "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues. In 2015, the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs and were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21, 2015, the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film. However, it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Back to the Future Part II" }
              ],
              "question": "What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series?",
              "id": "5726956c708984140094cae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Miami Marlins" }],
              "question": "What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?",
              "id": "5726956c708984140094cae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "October 21" }],
              "question": "What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS?",
              "id": "5726956c708984140094cae7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "States_of_Germany",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geographical conditions, Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten (city-states), as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The remaining 13 states are called Fl\u00e4chenl\u00e4nder (literally: area states).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many federal states does Germany have?",
              "id": "5725ffe1ec44d21400f3d7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Stadtstaaten (city-states)" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Hamburg and Berlin called?",
              "id": "5725ffe1ec44d21400f3d7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Bremen and Bremerhaven" }
              ],
              "question": "The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which two cities?",
              "id": "5725ffe1ec44d21400f3d7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "sixteen federal states" }
              ],
              "question": "How many federal states does Germany have?",
              "id": "5726e32d5951b619008f8179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "measure of sovereignty" }
              ],
              "question": "What do constituent states still have?",
              "id": "5726e32d5951b619008f817a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Berlin and Hamburg" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two major city-states?",
              "id": "5726e32d5951b619008f817b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Free Hanseatic City of Bremen" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the city-state that contains Bremen and Bremerhaven?",
              "id": "5726e32d5951b619008f817c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Fl\u00e4chenl\u00e4nder" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Germans call the other 13 states?",
              "id": "5726e32d5951b619008f817d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many states are in Germany?",
              "id": "57290d70af94a219006a9feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Berlin and Hamburg" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?",
              "id": "57290d70af94a219006a9fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Bundesland, or Land" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the German terms for states?",
              "id": "57290d70af94a219006a9fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many states are called \"Fl\u00e4chenl\u00e4nder\"?",
              "id": "57290d70af94a219006a9fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Bremen and Bremerhaven" }
              ],
              "question": "The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?",
              "id": "57290d70af94a219006a9fef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig-Holstein, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern. West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "What year was the Federal Republic of Germany created?",
              "id": "572600c038643c19005acf53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "The Federal Republic of Germany was founded after which world war?",
              "id": "572600c038643c19005acf54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "West Berlin" }],
              "question": "What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany?",
              "id": "572600c038643c19005acf55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed?",
              "id": "5726e330708984140094d4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "the aftermath of World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "How did this republic come to be?",
              "id": "5726e330708984140094d4d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "American, British, and French administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the republic controlled at the end World War II?",
              "id": "5726e330708984140094d4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "West Berlin" }],
              "question": "Which state was NOT a part of the Federal Republic in 1949?",
              "id": "5726e330708984140094d4d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the Federal Republic of Germany created",
              "id": "57290e1f1d04691400778feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "American, British, and French" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?",
              "id": "57290e1f1d04691400778fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "West Berlin" }],
              "question": "Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?",
              "id": "57290e1f1d04691400778fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?",
              "id": "57290e1f1d04691400778fee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Th\u00fcringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as \"Berlin-Brandenburg\" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "following a referendum" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg form?",
              "id": "5726e2f1708984140094d4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "German reunification" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the  the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic?",
              "id": "5726e2f1708984140094d4ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "German reunification" }
              ],
              "question": "What was it called when East Germany joined the republic?",
              "id": "5726e2f1708984140094d4cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "West and East Berlin" }
              ],
              "question": "What states formed Berlin in 1990?",
              "id": "5726e2f1708984140094d4d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Brandenburg" }],
              "question": "Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996?",
              "id": "5726e361dd62a815002e9402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Which city did Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?",
              "id": "57290ee56aef051400154a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year did Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern merge?",
              "id": "57290ee56aef051400154a05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Saarland" }],
              "question": " In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?",
              "id": "57290ee56aef051400154a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did the German reunification take place?",
              "id": "57290ee56aef051400154a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 749,
                  "text": "failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?",
              "id": "57290ee56aef051400154a08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including \"culture\", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (literally Federal Council, the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties \"with the consent of the federal government\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Federalism" }],
              "question": "What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?",
              "id": "572912746aef051400154a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "the federation" }],
              "question": "In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? ",
              "id": "572912746aef051400154a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "culture" }],
              "question": "What is an example of what states retain authority over?",
              "id": "572912746aef051400154a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "the Bundesrat" }],
              "question": "The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?",
              "id": "572912746aef051400154a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1107, "text": "the federal government" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?",
              "id": "572912746aef051400154a2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of the term L\u00e4nder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither by the constitution of 1919 nor by the Basic Law (Constitution) of 1949. Three L\u00e4nder call themselves Freistaaten (Free States, which is the old-fashioned German expression for Republic), Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally since 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). There is little continuity between the current states and their predecessors of the Weimar Republic with the exception of the three free states, and the two city-states of Hamburg and Bremen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "the Weimar Constitution of 1919"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term L\u00e4nder date back to?",
              "id": "572913111d0469140077901b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Staaten" }],
              "question": "Before 1919 what were the German states called?",
              "id": "572913111d0469140077901c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Freistaaten" }],
              "question": "What does Bavaria refer to itself as?",
              "id": "572913111d0469140077901d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many free states are there in Germany?",
              "id": "572913111d0469140077901e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 756, "text": "Hamburg and Bremen" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two city-states in Germany?",
              "id": "572913111d0469140077901f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though \"Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...\", as political scientist Arthur B. Gunlicks remarks. He summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: \"... the German system of dual federalism requires strong L\u00e4nder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many L\u00e4nder also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated ...\". But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "delimitation of the federal territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What keeps being debated in Germany?",
              "id": "5729145a3f37b31900477fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "pay for it from own source revenues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Gunlick remark that the German System of  dual federalism requires strong L\u00e4nder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?",
              "id": "5729145a3f37b31900478000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "several" }],
              "question": "How many proposals have failed so far?",
              "id": "5729145a3f37b31900478001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796\u20131814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "more than 300" }],
              "question": "The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? ",
              "id": "5729153baf94a219006aa055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "the Napoleonic Wars" }
              ],
              "question": "The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?",
              "id": "5729153baf94a219006aa056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "the German Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?",
              "id": "5729153baf94a219006aa057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 887, "text": "62%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population did Prussia control?",
              "id": "5729153baf94a219006aa058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "How much of the land did Prussia control?",
              "id": "5729153baf94a219006aa059"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Allied military governments" }
              ],
              "question": "Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?",
              "id": "57291636af94a219006aa065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?",
              "id": "57291636af94a219006aa066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?",
              "id": "57291636af94a219006aa067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "Polish or Soviet administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?",
              "id": "57291636af94a219006aa068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "no attempts" }],
              "question": "How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?",
              "id": "57291636af94a219006aa069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the \"Old States\" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways de facto integrated with West Germany under a special status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many states did West Germany have at its founding?",
              "id": "57291a3e1d04691400779035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Western Allies" }],
              "question": "What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?",
              "id": "57291a3e1d04691400779036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "neither a Western German state nor part of one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which state was West Berlin apart of?",
              "id": "57291a3e1d04691400779037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When did the Saarland form?",
              "id": "57291a3e1d04691400779038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952",
              "id": "57291a3e1d04691400779039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "had successfully achieved the unity of Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?",
              "id": "57291cb03f37b3190047802d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "\"any other parts of Germany\" to join"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?",
              "id": "57291cb03f37b3190047802e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Saar Protectorate" }],
              "question": "Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? ",
              "id": "57291cb03f37b3190047802f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "the 16 German states" }
              ],
              "question": "The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?",
              "id": "57291cb03f37b31900478030"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (D\u00f6ring, Apel, and others) made proposals \u2013  some of them far-reaching \u2013  for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2,
                  "text": "new delimitation of the federal territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?",
              "id": "57291d241d04691400779065"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "a reduction of the number of states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?",
              "id": "57291d241d04691400779066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "Territorial reform" }
              ],
              "question": "What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?",
              "id": "57291d241d04691400779067"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?",
              "id": "57291e663f37b31900478039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Hugo Preuss" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?",
              "id": "57291e663f37b3190047803a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many states was the German Reich to divided into?",
              "id": "57291e663f37b3190047803b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? ",
              "id": "57291e663f37b3190047803c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did Pyrmont join Prussia?",
              "id": "57291e663f37b3190047803d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the L\u00e4nder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by the Greater Hamburg Act (Gro\u00df-Hamburg-Gesetz), from April 1, 1937, the area of the city-state was extended, while L\u00fcbeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "January 1933" }],
              "question": "When did the Nazi Party seize power?",
              "id": "57291f33af94a219006aa0a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "They became administrative regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the L\u00e4nder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime?",
              "id": "57291f33af94a219006aa0a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Mecklenburg-Strelitz" }
              ],
              "question": "on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state?",
              "id": "57291f33af94a219006aa0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "April 1, 1937" }],
              "question": "When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur?",
              "id": "57291f33af94a219006aa0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Schleswig-Holstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Prussian province did L\u00fcbeck become a part of?",
              "id": "57291f33af94a219006aa0ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a Land had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "the Federal Territory must be revised"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?",
              "id": "57292188af94a219006aa0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "one tenth" }],
              "question": "How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?",
              "id": "57292188af94a219006aa0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "a referendum" }],
              "question": "What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? ",
              "id": "57292188af94a219006aa0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1231, "text": "paragraph 6" }],
              "question": "Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?",
              "id": "57292188af94a219006aa0d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Paris Agreements" }],
              "question": "In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?",
              "id": "5729240c1d046914007790b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "67.7%" }],
              "question": "In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?",
              "id": "5729240c1d046914007790ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "96.5%" }],
              "question": "What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?",
              "id": "5729240c1d046914007790bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Chancellor Konrad Adenauer" }
              ],
              "question": "Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?",
              "id": "5729240c1d046914007790bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "join the Federal Republic of Germany."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?",
              "id": "5729240c1d046914007790bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?",
              "id": "572924e26aef051400154a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "filed a constitutional complaint"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?",
              "id": "572924e26aef051400154a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "July 1961" }],
              "question": "When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?",
              "id": "572924e26aef051400154a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "exclusively federal matter" }
              ],
              "question": "On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed",
              "id": "572924e26aef051400154a9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to L\u00fcchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?",
              "id": "572926bd6aef051400154aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Bonn" }],
              "question": "Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?",
              "id": "572926bd6aef051400154acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Werner Ernst" }],
              "question": "An expert commission was established under which chairman?",
              "id": "572926bd6aef051400154acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1052, "text": "the district of Germersheim" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the expert commission deliver its report?",
              "id": "572926bd6aef051400154acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1106, "text": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?",
              "id": "572926bd6aef051400154ace"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpr\u00e4sident (Minister-President), together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag (State Diet). The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag's members. The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Article 28" }],
              "question": "Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\"?",
              "id": "5729281f6aef051400154ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Ministerpr\u00e4sident" }
              ],
              "question": "Most states are governed by what figure?",
              "id": "5729281f6aef051400154ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Landtag" }],
              "question": "What are most state legislatures called?",
              "id": "5729281f6aef051400154ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "a majority vote among the Landtag's members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the Minister President chosen?",
              "id": "5729281f6aef051400154ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "a cabinet" }],
              "question": "Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies?",
              "id": "5729281f6aef051400154aea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspr\u00e4sident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster B\u00fcrgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender B\u00fcrgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a B\u00fcrgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Senate" }],
              "question": "What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?",
              "id": "57292b1f6aef051400154b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "the State Government" }
              ],
              "question": " What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?",
              "id": "57292b1f6aef051400154b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "a bicameral parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?",
              "id": "57292b1f6aef051400154b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?",
              "id": "57292b1f6aef051400154b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1103, "text": "Abgeordnetenhaus" }],
              "question": "The parliament in Berlin is called what?",
              "id": "57292b1f6aef051400154b20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of \"rural districts\" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie St\u00e4dte, in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg also called \"urban districts\", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind (Kommunalverb\u00e4nde besonderer Art), see below. The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "administrative districts" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the districts of Germany considered?",
              "id": "57292bceaf94a219006aa155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "\"rural districts\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?",
              "id": "57292bceaf94a219006aa156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many urban districts are in Bremen?",
              "id": "57292bceaf94a219006aa157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "urban districts" }],
              "question": "Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?",
              "id": "57292bceaf94a219006aa158"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie St\u00e4dte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "one or more Kreisfreie St\u00e4dte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?",
              "id": "572934ad1d04691400779163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "administrative entities at the district level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do local associations replace?",
              "id": "572934ad1d04691400779164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "simplification of administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are local associations  intended to implement?",
              "id": "572934ad1d04691400779165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Kommunalverband besonderer Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?",
              "id": "572934ad1d04691400779166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "the issuing of special laws" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?",
              "id": "572934ad1d04691400779167"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (Stadtrechte). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "municipalities" }],
              "question": "Every rural district is subdivided into what?",
              "id": "5729353d3f37b31900478101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "municipality" }],
              "question": "Every urban district is what in its own right?",
              "id": "5729353d3f37b31900478102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "12,141" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities are there?",
              "id": "5729353d3f37b31900478103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "a municipality" }],
              "question": "What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?",
              "id": "5729353d3f37b31900478104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Stadtrechte" }],
              "question": "What are town rights called?",
              "id": "5729353d3f37b31900478105"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities \"the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.\" Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "local governments can justify" }
              ],
              "question": "Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?",
              "id": "572936086aef051400154b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Article 28(2)" }],
              "question": "What article grants the municipalities \"the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.",
              "id": "572936086aef051400154b79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "a wide range of activities" }
              ],
              "question": "Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?",
              "id": "572936086aef051400154b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "development" }],
              "question": "What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?",
              "id": "572936086aef051400154b7b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Korean_War",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1, Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosungul: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Fatherland Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 \u2013 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Korean War begin?",
              "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "North Korea invaded South Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the start of the Korean War?",
              "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Korea" }],
              "question": "What country was divided at the end of World War II?",
              "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Which country aided South Korea during the war?",
              "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "27 July 1953" }],
              "question": "When did the Korean War end?",
              "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and\u2014by agreement with the United States\u2014occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces\u2014supported by the Soviet Union and China\u2014invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What nation ruled Korea in 1910?",
              "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "north of the 38th parallel" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?",
              "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "U.S. forces" }],
              "question": "Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "United Nations Security Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?",
              "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "Twenty-one" }],
              "question": "How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?",
              "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Pusan Perimeter" }],
              "question": "At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?",
              "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "In 1950, what country got involved in the war?",
              "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times did the control of Seoul change?",
              "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 752, "text": "close to the 38th parallel" }
              ],
              "question": "On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?",
              "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "air-to-air combat" }],
              "question": "What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?",
              "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In China, the war is officially called the \"War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea\" (simplified Chinese: \u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d\u6218\u4e89; traditional Chinese: \u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d\u6230\u722d; pinyin: K\u00e0ngm\u011biyu\u00e1nch\u00e1o zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng), although the term \"Chaoxian (Korean) War\" (simplified Chinese: \u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89; traditional Chinese: \u671d\u9bae\u6230\u722d; pinyin: Ch\u00e1oxi\u01cen zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng) is also used in unofficial contexts, along with the term \"Korean Conflict\" (simplified Chinese: \u97e9\u6218; traditional Chinese: \u97d3\u6230; pinyin: H\u00e1n Zh\u00e0n) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In, China what is the war officially called?",
              "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Korean Conflict" }],
              "question": "What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?",
              "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "unofficial contexts" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?",
              "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jir\u014d Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the S\u014dshi-kaimei policy. Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939, with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Empire of Japan" }],
              "question": "Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?",
              "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "General Jir\u014d Minami" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?",
              "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What language were the Korean people forced to learn?",
              "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "S\u014dshi-kaimei policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?",
              "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Conscription" }],
              "question": "In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?",
              "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?",
              "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?",
              "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Korean police force" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?",
              "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "32%" }],
              "question": "By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?",
              "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Imperial Japanese Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What army were Korean men conscripted into?",
              "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, \"even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops\". He noted that he was \"faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area\". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "dividing the Korean Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?",
              "id": "5726255e271a42140099d583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "General Order No. 1" }
              ],
              "question": "What order was the division of Korea included in?",
              "id": "5726255e271a42140099d585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "Soviet and U.S. occupation zones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two areas was Korea divided into?",
              "id": "5726255e271a42140099d584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "the capital of Korea" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?",
              "id": "5726255e271a42140099d587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726255e271a42140099d586"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945\u201348). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Gen. John R. Hodge" }],
              "question": "Who accepted Japan's surrender?",
              "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "United States Army Military Government in Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was General Hodge appointed the head of?",
              "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "People's Republic of Korea" }
              ],
              "question": "What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?",
              "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "it was communist" }],
              "question": "Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?",
              "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "Japanese colonial administrators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?",
              "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the Autumn uprising" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?",
              "id": "5726298838643c19005ad215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When was the Daegu Uprising?",
              "id": "5726298838643c19005ad216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?",
              "id": "5726298838643c19005ad217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "23 September 1946" }],
              "question": "When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?",
              "id": "5726298838643c19005ad218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "declared martial law" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?",
              "id": "5726298838643c19005ad219"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "hold an election" }],
              "question": "What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?",
              "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "it would not be fair" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?",
              "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "10 May 1948" }],
              "question": "When was the South Korean general election held?",
              "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "terrorism and sabotage" }
              ],
              "question": "What problems did the elections face?",
              "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?",
              "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung. President Rhee's r\u00e9gime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When was South Korea's constitution created?",
              "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Syngman Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?",
              "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "What year was the Republic of Korea established?",
              "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Kim Il-sung" }],
              "question": "Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?",
              "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad2a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "communists and leftists" }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?",
              "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad2a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "North Korean government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?",
              "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?",
              "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "supremacy in Manchuria" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Chinese Communists want?",
              "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "Chinese People's Liberation Army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?",
              "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "2,000 railway cars worth" }
              ],
              "question": "How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?",
              "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?",
              "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the People's Republic of China created?",
              "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Chinese support" }],
              "question": "What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?",
              "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Pak Il-yu" }],
              "question": "Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?",
              "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "the North Koreans" }],
              "question": "Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?",
              "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Western nations" }],
              "question": "What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?",
              "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?",
              "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "promoted Communist revolutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?",
              "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Nationalists" }],
              "question": "Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?",
              "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea\u2014which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?",
              "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?",
              "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?",
              "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?",
              "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?",
              "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Mao" }],
              "question": "Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?",
              "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "the Americans" }],
              "question": "Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?",
              "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "the Americans would intervene" }
              ],
              "question": "What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?",
              "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?",
              "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 732, "text": "preparations for war" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?",
              "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a \"counterattack\" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Soviet generals" }],
              "question": "Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?",
              "id": "57268408708984140094c89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Ongjin Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?",
              "id": "57268408708984140094c89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "the Soviet Advisory Group" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?",
              "id": "57268408708984140094c89f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?",
              "id": "57268408708984140094c8a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5\u20138 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15\u201317 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Kim Il-sung" }],
              "question": "Who called for Korean elections in 1950?",
              "id": "572686005951b619008f7585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who rejected the peace gesture?",
              "id": "572686005951b619008f7586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "revised his war plan" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?",
              "id": "572686005951b619008f7587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "South Korean agents had learned about the plans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Kim's war plan need revising?",
              "id": "572686005951b619008f7588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?",
              "id": "572686005951b619008f7589"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide \"target practice\". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "the South" }],
              "question": "Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group trained the Republic of Korea army?",
              "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "General William Lynn Roberts" }
              ],
              "question": "What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?",
              "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Syngman Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to take over North Korea?",
              "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 579, "text": "John Foster Dulles" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?",
              "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the \"bandit traitor Syngman Rhee\". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Korean People's Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Ongjin peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where did the fighting begin?",
              "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "the South Koreans" }],
              "question": "Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?",
              "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "scholars" }],
              "question": "Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?",
              "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Syngman Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?",
              "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June, at 2 am, the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing the bridge, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?",
              "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Han River" }],
              "question": "What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?",
              "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "forty-eight" }],
              "question": "How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?",
              "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "blew up the highway bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?",
              "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "28 June" }],
              "question": "What day was the city of Seoul captured?",
              "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: \"The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?",
              "id": "57268bee5951b619008f764f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "President Truman" }],
              "question": "Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?",
              "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "US policy toward Japan" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was South Korea important to the US?",
              "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "US policy toward Japan" }
              ],
              "question": "What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?",
              "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7652"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, \"[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]\". Yugoslavia\u2013a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split\u2014was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of \"chief danger spots\". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Soviet reaction" }],
              "question": "What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict?",
              "id": "57268e98708984140094c9ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 820, "text": "The UN Security Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency approved the use of force in South Korea?",
              "id": "57268e98708984140094ca00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1070,
                  "text": "advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force?",
              "id": "57268e98708984140094ca01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "Truman" }],
              "question": "Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?",
              "id": "57268e98708984140094ca02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 936, "text": "air and naval forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict?",
              "id": "57268e98708984140094ca03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "United Nations Security Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who condemned the actions of North Korea?",
              "id": "57269034708984140094ca45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan's seat in the United Nations?",
              "id": "57269034708984140094ca46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Resolution 83" }],
              "question": "What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea?",
              "id": "57269034708984140094ca47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 671,
                  "text": "the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea?",
              "id": "57269034708984140094ca48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish?",
              "id": "57269034708984140094ca49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter's scope, because the initial north\u2013south border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time, legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?",
              "id": "572692c45951b619008f7713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "U.S. Intelligence" }],
              "question": "Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?",
              "id": "572692c45951b619008f7714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "unanimous vote" }],
              "question": "What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.",
              "id": "572692c45951b619008f7715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?",
              "id": "572692c45951b619008f7716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "UN Charter Article 32" }
              ],
              "question": "What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?",
              "id": "572692c45951b619008f7717"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, some 150 Yak fighter planes, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?",
              "id": "572693ee5951b619008f7739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?",
              "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?",
              "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "small warships" }],
              "question": "What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?",
              "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with the ROK Army?",
              "id": "572695b3708984140094caf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "U.S. military" }],
              "question": "Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?",
              "id": "572695b3708984140094caf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?",
              "id": "572695b3708984140094caf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "R.E. Appleman" }],
              "question": "Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?",
              "id": "572695b3708984140094caf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Dean Acheson" }],
              "question": "Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?",
              "id": "57269781708984140094cb25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "the mistake of appeasement" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the US not want to see repeated?",
              "id": "57269781708984140094cb27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "the global containment of communism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?",
              "id": "57269781708984140094cb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "National Security Council Report 68"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?",
              "id": "57269781708984140094cb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Adolf Hitler's aggressions" }
              ],
              "question": "The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?",
              "id": "57269781708984140094cb26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that \"Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "U.S. Navy no longer had the warships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?",
              "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "defense budget cutbacks" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?",
              "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "General Omar Bradley" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?",
              "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "American troops" }],
              "question": "Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?",
              "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1022, "text": "Major General Floyd L. Parks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?",
              "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer mat\u00e9riel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to \"neutralize\" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as \"armed aggression on Chinese territory.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "General MacArthur" }],
              "question": "What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?",
              "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "President Truman" }],
              "question": "Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?",
              "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "US Seventh Fleet" }],
              "question": "What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?",
              "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Republic of China" }],
              "question": "Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?",
              "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "Zhou Enlai" }],
              "question": "Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?",
              "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ada"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan. On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Osan" }],
              "question": "What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?",
              "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "24th Infantry Division" }
              ],
              "question": "Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?",
              "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Taejeon" }],
              "question": "Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?",
              "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Battle of Taejon" }],
              "question": "At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?",
              "id": "57269c875951b619008f77ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?",
              "id": "57269c875951b619008f77cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities. By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "by killing civil servants and intellectuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?",
              "id": "57269eab708984140094cbeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Kim Il-sung" }],
              "question": "Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?",
              "id": "57269eab708984140094cbec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "southeast Korea" }],
              "question": "Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?",
              "id": "57269eab708984140094cbed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Nakdong River" }],
              "question": "What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?",
              "id": "57269eab708984140094cbee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?",
              "id": "57269eab708984140094cbef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "To counter a possible U.S. deployment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?",
              "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Incheon" }],
              "question": "Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?",
              "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Chai Chengwen" }],
              "question": "Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?",
              "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "the Korean border" }],
              "question": "Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?",
              "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Chinese leaders" }],
              "question": "Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?",
              "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August\u2013September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny mat\u00e9riel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "KPA" }],
              "question": "Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?",
              "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?",
              "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?",
              "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "Sweden" }],
              "question": "Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?",
              "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 965,
                  "text": "the Soviets vetoed the US proposal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?",
              "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and mat\u00e9riel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?",
              "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "the port of Pusan" }],
              "question": "What is Korea's largest port?",
              "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?",
              "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "KPA" }],
              "question": "Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?",
              "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "UN forces" }],
              "question": "Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?",
              "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12\u201314 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "To relieve the Pusan Perimeter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?",
              "id": "5726be03f1498d1400e8e9d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Major General Hobart R. Gay" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?",
              "id": "5726be03f1498d1400e8e9d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Yokohama, Japan" }],
              "question": "Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?",
              "id": "5726be04f1498d1400e8e9d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?",
              "id": "5726be04f1498d1400e8e9d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Pentagon" }],
              "question": "Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?",
              "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "The X Corps" }],
              "question": "What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?",
              "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "General Edward Almond" }
              ],
              "question": "Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?",
              "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. \"Task Force Lynch\" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence\u2013Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?",
              "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "the \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?",
              "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "the KPA" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?",
              "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "General H. M. Zakharov" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?",
              "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "to defend Seoul" }],
              "question": "Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?",
              "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "Chinese commanders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?",
              "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?",
              "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Politburo" }],
              "question": "What emergency session was called by Stalin?",
              "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "25,000 to 30,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?",
              "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "Soviet military advisers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?",
              "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "South Korean forces." }
              ],
              "question": "Who reclaimed the Seoul?",
              "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Pyongyang" }],
              "question": "What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?",
              "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if \"at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...\" On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: \"We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel.\" During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "National Security Council Memorandum 81/1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Syngman Rhee" }],
              "question": "Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?",
              "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Defense Secretary George Marshall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "ROK police" }],
              "question": "Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?",
              "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "What year did the executions stop?",
              "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?",
              "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Bruce Cumings" }],
              "question": "Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?",
              "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "launch guerrilla raids" }
              ],
              "question": "What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?",
              "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Chiang Kai-shek" }],
              "question": "Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?",
              "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (\"Rakkasans\") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50\u2013100 miles of mountainous terrain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "MacArthur" }],
              "question": "Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?",
              "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "the UN" }],
              "question": "Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?",
              "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 780,
                  "text": "cut the road north going to China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?",
              "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "135,000" }],
              "question": "How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?",
              "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9013"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?",
              "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "What year did China decide to enter the war?",
              "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "American aggression in the guise of the UN"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What provoked China to join the war?",
              "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "the Politburo" }],
              "question": "Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?",
              "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2\u20135 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "whether to send Chinese troops into Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?",
              "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Mao" }],
              "question": "Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?",
              "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Peng Dehuai" }],
              "question": "Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?",
              "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Peng" }],
              "question": "Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?",
              "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1114, "text": "People's Volunteer Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?",
              "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Black Sea" }],
              "question": "Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?",
              "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "two or three months" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist",
              "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Chinese airspace" }],
              "question": "Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?",
              "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "March 1951" }],
              "question": "When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?",
              "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 923, "text": "the south side of the Yalu" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?",
              "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched \"dark-to-dark\" (19:00\u201303:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "their march and bivouac discipline"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?",
              "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "remain motionless" }],
              "question": "What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?",
              "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?",
              "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "shoot security violators" }
              ],
              "question": "What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?",
              "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "19:00\u201303:00" }],
              "question": "When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?",
              "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7ebb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju \u2013 although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved \u2013 this time to Kanggye.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "KPA" }],
              "question": "Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?",
              "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Pyongyang" }],
              "question": "What was the capital city in the North?",
              "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Sinuiju" }],
              "question": "Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?",
              "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 592, "text": "UNC forces approached" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?",
              "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "October 1950" }],
              "question": "When was Pyongyang captured?",
              "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000\u2013125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, \"if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter\" without air force protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Wake Island" }],
              "question": "Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?",
              "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "General MacArthur" }],
              "question": "Who refused to meet on continental United States?",
              "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was President Truman told at this meeting?",
              "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "General MacArthur" }],
              "question": "Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?",
              "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the greatest slaughter" }
              ],
              "question": "What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?",
              "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults\u2014from the north, northwest, and west\u2014and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "PVA 13th Army Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Who initiated the First Phase offensive?",
              "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?",
              "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "1 November 1950" }],
              "question": "When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?",
              "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "Ch'ongch'on River" }],
              "question": "Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?",
              "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 910,
                  "text": "Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?",
              "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27\u201329 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000\u201315,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire\u2014albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "U.S. Eighth Army's" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?",
              "id": "5726d76a708984140094d319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Turkish Brigade" }],
              "question": "Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?",
              "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "12,000\u201315,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?",
              "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?",
              "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the U.S. Eighth Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?",
              "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "General Walton Walker" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?",
              "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?",
              "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "UN morale hit rock bottom" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?",
              "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and mat\u00e9riel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "SS Meredith Victory" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?",
              "id": "5726da6a708984140094d391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "declared a national emergency" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?",
              "id": "5726da6a708984140094d392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?",
              "id": "5726da6a708984140094d393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "Kim Il-sung" }],
              "question": "Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?",
              "id": "5726da6a708984140094d394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?",
              "id": "5726da6a708984140094d395"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the \"Chinese New Year's Offensive\") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Chinese New Year's Offensive" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?",
              "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e92fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?",
              "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e92ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?",
              "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "Seoul" }],
              "question": "What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive",
              "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?",
              "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and mat\u00e9riel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "The PVA had outrun its logistics capability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?",
              "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f8079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "PVA had abandoned their battle lines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?",
              "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "UN Command's air superiority" }
              ],
              "question": "What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?",
              "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "Wonju" }],
              "question": "What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?",
              "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "on foot and bicycle" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?",
              "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early February, the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea. During the operation, the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong-Hamyang massacre. In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong. But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong-ni in the center. Units of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack's momentum. The battle is sometimes known as the Gettysburg of the Korean War. The battle saw 5,600 Korean, American and French troops defeat a numerically superior Chinese force. Surrounded on all sides, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Warrior Division's 23rd Regimental Combat Team with an attached French Battalion was hemmed in by more than 25,000 Chinese Communist forces. United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off, but this time they stood and fought at odds of roughly 15 to 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea?",
              "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "the PVA" }],
              "question": "Who's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong?",
              "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the Fourth Phase Offensive" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered to be the the Korean War's equivalent to Gettysburg?",
              "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "broke the attack's momentum" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French Battalion's efforts do to the PVA forces?",
              "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "more than 25,000" }],
              "question": "How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?",
              "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8109"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Operation Killer" }],
              "question": "What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?",
              "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?",
              "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "capturing Hoengseong" }
              ],
              "question": "What signified the end of Operation Killer?",
              "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "This was the city's fourth conquest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many times was Seoul captured in a year?",
              "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f814a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "severe food shortages" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?",
              "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f814b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six thousand trucks. PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war. In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy, Hong Xuezhi, to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but that they had nothing to eat, no bullets to shoot, and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply, but these efforts were never completely sufficient. At the same time, large-scale air defense training programs were carried out, and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Chinese war effort" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?",
              "id": "5726e345708984140094d4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "logistical problems" }
              ],
              "question": "What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?",
              "id": "5726e345708984140094d4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "they had nothing to eat" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?",
              "id": "5726e345708984140094d4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?",
              "id": "5726e345708984140094d4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 951, "text": "the Chinese Air Force" }
              ],
              "question": "What did China introduce to the war in 1951?",
              "id": "5726e345708984140094d4e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "General MacArthur" }],
              "question": "Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?",
              "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e942e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Truman" }],
              "question": "Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?",
              "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e942f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "the Chinese would not enter the war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "a truce and orderly withdrawal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?",
              "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": ". MacArthur" }],
              "question": "Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?",
              "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9432"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23\u201328 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to \"Line Kansas\", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's (\"Rakkasans\") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "General Ridgway" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?",
              "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 668,
                  "text": "get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?",
              "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 726,
                  "text": "The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?",
              "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "depleted the PVA and KPA forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?",
              "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22\u201325 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22\u201325 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the \"No-name Line\" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained \"Line Kansas\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \"Line Kansas\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Chinese Spring Offensive" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?",
              "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d55f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "Line Kansas" }],
              "question": "What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?",
              "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "the stalemate" }],
              "question": "What ended with the armistice of 1953?",
              "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "three field armies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?",
              "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "just north of the 38th parallel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Line Kansas located?",
              "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d563"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory. The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Kaesong" }],
              "question": "Where did armistice negotiations occur?",
              "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?",
              "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "military and psychological operations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?",
              "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there a cease fire during the talks?",
              "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Zhou Enlai" }],
              "question": "Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?",
              "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9504"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August\u201315 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September\u201315 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June\u20134 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6\u201315 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October\u201325 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March\u201321 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10\u201318 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28\u201329 May 1953), the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March\u201316 July 1953), and the Battle of Kumsong (13\u201327 July 1953).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "6\u201315 October 1952" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Battle of White Horse?",
              "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?",
              "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "the Battle of the Hook" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?",
              "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese troops" }],
              "question": "Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?",
              "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "called a conference in Shenyang"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?",
              "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "discuss the PVA's logistical problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?",
              "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "These commitments did little to directly address the problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?",
              "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Peng Dehuai" }],
              "question": "Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "the Military Commission," }
              ],
              "question": "What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?",
              "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1221,
                  "text": "PVA would be divided into three groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actions were taken to help the PVA?",
              "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1574, "text": "the central government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?",
              "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long did the armistice talks last?",
              "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "prisoner of war (POW) repatriation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What issues stalled the armistice talks?",
              "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?",
              "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "27 July 1953" }],
              "question": "When was the armistice agreement finally signed?",
              "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?",
              "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the United Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?",
              "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?",
              "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?",
              "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?",
              "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?",
              "id": "5726f173708984140094d695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Demilitarized Zone" }
              ],
              "question": "What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?",
              "id": "5726f173708984140094d696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "27 July 1953" }],
              "question": "When was the Armistice Agreement signed?",
              "id": "5726f173708984140094d697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "there was no peace treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?",
              "id": "5726f173708984140094d698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "Who believes that they were victorious in the war?",
              "id": "5726f173708984140094d699"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government. After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name. From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the point of Operation Glory?",
              "id": "5726f288708984140094d6bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "4,167" }],
              "question": "How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?",
              "id": "5726f288708984140094d6be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f288708984140094d6bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "220" }],
              "question": "How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?",
              "id": "5726f288708984140094d6c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea \"is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression\". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a \"state of war\" with South Korea and declared that \"The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over\". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had \"formally informed\" the Pentagon that it had \"ratified\" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "new wave of UN sanctions" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?",
              "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "13 March 2013" }],
              "question": "When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?",
              "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "South Korea" }],
              "question": "In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?",
              "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "a nuclear weapon" }],
              "question": "What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?",
              "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 931,
                  "text": "credible and realistic nuclear threat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the United States view North Korea's threats? ",
              "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "ground attack aircraft" }
              ],
              "question": "What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?",
              "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Soviet T-34-85 tanks" }
              ],
              "question": "What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?",
              "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "the North Koreans suffered major tank losses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?",
              "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 796,
                  "text": "the UN forces brought heavier equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?",
              "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?",
              "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica, and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea. Thereafter, vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea. The gun ships were used in shore bombardment, while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "neither Korea had a significant navy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "the UN nations" }],
              "question": "Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?",
              "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "the UN Command" }],
              "question": "Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?",
              "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Inchon" }],
              "question": "Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships, resulting in slight to moderate damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "supply and ammunition ships" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?",
              "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "magnetic mines" }],
              "question": "What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?",
              "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "87" }],
              "question": "How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?",
              "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "the west and east coasts of North Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?",
              "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) of North Korea with the MiG-15, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters. The fast, heavily armed MiG outflew first-generation UN jets such as the F-80 (United States Air Force) and Gloster Meteors (Royal Australian Air Force), posing a real threat to B-29 Superfortress bombers even under fighter escort. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union, and potentially escalate into atomic warfare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "UN Command" }],
              "question": "Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "atomic warfare" }],
              "question": "What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?",
              "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?",
              "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre. These arrived in December 1950. The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor. It had a very high service ceiling\u201450,000 feet (15,000 m) and carried very heavy weaponry: one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. They were fast enough to dive past the fighter escort of P-80 Shooting Stars and F9F Panthers and could reach and destroy the U.S. heavy bombers. B-29 losses could not be avoided, and the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing of targets. The MiGs were countered by the F-86 Sabres. They had a ceiling of 42,000 feet (13,000 m) and were armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were range adjusted by radar gunsights. If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG. Once in a level flight dogfight, both swept-wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 660 mph (1,100 km/h). The MiG climbed faster, but the Sabre turned and dived better.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "F-86 Sabre" }],
              "question": "What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?",
              "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?",
              "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "bomber interceptor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the MiG designed to be?",
              "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Royal_Dutch_Shell",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company \"Shell\" took its name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1907" }],
              "question": "When was Royal Shell Group Created?",
              "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "When was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?",
              "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "When WAS the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company founded?",
              "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?",
              "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "the need to compete globally with Standard Oil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?",
              "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?",
              "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?",
              "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "to develop an oilfield in Sumatra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?",
              "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "wind" }],
              "question": "Aside from biofuels what other renewable energy activities is Shell involved with?",
              "id": "57260a6aec44d21400f3d823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "over 90" }],
              "question": "How many countries does Shell operate in?",
              "id": "57260a6aec44d21400f3d824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "3.1 million barrels" }
              ],
              "question": "How much oil per day does Shell produce?",
              "id": "57260a6bec44d21400f3d825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "44,000 service stations" }
              ],
              "question": "How many services stations does Shell have?",
              "id": "57260a6bec44d21400f3d826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "over 90" }],
              "question": "In how many countries does Shell have operations?",
              "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "3.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?",
              "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "44,000" }],
              "question": "Shell has how many service stations worldwide?",
              "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Shell Oil Company" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?",
              "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "biofuels and wind" }],
              "question": "Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?",
              "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence, but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, was in charge at The Hague of production and manufacture. A British company was formed, called the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?",
              "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "National patriotic sensibilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?",
              "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 643,
                  "text": "to direct the transport and storage of the products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?",
              "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "a dual-listed company" }
              ],
              "question": "The new firm operated as what type of company?",
              "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?",
              "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad009"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?",
              "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Royal Dutch Shell plc" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?",
              "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "the London Stock Exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?",
              "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "The Hague, Netherlands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?",
              "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?",
              "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad027"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Ra\u00edzen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2\u20133bn from the sale. In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?",
              "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d90f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Ra\u00edzen" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?",
              "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?",
              "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "$2\u20133bn" }],
              "question": "How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?",
              "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "East Resources" }],
              "question": "Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?",
              "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d913"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012\u2014the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "US shale gas" }],
              "question": "Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?",
              "id": "5726200038643c19005ad053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "US$20 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?",
              "id": "5726200038643c19005ad054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?",
              "id": "5726200038643c19005ad055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?",
              "id": "5726200038643c19005ad056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "US$15 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?",
              "id": "5726200038643c19005ad057"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The presence of companies like Shell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?",
              "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "old and corroded" }],
              "question": "Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?",
              "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "new" }],
              "question": "Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?",
              "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "responsibility for environmental causes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?",
              "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "boycott Shell" }],
              "question": "Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?",
              "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The name Shell is connected to what company?",
              "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "to sell seashells to London collectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the created of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company?",
              "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the younger founder of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?",
              "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?",
              "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Thames" }],
              "question": "The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?",
              "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "the management of a vertically integrated oil company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Shell's primary business?",
              "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "technical and commercial" }
              ],
              "question": "The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?",
              "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "natural gas" }],
              "question": "One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?",
              "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "self-supporting" }],
              "question": "Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?",
              "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "vertically integrated" }
              ],
              "question": "The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?",
              "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large \"exploration and production\" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "heavily decentralised" }
              ],
              "question": "Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?",
              "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "Shell operated companies in how many countries?",
              "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "the central offices in The Hague"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?",
              "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "\"exploration and production\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?",
              "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local \"operating companies\" \u2013 often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of \"operating companies\" has been largely removed, as more \"global businesses\" have been created.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "chemicals" }],
              "question": "Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?",
              "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?",
              "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "more than 40,000" }],
              "question": "How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?",
              "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "local" }],
              "question": "Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?",
              "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 741,
                  "text": "the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?",
              "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Shell announce in April 2010?",
              "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "protests and strikes broke out"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?",
              "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?",
              "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 606,
                  "text": "finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?",
              "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "assets could be divested" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?",
              "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Reitan Group" }],
              "question": "What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?",
              "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?",
              "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "some 269" }],
              "question": "How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?",
              "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?",
              "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?",
              "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through most of Shell's early history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group's central offices in the running of the American business. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "substantially independent" }
              ],
              "question": "Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?",
              "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "the NYSE" }],
              "question": "On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?",
              "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the group's central offices" }
              ],
              "question": "Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?",
              "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?",
              "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "a court case" }],
              "question": "What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?",
              "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field\u2014located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves\u2014in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?",
              "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "off Australia's northwestern coast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?",
              "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "liquefied natural gas (LNG)" }
              ],
              "question": "On what developments was FLNG technology based?",
              "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "3 trillion" }],
              "question": "The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?",
              "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "FLNG technology faciliates what?",
              "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: \"Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "9.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?",
              "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?",
              "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "then federal Treasurer Peter Costello"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who blocked the takeover attempt?",
              "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "72" }],
              "question": "What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?",
              "id": "57262e99271a42140099d710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?",
              "id": "57262e99271a42140099d711"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the \"Kulluk\" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea. However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits. The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is \"too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "an offshore lease" }],
              "question": "Shell purchased what in 2005?",
              "id": "57262fab271a42140099d721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?",
              "id": "57262fab271a42140099d722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Pete Slaiby" }],
              "question": "What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?",
              "id": "57262fab271a42140099d723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?",
              "id": "57262fab271a42140099d724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Greenpeace" }],
              "question": "Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?",
              "id": "57262fab271a42140099d725"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the \"Kulluk\" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "difficult weather" }],
              "question": "What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?",
              "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident" }
              ],
              "question": "What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?",
              "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "nearly US$5 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?",
              "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?",
              "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac533"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?",
              "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "a winter storm" }],
              "question": "What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?",
              "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Sitkalidak" }],
              "question": "On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?",
              "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Fortune" }],
              "question": "Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?",
              "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "wipe out the entire drilling season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?",
              "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the \"Kulluk\" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would \"pause\" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident" }
              ],
              "question": "Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?",
              "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?",
              "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?",
              "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "van Beurden" }],
              "question": "Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?",
              "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?",
              "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?",
              "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "the UK government" }],
              "question": "What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?",
              "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?",
              "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?",
              "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa" }],
              "question": "Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?",
              "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?",
              "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "$15.5m" }],
              "question": "For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?",
              "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "accepted any liability over the allegations against it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?",
              "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad349"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?",
              "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "\"everything that was being done in those ministries\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?",
              "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?",
              "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "the Nigerian military" }
              ],
              "question": "Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?",
              "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "to prevent protests" }
              ],
              "question": "For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?",
              "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad359"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?",
              "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?",
              "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "multipurpose icebreakers" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?",
              "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?",
              "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main concern of Edward Itta?",
              "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling American's rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically\u2014activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas\u2014revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "to seek injunctions from possible protests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Shell file lawsuits?",
              "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "\"trampling American's rights.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?",
              "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?",
              "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "\"SaveTheArctic.org\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?",
              "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "the use of four radio car antennas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?",
              "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Copyright_infringement",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "routinely invoke legal and technological measures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?",
              "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?",
              "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?",
              "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "to make derivative works" }
              ],
              "question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?",
              "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Copyright infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?",
              "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "copyright law" }],
              "question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?",
              "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "work's creator" }],
              "question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?",
              "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "copyright infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?",
              "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "derivative works" }],
              "question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?",
              "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?",
              "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why has copyright infringement increased recently?",
              "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?",
              "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?",
              "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "service providers and software distributors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?",
              "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "expanding copyright law" }
              ],
              "question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?",
              "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "prosecuted via the criminal justice system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?",
              "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "service providers and software distributors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?",
              "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is \"robbery or illegal violence at sea\", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "piracy and theft" }],
              "question": "What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?",
              "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "piracy" }],
              "question": "What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?",
              "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "intellectual property" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of property is copyright used for?",
              "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "related only to tangible property"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference between robbery and piracy?",
              "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "theft" }],
              "question": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?",
              "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as \"piracy\" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term \"piracy\" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term \"piracy\" in relation to copyright infringement, stating \"Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection.\" Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of \"willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale.\" Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as \"piracy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?",
              "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 623,
                  "text": "in relation to copyright infringement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?",
              "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 692, "text": "seized on importation" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?",
              "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?",
              "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1249,
                  "text": "peer-to-peer file sharing networks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?",
              "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, \"interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'\" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law \u2013 certain exclusive rights \u2013 is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "authorization" }],
              "question": "When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?",
              "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "copyright infringement and theft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have courts said there is a difference between?",
              "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 583, "text": "theft, conversion, or fraud" }
              ],
              "question": "In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?",
              "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "The Copyright Act" }],
              "question": "What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?",
              "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 879, "text": "certain exclusive rights" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the court say was invaded?",
              "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "partial compliance" }],
              "question": "What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?",
              "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "US Army" }],
              "question": "Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?",
              "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "500 users" }],
              "question": "How many users were paid for in 2004?",
              "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "US$50 million" }],
              "question": "How much was the lawsuit settled for?",
              "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "the BSA" }],
              "question": "Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?",
              "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: \"Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy \u2013 people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it\". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "immediacy" }],
              "question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?",
              "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "used the Internet to present its content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?",
              "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "work exclusively online" }
              ],
              "question": "It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?",
              "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "downloading" }],
              "question": "What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?",
              "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9135"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: \"Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema.\" Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: \"there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Matt Deaner" }],
              "question": "Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?",
              "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Distributors" }],
              "question": "Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?",
              "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "immediate access to online" }
              ],
              "question": "What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?",
              "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "tax support that a film can receive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?",
              "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "University of Portsmouth" }
              ],
              "question": "What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?",
              "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were part of the study?",
              "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "seven to 84" }],
              "question": "What was the age range of people studied?",
              "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "artists" }],
              "question": "Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?",
              "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social \u2013 originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "main access to media goods" }
              ],
              "question": "Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?",
              "id": "5726d229708984140094d253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "current neglected law enforcements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?",
              "id": "5726d229708984140094d254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?",
              "id": "5726d229708984140094d255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "cheap and affordable goods" }
              ],
              "question": "What is in high demand in this country?",
              "id": "5726d229708984140094d256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "connections" }],
              "question": "What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?",
              "id": "5726d229708984140094d257"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor, a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceau\u015fescu, even though no one knew her name until many years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "the spread of copied videos and DVDs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a country bans a movie?",
              "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "New York Times" }],
              "question": "Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?",
              "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "a narrator for state TV" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?",
              "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "bootlegged copies of American movies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a visitor give to Nistor?",
              "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?",
              "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "civil court" }],
              "question": "In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?",
              "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Grokster and Streamcast" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?",
              "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "MGM" }],
              "question": "In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?",
              "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "venues for acquiring copyrighted movies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?",
              "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Sony" }],
              "question": "What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?",
              "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a \"copyright troll.\" Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "third party" }],
              "question": "Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?",
              "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "to identify and exact settlements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?",
              "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "copyright troll" }],
              "question": "What do critics usually call these lawyers?",
              "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "mixed results" }],
              "question": "What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for \"unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions\" if the violation had been \"willful and for profit.\" Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted \"for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain.\" 17 U.S.C. \u00a7 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?",
              "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "misdemeanor" }],
              "question": "What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?",
              "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?",
              "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 665,
                  "text": "that defendant willfully infringed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?",
              "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 785, "text": "very low threshold" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?",
              "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the \"LaMacchia Loophole,\" wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?",
              "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "non-commercial motives" }
              ],
              "question": "At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?",
              "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "LaMacchia Loophole" }
              ],
              "question": "What loophole did the ruling give rise to?",
              "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "dismissed" }],
              "question": "If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?",
              "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines. The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "No Electronic Theft Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?",
              "id": "5726d598708984140094d2c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "five years in prison" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?",
              "id": "5726d598708984140094d2ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "$250,000" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?",
              "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "How much were statutory damages raised by?",
              "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Copyright Act" }],
              "question": "What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?",
              "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on \"recording\" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "EU Copyright Directive of 2001" }
              ],
              "question": "What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?",
              "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "legitimize file-sharing" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the directive NOT intended for?",
              "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 741, "text": "a tax on the content itself" }
              ],
              "question": "Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?",
              "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?",
              "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 889,
                  "text": "computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of general purpose storage devices?",
              "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately \u2013 i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to apply to any such copying, even from file-sharing networks. However, in April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that \"national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated.\" Thus, in the Netherlands, for example, downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "was obtained legitimately" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?",
              "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Netherlands" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?",
              "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "April 2014" }],
              "question": "When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?",
              "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Netherlands" }],
              "question": "In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?",
              "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from \"circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work\". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable \u2013 though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA \u2013 anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "DMCA" }],
              "question": "What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?",
              "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "\"circumvent[ing] a technological measure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?",
              "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "inefficient" }],
              "question": "Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?",
              "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "website" }],
              "question": "What are child safety and public library software used to filter?",
              "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system, aggregators of various kinds, such as news aggregators, universities, libraries and archives, web search engines, chat rooms, web blogs, mailing lists, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, hyperlinks, a crucial element of the World Wide Web.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "intermediaries" }],
              "question": "What includes Internet portals, software and games?",
              "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "interactive forums and comment facilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What examples provide virtual information?",
              "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "aggregators" }],
              "question": "News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?",
              "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "hyperlinks" }],
              "question": "What is an important element of the World Wide Web?",
              "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9209"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for \"ISPs,\" \"bulletin boards\" or \"online publishers,\" early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Internet service providers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did early court cases focus on?",
              "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "libel, defamation, or pornography"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?",
              "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "varied widely from country to country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of early law on online liability?",
              "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "mid-1990s" }],
              "question": "When were the first laws of liability passed?",
              "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) and the European E-Commerce Directive (2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as \"safe harbor\" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are \"mere conduit\", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European Telecoms Package in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?",
              "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "safe harbor" }],
              "question": "How is this law characterized in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "mere conduit" }],
              "question": "In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?",
              "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "no obligation to monitor" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?",
              "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 892, "text": "European Telecoms Package" }
              ],
              "question": "What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?",
              "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "host or transmit infringing content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?",
              "id": "5726d852708984140094d33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "BitTorrent" }],
              "question": "What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?",
              "id": "5726d852708984140094d33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "copyrighted content" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Torrent files NOT contain?",
              "id": "5726d852708984140094d33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "The Pirate Bay" }],
              "question": "What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?",
              "id": "5726d852708984140094d33e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "subject of ongoing litigation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legal status of secondary liability?",
              "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "decentralised structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?",
              "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "distribute large files effectively"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?",
              "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "to avoid liability as intermediaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?",
              "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls \"fair practice,\" including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "fair practice" }],
              "question": "What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?",
              "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "journalism and education" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are minimal quotations commonly used?",
              "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "fair use or fair dealing" }
              ],
              "question": "What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?",
              "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these statutes represent?",
              "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "freedom of speech" }],
              "question": "What are these statutes essential to?",
              "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "compulsory licensing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?",
              "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "compilations and live performances of music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of this licensing?",
              "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "no infringement occurs" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?",
              "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What country has fair dealing laws?",
              "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9281"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?",
              "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "news generators" }],
              "question": "Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?",
              "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "June 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the second part of the case decided?",
              "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "temporary web cache of consumers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?",
              "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9289"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "in a fixed medium" }],
              "question": "If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?",
              "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "The idea itself" }],
              "question": "What is NOT protected?",
              "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?",
              "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "what qualifies as original" }
              ],
              "question": "What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?",
              "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?",
              "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?",
              "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "doesn't affect copyright protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?",
              "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Corporations and legislatures" }
              ],
              "question": "Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?",
              "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major focus of these steps?",
              "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "civil & criminal" }],
              "question": "What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?",
              "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "limit the amount of control consumers have"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?",
              "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have governments lowered infringement rates?",
              "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "enacted compulsory licensing laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?",
              "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "DMCA" }],
              "question": "What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?",
              "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "safe harbor" }],
              "question": "What else does this law provide to service providers?",
              "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does this law target?",
              "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement \u2013 and the burden on courts \u2013 by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?",
              "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "adhere to certain conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What must a user do under a prepared license?",
              "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "reducing infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?",
              "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "GNU General Public License" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a free software license?",
              "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 765, "text": "visual and literary works" }
              ],
              "question": "What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?",
              "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually \"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "approximately 16 and a half weeks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?",
              "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "by couriers" }],
              "question": "During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?",
              "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "encrypted" }],
              "question": "What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?",
              "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "Anti-Piracy marks can be added"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?",
              "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 768,
                  "text": "\"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?",
              "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources \u2013 a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate \u2013 \"cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S. GAO" }],
              "question": "What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?",
              "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?",
              "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "estimate" }],
              "question": "What did the FBI use as a source?",
              "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "GAO report" }],
              "question": "What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?",
              "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9315"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "BSA and International Data Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?",
              "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?",
              "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Asia-Pacific" }],
              "question": "Which region had the highest loss?",
              "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "$12,383,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the EU lose?",
              "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 678, "text": "Middle East/Africa region" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?",
              "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: \"Over half of the world's personal computer users \u2013 57 percent \u2013 admit to pirating software.\" The ninth annual \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" claims that the \"commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software\" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?",
              "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "57 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people admit to pirating software?",
              "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "US$63.4 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?",
              "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Zimbabwe" }],
              "question": "What nation had the higest piracy rate?",
              "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "19%" }],
              "question": "What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?",
              "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "Institute for Policy Innovation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?",
              "id": "5726dd455951b619008f8069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "over a billion dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much money have retailers lost?",
              "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "46,000" }],
              "question": "How many production-level jobs were lost?",
              "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "U.S. government" }],
              "question": "Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?",
              "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a \"'perfect bubble'\u2014a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Piracy Crusade" }],
              "question": "What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?",
              "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "tenuous" }],
              "question": "What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?",
              "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "artificial expansion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the industry going through?",
              "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "perfect bubble" }],
              "question": "What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?",
              "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "$59 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?",
              "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "emerging markets" }],
              "question": "Who accounted for over half the total?",
              "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "less PC shipments than emerging economies"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What did the established markets receive for the first time?",
              "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country has the highest retail value of software?",
              "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8eded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "83 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?",
              "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edee"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Greece",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Balkan peninsula" }],
              "question": "On what peninsula is Greece located?",
              "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many geographic regions make up Greece?",
              "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "8,498 mi" }],
              "question": "How long is the coastline of Greece?",
              "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "227" }],
              "question": "How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?",
              "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "Mount Olympus" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest mountain in Greece?",
              "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Philip of Macedon" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?",
              "id": "5726162238643c19005acfcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Alexander the Great" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?",
              "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?",
              "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "first century AD" }],
              "question": "When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?",
              "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?",
              "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?",
              "id": "572618f238643c19005acfeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "democratic" }],
              "question": "Which political philosophy does Greece follow?",
              "id": "572618f238643c19005acfec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Greece join the Eurozone?",
              "id": "572618f238643c19005acfed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Balkans" }],
              "question": "Greece has the biggest economic power where?",
              "id": "572618f238643c19005acfee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 or \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Hellas" }],
              "question": "What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?",
              "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Hellenic Republic" }],
              "question": "What is the official name of Greece?",
              "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Graecia" }],
              "question": "From what word is Greece derived?",
              "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "the land of the Greeks" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the work Graecia mean?",
              "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "Who called Greece Graecia?",
              "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "270,000 BC" }],
              "question": "Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?",
              "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Petralona cave" }],
              "question": "Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?",
              "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?",
              "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "7th millennium BC" }],
              "question": "Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?",
              "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "farming" }],
              "question": "What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?",
              "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac286"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700\u20131500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900\u20131100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Western civilization" }
              ],
              "question": "Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?",
              "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Mycenaean" }],
              "question": "What was the last civilization to rule Greece?",
              "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "1200 BC" }],
              "question": "The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? ",
              "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 642, "text": "Bronze Age collapse" }
              ],
              "question": "Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?",
              "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "Greek Dark Ages" }],
              "question": "What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.",
              "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "776 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Olympic Game begin?",
              "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Homer" }],
              "question": "The literary work \"The Odyssey:, was written by whom?",
              "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "776 BC" }],
              "question": "What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?",
              "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Greater Greece" }],
              "question": "Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?",
              "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "508 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?",
              "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Persian Empire" }],
              "question": "In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?",
              "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "Battle of Marathon" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?",
              "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Thermopylae" }],
              "question": "The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?",
              "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 981, "text": "Greco-Persian Wars" }
              ],
              "question": "The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?",
              "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1102, "text": "Golden Age of Athens" }
              ],
              "question": "After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?",
              "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d955"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431\u2013404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Peloponnesian War" }],
              "question": "The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? ",
              "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lack of political unity" }
              ],
              "question": "What often caused strife between Greek states?",
              "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Sparta" }],
              "question": "Who won the Peloponnesian war?",
              "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Macedon" }],
              "question": "Who eventually brought the Greeks together?",
              "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Phillip II" }],
              "question": "Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?",
              "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Antigonid dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?",
              "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad16f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "200 BC" }],
              "question": "The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?",
              "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Battle of Pydna" }],
              "question": "Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?",
              "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "146 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?",
              "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "168 BC" }],
              "question": "The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?",
              "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad173"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?",
              "id": "5726281438643c19005ad179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What saying by Horace became famous?",
              "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "Nero" }],
              "question": "What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?",
              "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Homer" }],
              "question": "What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?",
              "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Scipio Africanus" }],
              "question": "What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?",
              "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?",
              "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "paganism" }],
              "question": "What religion did early Greece practice?",
              "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "393" }],
              "question": "The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? ",
              "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "Theodosius I" }],
              "question": "Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?",
              "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "Justinian" }],
              "question": "Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?",
              "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac484"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Slavs invade Greece?",
              "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Barbarian" }],
              "question": "What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.",
              "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "islands and coastal areas" }
              ],
              "question": "After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?",
              "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth \u2013 much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?",
              "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?",
              "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Asia Minor" }],
              "question": "Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?",
              "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "strong economic growth" }
              ],
              "question": "A stable Greece allowed it to have what?",
              "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the \"Latins\" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1204" }],
              "question": "Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?",
              "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "1261" }],
              "question": "Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?",
              "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "Genoese and Venetian" }
              ],
              "question": "The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?",
              "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Byzantine" }],
              "question": "In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?",
              "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?",
              "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Thessaloniki" }],
              "question": "At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?",
              "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "the Ottomans" }],
              "question": "Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?",
              "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "1460" }],
              "question": "The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?",
              "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "Byzantine Greek scholars" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? ",
              "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Cyprus and Crete" }],
              "question": "The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?",
              "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "1797" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?",
              "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?",
              "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Aegean islands" }],
              "question": "The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?",
              "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Cyprus and Crete" }],
              "question": "The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?",
              "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?",
              "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Greek Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?",
              "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?",
              "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600\u20131601, the Morean War of 1684\u20131699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "1571" }],
              "question": "The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?",
              "id": "572634a1271a42140099d759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1684\u20131699" }],
              "question": "The Morean War took place during which years?",
              "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1770" }],
              "question": "The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?",
              "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?",
              "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?",
              "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a \"dark age\" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "16th and 17th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?",
              "id": "572636e6271a42140099d78f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?",
              "id": "572636e6271a42140099d790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "Rigas Feraios" }],
              "question": "Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?",
              "id": "572636e6271a42140099d791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1202, "text": "1798" }],
              "question": "Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? ",
              "id": "572636e6271a42140099d792"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Society of Friends begin?",
              "id": "572639f638643c19005ad329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "liberating Greece" }],
              "question": "The Society of Friends goal was what?",
              "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Filiki Eteria" }],
              "question": "The Society of Friends was also known by what name?",
              "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "6 March 1821" }],
              "question": "The first of several revolutions began when?",
              "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "17 March 1821" }],
              "question": "War was started with the Ottomans when?",
              "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1821" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?",
              "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Theodoros Kolokotronis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?",
              "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Aegean Sea" }],
              "question": "The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?",
              "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "1822 and 1824" }],
              "question": "Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?",
              "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi\u2014put under siege by the Turks since April 1825\u2014fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?",
              "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Ibrahim Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?",
              "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "February 1825" }],
              "question": "Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?",
              "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "1826" }],
              "question": "In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?",
              "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Mani" }],
              "question": "Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?",
              "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Russia, the United Kingdom and France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?",
              "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "the allied fleet" }],
              "question": "Which navy won the battle of Hydra?",
              "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Ottoman\u2013Egyptian" }
              ],
              "question": "Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?",
              "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?",
              "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "London Protocol" }],
              "question": "What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?",
              "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "public insolvency" }],
              "question": "In 1893 Greece announced what?",
              "id": "57264129271a42140099d7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "International Financial Control authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?",
              "id": "57264129271a42140099d7de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Demotic" }],
              "question": "The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?",
              "id": "57264129271a42140099d7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?",
              "id": "57264129271a42140099d7e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866\u20131869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?",
              "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Crete" }],
              "question": "A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?",
              "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?",
              "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "the country's foreign policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What divided Greece into two political groups?",
              "id": "5726434b271a42140099d7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?",
              "id": "5726434b271a42140099d800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "the Triple Entente" }
              ],
              "question": "When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?",
              "id": "5726434b271a42140099d801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?",
              "id": "5726434b271a42140099d802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919\u20131922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1919\u20131922" }],
              "question": "What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?",
              "id": "572644675951261400b5196a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Asia Minor" }],
              "question": "After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?",
              "id": "572644675951261400b5196b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 683, "text": "Treaty of Lausanne" }
              ],
              "question": "An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?",
              "id": "572644675951261400b5196c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "1914-1922" }],
              "question": "In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?",
              "id": "572644675951261400b5196d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Ottoman and Turkish officials" }
              ],
              "question": "Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?",
              "id": "572644675951261400b5196e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term \"Greeks\" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?",
              "id": "57264659708984140094c11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Macedonian mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?",
              "id": "57264659708984140094c11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 798, "text": "Greek Isles and cities" }
              ],
              "question": "Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?",
              "id": "57264659708984140094c11f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'\u00e9tat followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis" }
              ],
              "question": "The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?",
              "id": "57264784708984140094c144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Second Hellenic Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1924, what was established?",
              "id": "57264784708984140094c142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the Greek leader in 1935?",
              "id": "57264784708984140094c143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?",
              "id": "57264784708984140094c145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?",
              "id": "57264784708984140094c141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941\u20131942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?",
              "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "1941\u20131942" }],
              "question": "In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?",
              "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "The Greek Resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?",
              "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "almost 1,000,000" }],
              "question": "How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?",
              "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Andreas Papandreou" }],
              "question": "Who founded the PASOK?",
              "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Panhellenic Socialist Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What does PASOK stand for?",
              "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?",
              "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?",
              "id": "572649865951b619008f6f21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "1 January 1981" }],
              "question": "Greece joined what later became the European Union when?",
              "id": "572649865951b619008f6f20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34\u00b0 and 42\u00b0 N, and longitudes 19\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 E, with the extreme points being:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Southern Europe" }],
              "question": "Greece is where geographically?",
              "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "11th longest" }],
              "question": "Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?",
              "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "8,498 mi" }],
              "question": "How long is Greece's coastline?",
              "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "9,573 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?",
              "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Mt. Smolikas" }],
              "question": "The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?",
              "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "8,652 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall is Mt. Smolikas?",
              "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "the island of Crete" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Pindus mountain range end?",
              "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "underwater mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?",
              "id": "57264cde708984140094c1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Vikos Gorge" }],
              "question": "What is the deepest gorge in the world?",
              "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Athens" }],
              "question": "The Saronic gulf is near what city?",
              "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "central part of the Aegean Sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Cyclade islands are located where?",
              "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "west coast of Turkey" }
              ],
              "question": "The North Aegean islands are located where?",
              "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "between Crete and Turkey" }
              ],
              "question": "The Dodecanese islands are located where?",
              "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "off the coast of northeast Euboea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Sporades islands are located where?",
              "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "Greece's climate is mainly of what type?",
              "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Pindus mountain range" }
              ],
              "question": "Greece's climate is affected by what range?",
              "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "a rain shadow effect" }
              ],
              "question": "East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?",
              "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dbaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese \u2013 including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia \u2013 feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Alpine climate" }],
              "question": "The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?",
              "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "heavy snowfalls" }],
              "question": "The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?",
              "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "temperate" }],
              "question": "Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?",
              "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Athens" }],
              "question": "It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?",
              "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the Boreal Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?",
              "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many ecoregions occupies Greece?",
              "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "mixed forests" }],
              "question": "The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?",
              "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Mediterranean forests" }
              ],
              "question": "The Crete ecoregion is known as what?",
              "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "deciduous forests" }],
              "question": "The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?",
              "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967\u20131974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "unitary parliamentary" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of republic is Greece?",
              "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "President of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the leader of Greece?",
              "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Parliament" }],
              "question": "Who elects the president of Greece?",
              "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "five-year term" }],
              "question": "How long does the President of Greece serve?",
              "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "Greece's constitution has how many articles?",
              "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8168"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?",
              "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "Who has the most political power in Greece?",
              "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "the Parliament" }],
              "question": "The Prime Minister is elected by who?",
              "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "President of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Who formally names the Prime Minister?",
              "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many members are in Greece's parliament? ",
              "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "every four years" }],
              "question": "How often are elections help for parliament?",
              "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "President of the Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? ",
              "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The coalition government" }
              ],
              "question": "In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?",
              "id": "572657145951b619008f7015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? ",
              "id": "572657145951b619008f7016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "The leftist party of SYRIZA" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the second major party after the elections?",
              "id": "572657145951b619008f7017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "No party could form a sustainable government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the second election of 2012? ",
              "id": "572657145951b619008f7018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the demographic result of the second election?",
              "id": "572657145951b619008f7019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Nikos Kotzias. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of international cooperation. Additionally, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Minister for Foreign Affairs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?",
              "id": "57265844708984140094c337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Nikos Kotzias" }],
              "question": "Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?",
              "id": "57265844708984140094c338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "represent Greece before other states and international organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?",
              "id": "57265844708984140094c339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "a middle power" }],
              "question": "Greece is though of as what kind of power?",
              "id": "57265844708984140094c33a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "significant" }],
              "question": "Greece has how much strategic importance?",
              "id": "57265844708984140094c33b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. As of 2009[update], mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. However, as the military has sought to become a completely professional force, the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "universal compulsory" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of military service does Greece require?",
              "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "females are exempted from conscription"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can females be drafted into the military?",
              "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "nine months" }],
              "question": "What is the length of military service required of men?",
              "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "18 and 60" }],
              "question": "At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?",
              "id": "5726593a5951b619008f703a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Holy Mountain\"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?",
              "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "325" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities exist in Greece? ",
              "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Kallikratis programme reform" }
              ],
              "question": "What went into effect on January 1, 2011?",
              "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Mount Athos" }],
              "question": "What is the one autonomous area in Greece?",
              "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "borders the region of Central Macedonia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Mount Athos located?",
              "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is a developed country with high standards of living[citation needed] and high Human Development Index. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output. Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "the service sector" }
              ],
              "question": "The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?",
              "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "85.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?",
              "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "3.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?",
              "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "14.9 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?",
              "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "16th" }],
              "question": "Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?",
              "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "larger than all the Balkan economies combined"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Greece's economy is what size?",
              "id": "57265c22708984140094c383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "number-two" }],
              "question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?",
              "id": "57265c22708984140094c384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "number-three" }],
              "question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?",
              "id": "57265c22708984140094c385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Republic of Macedonia" }
              ],
              "question": "Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? ",
              "id": "57265c22708984140094c386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "Greek telecommunications company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "OTE is known as what?",
              "id": "57265c22708984140094c387"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income. Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro. Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "advanced and high-income" }
              ],
              "question": "What classification does the Greek economy hold?",
              "id": "57265cec708984140094c38d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Greece help found what economic organizations?",
              "id": "57265cec708984140094c38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "19 June 2000" }],
              "question": "When was Greece accepted into the European Union?",
              "id": "57265cec708984140094c38f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "January 2001" }],
              "question": "When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?",
              "id": "57265cec708984140094c390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "the Greek drachma" }],
              "question": "What was Greece's former currency?",
              "id": "57265cec708984140094c391"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as \"swaps\" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" and \"In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.\" These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "swaps" }],
              "question": "What was used to hide debts?",
              "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "spend beyond their means" }
              ],
              "question": "Swaps allow Greece to do what?",
              "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "What other country hid its debt through swaps?",
              "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "The Maastricht rules" }
              ],
              "question": "What can legally be overcome with swaps?",
              "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "4th worldwide" }],
              "question": "Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?",
              "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "3,150" }],
              "question": "How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?",
              "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?",
              "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "the European continent" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?",
              "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "12.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?",
              "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What is the single nation with the most visitors?",
              "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Central Macedonia" }],
              "question": "Which part of Greece is the most visited?",
              "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "6.5 million" }],
              "question": "Northern Greece gets how many visitors?",
              "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "1,600 mi" }],
              "question": "How long is the Greek railway system?",
              "id": "5726612add62a815002e831a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "double lines" }],
              "question": "A current railway upgrade plans to do what?",
              "id": "5726612add62a815002e831b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Athens and Thessaloniki" }
              ],
              "question": "A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?",
              "id": "5726612add62a815002e831c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet caf\u00e9s that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G and 4G- LTE cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere. 3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012. The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "3G/4G mobile internet" }
              ],
              "question": "In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?",
              "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "340%" }],
              "question": "How much did internet usage increase in one year?",
              "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "among the top 30 countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?",
              "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "European Space Agency (ESA)" }
              ],
              "question": "Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?",
              "id": "572663205951b619008f712b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?",
              "id": "572663205951b619008f712c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?",
              "id": "572663205951b619008f712d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "sixteenth" }],
              "question": "Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?",
              "id": "572663205951b619008f712e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "16 March 2005" }],
              "question": "Greece became a full ESA member when?",
              "id": "572663205951b619008f712f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (known for the Carath\u00e9odory theorems and Carath\u00e9odory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the \"Nobel Prize\" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 G\u00f6del Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Georgios Papanikolaou" }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?",
              "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "Manolis Andronikos" }
              ],
              "question": "Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?",
              "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Joseph Sifakis" }],
              "question": "What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?",
              "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "Christos Papadimitriou" }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?",
              "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Mihalis Yannakakis" }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?",
              "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000, (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation. Following the 1919\u20131922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as Turks, but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in Central Macedonia and were defined as Christian Orthodox Caucasus Greeks arrived from the former Russian Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "What is the religious minority in Greece?",
              "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Thrace" }],
              "question": "The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?",
              "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?",
              "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?",
              "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members. In recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the ancient Greek religion, with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 \"sympathisers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?",
              "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?",
              "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many Protestants live in Greece? ",
              "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?",
              "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "28,874" }],
              "question": "How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?",
              "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "During the 19th and 20th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Greek Language dispute take place?",
              "id": "57266a195951b619008f71f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "the 19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?",
              "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Dimotiki" }],
              "question": "Which language was considered the language of the people?",
              "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Dimotiki" }],
              "question": "What language was made the only official variation in 1976?",
              "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Byzantine Greek" }],
              "question": "From which language did Dimotiki evolve?",
              "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What is the language spoken by most Greeks?",
              "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Asia Minor" }],
              "question": "Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?",
              "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Cappadocian" }],
              "question": "Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?",
              "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "Doric Greek" }],
              "question": "From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? ",
              "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8449"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks) and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "0.95%" }],
              "question": "Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?",
              "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Minority languages have been reduce due to what?",
              "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Christian Roma" }],
              "question": "In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?",
              "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 693, "text": "Aromanians and Moglenites" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups are called Vlachs?",
              "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic\u2013speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "northern Greek borders" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?",
              "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "200,000 to 400,000" }
              ],
              "question": "Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?",
              "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Ladino" }],
              "question": "Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?",
              "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Greco-Turkic" }],
              "question": "The Urums are known to speak what dialect?",
              "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8483"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "762,191" }],
              "question": "In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?",
              "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "7%" }],
              "question": "In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?",
              "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "Eastern European countries" }
              ],
              "question": "From where did most non-citizen residents come? ",
              "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "600,000" }],
              "question": "What is the total Albanian population in Greece?",
              "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the Syrians represent almost 45%. An estimated 8% of the arrivals applied for asylum in Greece.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "illegal immigrants" }],
              "question": "Greece is a major destination for what to enter?",
              "id": "57266f905951b619008f729d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?",
              "id": "57266f905951b619008f729e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Syrian civil war" }],
              "question": "Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?",
              "id": "57266f905951b619008f729f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "856,723" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?",
              "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?",
              "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world\u2019s first university as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "Paideia is also known as what?",
              "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "The first European university was created in what city?",
              "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "1453" }],
              "question": "When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?",
              "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8502"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, Genik\u03cc Lykei\u03cc) and technical\u2013vocational educational schools (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Greece's secondary education has how many school types?",
              "id": "57267226708984140094c655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "unified upper secondary schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one type of Greece's secondary education?",
              "id": "57267226708984140094c656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "vocational training" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of institute does secondary education also include?",
              "id": "57267226708984140094c657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "formal but unclassified" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of education do vocational institutes provide?",
              "id": "57267226708984140094c658"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education \"Highest Educational Institutions\" (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, An\u00f3tata Ekpaideytik\u00e1 Idr\u00fdmata, \"\u0391\u0395\u0399\") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "University sector" }],
              "question": "What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?",
              "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "2 to 3 years" }],
              "question": "How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?",
              "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "third grade" }],
              "question": "Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?",
              "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 800, "text": "over twenty-two years old" }
              ],
              "question": "At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?",
              "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 901,
                  "text": "The Capodistrian University of Athens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? ",
              "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "universal health care" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of health care exists in Greece?",
              "id": "5726747e708984140094c6bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "14th" }],
              "question": "Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?",
              "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?",
              "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "138" }],
              "question": "In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?",
              "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?",
              "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Mycenaean Greece" }],
              "question": "Where did Greece culture begin?",
              "id": "57267541708984140094c6c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Greek War of Independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?",
              "id": "57267541708984140094c6ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "thousands of years" }],
              "question": "The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?",
              "id": "57267541708984140094c6cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "systematic thought" }
              ],
              "question": "Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?",
              "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Modern democracies" }],
              "question": "What did Greece's political philosophy affect?",
              "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Western culture" }],
              "question": "Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?",
              "id": "5726760c708984140094c6df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "early 19th century" }],
              "question": "Modern Greek theater began when?",
              "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Heptanesean theatre and melodrama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?",
              "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first theater of modern Greece?",
              "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "The Parliamentary Candidate" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Greek opera?",
              "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Spyridon Xyndas" }],
              "question": "Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? ",
              "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aristotle of Stagira" }
              ],
              "question": "Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?",
              "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "the supra-sensual" }],
              "question": "Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?",
              "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "experience" }],
              "question": "Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? ",
              "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Skepticism and Neoplatonism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of two schools of philosophy?",
              "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Iliad and the Odyssey" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two works by Homer?",
              "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "800 BC" }],
              "question": "During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?",
              "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Sappho and Pindar" }],
              "question": "Who were two major lyrical poets?",
              "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Classical era" }],
              "question": "When did drama first begin in history?",
              "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (\u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (\u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "What year did cinema first appear in Greece?",
              "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "1907" }],
              "question": "In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?",
              "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Asty Films" }],
              "question": "In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?",
              "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Golfo" }],
              "question": "What was the first Greek feature film?",
              "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Orestis Laskos" }],
              "question": "Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?",
              "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were \u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), \u03a0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03a8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "1950s and early 1960s" }
              ],
              "question": "Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? ",
              "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "More than sixty" }],
              "question": "During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?",
              "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Nikos Koundouros" }],
              "question": "Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?",
              "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Cacoyannis" }],
              "question": "Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? ",
              "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Kampanellis" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?",
              "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e873a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Zorba the Greek" }],
              "question": "What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?",
              "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Anthony Quinn" }],
              "question": "Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?",
              "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Eternity and a Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?",
              "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Theo Angelopoulos" }],
              "question": "Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?",
              "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick pur\u00e9e of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or ros\u00e9 wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Greek cuisine" }],
              "question": "What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? ",
              "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Crete" }],
              "question": "The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?",
              "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "skordalia" }],
              "question": "What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?",
              "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Olive oil" }],
              "question": "What is added to almost every dish in Greece?",
              "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8771"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use \"sweet\" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "galaktoboureko" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?",
              "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "oregano" }],
              "question": "What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? ",
              "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "cinnamon" }],
              "question": "What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?",
              "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8792"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "ancient times" }],
              "question": "Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?",
              "id": "57268218708984140094c871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "lyre" }],
              "question": "What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? ",
              "id": "57268218708984140094c872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?",
              "id": "57268218708984140094c873"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "polyphony" }],
              "question": "The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?",
              "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "monophonic" }],
              "question": "Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? ",
              "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "Byzantine chant" }],
              "question": "One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?",
              "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "akritic and klephtic" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?",
              "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "9th and 10th" }],
              "question": "Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?",
              "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "klephtic" }],
              "question": "Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?",
              "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 'serenades'; sing.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870\u20131930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?",
              "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1870\u20131930" }],
              "question": "Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?",
              "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes" }
              ],
              "question": "What influenced Greek modern song considerably?",
              "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later la\u00efk\u00f3 (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebetiko" }],
              "question": "What music began associated with the lower classes?",
              "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "la\u00efk\u00f3" }],
              "question": "Rebetiko was the base of what? ",
              "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Apostolos Kaldaras" }
              ],
              "question": "One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?",
              "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e290"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Ionian" }],
              "question": "Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?",
              "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?",
              "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Manolis Kalomiris" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?",
              "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Iannis Xenakis" }],
              "question": "Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?",
              "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Zorba the Greek" }],
              "question": "What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?",
              "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Yanni" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?",
              "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "Maria Callas" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest. In 2005, Greece won with the song \"My Number One\", performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi, with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?",
              "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?",
              "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "My Number One" }],
              "question": "What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?",
              "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Elena Paparizou" }],
              "question": "Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?",
              "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Athens" }],
              "question": "Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?",
              "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e322"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 110 medals (30 gold, 42 silver and 38 bronze), Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all-time Summer Olympic medal count. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Olympic Games" }],
              "question": "Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event?",
              "id": "57268a1a708984140094c945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "776 BC" }],
              "question": "The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?",
              "id": "57268a1a708984140094c946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Olympia" }],
              "question": "Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?",
              "id": "57268a1a708984140094c947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Greece" }],
              "question": "During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?",
              "id": "57268a1a708984140094c948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "32nd" }],
              "question": "What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?",
              "id": "57268a1a708984140094c949"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek national football team, ranking 12th in the world in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011), were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.",
              "id": "57268b01708984140094c98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Euro 2004" }],
              "question": "Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?",
              "id": "57268b01708984140094c98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?",
              "id": "57268b01708984140094c98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many teams are in the Greek Super League?",
              "id": "57268b01708984140094c990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Olympiacos" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?",
              "id": "57268b01708984140094c991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe. They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005, and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship, after a spectacular 101\u201395 win against Team USA in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens and P.A.O.K. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won as many as 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Besides the 9 Euroleagues, Greek basketball teams (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) have won 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Saporta Cups, 2 Kora\u0107 Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup. After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "4th" }],
              "question": "The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?",
              "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?",
              "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?",
              "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Team USA" }],
              "question": "Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?",
              "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "A1 Ethniki" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?",
              "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e892a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greece women's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship. They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada. The domestic top water polo leagues, Greek Men's Water Polo League and Greek Women's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. In men's European competitions, Olympiacos has won the Champions League, the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002 becoming the first club in Water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year (National championship, National cup, Champions League and European Super Cup), while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. In women's European competitions, Greek water polo teams (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) are amongst the most successful in European water pol\u03bf, having won as many as 4 LEN Champions Cups, 3 LEN Trophies and 2 European Supercups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?",
              "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?",
              "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?",
              "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Croatia" }],
              "question": "Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?",
              "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greek men's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals, one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the European Volleyball League, a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship. The Greek league, the A1 Ethniki, is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have made significant success in European competitions. Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles; they have won two CEV Cups, they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions, making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe. Iraklis have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the CEV Champions League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals?",
              "id": "57268eea708984140094ca13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?",
              "id": "57268eea708984140094ca14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Olympiacos" }],
              "question": "What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?",
              "id": "57268eea708984140094ca15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "Olympiacos" }],
              "question": "Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?",
              "id": "57268eea708984140094ca16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Mount Olympus" }],
              "question": "Where did the mythical Greek gods live?",
              "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Dodekatheon" }],
              "question": "The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?",
              "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Zeus" }],
              "question": "The most important of the ancient gods was who?",
              "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Hera" }],
              "question": "Zeus was married to which goddess?",
              "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Hera" }],
              "question": "Who was Zeus's sister?",
              "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (Greek Independence Day), Easter Monday, 15 August (Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin), and 25 December (Christmas). 1 May (Labour Day) and 28 October (Ohi Day) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "holiday" }],
              "question": "Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what?",
              "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?",
              "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many Greek national holidays are there each year?",
              "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Labour Day" }],
              "question": "What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?",
              "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to \u20ac130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures. As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece. Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold \u20ac3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%. Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014, and was the Eurozone's fastest-growing economy in the third quarter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "$173 billion" }],
              "question": "in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?",
              "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "53%" }],
              "question": "How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?",
              "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?",
              "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "\u20ac3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?",
              "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "six years" }],
              "question": "After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?",
              "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III (\"The Great\") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Phillip II" }],
              "question": "Alexander III was the son of whom?",
              "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Persian" }],
              "question": "Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?",
              "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "334 BC" }],
              "question": "What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?",
              "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "330 BC" }],
              "question": "The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?",
              "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "323 BC" }],
              "question": "In which year did Alexander III die?",
              "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ef"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mammal",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "blue whale" }],
              "question": "Which specific mammal is the largest today?",
              "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "bumblebee bat" }],
              "question": "Which mammal is the smallest?",
              "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "elephants" }],
              "question": "Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?",
              "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "About how small is the average bumble bee bat?",
              "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"mammal\" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma (\"teat, pap\"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Carl Linnaeus" }],
              "question": "Who coined the name \"mammal\" from the scientific name Mammalia?",
              "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "nurse their young with milk" }
              ],
              "question": "What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?",
              "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "5,416" }],
              "question": "How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?",
              "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "153 families" }],
              "question": "How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?",
              "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "five species" }],
              "question": "How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?",
              "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Rodentia" }],
              "question": "Which group consist of the most mammals?",
              "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Primates" }],
              "question": "Which group do humans belong too?",
              "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "Carnivora" }],
              "question": "Which group do cats and dogs belong too?",
              "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad060"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids\u2014sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles\u2014before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Carboniferous period" }
              ],
              "question": "From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?",
              "id": "5726224738643c19005ad06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "66 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?",
              "id": "5726224738643c19005ad070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "sphenacodont pelycosaurs" }
              ],
              "question": "Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?",
              "id": "5726224738643c19005ad071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Timothy Rowe" }],
              "question": "Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?",
              "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Triassic" }],
              "question": "By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?",
              "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "therian mammals" }],
              "question": "Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?",
              "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "monotremes" }],
              "question": "Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?",
              "id": "57262598271a42140099d59f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Amphilestes and Amphitherium" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?",
              "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "167 million years" }],
              "question": "How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?",
              "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "225 Ma" }],
              "question": "About what year do synapsid date back to?",
              "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George Gaylord Simpson's \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals\" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "George Gaylord Simpson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?",
              "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?",
              "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "cladistics" }],
              "question": "Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?",
              "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?",
              "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "American Museum of Natural History"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? ",
              "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Simpson" }],
              "question": "From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?",
              "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "DNA analysis" }],
              "question": "Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?",
              "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?",
              "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 810,
                  "text": "Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?",
              "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Carboniferous" }],
              "question": "From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?",
              "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which group did amniotes descendents of?",
              "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "the synapsids" }],
              "question": "Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?",
              "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?",
              "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?",
              "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac508"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "pelycosaurs" }],
              "question": "From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?",
              "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "265 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?",
              "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "probainognathian cynodonts" }
              ],
              "question": "At which group did Therapsids end with?",
              "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Permian\u2013Triassic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?",
              "id": "57263014271a42140099d72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Triassic" }],
              "question": "During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?",
              "id": "57263014271a42140099d72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?",
              "id": "57263014271a42140099d72d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "dinosaurs" }],
              "question": "During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?",
              "id": "57263014271a42140099d72e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "shrewlike Juramaia sinensis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? ",
              "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "160 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?",
              "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "125 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?",
              "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "placental" }],
              "question": "Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?",
              "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "100 to 85 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?",
              "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Eocene through the Miocene" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two major time periods did placentals appear?",
              "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Paleocene" }],
              "question": "Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?",
              "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 648, "text": "55 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?",
              "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the first primate weigh?",
              "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "164 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?",
              "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?",
              "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Jurassic" }],
              "question": "Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?",
              "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac568"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "monotremes" }],
              "question": "Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?",
              "id": "5726365038643c19005ad305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Triassic" }],
              "question": "Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?",
              "id": "5726365038643c19005ad306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "maintenance of a high and stable body temperature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?",
              "id": "5726365038643c19005ad307"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "larynx, trachea and bronchi" }
              ],
              "question": "When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?",
              "id": "572639c7271a42140099d79f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "exercise" }],
              "question": "Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?",
              "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 947, "text": "bellows lung" }],
              "question": "A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?",
              "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 978, "text": "blacksmith's bellows" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?",
              "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "10 to 30 cells thick" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?",
              "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "to provide a waterproof layer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main function of the epidermis?",
              "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "15 to 40 times thicker" }
              ],
              "question": "How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?",
              "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "bony structures and blood vessels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the dermis mainly consist of?",
              "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "adipose tissue" }],
              "question": "What does the Hyperdermis consist of?",
              "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "pelage" }],
              "question": "What is another name used for mammalian hair?",
              "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad34f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Light-dark color" }],
              "question": "Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?",
              "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? ",
              "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad351"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "viviparous" }],
              "question": "What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?",
              "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "five species" }],
              "question": "How many species of mammals lay eggs?",
              "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "platypus" }],
              "question": "Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?",
              "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "chicken" }],
              "question": "The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?",
              "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Theria" }],
              "question": "Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?",
              "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "marsupial and placental" }
              ],
              "question": "Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?",
              "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "epipubic bones" }],
              "question": "What is present in all non-placental mammals?",
              "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "cerebrum" }],
              "question": "Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?",
              "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Rats" }],
              "question": "Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?",
              "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "prey" }],
              "question": "Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?",
              "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive \u2013 mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals \u2013 this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "nutritious and plentiful diet" }
              ],
              "question": "To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?",
              "id": "5726420638643c19005ad39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "eats both prey and plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a omnivore imply?",
              "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1674, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?",
              "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "The size" }],
              "question": "What determines a mammals diet type?",
              "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "clines" }],
              "question": "What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?",
              "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f0189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "liger" }],
              "question": "What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?",
              "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1264, "text": "Beefalo" }],
              "question": "What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?",
              "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2523, "text": "hybrid" }],
              "question": "What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?",
              "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "East_India_Company",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1588" }],
              "question": "The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?",
              "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "1589" }],
              "question": "What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?",
              "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Queen Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?",
              "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "how many ships sailed Torbay?",
              "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Edward Bonventure" }],
              "question": "who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?",
              "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1588" }],
              "question": " in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?",
              "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "how many ships sailed  from Torbay?",
              "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to \"George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses\" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "a Royal Charter" }],
              "question": "What did the Queen give them for suceeding?",
              "id": "5726240738643c19005ad075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Royal Charter?",
              "id": "5726240738643c19005ad076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this charter give them?",
              "id": "5726240738643c19005ad077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Sir James Lancaster" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?",
              "id": "5726240738643c19005ad078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "General William Keeling" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the third voyage?",
              "id": "5726240738643c19005ad079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Sir James Lancaster" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?",
              "id": "572651775951b619008f6fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Sir Henry Middleton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?",
              "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "General" }],
              "question": "What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?",
              "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Merchants of London" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?",
              "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?",
              "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first factory in south India?",
              "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "indefinite" }],
              "question": "In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?",
              "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "charter would cease to be in force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?",
              "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "high profits" }],
              "question": "why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?",
              "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Machilipatnam" }],
              "question": "Where was the first factory in south India?",
              "id": "5726535d708984140094c277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "high profits" }],
              "question": "What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?",
              "id": "5726535d708984140094c278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years."
                }
              ],
              "question": "While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable",
              "id": "5726535d708984140094c279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "three consecutive years" }
              ],
              "question": "how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?",
              "id": "5726535d708984140094c27a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1668" }],
              "question": "when was the bombay trading post established?",
              "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "factor or master merchant and governor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?",
              "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "Dutch United East India Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?",
              "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "how many employees were in the factories in India?",
              "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "major factories" }],
              "question": "what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?",
              "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?",
              "id": "572655495951b619008f6fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "by 1647 how many factories did the company have?",
              "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "commercial trading operations" }
              ],
              "question": "the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?",
              "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?",
              "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "walled forts" }],
              "question": "The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?",
              "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company",
              "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?",
              "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "The company's mainstay business"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?",
              "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1717" }],
              "question": "what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?",
              "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "English traders" }],
              "question": "who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?",
              "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Bengal" }],
              "question": "what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?",
              "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "waived customs duties" }
              ],
              "question": "in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?",
              "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "indigo dye" }],
              "question": "why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?",
              "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "The Dutch" }],
              "question": "Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?",
              "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars" }],
              "question": "what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?",
              "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some \u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000 worth of treasure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "\u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How much treasure was taken by pirates?",
              "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai," }],
              "question": "waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?",
              "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "annual" }],
              "question": "how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?",
              "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "English pirate" }],
              "question": "What type of Captain was Henry Every?",
              "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Captain Henry Every" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?",
              "id": "57265924708984140094c353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1695" }],
              "question": "When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet",
              "id": "57265924708984140094c354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Mocha" }],
              "question": "Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every",
              "id": "57265924708984140094c355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai" }],
              "question": "What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?",
              "id": "57265924708984140094c356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between \u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?",
              "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 396,
                  "text": "\u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?",
              "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "a relative of the Grand Mughal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?",
              "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "richest ship ever taken by pirates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?",
              "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "\u00a3600,000" }],
              "question": "What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?",
              "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai" }],
              "question": "as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?",
              "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "500,000 gold and silver pieces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?",
              "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of \u00a31,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Every" }],
              "question": "Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?",
              "id": "5726314d271a42140099d739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "\u00a31,000" }],
              "question": "What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken",
              "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "manhunt" }],
              "question": "Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?",
              "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Privy Council" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every",
              "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai",
              "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "Acts of Grace" }],
              "question": "Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?",
              "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new \"parallel\" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of \u00a32 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of \u00a3315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "prohibited by act of parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?",
              "id": "572661a95951b619008f7105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "English Company Trading to the East Indies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?",
              "id": "572661a95951b619008f7106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?",
              "id": "572661a95951b619008f7107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "1698" }],
              "question": "In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?",
              "id": "572661a95951b619008f7108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "\u00a3315,000" }],
              "question": "The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?",
              "id": "572661a95951b619008f7109"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? ",
              "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company",
              "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "company lobby" }],
              "question": "Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company",
              "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8364"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of \u00a31 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "\u00a31 million" }],
              "question": "The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money",
              "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "monetary consequences of a war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?",
              "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Seven Years' War" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?",
              "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "colonies in North America" }
              ],
              "question": "The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?",
              "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1763" }],
              "question": "in what year did the Seven years' war",
              "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?",
              "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "The Microcosm of London" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?",
              "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "The company" }],
              "question": "What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?",
              "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?",
              "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "raw" }],
              "question": "The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?",
              "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at \u00a337,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "saltpetre" }],
              "question": "Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?",
              "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1673" }],
              "question": "in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?",
              "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "armed forces" }],
              "question": "Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? ",
              "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "salt" }],
              "question": "One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?",
              "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "\u00a337,000" }],
              "question": "how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673",
              "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7207"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondich\u00e9ry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1763" }],
              "question": "what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?",
              "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?",
              "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Bengal" }],
              "question": "The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?",
              "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "French Revolutionary Wars" }
              ],
              "question": "in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?",
              "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8461"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "EIC" }],
              "question": "what is the acronym for the East india company?",
              "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "3000" }],
              "question": "In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? ",
              "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?",
              "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1763" }],
              "question": "what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ",
              "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7264"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?",
              "id": "57266f21708984140094c5cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Maratha empire" }],
              "question": "What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?",
              "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?",
              "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "gradual" }],
              "question": "Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?",
              "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?",
              "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Addiscombe Military Seminary" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of EIC military company?",
              "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Subadar-Major" }],
              "question": "what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army",
              "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "seniority" }],
              "question": "While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?",
              "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839\u201342). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "death penalty" }],
              "question": "in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?",
              "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1,400 tons" }],
              "question": "in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?",
              "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Special Imperial Commissioner" }
              ],
              "question": "what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?",
              "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "when did the first Opium war start?",
              "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?",
              "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8522"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at \u00a340,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?",
              "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "\u00a340,000" }],
              "question": "How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)? ",
              "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?",
              "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?",
              "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "outvote" }],
              "question": "By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?",
              "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?",
              "id": "572675245951b619008f7334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "The Governor General" }
              ],
              "question": "The highest ranking persons title in British india is?",
              "id": "572675245951b619008f7333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Governor General" }],
              "question": "The highest ranking person's title in British india is?",
              "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "trade" }],
              "question": "Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india ",
              "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India",
              "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pitt's Act" }],
              "question": "The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?",
              "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "humanitarian" }],
              "question": "after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?",
              "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Edmund Burke" }],
              "question": "what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?",
              "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "defeated" }],
              "question": "Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?",
              "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?",
              "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Penang" }],
              "question": "To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?",
              "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "regularised subsidiary" }
              ],
              "question": "during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??",
              "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "greater accountability" }
              ],
              "question": "when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown",
              "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Lord Wellesley" }],
              "question": "What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?",
              "id": "57267e115951b619008f749b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "the expense of wars" }
              ],
              "question": "in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances",
              "id": "57267e115951b619008f749d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Sugauli Treaty" }],
              "question": "what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?",
              "id": "57267e115951b619008f749e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Sindh" }],
              "question": "While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?",
              "id": "57267e115951b619008f749c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Charter Act of 1813" }
              ],
              "question": "EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?",
              "id": "57267e115951b619008f749f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the Company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726\u20139; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796\u20131800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861\u201362. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where were the EIC  headquarters located?",
              "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "East India House" }],
              "question": "What was the name of EIC headquartes?",
              "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Leadenhall Street" }],
              "question": "between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?",
              "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Craven House" }],
              "question": "Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?",
              "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "the Lloyd's building" }
              ],
              "question": "What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?",
              "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "promoted by the East India Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? ",
              "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "East India Dock Company" }
              ],
              "question": "the 1803 act created what dock program?",
              "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?",
              "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Brunswick Dock" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?",
              "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "West India Dock Company" }
              ],
              "question": "in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with? ",
              "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag\u2014consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross\u2014representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "St George's Cross" }],
              "question": "in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England",
              "id": "572681d6708984140094c867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "St Andrew's cross" }],
              "question": "after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian",
              "id": "572681d6708984140094c868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1707" }],
              "question": "IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?",
              "id": "572681d6708984140094c869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?",
              "id": "572681d6708984140094c86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?",
              "id": "572681d6708984140094c86b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert.\" The shield had as a crest: \"A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT\" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "God Indicates" }],
              "question": "What does DEUS INDICAT mean?",
              "id": "57268361708984140094c893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "roses" }],
              "question": "what type of flowers did Gules use?",
              "id": "57268361708984140094c894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "sea lions" }],
              "question": "after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?",
              "id": "57268361708984140094c895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?",
              "id": "57268361708984140094c896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "leopard" }],
              "question": "What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote",
              "id": "57268361708984140094c897"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: \"Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or.\" The crest was: \"A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper.\" The supporters were: \"Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules.\" The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLI\u00c6 (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "lion" }],
              "question": "The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?",
              "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "crown" }],
              "question": "in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws",
              "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "how many lions were on the EIC arms",
              "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1698" }],
              "question": "what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?",
              "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Napoleonic Wars" }],
              "question": "During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels",
              "id": "57268541708984140094c8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?",
              "id": "57268541708984140094c8c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "cannon" }],
              "question": "With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?",
              "id": "57268541708984140094c8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?",
              "id": "57268541708984140094c8ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Battle of Pulo Aura" }],
              "question": "What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?",
              "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "General Goddard" }],
              "question": "what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?",
              "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "off St Helena" }],
              "question": "Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?",
              "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "bluffing" }],
              "question": "In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?",
              "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Captain Charles Lennox" }
              ],
              "question": "in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?",
              "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8834"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600\u20131834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "British Library in London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the records of the EIC housed today?",
              "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "The National Archives at Kew" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the British government's records houseed today?",
              "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are you able to search most of the records online today?",
              "id": "572687e3708984140094c8ff"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Southeast_Asia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Definitions of \"Southeast Asia\" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "East Timor" }],
              "question": "Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?",
              "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Papua New Guinea" }],
              "question": "Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?",
              "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "East Indies" }],
              "question": "What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before?",
              "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Sovereignty" }],
              "question": "What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea?",
              "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Which country is Christmas Island governed by?",
              "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Papua New Guinea" }],
              "question": "Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?",
              "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ASEAN mean?",
              "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 396,
                  "text": "Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?",
              "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "East Timor" }],
              "question": "Which state is not a member of ASEAN?",
              "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What country is Nicobar Island apart of?",
              "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Papua New Guinea" }],
              "question": "What part of New Guinea is also considered to be apart of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Andaman" }],
              "question": "What island in India is also considered to be geographically a part of Southeast Asia besides Nicobar Island?",
              "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Southeast Asia" }],
              "question": "What is the Seven Sister States of India geographically apart of?",
              "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?",
              "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e802a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "45,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region?",
              "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Austronesian people" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first?",
              "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Homo floresiensis" }],
              "question": "Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years?",
              "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "2000 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?",
              "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "coastal areas" }],
              "question": "Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?",
              "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Homo floresiensis" }],
              "question": "Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?",
              "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "12,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?",
              "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Jawa Dwipa Hindu" }],
              "question": "Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?",
              "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Indian" }],
              "question": "What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?",
              "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?",
              "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "3rd century BCE" }],
              "question": "How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?",
              "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?",
              "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Jawa Dwipa" }],
              "question": "Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?",
              "id": "572648da5951b619008f6ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Indian traders" }],
              "question": "Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?",
              "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "abundant forest and maritime products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?",
              "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?",
              "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "merchants from China" }
              ],
              "question": "Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?",
              "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Majapahit Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?",
              "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Hayam Wuruk" }],
              "question": "Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?",
              "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "1293 to around 1500" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Majapahit Empire last?",
              "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?",
              "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908\u20131981) wrote in 1961: \"The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Srivijaya kingdom" }],
              "question": "Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?",
              "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Sangrama Vijayatungavarman" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?",
              "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Phra Ong Mahawangsa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?",
              "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 920, "text": "Hamka" }],
              "question": "Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?",
              "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "Admiral Zheng He" }],
              "question": "Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?",
              "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "Malacca Sultanate" }],
              "question": "In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?",
              "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the traders from Yemen settle?",
              "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "The Sufi missionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "Which missionary helped to spread Islam?",
              "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1000, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?",
              "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Sh\u014dwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Imperial Japan" }],
              "question": "The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?",
              "id": "5726542d708984140094c293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "4 to 10 million" }],
              "question": "According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?",
              "id": "5726542d708984140094c294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?",
              "id": "5726542d708984140094c295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "The Allied powers" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Japan during the World War II?",
              "id": "5726542d708984140094c296"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.",
              "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "volcanically active" }
              ],
              "question": "Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?",
              "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "tropical\u2013hot and humid" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57265794708984140094c309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Southeast Asia" }],
              "question": "Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?",
              "id": "57265794708984140094c30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?",
              "id": "57265794708984140094c30b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "The tropical rain belt" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?",
              "id": "57265794708984140094c30c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "seasonal shift in winds or monsoon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?",
              "id": "57265794708984140094c30d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Wallace Line" }],
              "question": "Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?",
              "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What region comprises of the Wallacea?",
              "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?",
              "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 934, "text": "Javan rhinoceros" }],
              "question": "Which species in Java face extinction?",
              "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "impact of human activity on the region's environment."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?",
              "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's \"center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity\". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Raja Ampat" }],
              "question": "Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?",
              "id": "5726609b708984140094c413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?",
              "id": "5726609b708984140094c414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "The Coral Triangle" }
              ],
              "question": "Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?",
              "id": "5726609b708984140094c415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "The whale shark" }],
              "question": "Name the largest species of fish in the world.",
              "id": "5726609b708984140094c416"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by \"slash and burn\" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?",
              "id": "572669d0708984140094c527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "Sumatra and Borneo" }
              ],
              "question": "Where has haze been predominant?",
              "id": "572669d0708984140094c528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "caused by \"slash and burn\" activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a haze formed?",
              "id": "572669d0708984140094c529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 640, "text": "Transboundary Haze Pollution" }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?",
              "id": "572669d0708984140094c52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "1997 and 2006" }],
              "question": "When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "572669d0708984140094c52b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?",
              "id": "57266c13708984140094c57b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Indian and Arab merchants" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the spice trade initially?",
              "id": "57266c13708984140094c57c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "Which European traders moved into Indonesia?",
              "id": "57266c13708984140094c57d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?",
              "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Communist Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?",
              "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "the bamboo network" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?",
              "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Oil reserves" }],
              "question": "What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57267141708984140094c625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Vietnam" }],
              "question": "Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?",
              "id": "57267141708984140094c628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?",
              "id": "57267141708984140094c627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?",
              "id": "57267141708984140094c626"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, \"tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet.\" Since the early 1990s, \"even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries.\" In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Cambodia" }],
              "question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?",
              "id": "572673195951b619008f72e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "UNESCO" }],
              "question": "According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?",
              "id": "572673195951b619008f72e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Singapore" }],
              "question": "Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?",
              "id": "572673195951b619008f72e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "tourism" }],
              "question": "From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?",
              "id": "572673195951b619008f72ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the Hoa, in Vietnam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "4,000,000 km2" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?",
              "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Java" }],
              "question": "Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?",
              "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e030"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "the Javanese" }],
              "question": "name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.",
              "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Javanese and Sundanese" }
              ],
              "question": "Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?",
              "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Philippines" }],
              "question": "The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Malaysia" }],
              "question": "The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?",
              "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?",
              "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "Philippines" }],
              "question": "Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?",
              "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?",
              "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?",
              "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e8600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garu\u1e0da), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "Philippines" }],
              "question": "Which is Asia's largest christian nation?",
              "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f7429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Thailand and Indonesia" }
              ],
              "question": "Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?",
              "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?",
              "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?",
              "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1146, "text": "Vietnam" }],
              "question": "What is practiced in Vietnam?",
              "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Brunei" }],
              "question": "Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?",
              "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?",
              "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Singapore" }],
              "question": "The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?",
              "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "into their court" }],
              "question": "Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?",
              "id": "5726812e708984140094c84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Apsara Dance" }],
              "question": "Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?",
              "id": "5726812e708984140094c84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Indian Hinduism" }],
              "question": "The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?",
              "id": "5726812e708984140094c84f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Puppetry and shadow plays" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?",
              "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "The wayang kulit" }],
              "question": "The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity",
              "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?",
              "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves\u2014joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "the life of the gods" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?",
              "id": "572687f6708984140094c903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Tai" }],
              "question": "Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?",
              "id": "572687f6708984140094c904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "life of the peoples themselves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?",
              "id": "572687f6708984140094c905"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "palm leaf" }],
              "question": "Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?",
              "id": "57268974708984140094c93b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "abugidas" }],
              "question": "What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?",
              "id": "57268974708984140094c93c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "copperplate scrolls" }
              ],
              "question": "What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?",
              "id": "57268974708984140094c93d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "longitudinally" }],
              "question": "In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?",
              "id": "57268974708984140094c93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "twine" }],
              "question": "The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?",
              "id": "57268974708984140094c93f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Professional_wrestling",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "pro wrestling" }],
              "question": "What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?",
              "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "classical wrestling, catch wrestling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are a couple of styles of combat based on?",
              "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "touring promotions" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are live events held by?",
              "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is professional wrestling?",
              "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of style does wrestling show?",
              "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the actions conducted?",
              "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "willing suspension of disbelief for the audience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the fan encouraged to do?",
              "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "match outcomes is choreographed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the end result of the match planned out?",
              "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?",
              "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "it has greatly declined in Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?",
              "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did wrestling originally come from?",
              "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?",
              "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is wrestling now thought to be?",
              "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did television do for wrestling?",
              "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the money made from wrestling come from?",
              "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?",
              "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 940,
                  "text": "to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?",
              "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what wrestling shows occur yearly?",
              "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?",
              "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "2008 film The Wrestler" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one popular wrestling film?",
              "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "several Oscar nominations" }
              ],
              "question": "What award was The Wrestler nominated for?",
              "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?",
              "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "in both academia and the media"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?",
              "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac545"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the United States-based WWE" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest wrestling company?",
              "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which companies are some of WWE's competition?",
              "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other major wrestling companies?",
              "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?",
              "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac561"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates \"professional wrestling\" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?",
              "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?",
              "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?",
              "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\". \"Faces\" (the \"good guys\") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while \"heels\" (the \"bad guys\") act to draw the spectators' ire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the wrestlers treat the audience?",
              "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "This leads to a high level of audience participation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?",
              "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can the audience do during a show?",
              "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of conflict can arise during a show?",
              "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 765, "text": "\"heels\" (the \"bad guys\")" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?",
              "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even though it is now standard, many announcers will explicitly state this (e.g. \"The following contest is set for one fall with a 20-minute time limit\"). These matches are given a time limit; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw. Modern matches are generally given a 10- to 30-minute time limit for standard matches; title matches can go for up to one hour. British wrestling matches held under Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules are 2 out of 3 falls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wins in a wrestling match?",
              "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\")."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could a wrestler win in the past?",
              "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "The standard for modern matches is one fall."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a wrestler win in modern times?",
              "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what instance will a match be declared a draw?",
              "id": "572634fc271a42140099d770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 687,
                  "text": "title matches can go for up to one hour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long can a title match be?",
              "id": "572634fc271a42140099d771"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner. In championship matches, this means that, unlike one-on-one matches (where the champion can simply disqualify themselves or get themselves counted out to retain the title via the \"champion's advantag\"), the champion does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship. However, heel champions often find advantages, not in champion's advantage, but in the use of weapons and outside interference, as these poly-sided matches tend to involve no holds barred rules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "is forced out of the match" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?",
              "id": "572635e3271a42140099d787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 854, "text": "no holds barred rules" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?",
              "id": "572635e3271a42140099d788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?",
              "id": "572635e3271a42140099d789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a champion lose a championship?",
              "id": "572635e3271a42140099d78a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many modern specialty matches have been devised, with unique winning conditions. The most common of these is the ladder match. In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. As a result, the ladder can be used as a weapon. The prizes include \u2013 but are not limited to any given championship belt (the traditional prize), a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot, or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match (such as one granting the winner a cash prize). Another common specialty match is known as the battle royal. In a battle royal, all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time. When the match begins, the simple objective is to throw the opponent over the top rope and out of the ring with both feet on the floor in order to eliminate that opponent. The last wrestler standing is declared the winner. A variant on this type of match is the WWE's Royal Rumble where two wrestlers enter the ring to start the match and other wrestlers follow in 90 second intervals (previously 2 minutes) until 30-40 wrestlers have entered the ring. All other rules stay the same. For more match types, see Professional wrestling match types.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "The most common of these is the ladder match"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common of the special matches?",
              "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?",
              "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does one win a ladder match?",
              "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "championship belt" }],
              "question": "What is a common prize in a ladder match?",
              "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "20-30 wrestlers" }],
              "question": "How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?",
              "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8178"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to the legitimate role that referees play in wrestling of serving as liaison between the bookers backstage and the wrestlers in the ring (the role of being a final arbitrator is merely kayfabe), the referee is present, even in matches that do not at first glance appear to require a referee (such as a ladder match, as it is no holds barred, and the criteria for victory could theoretically be assessed from afar). Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification. This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines how the referee acts?",
              "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common rule about referees? ",
              "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 909,
                  "text": "Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are referees called?",
              "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 800,
                  "text": "distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? ",
              "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time; by virtue of their celebrity status, they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. Face special referees will often fight back against hostile heel wrestlers, particularly if the special referee is either a wrestler themselves or a famous martial artist (such as Tito Ortiz in the main event at TNA's THard Justice in 2005). They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of referees are occasionally used?",
              "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are famous referees directed to do?",
              "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do special referees have the ability to do?",
              "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What material is within a wrestling ring?",
              "id": "572657a75951b619008f701f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is around the ring?",
              "id": "572657a75951b619008f7021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is used for protection in the ring?",
              "id": "572657a75951b619008f7020"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some team matches, only one entrant from each team may be designated as the \"legal\" or \"active\" wrestler at any given moment. Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. This is known as a \"tag\", with the participants \"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\". Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring, whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a \"tag\" entail?",
              "id": "572659c5708984140094c35d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "\"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two things that can be done with tagging?",
              "id": "572659c5708984140094c35e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "has a 5-second count to leave the ring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?",
              "id": "572659c5708984140094c35f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? ",
              "id": "572659c5708984140094c360"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in a fatal four-way?",
              "id": "57265a655951b619008f705a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 623,
                  "text": "tags can be made between any two wrestlers."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?",
              "id": "57265a655951b619008f705b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "four-corner match" }],
              "question": "What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? ",
              "id": "57265a655951b619008f705c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are tagging rules made?",
              "id": "57265a655951b619008f7059"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler."
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what point can a count be started? ",
              "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? ",
              "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What might a partially conscious wrestler do? ",
              "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt, there is one important exception to that rule: Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers. In matches involving multiple wrestlers (such as triple threat matches or tag team matches), wrestlers who see a pin attempt that, if successful, would result in them losing the match are expected to run in and break the pin attempt by performing some sort of offensive maneuver on the wrestler attempting the pin. The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head, as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment. However, these moves, simple as they are, still leave the pinning wrestler on top of the pinned wrestler. Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler, the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens during a pin attempt?",
              "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?",
              "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 948, "text": "broken" }],
              "question": "What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?",
              "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches. Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?",
              "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?",
              "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "cheating" }],
              "question": "What are the illegal pinning methods called?",
              "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? ",
              "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "results in nullification of the pin attempt,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? ",
              "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee (usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard, where all four limbs are incapacitated, making tapping impossible). Also, since Ken Shamrock (a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days) popularized it in 1997, a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by \"tapping out\", that is, tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent. Occasionally, a wrestler will reach for a rope (see rope breaks below), only to put their hand back on the mat so they can crawl towards the rope some more; this is not a submission, and the referee decides what their intent is.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "verbally informing the referee" }
              ],
              "question": "How can a wrestler willingly submit?",
              "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Mexican Surfboard" }],
              "question": "What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? ",
              "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "tapping out" }],
              "question": "What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?",
              "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the \"Tazzmission\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "submission" }],
              "question": "Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?",
              "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Tazzmission" }],
              "question": "What move did Tazz make popular?",
              "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "mixed martial arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?",
              "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8316"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since all contact between the wrestlers must cease if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes, many wrestlers will attempt to break submission holds by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes. This is called a \"rope break\", and it is one of the most common ways to break a submission hold. Most holds leave an arm or leg free, so that the person can tap out if they want. Instead, they use these free limbs to either grab one of the ring ropes (the bottom one is the most common, as it is nearest the wrestlers, though other ropes sometimes are used for standing holds such as Chris Masters' Master Lock) or drape their foot across, or underneath one. Once this has been accomplished, and the accomplishment is witnessed by the referee, the referee will demand that the offending wrestler break the hold, and start counting to five if the wrestler does not. If the referee reaches the count of five, and the wrestler still does not break the hold, they are disqualified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "an arm or leg" }],
              "question": "Many holds will leave what body parts free?",
              "id": "57266174708984140094c429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When must contact stop between wrestlers?",
              "id": "57266174708984140094c42a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?",
              "id": "57266174708984140094c42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 899, "text": "the count of five" }],
              "question": "How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?",
              "id": "57266174708984140094c42c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 966, "text": "they are disqualified" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?",
              "id": "57266174708984140094c42d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wrestler can win by knockout (sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage) if they do not resort to submission holds, but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves. To check for a knockout in this manner, a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face; if the wrestler does not react in any way, the referee will award the victory to the other wrestler. If all the active wrestlers in a match are down inside the ring at the same time, the referee will begin a count (usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan). If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw. Any participant who stands up in time will end the count for everyone else. In a Last Man Standing match, this form of a knockout is the only way that the match can end, so the referee will count when one or more wrestlers are down, and one wrestler standing up before the 10-count doesn't stop the count for another wrestler who is still down.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a referee check for a knockout?",
              "id": "57266248708984140094c465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if all wrestlers are down?",
              "id": "57266248708984140094c466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? ",
              "id": "57266248708984140094c467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "Last Man Standing" }],
              "question": "What kind of match has to end in a knockout?",
              "id": "57266248708984140094c468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "referee stoppage" }],
              "question": "What is another name for a knockout?",
              "id": "57266248708984140094c469"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what case can a referee choose to end the match?",
              "id": "572662d9708984140094c475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "an injury" }],
              "question": "What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?",
              "id": "572662d9708984140094c476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? ",
              "id": "572662d9708984140094c477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Great American Bash" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?",
              "id": "572662d9708984140094c478"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A countout (alternatively \"count-out\" or \"count out\") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will \"milk\" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as \"breaking the count.\" Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "\"count-out\" or \"count out\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are a couple other ways to write countout?",
              "id": "57266386708984140094c487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens during a countout?",
              "id": "57266386708984140094c488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? ",
              "id": "57266386708984140094c489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "breaking the count." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?",
              "id": "57266386708984140094c48a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Disqualification (sometimes abbreviated as \"DQ\") occurs when a wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically. Although a countout can technically be considered a disqualification (as it is, for all intents and purposes, an automatic loss suffered as a result of violating a match rule), the two concepts are often distinct in wrestling. A no disqualification match can still end by countout (although this is rare); typically, a match must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term, in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "DQ" }],
              "question": "What else is disqualification called?",
              "id": "572663f95951b619008f7151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a wrestler be disqualified? ",
              "id": "572663f95951b619008f7152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? ",
              "id": "572663f95951b619008f7153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term \"ref bump\". While the referee remains \"unconscious\", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? ",
              "id": "5726652e5951b619008f7189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "must see the violation with their own eyes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?",
              "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Dusty finishes" }],
              "question": "In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?",
              "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "ref bump" }],
              "question": "What is it called when a ref is knocked out?",
              "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 897, "text": "free to violate rules" }
              ],
              "question": "What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? ",
              "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A professional wrestling match can end in a draw. A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified (as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match, like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002), neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count, or both opponents simultaneously win the match. The latter can occur if, for example, one opponent's shoulders touch the mat while maintaining a submission hold against another opponent. If the opponent in the hold begins to tap out at the same time a referee counts to three for pinning the opponent delivering the hold, both opponents have legally achieved scoring conditions simultaneously. Traditionally, a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw (though it may become vacant), though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification. A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw, where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period (a one-hour draw, which was once common, is known in wrestling circles as a \"Broadway\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "in a draw" }],
              "question": "What is one way a match can end?",
              "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason a draw can result?",
              "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "may not change hands in the event of a draw"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?",
              "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1162, "text": "\"Broadway\"" }],
              "question": "What is another name for a one hour draw?",
              "id": "572665d8708984140094c4be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wrestling match may be declared a no contest if the winning conditions are unable to occur. This can be due to excessive interference, loss of referee's control over the match, one or more participants sustaining debilitating injury not caused by the opponent, or the inability of a scheduled match to even begin. A no contest is a state separate and distinct from a draw \u2014 a draw indicates winning conditions were met. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in practice, this usage is technically incorrect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "debilitating" }],
              "question": "What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling?",
              "id": "572666475951b619008f71bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "state separate and distinct from a draw"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?",
              "id": "572666475951b619008f71bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "loss of referee's control over the match"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a referee's action result in a no contest?",
              "id": "572666475951b619008f71bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy, the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience. Although the competition is staged, dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience. Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates, increased ticket sales, higher ratings on television broadcasts (which result in greater ad revenue), higher pay-per-view buyrates, and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage. All of these contribute to the profit of the promotion company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "to excite and entertain the audience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the point of a match?",
              "id": "572666c9708984140094c4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Heightened interest" }
              ],
              "question": "Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?",
              "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "dramatic emphasis" }],
              "question": "Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? ",
              "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Latin America and English-speaking countries, most wrestlers (and other on-stage performers) portray character roles, sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own. These personalities are a gimmick intended to heighten interest in a wrestler without regard to athletic ability. Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like (such as Doink the Clown), while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality (such as Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and CM Punk). In lucha libre, many characters wear masks, adopting a secret identity akin to a superhero, a near-sacred tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "portray character roles" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?",
              "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Doink the Clown" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? ",
              "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Rock's persona is seen as what? ",
              "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "masks" }],
              "question": "What is common apparel in lucha libre? ",
              "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ricky Steamboat), or may change from time to time to better suit the demands of the audience or company. Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company, forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave (although a simple typeset change, such as changing Rhyno to Rhino, can usually get around this), and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler. Sometimes, a wrestler may change their legal name in order to obtain ownership of their ring name (examples include Andrew Martin and Warrior). Many wrestlers (such as The Rock and The Undertaker) are strongly identified with their character, even responding to the name in public or between friends. It's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names, unless otherwise introduced. A professional wrestling character's popularity can grow to the point that it makes appearances in other media (see Hulk Hogan and El Santo) or even give the performer enough visibility to enter politics (Antonio Inoki and Jesse Ventura, among others).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1066,
                  "text": "by their stage names/characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?",
              "id": "5726687f708984140094c50f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "the wrestler" }],
              "question": "Other than a company, who else can own a character?",
              "id": "5726687f708984140094c510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "typeset change" }],
              "question": "How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?",
              "id": "5726687f708984140094c511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 707, "text": "change their legal name" }
              ],
              "question": "What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?",
              "id": "5726687f708984140094c512"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typically, matches are staged between a protagonist (historically an audience favorite, known as a babyface, or \"the good guy\") and an antagonist (historically a villain with arrogance, a tendency to break rules, or other unlikable qualities, called a heel). In recent years, however, antiheroes have also become prominent in professional wrestling. There is also a less common role of a \"tweener\", who is neither fully face nor fully heel yet able to play either role effectively (case in point, Samoa Joe during his first run in TNA from June 2005 to November 2006).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "babyface, or \"the good guy\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are other names for a protagonist?",
              "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "break rules" }],
              "question": "What will an antagonist usually do?",
              "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "tweener" }],
              "question": "What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?",
              "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8dece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "protagonist" }],
              "question": "Who is generally the audience favorite? ",
              "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At times a character may \"turn\", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade. Others may have no noticeable effect on the character's status. If a character repeatedly switches between being a face and heel, this lessens the effect of such turns, and may result in apathy from the audience. Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "turn" }],
              "question": "What might a character do with their persona?",
              "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "heel" }],
              "question": "What did Hulk Hogan become? ",
              "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dedf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Vince McMahon" }],
              "question": "Who has the most turns in the WWE?",
              "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dee0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with personae in general, a character's face or heel alignment may change with time, or remain constant over its lifetime (the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat, a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career). Sometimes a character's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will, in practice, become a face persona, and what was previously the face persona, will turn into the heel persona, such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using \"The Rock\" persona as a heel character, as opposed to his original \"Rocky Maivia\" babyface persona. Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was originally booked as a heel, with such mannerisms as drinking on the job, using profanity, breaking company property, and even breaking into people's private homes. However, much to WWF's surprise, the fans enjoyed Austin's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business. He, along with the stable of D-Generation X, is generally credited with ushering in the Attitude Era of WWF programming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Ricky Steamboat" }],
              "question": "Who is a wrestler who never turned? ",
              "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "heel" }],
              "question": "What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? ",
              "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Rocky Maivia" }],
              "question": "What was The Rock's original character? ",
              "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1012,
                  "text": "one of the greatest antiheroes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Steve Austin become? ",
              "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some cases a wrestler may possess admirable physical traits but perceived mediocre public speaking abilities (such as Brock Lesnar), or their gimmick may be that of a \"wild savage\" needing a handler (such as Kamala). Such performers have historically employed a manager, who speaks on their behalf and adds to the performance. Managers have sometimes become major personalities, including Bobby Heenan, Paul Heyman, Ernie Roth, and Paul Bearer. A manager role may also be filled by a \"valet\", typically an appealing female who may participate in love triangle storylines, \"damsel in distress\" situations, and scripted fights with female wrestlers. Some of these have also gone on to become recognized stars, such as Tammy Lynn Sytch, Stacy Keibler, and Miss Elizabeth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "manager" }],
              "question": "Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities?",
              "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "become major personalities" }
              ],
              "question": "What sometimes happens with managers?",
              "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "\"valet" }],
              "question": "Who else can perform the manager role?",
              "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "an appealing female" }
              ],
              "question": "Who might participate in a love triangle story? ",
              "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8459"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do most matches have?",
              "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "tragedy" }],
              "question": "What is it called when the protagonist loses?",
              "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "triumph" }],
              "question": "What do they call it when a protagonist wins? ",
              "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be wagered in a match? ",
              "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other stories result from a natural rivalry between two or more characters. Outside of performance, these are referred to as feuds. A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades. The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches (although most of those matches were mere dark matches). The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud, as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon, one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during 1998 and 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "feuds" }],
              "question": "What are rivalries often called?",
              "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "a few days up to multiple decades"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long might a feud last?",
              "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "late 1970s into the early 1990s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? ",
              "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 575,
                  "text": "Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a popular feud?",
              "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also, anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories: romantic relationships (including love triangles and marriage), racism, classism, nepotism, favoritism, corporate corruption, family bonds, personal histories, grudges, theft, cheating, assault, betrayal, bribery, seduction, stalking, confidence tricks, extortion, blackmail, substance abuse, self-doubt, self-sacrifice; even kidnapping, sexual fetishism, necrophilia, misogyny, rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling. Some promotions have included supernatural elements such as magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery (most notably The Undertaker and his Ministry of Darkness, a stable that regularly performed evil rituals and human sacrifice in Satanic-like worship of a hidden power figure). Celebrities would also be involved in storylines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?",
              "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "anything that can be used as an element of drama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used in a wrestling story? ",
              "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "love triangles and marriage" }
              ],
              "question": "What romantic drama might be used in a story? ",
              "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Behind the scenes, the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer, or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership. Lower ranked titles may also be used on the performers who show potential, thus allowing them greater exposure to the audience. However other circumstances may also determine the use of a championship. A combination of a championship's lineage, the caliber of performers as champion, and the frequency and manner of title changes, dictates the audience's perception of the title's quality, significance and reputation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens behind the scenes of a match?",
              "id": "57266d835951b619008f7273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "those the bookers believe will generate fan interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who else do bookers focus on? ",
              "id": "57266d835951b619008f7274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "performers who show potential" }
              ],
              "question": "Who might they use a lower ranked title on?",
              "id": "57266d835951b619008f7275"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A wrestler's championship accomplishments can be central to their career, becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power. In general, a wrestler with multiple title reigns or an extended title reign is indicative of a wrestler's ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring. As such, the most accomplished or decorated wrestlers tend to be revered as legends despite the predetermined nature of title reigns. American wrestler Ric Flair has had multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades. Japanese wrestler \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n once held and defended a record 10 titles simultaneously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?",
              "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "championship accomplishments" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be important in a wrestler's career? ",
              "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "performance ability and drawing power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do those accomplishments indicate? ",
              "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has Ric Flair accomplished? ",
              "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "\u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "Who held 10 records at once? ",
              "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All notable wrestlers now enter the ring accompanied by music, and regularly add other elements to their entrance. The music played during the ring entrance will usually mirror the wrestler's personality. Many wrestlers, particularly in America, have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance. While invented long before, the practice of including music with the entrance gained rapid popularity during the 1980s, largely as a result of the huge success of Hulk Hogan and the WWF, and their Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection. When a match is won, the victor's theme music is usually also played in celebration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "accompanied by music" }
              ],
              "question": "What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring?",
              "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "the wrestler's personality" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the music playing indicate? ",
              "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "victor's theme music is usually also played"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What typically happens when a match is won?",
              "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with many wrestlers?",
              "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956. The NWA, however, ceased to acknowledge Burke as their Women's World champion in 1954, and instead acknowledged June Byers as champion after a controversial finish to a high-profile match between Burke and Byers that year. Upon Byers' retirement in 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women's Championship (the predecessor to the WWE's Women's Championship) in a tournament back in 1958, was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Mildred Burke" }],
              "question": "Who won the women's title in 1937?",
              "id": "572670f2708984140094c615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Women's Wrestling Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mildred Burke form?",
              "id": "572670f2708984140094c616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What year did June Byers retire? ",
              "id": "572670f2708984140094c617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "What year did Mildred Burke retire? ",
              "id": "572670f2708984140094c618"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Japan, professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu (\u5973\u5b50\u30d7\u30ed\u30ec\u30b9) or joshi puro for short. Female wrestling is usually handled by promotions that specialize in joshi puroresu rather than divisions of otherwise male-dominated promotions, as is the case in the United States. However, joshi puroresu promotions usually have agreements with male puroresu promotions such that they recognize each other's titles as legitimate, and may share cards. All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling was the dominant joshi organization from the 1970s to the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "joshi puroresu" }],
              "question": "What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?",
              "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "joshi puro" }],
              "question": "What is the short form for joshi puroresu?",
              "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the major joshi organization for two decades?",
              "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8508"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s, mixed tag team matches began to take place, with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender. If a tag was made, the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well. Despite these restrictions, many mixed tag matches do feature some physical interaction between participants of different genders. For example, a heel may take a cheap shot at the female wrestler of the opposing team to draw a negative crowd reaction. In lucha libre, cheap-shots and male-female attacks are not uncommon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "a male and female on each team" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a mixed tag team consist of?",
              "id": "572671c4708984140094c645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When did mixed tag teams start? ",
              "id": "572671c4708984140094c646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened when a tag was made? ",
              "id": "572671c4708984140094c647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "cheap-shots and male-female attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?",
              "id": "572671c4708984140094c648"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? ",
              "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Chyna" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?",
              "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "478 days" }],
              "question": "What was the record before it was stripped? ",
              "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Brooke Hogan" }],
              "question": "Who stripped the previous record? ",
              "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some wrestlers may have their own specific \"mini me\", like Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije has Quije, etc. There are also cases in which midgets can become valets for a wrestler, and even get physically involved in matches, like Alushe, who often accompanies Tinieblas, or KeMonito, who is portrayed as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's mascot and is also a valet for Mistico. Dave Finlay was often aided in his matches by a midget known mainly as Hornswoggle while in WWE, who hid under the ring and gave a shillelagh to Finlay to use on his opponent. Finlay also occasionally threw him at his opponent(s). Hornswoggle has also been given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with D-Generation X in 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "mini me" }],
              "question": "A wrestler may have a small person called what?",
              "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "become valets" }],
              "question": "What else can a little person do in the match?",
              "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Hornswoggle" }],
              "question": "Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?",
              "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "occasionally threw him at his opponent(s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else did Finlay do with his little person?",
              "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Hornswoggle?",
              "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though they have not had the level of exposure as other wrestlers, bears have long been a part of professional wrestling. Usually declawed and muzzled, they often wrestled shoot matches against audience members, offered a cash reward if they could pin the bear. They also wrestled professionals in worked, often battle royal or handicap, matches (usually booked so the bear won). Though they have wrestled around the world and continue to do so, wrestling bears enjoyed their greatest popularity in the Southern United States, during the 1960s and 1970s. The practice of bear wrestling has met strong opposition from animal rights activists in recent decades, contributing to its lack of mainstream acceptance. As of 2006, it is banned in 20 U.S. states. Perhaps the most famous wrestling bears are Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 799,
                  "text": "Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?",
              "id": "572673df5951b619008f7307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "bears" }],
              "question": "What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?",
              "id": "572673df5951b619008f7308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "declawed and muzzled" }
              ],
              "question": "What condition are bears usually brought in in?",
              "id": "572673df5951b619008f7309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "audience members" }],
              "question": "Who do the bears fight?",
              "id": "572673df5951b619008f730a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?",
              "id": "572673df5951b619008f730b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Professional wrestling in the U.S. tends to have a heavy focus on story building and the establishment of characters (and their personalities). There is a story for each match, and even a longer story for successive matches. The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels, and less often antiheroes and tweeners. It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins. The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities, with examples like Doink the Clown, whose personality is melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical. The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story, and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews. The relationship between different characters can also be very complex.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "a story" }],
              "question": "What does every match have?",
              "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "characters like faces and heels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is usually included in stories? ",
              "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the possibly outcomes of a story? ",
              "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Doink the Clown's persona like?",
              "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "heels may even attack the faces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What might happen during interviews?",
              "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8588"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although professional wrestling in Mexico (lucha libre) also has stories and characters, they are less emphasized. Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who, more often, rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that wrestlers in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre. Wrestlers often execute high flying moves characteristic of lucha libre by utilizing the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches, in which the teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "they are less emphasized" }
              ],
              "question": "How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?",
              "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are Mexican wrestlers different? ",
              "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do American wrestlers depend on? ",
              "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 848, "text": "tag team wrestling matches" }
              ],
              "question": "What else is lucha libre known for?",
              "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 899,
                  "text": "often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? ",
              "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e859a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The style of Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) is again different. With its origins in traditional American style of wrestling and still being under the same genre, it has become an entity in itself. Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined, the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds, while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show. Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines, and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling, and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S., they are not as intricate in Japan, more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit, meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics. Many of Japan's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu, but were actual competitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "outcome of the matches remains predetermined"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?",
              "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Japanese wrestling differ? ",
              "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Japanese wrestling combine?",
              "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "Fighting Spirit" }],
              "question": "What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? ",
              "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1093, "text": "legitimate martial arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? ",
              "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Those involved in producing professional wrestling have developed a kind of global fraternity, with familial bonds, shared language and passed-down traditions. New performers are expected to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward. The permanent rosters of most promotions develop a backstage pecking order, with veterans mediating conflicts and mentoring younger wrestlers. For many decades (and still to a lesser extent today), performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive even while not performing, essentially acting in character any time they were in public. Some veterans speak of a \"sickness\" among wrestling performers, an inexplicable pull to remain active in the wrestling world despite the devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is expected of newcomers? ",
              "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? ",
              "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "acting in character" }
              ],
              "question": "How did wrestlers have to act in public? ",
              "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 824,
                  "text": "devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? ",
              "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the \"fandoms\" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These \"rags\" or \"dirt sheets\" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "their own subculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the fans have?",
              "id": "57267676708984140094c701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "overlap" }],
              "question": "What sometimes happens with fandoms? ",
              "id": "57267676708984140094c702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "comic book conventions" }
              ],
              "question": "Where have some wrestlers appeared?",
              "id": "57267676708984140094c703"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some fans enjoy a pastime of collecting tapes of wrestling shows from specific companies, of certain wrestlers, or of specific genres. The Internet has given fans exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling they would be unable to see otherwise. Since the 1990s, many companies have been founded which deal primarily in wrestling footage. When the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001, they also obtained the entire past video libraries of both productions and have released many past matches online and on home video.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "collecting tapes of wrestling shows"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some fans like to do?",
              "id": "572676e75951b619008f7375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the internet done for wrestling fans? ",
              "id": "572676e75951b619008f7376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?",
              "id": "572676e75951b619008f7377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "WCW and ECW" }],
              "question": "What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? ",
              "id": "572676e75951b619008f7378"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the first established world championship, the top professional wrestlers have garnered fame within mainstream society. Each successive generation has produced a number of wrestlers who extend their careers into the realms of music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking, and are known to those who are unfamiliar with wrestling in general. Conversely, celebrities from other sports or general pop culture also become involved with wrestling for brief periods of time. A prime example of this is The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection of the 1980s, which combined wrestling with MTV.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "fame within mainstream society" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved?",
              "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "combined wrestling with MTV" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?",
              "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?",
              "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7389"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, \u00a1Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a \"boxer vs. wrestler\" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler \"Thunderlips\", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode \"W.T.F.\" played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Rocky series" }],
              "question": "Name a popular series of boxing films?",
              "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Baron von Raschke" }],
              "question": "Who is the movie The Baron about? ",
              "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "\"W.T.F.\"" }],
              "question": "What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?",
              "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1106, "text": "The Wrestler" }],
              "question": "What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? ",
              "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "television shows and films" }
              ],
              "question": "Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? ",
              "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With its growing popularity, professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism. Many courses, theses, essays, and dissertations have analyzed wrestling's conventions, content, and its role in modern society. It is often included as part of studies on theatre, sociology, performance, and media. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "academic study and journalistic criticism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?",
              "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "theatre, sociology, performance, and media"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?",
              "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Heather Levi write?",
              "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?",
              "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the \"sport\" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class \u2014 an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay \"The World of Wrestling\" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What impact did the revelation of wrestling being \"fixed\" have?",
              "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When was Roland Barthes book published?",
              "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "a theatrical spectacle" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?",
              "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "\"The World of Wrestling\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?",
              "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a \"soap opera for males\", it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre; a synthesis of classical heroics, commedia dell'arte, revenge tragedies, morality plays, and burlesque. The characters and storylines portrayed by a successful promotion are seen to reflect the current mood, attitudes, and concerns of that promotion's society (and can, in turn, influence those same things). Wrestling's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "\"soap opera for males\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is wrestling sometimes called?",
              "id": "572679f3708984140094c75d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "vicarious outlet for aggression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?",
              "id": "572679f3708984140094c75e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "past forms of literature and theatre;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What role does wrestling fill?",
              "id": "572679f3708984140094c75f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families. The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk, a wrestler nearing retirement; Mick Foley, a wrestler within his prime; Jake Roberts, a former star fallen from grace; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business. The 2005 release Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling chronicled the development of women's wrestling throughout the 20th century. Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. MTV's documentary series True Life featured two episodes titled \"I'm a Professional Wrestler\" and \"I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler\". Other documentaries have been produced by The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Professional Wrestling) and A&E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers, including Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Documentary filmmakers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?",
              "id": "57267a6d708984140094c775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did Beyond the Mat come out? ",
              "id": "57267a6d708984140094c776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Bryant Gumbel" }],
              "question": "Who hosts Real Sports?",
              "id": "57267a6d708984140094c777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1003,
                  "text": "Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?",
              "id": "57267a6d708984140094c778"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although professional wrestling is worked, there is a high chance of injury, and even death. Strikes are often stiff, especially in Japan and in independent wrestling promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH). The ring is often made out of 2 by 8 timber planks. Many of the injuries that occur in pro wrestling are shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling, including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit. Professional wrestler Davey Richards said in 2015, \"We train to take damage, we know we are going to take damage and we accept that\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "high chance of injury, and even death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the risks of wrestling?",
              "id": "57267ae05951b619008f740f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "2 by 8 timber planks" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the ring commonly made of?",
              "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are common injuries in wrestling?",
              "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?",
              "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "double-murder suicide case" }
              ],
              "question": "Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? ",
              "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7413"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Film_speed",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types). In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be. Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "sensitivity" }],
              "question": "What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? ",
              "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "slow film" }],
              "question": "What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? ",
              "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "reduction of exposure" }
              ],
              "question": "What leads to lower quality images?",
              "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Highly sensitive films" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of film are considered fast films?",
              "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "reduced image quality" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?",
              "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or \u00b0W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?",
              "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "The speed of the emulsion" }
              ],
              "question": "What do degrees Warnerke measure?",
              "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "an increase of 1/3 in speed" }
              ],
              "question": "How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?",
              "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? ",
              "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "'degrees' Warnerke" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? ",
              "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858\u20131913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch., where an increment of 19\u00b0 Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "the German astronomer Julius Scheiner"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the Scheinergrade system? ",
              "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Scheinergrade system used for?",
              "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the speed of a plate" }
              ],
              "question": "What do degrees Scheiner indicate?",
              "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of Scheiner speeds?",
              "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch" }
              ],
              "question": "Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? ",
              "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896\u20131960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder\u2013Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder\u2013Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?",
              "id": "572640b938643c19005ad383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "emulsion speeds" }],
              "question": "What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?",
              "id": "572640b938643c19005ad384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "comparing with competing products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?",
              "id": "572640b938643c19005ad385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?",
              "id": "572640b938643c19005ad386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What eliminated comparability?",
              "id": "572640b938643c19005ad387"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongre\u00df f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "January 1934" }],
              "question": "When was the DIN system established? ",
              "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the DIN system?",
              "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "a standardized method of sensitometry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?",
              "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?",
              "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Dresden" }],
              "question": "Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?",
              "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as \"18\u00b0 DIN\". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as \"18\u00b0 DIN\" would now be labeled as \"21 DIN\" without emulsion changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "degrees" }],
              "question": "What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? ",
              "id": "572644315951261400b51960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?",
              "id": "572644315951261400b51961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "with DIN 4512:1961-10" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?",
              "id": "572644315951261400b51962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?",
              "id": "572644315951261400b51963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "would become doubled" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?",
              "id": "572644315951261400b51964"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?",
              "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?",
              "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "ISO standards" }],
              "question": "What standards did the DIN begin to use?",
              "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "in the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When were the ISO standards first adopted?",
              "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "July 2002" }],
              "question": "When were the last ISO standards adopted? ",
              "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "the system of Weston film speed ratings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What system was used previous to the ASA system?",
              "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? ",
              "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? ",
              "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "August 1932" }],
              "question": "When was the Weston model 617 created?",
              "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "William Nelson Goodwin, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?",
              "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955. The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955, but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes, these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston's recommendation. Vice versa, \"old\" Weston film speed ratings could be converted into \"new\" Westons and the ASA scale by adding the same amount, that is, a film rating of 100 Weston (up to 1955) corresponded with 125 ASA (as per ASA PH2.5-1954 and before). This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?",
              "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "the ASA system" }],
              "question": "What were updated Weston values based on?",
              "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were Weston values changed to ASA values?",
              "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?",
              "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?",
              "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled \"Exposure Index\") already. For some of the older meters with scales in \"Film Speed\" or \"Film Value\" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "General Electric" }],
              "question": "Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?",
              "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?",
              "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "replaceable hoods with ASA scales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did older models convert to ASA scale?",
              "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "labeled \"Exposure Index\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?",
              "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "they were now aligned to the ASA scale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?",
              "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884\u20131954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Loyd Ancile Jones" }],
              "question": "Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?",
              "id": "572650e6708984140094c219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What standards were the ANSI developed from?",
              "id": "572650e6708984140094c21a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "black-and-white negative films"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of film did the ANSI measure?",
              "id": "572650e6708984140094c21b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "When did the ANSI define its new measure?",
              "id": "572650e6708984140094c21c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?",
              "id": "572650e6708984140094c21d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?",
              "id": "57265236708984140094c249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?",
              "id": "57265236708984140094c24a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "the DIN system" }],
              "question": "Which other system were these changes applied to?",
              "id": "57265236708984140094c24b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year was the BS system modified?",
              "id": "57265236708984140094c24c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "safety factors against under-exposure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?",
              "id": "57265236708984140094c24d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the \u201cspeed point\u201d m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?",
              "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?",
              "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?",
              "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "The exposure Hm, in lux-s" }
              ],
              "question": "What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?",
              "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?",
              "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8194"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a \"stop\". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effective f-number proportional to?",
              "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Film speed" }],
              "question": "What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?",
              "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?",
              "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "twice as much" }],
              "question": "A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?",
              "id": "572655085951b619008f6fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "\"stop\"" }],
              "question": "In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?",
              "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "the amount of light energy that reaches the film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?",
              "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?",
              "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the exposure of film changed?",
              "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "because reciprocity holds" }
              ],
              "question": "How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?",
              "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "reciprocity failure" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?",
              "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the \"P\" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?",
              "id": "572657b8708984140094c31d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "ISO 1000" }],
              "question": "What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?",
              "id": "572657b8708984140094c31e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Kodak and Fuji" }],
              "question": "Which two companies produced E6 films meant for \"pushing\"?",
              "id": "572657b8708984140094c31f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "ISO 400" }],
              "question": "What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?",
              "id": "572657b8708984140094c320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "high-speed black-and-white films"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?",
              "id": "572657b8708984140094c321"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For digital photo cameras (\"digital still cameras\"), an exposure index (EI) rating\u2014commonly called ISO setting\u2014is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "ISO setting" }],
              "question": "What is another name for an exposure index rating?",
              "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do some camera designs give some EI choices?",
              "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "the manufacturer" }],
              "question": "Who provides the exposure index rating?",
              "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "digital still cameras" }
              ],
              "question": "What are digital photo cameras also called?",
              "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Digital cameras" }],
              "question": "What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?",
              "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "409,600" }],
              "question": "What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?",
              "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?",
              "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "prohibitively time consuming to process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?",
              "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "a higher level of refinement" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the higher speed do for the images produced?",
              "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004. Depending on the technique selected, the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image. The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors, although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?",
              "id": "5726625c5951b619008f710f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?",
              "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors affect the exposure index rating?",
              "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?",
              "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?",
              "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7113"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer\u2019s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? ",
              "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "pattern metering" }],
              "question": "What is another name for multi-zone metering?",
              "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?",
              "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?",
              "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?",
              "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG\u2014and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?",
              "id": "572665495951b619008f7193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?",
              "id": "572665495951b619008f7194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "the sRGB output from the camera"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the output level measured in?",
              "id": "572665495951b619008f7195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "multi-zone metering" }
              ],
              "question": "With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?",
              "id": "572665495951b619008f7196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "ISO 2721" }],
              "question": "With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?",
              "id": "572665495951b619008f7197"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "REI or SOS techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?",
              "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "approximately 2007 and later" }
              ],
              "question": "In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?",
              "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "cameras that produce images only in JPEG format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?",
              "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?",
              "id": "5726668a708984140094c4ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Exif specification" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the DC-008 change?",
              "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/\u221a2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor \u221a2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "lower limit of the saturation speed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the sensor usually determine?",
              "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the saturation speed be increased?",
              "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is indicated by the factor \u221a2?",
              "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "clipped or bloomed camera output"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can too much exposure lead to?",
              "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?",
              "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the noise-based speed?",
              "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dfff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the two ratios found?",
              "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?",
              "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors influence the noise-based speed?",
              "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range for exposure latitude?",
              "id": "572674a05951b619008f7318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "SOS-based speed" }],
              "question": "What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?",
              "id": "572674a05951b619008f7319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When should the noise-based speed be used?",
              "id": "572674a05951b619008f7317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?",
              "id": "572674a05951b619008f731a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "how speed ratings should be reported by the camera"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the standard specify?",
              "id": "572674a05951b619008f731b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user \"ISO\" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What measures might the user \"ISO\" setting correspond to?",
              "id": "572676395951b619008f734f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "measurement of camera output that had lossy compression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?",
              "id": "572676395951b619008f7350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "REI or SOS" }],
              "question": "What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?",
              "id": "572676395951b619008f7351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "CIPA DC-004" }],
              "question": "What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?",
              "id": "572676395951b619008f7352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?",
              "id": "572676395951b619008f7353"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mexico_City",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de M\u00e9xico  audio (help\u00b7info) American Spanish: [sju\u02c8\u00f0a(\u00f0) \u00f0e \u02c8m\u00e9xiko]; abbreviated as \"CDMX\"), is the capital of Mexico. As an \"alpha\" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de M\u00e9xico), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "7,350" }],
              "question": "How man feet above sea level is Mexico City",
              "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities are in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "boroughs" }],
              "question": "What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?",
              "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Ciudad de M\u00e9xico" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?",
              "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "2,240" }],
              "question": "How many meters above sea is Mexico City?",
              "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "US$411 billion" }],
              "question": "How big is Mexico City's GDP?",
              "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "five times" }],
              "question": "How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?",
              "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "22%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?",
              "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Peru" }],
              "question": "Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?",
              "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico\u2019s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Tenochtitlan" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dcff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "the Aztecs" }],
              "question": "Who originally built Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "1824" }],
              "question": "When was the Federal District formed?",
              "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "on an island of Lake Texcoco" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the city first built?",
              "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "1585" }],
              "question": "When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?",
              "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can't Mexico City become a state?",
              "id": "57265a65708984140094c36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did people become able to vote for representation?",
              "id": "57265a65708984140094c36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? ",
              "id": "57265a65708984140094c36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Federal District" }],
              "question": "What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?",
              "id": "57265a65708984140094c370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "popular vote" }],
              "question": "How are officials elected to the legislature? ",
              "id": "57265a65708984140094c371"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desag\u00fce, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the desag\u00fce" }],
              "question": "What was the labor draft called?",
              "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Indians" }],
              "question": "Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?",
              "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "flooding" }],
              "question": "What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?",
              "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "changed the habitat for fish and birds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?",
              "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? ",
              "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1020, "text": "The city of palaces" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common nickname for Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 900,
                  "text": "the last half of the 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?",
              "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Grito de Dolores (\"Cry of Dolores\") also known as El Grito de la Independencia (\"Cry of Independence\"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The \"Grito\" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1288, "text": "September 27, 1821" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Mexico gain independence? ",
              "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1314, "text": "a decade" }],
              "question": "How long was the war?",
              "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1072, "text": "The Battle of Guanajuato" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? ",
              "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Grito" }],
              "question": "What was the battle cry of the war?",
              "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "September 16, 1810" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the war begin?",
              "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican\u2013American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican\u2013American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Winfield Scott" }],
              "question": "Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Mexican\u2013American War" }
              ],
              "question": "What war did America and Mexico fight in?",
              "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "September 8 to September 15, 1847"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the battle for Mexico City take place",
              "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 955,
                  "text": "U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What American divisions got into Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes (the \"Boy Heroes\"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Bel\u00e9n and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "John A. Quitman" }],
              "question": "Who led the 4th division?",
              "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Guadalupe Hidalgo" }],
              "question": "What treaty was signed?",
              "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "George E. Pickett and James Longstreet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the future confederate generals?",
              "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "the 4th Division" }],
              "question": "Who carried the castle?",
              "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "on September 13" }],
              "question": "When did the castle fall?",
              "id": "57265d79708984140094c3af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "by 1908" }],
              "question": "When was most of the urbanization completed? ",
              "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The extensive modernization started with what?",
              "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was built during the modernization?",
              "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Reforma Avenue" }],
              "question": "What famous street was built during this period of modernization?",
              "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was turned into a monument after the war? ",
              "id": "57265ece708984140094c3d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Diaz" }],
              "question": "Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265ece708984140094c3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "the Mexican Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? ",
              "id": "57265ece708984140094c3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Porfirian/French style" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Colonia Roma" }],
              "question": "What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?",
              "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obreg\u00f3n and culminated the Mexican Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Plutarco Elias Calles" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?",
              "id": "57267186708984140094c635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? ",
              "id": "57267186708984140094c636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When was Alvaro Obregon killed? ",
              "id": "57267186708984140094c637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Morelos" }],
              "question": "Where were the Zapatist forces from?",
              "id": "57267186708984140094c638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Adolfo de la Huerta" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?",
              "id": "57267186708984140094c639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?",
              "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "shantytowns" }],
              "question": "What did the countryside workers make to live in? ",
              "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "serious air pollution" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the shantytowns create?",
              "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Thursday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?",
              "id": "572672d9708984140094c66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "8.1 on the Richter scale" }
              ],
              "question": "How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?",
              "id": "572672d9708984140094c66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?",
              "id": "572672d9708984140094c66f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?",
              "id": "572672d9708984140094c670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "ordinary citizens" }],
              "question": "Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?",
              "id": "572672d9708984140094c671"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "2,200" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?",
              "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Valley of Mexico" }],
              "question": "Where is Mexico City located?",
              "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "5,000 metres (16,000 feet)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?",
              "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?",
              "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "canals and tunnels" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the city prevent flooding?",
              "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e856a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?",
              "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "none" }],
              "question": "How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?",
              "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "as much as nine metres (30 feet)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much has the city fallen?",
              "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Lake Texcoco" }],
              "question": "What does Mexico City rest on?",
              "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "southern boroughs" }],
              "question": "Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e048"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "820 millimetres (32.3 in)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much rain falls on Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "March to May" }],
              "question": "When is it warm, yet does not rain?",
              "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "June to October" }],
              "question": "When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "November to February" }
              ],
              "question": "When is it coldest in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "tropical winds" }],
              "question": "What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?",
              "id": "57267657708984140094c6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the lake still remain?",
              "id": "57267657708984140094c6f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "The Aztecs" }],
              "question": "Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?",
              "id": "57267657708984140094c6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made up Lake Texcoco?",
              "id": "57267657708984140094c6fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Federal District" }],
              "question": "Where is the lake located in Atenco?",
              "id": "57267657708984140094c6fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572676f15951b619008f737d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?",
              "id": "572676f15951b619008f737e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?",
              "id": "572676f15951b619008f737f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? ",
              "id": "572676f15951b619008f7380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "WHO" }],
              "question": "Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?",
              "id": "572676f15951b619008f7381"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrob\u00fas bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Metrob\u00fas" }],
              "question": "What is the bus system called in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Ecobici" }],
              "question": "What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "two days" }],
              "question": "How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?",
              "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "ozone and nitrogen oxides" }
              ],
              "question": "What pollutants does the city closely monitor?",
              "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "biannual" }],
              "question": "How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?",
              "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Quer\u00e9taro" }],
              "question": "What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?",
              "id": "57267841708984140094c731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Section XXVIII of Article 50" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?",
              "id": "57267841708984140094c732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "October 4, 1824" }],
              "question": "When was the federal constitution signed? ",
              "id": "57267841708984140094c733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "federal" }],
              "question": "What type of land is Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267841708984140094c734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "federal government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?",
              "id": "57267841708984140094c735"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Quer\u00e9taro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "November 18, 1824" }],
              "question": "When was Mexico City declared the capital?",
              "id": "572678f75951b619008f73bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "two leagues square (8,800 acres)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?",
              "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Palace of the Inquisition" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?",
              "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "Museum of Mexican Medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?",
              "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Texcoco" }],
              "question": "Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?",
              "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1854 president Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican\u2013American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "twenty-two" }],
              "question": "How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?",
              "id": "572679945951b619008f73c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current area of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572679945951b619008f73ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1,700 km2" }],
              "question": "How large was Mexico City at its largest?",
              "id": "572679945951b619008f73cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? ",
              "id": "572679945951b619008f73cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?",
              "id": "572679945951b619008f73cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio D\u00edaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one \"Central Department\" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?",
              "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?",
              "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? ",
              "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Porfirio D\u00edaz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "an appointed governor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed \"Mexico City\" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?",
              "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?",
              "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?",
              "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?",
              "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "the 1985 earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?",
              "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Mayor" }],
              "question": "What do people call the leader of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "the president" }],
              "question": "Who declared the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "What state does Mexico City belong to?",
              "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did the Federal District receive more power? ",
              "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?",
              "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "popular vote" }],
              "question": "How is the leader of Mexico City now established?",
              "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "first Statute of Government" }
              ],
              "question": "What gave the Federal District more autonomy? ",
              "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first elected head of government was Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. C\u00e1rdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006\u20132012 period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard" }],
              "question": "Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?",
              "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "to run in the 2000 presidential elections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?",
              "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the second head of government elected?",
              "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Rosario Robles" }],
              "question": "Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?",
              "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Rosario Robles" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e8700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called \"uninominal deputies\". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called \"plurinominal deputies\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the local government of Mexico City called?",
              "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "parallel voting" }],
              "question": "How is the local government of Mexico City formed?",
              "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 565, "text": "plurinominal deputies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How many representatives make up the Federal District?",
              "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "63" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?",
              "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?",
              "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "over-representation" }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? ",
              "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government\u2014as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s\u2014or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "December 2009" }],
              "question": "When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "more liberal than those of the rest of the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What political leaning does Mexico City take?",
              "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?",
              "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 \"delegaciones\" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs make up Mexico City?",
              "id": "572680f85951b619008f74f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "plurality" }],
              "question": "How are the heads of the boroughs elected?",
              "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "appointed by the head of government of the Federal District"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? ",
              "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Government of the Federal District"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides the city services?",
              "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When did election of borough heads begin?",
              "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoac\u00e1n and San \u00c1ngel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "The Historic Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest part of the city?",
              "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Zona Rosa" }],
              "question": "What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Art Deco architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Condesa" }],
              "question": "What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? ",
              "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e274"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West of the Historic Center (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "West of the Historic Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? ",
              "id": "572685955951b619008f756b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Centro Hist\u00f3rico" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Mexican name for the historic center?",
              "id": "572685955951b619008f756c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Santa Fe" }],
              "question": "Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?",
              "id": "572685955951b619008f756d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "along Paseo de la Reforma" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?",
              "id": "572685955951b619008f756e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, San \u00c1ngel, and San Jer\u00f3nimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Perif\u00e9rico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tl\u00e1huac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "rural" }],
              "question": "What type of population lives in Tiahuac?",
              "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "entirely rural" }],
              "question": "How is Milpa Alta constructed? ",
              "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Along Avenida Insurgentes" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the World Trade Center?",
              "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Colonia del Valle" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?",
              "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8821"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Sat\u00e9lite, a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is much of the industry now located?",
              "id": "572687585951b619008f75dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Ciudad Satelite?",
              "id": "572687585951b619008f75de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "North of the Historic Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Gustavo A. Madero?",
              "id": "572687585951b619008f75df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Ju\u00e1rez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoac\u00e1n (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauht\u00e9moc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?",
              "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?",
              "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Benito Ju\u00e1rez" }
              ],
              "question": "Which borough had the highest HDI score?",
              "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?",
              "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Miguel Hidalgo" }],
              "question": "What borough was the second highest HDI score?",
              "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172th), Tl\u00e1huac (177th) and Iztapalapa (183th) presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481, .8473 and .8464 respectively\u2014values still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a \"medium\" HDI of .7984, far below all other boroughs (627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of .9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, and Mexico's highest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Iztapalapa" }],
              "question": "What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?",
              "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Milpa Alta" }],
              "question": "Which borough had the lowest HDI score?",
              "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "627th" }],
              "question": "What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?",
              "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "top 200" }],
              "question": "All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?",
              "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": ".7984" }],
              "question": "What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?",
              "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; Hospital \u00c1ngeles, Hospital ABC and M\u00e9dica Sur to name a few. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City\u2014including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center\u2014and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "over 6 billion pesos" }
              ],
              "question": "How large is the budget of the IMSS?",
              "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Hospital \u00c1ngeles" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "National Health Ministry (SSA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?",
              "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "National Medical Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8885"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion. Today it has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "catalytic converter" }
              ],
              "question": "What do new cars in Mexico need to have?",
              "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did the underground rail system begin construction?",
              "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "5 million people" }],
              "question": "How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?",
              "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1010, "text": "355" }],
              "question": "How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?",
              "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 761,
                  "text": "reserved a special carriage specifically for women"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way the government helps with the \"Crush\" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?",
              "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe (and the richest in the whole of Latin America). Excluding the rest of the Mexican economy, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south\u2014most of which is protected through environmental laws\u2014the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "15.8" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?",
              "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "$390 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the GDP of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?",
              "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "25.3" }],
              "question": "What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?",
              "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?",
              "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?",
              "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?",
              "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "northern border" }],
              "question": "Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?",
              "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauht\u00e9moc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San \u00c1ngel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with \"Mixed heritage\" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "54.78" }],
              "question": "in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?",
              "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1063, "text": "less than one million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?",
              "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "18.74" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?",
              "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "8.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many people live in the Federal District? ",
              "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "19.8 million" }],
              "question": "What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?",
              "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "negative" }],
              "question": "What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?",
              "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "much lower" }],
              "question": "Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?",
              "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8959"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Argentina and Colombia" }
              ],
              "question": "What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?",
              "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "China and South Korea" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?",
              "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "since the era of New Spain" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?",
              "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) and the \"floating gardens\" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (Z\u00f3calo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor (\"Major Temple\") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "UNESCO" }],
              "question": "Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?",
              "id": "57269001708984140094ca39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "World Heritage Sites" }
              ],
              "question": "The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?",
              "id": "57269001708984140094ca3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When was the Templo Mayor found?",
              "id": "57269001708984140094ca3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "workers were digging to place underground electric cables"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Templo Mayor discovered? ",
              "id": "57269001708984140094ca3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the Mexican Stock Exchange and several corporate headquarters are located. Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "golden Angel of Independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the order of the Emperor Maximilian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the Angel of Independence?",
              "id": "572690d45951b619008f76ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?",
              "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "Avenida de los Insurgentes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "28.8 km (17.9 mi)" }],
              "question": "How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio D\u00edaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the \"Turibus\", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chapultepec Park" }],
              "question": "Chapultepec Castle is located where?",
              "id": "572691a7708984140094ca63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chapultepec Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?",
              "id": "572691a7708984140094ca64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?",
              "id": "572691a7708984140094ca65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Turibus" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572691a7708984140094ca66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "interrupted by the Mexican Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?",
              "id": "572691a7708984140094ca67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, the city has about 160 museums\u2014the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration \u2014over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology) have murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in Coyoac\u00e1n, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoac\u00e1n.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "about 160" }],
              "question": "How many museums are in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572692035951b619008f76f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "How many art galleries are in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572692035951b619008f76f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many concert halls are in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572692035951b619008f76f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Diego Rivera" }],
              "question": "Who has painted murals all over the city?",
              "id": "572692035951b619008f76f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Coyoac\u00e1n" }],
              "question": "Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?",
              "id": "572692035951b619008f76f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "225.9 km (140 mi)" }],
              "question": "How large is the metro system of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572693ac5951b619008f772f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?",
              "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many lines are in the metro system?",
              "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "4.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people ride the metro system each day?",
              "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "195" }],
              "question": "How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?",
              "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7733"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrob\u00fas, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San L\u00e1zaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrob\u00fas could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrob\u00fas buses transported 850,000 passengers daily.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Metrob\u00fas" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city's fast bus line?",
              "id": "572694255951b619008f7741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "June 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Metrobus begin services?",
              "id": "572694255951b619008f7742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "December 2008" }],
              "question": "When did the second line of Metrobus open?",
              "id": "572694255951b619008f7743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "850,000" }],
              "question": "How many people ride the Metrobus every day?",
              "id": "572694255951b619008f7744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "line 4" }],
              "question": "April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?",
              "id": "572694255951b619008f7745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Perif\u00e9rico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (\"State of Mexico outer loop\") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Perif\u00e9rico, colloquially called the segundo piso (\"second floor\"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Superv\u00eda Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "ejes viales" }],
              "question": "What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?",
              "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "tolls are charged" }],
              "question": "What is different about the second level roads?",
              "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When were these second level roads opened?",
              "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1009,
                  "text": "The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What main road leads to the airport?",
              "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1105, "text": "the Superv\u00eda Poniente" }
              ],
              "question": "What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?",
              "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e46a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula (\"Today Does Not Run\", or \"One Day without a Car\"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "ending digit of their license plates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do people know which days to not drive their car?",
              "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "How many cars were still restricted in 2003?",
              "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When were new emisson standards enacted?",
              "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "pass regular emissions tests" }
              ],
              "question": "How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?",
              "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e565"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. \"viene vienes\" (lit. \"come on, come on\"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named \"ecoParq\") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "ecoParq" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1061,
                  "text": "Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the parking meters?",
              "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "16 million-peso" }],
              "question": "How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?",
              "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "8 AM to 8 PM" }],
              "question": "What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?",
              "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "721" }],
              "question": "How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?",
              "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7879"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclov\u00edas (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "EcoBici" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?",
              "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?",
              "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "4,000" }],
              "question": "How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?",
              "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Ciclov\u00edas" }],
              "question": "What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1001, "text": "Denmark" }],
              "question": "What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?",
              "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's second busiest and one of the largests in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canada, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aerom\u00e9xico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. In 2014, the airport handled well over 34 million passengers, just over 2 million more than the year before. This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Mexico City International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "MEX" }],
              "question": "What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?",
              "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "34 million" }],
              "question": "About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?",
              "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 708,
                  "text": "Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 934, "text": "700,000" }],
              "question": "How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?",
              "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Quer\u00e9taro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de M\u00e9xico, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?",
              "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many national airlines are there in Mexico?",
              "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Pachuca" }],
              "question": "What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "September 2, 2014" }],
              "question": "When were the new plans of the airport revealed?",
              "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "2018" }],
              "question": "When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?",
              "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many runways will be in the new airport?",
              "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "120 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?",
              "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "$9.15 billion" }],
              "question": "How much does the new airport cost?",
              "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 712, "text": "Conquest of Mexico" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? ",
              "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "pre-Classical period" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?",
              "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?",
              "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "pottery and stone-engraving" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main artifacts that have survived? ",
              "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The Metropolitan Cathedral still displays works by Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa and an oil painting whose authorship has been attributed to Murillo. Secular works of art of this period include the equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain, locally known as El Caballito (\"The little horse\"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of Manuel Tols\u00e1 and it has been placed at the Plaza Tols\u00e1, in front of the Palacio de Miner\u00eda (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "codices" }],
              "question": "What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a632708984140094ccd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style? ",
              "id": "5726a632708984140094ccda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Juan de Rojas" }],
              "question": "Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "\"The Little Horse\" is also known as what?",
              "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Manuel Tols\u00e1" }],
              "question": "Who created \"The Little Horse?\"",
              "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas (the National School of Arts) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's art schools. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (National Museum of San Carlos). One of the students, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. Porfirio D\u00edaz's regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Manilla. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Academia de San Carlos" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the large art school in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "Museo Nacional de San Carlos" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured? ",
              "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 904,
                  "text": "Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?",
              "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gr\u00e1fica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?",
              "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?",
              "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Catalan" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Remedios Varas?",
              "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e908"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contempor\u00e1neo \u2013 or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, inaugurated in late 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "mid-1980s" }],
              "question": "When was the Museo Tamayo opened?",
              "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Rufino Tamayo" }],
              "question": "Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?",
              "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Oaxaca" }],
              "question": "Where was Rufino Tamayo born?",
              "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "avant-garde" }],
              "question": "What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?",
              "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 850,
                  "text": "University Museum/Contemporary Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What famous art building was opened in late 2008?",
              "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Museo Soumaya, named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim, has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris. It also has a large collection of Dal\u00ed sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Vel\u00e1zquez, Picasso and Canaletto. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza Loreto in southern Mexico City. The Colecci\u00f3n J\u00famex is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the Jumex juice company in the northern industrial suburb of Ecatepec. It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The new Museo J\u00famex in Nuevo Polanco was slated to open in November 2013. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley and Ron Mueck. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Museo Soumaya named after?",
              "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Dal\u00ed" }],
              "question": "What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?",
              "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1436, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold?",
              "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did the new design of the museum open?",
              "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e965"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on Tibet was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?",
              "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Holocaust" }],
              "question": "What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?",
              "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "September 2011" }],
              "question": "The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?",
              "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "discrimination and genocide" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?",
              "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic, which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art dec\u00f3 styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM), and the Miner\u00eda Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Ch\u00e1vez Youth Symphony, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de C\u00e1mara de Bellas Artes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Sala Ollin Yoliztli" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?",
              "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?",
              "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "National Symphony Orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "National Symphony Orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony? ",
              "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does OFUNAM stand for?",
              "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many people does the National Auditorium hold?",
              "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Spanish and English" }
              ],
              "question": "What main languages are supported by shows at the National Auditorium?",
              "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world?",
              "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "giant, high definition screens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other popular sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat Teatro Metropolitan, the 15,000-seat Palacio de los Deportes, and the larger 50,000-seat Foro Sol Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The Cirque du Soleil has held several seasons at the Carpa Santa Fe, in the Santa Fe district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the Hard Rock Live, Batacl\u00e1n, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voil\u00e1 Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many sets are in the Teatro Metropolitan?",
              "id": "5726bdde708984140094cff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "The Foro Sol Stadium hols how many people?",
              "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Carpa Santa Fe" }],
              "question": "Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "The Pepsi Center World Trade Center holds how many people?",
              "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the University Culture Center) (CCU). The CCU also houses the National Library, the interactive Universum, Museo de las Ciencias, the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC). A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "UNAM's main campus" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario?",
              "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "National Library" }],
              "question": "The CCU holds, in addition to a music theater, what?",
              "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year?",
              "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "Tlatelolco" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007?",
              "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "north-central Mexico City" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Tlatelolco located?",
              "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnol\u00f3gico, and La Feria amusement park. The theme park Six Flags M\u00e9xico (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the Z\u00f3calo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink, which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's Red Square.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "world's largest dome screen" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?",
              "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "wooded park of Chapultepec" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?",
              "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Six Flags M\u00e9xico" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?",
              "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Tlalpan" }],
              "question": "What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?",
              "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?",
              "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cineteca Nacional (the Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual International Showcase, and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex, the two biggest film business chains, also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City tops the world in number of IMAX theatres,[citation needed] providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to popular blockbusters on these especially large, dramatic screens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Mexican Film Library located?",
              "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "International Showcase" }
              ],
              "question": "What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library?",
              "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?",
              "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "IMAX" }],
              "question": "What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities?",
              "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including Canadian, French, Italian, Croatian, Spanish (including many regional variations), Jewish, Lebanese, Chinese (again with regional variations), Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese; and of course fellow Latin American cuisines such as Argentine, Brazilian, and Peruvian. Haute, fusion, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of local food and slow Food.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "How many states does Mexico have?",
              "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Canadian, French, Italian," }
              ],
              "question": "What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "kosher, vegetarian and vegan" }
              ],
              "question": "What other specific types of food does the city offer?",
              "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, Morimoto; P\u00e1mpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory, Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses Morton's and The Palm, and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of the most famous Lima-based Haute Peruvian restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gast\u00f3n have locations in Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Pl\u00e1cido Domingo" }
              ],
              "question": "What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Alfredo" }],
              "question": "What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "La Mar" }],
              "question": "What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Suntory" }],
              "question": "What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9053"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants Am\u00e9rica, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional \"Big Four\" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Azteca Stadium" }],
              "question": "What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "91,653" }],
              "question": "How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?",
              "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Azteca Stadium" }],
              "question": "What is the largest stadium in Latin America?",
              "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 915, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?",
              "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "First" }],
              "question": "What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?",
              "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City remains the only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the Summer Olympics in 1968, winning bids against Buenos Aires, Lyon and Detroit. (This too will change thanks to Rio, 2016 Summer Games host). The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games, the last after Santiago and S\u00e3o Paulo withdrew. The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "What year did Mexico City host the olympics?",
              "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics?",
              "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games?",
              "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Lucha libre" }],
              "question": "What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico?",
              "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre?",
              "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What university is the largest of the continent?",
              "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "How many students attend UNAM?",
              "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM?",
              "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "74th" }],
              "question": "What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold?",
              "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 728, "text": "Ciudad Universitaria" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main campus of UNAM called?",
              "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad An\u00e1huac, Simon Bolivar University (USB), the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as \"Casa de California\" in the city. The Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico is also in Mexico City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "National Polytechnic Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 946, "text": "University of California" }
              ],
              "question": "What American University has a big campus in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1000, "text": "Casa de California" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1082, "text": "Mexico City" }],
              "question": "Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located? ",
              "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed] The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal (IEMS-DF).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "Secretary of Public Education" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "government of Mexico City" }
              ],
              "question": "Who allocates the funding of the school systems?",
              "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution\u2014membership is for life\u2014include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy P\u00e9rez Tamayo, Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Sober\u00f3n Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created El Colegio Nacional?",
              "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "El Colegio Nacional" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?",
              "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?",
              "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "College of France" }],
              "question": "What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?",
              "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and book publishing industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma and La Jornada. Other major papers include Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista and El Financiero. Leading magazines include Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Dozens" }],
              "question": "How many newspaper call Mexico City home?",
              "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "El Universal" }],
              "question": "What is one of the main papers of Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "dozens" }],
              "question": "How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, big-box stores and in modern shopping malls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "tianguis" }],
              "question": "What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?",
              "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "immense and varied" }],
              "question": "How is the retail market of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "in a street dedicated to a certain type of good"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?",
              "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent \"mercado\". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortiller\u00edas, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "mercado" }],
              "question": "What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?",
              "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "aguas frescas and atole" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?",
              "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "mercado" }],
              "question": "What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets",
              "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "omnipresent" }],
              "question": "The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?",
              "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain \"theme\" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "plazas comerciales" }
              ],
              "question": "Similar tianguis might set up shop where?",
              "id": "5727420d5951b619008f877f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "tarp or cloth laid on the ground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?",
              "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?",
              "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico City has three zoos. Chapultepec Zoo, the San Juan de Aragon Zoo and Los Coyotes Zoo. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924. Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others. Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964, there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others. Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on February 2, 1999. It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City. You can admire eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located?",
              "id": "572742e2708984140094db89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened?",
              "id": "572742e2708984140094db8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "species that are in danger of extinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?",
              "id": "572742e2708984140094db8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 729, "text": "27.68-acre (11.2 ha)" }
              ],
              "question": "How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes?",
              "id": "572742e2708984140094db8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "more than 301 specimens" }
              ],
              "question": "How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes?",
              "id": "572742e2708984140094db8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza (\"The City of Hope\"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento (\"Capital in Movement\") was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de M\u00e9xico).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador" }
              ],
              "question": "Who termed the slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\"",
              "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Capital en Movimiento" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?",
              "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "CDMX" }],
              "question": "How is the city commonly abbreviated?",
              "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?",
              "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard" }],
              "question": "Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?",
              "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8791"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos. Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to \"connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person\". For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia (\"the provinces\", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango. Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defe\u00f1os (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read \"De-Efe\"). They are formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but \"[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "chilangos" }],
              "question": "What are locals of Mexico City called?",
              "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Chilangolandia" }],
              "question": "What do Mexicans call Mexico City?",
              "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "proudly" }],
              "question": "How do Mexicans take being called \"chilangos?\"",
              "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "defe\u00f1os" }],
              "question": "What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?",
              "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "capitalinos" }],
              "question": "What is the \"official\" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?",
              "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher \"since most people are reluctant to report crime\". Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "average of 478 crimes were reported each day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? ",
              "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "most people are reluctant to report crime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?",
              "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard" }],
              "question": "What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? ",
              "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "installation of 11,000 security cameras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way the city tried to combat crime?",
              "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 670,
                  "text": "one uniformed officer per 100 citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?",
              "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f582"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Germans",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? ",
              "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "80 million" }],
              "question": "Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?",
              "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "80 million" }],
              "question": "How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?",
              "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "between 100 and more than 150 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?",
              "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "mainly in the South Region of the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?",
              "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many native German speakers in the world are there?",
              "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "80 million" }],
              "question": "How many native German speakers consider themselves German?",
              "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "100 and more than 150 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?",
              "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Julius Caesar" }],
              "question": "What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?",
              "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "12 BC" }],
              "question": "In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? ",
              "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? ",
              "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? ",
              "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? ",
              "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?",
              "id": "57292b563f37b319004780af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What religion did Germans adopt?",
              "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?",
              "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe \u2013 who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Balts and Slavs" }],
              "question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?",
              "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Celts" }],
              "question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?",
              "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "AD 260" }],
              "question": "The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?",
              "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "the Huns" }],
              "question": "Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?",
              "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Attila" }],
              "question": "What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? ",
              "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "AD 260" }],
              "question": "When was the Limes Germanicus breached?",
              "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Celts" }],
              "question": "Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?",
              "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Ostrogoths" }],
              "question": "Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?",
              "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 915, "text": "East Germanic" }],
              "question": "What language did the Huns adopt?",
              "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1173,
                  "text": "either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?",
              "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a \"German\" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Gro\u00dfe. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "five tribes" }],
              "question": "how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?",
              "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "German language" }],
              "question": "In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?",
              "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Charlemagne" }],
              "question": "What king united the tribes in the 9th century? ",
              "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "Eastern Germany" }],
              "question": "What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  ",
              "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?",
              "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?",
              "id": "5729371d1d0469140077917f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Frisians" }],
              "question": "What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?",
              "id": "5729371d1d04691400779180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "king Charlemagne" }],
              "question": "Who united the 5 tribes?",
              "id": "5729371d1d04691400779181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "9th" }],
              "question": "What century did King Charlemagne reign? ",
              "id": "5729371d1d04691400779182"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating \"the Germans\" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum \"King of the Germans\" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher (\"a German\") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "High Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?",
              "id": "57264a9f708984140094c195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "East Francia" }],
              "question": "The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?",
              "id": "57264a9f708984140094c196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "late 11th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Title King of the Germans first used?",
              "id": "57264a9f708984140094c197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "chancery of Pope Gregory VII," }
              ],
              "question": "Who coined the phrase \"king of the Germans\"",
              "id": "57264a9f708984140094c198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Henry IV" }],
              "question": "Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?",
              "id": "57264a9f708984140094c199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When did a German ethnicity emerge?",
              "id": "572937f96aef051400154b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "the late 11th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?",
              "id": "572937f96aef051400154b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Pope Gregory VII" }],
              "question": "Who first used rex teutonicum?",
              "id": "572937f96aef051400154b82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "When is ein diutscher first used?",
              "id": "572937f96aef051400154b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "a German" }],
              "question": "What does ein diutscher mean?",
              "id": "572937f96aef051400154b84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the \"Prussians\"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Ostsiedlung" }],
              "question": "The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?",
              "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "Catholic German Teutonic Knights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?",
              "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?",
              "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 693, "text": "17th or early 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?",
              "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 982, "text": "Karl von Clausewitz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?",
              "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 693, "text": "17th or early 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Prussian language extinct?",
              "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 773,
                  "text": "were assimilated into German culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?",
              "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the German expansion?",
              "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 982, "text": "Karl von Clausewitz" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?",
              "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1056, "text": "Massive German settlement" }
              ],
              "question": "What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?",
              "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered \"Germans\", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "naval innovations" }],
              "question": "German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?",
              "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Hanseatic trade stations" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?",
              "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Stadtrecht" }],
              "question": "What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?",
              "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 923,
                  "text": "multi-ethnic and multi-lingual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?",
              "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "naval innovations" }],
              "question": "What helped the Germans dominate trade?",
              "id": "57293b841d04691400779193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Stadtrecht" }],
              "question": "What is the German work for German town law?",
              "id": "57293b841d04691400779194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?",
              "id": "57293b841d04691400779195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1040,
                  "text": "Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?",
              "id": "57293b841d04691400779196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? ",
              "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Crusades" }],
              "question": "What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?",
              "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? ",
              "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Judeo-French" }],
              "question": "What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?",
              "id": "57293c921d046914007791af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Yiddish." }],
              "question": "After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?",
              "id": "57293c921d046914007791b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "during the Crusades" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Jewish assimilation end?",
              "id": "57293c921d046914007791b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "forcefully expelled from Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Jews during the crusades?",
              "id": "57293c921d046914007791b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Napoleonic Wars" }],
              "question": "What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Congress of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?",
              "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "When was the Crimean War?",
              "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1860s" }],
              "question": "When was Germany's unification? ",
              "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "Eduard Lasker" }],
              "question": "What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?",
              "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Napoleonic Wars" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "Austria and Prussia" }
              ],
              "question": "What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?",
              "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?",
              "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "1860s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was German unification?",
              "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Eduard Lasker?",
              "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa255"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?",
              "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "(Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?",
              "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Little Germany" }],
              "question": "What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?",
              "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?",
              "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "When did Austria and Prussia go to war?",
              "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Prussia" }],
              "question": "Who won the battle of Koniggratz?",
              "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Little Germany" }],
              "question": "What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?",
              "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 722, "text": "North German Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??",
              "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa27a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When did France attack Prussia? ",
              "id": "572691045951b619008f76d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the Franco-Prussian War?",
              "id": "572691045951b619008f76d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When was the German Empire founded?",
              "id": "572691045951b619008f76d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regions was excluded from the German Empire?",
              "id": "572691045951b619008f76da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What was the primary religion of Germany?",
              "id": "572691045951b619008f76db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When was the German empire created?",
              "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was excluded from the German Nation State?",
              "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What religion was a majority in Germany?",
              "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "Integrating the Austrians" }
              ],
              "question": "What did many people in Germany still want to do?",
              "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478228"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were \"Germans\" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Adolf Hitler" }],
              "question": "What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves \"German\"",
              "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "The Swiss" }],
              "question": "Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?",
              "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?",
              "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "ethnic Germans" }],
              "question": "Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?",
              "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Adolf Hitler" }],
              "question": "Who headed the Nazis?",
              "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "The Swiss" }],
              "question": "Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?",
              "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?",
              "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "When was the Peace of Westphalia?",
              "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Nazis" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?",
              "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478237"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "expelled the Germans" }
              ],
              "question": "With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?",
              "id": "572696a1708984140094cb07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "for centuries" }],
              "question": "How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled? ",
              "id": "572696a1708984140094cb08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?",
              "id": "572696a1708984140094cb09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "westwards to allied-occupied Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?",
              "id": "572696a1708984140094cb0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Between 12 and 16,5 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Germans were expelled after WWII?",
              "id": "572951466aef051400154cc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "After what war were Germans expelled from their territories? ",
              "id": "572951466aef051400154cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "allied-occupied Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?",
              "id": "572951466aef051400154cc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Protestant Reformation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is credited with the origins of the German identity?",
              "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "literary and religious figures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was early German culture developed?",
              "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder" }
              ],
              "question": "What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?",
              "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "aftermath of the French Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the popularity of the German nation increase?",
              "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Protestant Reformation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?",
              "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the concept of a German Nation?",
              "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "in the aftermath of the French Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the popularity of a German identity arise?",
              "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "German philosopher" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Johann Herder?",
              "id": "572951c03f37b31900478240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered \"most German\", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "most German" }],
              "question": "Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?",
              "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Aussiedler" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?",
              "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Restdeutsche" }],
              "question": "What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?",
              "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Auswanderer" }],
              "question": "What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?",
              "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "most German" }],
              "question": "People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?",
              "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Aussiedler" }],
              "question": "Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?",
              "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Restdeutsche" }],
              "question": "What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?",
              "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Auswanderer" }],
              "question": "What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?",
              "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the native language of Germans?",
              "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "English and Dutch" }],
              "question": "What languages is German related to?",
              "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many natives speak German?",
              "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?",
              "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant language of science?",
              "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry. Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France each accounting for at least 1 million. While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "50 million" }],
              "question": "How many German Americans are there?",
              "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "5 million" }],
              "question": "How many Germans live in Brazil?",
              "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "100 million" }],
              "question": "How many people in the world have German heritage?",
              "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "one third" }],
              "question": "America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?",
              "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Albertus Magnus" }],
              "question": "Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?",
              "id": "572953ee1d046914007792a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "When was Leibniz an active philosopher?",
              "id": "572953ee1d046914007792aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Kant" }],
              "question": "What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?",
              "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Engels" }],
              "question": "In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?",
              "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "When was the University of Berlin founded?",
              "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for \"laudable and distinguished Germans\", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered X-Rays?",
              "id": "572954806aef051400154cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?",
              "id": "572954806aef051400154cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?",
              "id": "572954806aef051400154cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Bavaria" }],
              "question": "Where is the Walhalla temple located?",
              "id": "572954806aef051400154cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "David Hilbert and Max Planck" }
              ],
              "question": "What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?",
              "id": "572954806aef051400154d00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?",
              "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Austro-German" }],
              "question": "In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?",
              "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Beethoven" }],
              "question": "Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?",
              "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2008[update], Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians and, particularly, the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have also contributed to the development of electronic music. Germany hosts many large rock music festivals annually. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of Industrial music acts, which is called Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte. Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world, with events like Wave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people. Amongst Germany's famous artists there are various Dutch entertainers, such as Johannes Heesters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "fourth largest" }],
              "question": "In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?",
              "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "trance" }],
              "question": "What type of music was pioneered in Germany?",
              "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "electronic" }],
              "question": "What type of music does Kraftwerk make?",
              "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Rock am Ring" }],
              "question": "What is the largest music festival in Germany?",
              "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "up to 30,000" }],
              "question": "How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?",
              "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film. From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Max Skladanowsky" }],
              "question": "Who was the original German cinematic?",
              "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "propaganda" }],
              "question": "What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?",
              "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who controls film production in the GDR?",
              "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did German cinema come back internationally?",
              "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin International Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film and cinema festivals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "In what year was the never ending story made?",
              "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?",
              "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?",
              "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "yearly" }],
              "question": "How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?",
              "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?",
              "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "1517" }],
              "question": "In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "57295cd51d0469140077931f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "1618\u20131648" }],
              "question": "During what years was the thirty year war?",
              "id": "57295cd51d04691400779320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Roman Catholicism" }],
              "question": "Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?",
              "id": "57295cd51d04691400779321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?",
              "id": "57295cd51d04691400779322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Protestants and Catholics" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the thirty year war between?",
              "id": "57295cd51d04691400779323"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among \"others\" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "30.8" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?",
              "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "30.3" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?",
              "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What religion is the North and East part of Germany?",
              "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "Hamburg and the East German states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is there a non-religious majority?",
              "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "27 million" }],
              "question": "How many Germans are members of sports clubs?",
              "id": "57295d901d04691400779333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Football" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular sport in Germany?",
              "id": "57295d901d04691400779334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "German Football Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?",
              "id": "57295d901d04691400779335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "6.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the German Football Federation?",
              "id": "57295d901d04691400779336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?",
              "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?",
              "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "14%" }],
              "question": "what percentage have a negative view of Germany?",
              "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?",
              "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?",
              "id": "57295f556aef051400154da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Nationalism" }],
              "question": "What movement came out of the French Revolution?",
              "id": "57295f556aef051400154da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "aristocratic regimes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was threatened by Nationalism?",
              "id": "57295f556aef051400154da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Romanovs and the Habsburgs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?",
              "id": "57295f556aef051400154da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "East Prussia" }],
              "question": "Where was Johann Tillmann from?",
              "id": "57295f556aef051400154daa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire \u2013 like the Holy Roman Empire \u2013 was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire (\"Second Reich\") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?",
              "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When was the German Empire created?",
              "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 684,
                  "text": "head of a union of German-speaking states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Wilhelm I?",
              "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "influence and territory" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?",
              "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "The Austrian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which empire was a multi ethnic state?",
              "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name \"German-Austria\" (German: Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "treaty of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?",
              "id": "572960b43f37b319004782d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Volga Germans" }],
              "question": "Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "572960b43f37b319004782da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "German-Austria" }],
              "question": "What name did Rump-Austria adopt?",
              "id": "572960b43f37b319004782db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Deutsch\u00f6sterreich" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the German translation for German-Austria?",
              "id": "572960b43f37b319004782dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment \"I'm proud to be German.\" And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with \"near or absolute certainty\". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in D\u00fcsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?",
              "id": "572961806aef051400154dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "78" }],
              "question": "What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?",
              "id": "572961806aef051400154dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 666, "text": "University of Hohenheim" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Eugen Buss work?",
              "id": "572961806aef051400154dc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, \"I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensable nation.\" According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. \"This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent.\" Heilbrunn believes that the adage, \"what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union\" has been supplanted by a new mentality\u2014what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed\u2014and not represented\u2014by Nazism. The evolution is further precipitated by Germany's conspicuous position as Europe's strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country's western neighbor. This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Radek Sikorski" }],
              "question": "Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?",
              "id": "572962431d04691400779363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1026, "text": "Nazi past" }],
              "question": "What are Germans trying to forget?",
              "id": "572962431d04691400779364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "Prussian history" }],
              "question": "What are Germans trying to focus on?",
              "id": "572962431d04691400779365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1182, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Who is Europe's strongest economy?",
              "id": "572962431d04691400779366"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "New_Haven,_Connecticut",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "New Haven (local /nu\u02d0 \u02c8he\u026av\u0259n/, noo-HAY-v\u0259n), in the U.S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut (after Bridgeport), with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census. According to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Bridgeport" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city in Connecticuty?",
              "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "130,741" }],
              "question": "What was the population of New Haven according to the 2012 Census?",
              "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779" }],
              "question": "What was the population of New Haven according to the 2010 Census?",
              "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "862,477" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Greater New Haven in 2010?",
              "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Long Island Sound" }],
              "question": "New Haven Harbor is located on the northern shore of what waterway? ",
              "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Connecticut" }],
              "question": "In which US state is New Haven located?",
              "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "New Haven County" }],
              "question": "In what county is New Haven located?",
              "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779" }],
              "question": "What is the population of New Haven according to the 2010 United States Census?",
              "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "New York metropolitan area" }
              ],
              "question": "New Haven County makes up the outer limits of what major metropolitan area?",
              "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779" }],
              "question": "What is the population of New Haven City in 2010?",
              "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Bridgeport" }],
              "question": "What is Connecticut's biggest city?",
              "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "New Haven County," }],
              "question": "In what county is New Haven located in?",
              "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "862,477" }],
              "question": "The population of the Greater New Haven in 2010?",
              "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What is the metropolitan next to New Haven County, Connecticut? ",
              "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers were hoping to establish a (in their mind) better theological community, with the government more closely linked to the church than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "five hundred" }],
              "question": "How many Puritans were in the initial group that settled New Haven?",
              "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a84039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "The Quinnipiacs" }],
              "question": "What group sold the land to the Puritans?",
              "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "Pequots" }],
              "question": "The Quinnipiacs were under attack by what group?",
              "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the religious leader who co-led this founding group?",
              "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Theophilus Eaton" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the London merchant who co-led this founding group?",
              "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1637" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57273f46708984140094db47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony" }
              ],
              "question": "From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?",
              "id": "57273f46708984140094db48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?",
              "id": "57273f46708984140094db49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1638" }],
              "question": "In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?",
              "id": "57273f46708984140094db4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Quinnipiacs" }],
              "question": "From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?",
              "id": "57273f46708984140094db4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1638" }],
              "question": "What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the settlers came from?",
              "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Quinnipiacs," }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?",
              "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "better theological community" }
              ],
              "question": "In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1640, the town's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony. At the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established, while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did New Haven colony differ from Connecticut colony in regard to religion?",
              "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Quinnipiac" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the settlement before it was called New Haven?",
              "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Hamden" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the area north of New Haven changed to in 1678?",
              "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Hartford" }],
              "question": "What was the town center of the Connecticut colony?",
              "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "theocratic government" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?",
              "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1640" }],
              "question": "By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?",
              "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1678" }],
              "question": "In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?",
              "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Connecticut Colony" }
              ],
              "question": "What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?",
              "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f875a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "other churches to be established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?",
              "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f875b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Hamden" }],
              "question": "In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?",
              "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Hartford" }],
              "question": "New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?",
              "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "an intolerant theocracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?",
              "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Quinnipiac" }],
              "question": "Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?",
              "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Powder House Day" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to the celebrated date of 23 April 1775 in New Haven?",
              "id": "572649565951b619008f6f17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Benedict Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who was the captain of New Haven's Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard?",
              "id": "572649565951b619008f6f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "a three-day march" }],
              "question": "How long did the march from New Haven to Cambridge, Massachusetts take Arnold and his men?",
              "id": "572649565951b619008f6f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "General David Wooster" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer?",
              "id": "5727423f708984140094db75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "23 April 1775" }],
              "question": "What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727423f708984140094db76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Governor's Foot Guard" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British?",
              "id": "5727423f708984140094db77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Captain Benedict Arnold" }
              ],
              "question": "Under whose leadership did the Governor's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves?",
              "id": "5727423f708984140094db78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Cambridge, Massachusetts" }
              ],
              "question": "Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident?",
              "id": "5727423f708984140094db79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "23 April" }],
              "question": "Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven?",
              "id": "572943173f37b319004781c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Benedict Arnold" }],
              "question": "What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day? ",
              "id": "572943173f37b319004781ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "Cambridge" }],
              "question": "Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven?",
              "id": "572943173f37b319004781cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Governor's Foot Guard" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day?",
              "id": "572943173f37b319004781cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "uniforms." }],
              "question": "Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies?",
              "id": "572943173f37b319004781cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town. A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun. New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777, or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid, so many of the town's colonial features were preserved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "General William Tryon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the General who led the raid against New Haven on July 5, 1779?",
              "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Ezra Stiles" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of Yale at the time of the attack?",
              "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "New Haven was not torched" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did New Haven fair better than other invaded cities?",
              "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2,600" }],
              "question": "What was the size  of the invading force?",
              "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "General William Tryon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place?",
              "id": "572746c4708984140094dba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "The students of what New Haven university formed an ad-hoc militia to confront the Redcoats?",
              "id": "572746c4708984140094dba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Naphtali Daggett" }],
              "question": "Who was the professor of Yale Divinity School that led the student militia to confront the Redcoats?",
              "id": "572746c4708984140094dba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 5, 1779" }],
              "question": "On what date did the loyalists and Redcoats land in New Haven Harbor to commence a raid on New Haven?",
              "id": "572746c4708984140094dba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Ezra Stiles" }],
              "question": "Who was the president of Yale that provided diary accounts expressing disbelief over the commencement of the revolution in New Haven?",
              "id": "572746c4708984140094dba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "William Tryon" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57294516af94a219006aa223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "3,500" }],
              "question": "At the time what was the population of New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57294516af94a219006aa224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "A group of militia from a very famous modern town in Connecticut came to fought in the Harbor, what was the name of their town?",
              "id": "57294516af94a219006aa225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Naphtali Daggett" }],
              "question": "The militia that fought in New Haven was lead by who? ",
              "id": "57294516af94a219006aa226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "town's colonial features were preserved."
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the battle were New Haven historical features lost or torched?",
              "id": "57294516af94a219006aa227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area is still known as Whitneyville, and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum, which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company. His factory, along with that of Simeon North, and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as \"The Arsenal of America\". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836. The Farmington Canal, created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Eli Whitney" }],
              "question": "Who is the Yale graduate, inventor, and arms manufacturer that had a large positive impact on the New Haven economy in the late 18th century?",
              "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "the cotton gin" }],
              "question": "What invention, for which he is primarily known, did Eli Whitney develop in New Haven?",
              "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Whitneyville" }],
              "question": "What is the area near Hamden that was renamed for Eli Whitney?",
              "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "\"The Arsenal of America\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the nickname given to Connecticut due to the large number of arms manufacturers that arose in the state? ",
              "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "Samuel Colt" }],
              "question": "In 1836, who invented the automatic revolver in Eli Whitney's gun manufacturing plant?",
              "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Eli Whitney" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the inventor that created the cotton gin in New Haven?",
              "id": "572948091d04691400779249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Whitney Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the main road that connects New Haven to Hamden?",
              "id": "572948091d0469140077924a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "A. C. Gilbert" }],
              "question": "What was the company that was responsible Connecticut rise as a manufacturing economy? ",
              "id": "572948091d0469140077924b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 787, "text": "The Arsenal of America" }
              ],
              "question": "The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name?",
              "id": "572948091d0469140077924c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first automatic revolver invented?",
              "id": "572948091d0469140077924d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqu\u00e9, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See \"Museums\" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement?",
              "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Mende" }],
              "question": "What tribesman were being transported  as slaves on a ship by the Spanish?",
              "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Amistad" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Spanish slave ship used to transport the Mende tribesmen?",
              "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven?",
              "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" }],
              "question": "In 1860, what notable U.S. president gave a speech on slavery in New Haven?",
              "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f604"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839",
              "id": "5729499d1d04691400779254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" }],
              "question": "What famous president made a speech in New Haven in 1860?",
              "id": "5729499d1d04691400779255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Mende tribesmen" }],
              "question": "Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship?",
              "id": "5729499d1d04691400779256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Amistad" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "5729499d1d04691400779253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.) After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "American Civil War" }],
              "question": "What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company?",
              "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "Winchester Repeating Arms Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed?",
              "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Italian-American" }],
              "question": "What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven, West Haven and North Haven?",
              "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "Westville" }],
              "question": "What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community?",
              "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "New Haven Arms Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?",
              "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Italian-American" }],
              "question": "In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity?",
              "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "population grew and doubled" }
              ],
              "question": "The Civil War had many effects after the war, what was the main effect for New Haven?",
              "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See \"Redevelopment\" below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Richard C. Lee" }],
              "question": "What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? ",
              "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Interstate 95" }],
              "question": "What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?",
              "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "The Oak Street Connector" }
              ],
              "question": "What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?",
              "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "the city's western suburbs" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?",
              "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "a boulevard" }],
              "question": "What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?",
              "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Richard C. Lee" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?",
              "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "construction of Interstate 95" }
              ],
              "question": "What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?",
              "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "becoming a boulevard" }
              ],
              "question": "During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?",
              "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized, with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In recent years, downtown retail options have increased with the opening of new stores such as Urban Oufitters, J Crew, Origins, American Apparel, Gant Clothing, and an Apple Store, joining older stores such as Barnes & Noble, Cutlers Records, and Raggs Clothing. In addition, downtown's growing residential population will be served by two new supermarkets, a Stop & Shop just outside downtown and Elm City Market located one block from the Green. The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "the area surrounding the New Haven Green"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century?",
              "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "retail" }],
              "question": "What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years?",
              "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "Elm City Market" }],
              "question": "In addition to Stop & Shop, what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population?",
              "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "the opening of new stores" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail?",
              "id": "57295be46aef051400154d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 760,
                  "text": "positive press from various periodicals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area?",
              "id": "57295be46aef051400154d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "experienced an influx of apartments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s?",
              "id": "57295be46aef051400154d6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Stop & Shop" }],
              "question": "Including to the growth, what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "57295be46aef051400154d6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called 360 State Street. The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut. A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year. Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era Q Bridge, has begun. The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the New Haven Coliseum, which was demolished in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "360 State Street" }],
              "question": "What multi-use project in New Haven is the largest residential building in Connecticut?",
              "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Farmington Canal Trail" }
              ],
              "question": "What park is anticipated to extend to downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "New Haven Harbor" }],
              "question": "For what area are a new boathouse and dock being planned?",
              "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "New Haven Coliseum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the city landmark demolished in 2007 that the city ultimately wish to redevelop?",
              "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "360 State Street." }],
              "question": "What is the name of building project is taking place in Gateway Community College downtown?",
              "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "dock is planned" }],
              "question": "The New Haven Harbor is receiving what kind of adjustment?",
              "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "New Haven Coliseum" }
              ],
              "question": "The city of New Haven wants to redevelop/build what sort of structure?",
              "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "linear park Farmington Canal Trail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of infrastructure, what is being develop in the downtown area?",
              "id": "57295e513f37b319004782be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "an extradosed bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of bridge is replacing the old Q Bridge?",
              "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "572760715951b619008f88f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "reverse discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?",
              "id": "572760715951b619008f88f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion? ",
              "id": "572760715951b619008f88f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?",
              "id": "572760715951b619008f88f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?",
              "id": "572760715951b619008f88f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "to ignore the test results" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?",
              "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "firefighters against the city" }
              ],
              "question": "The Court case was involve between which two parties?",
              "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "no one would be promoted" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?",
              "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "14 of the white firefighters" }
              ],
              "question": "Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?",
              "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House, \"This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the Northeast Corridor and Vermont. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts, improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served.\" Set for construction in 2013, the \"Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail\" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada. Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Hartford Line" }],
              "question": "Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?",
              "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Union Station" }],
              "question": "At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?",
              "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Springfield's Union Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?",
              "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "Knowledge Corridor" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield? ",
              "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year was the \"Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail\" slated for construction?",
              "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Hartford Line" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?",
              "id": "572962873f37b319004782eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "New Haven's Union Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?",
              "id": "572962873f37b319004782ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Vermont" }],
              "question": "The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?",
              "id": "572962873f37b319004782ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "in 2013" }],
              "question": "When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?",
              "id": "572962873f37b319004782ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 902, "text": "180 km/h" }],
              "question": "Generally how fast are these trains?",
              "id": "572962873f37b319004782ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the \"Regicides\" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New Haveners refer to these men as \"The Three Judges\". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the \"Great/Giant Steps\" which run up the rock's cliffside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "basalt trap rock ridges" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?",
              "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "West Rock" }],
              "question": "Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?",
              "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "\"Regicides\"" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as \"The Three Judges?\"",
              "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 611, "text": "Soldiers and Sailors" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?",
              "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 672, "text": "\"Great/Giant Steps\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?",
              "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "large deep harbor" }],
              "question": "What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?",
              "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "as extensive parks" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?",
              "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "highway tunnel" }],
              "question": "The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?",
              "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "war monument" }],
              "question": "What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?",
              "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is drained by three rivers; the West, Mill, and Quinnipiac, named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained?",
              "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "West River" }],
              "question": "Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Harbor" }],
              "question": "Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge? ",
              "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Long Island Sound" }],
              "question": "Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments?",
              "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f80b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "the West" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Quinnipiac" }],
              "question": "The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven, what is the name?",
              "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Harbor" }],
              "question": "The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor?",
              "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Long Island Sound." }
              ],
              "question": "These two harbors are part of what estuary?",
              "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "Not all of these small streams"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all of New Haven's smaller stream active through all four seasons?",
              "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), but having more characteristics of the former, as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area. Summers are humid and warm, with temperatures exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 7\u20138 days per year. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall interspersed with rainfall and occasionally mixed precipitation. The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound\u2014although, like other marine areas, differences in temperature between areas right along the coastline and areas a mile or two inland can be large at times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Dfa" }],
              "question": "Though harboring transitive properties, what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize?",
              "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Summers" }],
              "question": "What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven?",
              "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C)" }
              ],
              "question": "What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?",
              "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "moderate" }],
              "question": "How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven?",
              "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "New Haven's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area?",
              "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "humid continental climate" }
              ],
              "question": "The New Haven's area closesly resemble which type of climate?",
              "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "7\u20138 days per year" }
              ],
              "question": "Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?",
              "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "moderate snowfall" }],
              "question": "Due to being a coastal city, how much snow does the city gets?",
              "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "differences in temperature between areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main effects  in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?",
              "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design for the city's layout. The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country. Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname \"Elm City\" perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease, although many have since been replanted. The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city. The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "grid plan of nine square blocks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area?",
              "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "public tree planting program" }
              ],
              "question": "For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known, primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America?",
              "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "\"Elm City\"" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century?",
              "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Dutch Elm disease" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven?",
              "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "New Haven Green" }],
              "question": "What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970?",
              "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Elm City\"" }],
              "question": "What was New Haven's nickname?",
              "id": "572971f23f37b319004783df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "New Haven Green" }],
              "question": "Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what?",
              "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year did it became recognize as a landmark?",
              "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "nine square blocks" }
              ],
              "question": "In the original plans of the city, how many city block were designed?",
              "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "public tree planting program" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of it's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US?",
              "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downtown New Haven, occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns. The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, several of which have garnered national praise (such as Ibiza, recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country), in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Ibiza" }],
              "question": "What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times, Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine?",
              "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area?",
              "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "about half" }],
              "question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city?",
              "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "7,000 residents" }],
              "question": "How many people live in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "5729734f1d04691400779495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "half of the city's jobs" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what?",
              "id": "5729734f1d04691400779496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "new upscale restaurants" }
              ],
              "question": "Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?",
              "id": "5729734f1d04691400779497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "thousands of apartments and condominium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area?",
              "id": "5729734f1d04691400779498"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green?",
              "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "City Point" }],
              "question": "What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven?",
              "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Wooster Square" }],
              "question": "What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans?",
              "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Fair Haven" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers, and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community?",
              "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Long Wharf" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city?",
              "id": "572975a46aef051400154f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "central business district" }
              ],
              "question": "Though the Green is the popular center of the city, there is another district, what's the name?",
              "id": "572975a46aef051400154f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Newhallville" }],
              "question": "If you were to go northern part of New Haven, what district would you find?",
              "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Fair Haven" }],
              "question": "Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is?",
              "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Italian-American" }],
              "question": "Wooster Square is known for what roots?",
              "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?",
              "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven?",
              "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "56%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Haven's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education?",
              "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest employer in New Haven?",
              "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "Alexion" }],
              "question": "What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven? ",
              "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy?",
              "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "entire Northeast was affected" }
              ],
              "question": "Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector?",
              "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "over half (56%)" }],
              "question": "In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?",
              "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "What institution has largest impact on the city's job market?",
              "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company, is headquartered in New Haven. Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven: the electrical equipment producers Hubbell, based in Orange, and Amphenol, based in Wallingford. Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper. New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank, the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), a financial services firm United Illuminating, the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), Achillion Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ACHN), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS: ALXN), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). Vion Pharmaceuticals is traded OTC (OTC BB: VIONQ.OB). Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (the candy-making division of the Hershey Company), the American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks), Yale University Press, and the Russell Trust Association (the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society). The Southern New England Telephone Company (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc., now doing business as AT&T Connecticut, and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Knights of Columbus" }
              ],
              "question": "What Fortune 1000 company, also the largest Catholic service organization in the world, is based in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727814d708984140094df65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Hubbell" }],
              "question": "What prominent producer of electrical equipment, also a Fortune 1000 company, is based in Greater New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727814d708984140094df66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "NewAlliance" }],
              "question": "What publicly traded bank, also the second largest in Connecticut, is based in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727814d708984140094df67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1155, "text": "Russell Trust Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society?",
              "id": "5727814d708984140094df68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1361, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company, formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven, establish operations in the area? ",
              "id": "5727814d708984140094df69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Knights of Columbus" }],
              "question": "New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world, it's name?",
              "id": "572a28b06aef051400155320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Hubbell" }],
              "question": "Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange, the name of the company?",
              "id": "572a28b06aef051400155321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "NewAlliance Bank" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?",
              "id": "572a28b06aef051400155322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1361, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "As one of the oldest telephone companies, the SNET started in what year?",
              "id": "572a28b06aef051400155323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1419, "text": "subsidiary of AT&T" }
              ],
              "question": "In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven?",
              "id": "572a28b06aef051400155324"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Census Bureau reports a 2010 population of 129,779, with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven. The population density is 6,859.8 people per square mile (2,648.6/km\u00b2). There are 52,941 housing units at an average density of 2,808.5 per square mile (1,084.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city is 42.6% White, 35.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 27.4% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8% of the population in 2010, down from 69.6% in 1970. The city's demography is shifting rapidly: New Haven has always been a city of immigrants and currently the Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "47,094" }],
              "question": "How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report?",
              "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "42.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White?",
              "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "35.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American?",
              "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Latino" }],
              "question": "What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth?",
              "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "129,779" }],
              "question": "What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010?",
              "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "2,648.6/km\u00b2" }],
              "question": "In terms of population density, what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven?",
              "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "0.5%" }],
              "question": "In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city? ",
              "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "postwar" }],
              "question": "New Haven has a large immigrant population, what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century?",
              "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "down from 69.6% in 1970" }
              ],
              "question": "In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?",
              "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city, as the city's Dominican, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic. The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists. There is a growing number of (mostly Puerto Rican) Pentecostals as well. There are churches for all major branches of Christianity within the city, multiple store-front churches, ministries (especially in working-class Latino and Black neighborhoods), a mosque, many synagogues (including two yeshivas), and other places of worship; the level of religious diversity in the city is high.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What is the most prominent religion in New Haven?",
              "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Archdiocese of Hartford" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall?",
              "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many yeshivas are located in New Haven?",
              "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Pentecostals" }],
              "question": "With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate?",
              "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Black Baptists" }],
              "question": "In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?",
              "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? ",
              "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Baptists" }],
              "question": "There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics, one of which is popular among African Americans being?",
              "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "working-class" }],
              "question": "However Christianity can be found within the city, particularly which neighborhoods?",
              "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, while the two were students at Yale Law School. Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. James Hillhouse, a New Haven native, served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "What former U.S. president was born in New Haven?",
              "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Yale Law School" }],
              "question": "What New Haven institution did former U.S. president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton both attend?",
              "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "John C. Calhoun" }],
              "question": "What former U.S. vice president graduated from Yale University?",
              "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?",
              "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "James Hillhouse" }],
              "question": "Who was the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1801 that was native to New Haven?",
              "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "George W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which former U.S. president have been born in New Haven?",
              "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "Multiple president have studied at this popular college, you can guess the name of the university?",
              "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "John Kerry" }],
              "question": "Serving in President Obama's cabinet, this man has also studied at Yale, can you guess who?",
              "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year?",
              "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven was the subject of Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City, a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life, Democracy in America. New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley, Jr., in 1951, when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale. William Lee Miller's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society (1966) similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements, focusing on Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and urban renewal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the political science book, written by a Yale professor, that explores New Haven politics and history throughout the 1950's?",
              "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Robert A. Dahl" }],
              "question": "Who is the author of \"Who Governs? Democracy an Power in An American City\"",
              "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Democracy in America" }
              ],
              "question": "What penultimate work by Alexis de Tocqueville makes mention of New Haven's original theocratic government?",
              "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "To which prominent conservative, that authored God and Man at Yale, did New Haven provide residence in 1951?",
              "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "William Lee Miller" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the author of The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society?",
              "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Democracy and Power in An American City"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of popular book discussing the politics of New Haven published in the 50s?",
              "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Alexis de Tocqueville" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous french historian mention the city within his book Democracy in America?",
              "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr." }
              ],
              "question": "New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was?",
              "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "the Great Society" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the book published in 1966 that had focus on the city politics in relations with President Johnson's policies?",
              "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, college students, and New Left activists (including Jean Genet, Benjamin Spock, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and John Froines), who amassed on the New Haven Green, across the street from where the trials were being held. Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the New Haven police occurred, and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals. The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the Nixon Administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "New Haven Black Panther trials" }
              ],
              "question": "What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut?",
              "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven?",
              "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Bobby Seale" }],
              "question": "Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?",
              "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "May Day" }],
              "question": "What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials? ",
              "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "New Haven Green" }],
              "question": "In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate?",
              "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Black Panther" }],
              "question": "What political movement group is known in within city among non whites?",
              "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?",
              "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Violent confrontations" }
              ],
              "question": "The protest of trial result in what specifically?",
              "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 744, "text": "the Nixon Administration" }
              ],
              "question": "The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration?",
              "id": "572a31b73f37b319004787a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Bobby Seale" }],
              "question": "What was the name of one of the party's leader that also happen to be on trial?",
              "id": "572a31b73f37b319004787a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d9258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "reverse discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters?",
              "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d9259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?",
              "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Sonia Sotomayor" }],
              "question": "Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "20 white and Hispanic firefighters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who?",
              "id": "572a334d1d04691400779845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "29 June 2009" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the final ruling?",
              "id": "572a334d1d04691400779846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano" }
              ],
              "question": "The actual name for the case was what?",
              "id": "572a334d1d04691400779847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Sonia Sotomayor" }],
              "question": "The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case?",
              "id": "572a334d1d04691400779848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "because of their race" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what?",
              "id": "572a334d1d04691400779849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Garry Trudeau, creator of the political Doonesbury comic strip, attended Yale University. There he met fellow student and later Green Party candidate for Congress Charles Pillsbury, a long-time New Haven resident for whom Trudeau's comic strip is named. During his college years, Pillsbury was known by the nickname \"The Doones\". A theory of international law, which argues for a sociological normative approach in regards to jurisprudence, is named the New Haven Approach, after the city. Connecticut US senator Richard Blumenthal is a Yale graduate, as is former Connecticut US Senator Joe Lieberman who also was a New Haven resident for many years, before moving back to his hometown of Stamford.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Garry Trudeau" }],
              "question": "Who is the famous comic strip author of Doonesbury that attended Yale University in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Charles Pillsbury" }],
              "question": "For which long-time New Haven resident and former Yale student is Doonesbury named?",
              "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "\"The Doones\"" }],
              "question": "What was the Charles Pillsbury's nickname during college?",
              "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "the New Haven Approach" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the international law theory, grounded in jurisprudence framed by a sociological normative approach?",
              "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Richard Blumenthal" }
              ],
              "question": "What sitting Connecticut U.S. senator graduated from Yale University in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Joe Lieberman" }],
              "question": "Which past U.S. senator had lived in New Haven and graduated from Yale?",
              "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "A theory of international law,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The term, the New Haven Approach was what exactly?",
              "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Charles Pillsbury" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Green party member that also studied at Yale?",
              "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, an analysis by the Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc., has shown that due to issues of comparative denominators and other factors, such municipality-based rankings can be considered inaccurate. For example, two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas, making such analyses irrelevant. The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods, blocks, or standard methodologies (similar to those used by Brookings, DiversityData, and other established institutions), not based on municipalities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Analysis by what organization detailed that municipality-based rankings may be inaccurate? ",
              "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "identical population" }
              ],
              "question": "What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas?",
              "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "standard methodologies" }
              ],
              "question": "Neighborhoods and blocks, as opposed to municipalities, are both examples of what?",
              "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What research organization did an city analysis on New Haven?",
              "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "based on municipalities" }
              ],
              "question": "The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what?",
              "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "cities of identical population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city?  ",
              "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven is a notable center for higher education. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer. New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University, part of the Connecticut State University System, and Albertus Magnus College, a private institution. Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the Long Wharf district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Yale University" }],
              "question": "What private university is located in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Gateway Community College" }
              ],
              "question": "What community college is located in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "Southern Connecticut State University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What state university is located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Yale University" }],
              "question": "What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?",
              "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "heart of downtown" }],
              "question": "Where is Yale University located.",
              "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "Southern Connecticut State University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What the name of a state university also located in the city?",
              "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Long Wharf district" }
              ],
              "question": "Before relocating to downtown area, New Haven has a community college that used to be located where?",
              "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Albertus Magnus College" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than Yale, New Haven has another private college in the city, it's name?",
              "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "Fall 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the new Gateway Community College open?",
              "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hopkins School, a private school, was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States. New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including Metropolitan Business Academy, High School in the Community, Hill Regional Career High School, Co-op High School, New Haven Academy, ACES Educational Center for the Arts, the Foote School and the Sound School, all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns. New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools, Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep, and to Common Ground, an environmental charter school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hopkins School" }],
              "question": "What private school, with the notable distinction of being the fifth-oldest educational institution in the U.S., was founded in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1660" }],
              "question": "In what year was Hopkins School founded in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Common Ground" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the environmental charter school located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two Achievement First charter schools located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "ACES Educational Center for the Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What magnet school in New Haven is centered around arts education?",
              "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hopkins School" }],
              "question": "As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660, what is it's name?",
              "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "fifth-oldest" }],
              "question": "In terms of schools how old is it historically compare to others?",
              "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many charters schools are available in New Haven?",
              "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to New Haven Promise, a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements. Students must be enrolled in a public high school (charters included) for four years, be a resident of the city during that time, carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average, have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city. The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities. There are more than 60 cities in the country that have a Promise-type program for their students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "New Haven Promise" }],
              "question": "What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria?",
              "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "3.0" }],
              "question": "What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?",
              "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "40 hours" }],
              "question": "How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?",
              "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "90-percent" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship?",
              "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated? ",
              "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "New Haven Promise" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale?",
              "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "40 hours of service to the city."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply?",
              "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did the scholar project begin?",
              "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "more than 500 Scholars" }
              ],
              "question": "Currently how many students total have been approve by the program?",
              "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014. There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven, the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England (after Boston and Cambridge). More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green. The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods. Represented cuisines include Malaysian, Ethiopian, Spanish, Belgian, French, Greek, Latin American, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Cuban, Peruvian, Syrian/Lebanese, and Turkish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Best Foodie City" }],
              "question": "What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com?",
              "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "New Haven" }],
              "question": "What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants?",
              "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "More than 120" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green?",
              "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Livability.com" }],
              "question": "What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city's food?",
              "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "More than 120 restaurants" }
              ],
              "question": "How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven's city?",
              "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city?",
              "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "various foreign foods." }
              ],
              "question": "Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines?",
              "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country, or even in the world. New Haven-style pizza, called \"apizza\" (pronounced ah-BEETS, [a\u02c8pitts] in the original Italian dialect), made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana (known as Pepe's) in 1925. Apizza is baked in coal- or wood-fired brick ovens, and is notable for its thin crust. Apizza may be red (with a tomato-based sauce) or white (with a sauce of garlic and olive oil), and pies ordered \"plain\" are made without the otherwise customary mozzarella cheese (originally smoked mozzarella, known as \"scamorza\" in Italian). A white clam pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on Wooster Street in the Little Italy section of New Haven, including Pepe's and Sally's Apizza (which opened in 1938). Modern Apizza on State Street, which opened in 1934, is also well-known.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "New Haven-style pizza" }
              ],
              "question": "What dish is commonly considered to be penultimate culinary achievement in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "\"apizza\"" }],
              "question": "What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza?",
              "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what New Haven establishment did \"apizza\" make it's inaugural appearance in 1925? ",
              "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "mozzarella cheese" }],
              "question": "What ingredient is notably absent from a New Haven-style pizza when ordered plain?",
              "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Little Italy" }],
              "question": "In what section of New Haven would one expect to find an outstanding white clam pie pizza on Wooster Street?",
              "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "pizza" }],
              "question": "New Haven, in terms of food is best known for what?",
              "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did New Haven pizza style originated from?",
              "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "its thin crust" }],
              "question": "In general what are \"apizza\" known for?",
              "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "Wooster Street in the Little Italy section"
                }
              ],
              "question": "White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?",
              "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "In what year was New Haven-style pizza found?",
              "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Louis' Lunch" }],
              "question": "What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?",
              "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Louis Lassen" }],
              "question": "Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Library of Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?",
              "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Luigi Pieragostini" }
              ],
              "question": "Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?",
              "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "the hamburger" }],
              "question": "Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?",
              "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?",
              "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1895" }],
              "question": "When was Louis's Lunch found?",
              "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During weekday lunchtime, over 150 lunch carts and food trucks from neighborhood restaurants cater to different student populations throughout Yale's campus. The carts cluster at three main points: by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green (Cedar and York streets), by Yale's Trumbull College (Elm and York streets), and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management. Popular farmers' markets, managed by the local non-profit CitySeed, set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods, including Westville/Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, and Downtown/New Haven Green.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Cedar and York streets" }
              ],
              "question": "At what cross streets, marking the center of the Hospital Green of Yale - New Haven Hospital, do food carts congregate on weekdays?",
              "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Trumbull College" }],
              "question": "What college of Yale is located at Elm and York Streets in New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "Yale School of Management" }
              ],
              "question": "What school of Yale is located nearest the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets?",
              "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "CitySeed" }],
              "question": "What New Haven non-profit manages the farmer's markets that service various neighborhoods weekly throughout the area?",
              "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "over 150" }],
              "question": "How many lunch carts are there in Yale's Campus during lunchtime?",
              "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Fair Haven," }],
              "question": "Who manages New Haven's farmers' market?",
              "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "Cedar and York streets" }
              ],
              "question": "New Haven Hospital is located at where in Hospital Green?",
              "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses, including the Yale Repertory Theatre, the Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre. There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama, which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret. Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts. The shuttered Palace Theatre (opposite the Shubert Theatre) is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May, 2015. Smaller theatres include the Little Theater on Lincoln Street. Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School also boasts a state-of-the-art theatre on College Street. The theatre is used for student productions as well as the home to weekly services to a local non-denominational church, the City Church New Haven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre, what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Yale Cabaret" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the student-run group at Yale University provides theatrical productions in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "Lyman Center for the Performing Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What New Haven performance venue is hosted by Southern Connecticut State University?",
              "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Palace Theatre" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of the College Street Music Hall?",
              "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did the newly renovated College Street Music Hall reopen? ",
              "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Yale University Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What theater sits on Yale's campus?",
              "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Lyman Center" }],
              "question": "The Southern Connecticut State University has it own theater as while, it's name?",
              "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "The shuttered Palace Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What theater is currently under renovation in the city?",
              "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school in New Haven is known for it's theater being used by both students and church?",
              "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Yale Cabaret." }],
              "question": "Yale also has a theater managed by its' own student, then name?",
              "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible. There is also the Connecticut Children's Museum; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization's world headquarters; the Peabody Museum of Natural History; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments; the Eli Whitney Museum (across the town line in Hamden, Connecticut, on Whitney Avenue); the Yale Center for British Art, which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K., and the Yale University Art Gallery, the nation's oldest college art museum.[citation needed] New Haven is also home to the New Haven Museum and Historical Society on Whitney Avenue, which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what New Haven museum is an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible housed? ",
              "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d9488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Yale University Art Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum?",
              "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d9489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Yale Center for British Art" }
              ],
              "question": "What New Haven museum offers the largest collection of British art available outside of the UK?",
              "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Eli Whitney Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor?",
              "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "With what major university are the majority of museums in New Haven associated? ",
              "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which museum feature the original copy of the Gutenberg Bible?",
              "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Yale University Art Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "Yale claim to have the oldest college art museum in the United States, what is the name of the place?",
              "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "New Haven Museum and Historical Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There is a museum on Whitney Avenue that contain a variety of historical treasure, what is its' name?",
              "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "the Eli Whitney Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the museum that specifically focus on a single inventor located the city?",
              "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Artspace" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Westville" }],
              "question": "In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel, Jennider Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye Gallery located? ",
              "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Parachute Factory" }],
              "question": "What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood? ",
              "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "City-Wide Open Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? ",
              "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Artspace" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world?",
              "id": "572a48aefed8de19000d5b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Westville galleries" }
              ],
              "question": "This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye, what is name of the place?",
              "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "Fair Haven neighborhood houses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where?",
              "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "During which month is the complex particularly active? ",
              "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts, especially during the summer months. These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the July Free Concerts on the Green in July, and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August. The Jazz Festival, which began in 1982, is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S., until it was canceled for 2007. Headliners such as The Breakfast, Dave Brubeck, Ray Charles and Celia Cruz have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans, filling up the New Haven Green to capacity. The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "New Haven Green" }],
              "question": "What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer?",
              "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Jazz Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled, thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Jazz Haven" }],
              "question": "Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival?",
              "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "July Free Concerts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July?",
              "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "free music concerts" }
              ],
              "question": "What popular events that place in New Haven Green area?",
              "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut?",
              "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "30,000 to 50,000 fans" }
              ],
              "question": "In general how many people attend these music concerts?",
              "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Jazz Haven" }],
              "question": "After being cancel in 2007, what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival?",
              "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas. New Haven's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which began in 1842, is New England's oldest St. Patty's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut. The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic Wooster Square neighborhood every year since 1900. Other parishes in the city celebrate the Feast of Saint Anthony of Padua and a carnival in honor of St. Bernadette Soubirous. New Haven celebrates Powder House Day every April on the New Haven Green to commemorate the city's entrance into the Revolutionary War. The annual Wooster Square Cherry Blossom Festival commemorates the 1973 planting of 72 Yoshino Japanese Cherry Blossom trees by the New Haven Historic Commission in collaboration with the New Haven Parks Department and residents of the neighborhood. The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors. The Film Fest New Haven has been held annually since 1995.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what annual art festival is the city of New Haven home?",
              "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "What was the inaugural year of the New Haven St. Patrick's Day parade?",
              "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Wooster Square" }],
              "question": "In what historic New Haven neighborhood does the St. Andrew the Apostle Italian festival take place?",
              "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "Powder House Day" }],
              "question": "What annual festival, celebrated on New Haven Green, memorializes the New Haven's passage into the Revolutionary War?",
              "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1067, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin?",
              "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What international event celebrating art is hosted in New Haven?",
              "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "As one of the oldest and largest traditions, how long have the city been celebrating Saint Patrick's Day?",
              "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which event takes place every year in Wooster Square since the beginning of the 20th century?",
              "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "New Haven Historic Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was responsible for the planting of several cherry blossom trees in 1973?",
              "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 993, "text": "over 5,000 visitors" }
              ],
              "question": "In general how many people attend  the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival?",
              "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "New Haven Register" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Design New Haven" }],
              "question": "What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "PLAY magazine" }],
              "question": "What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?",
              "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Connecticut Public Television" }
              ],
              "question": "Channel 65 is New Haven's home to what PBS affiliate? ",
              "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Yale Herald" }],
              "question": "What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University? ",
              "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9418"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "New Haven Register" }],
              "question": "What is the main newspaper company for New Haven?",
              "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb840f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Tribune" }],
              "question": "The other newspaper, New Haven Advocate is run by which company?",
              "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Grand News Community Newspaper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly, it's name ?",
              "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Rumpus Magazine" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students?",
              "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "All New York City news and sports"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities?",
              "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8413"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer teams\u2014including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974, who played at the Yale Bowl. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams, which played at the New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002), and Yale Field (1928\u2013present).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "New York Giants" }],
              "question": "What NFL team played at the Yale Bowl from 1973-1974?",
              "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year was the New Haven Arena demolished?",
              "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what currently defunct New Haven venues did minor league hockey and baseball teams play throughout the latter half of the 20th century?",
              "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "In what year was Yale field established in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "The city of New Haven has been known for it various sport teams for how long?",
              "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "New York Giants" }],
              "question": "What famous NFL team played in New Haven own stadium in the 70s?",
              "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "New Haven Arena" }],
              "question": "The city has couple of sport stadium which one of them was torn down in 20th century?",
              "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Yale Field" }],
              "question": "In modern day which of the stadiums have continue to host minor sport leagues?",
              "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "1928\u2013present" }],
              "question": "How long has  Yale Field been open and active?",
              "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When John DeStefano, Jr., became mayor of New Haven in 1995, he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the Northeast, which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises. As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities, the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated. Believing the upkeep on the venue to be a drain of tax dollars, the DeStefano administration closed the Coliseum in 2002; it was demolished in 2007. New Haven's last professional sports team, the New Haven County Cutters, left in 2009. The DeStefano administration did, however, see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998, a 94,000-square-foot (8,700 m2) indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000. The NHAC, built adjacent to Hillhouse High School, is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "John DeStefano, Jr." }],
              "question": "What 1995 mayor of New Haven sought to reinvent the area into a northeastern hub of art and culture?",
              "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "New Haven Coliseum" }
              ],
              "question": "What sports complex was shuttered in New Haven by the DeStefano administration in 2002? ",
              "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "New Haven County Cutters" }
              ],
              "question": "What was New Haven's last professional sports team?",
              "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "New Haven Athletic Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What indoor sporting complex in New Haven was constructed by the DeStefano administration in 1998?",
              "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "over 3,000" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate seating capacity of the New Haven Athletic Center?",
              "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "John DeStefano, Jr" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor for the city in the late 90s?",
              "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "New Haven Coliseum" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the heavy upkeep, DeStefano decided to close what major infrastructure in the city?",
              "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was the last time New Haven had a professional sport team?",
              "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "over 3,000" }],
              "question": "In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center?",
              "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8438"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies. The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event, which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center, one of the largest tennis venues in the world. New Haven biannually hosts \"The Game\" between Yale and Harvard, the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Numerous road races take place in New Haven, including the USA 20K Championship during the New Haven Road Race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games?",
              "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Pilot Pen International" }
              ],
              "question": "What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Connecticut Tennis Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "\"The Game\"" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics?",
              "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "every August" }],
              "question": "The city also host a large international tennis event, when does it usually take place?",
              "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "college football" }],
              "question": "\"The Game\" is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges?",
              "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "USA 20K Championship" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of major road race that places within the city?",
              "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven has many architectural landmarks dating from every important time period and architectural style in American history. The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including Ithiel Town and Henry Austin in the 19th century and Cesar Pelli, Warren Platner, Kevin Roche, Herbert Newman and Barry Svigals in the 20th. The Yale School of Architecture has fostered this important component of the city's economy. Cass Gilbert, of the Beaux-Arts school, designed New Haven's Union Station and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a City Beautiful plan in 1919. Frank Lloyd Wright, Marcel Breuer, Alexander Jackson Davis, Philip C. Johnson, Gordon Bunshaft, Louis Kahn, James Gamble Rogers, Frank Gehry, Charles Willard Moore, Stefan Behnisch, James Polshek, Paul Rudolph, Eero Saarinen and Robert Venturi all have designed buildings in New Haven. Yale's 1950s-era Ingalls Rink, designed by Eero Saarinen, was included on the America's Favorite Architecture list created in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Ithiel Town and Henry Austin" }
              ],
              "question": "New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects?",
              "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "The Yale School of Architecture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy?",
              "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Cass Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who is the notable artist of the Beaux-Arts school responsible for designing both New Haven's Union Station and New Haven Public Library?",
              "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "In what year did New Haven commission the City Beautiful plan?",
              "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 986, "text": "Eero Saarinen" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for designing Ingalls Rink at Yale University in New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Yale School of Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "New Haven is also known for a very notable architecture institution, it's name?",
              "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Cass Gilbert" }],
              "question": "Who was the architect that design the New Haven Free Public Library?",
              "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaeaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 960, "text": "Ingalls Rink" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the building that was feature in America's Favorite Architecture list of 2007?",
              "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaeab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below one of the churches (referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors. Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880. The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green, and includes Connecticut Hall, Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The Hillhouse Avenue area, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue \"the most beautiful street in America\" when visiting the city in 1868.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places? ",
              "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1007, "text": "Charles Dickens" }],
              "question": "In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be \"the most beautiful street in America?\"",
              "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Center Church on-the-Green" }
              ],
              "question": "Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green, which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt?",
              "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Benedict Arnold" }],
              "question": "What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green?",
              "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Connecticut Hall" }],
              "question": "What structure of Yale University, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus?",
              "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "59" }],
              "question": "According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven? ",
              "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1638" }],
              "question": "In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded?",
              "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "a 17th-century crypt" }
              ],
              "question": "What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?",
              "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "Hillhouse Avenue" }],
              "question": "Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus, the name of it?",
              "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8458"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Black Rock Fort" }],
              "question": "What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?",
              "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1779" }],
              "question": "In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated? ",
              "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Nathan Hale" }],
              "question": "After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?",
              "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 751,
                  "text": "bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?",
              "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "the American Revolutionary War" }
              ],
              "question": "Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?",
              "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?",
              "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Revolutionary War hero" }
              ],
              "question": "Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?",
              "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "a second Fort Hale was built" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?",
              "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 918, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?",
              "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway. The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Grove Street" }],
              "question": "What cemetery in New Haven is situated next to the campus of Yale University and has been designated a National Historic Landmark? ",
              "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Egyptian Revival" }],
              "question": "In what architectural style is the gateway of Grove Street Cemetery notably designed?  ",
              "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "The Union League Club of New Haven building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Beaux Arts structure on New Haven's Chapel Street was built on the site believed to formerly feature the home of Roger Sherman?",
              "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "George Washington" }],
              "question": "What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman?",
              "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Eli Whitney" }],
              "question": "Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?",
              "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Grove Street Cemetery" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale's campus?",
              "id": "572b995234ae481900deaebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Egyptian Revival gateway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Grove Street Cemetery famously known for?",
              "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Union League Club" }],
              "question": "Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place?",
              "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "George Washington once paid visit to Sherman's house, what year was this?",
              "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916. Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighthouse Point Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Throughout the Roaring Twenties, what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists?",
              "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Babe Ruth" }],
              "question": "Which famed professional baseball player is known to have visited at Lighthouse Point Park in New Haven during the 1920's?",
              "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Five Mile Point Lighthouse" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park?",
              "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "In what year was New Haven's Lighthouse Point carousel constructed? ",
              "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "In what year was Five Mile Point Lighthouse decommissioned upon construction of Southwest Ledge Lighthouse? ",
              "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighthouse Point Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What popular tourist site was particularly active during the 20s?",
              "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Lighthouse" }],
              "question": "In 1847, a new landmark was constructed at the park, what exactly was it?",
              "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Southwest Ledge Light" }
              ],
              "question": "After 1877 another lighthouse was build to replace File Mile Point, what was its' name?",
              "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "in service to this day" }
              ],
              "question": "Is Southwest Ledge Light still active today?",
              "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb8460"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven\u2013Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?",
              "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?",
              "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "the Vermonter" }],
              "question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?",
              "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "United Airlines" }],
              "question": "With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?",
              "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Union Station" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the train station within New Haven?",
              "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?",
              "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "United Airlines" }],
              "question": "In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?",
              "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8485"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service. Horse-drawn steetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s, and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines, with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948. The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar (light-rail) service, which has been absent since the postwar period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "trolley service" }],
              "question": "What form of public transportation preceded the current New Haven Division bus routes?",
              "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "the 1860s" }],
              "question": "What decade ushered in the operation of horse-drawn carriages in New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "all the lines had become electric"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advancement was made to New Haven trolley lines in the mid 1890's?",
              "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "bus lines" }],
              "question": "What mode of public transportation in New Haven phased out the trolley service in the 1920's and 1930's?",
              "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year was the final trolley route in New Haven converted to a bus line? ",
              "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "trolley" }],
              "question": "Buses in New Haven uses what kind of route for their service?",
              "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Horse-drawn steetcars" }
              ],
              "question": "Before 20th century, what was the form of public transportation in the city?",
              "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "streetcar (light-rail) service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What further ideas for public transportation is the city currently considering?",
              "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaeda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "In what year were trolleys finally replaced completely by buses?",
              "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Farmington Canal Trail" }
              ],
              "question": "What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton, Massachusetts? ",
              "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "New Haven and Northampton Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow? ",
              "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Farmington Canal" }],
              "question": "What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail?",
              "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "East Coast Greenway" }
              ],
              "question": "What proposed bike path, projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard, is part of the Farmington Canal Trail?",
              "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Farmington Canal Trail" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts?",
              "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "bicycle" }],
              "question": "Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation? ",
              "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "East Coast Greenway" }
              ],
              "question": "Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail?",
              "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "3,000-mile" }],
              "question": "In terms of length, how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida?",
              "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street, connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown. Since then, bike lanes have also been added to sections of Howard Ave, Elm St, Dixwell Avenue, Water Street, Clinton Avenue and State Street. The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven, including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane. A bike map of the city entire can be seen here , and bike maps broken down by area here . As of the end of 2012, bicycle lanes have also been added in both directions on Dixwell Avenue along most of the street from downtown to the Hamden town line, as well as along Howard Avenue from Yale New Haven Hospital to City Point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "East Rock" }],
              "question": "For which New Haven neighborhood did the Orange Street bike lane provide a connection to downtown? ",
              "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Canal Trail" }],
              "question": "In addition to Orange Street, what is a bike route recommended for use by the city of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year were bike lanes added on Dixwell Avenue and Howard Avenue? ",
              "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven? ",
              "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "The lane stretch from East Rock park to what part of the city?",
              "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "end of 2012" }],
              "question": "What year did New Haven finally integrated bike lanes to most of the city?",
              "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "bike map of the city" }
              ],
              "question": "How is it possible to located the direction of bike lanes within the city?",
              "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast\u2014which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts\u2014and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or \"Q Bridge\", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Interstate 95" }],
              "question": "What major interstate provides access between New Haven and New York City?",
              "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Interstate 91" }],
              "question": "What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts, Vermont, and eventually reaches the Canadian border?",
              "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Quinnipiac River" }],
              "question": "Over which New Haven river does 1-95 cross on the east side?",
              "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "\"Q Bridge\"" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname given to the Pearl Harbor Memorial? ",
              "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "I-91" }],
              "question": "Which New Haven interstate is less congested throughout times designated as peak travel?",
              "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Interstate 95" }],
              "question": "New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway?",
              "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "is relatively less congested" }
              ],
              "question": "Is I-91 similar to I-95 in terms of bad traffic?",
              "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Interstate 91" }],
              "question": "Which of the nearby highway would take you north to Massachusetts?",
              "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "traffic jams" }],
              "question": "Interstate 95 is also infamous for what exactly?",
              "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Quinnipiac River" }],
              "question": "What river crosses path with I-95?",
              "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oak Street Connector" }
              ],
              "question": "What downtown New Haven expressway spur intersects at exit 1 of 1-91?",
              "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "The Wilbur Cross Parkway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Connecticut Route 15, which provides an alternate route from traveling on 1-95/1/91?",
              "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Route 15" }],
              "question": "What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?",
              "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Heroes Tunnel" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the highway tunnel on Route 15 in New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "West Rock" }],
              "question": "Through what neighborhood in New Haven does Route 15 run? ",
              "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "I-91 at exit 1" }],
              "question": "Oak Street Connect crosses which interstate highway?",
              "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "I-95 west of New Haven," }
              ],
              "question": "Connecticut Route 15 is next to which highway?",
              "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Route 15" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?",
              "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also has several major surface arteries. U.S. Route 1 (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) runs in an east-west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford, West Haven, East Haven and Branford. The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue (partly signed as Route 10 and Route 63) leading to Westville and Woodbridge. Heading north towards Hamden, there are two major thoroughfares, Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue. To the northeast are Middletown Avenue (Route 17), which leads to the Montowese section of North Haven, and Foxon Boulevard (Route 80), which leads to the Foxon section of East Haven and to the town of North Branford. To the west is Route 34, which leads to the city of Derby. Other major intracity arteries are Ella Grasso Boulevard (Route 10) west of downtown, and College Street, Temple Street, Church Street, Elm Street, and Grove Street in the downtown area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "U.S. Route 1" }],
              "question": "What east-west artery in New Haven serves Union Station? ",
              "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Whalley Avenue" }],
              "question": "What road leading northwest from downtown New Haven comprises both Route 10 and Route 63 at various points?",
              "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two major thoroughfares lie to the north of New Haven towards Hamden? ",
              "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Middletown" }],
              "question": "What northeast avenue in New Haven is signed as Route 17?",
              "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Route 34" }],
              "question": "What western road provides access from New Haven to the city of Derby?",
              "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "east-west direction" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does U.S. Route 1 runs in terms of direction within the city?",
              "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Whalley Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the route that heads north of downtown?",
              "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "Derby" }],
              "question": "What city does the western route 34 leads to?",
              "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "Ella Grasso Boulevard" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another surface arteries that is located west of downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. Rail transportation access is available, with a private switch engine for yard movements and private siding for loading and unloading. Approximately 400,000 square feet (40,000 m2) of inside storage and 50 acres (200,000 m2) of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New Haven Harbor" }],
              "question": "In what harbor is the Port of New Haven located?",
              "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many trucks does the Port of New Haven have the daily capacity to load?",
              "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "loading docks" }],
              "question": "In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo?",
              "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many square feet of interior storage is available at the Port of New Haven?",
              "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many acres of outside storage does the Port of New Haven offer?",
              "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Port of New Haven" }],
              "question": "The name of New Haven harbor?",
              "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaedf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "400,000 square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of scale how big is the harbor?",
              "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How many forklift are available for use in it everyday production?",
              "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many transport vehicle can the harbor actually hold?",
              "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital has four pavilions, including the Yale \u2013 New Haven Children's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north, and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program. Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street, Connecticut Mental Health Center/ across Park Street from Y-NHH, and the Hill Health Center, which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven. To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital, and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many major medical centers are located in downtown New Haven?",
              "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What overarching New Haven medical center is the Smilow Cancer Hospital a part of?",
              "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Hospital of Saint Raphael" }
              ],
              "question": "What hospital in New Haven provides notable cardiac emergency care? ",
              "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many pavilions comprise Yale -- New Haven Hospital?",
              "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "Connecticut Mental Health Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mental health facility is located in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "four pavilions" }],
              "question": "How many pavilion are part of New Haven Hospital?",
              "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Hill Health Center," }
              ],
              "question": "What hospital is located nearby a working class district within the city?",
              "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 798, "text": "MidState Medical Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hospital located north of New Haven in Meriden?",
              "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "New Haven Children's Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the well known hospital specializes in young children patients?",
              "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaeea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "West Haven" }],
              "question": "What nearby city would you go to for war related injuries?",
              "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaeeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[citation needed] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "medical and biotechnology" }
              ],
              "question": "Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?",
              "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Science Park" }],
              "question": "What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?",
              "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Winchester's and Olin" }
              ],
              "question": "To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?",
              "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "biotech" }],
              "question": "In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?",
              "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Science Park" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? ",
              "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "45 large-scale factory buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?",
              "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "parking lots or abandoned structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?",
              "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Frontage" }],
              "question": "On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?",
              "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Route 34 extension" }
              ],
              "question": "What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?",
              "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Pfizer" }],
              "question": "What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?",
              "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "lab space" }],
              "question": "What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?",
              "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Frontage Road" }],
              "question": "Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?",
              "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "SNET telephone building" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?",
              "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "late 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?",
              "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven\u2014one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade. The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power, formerly UTC Power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "HVDC Cross Sound Cable" }
              ],
              "question": "What static inverter plant lies near New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "$1 million" }],
              "question": "How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade?",
              "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "ClearEdge Power" }],
              "question": "What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city? ",
              "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "static inverter plant" }
              ],
              "question": "The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven?",
              "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaefd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven?",
              "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaefe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "UTC Power" }],
              "question": "What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city?",
              "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaeff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "$1 million in energy costs" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?",
              "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaf00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway \"tryouts\" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Taft Hotel" }],
              "question": "At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950's classic, All About Eve, filmed?",
              "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "The Band Wagon" }],
              "question": "What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as \"tryouts\" for Broadway?",
              "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Amistad" }],
              "question": "What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "The Skulls" }],
              "question": "What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven? ",
              "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Taft Apartments" }],
              "question": "What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "All About Eve (1950)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets?",
              "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Steven Spielberg" }],
              "question": "The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie, who was the director of Amistad?",
              "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "The Skulls (2000)" }],
              "question": "New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories? ",
              "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Mona Lisa Smile" }],
              "question": "What 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts was filmed in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727eb704b864d190016402e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008?",
              "id": "5727eb704b864d190016402f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull?",
              "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many New Haven locals were cast as extras throughout filming of the Crystal Skull?",
              "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "Union Station" }],
              "question": "In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie, Everybody's Fine, filmed?",
              "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Mona Lisa Smile (2003)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of popular movie film in New Haven featuring Julia Roberts?",
              "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film?",
              "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Everybody's Fine (2009)" }
              ],
              "question": "Union Station was as a part of a set on a film, what was the name of the movie?",
              "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary classic The Great Gatsby, as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns, a character from The Simpsons television show. A fictional native of New Haven is Alex Welch from the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Icelandic Flock. The TV show Gilmore Girls is set (but not filmed) in New Haven and at Yale University, as are scenes in the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "The Great Gatsby" }],
              "question": "In what Fitzgerald classic does the fictional protagonist make repeated references to New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "C. Montgomery Burns" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the fictional Yale University alumnus, and ostensible former resident of New Haven, featured on The Simpsons? ",
              "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Alex Welch" }],
              "question": "What fictional New Haven resident is featured in the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Iceland Flock?",
              "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Yale" }],
              "question": "At what New Haven university is The Gilmore Girls hypothetically set, at least in part? ",
              "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "The Great Gatsby" }],
              "question": "The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was?",
              "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Montgomery Burns" }],
              "question": "The Simpson has a character that was set to graduated from Yale University, can you guess his name?",
              "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "is set (but not filmed) in New Haven"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What relations does the television show Gilmore Girls have to New Haven city?",
              "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Jim Morrison" }],
              "question": "What infamous Doors frontman was once arrested in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "New Haven Arena" }],
              "question": "At what venue was Jim Morrison arrested in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "\"Peace Frog\"" }],
              "question": "What Morrison song pays homage to his New Haven arrest while mentioning the town by name?",
              "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "The Doors" }],
              "question": "What 1991 film depicts the 1979 Morrison arrest in New Haven?",
              "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Jim Morrison" }],
              "question": "A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven, which result in an accident with one of it member, the man name was?",
              "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb8499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "\"Peace Frog\"" }],
              "question": "What was the song sung that lead to the arrest of Morrison?",
              "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "The Doors" }],
              "question": "The event in 1967 later lead to inspiration of what movie in 1991? ",
              "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Los Angeles" }],
              "question": "The movie The Doors however did not film at New Haven, instead where did they film the reenactment? ",
              "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Brigham_Young_University",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States, with 29,672 on-campus students. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, and one-third of its US students are from Utah.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "29,672" }],
              "question": "How many students attend BYU on campus?",
              "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "99 percent" }],
              "question": "How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?",
              "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "What portion of students are native Utah residents?",
              "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Provo, Utah" }],
              "question": "Where is Brigham Young University?",
              "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?",
              "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "29,672" }],
              "question": "How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Provo, Utah" }],
              "question": "Where is BYU's main campus?",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?",
              "id": "572823673acd2414000df573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Approximately 99 percent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?",
              "id": "572823673acd2414000df574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "the third largest" }],
              "question": "How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572823673acd2414000df575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does LDS stand for?",
              "id": "572823673acd2414000df576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns and operates Brigham University?",
              "id": "572823673acd2414000df577"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "to serve as Mormon missionaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?",
              "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the church's tithing funds" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the source of much of BYU's funding?",
              "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "33 percent" }],
              "question": "How many women at BYU do missionary work?",
              "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "two-years" }],
              "question": "What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?",
              "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "LDS teachings" }],
              "question": "What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?",
              "id": "57264abedd62a815002e809a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "the church's tithing funds" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?",
              "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "88" }],
              "question": "What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?",
              "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?",
              "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "less expensive" }],
              "question": "How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?",
              "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "drugs and alcohol" }],
              "question": "What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?",
              "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing and law. The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards. The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "undergraduate education" }
              ],
              "question": "What is BYU's main focal point?",
              "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?",
              "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Church Educational System" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution controls BYU?",
              "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Hawaii and Idaho" }],
              "question": "Where are BYU's sibling schools located?",
              "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "68" }],
              "question": "How many master's programs does BYU have?",
              "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?",
              "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?",
              "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "the Church Educational System (CES)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is BYU's parent organization?",
              "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Hawaii and Idaho" }],
              "question": "Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?",
              "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. Hence, October 16, 1875 is commonly held as BYU's founding date. Said Young about his vision: \"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "October 16, 1875" }],
              "question": "When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired?",
              "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Brigham Young" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for acquiring BYU's first building?",
              "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Draper, Utah" }],
              "question": "Where was Brigham  Young's school originally believed to be located?",
              "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Warren Dusenberry" }],
              "question": "Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located?",
              "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1862" }],
              "question": "What year can BYU's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall?",
              "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Brigham Young" }],
              "question": "Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school?",
              "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "atheistic" }],
              "question": "What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?",
              "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?",
              "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "children of the Latter-day Saints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU?",
              "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, with classes commencing on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived\u2014a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot among others. The school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named \"Brigham Young University\". The suggestion received a large amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasn't large enough to be a university, but the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, \"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "University of Deseret" }
              ],
              "question": "What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?",
              "id": "57265810708984140094c32d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "January 3, 1876" }],
              "question": "When did BYU first open its doors to students?",
              "id": "57265810708984140094c32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Warren Dusenberry" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the school for its first few months?",
              "id": "57265810708984140094c32f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "July 18, 1896" }],
              "question": "When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?",
              "id": "57265810708984140094c330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Benjamin Cluff, Jr" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?",
              "id": "57265810708984140094c331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "University of Deseret" }
              ],
              "question": "Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?",
              "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Karl Maeser" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?",
              "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "a university" }],
              "question": "What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?",
              "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "members of the community" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?",
              "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1206,
                  "text": "\"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?",
              "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant \"Y\" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called \"Temple Hill\". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a \"religious seminary\". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?",
              "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Temple Hill" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?",
              "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "forty" }],
              "question": "How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?",
              "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "evolution" }],
              "question": "What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?",
              "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "George H. Brimhall" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was chosen to head BYU?",
              "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?",
              "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "BY High School class of 1907" }
              ],
              "question": "Who we responsible for the giant \"Y\" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?",
              "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "forty" }],
              "question": "At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?",
              "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "the theory of evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?",
              "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Temple Hill" }],
              "question": "What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?",
              "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "doctoral degree" }],
              "question": "What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?",
              "id": "57266f33708984140094c5d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Franklin S. Harris" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?",
              "id": "57266f33708984140094c5da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 946, "text": "an Air Force Base" }],
              "question": "What was purchased to accommodate more students?",
              "id": "57266f33708984140094c5db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1045, "text": "Ernest L. Wilkinson" }
              ],
              "question": "Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?",
              "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "nearly five times" }],
              "question": "How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?",
              "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "doctoral" }],
              "question": "What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?",
              "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Franklin S. Harris" }],
              "question": "Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?",
              "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 665,
                  "text": "the Second World War had just ended"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?",
              "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1319, "text": "six times" }],
              "question": "How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?",
              "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1563, "text": "over 100" }],
              "question": "How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?",
              "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Jeffrey R. Holland" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?",
              "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "Rex E. Lee" }],
              "question": "Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?",
              "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 953, "text": "Merrill J. Bateman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?",
              "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dallin H. Oaks" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?",
              "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "its religious nature" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?",
              "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?",
              "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?",
              "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?",
              "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "its religious nature" }
              ],
              "question": "What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?",
              "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "BYU Jerusalem Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?",
              "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined \u2014 BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace. Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003. Samuelson was succeeded by Kevin J Worthen in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "the September 11th attacks" }
              ],
              "question": "What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?",
              "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the Western Athletic Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?",
              "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?",
              "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "Kevin J Worthen" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Bateman's successor?",
              "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "satellite" }],
              "question": "What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?",
              "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfa9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "led the student body in a prayer for peace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?",
              "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Harold B. Lee Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?",
              "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "the Mountain West Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?",
              "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the Western Athletic Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?",
              "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?",
              "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "3.82" }],
              "question": "What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?",
              "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "78" }],
              "question": "What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?",
              "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "26th" }],
              "question": "What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?",
              "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "88" }],
              "question": "How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?",
              "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1064, "text": "Forbes Magazine" }],
              "question": "Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah?",
              "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1009,
                  "text": "Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who designated BYU as having high research activity?",
              "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "The Princeton Review" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007?",
              "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was BYU  ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?",
              "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "No. 10" }],
              "question": "In 2008-2009, how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs?",
              "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "BusinessWeek" }],
              "question": "Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?",
              "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "The Wall Street Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?",
              "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "No. 3" }],
              "question": "Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?",
              "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 838, "text": "Wall Street Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?",
              "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "No. 92" }],
              "question": "How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?",
              "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "College of Engineering" }
              ],
              "question": "Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?",
              "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "the electronic television" }
              ],
              "question": "What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?",
              "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Tracy Hall" }],
              "question": "Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?",
              "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 644,
                  "text": "a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?",
              "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "Magnetic Lasso" }],
              "question": "Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?",
              "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total). This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment. During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average. BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages, many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region. It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Over three quarters" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?",
              "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?",
              "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "over 60" }],
              "question": "How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?",
              "id": "57288f642ca10214002da470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "largest of their kind in the nation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?",
              "id": "57288f642ca10214002da471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 730,
                  "text": "United States Department of Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?",
              "id": "57288f642ca10214002da472"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Nearly 2,000" }],
              "question": "How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?",
              "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "number one" }],
              "question": "How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?",
              "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "BYU Jerusalem Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?",
              "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Winter 2007 semester" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?",
              "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?",
              "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "BYU's International Cinema" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "Foreign Language Student Residence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?",
              "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "only their chosen foreign language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?",
              "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "at least one" }],
              "question": "How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?",
              "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "International Cinema" }
              ],
              "question": "Which BYU building features films in several languages?",
              "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon \"expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.\" These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that \"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\" The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows \"religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly\", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: \"The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom?",
              "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "contradicts or opposes" }
              ],
              "question": "The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what?",
              "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Honor Code" }],
              "question": "What cannot be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?",
              "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "several" }],
              "question": "How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?",
              "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "The American Association of University Professors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por?",
              "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Church Educational System of LDS Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which system is BYU part of?",
              "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who acts as chairman of BYU?",
              "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Church Board of Education" }
              ],
              "question": "What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to?",
              "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Prior to 1939" }],
              "question": "When did BYU have a separate board of trustees?",
              "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "through the Commissioner of Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the President of BYU report to the Board?",
              "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da32a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and \"miscellaneous\" college departments, including Undergraduate Education, Graduate Studies, Independent Study, Continuing Education, and the Honors Program. BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier. A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (September\u2013December) and Winter (January\u2013April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May\u2013June) and Summer (July\u2013August).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "there is no Spring break" }
              ],
              "question": "Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?",
              "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?",
              "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?",
              "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Juris" }],
              "question": "What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?",
              "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "Winter semester ends earlier than most universities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?",
              "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main campus in Provo, Utah, United States sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings. The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time. The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained. Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus. BYU's Harold B. Lee Library (also known as \"HBLL\"), which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 \"Great College Library\" in 2004, has approximately 8\u00bd million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people. The Spencer W. Kimball Tower, shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students, is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah. Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation. Interestingly absent on the campus of this church owned university is a campus chapel. Notwithstanding, each Sunday LDS Church services for students are conducted on campus, but due to the large number of students attending these services, nearly all of the buildings and possible meeting spaces on campus are utilized (in addition, many students attend services off campus in LDS chapels in the surrounding communities).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "295" }],
              "question": "How many buildings are on BYU's main campus?",
              "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "approximately 560" }],
              "question": "How many acres are included in BYU's main campus?",
              "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Provo, Utah" }],
              "question": "Where is BYU's main campus located?",
              "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "98" }],
              "question": "How many miles of shelving are in BYU's Harold B. Lee Library?",
              "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 713, "text": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost, Utah?",
              "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming. The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research. The BYU Museum of Paleontology was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one of the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year. The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many photographs are in BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures?",
              "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "about 25,000" }],
              "question": "How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year?",
              "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 846,
                  "text": "Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from?",
              "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 786, "text": "BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU's Museum of Paleontology?",
              "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Museum of Art" }],
              "question": "Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West?",
              "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1282" }],
              "question": "How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?",
              "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "The Pardoe Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?",
              "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "The Margetts Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?",
              "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "one of BYU's first drama teachers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?",
              "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "experimental" }],
              "question": "What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?",
              "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that \"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\" BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "energy efficiency of its buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?",
              "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "BYU Recycles" }],
              "question": "Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?",
              "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "a year" }],
              "question": "How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?",
              "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "zero" }],
              "question": "What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?",
              "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "fluorescent" }],
              "question": "What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?",
              "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world, having won the U.S. National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982. BYU's Ballroom dance team has won first place in Latin or Standard (or both) many times when they have competed at the Blackpool Dance Festival, and they were the first U.S. team to win the formation championships at the famed British Championships in Blackpool, England in 1972 . The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world. In addition, BYU has a number of other notable dance teams and programs. These teams include the Theatre Ballet, Contemporary Dance Theatre, Living Legends, and International Folk Dance Ensemble. The Living Legends perform Latin, Native American, and Polynesian dancing. BYU boasts one of the largest dance departments in the nation. Many students from all different majors across campus participate in various dance classes each semester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Ballroom Dance Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?",
              "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "NDCA National DanceSport" }
              ],
              "question": "What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years?",
              "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da357"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "the largest" }],
              "question": "How is BYU's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide?",
              "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 914,
                  "text": "Latin, Native American, and Polynesian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of dancing are performed by BYU's The Living Legends?",
              "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da359"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams. Nineteen of these teams played mainly in the Mountain West Conference from its inception in 1999 until the school left that conference in 2011. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the \"Cougars\", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. The school's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song. Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions. BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday, as well as expelling players due to honor code violations. Beginning in the 2011 season, BYU football competes in college football as an independent. In addition, most other sports now compete in the West Coast Conference. Teams in swimming and diving and indoor track and field for both men and women joined the men's volleyball program in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. For outdoor track and field, the Cougars became an Independent. Softball returned to the Western Athletic Conference, but spent only one season in the WAC; the team moved to the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. The softball program may move again after the 2013 season; the July 2013 return of Pacific to the WCC will enable that conference to add softball as an official sport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?",
              "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Cougar Fight Song" }],
              "question": "What is the name of BYU's fight song?",
              "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?",
              "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?",
              "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "honor code" }],
              "question": "What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?",
              "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU's stated mission \"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\" BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: \"I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "\"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the stated mission of BYU?",
              "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "the Spirit of God" }],
              "question": "What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?",
              "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?",
              "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "religious and secular" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?",
              "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da507"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be \"The Lord's university\". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an \"ambassador\" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "\"The Lord's university\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?",
              "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "some students and faculty" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname \"The Lord's University\" in the past?",
              "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What perception do some feel that the nickname \"The Lord's University\" gives about university officials?",
              "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "more a goal" }],
              "question": "What do the leaders of BYU say \"The Lord's University\" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?",
              "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "religiously active" }],
              "question": "What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?",
              "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "an ecclesiastic leader" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?",
              "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Over 900" }],
              "question": "How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?",
              "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "More than 150" }],
              "question": "How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?",
              "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "24,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?",
              "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. In October 2012, the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy. Many young men would often attend a semester or two of higher education prior to beginning missionary service. This policy change will likely impact what has been the traditional incoming freshman class at BYU. Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19, rather than age 21 under the previous policy. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?",
              "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?",
              "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long is a full-time mission for males?",
              "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "18 months" }],
              "question": "How long is a full-time mission for females?",
              "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "97" }],
              "question": "What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?",
              "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the \"Domestic Organization\", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Domestic Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?",
              "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "about 1940" }],
              "question": "When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?",
              "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "cases of cheating and academic dishonesty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?",
              "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?",
              "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 925,
                  "text": "all students, faculty, and staff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?",
              "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes \"too nice\" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "14th in the nation" }
              ],
              "question": "How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?",
              "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "marrying early and being very conservative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of the sometimes \"too nice\" BYU culture is often caricatured?",
              "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "amplification of" }],
              "question": "What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?",
              "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a \"marriage culture\". Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family, especially marriage within the faith. Approximately 51 percent of the graduates in BYU's class of 2005 were married. This is compared to a national marriage average among college graduates of 11 percent. BYU students on average marry at the age of 22, according to a 2005 study, while the national average age is 25 years for men and 27 years for women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "emphasizing a \"marriage culture\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?",
              "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Approximately 51" }],
              "question": "What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?",
              "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "11 percent" }],
              "question": "What is the national marriage average among college graduates?",
              "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?",
              "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "marriage within the faith" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?",
              "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da55a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the \"#1 stone cold sober school\" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 \"#1 stone cold\" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "The Princeton Review" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?",
              "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "proud" }],
              "question": "How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?",
              "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 910, "text": "about 1/10" }],
              "question": "How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?",
              "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "Business Insider" }],
              "question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?",
              "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "culturally conservative" }
              ],
              "question": "What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?",
              "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is an HD production and distribution facility that is home to local PBS affiliate KBYU-TV, local classical music station KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv and BYU Television International with content in Spanish and Portuguese (both available via terrestrial, satellite, and internet signals). BYUtv is also available via cable throughout some areas of the United States. The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios, two television control rooms, radio studios, radio performance space, and master control operations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?",
              "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?",
              "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?",
              "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "BYU Television International" }
              ],
              "question": "Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?",
              "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "BYUtv" }],
              "question": "Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?",
              "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Nobel Prize winner" }
              ],
              "question": "What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?",
              "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "the hearing aid" }],
              "question": "What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?",
              "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "Gymboree" }],
              "question": "Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?",
              "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "two time world's most influential business thinker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?",
              "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Paul D. Boyer" }],
              "question": "Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon, award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson '90. In entertainment and television, BYU is represented by Jon Heder '02 (best known for his role as Napoleon Dynamite), writer-director Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe-nominated Aaron Eckhart '94, animator and filmmaker Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy! all-time champion Ken Jennings '00, and Richard Dutcher, the \"Father of Mormon Cinema.\" In the music industry BYU is represented by lead singer of the Grammy Award winning band Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, multi-platinum selling drummer Elaine Bradley from the band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep violinist Lindsey Stirling, former American Idol contestant Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir director Mack Wilberg and pianist Massimiliano Frani.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "BYU" }],
              "question": "Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?",
              "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes" }
              ],
              "question": "Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Jane Clayson Johnson" }
              ],
              "question": "Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes" }
              ],
              "question": "Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?",
              "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Art Rascon" }],
              "question": "Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of BYU alumni have found success in professional sports, representing the University in 7 MLB World Series, 5 NBA Finals, and 25 NFL Super Bowls. In baseball, BYU alumni include All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, and Jack Morris '76. Professional basketball players include three-time NBA champion Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year and 4-time NBA All-Star Mel Hutchins '51,[citation needed] three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 '73, and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette '11, currently with the New York Knicks organization. BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. '96, Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer '90, and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon. In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Ty Detmer" }],
              "question": "Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "Jim McMahon" }],
              "question": "Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "Mike Weir" }],
              "question": "Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?",
              "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "Johnny Miller" }],
              "question": "Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?",
              "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c16"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Myocardial_infarction",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Myocardial infarction" }
              ],
              "question": "What does MI stand for?",
              "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms?",
              "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "chest pain or discomfort" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common symptom of MI?",
              "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "more than a few minutes" }
              ],
              "question": "How long can the pain of MI last?",
              "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "heartburn" }],
              "question": "What can the discomfort of MI feel like?",
              "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "ST elevation" }],
              "question": "What can ECG confirm?",
              "id": "572648c15951b619008f6eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "troponin" }],
              "question": "What type of blood tests are used?",
              "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "coronary artery disease" }
              ],
              "question": "How do most MIs come about?",
              "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "complete blockage of a coronary artery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main mechanism for MI?",
              "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name one test used to recognize MI?",
              "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aspirin" }],
              "question": "What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?",
              "id": "57264ac2708984140094c19f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "chest pain" }],
              "question": "Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?",
              "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "non-ST elevation myocardial infarction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat does NSTEMI stand for?",
              "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 689,
                  "text": "blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is bypass surgery recommended?",
              "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Supplemental oxygen" }
              ],
              "question": "What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?",
              "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Chest pain" }],
              "question": "What is the most common symptom of MI?",
              "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "a lack of blood" }],
              "question": "What does ischemia refer too?",
              "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "left arm" }],
              "question": "What does the pain usually stem from with MI?",
              "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "clenching their fists over their sternum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?",
              "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "heart limits the output of the left ventricle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When might an individual experience shortness of breath?",
              "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "excessive form of sweating" }
              ],
              "question": "What does diaphoresis refer to?",
              "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "inadequate blood flow to the brain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?",
              "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80f0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Department_store",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?",
              "id": "5726494f708984140094c16f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "discounters" }],
              "question": "Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? ",
              "id": "5726494f708984140094c170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 681, "text": "online stores such as Amazon." }
              ],
              "question": "What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?",
              "id": "5726494f708984140094c171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "at sales counters within each department."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?",
              "id": "5726494f708984140094c172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "at the turn of the 19th century."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the idea of a \"consumer society\" begin? ",
              "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "the affluent middle-class" }
              ],
              "question": "What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? ",
              "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "entrepreneurs" }],
              "question": "Who was Josiah Wedgewood?",
              "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "urbanized social group" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?",
              "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? ",
              "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796. At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage \"Kendals Arcade\" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname \"the Harrods of the North\", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Other large Manchester stores included Paulden's (currently Debenhams) and Lewis's (now a Primark).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? ",
              "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? ",
              "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "House of Fraser" }],
              "question": "What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? ",
              "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "What year did the Manchester institution begin?",
              "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "Harrods" }],
              "question": "Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? ",
              "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and \"Colonial\" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; \u2013 in 1909, Louis Bl\u00e9riot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Harry Gordon Selfridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded Selfridges in 1909?",
              "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? ",
              "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "paid advertising" }],
              "question": "How was the store most often presented to the public? ",
              "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 888,
                  "text": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?",
              "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), and Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel C\u00e9sar Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the origins of the Paris department store? ",
              "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1784" }],
              "question": "What year was the first Paris department store founded? ",
              "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "C\u00e9sar Birotteau" }
              ],
              "question": "What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?",
              "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? ",
              "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "newspapers" }],
              "question": "Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?",
              "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A novelty shop called Au Bon March\u00e9 had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, umbrellas and other assorted goods. It originally had four departments, twelve employees, and a floor space of three hundred meters. The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise. The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860. In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de S\u00e8vres on the Left Bank, and enlarged the store again in 1872, with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower. The income rose from twenty million francs in 1870 to 72 million at the time of the Boucicaut's death in 1877. The floor space had increased from three hundred square meters in 1838 to fifty thousand, and the number of employees had increased from twelve in 1838 to 1788 in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Au Bon March\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? ",
              "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Aristide Boucicaut" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?",
              "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? ",
              "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Gustave Eiffel" }],
              "question": "What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872",
              "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1080, "text": "marketing innovations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Boucicaut most widely known for? ",
              "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e810a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris, where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class. In a neighborhood with few public spaces, it provided a consumer version of the public square. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. Its advertisements promised the opportunity to participate in the newest, most fashionable consumerism at reasonable cost. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the northern part of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? ",
              "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? ",
              "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "bourgeois stores" }],
              "question": "What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? ",
              "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were these stores different than most during that time?",
              "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arnold, Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold (1794?-1876), an emigrant from Great Britain, as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War Arnold, Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions, the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this \u201cPalace of Trade\u201d expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. In 1925, Arnold, Constable merged with Stewart & Company and expanded into the suburbs, first with a 1937 store in New Rochelle, New York and later in Hempstead and Manhasset on Long Island, and in New Jersey. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arnold, Constable" }],
              "question": "What is recognized as the \"first\" department store in America?",
              "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Aaron Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who founded Arnold, Constable? ",
              "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the store moved in 1857?",
              "id": "57264f37708984140094c1ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? ",
              "id": "57264f37708984140094c200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "When was the \"Palace of Trade\" built? ",
              "id": "57264f37708984140094c201"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the \"Marble Palace\" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing \"free entrance\" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the \"Marble Palace\" built in 1846?",
              "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "\"free entrance\" to all potential customers."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? ",
              "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "nineteen" }],
              "question": "How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?",
              "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1039, "text": "cash and not credit" }
              ],
              "question": "What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?",
              "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1227,
                  "text": "waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? ",
              "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "John Wanamaker" }],
              "question": "Who opened the original \"modern\" department store in America?",
              "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "fixed prices marked on every article"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? ",
              "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "pneumatic tubes" }],
              "question": "How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? ",
              "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? ",
              "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Pennsylvania" }],
              "question": "In what state was Wanamakers established? ",
              "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1852" }],
              "question": "In what year was Marshall Field and company established? ",
              "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "9 September 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? ",
              "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "exceptional customer service" }
              ],
              "question": "What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?",
              "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 778, "text": "Manchester, England" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Marshall's European buying office located? ",
              "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "personal shopper" }],
              "question": "What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? ",
              "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "merchant" }],
              "question": "What occupation did David Jones have?",
              "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "in London" }],
              "question": "Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? ",
              "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Sydney" }],
              "question": "Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?",
              "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Appleton & Jones" }],
              "question": "What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? ",
              "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?",
              "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Grace Bros. and Waltons" }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the original Australian department stores? ",
              "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1899" }],
              "question": "When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? ",
              "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Bendigo, Victoria" }],
              "question": "Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? ",
              "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "up-market chains" }],
              "question": "What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? ",
              "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "Venture" }],
              "question": "What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? ",
              "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s, with locations across the country. It also previously owned Zellers, another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada. Other department stores in Canada are: Canadian Tire, Sears Canada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco and Holt Renfrew. Grocery giant Superstores carry many non-grocery items akin to a department store. Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased (Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994). Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman's, Spencer's, Simpsons, Morgan's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities. Department stores in Canada are similar in design and style to department stores in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "the fur trade" }],
              "question": "What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? ",
              "id": "57265901708984140094c34b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Zellers" }],
              "question": "What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?",
              "id": "57265901708984140094c34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "160" }],
              "question": "How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? ",
              "id": "57265901708984140094c34d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "Walmart" }],
              "question": "Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? ",
              "id": "57265901708984140094c34e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as \"big box\" by physical layout and \"department store\" by merchandise).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "specialist stores" }],
              "question": "What is one type of competition department stores face? ",
              "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "superstores" }],
              "question": "What types of stores have created even more competition? ",
              "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?",
              "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?",
              "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8355"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province. Besides, there are many other department store groups, such as Pacific, Parkson, Wangfujing\uff0cNew World\uff0cetc., many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "opening policy in 1979" }
              ],
              "question": "What began the influx of Chinese department stores?",
              "id": "572662f85951b619008f7123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Zhejiang province" }],
              "question": "What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?",
              "id": "572662f85951b619008f7124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Jinying" }],
              "question": "What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?",
              "id": "572662f85951b619008f7125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "by listing in the financial market."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? ",
              "id": "572662f85951b619008f7126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1850" }],
              "question": "What year did Lane Crawford open? ",
              "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who established Lane Crawford? ",
              "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the store's original target customer base?",
              "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Ma Ying Piu" }],
              "question": "Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? ",
              "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8dded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? ",
              "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Magasin" }],
              "question": "Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? ",
              "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Magasin's \"flagship\" store located? ",
              "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? ",
              "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon March\u00e9 in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two main department stores in France?",
              "id": "572664de5951b619008f7175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "1852" }],
              "question": "What year was the first department store open in France? ",
              "id": "572664de5951b619008f7176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "LVMH" }],
              "question": "Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?",
              "id": "572664de5951b619008f7177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "La Samaritaine" }],
              "question": "What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? ",
              "id": "572664de5951b619008f7178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?",
              "id": "572664de5951b619008f7179"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "London, Paris and New York." }
              ],
              "question": "What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? ",
              "id": "57266708708984140094c4e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Karstadt" }],
              "question": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?",
              "id": "57266708708984140094c4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "KaDeWe" }],
              "question": "What major department store operates in Berlin? ",
              "id": "57266708708984140094c4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "GALERIA Kaufhof" }],
              "question": "What store is a part of the Metro AG?",
              "id": "57266708708984140094c4e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "Singapore and Sogo from Japan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?",
              "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? ",
              "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "Pacific Place Mall" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? ",
              "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 726, "text": "PT. Mitra Adiperkasa." }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?",
              "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Harvey Nichols" }],
              "question": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? ",
              "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011. Centro still operates for middle market while the 'Parkson' brand itself, positioned for middle-up segment, enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan, followed by its second store in Jakarta. Lotte, meanwhile, enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group, creating what its called 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex, as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Centro Department Store" }
              ],
              "question": "What store did Parkson buy in 2011? ",
              "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Medan" }],
              "question": "Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?",
              "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Ciputra Group" }],
              "question": "Who did Lotte partner with? ",
              "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Ciputra World Jakarta complex" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" located? ",
              "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Lotte Mart" }],
              "question": "What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? ",
              "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the \"Monster House\". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "mid-nineteenth century." }
              ],
              "question": "When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?",
              "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Delany's New Mart" }],
              "question": "What department store was founded in 1853?",
              "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Dublin" }],
              "question": "In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? ",
              "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Monster House" }],
              "question": "What was Delany's originally called? ",
              "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "In what year was the store destroyed? ",
              "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores. Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra, which offer items for the bargain price seeker. Wal-Mart operates Suburbia for lower income shoppers, along with stores under the brand names of Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, and Superama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "El Palacio de Hierro" }
              ],
              "question": "What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?",
              "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Sanborns" }],
              "question": "What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? ",
              "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Grupo Carso" }],
              "question": "What company operates Sears Mexico? ",
              "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Coppel and Elektra" }
              ],
              "question": "What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? ",
              "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "high-end and luxury items" }
              ],
              "question": "What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? ",
              "id": "572671565951b619008f72c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Dunedin" }],
              "question": "What city is Arthur Barnett in? ",
              "id": "572671565951b619008f72c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Invercargill" }],
              "question": "Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?",
              "id": "572671565951b619008f72c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Southland" }],
              "question": "Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? ",
              "id": "572671565951b619008f72ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? ",
              "id": "572671565951b619008f72cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Franc\u00e9s, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panam\u00e1, Figali, Dant\u00e9, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Dant\u00e9 remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "as textile retailers" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Panama's department stores originally begin? ",
              "id": "5726731d708984140094c681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "at the turn of the nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Panama's Department stores first start? ",
              "id": "5726731d708984140094c682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Felix B. Maduro" }],
              "question": "What department store is often called \"Felix\" by the local population? ",
              "id": "5726731d708984140094c683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Cocos" }],
              "question": "What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? ",
              "id": "5726731d708984140094c684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?",
              "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Henry Hoskyn" }],
              "question": "Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? ",
              "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Manila" }],
              "question": "Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  ",
              "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 797, "text": "Battle of Manila in 1945" }
              ],
              "question": "What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? ",
              "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? ",
              "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e8560"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "La New York" }],
              "question": "What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?",
              "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "March 2015" }],
              "question": "When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? ",
              "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "100 tenants" }],
              "question": "How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?",
              "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? ",
              "id": "5726746a708984140094c6ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza \"Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage\". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "early 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Saint Petersburg established? ",
              "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? ",
              "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Dostoyevsky" }],
              "question": "What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?",
              "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1003, "text": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What historical site still operates within the mall? ",
              "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "State Department Stores (GUM)" }
              ],
              "question": "What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? ",
              "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 873, "text": "late 1920s" }],
              "question": "When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? ",
              "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Lenin" }],
              "question": "Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? ",
              "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When did they first establish the organization?",
              "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (\u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "Where is the most notable Russian department store located?",
              "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "St. Petersburg" }],
              "question": "In what city is the Passage located?",
              "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Behind Store Window" }
              ],
              "question": "What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? ",
              "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7366"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "Lotte Department Store" }
              ],
              "question": "What department store chain operates the most stores? ",
              "id": "57267762708984140094c71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "South Korea" }],
              "question": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" most often associated with?",
              "id": "57267762708984140094c71c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 774, "text": "Shinsegae department store" }
              ],
              "question": "What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?",
              "id": "57267762708984140094c71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 804, "text": "Centum City, Busan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest department store in the world located?",
              "id": "57267762708984140094c71e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Ingl\u00e9s stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galer\u00edas Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Almacenes el Siglo" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first Spanish department store?",
              "id": "572678385951b619008f739b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "October 1881" }],
              "question": "When was the first Spanish department store opened? ",
              "id": "572678385951b619008f739c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "El Corte Ingl\u00e9s" }
              ],
              "question": "What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? ",
              "id": "572678385951b619008f739d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "When was El Corte Ingles established? ",
              "id": "572678385951b619008f739e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Bainbridge" }],
              "question": "What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? ",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "John Lewis Newcastle" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the world's oldest department store? ",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? ",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Market Street, Newcastle" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the location of the first store? ",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?",
              "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?",
              "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Manchester" }],
              "question": "Where was the store located? ",
              "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "over 200 years" }],
              "question": "How long did the store operate for? ",
              "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "House of Fraser" }],
              "question": "Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? ",
              "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? ",
              "id": "57267a20708984140094c763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?",
              "id": "57267a20708984140094c764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? ",
              "id": "57267a20708984140094c765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? ",
              "id": "57267a20708984140094c766"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists \u2013 set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, \"windowless\" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "1452" }],
              "question": "How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?",
              "id": "57267b57708984140094c793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "middle-class audience" }
              ],
              "question": "What demographic were most stores focusing on?",
              "id": "57267b57708984140094c794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Sears" }],
              "question": "What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?",
              "id": "57267b57708984140094c795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "595" }],
              "question": "How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?",
              "id": "57267b57708984140094c796"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?",
              "id": "57267be6708984140094c79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Northland Center" }],
              "question": "What was the store called in Southfield? ",
              "id": "57267be6708984140094c79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? ",
              "id": "57267be6708984140094c79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Federated Department Stores" }
              ],
              "question": "What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?",
              "id": "57267be6708984140094c79e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Macy's" }],
              "question": "What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?",
              "id": "57267be6708984140094c79f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "George Dayton" }],
              "question": "Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?",
              "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? ",
              "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When was the Southdale Center opened? ",
              "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Mervyn's" }],
              "question": "What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?",
              "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1849" }],
              "question": "In what year did Horne began doing business?",
              "id": "57267df65951b619008f7493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Pittsburgh" }],
              "question": "In what city did Horne begin their operations?",
              "id": "57267df65951b619008f7494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Associated Dry Goods" }
              ],
              "question": "What company purchased Horne's in 1972?",
              "id": "57267df65951b619008f7495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?",
              "id": "57267df65951b619008f7496"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Intellectual_property",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the North German Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?",
              "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "1883" }],
              "question": "When was the Paris Convention?",
              "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "1886" }],
              "question": "When was the Berne Convention?",
              "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?",
              "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name did the merged secretariats adopt?",
              "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears.\" The statement that \"discoveries are...property\" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, \"All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years.\" In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "October 1845" }],
              "question": "When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?",
              "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Massachusetts Circuit Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?",
              "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Justice Charles L. Woodbury" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property\"?",
              "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "1791" }],
              "question": "What year did the \"discoveries are property\" concept appear in French law?",
              "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "1846" }],
              "question": "When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?",
              "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist \u2013 notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent \"to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?",
              "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "in the 16th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Jewish law recognize copyright?",
              "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "one year" }],
              "question": "How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?",
              "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "500 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did Sybaris offer patents?",
              "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the government" }],
              "question": "Who grants a patent?",
              "id": "57264ffb708984140094c20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "an inventor" }],
              "question": "Who is a patent granted to?",
              "id": "57264ffb708984140094c210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?",
              "id": "57264ffb708984140094c211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "technological" }],
              "question": "An invention is a solution to what type of problem?",
              "id": "57264ffb708984140094c212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "public disclosure of the invention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a patent offered in exchange for?",
              "id": "57264ffb708984140094c213"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to \"Promote progress.\" By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be \"absolute protection\". \"If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions\". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Promote progress." }],
              "question": "What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?",
              "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "create and disclose their work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?",
              "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 790,
                  "text": "absolute protection or full value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property?",
              "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1003, "text": "America Invents Act" }
              ],
              "question": "Which recent law stresses international harmonization?",
              "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: \"There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "more than US$5 trillion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?",
              "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "18 million" }],
              "question": "How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?",
              "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "the UK" }],
              "question": "Where has IP become a recognised asset class?",
              "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "millions" }],
              "question": "How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?",
              "id": "572651155951b619008f6fba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Patent infringement" }],
              "question": "What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?",
              "id": "57265190708984140094c22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "in the US" }],
              "question": "Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?",
              "id": "57265190708984140094c22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "civil" }],
              "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?",
              "id": "57265190708984140094c22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "criminal" }],
              "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?",
              "id": "57265190708984140094c230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "criminal" }],
              "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?",
              "id": "57265190708984140094c231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called \"piracy\". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "May 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?",
              "id": "5726520d708984140094c241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries signed ACTA?",
              "id": "5726520d708984140094c242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1033, "text": "fair use and fair dealing" }
              ],
              "question": "Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?",
              "id": "5726520d708984140094c243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "piracy" }],
              "question": "What is the common term for copyright infringement?",
              "id": "5726520d708984140094c244"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Trademark infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?",
              "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "legal advantages for enforcement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does registering a trademark provide?",
              "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "In many countries" }],
              "question": "Where is a trademark protected without registration?",
              "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "civil litigation" }],
              "question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?",
              "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "criminal law" }],
              "question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?",
              "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1831\u20131839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime. This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity. The first, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers. The second, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes. (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses.) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "trade secrets" }],
              "question": "Which type of intellectual property is secret?",
              "id": "57265386708984140094c27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Uniform Trade Secrets Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?",
              "id": "57265386708984140094c280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Economic Espionage Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What US federal law protects trade secrets?",
              "id": "57265386708984140094c281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 969, "text": "an equitable right" }
              ],
              "question": "Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?",
              "id": "57265386708984140094c282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1000, "text": "a property right" }],
              "question": "US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?",
              "id": "57265386708984140094c283"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "intellectual property" }
              ],
              "question": "Which term is criticized as vague?",
              "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?",
              "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "semantic" }],
              "question": "Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?",
              "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "intellectual property" }
              ],
              "question": "Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?",
              "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it \"systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion\". He claims that the term \"operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues\" and that it creates a \"bias\" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to \"property rights\". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Free Software Foundation?",
              "id": "572654c2708984140094c2af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman" }],
              "question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?",
              "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman" }],
              "question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' \"operates as a catch-all\"?",
              "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "in the singular" }],
              "question": "How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?",
              "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "copyright" }],
              "question": "Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?",
              "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the printing press" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?",
              "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "copyright" }],
              "question": "What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?",
              "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "property rights and free speech"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?",
              "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Stallman" }],
              "question": "Who pointed out that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\"?",
              "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word \"property\" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Lawrence Lessig" }],
              "question": "Who is one advocate of copyleft?",
              "id": "57265630708984140094c2d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "Stephan Kinsella" }],
              "question": "Who has objected to the idea of IP because \"property\" implies scarcity?",
              "id": "57265630708984140094c2d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "tangible" }],
              "question": "Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?",
              "id": "57265630708984140094c2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "indefinitely" }],
              "question": "How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?",
              "id": "57265630708984140094c2d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "health" }],
              "question": "What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?",
              "id": "572656b65951b619008f700b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "the masses" }],
              "question": "IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?",
              "id": "572656b65951b619008f700c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "the public" }],
              "question": "Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?",
              "id": "572656b65951b619008f700d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "patent" }],
              "question": "Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?",
              "id": "572656b65951b619008f700e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "intellectual" }],
              "question": "What type of monopolies does IP create?",
              "id": "572656b65951b619008f700f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should \"focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development\u2014not as an end in itself\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "World Intellectual Property Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?",
              "id": "57265737708984140094c2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When was a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" issued?",
              "id": "57265737708984140094c2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\"?",
              "id": "57265737708984140094c2f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?",
              "id": "57265737708984140094c2fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?",
              "id": "57265737708984140094c2fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. \"An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations\".:1108\u20139",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "socially valuable" }],
              "question": "For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?",
              "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "life-saving medicines" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of socially valuable goods?",
              "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "the marginal cost of production"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?",
              "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who might a higher price exclude from the market?",
              "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural \"property\" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "community creativity" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?",
              "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "indigenous cultural \"property\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?",
              "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?",
              "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "written" }],
              "question": "The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?",
              "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8245"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Motion Picture Association of America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the American film industry's trade organization?",
              "id": "572658f75951b619008f702f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "film" }],
              "question": "The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?",
              "id": "572658f75951b619008f7030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Which country is the world's largest producer of films?",
              "id": "572658f75951b619008f7031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "intellectual-property" }
              ],
              "question": "The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?",
              "id": "572658f75951b619008f7032"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls \"piracy\". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "copyright infringement" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the recording industry call piracy?",
              "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "file-sharing" }],
              "question": "What type of company was Napster?",
              "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law enforces digital rights management systems?",
              "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1027, "text": "Article 6 and 7" }],
              "question": "Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?",
              "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?",
              "id": "57265974dd62a815002e826a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of \"trademark\", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is \"capable of distinguishing\" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?",
              "id": "57265a52708984140094c365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "common law" }],
              "question": "What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?",
              "id": "57265a52708984140094c366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "trademark" }],
              "question": "What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?",
              "id": "57265a52708984140094c367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "a trademark" }],
              "question": "What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?",
              "id": "57265a52708984140094c368"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Florida",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Florida stand for ",
              "id": "572653d0708984140094c289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states border Florida ",
              "id": "572653d0708984140094c28a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "Tallahassee is the state capital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the state capital of Florida ",
              "id": "572653d0708984140094c28b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "the 3rd most populous" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Florida rank in US population ",
              "id": "572653d0708984140094c28c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What city has the most people in Florida ",
              "id": "572653d0708984140094c28d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US ",
              "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Much of the state is at or near sea level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What level is most of the land in florida ",
              "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the florida climate ",
              "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some animals and reptiles native to Florida ",
              "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Everglades National Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a National Park in Florida ",
              "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires\". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Hernando de Soto" }],
              "question": "What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539 ",
              "id": "5726566d708984140094c2d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "Both the Spanish and French established settlements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who established early settlements in Florida ",
              "id": "5726566d708984140094c2da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 708,
                  "text": "Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida ",
              "id": "5726566d708984140094c2db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "Native ancestors of the Seminole"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida ",
              "id": "5726566d708984140094c2dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida ",
              "id": "5726566d708984140094c2dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named \"Cow Ford\", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spain trade Florida for",
              "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba ",
              "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What road did the British construct ",
              "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "the St. Johns River" }
              ],
              "question": "What river does the Kings road cross ",
              "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were \"energetic and of good character\" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "British East Florida and British West Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida ",
              "id": "572659745951b619008f7047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was given Florida land grants ",
              "id": "572659745951b619008f7048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from ",
              "id": "572659745951b619008f7049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 667,
                  "text": "what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as ",
              "id": "572659745951b619008f704a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 794,
                  "text": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Colonist cultivate ",
              "id": "572659745951b619008f704b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "British governors were directed to call general assemblies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida ",
              "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence ",
              "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Florida side with during the revolution",
              "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legal system is still used by florida ",
              "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8285"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from ",
              "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Florida Crackers" }],
              "question": "Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as ",
              "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements ",
              "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the \"Bonnie Blue Flag\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Spanish rule" }],
              "question": "What led to the rebellion in 1810 ",
              "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rebellion lead to ",
              "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "a single white star on a blue field"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag",
              "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion",
              "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817\u20131818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become \"a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Seminole Indians raid ",
              "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "runaway slaves" }],
              "question": "Who did the Indians offer haven to",
              "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "First Seminole War" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now ",
              "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "orida had become \"a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary",
              "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US ",
              "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, which took effect in 1821"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US ",
              "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which president was given control of Florida ",
              "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did East and West Florida Merge ",
              "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Indian removal was a significant issue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was an issue in the early 1800's ",
              "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did congress pass in 1830 ",
              "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Seminoles harbor ",
              "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "Treaty of Payne's Landing" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty of 1832",
              "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Paynes Landing promiss",
              "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32\u201334 \u00b0C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137 \u00b0C) in northern Florida to above 60 \u00b0F (16 \u00b0C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 \u00b0F (21.5 \u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tempers the Florida Climate ",
              "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Lake Okeechobee" }],
              "question": "What divides Florida two climates ",
              "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July ",
              "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137 \u00b0C) in northern Florida to above 60 \u00b0F (16 \u00b0C) from Miami on southward"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Low temperatures in Florida average ",
              "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "With an average daily temperature of 70.7 \u00b0F (21.5 \u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The average daily temperature in Miami",
              "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florida's nickname is the \"Sunshine State\", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Sunshine State" }],
              "question": "What is Florida's nickname ",
              "id": "5726612f708984140094c41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "lightning capital of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is central Florida known as ",
              "id": "5726612f708984140094c41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hours of annual sunshine in florida ",
              "id": "5726612f708984140094c41d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas. From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major\u2014category 3 and above. It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hurricanes pose a severe threat" }
              ],
              "question": "What posses a threat each year to Florida ",
              "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida ",
              "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "Florida was struck by 114" }
              ],
              "question": "How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006 ",
              "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is found in Florida ",
              "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the last glacial period provide ",
              "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Everglades ",
              "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently ",
              "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310. Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012. In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census. The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population of Florida ",
              "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did florida rank in population growth ",
              "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "Polk County since the 1960 census"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the center of the Florida population",
              "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "surpassing the population of the state of New York"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What state did Florida pass in population recently ",
              "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 \"[m]ore than one in ten Floridians \u2013 and nearly one in four African-American Floridians \u2013 are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws ",
              "id": "5726691add62a815002e8404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What doe s the law require for criminals ",
              "id": "5726691add62a815002e8405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "this law has disproportionate effects for minorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does this law effect most ",
              "id": "5726691add62a815002e8406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "one in ten Floridians \u2013 and nearly one in four African-American Floridians \u2013 are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does it effect elections ",
              "id": "5726691add62a815002e8407"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity). Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long, that they choose to identify as having \"American\" ancestry or do not know their ancestry. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry. Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the population considers themselves American ",
              "id": "57266a715951b619008f720d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was ",
              "id": "57266a715951b619008f720e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "back to the original thirteen colonies."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far back did some of the Ancestry go ",
              "id": "57266a715951b619008f720f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% German (2,212,391), 10.7% Irish (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% Italian (1,215,242), 2.8% Polish (511,229), and 2.7% French (504,641). White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population. Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as \"Florida crackers\"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most of the other Southern states, they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic ",
              "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e844e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970 ",
              "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e844f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as \"Florida crackers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many white long term floridian families identify with ",
              "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e8450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most  white  Florida Immigrants descend from ",
              "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e8451"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican, 3.3% (629,718) Mexican, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombian. Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. As of 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community. Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation. Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic ",
              "id": "57266c865951b619008f7251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida ",
              "id": "57266c865951b619008f7252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 719,
                  "text": "Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida ",
              "id": "57266c865951b619008f7253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida ",
              "id": "57266c865951b619008f7254"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American. During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population. In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%. Conversely large numbers of northern whites moved to the state.[citation needed] Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern and central Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area. In 2010, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States, with 2.0% (378,926) from Haitian ancestry, and 1.3% (236,950) Jamaican. All other (non-Hispanic) Caribbean nations were well below 0.1% of Florida residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010 ",
              "id": "57266d8af1498d1400e8df70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900's ",
              "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many black migrate from florida ",
              "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 901,
                  "text": "African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots ",
              "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964. The following year, Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Voter demographics of florida in the 1950's ",
              "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what did the voting rights act provide for ",
              "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what president signed the voting right act ",
              "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They gained federal money from national programs; like other southern states, Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary. Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South. They have had \"the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960 ",
              "id": "57266f755951b619008f7293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Florida benefit from taxes",
              "id": "57266f755951b619008f7294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party political party dominates Florida now ",
              "id": "57266f755951b619008f7295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Florida vote in presidential elections ",
              "id": "57266f755951b619008f7296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge  ",
              "id": "57266f755951b619008f7297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida ",
              "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Cramer credited for ",
              "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Claude R Kirk ",
              "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Edward j Gurney ",
              "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 767,
                  "text": "1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Democrat party do in the 1970",
              "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as \"snowbirds\". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did democrat voters do in 1998 ",
              "id": "572671dd708984140094c64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as \"snowbirds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are snowbirds ",
              "id": "572671dd708984140094c64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party dominates South Florida and Miami ",
              "id": "572671dd708984140094c64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "which party dominates most of the rest of florida ",
              "id": "572671dd708984140094c650"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area ",
              "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e8538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The area is viewed as what politically",
              "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e8539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what ",
              "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e853a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has reappointment done to florida ",
              "id": "5726738e5951b619008f72ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was challenged in 2012 ",
              "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge ",
              "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "it accepted a new map in early December 2015."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015 ",
              "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role. Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that \"if the state\u2019s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida\u2014and the presidency\u2014by more than 80,000 votes.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hapend in the 2000 election ",
              "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How severe is Florida's Disenfranchisement law ",
              "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "if the state\u2019s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this mean in the 2000 election ",
              "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e036"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014 ",
              "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015 ",
              "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015",
              "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 664,
                  "text": "There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any more changes coming to the map ",
              "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e08b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States. In 2010, it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods. The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010\u201311, the state budget was $70.5 billion, having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006\u201307. Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third \"Best State for Business\" in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Florida's GDP in 2010",
              "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Florida's GDP rank ",
              "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some major contributors to states output ",
              "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third \"Best State for Business\" in 2011"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Florida named in 2011",
              "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days. A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida. The early 21st-century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009, according to state figures. In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs, the third highest percentage in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008 ",
              "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "300,000 vacant homes in 2009" }
              ],
              "question": "How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009 ",
              "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of  personal income was spent of Housing in florida  ",
              "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "the third highest percentage in the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did housing spending ranking nationally ",
              "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely. The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach, a 364,000 square feet (33,800 m2) facility on 100 acres (40 ha), which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do ",
              "id": "572683435951b619008f751d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Govenor Bush Realize",
              "id": "572683435951b619008f751e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Medical/Bio-Sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "What industry was targeted ",
              "id": "572683435951b619008f751f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida ",
              "id": "572683435951b619008f7520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style. It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination. A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What architectural styles are in Florida ",
              "id": "572684325951b619008f7537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the art deco area of Miami boom ",
              "id": "572684325951b619008f7539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Florida have the largest collection of ",
              "id": "572684325951b619008f7538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2 ",
              "id": "572684325951b619008f753a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florida is served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. Miami Central Station, the city's rapid transit, commuter rail, intercity rail, and bus hub, is under construction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What train line connects florida to the North ",
              "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Auto train originate ",
              "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does sunset limited service ",
              "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida ",
              "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is headquartered in Daytona ",
              "id": "572685f55951b619008f757d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name another race in florida ",
              "id": "572685f55951b619008f757e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 24 hours of Daytona ",
              "id": "572685f55951b619008f757f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does St Pete feature for a race ",
              "id": "572685f55951b619008f7580"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Queen_(band)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh \"Freddie\" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested \"Queen\" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004\u201309) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Smile" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?",
              "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Freddie Mercury" }],
              "question": "What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?",
              "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1462, "text": "Queen Forever" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?",
              "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 817, "text": "News of the World" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?",
              "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year did Freddie Mercury die?",
              "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to \"Queen\" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, \"I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?",
              "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Humpy Bong" }],
              "question": "What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?",
              "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Ealing Art College" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?",
              "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?",
              "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Freddie" }],
              "question": "What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?",
              "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band's chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album. They recorded four of their own songs, \"Liar\", \"Keep Yourself Alive\", \"The Night Comes Down\" and \"Jesus\", for a demo tape; no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to \"Mercury\", inspired by the line \"Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me\" in the song \"My Fairy King\". On 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "bass" }],
              "question": "John Deacon played what instrument?",
              "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year did John Deacon join Queen?",
              "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?",
              "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "My Fairy King" }],
              "question": "What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?",
              "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "2 July 1971" }],
              "question": "On what date did Queen play their first show?",
              "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album. The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members: two lions for Leo (Deacon and Taylor), a crab for Cancer (May), and two fairies for Virgo (Mercury). The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion. There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters. The original logo, as found on the reverse-side of the first album cover, was a simple line drawing but more intricate colour versions were used on later sleeves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "Who designed Queen's logo?",
              "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Virgo" }],
              "question": "What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?",
              "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Leo" }],
              "question": "Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?",
              "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Cancer" }],
              "question": "What was Brian May's zodiac sign?",
              "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?",
              "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8298"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1972, Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions, a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen. This suited both parties at the time as Trident were expanding into management and Queen under the deal were able to make use of the hi-tech recording facilities shared by bands at the time such as the Beatles and Elton John to produce new material. However, Trident found it difficult to find a label for a band bearing a name with such connotation during the early 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Norman Sheffield" }],
              "question": "Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972?",
              "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles?",
              "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Neptune Productions" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Trident's subsidiary?",
              "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "De La Lane Studios" }],
              "question": "Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident?",
              "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios?",
              "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1973, Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album, an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day. The album was received well by critics; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said \"their debut album is superb\", and Chicago's Daily Herald called it an \"above average debut\". It drew little mainstream attention, and the lead single \"Keep Yourself Alive\", a Brian May composition, sold poorly. Retrospectively, \"Keep Yourself Alive\" is cited as the highlight of the album, and in 2008 Rolling Stone ranked it 31st in the \"100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time\", describing it as \"an entire album's worth of riffs crammed into a single song\". The album was certified gold in the UK and the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "In what year was Queen's first album released?",
              "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Queen" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's first album?",
              "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Keep Yourself Alive" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the lead single from Queen's first album?",
              "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Keep Yourself Alive" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?",
              "id": "5726764b708984140094c6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Gordon Fletcher" }],
              "question": "Which critic called Queen's debut superb?",
              "id": "5726764b708984140094c6f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Queen II" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's second LP?",
              "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "What year was Queen's second album released?",
              "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Mick Rock" }],
              "question": "Who designed the cover of Queen's second album?",
              "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Freddie Mercury" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the song Seven Seas of Rhye?",
              "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "six-minute" }],
              "question": "How long is the song The March of the Black Queen?",
              "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the band's six-night stand at New York's Uris Theatre in May 1974, Brian May collapsed and was diagnosed as having hepatitis. While recuperating, May was initially absent when the band started work on their third album, but he returned midway through the recording process. Released in 1974, Sheer Heart Attack reached number two in the United Kingdom, sold well throughout Europe, and went gold in the United States. It gave the band their first real experience of international success, and was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. The album experimented with a variety of musical genres, including British music hall, heavy metal, ballads, ragtime, and Caribbean. At this point, Queen started to move away from the progressive tendencies of their first two releases into a more radio-friendly, song-orientated style. Sheer Heart Attack introduced new sound and melody patterns that would be refined on their next album, A Night at the Opera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "hepatitis" }],
              "question": "What was Brian May diagnosed with after collapsing in 1974?",
              "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Sheer Heart Attack" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's third album?",
              "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 929, "text": "A Night at the Opera" }
              ],
              "question": "What Queen album was released after Sheer Heart Attack?",
              "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Queen's Sheer Heart Attack reached what number on the United Kingdom charts?",
              "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "New York's Uris Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the venue where Brian May collapsed?",
              "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e867a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The single \"Killer Queen\" from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts, and became their first US hit, reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It combines camp, vaudeville, and British music hall with May's guitar virtuosity. The album's second single, \"Now I'm Here\", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker \"Stone Cold Crazy\" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, Classic Rock ranked it number 28 in \"The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever\", and in 2007, Mojo ranked it No.88 in \"The 100 Records That Changed the World\". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Killer Queen" }],
              "question": "Which song was Queen's first US hit?",
              "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?",
              "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Stone Cold Crazy" }],
              "question": "What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?",
              "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "British music hall" }
              ],
              "question": "What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?",
              "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?",
              "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1975, the band left for a world tour with each member in Zandra Rhodes-created costumes and accompanied with banks of lights and effects. They toured the US as headliners, and played in Canada for the first time. In September, after an acromonious split with Trident, the band negotiated themselves out of their Trident Studios contract and searched for new management. One of the options they considered was an offer from Led Zeppelin's manager, Peter Grant. Grant wanted them to sign with Led Zeppelin's own production company, Swan Song Records. The band found the contract unacceptable and instead contacted Elton John's manager, John Reid, who accepted the position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Zandra Rhodes" }],
              "question": "Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour?",
              "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What country did Queen play in for the first time in 1975?",
              "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Trident Studios" }],
              "question": "Queen had a bitter split with what management company in 1975?",
              "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Peter Grant" }],
              "question": "What manager of Led Zeppelin tried to sign Queen?",
              "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "John Reid" }],
              "question": "Whom did Queen eventually sign with after rejecting the Swan Song records contract?",
              "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 1975, Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera, taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie. At the time, it was the most expensive album ever produced. Like its predecessor, the album features diverse musical styles and experimentation with stereo sound. In \"The Prophet's Song\", an eight-minute epic, the middle section is a canon, with simple phrases layered to create a full-choral sound. The Mercury penned ballad, \"Love of My Life\", featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies. The album was very successful in Britain, and went triple platinum in the United States. The British public voted it the 13th greatest album of all time in a 2004 Channel 4 poll. It has also ranked highly in international polls; in a worldwide Guinness poll, it was voted the 19th greatest of all time, while an ABC poll saw the Australian public vote it the 28th greatest of all time. A Night at the Opera has frequently appeared in \"greatest albums\" lists reflecting the opinions of critics. Among other accolades, it was ranked number 16 in Q Magazine's \"The 50 Best British Albums Ever\" in 2004, and number 11 in Rolling Stone's \"The 100 Greatest Albums of All Time\" as featured in their Mexican edition in 2004. It was also placed at No. 230 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2003. A Night at the Opera is the third and final Queen album to be featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "A Night at the Opera" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Queen album was released in 1975?",
              "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Marx Brothers" }],
              "question": "Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?",
              "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "eight-minute" }],
              "question": "How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?",
              "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Love of My Life" }],
              "question": "Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?",
              "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e207"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The album also featured the hit single \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which was number one in the UK for nine weeks. Mercury's close friend and advisor, Capital London radio DJ Kenny Everett, played a pivotal role in giving the single exposure. It is the third-best-selling single of all time in the UK, surpassed only by Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" and Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", and is the best-selling commercial single in the UK. It also reached number nine in the United States (a 1992 re-release reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks). It is the only single ever to sell a million copies on two separate occasions, and became the Christmas number one twice in the UK, the only single ever to do so. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time. The band decided to make a video to help go with the single and hired Trilion, a subsidiary of the former management company Trident Studios, using new technology to create the video; the result is generally considered to have been the first \"true\" music video ever produced, and popularised the medium. The album's first track \"Death on Two Legs\" is said to be written by Mercury about Norman Sheffield and the former management at Trident who helped make the video so popular. Although other bands, including the Beatles, had made short promotional films or videos of songs prior to this, generally, those were specifically made to be aired on specific television shows. On the impact of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", Rolling Stone states: \"Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air.\" The second single from the album, \"You're My Best Friend\", the second song composed by John Deacon, and his first single, peaked at number sixteen in the United States and went on to become a worldwide Top Ten hit. The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?",
              "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?",
              "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?",
              "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1943, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?",
              "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1973,
                  "text": "United States, Japan, and Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?",
              "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e298"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977; there the band thanked him in person, and performed \"'39\" a cappella. Musically, A Day at the Races was by both fans' and critics' standards a strong effort, reaching number one in the UK and Japan, and number five in the US. The major hit on the album was \"Somebody to Love\", a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury, May, and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir. The song went to number two in the UK, and number thirteen in the US. The album also featured one of the band's heaviest songs, May's \"Tie Your Mother Down\", which became a staple of their live shows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "A Day at the Races" }],
              "question": "What Queen album was released in 1976?",
              "id": "57268918708984140094c931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Somebody to Love" }],
              "question": "What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?",
              "id": "57268918708984140094c932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 941, "text": "Tie Your Mother Down" }
              ],
              "question": "Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?",
              "id": "57268918708984140094c933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Groucho Marx" }],
              "question": "Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977? ",
              "id": "57268918708984140094c934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "Mercury, May, and Taylor" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?",
              "id": "57268918708984140094c935"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 1976, Queen played one of their most famous gigs, a free concert in Hyde Park, London. A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson, it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience. On 1 December 1976, Queen were the intended guests on London's early evening Today programme, but they pulled out at the last-minute, which saw their late replacement on the show, EMI labelmate the Sex Pistols, give their seminal interview. During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977, Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden, New York, in February, and Earls Court, London, in June.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Hyde Park, London" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976? ",
              "id": "572689e65951b619008f7635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Richard Branson" }],
              "question": "Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976?",
              "id": "572689e65951b619008f7636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?",
              "id": "572689e65951b619008f7637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "Madison Square Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977? ",
              "id": "572689e65951b619008f7638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Earls Court" }],
              "question": "Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?",
              "id": "572689e65951b619008f7639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The band's sixth studio album News of the World was released in 1977, which has gone four times platinum in the United States, and twice in the UK. The album contained many songs tailor-made for live performance, including two of rock's most recognisable anthems, \"We Will Rock You\" and the rock ballad \"We Are the Champions\", both of which became enduring international sports anthems, and the latter reached number four in the US. Queen commenced the News of the World Tour in October 1977, and Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called this concert tour the band's \"most spectacularly staged and finely honed show\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "Queen's sixth album was released in what year?",
              "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times platinum did Queen's News of the World go?",
              "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "\"We Will Rock You\" and the rock ballad \"We Are the Champions\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Queen's News of the World contained which two rock anthems?",
              "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "Queen's News of the World Tour took place in what year?",
              "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e369"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, the band released Jazz, which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US. The album included the hit singles \"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\" on a double-sided record. Queen rented Wimbledon Stadium for a day to shoot the video, with 65 naked female models hired to stage a nude bicycle race. Reviews of the album in recent years have been more favourable. Another notable track from Jazz, \"Don't Stop Me Now\", provides another example of the band's exuberant vocal harmonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen release the album Jazz?",
              "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on UK charts?",
              "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200?",
              "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "\"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two hit singles off of Queen's album Jazz?",
              "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Wimbledon Stadium" }],
              "question": "Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978?",
              "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7667"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, Queen toured the US and Canada, and spent much of 1979 touring in Europe and Japan. They released their first live album, Live Killers, in 1979; it went platinum twice in the US. Queen also released the very successful single \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\", a rockabilly inspired song done in the style of Elvis Presley. The song made the top 10 in many countries, topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven consecutive weeks, and was the band's first number one single in the United States where it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks. Having written the song on guitar and played rhythm on the record, Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live, which was the first time he ever played guitar in concert. In December 1979, Queen played the opening night at the Concert for the People of Kampuchea in London, having accepted a request by the event's organiser Paul McCartney.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "Paul McCartney" }],
              "question": "Who organized the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?",
              "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year was Queen's Live Killers released?",
              "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times platinum did Queen's Live Killers go in the US?",
              "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Elvis Presley" }],
              "question": "Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?",
              "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen play the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?",
              "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e897a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen began their 1980s career with The Game. It featured the singles \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and \"Another One Bites the Dust\", both of which reached number one in the US. After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that \"Another One Bites the Dust\" be released as a single, and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one. The album topped the Billboard 200 for five weeks, and sold over four million copies in the US. It was also the first appearance of a synthesiser on a Queen album. Heretofore, their albums featured a distinctive \"No Synthesisers!\" sleeve note. The note is widely assumed to reflect an anti-synth, pro-\"hard\"-rock stance by the band, but was later revealed by producer Roy Thomas Baker to be an attempt to clarify that those albums' multi-layered solos were created with guitars, not synths, as record company executives kept assuming at the time. In September 1980, Queen performed three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden. In 1980, Queen also released the soundtrack they had recorded for Flash Gordon. At the 1981 American Music Awards in January, \"Another One Bites the Dust\" won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, and Queen were nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Band, Duo, or Group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 997, "text": "Madison Square Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?",
              "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1086, "text": "Flash Gordon" }],
              "question": "Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?",
              "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1147, "text": "Another One Bites the Dust" }
              ],
              "question": "What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?",
              "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?",
              "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "The Game" }],
              "question": "Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?",
              "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1981, Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour, and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums. The tour included five shows in Argentina, one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night (then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world) and more than 120,000 people the following night. In October of the same year, Queen performed for more than 150,000 fans on 9 October at Monterrey (Estadio Universitario) and 17 and 18 at Puebla (Estadio Zaragoza), Mexico. On 24 and 25 November, Queen played two sell out nights at the Montreal Forum, Quebec, Canada. One of Mercury's most notable performances of The Game's final track, \"Save Me\", took place in Montreal, and the concert is recorded in the live album, Queen Rock Montreal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Queen" }],
              "question": "What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums?",
              "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina?",
              "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "How large was Queen's record audience in Argentina?",
              "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "Save Me" }],
              "question": "What was the final track on Queen's The Game?",
              "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "Montreal Forum" }],
              "question": "What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada?",
              "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1982, the band released the album Hot Space, a departure from their trademark seventies sound, this time being a mixture of rock, pop rock, dance, funk, and R&B. Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band's history, and Taylor and May lamented the new sound, with both being very critical of the influence Mercury's personal manager Paul Prenter had on the singer. May was also scathing of Prenter, who was Mercury's manager from the early 1980s to 1984, for being dismissive of the importance of radio stations, such as the US networks, and their vital connection between the artist and the community, and for denying them access to Mercury. The band stopped touring North America after their Hot Space Tour, as their success there had waned, although they would perform on American television for the only time during the eighth season premiere of Saturday Night Live. Queen left Elektra Records, their label in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and signed onto EMI/Capitol Records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Hot Space" }],
              "question": "What album did Queen release in 1982? ",
              "id": "5726959d708984140094caeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Munich" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen record their 1982 album? ",
              "id": "5726959d708984140094caec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Paul Prenter" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?",
              "id": "5726959d708984140094caed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Elektra Records" }],
              "question": "Queen left what label before signing with EMI?",
              "id": "5726959d708984140094caee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "the eighth season" }],
              "question": "On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform?",
              "id": "5726959d708984140094caef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Spike Edney" }],
              "question": "Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?",
              "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "keyboardist" }],
              "question": "Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?",
              "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "British Musicians' Union" }
              ],
              "question": "Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?",
              "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "South Africa" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?",
              "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e557"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At Live Aid, held at Wembley on 13 July 1985, in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion, Queen performed some of their greatest hits, during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison. The show's organisers, Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, other musicians such as Elton John, Cliff Richard and Dave Grohl, and music journalists writing for the BBC, CNN, Rolling Stone, MTV, The Telegraph among others, stated that Queen stole the show. An industry poll in 2005 ranked it the greatest rock performance of all time. Mercury's powerful, sustained note during the a cappella section came to be known as \"The Note Heard Round the World\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "13 July 1985" }],
              "question": "What date was Live Aid?",
              "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Wembley" }],
              "question": "Where was Live Aid held?",
              "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1.9 billion" }],
              "question": "How big was Live Aid's TV audience?",
              "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "72,000" }],
              "question": "How long was Live Aid's stadium audience?",
              "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "Bob Geldof and Midge Ure" }
              ],
              "question": "Who organized Live Aid?",
              "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to \"Radio Ga Ga\". Brian May stated: \"I'd never seen anything like that in my life and it wasn't calculated either. We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents because of the (music) video. I remember thinking 'oh great, they've picked it up' and then I thought 'this is not a Queen audience'. This is a general audience who've bought tickets before they even knew we were on the bill. And they all did it. How did they know? Nobody told them to do it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Radio Ga Ga" }],
              "question": "The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?",
              "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Brian May" }],
              "question": "Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?",
              "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "(music) video" }],
              "question": "What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?",
              "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e664"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The band, now revitalised by the response to Live Aid \u2013 a \"shot in the arm\" Roger Taylor called it, \u2014 and the ensuing increase in record sales, ended 1985 by releasing the single \"One Vision\", which was the third time after \"Stone Cold Crazy\" and \"Under Pressure (with David Bowie)\" that all four bandmembers received a writing credit for the one song. Also, a limited-edition boxed set containing all Queen albums to date was released under the title of The Complete Works. The package included previously unreleased material, most notably Queen's non-album single of Christmas 1984, titled \"Thank God It's Christmas\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year was Queen's One Vision released?",
              "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many band members wrote Queen's One Vision?",
              "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "The Complete Works" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the mid 1980s Queen boxed set called?",
              "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Thank God It's Christmas" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Queen's 1984 Christmas song called?",
              "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In summer of 1986, Queen went on their final tour with Freddie Mercury. A sold-out tour in support of A Kind of Magic, once again they hired Spike Edney, leading to him being dubbed the unofficial fifth member. The Magic Tour's highlight was at Wembley Stadium in London and resulted in the live double album, Queen at Wembley, released on CD and as a live concert DVD, which has gone five times platinum in the US and four times platinum in the UK. Queen could not book Wembley for a third night, but they did play at Knebworth Park. The show sold out within two hours and over 120,000 fans packed the park for what was Queen's final live performance with Mercury. Queen began the tour at the R\u00e5sunda Stadium in Stockholm, Sweden, and during the tour the band performed a concert at Slane Castle, Ireland, in front of an audience of 95,000, which broke the venue's attendance record. The band also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 at the N\u00e9pstadion in Budapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe. More than one million people saw Queen on the tour\u2014400,000 in the United Kingdom alone, a record at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year?",
              "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "A Kind of Magic" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury?",
              "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park?",
              "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "80,000" }],
              "question": "How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest?",
              "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "95,000" }],
              "question": "How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle?",
              "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After working on various solo projects during 1988 (including Mercury's collaboration with Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona), the band released The Miracle in 1989. The album continued the direction of A Kind of Magic, using a pop-rock sound mixed with a few heavy numbers. It spawned the European hits \"I Want It All\", \"Breakthru\", \"The Invisible Man\", \"Scandal\", and \"The Miracle\". The Miracle also began a change in direction of Queen's songwriting philosophy. Since the band's beginning, nearly all songs had been written by and credited to a single member, with other members adding minimally. With The Miracle, the band's songwriting became more collaborative, and they vowed to credit the final product only to Queen as a group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Freddie Mercury collaborate with in 1988?",
              "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did Queen release The Miracle?",
              "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e737"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "The Miracle" }],
              "question": "Which Queen album had more shared writing credits?",
              "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e738"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After fans noticed Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance in 1988, rumours began to spread that Mercury was suffering from AIDS. Mercury flatly denied this, insisting he was merely \"exhausted\" and too busy to provide interviews. The band decided to continue making albums, starting with The Miracle in 1989 and continuing with Innuendo in 1991. Despite his deteriorating health, the lead singer continued to contribute. For the last two albums made while Mercury was still alive, the band credited all songs to Queen, rather than specific members of the group, freeing them of internal conflict and differences. In 1990, Queen ended their contract with Capitol and signed with Disney's Hollywood Records, which has since remained the group's music catalogue owner in the United States and Canada. That same year, Mercury made his final public appearance when he joined the rest of Queen to collect the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did Queen end their contract with Capitol?",
              "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 678, "text": "Disney's Hollywood Records" }
              ],
              "question": "After leaving Capitol, who did Queen sign with?",
              "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "What year was Freddie Mercury's final public appearance with Queen?",
              "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Innuendo" }],
              "question": "Which Queen album was released in 1991?",
              "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Innuendo was released in early 1991 with an eponymous number 1 UK hit and other charting singles including, \"The Show Must Go On\". Mercury was increasingly ill and could barely walk when the band recorded \"The Show Must Go On\" in 1990. Because of this, May had concerns about whether he was physically capable of singing it. Recalling Mercury's successful performance May states; \"he went in and killed it, completely lacerated that vocal\". The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come in to the studio, for an hour or two at a time. May says of Mercury: \u201cHe just kept saying. 'Write me more. Write me stuff. I want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off.\u2019 He had no fear, really.\u201d The band's second greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits II, followed in October 1991, which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "The Show Must Go On" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one single from Queen's Innuendo that charted in the UK?",
              "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Greatest Hits II" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen's second greatest hits compilation?",
              "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Greatest Hits II" }],
              "question": "Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time?",
              "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991?",
              "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 903, "text": "16 million" }],
              "question": "Queen's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide?",
              "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 November 1991, in a prepared statement made on his deathbed, Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS. Within 24 hours of the statement, he died of bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS. His funeral service on 27 November in Kensal Green, West London was private, and held in accordance with the Zoroastrian religious faith of his family. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was re-released as a single shortly after Mercury's death, with \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" as the double A-side. The music video for \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" contains Mercury's final scenes in front of the camera. The single went to number one in the UK, remaining there for five weeks \u2013 the only recording to top the Christmas chart twice and the only one to be number one in four different years (1975, 1976, 1991, and 1992). Initial proceeds from the single \u2013 approximately \u00a31,000,000 \u2013 were donated to the Terrence Higgins Trust.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "23 November 1991" }],
              "question": "When was Freddie Mercury's deathbed confession made?",
              "id": "5726b593708984140094ce8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "AIDS" }],
              "question": "What disease did Freddie Mercury disclose he had?",
              "id": "5726b593708984140094ce90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Freddie Mercury die of?",
              "id": "5726b593708984140094ce91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Kensal Green, West London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Freddie Mercury's funeral service held?",
              "id": "5726b593708984140094ce92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "These Are the Days of Our Lives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which music video contains the last footage of Freddie Mercury?",
              "id": "5726b593708984140094ce93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen's popularity was stimulated in North America when \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was featured in the 1992 comedy film Wayne's World. Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 (it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks), and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200, and is certified three times platinum in the US. Wayne's World footage was used to make a new music video for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", with which the band and management were delighted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Wayne's World" }],
              "question": "Which movie featured Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?",
              "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie?",
              "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen win an MTV award?",
              "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200?",
              "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "three times" }],
              "question": "How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US?",
              "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 April 1992, The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd. Performers, including Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N' Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three remaining Queen members (and Spike Edney.) The concert is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as \"The largest rock star benefit concert\", as it was televised to over 1.2 billion viewers worldwide, and raised over \u00a320,000,000 for AIDS charities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 April 1992" }],
              "question": "When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?",
              "id": "5726b810708984140094cef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "London's Wembley Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?",
              "id": "5726b810708984140094cef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "72,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert?",
              "id": "5726b810708984140094cef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Queen" }],
              "question": "Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about?",
              "id": "5726b810708984140094cefa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "1.2 billion viewers worldwide" }
              ],
              "question": "How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?",
              "id": "5726b810708984140094cefb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen's last album featuring Mercury, titled Made in Heaven, was finally released in 1995, four years after his death. Featuring tracks such as \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\" and \"Heaven for Everyone\", it was constructed from Mercury's final recordings in 1991, material left over from their previous studio albums and re-worked material from May, Taylor, and Mercury's solo albums. The album also featured the song \"Mother Love\", the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor and Deacon later added the instrumental track. After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he \"wasn't feeling that great\" and stated, \"I will finish it when I come back, next time\"; however, he never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song. Both stages of recording, before and after Mercury's death, were completed at the band's studio in Montreux, Switzerland. The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts immediately following its release, and has sold 20 million copies worldwide. On 25 November 1996, a statue of Mercury was unveiled in Montreux overlooking Lake Geneva, almost five years to the day since his death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Made in Heaven" }],
              "question": "What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?",
              "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1066, "text": "20 million" }],
              "question": "How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?",
              "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1110, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?",
              "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 954, "text": "Montreux" }],
              "question": "Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1997, Queen returned to the studio to record \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon. It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year. In January 1997, Queen performed \"The Show Must Go On\" live with Elton John and the B\u00e9jart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered, and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon, who chose to retire. The Paris concert was only the second time Queen had played live since Mercury's death, prompting Elton John to urge them to perform again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen release No-One but You",
              "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "Who was No-One but You dedicated to?",
              "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Queen Rocks" }],
              "question": "Which compilation did Queen release in 1997?",
              "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "Elton John and the B\u00e9jart Ballet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who performed live with Queen on The Show Must Go On in 1997?",
              "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "John Deacon" }],
              "question": "Which Queen member retired in 1997?",
              "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brian May and Roger Taylor performed together at several award ceremonies and charity concerts, sharing vocals with various guest singers. During this time, they were billed as Queen + followed by the guest singer's name. In 1998, the duo appeared at Luciano Pavarotti's benefit concert with May performing \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\" with Pavarotti, later playing \"Radio Ga Ga\", \"We Will Rock You\", and \"We Are the Champions\" with Zucchero. They again attended and performed at Pavarotti's benefit concert in Modena, Italy in May 2003. Several of the guest singers recorded new versions of Queen's hits under the Queen + name, such as Robbie Williams providing vocals for \"We Are the Champions\" for the soundtrack of A Knight's Tale (2001).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Brian May and Roger Taylor" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts?",
              "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Pavarotti" }],
              "question": "Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert?",
              "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Modena, Italy" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer?",
              "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "Robbie Williams" }],
              "question": "Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?",
              "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1999, a Greatest Hits III album was released. This featured, among others, \"Queen + Wyclef Jean\" on a rap version of \"Another One Bites the Dust\". A live version of \"Somebody to Love\" by George Michael and a live version of \"The Show Must Go On\" with Elton John were also featured in the album. By this point, Queen's vast amount of record sales made them the second best selling artist in the UK of all time, behind the Beatles. In 2002, Queen were awarded the 2,207th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located at 6358 Hollywood Blvd. On 29 November 2003, May and Taylor performed at the 46664 Concert hosted by Nelson Mandela at Green Point Stadium, Cape Town, to raise awareness of the spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. May and Taylor spent time at Mandela's home, discussing how Africa's problems might be approached, and two years later the band was made ambassadors for the 46664 cause.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year was Queen's third greatest hits album released?",
              "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Wyclef Jean" }],
              "question": "Who performed a rap version of Another One Bites The Dust?",
              "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "George Michael" }],
              "question": "Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist?",
              "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Elton John" }],
              "question": "Which artist guested on a live version of Queen's The Show Must Go On?",
              "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "the 46664 Concert" }],
              "question": "In 2003 Queen performed for what Nelson Mandela hosted benefit?",
              "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as \"Queen + Paul Rodgers\", not replacing Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. In November 2004, Queen were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and the award ceremony was the first event at which Rodgers joined May and Taylor as vocalist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?",
              "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Free and Bad Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?",
              "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "John Deacon" }],
              "question": "Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?",
              "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 2005 and 2006, Queen + Paul Rodgers embarked on a world tour, which was the first time Queen toured since their last tour with Freddie Mercury in 1986. The band's drummer Roger Taylor commented; \"We never thought we would tour again, Paul [Rodgers] came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry. Paul is just such a great singer. He's not trying to be Freddie.\" The first leg was in Europe, the second in Japan, and the third in the US in 2006. Queen received the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 25 May 2006. The Foo Fighters paid homage to the band in performing \"Tie Your Mother Down\" to open the ceremony before being joined on stage by May, Taylor, and Paul Rodgers, who played a selection of Queen hits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 2005 and 2006" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what years did Queen and Paul Rodgers first embark on a world tour?",
              "id": "5726c910708984140094d15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where was the first leg of Queen's mid 2000s tour with Paul Rodgers?",
              "id": "5726c910708984140094d15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Roger Taylor" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Queen's drummer?",
              "id": "5726c910708984140094d15f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Queen receive the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors?",
              "id": "5726c910708984140094d160"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 15 August 2006, Brian May confirmed through his website and fan club that Queen + Paul Rodgers would begin producing their first studio album beginning in October, to be recorded at a \"secret location\". Queen + Paul Rodgers performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park, London on 27 June 2008, to commemorate Mandela's ninetieth birthday, and again promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album, titled The Cosmos Rocks, was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008. Following the release of the album, the band again went on a tour through Europe, opening on Kharkiv's Freedom Square in front of 350,000 Ukrainian fans. The Kharkiv concert was later released on DVD. The tour then moved to Russia, and the band performed two sold-out shows at the Moscow Arena. Having completed the first leg of its extensive European tour, which saw the band play 15 sold-out dates across nine countries, the UK leg of the tour sold out within 90 minutes of going on sale and included three London dates, the first of which was The O2 on 13 October. The last leg of the tour took place in South America, and included a sold-out concert at the Estadio Jos\u00e9 Amalfitani, Buenos Aires.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Queen + Paul Rodgers" }
              ],
              "question": "Which band performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday?",
              "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album?",
              "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "The Cosmos Rocks" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Queen + Paul Rodgers debut album?",
              "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "350,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv?",
              "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "HIV/AIDS" }],
              "question": "In 2008 what disease did Queen perform benefit concerts for?",
              "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 May 2009, May and Taylor performed \"We Are the Champions\" live on the season finale of American Idol with winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert providing a vocal duet. In mid-2009, after the split of Queen + Paul Rodgers, the Queen online website announced a new greatest hits compilation named Absolute Greatest. The album was released on 16 November and peaked at number 3 in the official UK Chart. The album contains 20 of Queen's biggest hits spanning their entire career and was released in four different formats: single disc, double disc (with commentary), double disc with feature book, and a vinyl record. Prior to its release, a competition was run by Queen online to guess the track listing as a promotion for the album.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "May and Taylor" }],
              "question": "On 20 May 2009 which Queen members performed We are the Champions on American Idol?",
              "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Absolute Greatest" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Greatest Hits compilation Queen released after the split from Paul Rodgers?",
              "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two American idol contestants performed a duet with Queen on American Idol?",
              "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "16 November" }],
              "question": "What day in 2009 was Queen's Absolute Greatest released?",
              "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d186"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 30 October 2009, May wrote a fanclub letter on his website stating that Queen had no intentions to tour in 2010 but that there was a possibility of a performance. He was quoted as saying, \"The greatest debate, though, is always about when we will next play together as Queen. At the moment, in spite of the many rumours that are out there, we do not have plans to tour in 2010. The good news, though, is that Roger and I have a much closer mutual understanding these days\u2014privately and professionally ... and all ideas are carefully considered. Music is never far away from us. As I write, there is an important one-off performance on offer, in the USA, and it remains to be decided whether we will take up this particular challenge. Every day, doors seem to open, and every day, we interact, perhaps more than ever before, with the world outside. It is a time of exciting transition in Rock music and in 'The Business'. It's good that the pulse still beats\". On 15 November 2009, May and Taylor performed \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" live on the British TV show The X Factor alongside the finalists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010?",
              "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "15 November 2009" }],
              "question": "What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?",
              "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Roger" }],
              "question": "In 2009, what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with?",
              "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "USA" }],
              "question": "Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010?",
              "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 May 2010, May and Taylor announced that they were quitting their record label, EMI, after almost 40 years. On 20 August 2010, Queen's manager Jim Beach put out a Newsletter stating that the band had signed a new contract with Universal Music. During an interview for Hardtalk on the BBC on 22 September, May confirmed that the band's new deal was with Island Records, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group. For the first time since the late 1980s, Queen's catalogue will have the same distributor worldwide, as their current North American label\u2014Hollywood Records\u2014is currently distributed by Universal (for a time in the late 1980s, Queen was on EMI-owned Capitol Records in the US).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "EMI" }],
              "question": "What record label did May and Taylor leave in 2010?",
              "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8eba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Universal Music" }],
              "question": "What label did Queen join in August 2010?",
              "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8eba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Hardtalk" }],
              "question": "What program interviewed Queen on 22 September 2010?",
              "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8ebaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Universal Music Group" }
              ],
              "question": "Island records is a subsidiary of what group?",
              "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8ebab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2011, Jane's Addiction vocalist Perry Farrell noted that Queen are currently scouting their once former and current live bassist Chris Chaney to join the band. Farrell stated: \"I have to keep Chris away from Queen, who want him and they're not gonna get him unless we're not doing anything. Then they can have him.\" In the same month, Paul Rodgers stated he may tour with Queen again in the near future. At the 2011 Broadcast Music, Incorporated (BMI) Awards held in London on 4 October, Queen received the BMI Icon Award in recognition for their airplay success in the US. At the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards on 6 November, Queen received the Global Icon Award, which Katy Perry presented to Brian May. Queen closed the awards ceremony, with Adam Lambert on vocals, performing \"The Show Must Go On\", \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\". The collaboration garnered a positive response from both fans and critics, resulting in speculation about future projects together.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Katy Perry" }],
              "question": "Which artist presented the Global Icon Award to Queen in 2011?",
              "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "Adam Lambert" }],
              "question": "Which artist performed with Queen at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards?",
              "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where were the BMI awards held in 2011?",
              "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Jane's Addiction" }],
              "question": "What band was worried Queen would steal their live performance bassist?",
              "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 and 26 April, May and Taylor appeared on the eleventh series of American Idol at the Nokia Theatre, Los Angeles, performing a Queen medley with the six finalists on the first show, and the following day performed \"Somebody to Love\" with the 'Queen Extravaganza' band. Queen were scheduled to headline Sonisphere at Knebworth on 7 July 2012 with Adam Lambert before the festival was cancelled. Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury was in Knebworth in 1986. Brian May commented, \"It's a worthy challenge for us, and I'm sure Adam would meet with Freddie's approval.\" Queen expressed disappointment at the cancellation and released a statement to the effect that they were looking to find another venue. It was later announced that Queen + Adam Lambert would play two shows at the Hammersmith Apollo, London on 11 and 12 July 2012. Both shows sold out within 24 hours of tickets going on open sale. A third London date was scheduled for 14 July. On 30 June, Queen + Lambert performed in Kiev, Ukraine at a joint concert with Elton John for the Elena Pinchuk ANTIAIDS Foundation. Queen also performed with Lambert on 3 July 2012 at Moscow's Olympic Stadium, and on 7 July 2012 at the Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw, Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "May and Taylor" }],
              "question": "Which Queen members were appearing on American Idol in the late 2000s?",
              "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Knebworth" }],
              "question": "Where was Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury held in 1986?",
              "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "Hammersmith Apollo, London" }
              ],
              "question": "Queen and Adam Lambert played two shows where in July 2012?",
              "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1067, "text": "ANTIAIDS Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Elena Pinchuk has what kind of a foundation?",
              "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1140, "text": "Moscow's Olympic Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Queen perform with Adam Lambert on 3 July 2012?",
              "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 September 2013, Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the iHeartRadio Music Festival at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. On 6 March 2014, the band announced on Good Morning America that Queen + Adam Lambert will tour North America in Summer 2014. The band will also tour Australia and New Zealand in August/September 2014. In an interview with Rolling Stone, May and Taylor said that although the tour with Lambert is a limited thing, they are open to him becoming an official member, and cutting new material with him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 September 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Queen + Adam Lambert perform at the iHeartRadio Music Festival?",
              "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the iHeartRadio Music Festival held in 2013?",
              "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "Good Morning America" }
              ],
              "question": "On what show did Queen announce they would be touring with Adam Lambert?",
              "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Summer 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the first Queen tour with Adam Lambert scheduled?",
              "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Lambert" }],
              "question": "Who did Queen members say they were open to making a regular member of the band in 2014?",
              "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin. May referred to the Beatles as being \"our bible in the way they used the studio and they painted pictures and this wonderful instinctive use of harmonies.\" At their outset in the early 1970s, Queen's music has been characterised as \"Led Zeppelin meets Yes\" due to its combination of \"acoustic/electric guitar extremes and fantasy-inspired multi-part song epics\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Jimi Hendrix" }],
              "question": "Which guitarist inspired Queen?",
              "id": "5726d28b708984140094d267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Aretha Franklin" }],
              "question": "What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration?",
              "id": "5726d28b708984140094d268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Yes" }],
              "question": "Queen's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band?",
              "id": "5726d28b708984140094d269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?",
              "id": "5726d28b708984140094d26a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Led Zeppelin" }],
              "question": "What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen?",
              "id": "5726d28b708984140094d26b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen composed music that drew inspiration from many different genres of music, often with a tongue-in-cheek attitude. The genres they have been associated with include progressive rock, symphonic rock, art rock, glam rock, hard rock, heavy metal, pop rock, and psychedelic rock. Queen also wrote songs that were inspired by diverse musical styles which are not typically associated with rock groups, such as opera, music hall, folk music, gospel, ragtime, and dance/disco. Several Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind, such as \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\". Similarly, \"Radio Ga Ga\" became a live favourite because it would have \"crowds clapping like they were at a Nuremberg rally\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Radio Ga Ga" }],
              "question": "Which Queen song inspired audience clapping?",
              "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "\"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind?",
              "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "What kind of metal has Queen been associated with?",
              "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "dance/disco" }],
              "question": "What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?",
              "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9185"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1963, the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special, which was purposely designed to feedback. Sonic experimentation figured heavily in Queen's songs. A distinctive characteristic of Queen's music are the vocal harmonies which are usually composed of the voices of May, Mercury, and Taylor best heard on the studio albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races. Some of the ground work for the development of this sound can be attributed to their former producer Roy Thomas Baker, and their engineer Mike Stone. Besides vocal harmonies, Queen were also known for multi-tracking voices to imitate the sound of a large choir through overdubs. For instance, according to Brian May, there are over 180 vocal overdubs in \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The band's vocal structures have been compared with the Beach Boys, but May stated they were not \"much of an influence\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Red Special" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Brian May's signature guitar?",
              "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year was Brian May's signature guitar made?",
              "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Roy Thomas Baker" }],
              "question": "Which producer influenced Queen's feedback heavy sound?",
              "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Mike Stone" }],
              "question": "What engineer helped with Queen's feedback heavy sound?",
              "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "over 180" }],
              "question": "How many vocal overdubs are in Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?",
              "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen have been recognised as having made significant contributions to such genres as hard rock, and heavy metal, among others. Hence, the band have been cited as an influence by many other musicians. Moreover, like their music, the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse, spanning different generations, countries, and genres, including heavy metal: Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Dream Theater, Trivium, Megadeth, Anthrax, Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine; hard rock: Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Van Halen, M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Steve Vai, the Cult, the Darkness, Manic Street Preachers, Kid Rockand Foo Fighters; alternative rock: Nirvana, Radiohead, Trent Reznor, Muse, Franz Ferdinand, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Melvins, the Flaming Lips, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins; pop rock: Meat Loaf, The Killers, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! At the Disco; and pop: Michael Jackson, George Michael, Robbie Williams, Adele, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 996, "text": "Michael Jackson" }],
              "question": "Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?",
              "id": "5726d611708984140094d2dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "heavy metal" }],
              "question": "Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen?",
              "id": "5726d611708984140094d2de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Def Leppard" }],
              "question": "This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen?",
              "id": "5726d611708984140094d2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Guns N' Roses" }],
              "question": "This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen?",
              "id": "5726d611708984140094d2e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was voted \"the UK's favourite hit of all time\" in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book. In 2004 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Many scholars consider the \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video ground-breaking, and credit it with popularising the medium. Rock historian Paul Fowles states the song is \"widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy\". It has been hailed as launching the MTV age. Acclaimed for their stadium rock, in 2005 an industry poll ranked Queen's performance at Live Aid in 1985 as the best live act in history. In 2007, they were also voted the greatest British band in history by BBC Radio 2 listeners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "What song was voted the UK's favorite hit of all time in 2002?",
              "id": "5726d732708984140094d307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "What Queen song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2004?",
              "id": "5726d732708984140094d308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody" }],
              "question": "Which Queen video was credited with launching the MTV video age?",
              "id": "5726d732708984140094d309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Queen" }],
              "question": "A 2005 poll stated that which band's performance at Live Aid was the best ever?",
              "id": "5726d732708984140094d30a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums, eighteen number one singles, and ten number one DVDs worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists. Queen have sold over 150 million records, with some estimates in excess of 300 million records worldwide, including 34.5 million albums in the US as of 2004. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the band is the only group in which every member has composed more than one chart-topping single, and all four members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2009, \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\" were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the latter was voted the world's favourite song in a global music poll.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many number one singles did Queen release?",
              "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many number one DVD's has Queen released?",
              "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "over 150 million" }],
              "question": "How many albums has Queen sold worldwide?",
              "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many number one albums has Queen released?",
              "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored, such as Iran. In a project called Queen: The Top 100 Bootlegs, many of these have been made officially available to download for a nominal fee from Queen's website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\", while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer, and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist. Queen were named 13th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list, and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list. In 2012, Gigwise readers named Queen the best band of past 60 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "12,225" }],
              "question": "How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?",
              "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "number 52" }],
              "question": "Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?",
              "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?",
              "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?",
              "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014. We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre, overtaking the previous record holder, the Grease musical. Brian May stated in 2008 that they were considering writing a sequel to the musical. The musical toured around the UK in 2009, playing at Manchester Palace Theatre, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, and Edinburgh Playhouse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Saturday, 7 October" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?",
              "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Dominion Theatre" }],
              "question": "Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?",
              "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "May 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?",
              "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "We Will Rock You" }],
              "question": "What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?",
              "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Grease" }],
              "question": "What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?",
              "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the supervision of May and Taylor, numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen's lengthy audio and video catalogue. DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert (titled Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 Milton Keynes concert (Queen on Fire \u2013 Live at the Bowl), and two Greatest Video Hits (Volumes 1 and 2, spanning the 1970s and 1980s) have seen the band's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound. So far, only two of the band's albums, A Night at the Opera and The Game, have been fully remixed into high-resolution multichannel surround on DVD-Audio. A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album's original release (CD+DVD-Video set). In 2007, a Blu-ray edition of Queen's previously released concerts, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, was released, marking their first project in 1080p HD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?",
              "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Milton Keynes" }],
              "question": "Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?",
              "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?",
              "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the first Queen Bluray released?",
              "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "May and Taylor" }],
              "question": "Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?",
              "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise: a cover of \"Killer Queen\" in the original Guitar Hero, \"We Are The Champions\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", and the Paul Rodgers collaboration \"C-lebrity\" in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour, \"Under Pressure\" with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5, \"I Want It All\" in Guitar Hero: Van Halen, \"Stone Cold Crazy\" in Guitar Hero: Metallica, and \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. On 13 October 2009, Brian May revealed there was \"talk\" going on \"behind the scenes\" about a dedicated Queen Rock Band game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Guitar Hero" }],
              "question": "Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs?",
              "id": "5726ded9708984140094d429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "David Bowie" }],
              "question": "Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure?",
              "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Brian May" }],
              "question": "Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game?",
              "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Metallica" }],
              "question": "What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured?",
              "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon (1980), with \"Flash\" as the theme song, and Highlander (the original 1986 film), with \"A Kind of Magic\", \"One Year of Love\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", \"Hammer to Fall\", and the theme \"Princes of the Universe\", which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series (1992\u20131998). In the United States, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne's World. The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (with \"The Show Must Go On\" as the first track on the single) and helped rekindle the band's popularity in North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Flash Gordon" }],
              "question": "Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?",
              "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Highlander" }],
              "question": "Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?",
              "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?",
              "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?",
              "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several films have featured their songs performed by other artists. A version of \"Somebody to Love\" by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted. In 2006, Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet. In 2001, a version of \"The Show Must Go On\" was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge!. The 2001 film A Knight's Tale has a version of \"We Are the Champions\" performed by Robbie Williams and Queen; the film also features \"We Will Rock You\" played by the medieval audience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Anne Hathaway" }],
              "question": "ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?",
              "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Brittany Murphy" }],
              "question": "Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?",
              "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Moulin Rouge!" }],
              "question": "Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?",
              "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "A Knight's Tale" }],
              "question": "Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?",
              "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "11 April" }],
              "question": "On what date in 2006 did May and Taylor of Queen appear on American Idol?",
              "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "May 2009" }],
              "question": "What month and year was the season  finale of American Idol?",
              "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "Adam Lambert and Kris Allen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the season 8 finalists on American Idol?",
              "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "15 November 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date did Queen's May and Taylor appear on UK X-factor?",
              "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the autumn of 2009, Glee featured the fictional high school's show choir singing \"Somebody to Love\" as their second act performance in the episode \"The Rhodes Not Taken\". The performance was included on the show's Volume 1 soundtrack CD. In June 2010, the choir performed \"Another One Bites the Dust\" in the episode \"Funk\". The following week's episode, \"Journey to Regionals\", features a rival choir performing \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in its entirety. The song was featured on the episode's EP. In May 2012, the choir performed \"We Are the Champions\" in the episode \"Nationals\", and the song features in The Graduation Album.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Somebody to Love" }],
              "question": "Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee",
              "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Another One Bites the Dust" }
              ],
              "question": "What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?",
              "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "We Are the Champions" }
              ],
              "question": "What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee?",
              "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "We Are the Champions" }
              ],
              "question": "What Queen song is featured on Glee's The Graduation Album?",
              "id": "5726e479708984140094d4fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2010, Brian May announced in a BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen was to play Mercury in a film of the same name. Time commented with approval on his singing ability and visual similarity to Mercury. However, in July 2013, Baron Cohen dropped out of the role due to \"creative differences\" between him and the surviving band members. In December 2013, it was announced that Ben Whishaw, best known for playing Q in the James Bond film Skyfall, had been chosen to replace Cohen in the role of Mercury. The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan, who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon. The film, which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions, will focus on Queen's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Sacha Baron Cohen" }],
              "question": "Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name?",
              "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Ben Whishaw" }],
              "question": "Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name?",
              "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Peter Morgan" }],
              "question": "Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film?",
              "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "Robert De Niro" }],
              "question": "Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?",
              "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid?",
              "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d529"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Presbyterianism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word \"Presbyterian,\" when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches that trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the English Civil War. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "British Isles" }],
              "question": "Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to?",
              "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "sovereignty of God" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize?",
              "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain?",
              "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon \"Plan of Union of 1801\" for frontier areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?",
              "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?",
              "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?",
              "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8224"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?",
              "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dcca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "John Calvin" }],
              "question": "Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?",
              "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "1560" }],
              "question": "In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?",
              "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 809, "text": "First Book of Discipline" }
              ],
              "question": "Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?",
              "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization (or \"church order\") and worship; often using a \"Book of Order\" to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism. Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document \u2013 second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible \u2013 in Presbyterian churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Book of Order" }],
              "question": "What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order?",
              "id": "57265bb95951b619008f707f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible?",
              "id": "57265bb95951b619008f7080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Calvinism" }],
              "question": "What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?",
              "id": "57265bb95951b619008f7081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning. Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as \"subordinate standards\". It is generally considered that the point of such learning is to enable one to put one's faith into practice; some Presbyterians generally exhibit their faith in action as well as words, by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "education and lifelong learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Presbyterians put importance into?",
              "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do their studies consist of?",
              "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith?",
              "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterian government is by councils (known as courts) of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation. Teaching elders (pastors) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations. A congregation issues a call for the pastor's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "councils (known as courts) of elders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Presbyterian government known as?",
              "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e830e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "teaching, worship, and performing sacraments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors?",
              "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e830f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "local presbytery" }],
              "question": "When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?",
              "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e8310"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ruling elders are usually laymen (and laywomen in some denominations) who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations). This group may variously be known as a \"Deacon Board\", \"Board of Deacons\" \"Diaconate\", or \"Deacons' Court\". These are sometimes known as \"presbyters\" to the full congregation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the congregation" }],
              "question": "Who elects the ruling elders?",
              "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In very large congregations, what do the elders delegate?",
              "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "deacons" }],
              "question": "There's a group of officers in the congregation, what other names are they also known by?",
              "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "presbyteries" }],
              "question": "Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?",
              "id": "572664a15951b619008f716b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "area responsibilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?",
              "id": "572664a15951b619008f716c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "teaching elders and ruling elders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the area of responsibilities made up of?",
              "id": "572664a15951b619008f716d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "Synod" }],
              "question": "In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?",
              "id": "572664a15951b619008f716e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "Synod" }],
              "question": "Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?",
              "id": "572664a15951b619008f716f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of \"confessions of faith,\" which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter. While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole. It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "confessional tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?",
              "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "confessions of faith" }
              ],
              "question": "Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?",
              "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?",
              "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "by the community as a whole" }
              ],
              "question": "How is theology carried out in a confessional church?",
              "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction. Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible. These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation. The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?",
              "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Westminster Standards" }
              ],
              "question": "Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?",
              "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?",
              "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Westminster Confession is \"The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland\" but \"with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith\" (V). This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e.g. William Robertson Smith). Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such \"conscience clause\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Westminster Confession" }
              ],
              "question": "To the church of Scotland, what is the sub standard doctrine?",
              "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "William Robertson Smith" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience?",
              "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "conscience clause" }],
              "question": "The Free Church in Scotland  has something in place that only a few churches have implemented, what is it called?",
              "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards. These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Book of Confessions" }
              ],
              "question": "Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?",
              "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f7259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Westminster Standards" }
              ],
              "question": "The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession, what is it called?",
              "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?",
              "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created?",
              "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Directory of Public Worship" }
              ],
              "question": "The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?",
              "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8df9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1640s" }],
              "question": "When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?",
              "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8df9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Scottish Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?",
              "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8dfa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed \"Presbyterian\" worship style. Although there are set services for the \"Lord's Day\", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? ",
              "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "hymns, preaching, and congregational participation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the \"lords Day\"?",
              "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1198, "text": "cappella exclusive psalmody" }
              ],
              "question": "What do reformed Presbyterians practice?",
              "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "black Geneva gown" }],
              "question": "Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?",
              "id": "5726728f708984140094c667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "full length Old English style surplice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?",
              "id": "5726728f708984140094c668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Liturgical Renewal Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?",
              "id": "5726728f708984140094c669"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the \"church,\" which referred the members, and the \"meeting house,\" which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as \"churches.\" Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "the members" }],
              "question": "Presbyterians had to distinguished between \"Church\" and \"Meeting house\" What was \"Church\" referring too?",
              "id": "572674badd62a815002e858e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "building" }],
              "question": "What did \"Meeting house\" refer to?",
              "id": "572674badd62a815002e858f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "meeting house" }],
              "question": "What were churches called before the 19th century?",
              "id": "572674badd62a815002e8590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?",
              "id": "572674badd62a815002e8591"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a \"communion table,\" usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the \"Chancel\" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the \"empty\" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "communion table" }],
              "question": "What did Presbyterian churches have in them?",
              "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "communion table" }],
              "question": "What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?",
              "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Chancel" }],
              "question": "What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?",
              "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "Celtic cross" }],
              "question": "What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?",
              "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "the resurrection" }],
              "question": "What did the Celtic Cross represent?",
              "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7349"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Knox (1505\u20131572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1572" }],
              "question": "What year did John Knox past away?",
              "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?",
              "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Andrew Melville" }],
              "question": "The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?",
              "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1149, "text": "1660" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Government of church reinstated? ",
              "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?",
              "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e13e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Associate Presbytery" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?",
              "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?",
              "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 817,
                  "text": "Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?",
              "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, \"An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.\". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1592" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?",
              "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Thomas Cartwright" }],
              "question": "Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?",
              "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1645 and 1648" }],
              "question": "Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?",
              "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1031, "text": "1719" }],
              "question": "In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?",
              "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1350, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?",
              "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e17a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?",
              "id": "57267f185951b619008f74af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1843" }],
              "question": "In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the \"Disruption\"?",
              "id": "57267f185951b619008f74b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) \u2013 these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?",
              "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?",
              "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "United Reformed Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?",
              "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7505"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Presbyterianism" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?",
              "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Anglican Church of Ireland" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?",
              "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?",
              "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?",
              "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "1703" }],
              "question": "When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?",
              "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "In what city was the first Presbytery formed?",
              "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?",
              "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?",
              "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church \u2013 Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?",
              "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Korean American Presbyterian Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?",
              "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?",
              "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a \"mini\" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1800s" }],
              "question": "Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?",
              "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Catholicism" }],
              "question": "The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?",
              "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Spanish Conquistadors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?",
              "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination \u2013 and indeed the largest Protestant denomination \u2013 was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada. A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body. They regained use of the original name in 1939.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Presbyterian Church in Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?",
              "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?",
              "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?",
              "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e311"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?",
              "id": "572689745951b619008f762f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "2,500,000" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?",
              "id": "572689745951b619008f7630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?",
              "id": "572689745951b619008f7631"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131\u202f000 members as of 2011. The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries. The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1\u202f800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75\u202f000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4\u202f000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1,011,300" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?",
              "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "131\u202f000" }],
              "question": "As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?",
              "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?",
              "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 867,
                  "text": "The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?",
              "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana. Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya. The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country. Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States. The missionary expedition of Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel and their group in the mid 18th century in this coastal regions of the ten British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which  services to most African Presbyterian churches offer?",
              "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Malawi and Kenya" }],
              "question": "The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries?",
              "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 889, "text": "Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states?",
              "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17\u202f000\u201320\u202f000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian. Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of Prayer Houses develop. education, health ministries as well as worship and spiritual development are important.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "17\u202f000\u201320\u202f000 members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?",
              "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?",
              "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "education, health ministries as well as worship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?",
              "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, \ub300\ud55c\uc608\uc218\uad50\uc7a5\ub85c\ud68c (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms. The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, \uace0\ub824\ud30c, later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin \uace0\uc2e0) in 1952. And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group (The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, \uae30\uc7a5) was separated. The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC. The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, \ud1b5\ud569) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, \ud569\ub3d9) in 1959. All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Presbyterian Church of Korea" }
              ],
              "question": "Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name, what is it?",
              "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "What year did the second schism take place?",
              "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 836,
                  "text": "whether the PCK should join the WCC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main reason for the latest schism?",
              "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "What year was the Chosun Seminary founded?",
              "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1356, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class?",
              "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the \"Hapdong\" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea. In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country?",
              "id": "572696d45951b619008f7765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea?",
              "id": "572696d45951b619008f7766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Saudi Arabia" }],
              "question": "Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in?",
              "id": "572696d45951b619008f7767"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines). English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865. His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Danshui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan. The English and Canadian missions joined together as the PCT in 1912. One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895\u20131945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Guomindang-imposed martial law (1949\u20131987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence. Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988\u20132000) is a Presbyterian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Presbyterian Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan?",
              "id": "572697f0708984140094cb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "238,372" }],
              "question": "How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination?",
              "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "James Laidlaw Maxwell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan?",
              "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "era of Guomindang" }],
              "question": "In what era did The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan experience a large growth in members?",
              "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?",
              "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Welsh Presbyterians" }
              ],
              "question": "Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?",
              "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "Sohra" }],
              "question": "Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?",
              "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "600,000" }],
              "question": "How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?",
              "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?",
              "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "1859 and 1870, and in 1901" }
              ],
              "question": "Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?",
              "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1977, two thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views. The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers. The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership. The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed. A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?",
              "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?",
              "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "New South Wales" }],
              "question": "The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?",
              "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church. The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland. The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila. The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa. The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province. There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican. Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership. The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC). The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school. The church is strong in the rural villages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?",
              "id": "57269bf2708984140094cb9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?",
              "id": "57269bf2708984140094cb9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?",
              "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?",
              "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Penama and Torba" }],
              "question": "Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?",
              "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Thuringia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rh\u00f6n Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Lutheranism" }],
              "question": "What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "Today over two thirds of the population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?",
              "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?",
              "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "7.8% of the population" }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?",
              "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1157, "text": "750 Jews" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8256"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Thuringia or Th\u00fcringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is Galicia today. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "the Germanic tribe Thuringii" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the name Thuringia come from?",
              "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Migration Period" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Thuringii emerge?",
              "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "the Huns" }],
              "question": "Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?",
              "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "around 400" }],
              "question": "When were the thuringii first mentioned?",
              "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "until 531 and later" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Thuringian realm exist?",
              "id": "57265a725951b619008f7061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "the Landgraviate of Thuringia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which state was the largest in the region?",
              "id": "57265a725951b619008f7062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Thuringia located?",
              "id": "57265a725951b619008f7063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "the Ernestine Wettins" }
              ],
              "question": "Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig? ",
              "id": "57265a725951b619008f7064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?",
              "id": "57265a725951b619008f7065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247\u20131264), the western half became independent under the name of \"Hesse\", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the \"Saxon duchies\", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "in 1130 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Thuringia become a landgraviate? ",
              "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1247\u20131264" }],
              "question": "Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?",
              "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1247" }],
              "question": "When did the western half of the state become Hesse?",
              "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Margraviate of Meissen" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Wettin dynasty from?",
              "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 783,
                  "text": "the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?",
              "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In M\u00fchlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas M\u00fcntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "as early as 1520" }],
              "question": "When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?",
              "id": "57265c815951b619008f7097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "were driven away" }],
              "question": "What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?",
              "id": "57265c815951b619008f7098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "during the German Peasants' War of 1525"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?",
              "id": "57265c815951b619008f7099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "a leader of some non-peaceful groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Thomas Muntzer?",
              "id": "57265c815951b619008f709a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "the Eichsfeld district" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?",
              "id": "57265c815951b619008f709b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1795 to 1814" }],
              "question": "When was the German Mediatisation?",
              "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "The 1815 Congress of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?",
              "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "the Kingdom of Prussia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?",
              "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Prussian-led" }],
              "question": "Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?",
              "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "Weimar" }],
              "question": "Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? ",
              "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Wilhelm Frick" }],
              "question": "Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?",
              "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "six delegates" }],
              "question": "How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?",
              "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "anyone he suspected of being a republican"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Frick remove from the police force?",
              "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Frick replace republican police with?",
              "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km\u00b2 wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): D\u00fcn, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffh\u00e4user, Hohe Schrecke, Schm\u00fccke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, H\u00f6rselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner H\u00f6he and Heilinger H\u00f6hen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Gro\u00dfer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rh\u00f6n Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Wei\u00dfe Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Wei\u00dfe Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Plei\u00dfe river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "The far north" }],
              "question": "Where are the Harz mountains located?",
              "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "hilly and sometimes forested" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the landscape of Eichsfeld? ",
              "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1004, "text": "Gro\u00dfer Beerberg" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Thuringia's highest mountain?",
              "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1640, "text": "in the middle" }],
              "question": "Where is Orlasenke located?",
              "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1390,
                  "text": "The Saale in the west and the Wei\u00dfe Elster in the east"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many big rivers flow through Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Wei\u00dfe Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Saale" }],
              "question": "Which river in Thuringia is the most important?",
              "id": "57266017708984140094c401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266017708984140094c402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266017708984140094c403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which tributary is located on the southern border? ",
              "id": "57266017708984140094c404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Due to many centuries of intensive settlement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?",
              "id": "57266200708984140094c44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "a mixture of beech and spruce" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57266200708984140094c44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "forest with beech as its predominant species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266200708984140094c44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 772,
                  "text": "increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do most landscape problems come from?",
              "id": "57266200708984140094c44f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "more natural and tough vegetation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?",
              "id": "57266200708984140094c44e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?",
              "id": "5726638e708984140094c48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "modernizing factories" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?",
              "id": "5726638e708984140094c490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?",
              "id": "5726638e708984140094c491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the salination of the Werra river"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are today's big environmental problems?",
              "id": "5726638e708984140094c492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is causing the salination of the Werra river?",
              "id": "5726638e708984140094c493"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the border between Germanic and Slavic territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?",
              "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "When did population growth in Thuringia peak?",
              "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?",
              "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "41,000" }],
              "question": "How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?",
              "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "24%" }],
              "question": "What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?",
              "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "4%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?",
              "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Russians" }],
              "question": "What is the largest group of foreigners?",
              "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which towns have the highest immigrant population?",
              "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25\u201340 age group (\"family founders\") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "115 to 120 men per 100 women" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "emigration of young women" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "more than 30%" }],
              "question": "How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?",
              "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (\u22122,800) and Austria (\u2212900).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "+6,700 persons" }],
              "question": "How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?",
              "id": "572670625951b619008f72b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "+1,400" }],
              "question": "How many migrants went to Eisenach? ",
              "id": "572670625951b619008f72b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "The international migration is fluctuating heavily"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? ",
              "id": "572670625951b619008f72b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "850" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities are in Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "126" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?",
              "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?",
              "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "the 20th century" }],
              "question": "What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?",
              "id": "57267187dd62a815002e8510"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Agriculture and forestry" }
              ],
              "question": "What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?",
              "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "54%" }],
              "question": "How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?",
              "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "the large Thuringian Basin" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?",
              "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "greenhouses" }],
              "question": "Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?",
              "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "rural regions" }],
              "question": "Which regions value agriculture most?",
              "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "the mid-19th-century industrialisation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?",
              "id": "57267810dd62a815002e8618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "the closure of most large-scale factories and companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?",
              "id": "57267810dd62a815002e8619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "the northern and eastern parts of the Land."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?",
              "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1057, "text": "between 1930 and 1990" }
              ],
              "question": "When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?",
              "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Eisenach" }],
              "question": "Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?",
              "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the S\u00fcdharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Ro\u00dfleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the S\u00fcdharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?",
              "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "because the competition from imported metal was too strong"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?",
              "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "the S\u00fcdharzrevier" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?",
              "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1030,
                  "text": "uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "57267a295951b619008f73f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 897, "text": "After the reunification" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the S\u00fcdharzrevier close?",
              "id": "57267a295951b619008f73f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "below the national average" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the GDP of Thuringia?",
              "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Until 2004" }],
              "question": "For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?",
              "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has helped to improve Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "around 2020" }],
              "question": "When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?",
              "id": "57267adb5951b619008f740a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "20% in 2005" }],
              "question": "When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?",
              "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "it has decreased to 7%" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?",
              "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?",
              "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "demographic transition" }
              ],
              "question": "What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?",
              "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting W\u00fcrzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and S\u00f6mmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from G\u00f6ttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve M\u00fchlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "During the 1930s" }],
              "question": "When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the two motorways expanded?",
              "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 697, "text": "during the 1990s and 2000s" }
              ],
              "question": "When were three additional roads built?",
              "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 921,
                  "text": "The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?",
              "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1482,
                  "text": "The upgrading of federal highways"
                }
              ],
              "question": "  What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?",
              "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "lignite" }],
              "question": "What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?",
              "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "mined in the bordering Leipzig region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?",
              "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?",
              "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Wind power and Biomass" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?",
              "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "big pumped storage stations" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Hohenwarte Dam?",
              "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which hospitals are being expanded?",
              "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "rationalisation processes in the German health care system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are there too many hospital beds?",
              "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?",
              "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e384"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "four years" }],
              "question": "How long is Thuringian primary school?",
              "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Since the 1950s" }],
              "question": "For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?",
              "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "At the age of ten" }],
              "question": "When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? ",
              "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f7670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "eight years" }],
              "question": "How many years of school do students attend after primary?",
              "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f7671"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "The University of Jena" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest school in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many universities are there in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "How many students attend The University of Erfurt?",
              "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "The Bauhaus University Weimar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268eb85951b619008f768a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?",
              "id": "57268eb85951b619008f768b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music \"Franz Liszt\" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule f\u00fcr Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Gotha" }],
              "question": "Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?",
              "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many schools offer polytechnics?",
              "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "life sciences and optics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?",
              "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Weimar and Gotha" }],
              "question": "Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?",
              "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "publicly funded" }],
              "question": "How is most research in Thuringia funded?",
              "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "the optics sector at Jena." }
              ],
              "question": "  What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?",
              "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt\u2013Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg\u2013Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf\u2013Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to W\u00fcrzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar\u2013Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen\u2013Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha\u2013Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to G\u00f6ttingen, the Halle\u2013Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig\u2013Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the 1840s" }],
              "question": "When was Thuringia's first railway built?",
              "id": "5726927a708984140094ca87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Between 1950 and 2000" }
              ],
              "question": "When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? ",
              "id": "5726927a708984140094ca88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 879,
                  "text": "In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When will the new high speed train be open? ",
              "id": "5726927a708984140094ca89"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Predation",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the \"donor\" organism(s).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1007,
                  "text": "direct impact on the prey population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?",
              "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e8278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "herbivory" }],
              "question": "How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?",
              "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e8279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? ",
              "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "parasitic species" }],
              "question": "A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?",
              "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "detritivory" }],
              "question": "How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? ",
              "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "plants" }],
              "question": "What does an herbivore eat?",
              "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1162, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Do detritivores have a direct impact on \"donor\" organisms?",
              "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "prey" }],
              "question": "What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?",
              "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "predation" }],
              "question": "What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?",
              "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 992,
                  "text": "the predator's direct impact on the prey population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the key characteristic of predation?",
              "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1088, "text": "dead organic material" }
              ],
              "question": "What do detritivores eat?",
              "id": "5726bd4cdd62a815002e8ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 996,
                  "text": "predator's direct impact on the prey population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the key characteristic of predation?",
              "id": "5726bd4cdd62a815002e8ee4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Two factors" }],
              "question": "How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? ",
              "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "true predation" }],
              "question": "Proximity and the ending of life is called? ",
              "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "parasitoidism" }],
              "question": "If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? ",
              "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "the way in which they eat" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?",
              "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "parasitoidism" }],
              "question": "Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?",
              "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "predation" }],
              "question": "The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?",
              "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "large and small prey" }
              ],
              "question": "What do household animals prey upon? ",
              "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1231, "text": "Baleen whales" }],
              "question": "Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.",
              "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "harm their prey in some way" }
              ],
              "question": "To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?",
              "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "kills and eats another living thing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What requirement must a true predator fulfill?",
              "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is different about a true predator?",
              "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e903e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "harm their prey in some way" }
              ],
              "question": "All types of predators do what?",
              "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e903f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do ambush predators hunt?",
              "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e9040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "venom" }],
              "question": "What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?",
              "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e9041"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Grazing organisms" }],
              "question": "Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be",
              "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "browsing pressure" }],
              "question": "Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?",
              "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "zooplankton" }],
              "question": "Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species",
              "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "mosquitos" }],
              "question": "Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? ",
              "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "female mosquitos" }],
              "question": "What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?",
              "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Starfish" }],
              "question": "What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?",
              "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "seldom" }],
              "question": "Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?",
              "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "regrows at the base" }
              ],
              "question": "How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?",
              "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, \"living together\", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Parasites" }],
              "question": "Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?",
              "id": "572665eddd62a815002e8398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "mutualism" }],
              "question": "Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.",
              "id": "572665eddd62a815002e8399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "elephant" }],
              "question": "Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.",
              "id": "572665eddd62a815002e839a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "mistletoe" }],
              "question": "What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? ",
              "id": "572665eddd62a815002e839b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "close association with their host species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are parasites distiguished from grazers?",
              "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "one or at most a few in their lifetime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many hosts do parasites typically have?",
              "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "a continuum" }],
              "question": "How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?",
              "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "living together" }],
              "question": "What does the term symbiosis mean?",
              "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "ichneumon wasps" }],
              "question": "This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.",
              "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? ",
              "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?",
              "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Parasitoids" }],
              "question": "What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?",
              "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?",
              "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "ichneumon" }],
              "question": "Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?",
              "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?",
              "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "opportunistic" }],
              "question": "Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? ",
              "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "equilibrium" }],
              "question": "Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?",
              "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "scarce" }],
              "question": "When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?",
              "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "evolution" }],
              "question": "What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? ",
              "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "humans, leopards, dogs and alligators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?",
              "id": "5726d364708984140094d27b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "evolutionary arms race" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?",
              "id": "5726d364708984140094d27c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "keep the populations of both species in equilibrium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?",
              "id": "5726d364708984140094d27d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "herbivorous" }],
              "question": "If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?",
              "id": "5726d364708984140094d27e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls\u2014and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "trophic level" }],
              "question": "What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?",
              "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1628, "text": "apex predator" }],
              "question": "What is the top predator in an environment called? ",
              "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "trophic pyramid" }],
              "question": "When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. ",
              "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? ",
              "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Organisms that feed on autotrophs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organisms are known as primary consumers?",
              "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "feed on heterotrophs" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes an organism a secondary consumer?",
              "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1030, "text": "apex predator" }],
              "question": "What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?",
              "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 757, "text": "five or six levels" }
              ],
              "question": "How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?",
              "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "the top" }],
              "question": "In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?",
              "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "carrion" }],
              "question": "Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?",
              "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "eat from multiple levels of the food chain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?",
              "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Carnivorous plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? ",
              "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "omnivores" }],
              "question": "What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?",
              "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e91fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?",
              "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e91ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 599,
                  "text": "producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?",
              "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e9200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "difficult" }],
              "question": "Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?",
              "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e9201"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "the same trophic level" }
              ],
              "question": "Intraguild species consumer other species within?",
              "id": "572671485951b619008f72bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Richard Dawkins" }],
              "question": "Who proposes the concept of the \"survival machine?\"",
              "id": "572671485951b619008f72c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "both the predator and prey" }
              ],
              "question": "The argument of the \"survival machines\" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?",
              "id": "572671485951b619008f72c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "potential competitors" }
              ],
              "question": "Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?",
              "id": "572671485951b619008f72c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Richard Dawkins" }],
              "question": "Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?",
              "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "the body" }],
              "question": "To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the \"survival machine\"?",
              "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are intraguild predators?",
              "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "gene centered view" }
              ],
              "question": "Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?",
              "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Intraguild" }],
              "question": "What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?",
              "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "keystone species" }],
              "question": "What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?",
              "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "biodiversity" }],
              "question": "What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?",
              "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "dominant" }],
              "question": "When a keystone species is lost another species might become?",
              "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "biodiversity of communities" }
              ],
              "question": "What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?",
              "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "keystone species" }],
              "question": "Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?",
              "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?",
              "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "beavers" }],
              "question": "What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?",
              "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e879e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "hydrological features" }
              ],
              "question": "Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?",
              "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e879f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "channel incision" }],
              "question": "Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?",
              "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e87a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "wolves" }],
              "question": "The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?",
              "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d40f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "habitat became territory for grazing."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?",
              "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?",
              "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?",
              "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d412"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "maximum of four stages" }
              ],
              "question": "At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? ",
              "id": "572682cd708984140094c881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Detection of prey" }],
              "question": "What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?",
              "id": "572682cd708984140094c882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "array of adaptations" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? ",
              "id": "572682cd708984140094c883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "the individuals preyed upon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? ",
              "id": "572682cd708984140094c884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "maximum of four stages" }
              ],
              "question": "How many stages can predation be divided into?",
              "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four stages of predation?",
              "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "obtain food or avoid being eaten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?",
              "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "final" }],
              "question": "In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?",
              "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "camouflage" }],
              "question": "Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?",
              "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "camouflage" }],
              "question": "What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?",
              "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "shape and pattern" }],
              "question": "Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?",
              "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "other organisms" }],
              "question": "Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?",
              "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mimicry" }],
              "question": "What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?",
              "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "drone fly" }],
              "question": "Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?",
              "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mimicry" }],
              "question": "A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?",
              "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "startling the predator and giving it time to escape"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?",
              "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "to lure their prey" }
              ],
              "question": "How can predators use mimicry?",
              "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8127"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "gain of energy" }],
              "question": "What makes predation successful?",
              "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "optimal foraging theory" }
              ],
              "question": "Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?",
              "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 752, "text": "energy gain per unit time" }
              ],
              "question": "In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?",
              "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Social predation" }],
              "question": "What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?",
              "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?",
              "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "domestic cats)" }],
              "question": "What is a species that does not perform social predation?",
              "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?",
              "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8174"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?",
              "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "warmth, companionship, and even protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?",
              "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "wild ones outside the area" }
              ],
              "question": "Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?",
              "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "(anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some predators of the electric eel?",
              "id": "5726e64b708984140094d535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "strong kick that can maim or kill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What defense does a zebra have against predators?",
              "id": "5726e64b708984140094d536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "formidable teeth and claws" }
              ],
              "question": "What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?",
              "id": "5726e64b708984140094d537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "to kill prey" }],
              "question": "The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?",
              "id": "5726e64b708984140094d538"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?",
              "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Crows" }],
              "question": "Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?",
              "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "On occasion" }],
              "question": "Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?",
              "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "hawks or larger mammalian predators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?",
              "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators\u2014for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Aposematism" }],
              "question": "What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?",
              "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 646, "text": "species as a whole" }
              ],
              "question": "Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?",
              "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does aposematism help a species population?",
              "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?",
              "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "prey" }],
              "question": "What do predators depend on for survival?",
              "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "carrying capacity" }],
              "question": "Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?",
              "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "survival and fecundity" }
              ],
              "question": "Predators lower what aspects of their prey?",
              "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?",
              "id": "5726efce708984140094d677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "well over a million years" }
              ],
              "question": "For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?",
              "id": "5726efce708984140094d678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "other humans" }],
              "question": "What are humans' primary competitors?",
              "id": "5726efce708984140094d679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1130, "text": "the Donner party" }],
              "question": "What is one known istance of cannibalism?",
              "id": "5726efce708984140094d67a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 920, "text": "domestic dog" }],
              "question": "With what species do humans hunt in partnership?",
              "id": "5726efce708984140094d67b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "humans and dogs" }],
              "question": "What two apex predators do not have a small population size?",
              "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?",
              "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "competitive exclusion principle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?",
              "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8325"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "prey abundance" }],
              "question": "What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?",
              "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8326"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "coextinction" }],
              "question": "When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?",
              "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "longer period of time" }
              ],
              "question": "Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?",
              "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "boom and bust cycle of economics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?",
              "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9624"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can natural predators benefit crops?",
              "id": "5726f545708984140094d6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "controlling pests" }],
              "question": "How are predators beneficial to agriculture?",
              "id": "5726f545708984140094d6fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "keeping its abundance down" }
              ],
              "question": "If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?",
              "id": "5726f545708984140094d6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "introduced species" }
              ],
              "question": "Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?",
              "id": "5726f545708984140094d700"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Marvel_Comics",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Marvel Universe" }],
              "question": "Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?",
              "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "real-life cities" }],
              "question": "Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?",
              "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?",
              "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Hulk" }],
              "question": "What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?",
              "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "the Fantastic Four, the Avengers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?",
              "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging\u2014and by then already highly popular\u2014new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Martin Goodman" }],
              "question": "Who originally founded Marvel Comics?",
              "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Timely Publications" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of Marvel Comics?",
              "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was Marvel founded?",
              "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?",
              "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "publisher" }],
              "question": "What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?",
              "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8324"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Oct. 1939" }],
              "question": "What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?",
              "id": "572663b25951b619008f713d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Joe Simon" }],
              "question": "Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?",
              "id": "572663b25951b619008f713e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Jack Kirby" }],
              "question": "Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?",
              "id": "572663b25951b619008f713f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "the Human Torch" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?",
              "id": "572663b25951b619008f7140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Marvel Comics #1" }],
              "question": "In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?",
              "id": "572663b25951b619008f7141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these \"big three\", some notable heroes\u2014many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks\u2014include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, \"Powerhouse Pepper\", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Basil Wolverton" }],
              "question": "What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?",
              "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "\"Powerhouse Pepper\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?",
              "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal" }
              ],
              "question": "What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?",
              "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Miss America" }],
              "question": "What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?",
              "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "\"big three\"" }],
              "question": "The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?",
              "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946\u201347), were labeled \"A Marvel Magazine\" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "shell companies" }],
              "question": "Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?",
              "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e843e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?",
              "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e843f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "\"A Marvel Magazine\"" }
              ],
              "question": "By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?",
              "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e8440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "Marvel Mystery Comics" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?",
              "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e8441"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies\u2014Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time\u2014and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (\u00e0 la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (\u00e0 la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Bill Everett" }],
              "question": "Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?",
              "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Atlas" }],
              "question": "What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?",
              "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Homer the Happy Ghost" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?",
              "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Archie Andrews" }],
              "question": "DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?",
              "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Homer Hooper" }],
              "question": "What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?",
              "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "The Fantastic Four" }
              ],
              "question": "Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?",
              "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Nov. 1961" }],
              "question": "What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?",
              "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Stan Lee" }],
              "question": "What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?",
              "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "celebrity status" }],
              "question": "In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?",
              "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "The Amazing Spider-Man" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Marvel's best-selling comic?",
              "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a \"superheroes in the real world\" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Jack Kirby" }],
              "question": "Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?",
              "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?",
              "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "costumes" }],
              "question": "What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?",
              "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "secret identities" }],
              "question": "None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?",
              "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "\"superheroes in the real world\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?",
              "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, \"Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times\u2014or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Esquire" }],
              "question": "What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?",
              "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "Spider-Man and the Hulk" }
              ],
              "question": "What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?",
              "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8653"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "DC Comics" }],
              "question": "Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?",
              "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Pat Boone" }],
              "question": "Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?",
              "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan" }
              ],
              "question": "What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?",
              "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8656"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "New York, Los Angeles and Chicago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?",
              "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Ant-Man" }],
              "question": "What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?",
              "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "the Marvel Universe" }
              ],
              "question": "The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?",
              "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?",
              "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1968, while selling 50 million comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted. Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company, with Goodman remaining as publisher. In 1969, Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "50 million" }],
              "question": "How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?",
              "id": "57267d455951b619008f7479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Independent News" }],
              "question": "What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?",
              "id": "57267d455951b619008f747a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?",
              "id": "57267d455951b619008f747b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "Magazine Management Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?",
              "id": "57267d455951b619008f747c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "Curtis Circulation Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?",
              "id": "57267d455951b619008f747d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1971, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96\u201398 (May\u2013July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government agency asked Marvel to do a series of stories to publicize an issue?",
              "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "drug abuse" }],
              "question": "What issue was Marvel asked to tackle for this agency?",
              "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Spider-Man" }],
              "question": "What comic book series did stories related to this issue appear in?",
              "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Comics Code Authority" }
              ],
              "question": "What industry censorship and standards organization tried to block publication of this series?",
              "id": "57267ecb708984140094c800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "May\u2013July 1971" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the issue dates of the three-episode series on this public health issue?",
              "id": "57267ecb708984140094c801"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, \"Killraven\" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the updating of the Comics Code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?",
              "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?",
              "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Howard the Duck" }],
              "question": "What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?",
              "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?",
              "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?",
              "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8784"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half. In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic book stores resold them at a later date.[citation needed] But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution\u2014selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Seaboard Periodicals" }
              ],
              "question": "What new venture did Marvel's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s?",
              "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Atlas Comics" }],
              "question": "What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive?",
              "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "comic book stores" }],
              "question": "What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?",
              "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "a year and a half" }],
              "question": "How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business?",
              "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "the mid-1970s" }],
              "question": "During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel?",
              "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e222"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics. In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Marvelcon" }],
              "question": "What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?",
              "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Jack Kirby" }],
              "question": "What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?",
              "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Captain Britain" }],
              "question": "What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?",
              "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "spring 1975" }],
              "question": "When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?",
              "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "October 1976" }],
              "question": "When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?",
              "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes. Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market, institutionalized creator royalties, starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint. Star Comics, a children-oriented line differing from the regular Marvel titles, was briefly successful during this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Jim Shooter" }],
              "question": "Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978?",
              "id": "572687385951b619008f75d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "repeatedly missed deadlines" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a bad practice eliminated under Shooter's regime at Marvel?",
              "id": "572687385951b619008f75d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Frank Miller" }],
              "question": "What noted artist and writer made brought Daredevil to the forefront during the 1980s?",
              "id": "572687385951b619008f75d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Chris Claremont and John Byrne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s?",
              "id": "572687385951b619008f75d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "crossover story arcs" }
              ],
              "question": "Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope?",
              "id": "572687385951b619008f75d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "2099 line" }],
              "question": "What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?",
              "id": "5726888e708984140094c921"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Razorline" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?",
              "id": "5726888e708984140094c922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?",
              "id": "5726888e708984140094c923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "SkyBox International" }
              ],
              "question": "What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?",
              "id": "5726888e708984140094c924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 655,
                  "text": "overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?",
              "id": "5726888e708984140094c925"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in \"Heroes Reborn\", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The relaunched titles, which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe, were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry, but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Image Comics" }],
              "question": "What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers?",
              "id": "57268a73708984140094c961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld" }
              ],
              "question": "What two Marvel veterans founded Image?",
              "id": "57268a73708984140094c962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics?",
              "id": "57268a73708984140094c963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "a one-year run" }],
              "question": "How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last?",
              "id": "57268a73708984140094c964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?",
              "id": "57268a73708984140094c965"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late 1994, Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor. As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc. In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel\u2014giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Heroes World Distribution" }
              ],
              "question": "What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s?",
              "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When did Marvel purchase this distribution network?",
              "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "Diamond Comic Distributors Inc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one.",
              "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?",
              "id": "57268c14708984140094c9aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Marvel's Heroes World" }
              ],
              "question": "The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond?",
              "id": "57268c14708984140094c9ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "bankruptcy" }],
              "question": "What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?",
              "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?",
              "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e36f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Marvel Rating System" }
              ],
              "question": "What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?",
              "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "X-Force #119" }],
              "question": "What was the first book published under this new ratings system?",
              "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "MAX" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?",
              "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e372"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for $4 billion or $4.2 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. As of 2008, Marvel and its major, longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market. As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "The Walt Disney Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What entertainment company purchased Marvel at the end of the 2000s?",
              "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 31, 2009" }],
              "question": "When was the sale of Marvel to this entertainment conglomerate announced?",
              "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "$4 billion or $4.2 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the sale price of Marvel?",
              "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What is the readership market share enjoyed by Marvel and DC comics?",
              "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "Hachette Distribution Services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2010, Marvel switched to what distributor for bookstore comic book sales?",
              "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e396"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012, and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block. Also in March, Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics, a line of digital comics, Marvel AR, an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW!, a relaunch of most of the company's major titles with different creative teams. Marvel NOW! also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "March 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?",
              "id": "57268f57708984140094ca2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "digital comics" }],
              "question": "Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?",
              "id": "57268f57708984140094ca30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?",
              "id": "57268f57708984140094ca31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Marvel ReEvolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?",
              "id": "57268f57708984140094ca32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "augmented reality" }],
              "question": "What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?",
              "id": "57268f57708984140094ca33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2013, Marvel and other Disney conglomerate components began announcing joint projects. With ABC, a Once Upon a Time graphic novel was announced for publication in September. With Disney, Marvel announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first title under their joint \"Disney Kingdoms\" imprint \"Seekers of the Weird\", a five-issue miniseries. On January 3, 2014, fellow Disney subsidiary Lucasfilm Limited, LLC announced that as of 2015, Star Wars comics would once again be published by Marvel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "ABC" }],
              "question": "What TV network shares a parent with Marvel?",
              "id": "57269102708984140094ca4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Once Upon a Time" }],
              "question": "What series on this network was given a Marvel graphic novel?",
              "id": "57269102708984140094ca50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "\"Disney Kingdoms\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Marvel and Disney line of comics called?",
              "id": "57269102708984140094ca51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "\"Seekers of the Weird\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first title published in that joint line of comics?",
              "id": "57269102708984140094ca52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Star Wars" }],
              "question": "What movie sci-fi franchise returned to Marvel in 2015?",
              "id": "57269102708984140094ca53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Bantam Books" }],
              "question": "What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?",
              "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first novel published under this deal?",
              "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Marvel Press" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?",
              "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "Pocket Books" }],
              "question": "In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?",
              "id": "5726927e708984140094ca90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?",
              "id": "5726927e708984140094ca91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their \"families\" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Hong Kong Disneyland" }
              ],
              "question": "What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?",
              "id": "5726943c708984140094cac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?",
              "id": "5726943c708984140094cac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Universal Studios" }],
              "question": "The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?",
              "id": "5726943c708984140094cac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 807, "text": "Guardians of the Galaxy" }
              ],
              "question": "What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?",
              "id": "5726943c708984140094cac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "Big Hero 6" }],
              "question": "What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?",
              "id": "5726943c708984140094cac7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "British_Empire",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi (33,670,000 km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "The United Kingdom ruled what empire?",
              "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Which empire was the largest in history, at its height?",
              "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did 458 million people live in the British Empire?",
              "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "one-fifth" }],
              "question": "How much of the world's population did the British Empire rule in 1922?",
              "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "13,000,000" }],
              "question": "How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922?",
              "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "15th and 16th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?",
              "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Portugal and Spain" }],
              "question": "Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?",
              "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1707" }],
              "question": "When did England become Great Britain?",
              "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "England, France, and the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?",
              "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Scotland" }],
              "question": "Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?",
              "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792\u20131815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815\u20131914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the \"workshop of the world\". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?",
              "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "American War of Independence" }
              ],
              "question": "Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?",
              "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which wars was France defeated?",
              "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "British Peace" }],
              "question": "What did Pax Britannica mean?",
              "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "When was Britain called the \"workshop of the world\"?",
              "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8308"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain. Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the world's pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in South-East Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the Empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire. Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share one monarch\u2014Queen Elizabeth II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Germany and the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?",
              "id": "57266208708984140094c455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?",
              "id": "57266208708984140094c456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1060,
                  "text": "overseas territories remain under British sovereignty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?",
              "id": "57266208708984140094c457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1051, "text": "Fourteen" }],
              "question": "How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?",
              "id": "57266208708984140094c458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1379, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?",
              "id": "57266208708984140094c459"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "1496" }],
              "question": "When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?",
              "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "King Henry VII of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?",
              "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?",
              "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "Where did Cabot make landfall?",
              "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Christopher Columbus" }
              ],
              "question": "Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?",
              "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime the Protestant Reformation had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified, Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, laden with treasure from the New World. At the same time, influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee (who was the first to use the term \"British Empire\") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China, and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area, later to become New France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "the Protestant Reformation" }
              ],
              "question": "What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?",
              "id": "57266351708984140094c47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "1562" }],
              "question": "When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?",
              "id": "57266351708984140094c47e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "off the coast of West Africa" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?",
              "id": "57266351708984140094c47f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?",
              "id": "57266351708984140094c480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "John Dee" }],
              "question": "Which author was the first to use the term \"British Empire\"?",
              "id": "57266351708984140094c481"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1578" }],
              "question": "When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?",
              "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e8368"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "1583" }],
              "question": "When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?",
              "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e8369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?",
              "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Walter Raleigh" }],
              "question": "Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?",
              "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "Roanoke" }],
              "question": "What colony did Walter Raleigh found?",
              "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the \"First British Empire\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "James VI, King of Scots" }
              ],
              "question": "What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?",
              "id": "572664515951b619008f7161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1604" }],
              "question": "When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?",
              "id": "572664515951b619008f7162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?",
              "id": "572664515951b619008f7163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the English East India Company form?",
              "id": "572664515951b619008f7164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 803, "text": "the \"First British Empire\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?",
              "id": "572664515951b619008f7165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies, but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded, but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) and Nevis (1628). The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labour, and\u2014at first\u2014Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar. To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces\u2014a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars\u2014which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1604" }],
              "question": "When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?",
              "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "1605" }],
              "question": "When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?",
              "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1018, "text": "1655" }],
              "question": "When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?",
              "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1087, "text": "1666" }],
              "question": "When did England colonize the Bahamas?",
              "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "to find gold deposits" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?",
              "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "1607" }],
              "question": "When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?",
              "id": "57266787708984140094c4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Jamestown" }],
              "question": "Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?",
              "id": "57266787708984140094c4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Captain John Smith" }],
              "question": "Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?",
              "id": "57266787708984140094c4ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1615" }],
              "question": "When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?",
              "id": "57266787708984140094c4f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1207, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What did England rename New Netherland to?",
              "id": "57266787708984140094c4f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. To facilitate this trade, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as James Island, Accra and Bunce Island. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 percent in 1650 to around 80 percent in 1780, and in the 13 Colonies from 10 percent to 40 percent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). For the slave traders, the trade was extremely profitable, and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool, which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Royal African Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean?",
              "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "When was the British slave trade abolished?",
              "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "3.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas?",
              "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 956, "text": "Bristol and Liverpool" }
              ],
              "question": "The triangular slave trade was between Africa, the Americas, and which British cities?",
              "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1230, "text": "one in seven" }],
              "question": "What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?",
              "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1695, the Scottish Parliament granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the isthmus of Panama. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland\u2014a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise\u2014and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns. This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union, establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1695" }],
              "question": "When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter?",
              "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1698" }],
              "question": "When was Panama colonized by Scotland?",
              "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?",
              "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "a quarter" }],
              "question": "How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?",
              "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8debb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "1707" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Union?",
              "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8debc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages\u2014the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade, an effort focused mainly on two regions; the East Indies archipelago, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the Netherlands and England. A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability, and by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1600" }],
              "question": "When was the British East India Company chartered?",
              "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1602" }],
              "question": "When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?",
              "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1197, "text": "1720" }],
              "question": "When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?",
              "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?",
              "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1020, "text": "spice" }],
              "question": "The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?",
              "id": "57266960dd62a815002e8410"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict\u2014waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance\u2014left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. The 18th century saw England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?",
              "id": "57266a2e708984140094c545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "When did England and the Netherlands make peace?",
              "id": "57266a2e708984140094c546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Nine Years' War" }],
              "question": "In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?",
              "id": "57266a2e708984140094c547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?",
              "id": "57266a2e708984140094c548"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendants' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain, Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean. Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America) to Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Treaty of Utrecht" }],
              "question": "King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?",
              "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?",
              "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?",
              "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "permission to sell slaves in Spanish America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?",
              "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "asiento" }],
              "question": "What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?",
              "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, the Carnatic Wars, as the English East India Company (the Company) and its French counterpart, the Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India. France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?",
              "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1757" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Plassey?",
              "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Robert Clive" }],
              "question": "Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?",
              "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 941, "text": "British Indian Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Carnatic Wars?",
              "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1005, "text": "Indian sepoys" }],
              "question": "What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?",
              "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1756\u20131763" }],
              "question": "When was the Seven Years' War?",
              "id": "57266bc1708984140094c571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1763" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Paris?",
              "id": "57266bc1708984140094c572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Which country acquired New France from France?",
              "id": "57266bc1708984140094c573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Which country acquired Louisiana from France?",
              "id": "57266bc1708984140094c574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Which country acquired Florida from Spain?",
              "id": "57266bc1708984140094c575"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the slogan \"No taxation without representation\", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the United States declared independence. The entry of France to the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "the Thirteen Colonies" }
              ],
              "question": "British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?",
              "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "\"No taxation without representation\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?",
              "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "When did the US declare independence?",
              "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "1778" }],
              "question": "When did France enter the American Revolution war?",
              "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "1783" }],
              "question": "When did Britain recognize American independence?",
              "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e846a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the \"first\" and \"second\" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Wealth of Nations" }],
              "question": "What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776?",
              "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f7269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "Smith" }],
              "question": "The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views?",
              "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "Asia, the Pacific and later Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 'second' British Empire period, Britain refocused on which areas?",
              "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "British America" }],
              "question": "What had been Britain's most populous overseas possession?",
              "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Adam Smith" }],
              "question": "Who argued that colonies were redundant?",
              "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Events in America influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "between 40,000 and 100,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?",
              "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Nova Scotia" }],
              "question": "New Brunswick was split off from which province?",
              "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "The Constitutional Act of 1791"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?",
              "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language did most of Upper Canada speak?",
              "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language did most of Lower Canada speak?",
              "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "one thousand" }],
              "question": "How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies?",
              "id": "57266e705951b619008f7281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies?",
              "id": "57266e705951b619008f7282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Willem Jansz" }],
              "question": "Who discovered Australia in 1606?",
              "id": "57266e705951b619008f7283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "New Holland" }],
              "question": "What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia?",
              "id": "57266e705951b619008f7284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia?",
              "id": "57266e705951b619008f7285"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his voyage, Cook also visited New Zealand, first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642, and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous M\u0101ori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand's founding document, but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "1642" }],
              "question": "When was New Zealand discovered by the Dutch?",
              "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Abel Tasman" }],
              "question": "Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch?",
              "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "1769" }],
              "question": "When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island?",
              "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "M\u0101ori" }],
              "question": "What is New Zealand's native population called?",
              "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "Captain William Hobson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who signed a treaty with the Maori?",
              "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the Ionian Islands, Malta (which it had occupied in 1797 and 1798 respectively), Mauritius, St Lucia, and Tobago; Spain ceded Trinidad; the Netherlands Guyana, and the Cape Colony. Britain returned Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and R\u00e9union to France, and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands, while gaining control of Ceylon (1795\u20131815).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "The British Royal Navy blockaded which ports?",
              "id": "57267445708984140094c6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Trafalgar" }],
              "question": "Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805?",
              "id": "57267445708984140094c6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "When were the Netherlands' colonies annexed by Napoleon?",
              "id": "57267445708984140094c6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "When was Napoleon finally defeated?",
              "id": "57267445708984140094c6b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country?",
              "id": "57267445708984140094c6b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of \"apprenticeship\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?",
              "id": "572675045951b619008f7321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Slave Trade Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What abolished the British slave trade?",
              "id": "572675045951b619008f7322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Sierra Leone" }],
              "question": "Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?",
              "id": "572675045951b619008f7323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "The Slavery Abolition Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?",
              "id": "572675045951b619008f7324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "4 to 6 years" }],
              "question": "How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?",
              "id": "572675045951b619008f7325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's \"imperial century\" by some historians, around 10,000,000 square miles (26,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of \"splendid isolation\". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been characterised by some historians as \"Informal Empire\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "10,000,000" }],
              "question": "How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?",
              "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "400 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?",
              "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?",
              "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "Britain's dominant position in world trade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?",
              "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "Informal Empire" }],
              "question": "Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?",
              "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From its base in India, the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island, at that time a minor settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "opium" }],
              "question": "What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in?",
              "id": "572676425951b619008f7359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?",
              "id": "572676425951b619008f735a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?",
              "id": "572676425951b619008f735b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Qing" }],
              "question": "Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?",
              "id": "572676425951b619008f735c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1729" }],
              "question": "When did China outlaw opium trade?",
              "id": "572676425951b619008f735d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858, establishing the British Raj, where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India. India became the empire's most valuable possession, \"the Jewel in the Crown\", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "1773" }],
              "question": "When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?",
              "id": "572676c05951b619008f736b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1784" }],
              "question": "When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?",
              "id": "572676c05951b619008f736c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "When did Britain pass the Charter Act?",
              "id": "572676c05951b619008f736d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 770, "text": "Government of India Act" }
              ],
              "question": "The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?",
              "id": "572676c05951b619008f736e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was crowned the Empress of India?",
              "id": "572676c05951b619008f736f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th century, Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire, Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty. This rivalry in Eurasia came to be known as the \"Great Game\". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan, but the First Anglo-Afghan War was a disaster for Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "When did Britain first invade Afghanistan?",
              "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "the \"Great Game\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the British-Russian rivalry called?",
              "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory?",
              "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Persia and Turkey" }],
              "question": "Russian victories against which countries increased British fears?",
              "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing Crimean War (1854\u201356), which involved new techniques of modern warfare, and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica, was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904\u201305 also limited its threat to the British.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?",
              "id": "57267801dd62a815002e860e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Crimean War" }],
              "question": "What was took place in 1854-1856?",
              "id": "57267801dd62a815002e860f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who lost the Crimean War?",
              "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When did Britain take over Baluchistan?",
              "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Which country took over Kazakhstan?",
              "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands, following the invasion of the Netherlands by France. British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own\u2014mostly short-lived\u2014independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and with several African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852\u201377; 1881\u20131902) and the Orange Free State (1854\u20131902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War (1899\u20131902).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1652" }],
              "question": "When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?",
              "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Dutch East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which entity founded the Cape Colony?",
              "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "1806" }],
              "question": "When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?",
              "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "Boers" }],
              "question": "What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?",
              "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1047, "text": "1902" }],
              "question": "When did the Second Boer War end?",
              "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8638"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the \"jugular vein of the Empire\". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for \u00a34 million (\u00a3340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "When did the Suez Canal open?",
              "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Indian Ocean" }],
              "question": "Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?",
              "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?",
              "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00a34 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?",
              "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 771, "text": "Convention of Constantinople" }
              ],
              "question": "The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?",
              "id": "57267973dd62a815002e8660"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With French, Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa, the Berlin Conference of 1884\u201385 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the \"Scramble for Africa\" by defining \"effective occupation\" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896, and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, but a British colony in reality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Fashoda" }],
              "question": "Where did France try to invade in 1898?",
              "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Mahdist" }],
              "question": "What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?",
              "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "1885" }],
              "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?",
              "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "the \"Scramble for Africa\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?",
              "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Berlin" }],
              "question": "Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?",
              "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. The term \"dominion status\" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?",
              "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Province of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?",
              "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "1867" }],
              "question": "When was the British North America Act passed?",
              "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "after 1900" }],
              "question": "When did Australia achieve self-government?",
              "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "after 1900" }],
              "question": "When did New Zealand achieve self-government?",
              "id": "57267b4add62a815002e86a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister, William Gladstone, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire. A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "William Gladstone" }],
              "question": "Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?",
              "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?",
              "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1011, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "When was the Easter Rising?",
              "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 923, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When was a Home Rule bill passed?",
              "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 976, "text": "the First World War" }
              ],
              "question": "The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?",
              "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of \"splendid isolation\". Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy, Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "57267c87708984140094c7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?",
              "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?",
              "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?",
              "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement. This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did the First World War begin?",
              "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?",
              "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Who took over German New Guinea?",
              "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took over Samoa?",
              "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "The Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement was signed in what year?",
              "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home, and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "When was the Gallipoli Campaign?",
              "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "David Lloyd George" }
              ],
              "question": "Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions' contributions in 1917?",
              "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?",
              "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Gallipoli Campaign" }
              ],
              "question": "The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister?",
              "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Over 2.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were in the Dominions' armies?",
              "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8722"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?",
              "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "1,800,000" }],
              "question": "How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?",
              "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "Germany and the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?",
              "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Namibia" }],
              "question": "What modern-day country is South-West Africa?",
              "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "13 million" }],
              "question": "How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?",
              "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. Although the issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, at the same time the empire was vital to the British economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty?",
              "id": "57268034708984140094c819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Japan and Germany" }],
              "question": "The Great Depression helped which countries' governments become more militaristic?",
              "id": "57268034708984140094c81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US, which did it choose?",
              "id": "57268034708984140094c81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "India and Ireland" }],
              "question": "British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories' independence movements?",
              "id": "57268034708984140094c81c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led members of Sinn F\u00e9in, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats at Westminster in the 1918 British general election, to establish an Irish assembly in Dublin, at which Irish independence was declared. The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, creating the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When did Ireland establish their own assembly?",
              "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Sinn F\u00e9in" }],
              "question": "What political party established Ireland's assembly?",
              "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When did the Anglo-Irish War end?",
              "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Anglo-Irish Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War?",
              "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland?",
              "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When was the Government of India Act passed?",
              "id": "572684975951b619008f7549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "the Ghadar Conspiracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?",
              "id": "572684975951b619008f754a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Punjab" }],
              "question": "In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?",
              "id": "572684975951b619008f754b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Non-Co-Operation" }],
              "question": "The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?",
              "id": "572684975951b619008f754c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War, was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted to join the League of Nations. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arab and Jewish communities. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of the Arab population in the Middle East as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did Egypt regain formal independence from Britain?",
              "id": "572685395951b619008f7561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When did Egypt stop being a British client state?",
              "id": "572685395951b619008f7562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty was signed in 1936?",
              "id": "572685395951b619008f7563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "When did Iraq gain independence from Britain?",
              "id": "572685395951b619008f7564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1353, "text": "Jewish" }],
              "question": "Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race?",
              "id": "572685395951b619008f7565"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ability of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. After pressure from Ireland and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration, declaring the Dominions to be \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another\" within a \"British Commonwealth of Nations\". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. Ireland distanced itself further from Britain with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1923" }],
              "question": "When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?",
              "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "Treaty of Lausanne" }
              ],
              "question": "Which treaty did Canada ignore?",
              "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "When was the Balfour Declaration issued?",
              "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?",
              "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1216, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "When did Ireland issue a new constitution?",
              "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter, which included the statement that \"the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live\" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "When was France occupied by Germany?",
              "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "August 1941" }],
              "question": "When was the Atlantic Charter signed?",
              "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Churchill" }],
              "question": "Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?",
              "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Roosevelt" }],
              "question": "Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?",
              "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?",
              "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8846"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power. Most damaging of all was the fall of Singapore, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941?",
              "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?",
              "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When was the ANZUS Pact formed?",
              "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 828,
                  "text": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?",
              "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Singapore" }],
              "question": "Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?",
              "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e300"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the balance of global power. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan (US$56 billion in 2012) from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, however, American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. The \"wind of change\" ultimately meant that the British Empire's days were numbered, and on the whole, Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable, non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to. This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal, which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million, three million of whom were in Hong Kong.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "$US 4.33 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?",
              "id": "572688f65951b619008f7611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?",
              "id": "572688f65951b619008f7612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When did the US make a large loan to Britain?",
              "id": "572688f65951b619008f7613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "communism" }],
              "question": "Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?",
              "id": "572688f65951b619008f7614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1549, "text": "700 million" }],
              "question": "How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?",
              "id": "572688f65951b619008f7615"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties\u2014the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League\u2014had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Clement Attlee" }],
              "question": "Who led the British government elected in 1945?",
              "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?",
              "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?",
              "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "Pakistan" }],
              "question": "When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?",
              "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1347, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When did Burma get its independence?",
              "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British Mandate of Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Arab" }],
              "question": "What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?",
              "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?",
              "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "The UN General Assembly" }
              ],
              "question": "Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?",
              "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Palestine" }],
              "question": "Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?",
              "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan-Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia, but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations. Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When did the Malayan Emergency begin?",
              "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?",
              "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?",
              "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 828, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "What race was the majority of Singapore's population?",
              "id": "57268ad3708984140094c980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When did Brunei get its independence?",
              "id": "57268ad3708984140094c981"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Conservative Party" }],
              "question": "What party regained power in Britain in 1951?",
              "id": "57268be7708984140094c99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Conservative Party" }],
              "question": "Which party was Winston Churchill in?",
              "id": "57268be7708984140094c99e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "Gamal Abdul Nasser" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ruled Egypt in 1952?",
              "id": "57268be7708984140094c99f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "1 January 1956" }],
              "question": "When did Sudan receive independence?",
              "id": "57268be7708984140094c9a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?",
              "id": "57268be7708984140094c9a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of Anthony Eden, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1956" }],
              "question": "When was the Suez Canal nationalized?",
              "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Anthony Eden" }],
              "question": "Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?",
              "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?",
              "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Eisenhower" }],
              "question": "Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?",
              "id": "57268d53708984140094c9da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Israeli" }],
              "question": "What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?",
              "id": "57268d53708984140094c9db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as \"Britain's Waterloo\" and another to suggest that the country had become an \"American satellite\". Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as \"Suez syndrome\", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Suez" }],
              "question": "Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?",
              "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Margaret Thatcher" }],
              "question": "Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?",
              "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?",
              "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?",
              "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?",
              "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) and Kuwait (1961), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore. The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Aden?",
              "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?",
              "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?",
              "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Denis Healey" }],
              "question": "Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?",
              "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Kuwait" }],
              "question": "Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?",
              "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e896a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising. In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of Zimbabwe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Southern Rhodesia" }],
              "question": "What was the last British colony remaining in Africa?",
              "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?",
              "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?",
              "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Mau Mau Uprising" }],
              "question": "What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?",
              "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Kenyan" }],
              "question": "Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?",
              "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e898a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s, but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Jamaica" }],
              "question": "Which British territory received independence in 1961?",
              "id": "57268f475951b619008f7691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Trinidad" }],
              "question": "Which British territory received independence in 1962?",
              "id": "57268f475951b619008f7692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When did Barbados get independence?",
              "id": "57268f475951b619008f7693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?",
              "id": "57268f475951b619008f7694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "British Honduras" }],
              "question": "What was Britain's last American mainland colony?",
              "id": "57268f475951b619008f7695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1980, Rhodesia, Britain's last African colony, became the independent nation of Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides achieved independence (as Vanuatu) in 1980, with Belize following suit in 1981. The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981, which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as \"British Dependent Territories\" (renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002) meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire. Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the Constitution Act 1986 reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain, and the Australia Act 1986 severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states. In 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, gained its independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When was Canada given full control of its constitution?",
              "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?",
              "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "British Dependent Territories" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?",
              "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "British Overseas Territories" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?",
              "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "Falklands War" }],
              "question": "Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?",
              "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1982, Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984\u2014under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years. The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many, including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, \"the end of Empire\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Margaret Thatcher" }],
              "question": "Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?",
              "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Treaty of Nanking" }],
              "question": "Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?",
              "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?",
              "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?",
              "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Falkland Islands" }],
              "question": "Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?",
              "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e40a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many overseas territories does Britain still have?",
              "id": "57269254708984140094ca7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?",
              "id": "57269254708984140094ca7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?",
              "id": "57269254708984140094ca7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?",
              "id": "57269254708984140094ca80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?",
              "id": "57269254708984140094ca81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities \u2013 the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "How many Commonwealth nations are there?",
              "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "2.2 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the Commonwealth?",
              "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Sixteen" }],
              "question": "How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?",
              "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Elizabeth II" }],
              "question": "Who is the British Queen?",
              "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e439"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?",
              "id": "572693935951b619008f7727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "Malaysia and Fiji" }],
              "question": "Where did many Indians move to?",
              "id": "572693935951b619008f7728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?",
              "id": "572693935951b619008f7729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 999, "text": "after the Second World War" }
              ],
              "question": "When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?",
              "id": "572693935951b619008f772a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Botany",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term \"botany\" comes from the Ancient Greek word \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 (botan\u0113) meaning \"pasture\", \"grass\", or \"fodder\"; \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 is in turn derived from \u03b2\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (boskein), \"to feed\" or \"to graze\". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "science of plant life" }
              ],
              "question": "What is botany?",
              "id": "572661d4708984140094c433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "\"to feed\" or \"to graze\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the word botany mean?",
              "id": "572661d4708984140094c434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "A botanist" }],
              "question": "What is  a plant scientist called?",
              "id": "572661d4708984140094c435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "included the study of fungi and algae"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does botany only study plants?",
              "id": "572661d4708984140094c436"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify \u2013 and later cultivate \u2013 edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "herbalism" }],
              "question": "What science led to botany?",
              "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "plants of medical importance" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?",
              "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1540s onwards" }],
              "question": "When did universities start growing gardens?",
              "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "facilitated the academic study of plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did universities have these gardens?",
              "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "to catalogue and describe their collections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was plant taxonomy developed?",
              "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8376"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "molecular genetics and epigenetics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is are the main themes of present-day botany?",
              "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "providing staple foods" }
              ],
              "question": "How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?",
              "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 780,
                  "text": "synthesis of chemicals and raw materials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can botany be applied to the construction industry?",
              "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "a broad, multidisciplinary subject"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is botany a narrow science?",
              "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa D\u012bnawar\u012b's (828\u2013896) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "De Materia Medica" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?",
              "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "herbal medicine" }],
              "question": "What was the De Materia Medica written about?",
              "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "physician and pharmacologist" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?",
              "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "medieval Muslim world" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?",
              "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "five-volume" }],
              "question": "How long a book is the De Materia Medica?",
              "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-16th century, \"botanical gardens\" were founded in a number of Italian universities \u2013 the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier \"physic gardens\", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621. Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Padua" }],
              "question": "What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?",
              "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "its original location" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Padua garden?",
              "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "for medical use" }],
              "question": "Why did monasteries have gardens?",
              "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "medicine" }],
              "question": "What science was botany considered to be a part of?",
              "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "University of Oxford" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first European botany garden at a university?",
              "id": "5726682add62a815002e83f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Physician Valerius Cordus (1515\u20131544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516\u20131565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545\u2013c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522\u20131605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Physician Valerius Cordus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?",
              "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "John Gerard" }],
              "question": "What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?",
              "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Ulisse Aldrovandi" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the father of natural history?",
              "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Robert Hooke" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term cells?",
              "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "cork" }],
              "question": "In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?",
              "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys. By the 18th century, new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide. In 1753 Carl von Linn\u00e9 (Carl Linnaeus) published his Species Plantarum, a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for modern botanical nomenclature. This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus. For the purposes of identification, Linnaeus's Systema Sexuale classified plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs. The 24th group, Cryptogamia, included all plants with concealed reproductive parts, mosses, liverworts, ferns, algae and fungi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "choices between pairs" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?",
              "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e8718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "diagnostic keys" }],
              "question": "What is the term for keys used for identification?",
              "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e8719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "newly discovered countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?",
              "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Species Plantarum" }],
              "question": "What book is still used for nomenclature?",
              "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1086,
                  "text": "number of their male sexual organs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the plants classified?",
              "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), and Candolle (1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach. Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?",
              "id": "57267f20708984140094c807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "1819" }],
              "question": "In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?",
              "id": "57267f20708984140094c808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "morphological complexity" }
              ],
              "question": "On what did Candolle base his classification system?",
              "id": "57267f20708984140094c809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 706, "text": "concept of common descent" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?",
              "id": "57267f20708984140094c80a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first \"modern\" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first modern text book?",
              "id": "5726881e708984140094c909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "microscopist" }],
              "question": "What was Schleiden's profession?",
              "id": "5726881e708984140094c90a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Fick's laws do?",
              "id": "5726881e708984140094c90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "cell theory" }],
              "question": "What theory did Schleiden co-found?",
              "id": "5726881e708984140094c90b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887\u20131943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "form communities" }],
              "question": "What did Warming believe that plants can do?",
              "id": "57268a5d708984140094c957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "climax vegetation" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?",
              "id": "57268a5d708984140094c958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Arthur Tansley" }],
              "question": "Who created the concept of ecosystems?",
              "id": "57268a5d708984140094c959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 721, "text": "Alphonse de Candolle" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?",
              "id": "57268a5d708984140094c95a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 846, "text": "history of economic plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What history did Vavilov write about?",
              "id": "57268a5d708984140094c95b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration (the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide through stomatal apertures. These developments, coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures, and the rate of photosynthesis have enabled precise description of the rates of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Innovations in statistical analysis by Ronald Fisher, Frank Yates and others at Rothamsted Experimental Station facilitated rational experimental design and data analysis in botanical research. The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals. Frederick Campion Steward pioneered techniques of micropropagation and plant tissue culture controlled by plant hormones. The synthetic auxin 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "the transport of water within plant tissues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is transpiration?",
              "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "temperature" }],
              "question": "What influences water evaporation on leaves?",
              "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "rate of photosynthesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?",
              "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 815, "text": "auxin plant hormones" }
              ],
              "question": "What enables the regulation of plant growth?",
              "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1158, "text": "herbicides" }],
              "question": "What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?",
              "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis, such as spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis. With the rise of the related molecular-scale biological approaches of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, the relationship between the plant genome and most aspects of the biochemistry, physiology, morphology and behaviour of plants can be subjected to detailed experimental analysis. The concept originally stated by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902 that all plant cells are totipotent and can be grown in vitro ultimately enabled the use of genetic engineering experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait, or to add genes such as GFP that report when a gene of interest is being expressed. These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides, antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "modern techniques of organic chemical analysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What enables scientists to better study plants now?",
              "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "all plant cells are totipotent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?",
              "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Gottlieb Haberlandt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?",
              "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern morphology recognizes a continuum between the major morphological categories of root, stem (caulome), leaf (phyllome) and trichome. Furthermore, it emphasizes structural dynamics. Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants. Modern Molecular phylogenetics largely ignores morphological characters, relying on DNA sequences as data. Molecular analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants enabled the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to publish in 1998 a phylogeny of flowering plants, answering many of the questions about relationships among angiosperm families and species. The theoretical possibility of a practical method for identification of plant species and commercial varieties by DNA barcoding is the subject of active current research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "phylogenetic" }],
              "question": "What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?",
              "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "DNA sequences" }],
              "question": "What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?",
              "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Molecular analysis of DNA" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?",
              "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "the major morphological categories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?",
              "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "oxygen and food" }],
              "question": "Why are plants important to human life?",
              "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?",
              "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "organic molecules" }],
              "question": "What is used to rebuild cells?",
              "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "oxygen" }],
              "question": "What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?",
              "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "soil erosion" }],
              "question": "What do plant roots prevent?",
              "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strictest definition of \"plant\" includes only the \"land plants\" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in bacteriology), fungi (mycology) \u2013 including lichen-forming fungi (lichenology), non-chlorophyte algae (phycology), and viruses (virology). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "gymnosperms" }],
              "question": "What is the scientific name for seed plants?",
              "id": "5726b283708984140094ce21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 921, "text": "phycology" }],
              "question": "What is the study of algae called?",
              "id": "5726b283708984140094ce22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "haploid and diploid" }
              ],
              "question": "What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?",
              "id": "5726b283708984140094ce23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paleobotanists" }],
              "question": "What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?",
              "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "cyanobacteria" }],
              "question": "What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?",
              "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "evolutionary history of plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What can scientists learn from the fossil record?",
              "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Cyanobacteria" }],
              "question": "What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?",
              "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first trophic level. The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant\u2013people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do food chains start with plants?",
              "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "first trophic level" }
              ],
              "question": "What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?",
              "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "plant breeding" }],
              "question": "How can the yield of food plants be increased?",
              "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 991, "text": "problem in agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would botanists study weeds?",
              "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as \"algae\" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a (as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b)[a] absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that generates molecular oxygen (O2) as a by-product.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "chloroplasts" }],
              "question": "what parts of algae are unique to them?",
              "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "cyanobacteria" }],
              "question": "From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?",
              "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "blue-green" }],
              "question": "What color is chlorophyll?",
              "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "chloroplasts" }],
              "question": "What organelles are unique to algae?",
              "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "cyanobacteria" }],
              "question": "From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?",
              "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?",
              "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e983"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme rubisco to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesized. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while inulin, a polymer of fructose is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family Asteraceae. Some of the glucose is converted to sucrose (common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "store and transport energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?",
              "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "first product of photosynthesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the raw form of glucose formed?",
              "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "starch" }],
              "question": "What is stored in the chloroplast?",
              "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "fructose" }],
              "question": "What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?",
              "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 880,
                  "text": "for export to the rest of the plant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is table sugar produced?",
              "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood. Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the Ordovician period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Many monocots like maize and the pineapple and some dicots like the Asteraceae have since independently evolved pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "lignin" }],
              "question": "What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?",
              "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "water stress" }],
              "question": "What weakens cell walls?",
              "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "carbon dioxide" }],
              "question": "What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?",
              "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Sporopollenin" }],
              "question": "What polymer is found in spores and pollen?",
              "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Lignin" }],
              "question": "What polymer is a major part of wood?",
              "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock. Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies. Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants. Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy. Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Phytochemistry" }],
              "question": "What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?",
              "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eaba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "toxins" }],
              "question": "Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?",
              "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "from plants" }],
              "question": "Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?",
              "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 754, "text": "bark of willow trees" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did aspirin originally come from?",
              "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "the opium poppy" }],
              "question": "Where does morphine come from?",
              "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton. Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "pyrolysis of wood" }],
              "question": "How is charcoal made?",
              "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "one of the three ingredients of gunpowder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?",
              "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "biodiesel" }],
              "question": "Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?",
              "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eaea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "Rayon comes from what plant product?",
              "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eaeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats\u2014the environments where they complete their life cycles. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras, their biodiversity, genetic diversity and fitness, the adaptation of plants to their environment, and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns, productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "environments where they complete their life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are plant habitats?",
              "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e9018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "to understand" }],
              "question": "What is the goal of plant ecology?",
              "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e9019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Plant ecology" }],
              "question": "What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?",
              "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e901a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "interactions with other species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do plants do in their environment?",
              "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e901b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "edaphic (soil) and climatic factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what do plants depend in their environment?",
              "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "for resources" }],
              "question": "How do plants interact with other species in their environment?",
              "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "vegetation" }],
              "question": "What is the collection of plants in the environment called?",
              "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "biomes" }],
              "question": "What are groupings of similar plants?",
              "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynology, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants. Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B (UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of community ecology, plant systematics, and taxonomy is essential to understanding vegetation change, habitat destruction and species extinction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "plant phenology" }],
              "question": "How can historical changes in the environment be detected?",
              "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "fossil pollen deposits in sediments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can climate changes be determined from soil?",
              "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "CO2" }],
              "question": "What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?",
              "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Ozone depletion" }],
              "question": "What causes lower growth in plants?",
              "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ozone depletion allow?",
              "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms. Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, \"jumping genes\" were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "same fundamental principles of genetics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does inheritance work differently in plants?",
              "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Pisum sativum (peas)" }
              ],
              "question": "What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?",
              "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "maize" }],
              "question": "What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?",
              "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "distinctive genetic differences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are plants and animals genetically the same?",
              "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha \u00d7 piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids. Angiosperms with monoecious flowers often have self-incompatibility mechanisms that operate between the pollen and stigma so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to germinate and produce male gametes. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be dioecious when referring to vascular plant sporophytes and dioicous when referring to bryophyte gametophytes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "hybrids are often possible" }
              ],
              "question": "Are plants able to mate across species?",
              "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "wheat" }],
              "question": "What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?",
              "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "pollen either fails to reach the stigma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do some plants avoid cross pollination?",
              "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 727, "text": "separate individuals" }
              ],
              "question": "Do all plants have male and female parts?",
              "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do plants develop bulbs?",
              "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?",
              "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "genetically identical to the parent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How different are the children produced by asexual parents?",
              "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Apomixis" }],
              "question": "What is the term for asexual cloning?",
              "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "can also happen in a seed" }
              ],
              "question": "Does apomixis only occur in the parent?",
              "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their chromosome number may occur due to errors in cytokinesis. This can occur early in development to produce an autopolyploid or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce some cell types that are polyploid (endopolyploidy), or during gamete formation. An allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species. Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers. These plants that are reproductively isolated from the parent species but live within the same geographical area, may be sufficiently successful to form a new species. Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce vegetatively or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals. Durum wheat is a fertile tetraploid allopolyploid, while bread wheat is a fertile hexaploid. The commercial banana is an example of a sterile, seedless triploid hybrid. Common dandelion is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "errors in cytokinesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?",
              "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "often reproduce normally" }
              ],
              "question": "Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?",
              "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "unable to cross-breed successfully"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?",
              "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 837, "text": "form a new species" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?",
              "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1101, "text": "commercial banana" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?",
              "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9abc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?",
              "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year was this genome sequenced?",
              "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "one of the smallest genomes" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?",
              "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "understanding the genetics" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is sequencing done on plants?",
              "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "new knowledge about plant function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?",
              "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants. The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions. Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "small genomes" }],
              "question": "Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?",
              "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?",
              "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Corn" }],
              "question": "What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?",
              "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "red alga" }],
              "question": "What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?",
              "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of transgenes to plants and the creation of genetically modified crops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "can attach to plant cells" }
              ],
              "question": "How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?",
              "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "introducing the Nif gene" }
              ],
              "question": "How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?",
              "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "in the root nodules" }
              ],
              "question": "How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?",
              "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "creation of genetically modified crops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?",
              "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Schell and Van Montagu" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?",
              "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or \"express themselves\") differently. One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not. Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed. Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "changes in gene function" }
              ],
              "question": "What does epigenetics study?",
              "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "express themselves\") differently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do DNA changes affect plants?",
              "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "prevent that region of the DNA code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?",
              "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "differences" }],
              "question": "What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?",
              "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "may be temporary" }],
              "question": "Are the changes then presented, permanent?",
              "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc. as it continues to divide. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Epigenetic changes" }],
              "question": "What process causes changes in plant cells?",
              "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "the zygote" }],
              "question": "What is the original cell of the plant?",
              "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "continues to divide" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the different cells formed?",
              "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "activation of some genes and inhibition of others"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is it determined, which cells will be formed?",
              "id": "5727626b708984140094dcca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "remaining totipotent" }
              ],
              "question": "Does cell division end in plants?",
              "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "ability to give rise to a new individual plant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a plant remains totipotent?",
              "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "lack nuclei" }],
              "question": "Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?",
              "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "information from the environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?",
              "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "dead at maturity" }],
              "question": "Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?",
              "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "some more closely related" }
              ],
              "question": "Are all algae different from land plants?",
              "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Charophyta" }],
              "question": "What algae is the ancestor of true plants?",
              "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "many differences" }],
              "question": "Are all species of algae similar?",
              "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Chlorophyta" }],
              "question": "To what species of algae is Charophyta related?",
              "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved \"megaspory\" \u2013 their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce \"naked seeds\" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "lack the vascular tissues" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes mosses different from other land plants?",
              "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 901, "text": "one or two sheathing layers" }
              ],
              "question": "What protects the young plant in the seed?",
              "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "splits to release it" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the plant escape the seed?",
              "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1300, "text": "Gymnosperms" }],
              "question": "What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?",
              "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1126, "text": "evolution of the seed habit" }
              ],
              "question": "What event led to the diversification of seed plants?",
              "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost all life. Photoautotrophs, including all green plants, algae and cyanobacteria gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis. Heterotrophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues. Respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the plant use for internal processes?",
              "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "sunlight" }],
              "question": "Where do plants get their energy?",
              "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "in the construction of cells and tissues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do animals use plants?",
              "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 839, "text": "opposite of photosynthesis" }
              ],
              "question": "Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?",
              "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "internal chemical and physical activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis of plant physiology?",
              "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "from roots" }],
              "question": "How is water transported into plants?",
              "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "as soluble ions" }],
              "question": "IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?",
              "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 743, "text": "chemical breakdown of soil" }
              ],
              "question": "From where does the plant get the required minerals?",
              "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "the leaves" }],
              "question": "Where is sucrose produced in a plant?",
              "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 923, "text": "by a variety of processes" }
              ],
              "question": "How are hormones moved around a plant?",
              "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded \"It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements\". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?",
              "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "the brain of one of the lower animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?",
              "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "movements of plant shoots" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?",
              "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 619, "text": "promotes cell growth" }
              ],
              "question": "What do auxins do?",
              "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 933, "text": "form roots and shoots" }
              ],
              "question": "What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?",
              "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis. The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn, Zea mays, and is a derivative of the purine adenine. Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division, bud development, and the greening of chloroplasts. The gibberelins, such as Gibberelic acid are diterpenes synthesised from acetyl CoA via the mevalonate pathway. They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering. Abscisic acid (ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids. It inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from methionine. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission, and it, or the synthetic growth regulator ethephon which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene, are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton, pineapples and other climacteric crops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "control of cell division" }
              ],
              "question": "What are cytokinins responsible for in plants?",
              "id": "572782435951b619008f8b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "in roots" }],
              "question": "Where are cytokinins produced?",
              "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "cytokinesis" }],
              "question": "How is bud development determined?",
              "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "gibberelins" }],
              "question": "How is the height of a plant determined?",
              "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "Abscisic" }],
              "question": "What acid slows or stops cell division?",
              "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin,  larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Plant anatomy" }],
              "question": "What is the study of the inside of plants?",
              "id": "57278345708984140094dfad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "plant morphology" }],
              "question": "What is the study of the outside of plants?",
              "id": "57278345708984140094dfae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are plants different from animals?",
              "id": "57278345708984140094dfaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "in nuclei" }],
              "question": "Where do plants store their DNA?",
              "id": "57278345708984140094dfb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "larger" }],
              "question": "Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?",
              "id": "57278345708984140094dfb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?",
              "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "generally lack chlorophyll" }
              ],
              "question": "Do roots contain chlorophyll?",
              "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes a plant non-vascular?",
              "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "most of the plant" }],
              "question": "How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?",
              "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "nonphotosynthetic" }],
              "question": "How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?",
              "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The root system and the shoot system are interdependent \u2013 the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell \u2013 which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "interdependent" }],
              "question": "Do the roots and shoots need each other?",
              "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "What do the roots get from the shoots?",
              "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 969, "text": "to store food" }],
              "question": "What are roots used for in beets and carrots?",
              "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "can often regrow it" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?",
              "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "water and minerals" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the shoots get from the roots?",
              "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes are seed-producing plants with open seeds. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as azaleas and oaks, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary xylem) and bark (secondary phloem and cork). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "store water" }],
              "question": "What are the stems used for in cacti?",
              "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "gather sunlight" }],
              "question": "For what are leaves used?",
              "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are angiosperms?",
              "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "woody plants" }],
              "question": "What kind of plants are gymnosperms?",
              "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "foliage leaves" }],
              "question": "What kind of leaves are large and flat?",
              "id": "572788e25951b619008f8caf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent \u2013 grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "shared physical characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Linnaeus group organisms?",
              "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?",
              "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "DNA sequences" }],
              "question": "How are grouping determined currently?",
              "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1249,
                  "text": "International Botanical Congress."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?",
              "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural genera); Species. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single world-wide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is Lilium columbianum. Lilium is the genus, and columbianum the specific epithet. The combination is the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What is the main grouping of a plant know as?",
              "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Species" }],
              "question": "What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?",
              "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "single world-wide name" }
              ],
              "question": "Do different countries refer to plants by different names?",
              "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "the genus" }],
              "question": "What part of the name is always capitalized?",
              "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "italicised" }],
              "question": "How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?",
              "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "relationships and heredity" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the phylogeny of a group represent?",
              "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "shared inheritance" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the relationships within the group determined?",
              "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "spines produced from areoles" }
              ],
              "question": "What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?",
              "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "pad-like structures" }
              ],
              "question": "What are areoles?",
              "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history \u2013 such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) \u2013 and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "convergent evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?",
              "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "arisen independently" }
              ],
              "question": "How can two different plants acquire the same traits?",
              "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 788, "text": "derived characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What traits show a shared ancestry?",
              "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 970, "text": "tree-like diagrams" }
              ],
              "question": "How are common ancestries represented for plant families?",
              "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea05b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having \"direct access to the genetic basis of evolution.\" As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below \u2013 fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "DNA sequences" }],
              "question": "What is used now to group plants?",
              "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "morphological characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What was previously used to group plants?",
              "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "genetic code itself is used" }
              ],
              "question": "How is DNA grouping superior?",
              "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 825, "text": "closely related to animals" }
              ],
              "question": "Are fungi more like plants or animals?",
              "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?",
              "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa. Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "flowering plants" }],
              "question": "What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?",
              "id": "572790badd62a815002ea096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "evolution in plants" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?",
              "id": "572790badd62a815002ea097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "greatly increased the level of detail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has technology improved the study of botany?",
              "id": "572790badd62a815002ea098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "which families represent the earliest branches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?",
              "id": "572790badd62a815002ea099"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Madonna_(entertainer)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Madonna Louise Ciccone (/t\u0283\u026a\u02c8ko\u028ani/; Italian: [t\u0283ik\u02c8ko\u02d0ne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna Louise Ciccone" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Madonna's real name?",
              "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "August 16, 1958" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna born?",
              "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Queen of Pop" }],
              "question": "Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?",
              "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?",
              "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?",
              "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including \"Like a Virgin\", \"Into the Groove\", \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"Like a Prayer\", \"Vogue\", \"Frozen\", \"Music\", \"Hung Up\", and \"4 Minutes\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Bay City, Michigan" }],
              "question": "Where was Madonna born?",
              "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8ddda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In which year did Madonna move to New York City?",
              "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Sire Records" }],
              "question": "Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?",
              "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the album she released in 1983?",
              "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Ray of Light" }],
              "question": "Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?",
              "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8ddde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's popularity was further enhanced by her film roles, including Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), and Evita (1996); the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. However, most of her other films have been panned by critics. Her other ventures include fashion design, writing children's books, and filmmaking. She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman, particularly after she founded entertainment company Maverick (including the label Maverick Records). In 2007 she signed an unprecedented US $120 million 360 deal with Live Nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Desperately Seeking Susan" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a film role that Madonna acted in.",
              "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Evita" }],
              "question": "Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?",
              "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "fashion design" }],
              "question": "Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?",
              "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Maverick" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?",
              "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?",
              "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8388"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "more than 300 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?",
              "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e838e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Guinness World Records" }
              ],
              "question": "Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?",
              "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e838f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "64.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many certified albums does Madonna have?",
              "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "$1.31 billion" }],
              "question": "Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?",
              "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8392"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony \"Tony\" Ciccone (b. 1931) and Madonna Louise Fortin (c. 1933 \u2013 December 1, 1963) in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her \"Little Nonni\". She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "Madonna was born to which religion?",
              "id": "572666af708984140094c4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Pacentro, Italy" }],
              "question": "Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?",
              "id": "572666af708984140094c4d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "French-Canadian" }],
              "question": "Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?",
              "id": "572666af708984140094c4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "engineer designer" }],
              "question": "What was Tony's occupation?",
              "id": "572666af708984140094c4d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Little Nonni" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?",
              "id": "572666af708984140094c4d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Veronica" }],
              "question": "Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?",
              "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "breast cancer" }],
              "question": "Which disease did her mother passed away from?",
              "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Madonna raised?",
              "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "cry" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?",
              "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother. Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a \"lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave my underarms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades.... I wanted to be somebody.\" Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well, Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "paternal grandmother" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?",
              "id": "572668e2708984140094c517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "rebelled" }],
              "question": "How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?",
              "id": "572668e2708984140094c518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Vanity Fair" }],
              "question": "Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?",
              "id": "572668e2708984140094c519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 632,
                  "text": "unable to sleep unless she was near him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?",
              "id": "572668e2708984140094c51a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966, Tony married the family's housekeeper Joan Gustafson; they had two children, Jennifer (born 1967) and Mario (born 1968). At this point, Madonna started to resent him for decades, and developed a rebellious attitude. She attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and West Middle School. Madonna was known for her high grade point average, and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior. She would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the monkey bars during recess, and pull up her skirt during class\u2014all so that the boys could see her underwear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Joan Gustafson" }],
              "question": "In 1966, who did Tony married?",
              "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Mario" }],
              "question": "Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?",
              "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was Mario born?",
              "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "West Middle School" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?",
              "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "high grade point average" }
              ],
              "question": "Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?",
              "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City. She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes, taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater. Madonna said of her move to New York, \"It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done.\" She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. Madonna claimed that during a late night she was returning from a rehearsal, when a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to perform fellatio. Madonna later commented that \"the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna drop out of college?",
              "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Dunkin' Donuts" }],
              "question": "Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?",
              "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?",
              "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "$35" }],
              "question": "How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?",
              "id": "57266b1f708984140094c550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "backup dancer" }],
              "question": "What did she also work as for other established artists?",
              "id": "57266b1f708984140094c551"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?",
              "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Dan Gilroy" }],
              "question": "Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?",
              "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Breakfast Club" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?",
              "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "1980 or 1981" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?",
              "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Stephen Bray" }],
              "question": "After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?",
              "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8474"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, \"Everybody\", was released in October 1982, and the second, \"Burning Up\", in March 1983. Both became big club hits in the United States, reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine. After this success, she started developing her debut album, Madonna, which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Everybody" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's debut single called?",
              "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "October 1982" }],
              "question": "When was \"Everybody\" released?",
              "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Burning Up" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the second single called?",
              "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros" }
              ],
              "question": "Who produced Madonna's debut album?",
              "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the \"Hot Dance Club Songs\" by the Billboard Magazine?",
              "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna moved in with boyfriend John \"Jellybean\" Benitez, asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced \"Holiday\", which was her third single and her first global hit. The overall sound of Madonna was dissonant and in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, using some of the new technology of the time, like the Linn drum machine, Moog bass and the OB-X synthesizer. The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later, in 1984. It yielded two more hit singles, \"Borderline\" and \"Lucky Star\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "John \"Jellybean\" Benitez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?",
              "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Benitez" }],
              "question": "Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?",
              "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Holiday" }],
              "question": "Which song was Madonna's first global hit?",
              "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "July 1983" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna's album released?",
              "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?",
              "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, \"Like a Virgin\", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "young girls and women" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?",
              "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?",
              "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Maripol" }],
              "question": "Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?",
              "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "November 1984" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna achieve global recognition?",
              "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "six consecutive weeks" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did \"Like a Virgin\" stayed on the Billboard 100?",
              "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was \"Material Girl\" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "\"Like a Virgin\"" }],
              "question": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?",
              "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "a wedding dress" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna wearing during the performance of \"Like A Virgin\" at the VMA?",
              "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Marilyn Monroe" }],
              "question": "Her video of \"Material Girl\" was an imitation of which singer's song, \"Diamonds are a girl's best friend?\"",
              "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "on her birthday in 1985" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Madonna married Sean Penn?",
              "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "February 1984" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show \"A Chorus Line?\" ",
              "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, \"Crazy for You\" and \"Gambler\". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song \"Into the Groove\", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. Although Madonna was not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became considered (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "February 1985" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna enter mainstream films?",
              "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Vision Quest" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?",
              "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "March 1985" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?",
              "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "\"Crazy for You\" and \"Gambler\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?",
              "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "\"Into the Groove\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?",
              "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing large sporting arenas. At that time she released two more hit singles from the album, \"Angel\" and \"Dress You Up\". In July, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session. The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained \"unapologetic and defiant\". The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000. She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because \"[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beginning in April 1985" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?",
              "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Beastie Boys" }],
              "question": "Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?",
              "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?",
              "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "up to $100,000" }],
              "question": "How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?",
              "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?",
              "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn. Rolling Stone magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album \"sound[s] as if it comes from the heart\". It resulted in three singles making it to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Live to Tell\", \"Papa Don't Preach\" and \"Open Your Heart\", and two more top-five singles: \"True Blue\" and \"La Isla Bonita\". The album topped the charts in over 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time, and became her best-selling studio album of her career to this date with sales of 25 million. In the same year, Madonna starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise, for which she was awarded the Golden Raspberry Award for \"worst actress\". She made her theatrical debut in a production of David Rabe's Goose and Tom-Tom; the film and play both co-starred Penn. The next year, Madonna was featured in the film Who's That Girl. She contributed four songs to its soundtrack, including the title track and \"Causing a Commotion\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1986" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna's third album released?",
              "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Sean Penn" }],
              "question": "Who was the album True Blue dedicated to?",
              "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "28 countries" }],
              "question": "Madonna's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide?",
              "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 757, "text": "Golden Raspberry Award" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise?",
              "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1064, "text": "Causing a Commotion" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a soundtrack in the film Who's That Girl?",
              "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer, Pepsi. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song \"Like a Prayer\". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, which was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray. Madonna received positive feedback for the album, with Rolling Stone writing that it was \"as close to art as pop music gets\". Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide, with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone. Six singles were released from the album, including \"Like a Prayer\", which reached number one, and \"Express Yourself\" and \"Cherish\", both peaking at number two. By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1989" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?",
              "id": "5726abddf1498d1400e8e6c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "canceled her sponsorship contract"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?",
              "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?",
              "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "15 million copies" }],
              "question": "How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?",
              "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "end of the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna named \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?",
              "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy (1990), with Warren Beatty playing the title role. Her performance led to a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress. To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album, I'm Breathless, which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the US number-one hit \"Vogue\" and \"Sooner or Later\", which earned songwriter Stephen Sondheim an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1991. While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty, which dissolved by the end of 1990. In April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour, which was held until August. Rolling Stone called it an \"elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza\" and proclaimed it \"the best tour of 1990\". The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation. In response, Madonna said, \"The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others\". The Laserdisc release of the tour won Madonna a Grammy Award in 1992 for Best Long Form Music Video.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Breathless Mahoney" }],
              "question": "In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?",
              "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Saturn Award" }],
              "question": "Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?",
              "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Stephen Sondheim" }],
              "question": "Who earned an Academy Award for the song \"Vogue\" and \"Sooner or Later?\" ",
              "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "end of 1990" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?",
              "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Beatty" }],
              "question": "Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?",
              "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, \"Justify My Love\" and \"Rescue Me\". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history. \"Justify My Love\" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide. Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity. The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: \"Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Immaculate Collection" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Madonna's compilation album called?",
              "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "over 30 million copies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many albums did it sell worldwide?",
              "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Justify My Love" }],
              "question": "What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?",
              "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "too sexually explicit" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?",
              "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "number one" }],
              "question": "Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?",
              "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1992, Madonna had a role in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women's team. She recorded the film's theme song, \"This Used to Be My Playground\", which became a Hot 100 number one hit. The same year, she founded her own entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony. The first release from the venture was Madonna's book, titled Sex. It consisted of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by Steven Meisel. The book received strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days. At the same time she released her fifth studio album, Erotica, which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200. Its title track peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. Erotica also produced five singles: \"Deeper and Deeper\", \"Bad Girl\", \"Fever\", \"Rain\" and \"Bye Bye Baby\". Madonna had provocative imagery featured in the erotic thriller, Body of Evidence, a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It was poorly received by critics. She also starred in the film Dangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America. The New York Times described the film as \"angry and painful, and the pain feels real.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Mae Mordabito" }],
              "question": "Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?",
              "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "This Used to Be My Playground" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the film's theme song?",
              "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna open her own entertainment company, Maverick?",
              "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings?",
              "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1418, "text": "Body of Evidence" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?",
              "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it. The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, who commented that \"she had gone too far\" and that her career was over.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1993" }],
              "question": "When was The Girlie Show World Tour?",
              "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "whip-cracking dominatrix" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?",
              "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Puerto Rico" }],
              "question": "In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?",
              "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "a pair of her panties" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?",
              "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "a sexual renegade" }],
              "question": "What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?",
              "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad \"I'll Remember\" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including \"Secret\" and \"Take a Bow\", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: \"You'll See\", \"One More Chance\", and a cover of Marvin Gaye's \"I Want You\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "J. Randy Taraborrelli" }
              ],
              "question": "Which biographer described her song \"I'll Remember\" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?",
              "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "With Honors" }],
              "question": "The song \"I'll Remember\" was recorded for which film?",
              "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Bedtime Stories" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's sixth album named?",
              "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "seven weeks" }],
              "question": "The single \"Take A Bow\" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?",
              "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Carlos Leon" }],
              "question": "Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?",
              "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e911a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Evita (1996), Madonna played the title role of Eva Per\u00f3n. For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Per\u00f3n and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. She said later, \"This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time..... And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done.\" After securing the role, she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Per\u00f3n. During shooting she became ill several times due to the intense emotional effort required. However, as she told Oprah, she was also pregnant during the filming: \"I was winded after every take. I had to lie on the couch every ten minutes so I could recover from dizzy spells, I was worried that I was shaking the baby around too much and that would injure it in some way.\" Madonna wrote in her personal diary at the time: \"Ironically, this feeling of vulnerability and weakness is helping me in the movie. I'm sure Evita felt this way every day of her life once she discovered she was ill.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Eva Per\u00f3n" }],
              "question": "In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?",
              "id": "5726d16c708984140094d225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Alan Parker" }],
              "question": "Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?",
              "id": "5726d16c708984140094d226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "During shooting" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna pregnant?",
              "id": "5726d16c708984140094d227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "vocal training" }],
              "question": "After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?",
              "id": "5726d16c708984140094d228"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After its release, Evita garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from Time magazine commented, \"It's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes.\" Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role. She released three singles from the Evita soundtrack album, including \"You Must Love Me\" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\". Madonna was later presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon. Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna was often ill during the filming and worried that her pregnancy would harm the film, she reached some important personal goals: \"Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public.\" Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997; she declared that they were \"better off as best friends.\" After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah. She was introduced to Jewish mysticism by actress Sandra Bernhard in 1997.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Zach Conner" }],
              "question": "Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita?",
              "id": "5726d261708984140094d25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Golden Globe Award" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Madonna win for the film Evita?",
              "id": "5726d261708984140094d25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "October 14, 1996" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna's daughter born?",
              "id": "5726d261708984140094d25f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 822, "text": "Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Madonna's daughter?",
              "id": "5726d261708984140094d260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1325, "text": "May 1997" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended?",
              "id": "5726d261708984140094d261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light, (1998) reflected a change in her image. She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock. American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit \"was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave was happening in the 90's and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Ray of Light" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Madonna's seventh album?",
              "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was \"Ray of Light\" released?",
              "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "William Orbit" }],
              "question": "Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light?",
              "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Techno and rave" }],
              "question": "Which type of music was popular during the 90s?",
              "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9177"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it \"one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s\" and Rolling Stone listed it among \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, \"Frozen\", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, \"Ray of Light\", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?",
              "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "Who listed Ray of Light as \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?\"",
              "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "16 million copies" }],
              "question": "How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?",
              "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Frozen" }],
              "question": "Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?",
              "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?",
              "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records stated: \"No female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world\". In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project, citing \"creative differences\" with director Wes Craven. She recorded the single \"Beautiful Stranger\" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay. Madonna won a Grammy Award for \"Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?",
              "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Music of the Heart" }
              ],
              "question": "Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?",
              "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Wes Craven" }],
              "question": "Who was the director of Music of the Heart?",
              "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Beautiful Stranger" }
              ],
              "question": "Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?",
              "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Grammy Award" }],
              "question": "Which award did Madonna win for the single \"Beautiful Stranger?\"",
              "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, Madonna starred in the film The Next Best Thing, and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack; \"Time Stood Still\" and a cover of Don McLean's 1971 song \"American Pie\". She released her eighth studio album, Music, in September 2000. It featured elements from the electronica-inspired Ray of Light era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadza\u00ef, Madonna commented: \"I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about\u2014the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. Music is the future of sound.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that \"Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest as Ray of Light.\" The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days. In the U.S., Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since Like a Prayer. It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number one \"Music\", \"Don't Tell Me\", and \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\". The music video of \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "The Next Best Thing" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?",
              "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Time Stood Still" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?",
              "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Music" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's eighth album called?",
              "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "September 2000" }],
              "question": "When was \"Music\" released?",
              "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "four million" }],
              "question": "How many albums did \"Music\" sell in the first 10 days?",
              "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "She met director Guy Ritchie, who would become her second husband, in November 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11, 2000 in Los Angeles. Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia. He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000. Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearby Skibo Castle. Her fifth concert tour, titled Drowned World Tour, started in June 2001. The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows. She also released her second greatest-hits collection, titled GHV2, to coincide with the home video release of the tour. GHV2 debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Guy Ritchie" }],
              "question": "Who is Madonna's second husband?",
              "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "December 21, 2000." }
              ],
              "question": "When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?",
              "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "August 11, 2000" }],
              "question": "When was Rocco John Ritchie born?",
              "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "placenta praevia" }],
              "question": "What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth?",
              "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "June 2001" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna's Drowned World Tour start?",
              "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d301"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure. In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as 'Madonna Ritchie'), to universally bad reviews and was described as \"the evening's biggest disappointment\" by one. That October, she released \"Die Another Day\", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, described by The Guardian film reviewer as \"incredibly wooden\". The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Swept Away" }],
              "question": "Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie?",
              "id": "5726da03708984140094d389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "May 2002" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre?",
              "id": "5726da03708984140094d38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Die Another Day" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's title song for the James Bond movie?",
              "id": "5726da03708984140094d38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100?",
              "id": "5726da03708984140094d38c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Die Another Day, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. It included photography from a photo shoot in W magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's Deitch Projects gallery. It traveled the world in an edited form. The same year, Madonna released her ninth studio album, American Life, which was based on her observations of American society; it received mixed reviews. She commented, \"[American Life] was like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me.\" Larry Flick from The Advocate felt that \"American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent\" while condemning it as \"a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously.\" The title song peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100. Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. With four million copies sold worldwide, American Life was the lowest-selling album of her career at that point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?",
              "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "American Life" }],
              "question": "What was Madonna's ninth album called?",
              "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When was American Life released?",
              "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 945, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "American Life reached which number at the Hot 100?",
              "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1147, "text": "four million" }],
              "question": "How many copies did the album sell worldwide?",
              "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, while singing \"Hollywood\" with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott. Madonna sparked controversy for kissing Spears and Aguilera suggestively during the performance. In October 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single \"Me Against the Music\". It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included \"Your Honesty\", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions. Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, titled The English Roses, was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other. Kate Kellway from The Guardian commented, \"[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be\u2014a JK Rowling, an English rose.\" The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Spears and Aguilera" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?",
              "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "October 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?",
              "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "children's books" }],
              "question": "Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?",
              "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 734, "text": "The English Roses," }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?",
              "id": "5726dc455951b619008f8040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "September 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the The English Roses published?",
              "id": "5726dc455951b619008f8041"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Warner Music Group" }],
              "question": "Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?",
              "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Maverick" }],
              "question": "Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?",
              "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Madonna and Ronnie Dashev" }
              ],
              "question": "Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?",
              "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Warner Music" }],
              "question": "Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?",
              "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8074"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. In November 2004, she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members, along with The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, and U2. In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song \"Imagine\" at Tsunami Aid. She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-2004" }],
              "question": "When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?",
              "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "around $120 million" }
              ],
              "question": "HOw much did the tour earn?",
              "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "I'm Going to Tell You a Secret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Madonna's documentary called?",
              "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "November 2004" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "July 2005." }],
              "question": "When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?",
              "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9384"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. It was acclaimed by critics, with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commenting that the album was a \"welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop.\" The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album. Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, \"Hung Up\", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in Guinness World Records. The song contained a sample of ABBA's \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA songwriter Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus remarked \"It is a wonderful track\u2014100 per cent solid pop music.\" \"Sorry\", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number-one single in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Confessions on a Dance Floor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?",
              "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f8119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "November 2005" }],
              "question": "When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?",
              "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Grammy Award" }],
              "question": "Which award the the album win?",
              "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "ABBA" }],
              "question": "Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!",
              "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "Sorry" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?",
              "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist. Madonna used religious symbols, such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of \"Live to Tell\". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert. At the same time, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "May 2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Confessions Tour start?",
              "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "over $193.7 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the Confessions Tour make?",
              "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "used religious symbols" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?",
              "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "over 200 million" }],
              "question": "It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?",
              "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, \"These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband.\" The adoption was finalized in May 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Raising Malawi initiative" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?",
              "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "October 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna adopt David Banda?",
              "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "pneumonia" }],
              "question": "What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?",
              "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Yohane" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Banda's biological father?",
              "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 959, "text": "May 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the adoption finalized?",
              "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna released the song \"Hey You\" for the Live Earth series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the London Live Earth concert. Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation. She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener. She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had \"done herself proud\" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as \"not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job.\" In December 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008. At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008, Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs \"Burning Up\" and \"Ray of Light\". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Hey You" }],
              "question": "What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts?",
              "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Live Nation" }],
              "question": "Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?",
              "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "I Am Because We Are" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?",
              "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Filth and Wisdom" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?",
              "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna released her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, in April 2008. Containing R&B and urban pop influences, the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate \"Danja\" Hills. The album debuted at number one in thirty seven countries and on the Billboard 200. Don Shewey from Rolling Stone complimented it as an \"impressive taste of her upcoming tour.\" It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as \"an attempt to harness the urban market\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Hard Candy" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Madonna's eleventh album?",
              "id": "5726e512708984140094d513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "April 2008" }],
              "question": "When was Hard Candy released?",
              "id": "5726e512708984140094d514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "thirty seven" }],
              "question": "Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?",
              "id": "5726e512708984140094d515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Hard Candy" }],
              "question": "Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?",
              "id": "5726e512708984140094d516"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"4 Minutes\" was released as the album's lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Madonna's 37th top-ten hit on the chart\u2014it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits. In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; \"4 Minutes\" becoming her thirteenth. At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna received her fifth Artist of the Year trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan, the most for any artist. To further promote the album, Madonna embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour; her first major venture with Live Nation. With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour; it was later surpassed by Roger Waters' The Wall Live. It was extended to the next year, adding new European dates, and after it ended, the total gross was $408 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1, "text": "4 Minutes" }],
              "question": "Which single was released as the album's lead single?",
              "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Elvis Presley" }],
              "question": "Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?",
              "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "thirteenth" }],
              "question": "4 minutes became Madonna's which number one single in the UK?",
              "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "Sticky & Sweet Tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?",
              "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "$280 million," }],
              "question": "How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed?",
              "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Life with My Sister Madonna, a book by Madonna's brother Christopher, debuted at number two on The New York Times bestseller list. The book caused some friction between Madonna and her brother, because of the unsolicited publication. Problems also arose between Madonna and Ritchie, with the media reporting that they were on the verge of separation. Ultimately, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences, which was finalized in December 2008. She decided to adopt from Malawi. The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo \"Mercy\" James; however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of the country. Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James. She also released Celebration, her third greatest-hits album and final release with Warner. It contained the new songs \"Celebration\" and \"Revolver\" along with 34 hits spanning her career. Celebration reached number one in the UK, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act with most number one albums in the British chart history. She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13, 2009, to speak in tribute to deceased pop star Michael Jackson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Life with My Sister Madonna" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the title of the book by Madonna's brother?",
              "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "The New York Times" }],
              "question": "The book debuted at number two on which best seller's list?",
              "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "December 2008" }],
              "question": "When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie?",
              "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "June 12, 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?",
              "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f820a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1183, "text": "September 13, 2009" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson?",
              "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f820b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo \"Mercy\" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying \"At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest.\" Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When was Mercy adopted?",
              "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f8229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "David" }],
              "question": "Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?",
              "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Mercy's grandmother" }
              ],
              "question": "Who initially protested the adoption?",
              "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "The men" }],
              "question": "Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?",
              "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Mercy's father" }],
              "question": "Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??",
              "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010. In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros. Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode, was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "January 2010" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now?",
              "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Sticky & Sweet Tour" }
              ],
              "question": "What album did Madonna released in April 2010?",
              "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Glee" }],
              "question": "Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?",
              "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?",
              "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad \"Masterpiece\" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Material Girl" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?",
              "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Macy's" }],
              "question": "Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?",
              "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Hard Candy Fitness" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?",
              "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "November 2011" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna released her second clothing line?",
              "id": "5726ea905951b619008f825a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "W.E." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?",
              "id": "5726ea905951b619008f825b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green. It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the game itself. It was also revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with Interscope Records, who would act as the distributor in partnership with her 360 deal with Live Nation. Her twelfth studio album, MDNA, was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, most notably with William Orbit again and Martin Solveig. The album was well received by music critics, with Priya Elan from NME calling it \"a ridiculously enjoyable romp\", citing its \"psychotic, soul-bearing stuff\" as \"some of the most visceral stuff she's ever done.\" MDNA debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and many other countries worldwide. Madonna surpassed Elvis Presley's record for the most number-one album by a solo artist in the UK. The lead single \"Give Me All Your Luvin'\", featuring guest vocals from Minaj and M.I.A., became Madonna's record-extending 38th top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl?",
              "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "114 million viewers" }
              ],
              "question": "How many viewers did the half-time show attract?",
              "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Interscope Records" }
              ],
              "question": "Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?",
              "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "MDNA" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?",
              "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "March 2012" }],
              "question": "When was MDNA released?",
              "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The MDNA Tour, which further promoted the album, began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour has received positive critical reception, but featured controversial subjects such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. Lawsuits threatened against Madonna have also been engaged from the tour. It was a box office success with a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, and became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time. At the 2013 Billboard Music Awards, Madonna won three trophies for Top Touring Artist, Top Dance Artist and Top Dance Album. Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year by Forbes, earning an estimated $125 million, due to the success of the tour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Tel Aviv, Israel" }],
              "question": "Where did the MDNA Tour start?",
              "id": "5726ec22708984140094d621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "May 2012" }],
              "question": "When did MDNA Tour begin?",
              "id": "5726ec22708984140094d622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "$305.2 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the Tour grossed?",
              "id": "5726ec22708984140094d623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "88" }],
              "question": "How many shows were sold out?",
              "id": "5726ec22708984140094d624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?",
              "id": "5726ec22708984140094d625"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 2013, Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000. When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013, President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity, accusing her of exaggerating her charity's contribution. Madonna responded by releasing a statement saying she was saddened that Banda had chosen to act negatively about her endeavors. \"I have no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations,\" she added. Later, it was confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released written by her press team and was \"incandescent with anger\" over the mix-up.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "ten schools" }],
              "question": "By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?",
              "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e9578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "April 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?",
              "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e9579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "President of Malawi Joyce Banda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?",
              "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e957a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Working with photographer Steven Klein, Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secretprojectrevolution. The BitTorrent company was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna bundle. It was released on September 24, 2013, and consisted of the 17-minute film, its stills, a Vice interview, and a message from Madonna. With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote \"art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe\". The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "secretprojectrevolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the 17 minute film called?",
              "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "The BitTorrent company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company was selected to release the film?",
              "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "September 24, 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "When was secretprojectrevolution released?",
              "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Art for Freedom" }],
              "question": "What initiative did Madonna launched with her film?",
              "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "over 3,000" }],
              "question": "How many submissions does the initiative have?",
              "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the beginning of 2014, Madonna began to make multiple media appearances. She appeared at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014, performing \"Open Your Heart\" alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert, who sang their single \"Same Love\", as 33 couples were wed onstage, officiated by Queen Latifah. Days later, she joined singer Miley Cyrus on her MTV Unplugged special, singing a mash-up of \"Don't Tell Me\" and Cyrus' single \"We Can't Stop\" (2013). She also extended her business ventures and in February 2014 the singer premiered MDNA Skin, a range of skin care products, in Tokyo, Japan. After visiting her hometown of Detroit during May 2014, Madonna decided to contribute funds to three of the city's organizations, to help eliminate poverty from there. The singer released a statement saying that she was inspired by their work, adding that \"it was obvious to me that I had to get involved and be part of the solution to help Detroit recover\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "56th Annual Grammy Awards" }
              ],
              "question": "What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in?",
              "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Open Your Heart" }],
              "question": "What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?",
              "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Miley Cyrus" }],
              "question": "Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?",
              "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "February 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?",
              "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?",
              "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna also began work on her thirteenth studio album, with collaborators including Avicii, Diplo and Natalia Kills. In December 2014, thirteen demos recorded for the album leaked onto the Internet. She posted in response that half of the tracks would not be used on the final release, while the other half had \"changed and evolved\". The album, titled Rebel Heart, was released on March 10, 2015. From September 2015, she embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album; the tour ended in March 2016 and traveled throughout North America, Europe and Asia and was the singer's first visit to Australia in 23 years, where she also performed a one-off show for her fans. It grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows, with over 1.045 million ticket sales. While on tour Madonna became embroiled in a legal battle with Ritchie, over the custody of her son Rocco. The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living at England with Ritchie when the Rebel Heart Tour had visited there, while Madonna wanted him to return with her. Court hearings took place in both New York and London, and after multiple deliberations, Madonna decided to withdraw her application for custody, and appealed for a mutual discussion between herself and Ritchie about Rocco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "December 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?",
              "id": "5726f074708984140094d68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Rebel Heart" }],
              "question": "What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?",
              "id": "5726f074708984140094d68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "March 10, 2015" }],
              "question": "When was Rebel Heart released?",
              "id": "5726f074708984140094d68d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "September 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?",
              "id": "5726f074708984140094d68e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "$169.8 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?",
              "id": "5726f074708984140094d68f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is \"certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest.\" He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career. Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of \"Find a winning formula and stick to it.\" Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that \"having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing.\" Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that \"Madonna's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries. Her pieces explore various ways of constituting identities that refuse stability, that remain fluid, that resist definition.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna's" }],
              "question": "Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?",
              "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Robert M. Grant" }],
              "question": "Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?",
              "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?",
              "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout her career Madonna has been involved in writing and producing most of her own music. Madonna's early songwriting skill was developed during her time with the Breakfast Club in 1979. According to author Carol Gnojewski, her first attempts at songwriting are perceived as an important self-revelation, as Madonna said: \"I don't know where [the songs] came from. It was like magic. I'd write a song every day. I said 'Wow, I was meant to do this'.\" Mark Kamins, her first producer, believed that Madonna is \"a much underrated musician and lyricist.\" Rolling Stone has named her \"an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics.\" According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing \"incredible\" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single \"Into the Groove\" and its line \"Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're mine.\" Madonna's songwriting are often autobiographical over the years, dealing with various themes from love and relationships to self-respect and female empowerment. Her songs also speak about taboo and unconventional issues of their period, such as sexuality and AIDS on Erotica (1992). Many of her lyrics contain innuendos and double entendre, which lead to multiple interpretations among music critics and scholars. Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame twice, for 2014 and 2016 ceremony. Rolling Stone listed Madonna at number 56 on the \"100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who writes and creates most of her own music?",
              "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Mark Kamins" }],
              "question": "Who was Madonna's first producer?",
              "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1064, "text": "Madonna's" }],
              "question": "Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?",
              "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1569, "text": "2014 and 2016" }],
              "question": "Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1593, "text": "Rolling Stone" }],
              "question": "Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?",
              "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens \"Angel\"); potential negative reaction from social groups (\"Dress You Up\" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles (\"Shoo-Bee-Doo\", Madonna's homage to Motown).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "rock music" }],
              "question": "Which genre did Madonna started out in?",
              "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "12-14" }],
              "question": "When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?",
              "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?",
              "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "Like a Virgin" }],
              "question": "What is Madonna's second album?",
              "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989). In True Blue, she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music. Like a Prayer introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, funk, R&B and gospel music. Her versatility was further shown on I'm Breathless, which consists predominantly of the 1940s Broadway showtune-flavoured jazz, swing and big band tracks. Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994). Both albums explored element of new jack swing, with Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly saying that \"she could actually be viewed as new jack swing's godmother.\" She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and hip hop into her music. With Ray of Light, Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?",
              "id": "5726f3825951b619008f833f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "classical" }],
              "question": "True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?",
              "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?",
              "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "electronic music" }],
              "question": "Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?",
              "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8342"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music (2000) and American Life (2003). A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. According to Q magazine, American Life was characterized by \"a thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, an acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap.\" The \"conventional rock songs\" of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song \"Nothing Fails\". Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor, infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works. Madonna moved to urban direction with Hard Candy (2008), mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. MDNA (2012) largely focused in electronic dance music, which she has embraced since Ray of Light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "folk and acoustic" }],
              "question": "What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?",
              "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "simple love songs," }
              ],
              "question": "Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?",
              "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "dance songs" }],
              "question": "What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?",
              "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "urban direction" }],
              "question": "What type of songs does Hard Candy have?",
              "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 904, "text": "electronic dance music" }
              ],
              "question": "MDNA focuses on which type of music?",
              "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Possessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range, Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald, Prince, and Chaka Khan. Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her \"the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs\", despite not being a \"heavyweight talent.\" According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani, \"Madonna's vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs \"straight,\" but Madonna employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did.\" Madonna used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became pass\u00e9 in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as \"Minnie Mouse on helium\". During the filming of Evita, Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, \"I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "mezzo-soprano" }],
              "question": "Madonna has which vocal range?",
              "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e9628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Blonde Ambition" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Madonna's Book?",
              "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e9629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Tony Sclafani" }],
              "question": "Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?",
              "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e962a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 848, "text": "filming of Evita" }],
              "question": "When did Madonna take voice lessons?",
              "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e962b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: \"I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist.\" After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "drum and guitar" }],
              "question": "Which instruments can Madonna play?",
              "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f100"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Dan Gilroy" }],
              "question": "Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?",
              "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f101"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "guitar" }],
              "question": "What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?",
              "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?",
              "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "Monte Pittman" }],
              "question": "Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?",
              "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f104"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Taraborrelli, the defining moment of Madonna's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother. Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming. According to Ablow, the younger a child is at the time of a serious loss, the more profound the influence and the longer lasting the impact. He concludes that \"some people never reconcile themselves to such a loss at an early age, Madonna is not different than them.\" Conversely, author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is, in fact, the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done, more important even than the death of her mother: \"It's not so much grief at her mother's death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Taraborrelli," }],
              "question": "According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?",
              "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Keith Ablow" }],
              "question": "Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?",
              "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Lucy O'Brien" }],
              "question": "Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?",
              "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: \"We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying\u2014after I got over my heartache\u2014I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself.\" Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. \"Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness\u2014particularly her own\u2014and wanted to be the queen of her own castle.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "Madonna and her sisters" }
              ],
              "question": "Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?",
              "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "poet Anne Sexton" }],
              "question": "Who does Madonna's mum resemble?",
              "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Sylvia Plath" }],
              "question": "Who is Madonna's favorite poet?",
              "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?",
              "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?",
              "id": "5726f76f708984140094d73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Nancy Sinatra;" }],
              "question": "Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?",
              "id": "5726f76f708984140094d740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Whose favorite style is baroque?",
              "id": "5726f76f708984140094d741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who grew up listening to David Bowie?",
              "id": "5726f76f708984140094d742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Karen Carpenter" }],
              "question": "Name one of Madonna's major influence?",
              "id": "5726f76f708984140094d743"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer. It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career. Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for \"La Isla Bonita\". The \"Open Your Heart\" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On the Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song \"Papa Don't Preach\" to Pope John Paul II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Italian-Catholic" }],
              "question": "What is Madonna's religious background?",
              "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "her parents" }],
              "question": "Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?",
              "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "La Isla Bonita\"" }],
              "question": "In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?",
              "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Open Your Heart" }],
              "question": "In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?",
              "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Pope John Paul II." }
              ],
              "question": "She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?",
              "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f156"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, \"I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence.\" Her \"Material Girl\" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\", from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film Who's That Girl. The video for \"Express Yourself\" (1989) was inspired by Fritz Lang's silent film Metropolis (1927). The video for \"Vogue\" recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographs, in particular those by Horst P. Horst, and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, and Rita Hayworth, while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including Bette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol. However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for Time magazine, stated that, \"[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest.\" According to biographer Andrew Morton, \"Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt.\" After the box office bomb Swept Away (2002), Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film, hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Marilyn Monroe" }],
              "question": "Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by?",
              "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Monroe's" }],
              "question": "Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?",
              "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Metropolis" }],
              "question": "The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?",
              "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1038, "text": "Stephanie Zacharek" }
              ],
              "question": "Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?",
              "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1365, "text": "Swept Away" }],
              "question": "Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?",
              "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f178"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song \"Bedtime Story\" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours. Her video for \"Hollywood\" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work. Pop artist Andy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for \"Erotica\" and \"Deeper and Deeper\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Frida Kahlo" }],
              "question": "Whose art influence Madonna?",
              "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Bedtime Story" }],
              "question": "Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?",
              "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Tamara de Lempicka" }
              ],
              "question": "Madonna collects whose painting?",
              "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Guy Bourdin" }],
              "question": "Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?",
              "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d76a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah, and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means \"star\". She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject. She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism. Madonna defended her studies, saying: \"It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party\", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is \"not hurting anybody\". The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music. During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore T-shirts that read \"Kabbalists Do It Better\". Her 2012 MDNA album has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Kabbalah" }],
              "question": "Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?",
              "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "Which year did she adopt the name Esther?",
              "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Ray of Light" }],
              "question": "The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?",
              "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "Opus Dei center" }],
              "question": "Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?",
              "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning \"queen of video\" is Madonna. He further asserted that \"the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory.\" The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"Like a Prayer\", or \"Justify My Love\" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that \"artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Allen Metz and Carol Benson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?",
              "id": "5726fad05951b619008f8409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?",
              "id": "5726fad05951b619008f840a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?",
              "id": "5726fad05951b619008f840b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, \"such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences.\" Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of \"La Isla Bonita\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "American and Hispanic mixed street style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influence did Madonna music video reflects?",
              "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "American audience" }],
              "question": "She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?",
              "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Spanish look" }],
              "question": "Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?",
              "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "boleros and layered skirts" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?",
              "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for \"Like a Prayer\". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal. In 2003, MTV named her \"The Greatest Music Video Star Ever\" and said that \"Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Academics" }],
              "question": "Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?",
              "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "\"Like a Prayer" }],
              "question": "In which video was it the most obvious?",
              "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "MTV" }],
              "question": "Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?",
              "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When was Madonna awarded the accolade?",
              "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying, \"MTV, with its almost exclusively lip-synched videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words.\" The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, \"Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing.\" Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by \"stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "Madonna and Janet Jackson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had new standards of showmanship?",
              "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?",
              "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 672, "text": "highly athletic dancing" }
              ],
              "question": "What came as an expense of live singing?",
              "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the \"Madonna mic\". Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes. Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized. Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as \"extravagant show piece, a walking art show.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Madonna use in her concerts?",
              "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "\"Madonna mic\"" }],
              "question": "What was the microphone coined as?",
              "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?",
              "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1031, "text": "Madonna's" }],
              "question": "Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?",
              "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that \"during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon.\" Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that \"She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality.\" Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that \"really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye.\" William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that \"Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to.\" Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?",
              "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Laura Barcella" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?",
              "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 948,
                  "text": "William Langley from The Daily Telegraph"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?",
              "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1131, "text": "Alan McGee from The Guardian" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?",
              "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC, \"It's worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When The Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back\u2014with an emphasis on the female.\" Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, asserted that \"Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers.\" According to Fouz-Hern\u00e1ndez, subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Kylie Minogue, the Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, and Pink were like her \"daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her.\" Time magazine included her in the list of the \"25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century\", where she became one of only two singers to be included, alongside Aretha Franklin. She also topped VH1's lists of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\" and \"50 Greatest Women of the Video Era\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?",
              "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Howard Kramer" }],
              "question": "Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?",
              "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "Madonna," }],
              "question": "A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?",
              "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "Time magazine" }],
              "question": "Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?",
              "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1125, "text": "Aretha Franklin" }],
              "question": "Who is the other woman who earned the title?",
              "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism. As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise \"irreverent\" behavior in her live performances. The Times wrote that she had \"started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice.\" Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations. In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates. According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corv\u00e9e allotted to women. Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as \"an almost sacred feminist icon.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "sexual imagery" }],
              "question": "Madonna used what to benefit her career?",
              "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1123, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who started a revolution in music with women?",
              "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1312, "text": "Professor Sut Jhally" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?",
              "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1123, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?",
              "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, \"achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry\", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as \"America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself.\" London Business School academics called her a \"dynamic entrepreneur\" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that \"Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless\u2014somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants\u2014and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her.\" Hazel Blackmore and Rafael Fern\u00e1ndez de Castro in the book \u00bfQu\u00e9 es Estados Unidos? from the Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, noted: \"Madonna has been undoubtedly the most important woman in the history of popular music and a great businesswoman in herself; creating fashion, breaking taboos and provoking controversies.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is an acclaim role model business woman?",
              "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "$1.2 billion in" }],
              "question": "Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?",
              "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "London Business School academics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?",
              "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "Morton" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?",
              "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f845a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards\u2014the most for any artist\u2014including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "300 million records" }
              ],
              "question": "Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?",
              "id": "572700addd62a815002e9760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?",
              "id": "572700addd62a815002e9761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "Billboard" }],
              "question": "Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?",
              "id": "572700addd62a815002e9762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "$1.31 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?",
              "id": "572700addd62a815002e9763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1085, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?",
              "id": "572700addd62a815002e9764"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?",
              "id": "572701af5951b619008f847d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?",
              "id": "572701af5951b619008f847e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?",
              "id": "572701af5951b619008f847f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "38" }],
              "question": "How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?",
              "id": "572701af5951b619008f8480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Madonna" }],
              "question": "Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?",
              "id": "572701af5951b619008f8481"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "London",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "London i/\u02c8l\u028cnd\u0259n/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What city is the capital of England?",
              "id": "5726651c5951b619008f717f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "the Romans" }],
              "question": "Who founded the city of London?",
              "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "7,375" }],
              "question": "As of 2011, what was the population of London?",
              "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 840, "text": "county of Greater London" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?",
              "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Londinium" }],
              "question": "When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?",
              "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "7,375" }],
              "question": "As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?",
              "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d947e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "River Thames" }],
              "question": "On what river is London situated?",
              "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d947f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Londinium" }],
              "question": "What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?",
              "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "the Mayor of London and the London Assembly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What bodies govern Greater London?",
              "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?",
              "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9482"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "fifth-or sixth-largest" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?",
              "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "world's most-visited" }
              ],
              "question": "Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?",
              "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "How many universities are located in London?",
              "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 869, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?",
              "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1147, "text": "three times" }],
              "question": "How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "fifth-or sixth-largest" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?",
              "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1147, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?",
              "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "international arrivals" }
              ],
              "question": "What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?",
              "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "How many universities does London boast?",
              "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1072, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many different languages are spoken in London?",
              "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "8,538,689" }],
              "question": "What was the population in London in 2014?",
              "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "second most" }],
              "question": "Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?",
              "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "13,879,757" }],
              "question": "How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?",
              "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "1831 to 1925" }],
              "question": "What years was London considered the world's most populous city?",
              "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?",
              "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 724, "text": "around 1831 to 1925" }
              ],
              "question": "During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?",
              "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "more than 300" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?",
              "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "12.5" }],
              "question": "As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?",
              "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "13,879,757" }],
              "question": "What is the population of metropolitan London?",
              "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0\u00b0 longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Westminster Abbey" }],
              "question": "What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?",
              "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where is the British Museum located?",
              "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Tower Bridge" }],
              "question": "Are there any bridges located in London?",
              "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "British Library" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?",
              "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 666, "text": "The London Underground" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?",
              "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many theaters does London's West End have?",
              "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "the Royal Observatory, Greenwich"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?",
              "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Buckingham Palace" }],
              "question": "What famous palace is located in London?",
              "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 666, "text": "The London Underground" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?",
              "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?",
              "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)l\u014dndinion (as opposed to *lond\u012bnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Celtic" }],
              "question": "Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?",
              "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "'river too wide to ford" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?",
              "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Llundain" }],
              "question": "What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?",
              "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Richard Coates" }],
              "question": "Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions",
              "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?",
              "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "the River Effra" }],
              "question": "What river flows into the River Thames?",
              "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d969e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?",
              "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d969f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "not known" }],
              "question": "The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?",
              "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?",
              "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "4500 BC" }],
              "question": "The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?",
              "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Queen Boudica" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?",
              "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "around 60,000" }],
              "question": "What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?",
              "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "43 AD" }],
              "question": "The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?",
              "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Colchester" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?",
              "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "the Iceni tribe" }],
              "question": "Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?",
              "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "St Martin-in-the-Fields" }
              ],
              "question": "What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?",
              "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "repeated Viking invasions" }
              ],
              "question": "What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?",
              "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?",
              "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "a major port" }],
              "question": "By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?",
              "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?",
              "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was \"refounded\" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Alfred the Great" }],
              "question": "According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?",
              "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "London to Chester" }],
              "question": "Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?",
              "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Guthrum" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?",
              "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "about 950" }],
              "question": "Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?",
              "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Danelaw?",
              "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: \"It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "King Edward the Confessor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?",
              "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 11th century" }],
              "question": "By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?",
              "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Romanesque" }],
              "question": "What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?",
              "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Frank Stenton" }],
              "question": "What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?",
              "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Winchester" }],
              "question": "Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?",
              "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "southeastern corner" }
              ],
              "question": "In what area of London was the Tower of London built?",
              "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Westminster Hall" }],
              "question": "The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?",
              "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Christmas Day 1066" }
              ],
              "question": "On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?",
              "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "William II" }],
              "question": "Who built Westminster Hall?",
              "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the Battle of Hastings" }
              ],
              "question": "In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?",
              "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "the Corporation of London" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the administration which governed the City of London called?",
              "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Westminster" }],
              "question": "In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?",
              "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "the Tower" }],
              "question": "Where was the royal treasury housed?",
              "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?",
              "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "the Tudor period" }],
              "question": "In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?",
              "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?",
              "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "a gradual shift to Protestantism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?",
              "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "Italian or Ragusan" }
              ],
              "question": "Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?",
              "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "January 1565" }],
              "question": "When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?",
              "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df041"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the Lines of Communication" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?",
              "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "under two months" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?",
              "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "the New Model Army" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?",
              "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?",
              "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Buckingham House" }],
              "question": "What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?",
              "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "the Bow Street Runners" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?",
              "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "before reaching their third birthday"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On average, when did children born in the City of London die? ",
              "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "more than 200" }],
              "question": "How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?",
              "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Fleet Street" }],
              "question": "What was the London hub of the British press?",
              "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "London's overcrowded conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?",
              "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "the Germans" }],
              "question": "Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?",
              "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "When did London host its first Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "14,000" }],
              "question": "How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?",
              "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "the original Wembley Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?",
              "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Racial inequality" }],
              "question": "What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?",
              "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Greater London Council formed?",
              "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the mid-1960s" }],
              "question": "In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?",
              "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "the Provisional IRA" }
              ],
              "question": "During \"The Troubles\", who waged assaults via bombings on London?",
              "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "the growth of the urban area" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Greater London Council established?",
              "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "around 6.8 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?",
              "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Second World War" }
              ],
              "question": "What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? ",
              "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Felixstowe and Tilbury" }
              ],
              "question": "The main ports for London were relocated to where?",
              "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "the 1980s" }],
              "question": "When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?",
              "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?",
              "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df267"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "the start of the 21st century" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?",
              "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Greater London Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What government entity was abolished in 1986?",
              "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "London was honored with what in July, 2005?",
              "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "the Greater London Authority" }
              ],
              "question": "What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?",
              "id": "572806e03acd2414000df290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?",
              "id": "572806e03acd2414000df291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The administration of London is formed of two tiers\u2014a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009\u20132010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over \u00a322 billion (\u00a314.7 billion for the boroughs and \u00a37.4 billion for the GLA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?",
              "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "the Greater London Authority (GLA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?",
              "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Boris Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who is the current Mayor of London?",
              "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How many boroughs does London consist of?",
              "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "the London Assembly" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?",
              "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "Teddington Lock to the sea" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?",
              "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The London Fire Brigade" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?",
              "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?",
              "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The world's largest \"free-at-the-point-of-use\" ambulance service is known as what?",
              "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "The London Air Ambulance charity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?",
              "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df313"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the \"Mother of Parliaments\" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "10 Downing Street" }],
              "question": "What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?",
              "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "John Bright" }],
              "question": "Who first dubbed the British Parliament the \"Mother of Parliaments?\"",
              "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "73" }],
              "question": "How many Members of Parliament are from London?",
              "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "the Labour Party" }],
              "question": "As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?",
              "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?",
              "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force \u2013 the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "the Ministry of Defence Police"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?",
              "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "Greater London, with the exception of the City of London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?",
              "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "The British Transport Police" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?",
              "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?",
              "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "the City of London Police" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the City of London's police force?",
              "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51\u00b030\u203226\u2033N 00\u00b007\u203239\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff51.50722\u00b0N 0.12750\u00b0W\ufeff / 51.50722; -0.12750.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Metropolitan Green Belt" }
              ],
              "question": "What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?",
              "id": "572817584b864d1900164462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "Inner London and Outer London" }
              ],
              "question": "Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?",
              "id": "572817584b864d1900164463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 531,
                  "text": "Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the centre of London said to be located?",
              "id": "572817584b864d1900164464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "North and South" }],
              "question": "In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?",
              "id": "572817584b864d1900164465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "London commuter belt" }
              ],
              "question": "What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?",
              "id": "572817584b864d1900164466"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially\u2014by statute or in written form.[note 6]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "London's status as the capital of England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?",
              "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "the City of London and the City of Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas within Greater London have city status?",
              "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "for the purposes of lieutenancies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?",
              "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "five times" }],
              "question": "In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?",
              "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?",
              "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "the south-west to the east" }
              ],
              "question": "In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?",
              "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "13,709,000" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?",
              "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "the Thames" }],
              "question": "What is the main geographical landmark in London?",
              "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 \u00b0C (75.2 \u00b0F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 \u00b0C (77.0 \u00b0F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 \u00b0C (9 \u00b0F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "15 miles west" }],
              "question": "How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?",
              "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "24 \u00b0C (75.2 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is London's average high temperature in July?",
              "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "urban heat island effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?",
              "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "31" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?",
              "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Snowfall" }],
              "question": "What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?",
              "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "Hampton Court Palace" }
              ],
              "question": "What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?",
              "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Portland stone" }],
              "question": "Of what material is London's National Gallery made?",
              "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "1666" }],
              "question": "When did the Great Fire of London occur?",
              "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "white stucco or whitewashed" }
              ],
              "question": "The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?",
              "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "their varying ages" }
              ],
              "question": "What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?",
              "id": "572823dc4b864d190016455a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "in Kensington" }],
              "question": "Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?",
              "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Nelson's Column" }],
              "question": "What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?",
              "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Great Fire of London" }
              ],
              "question": "The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?",
              "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?",
              "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "at the north and south ends of Park Lane"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?",
              "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the City of London and Canary Wharf"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the financial districts of London known as?",
              "id": "572827514b864d19001645e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?",
              "id": "572827514b864d19001645e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Shard London Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the European Union's tallest building?",
              "id": "572827514b864d19001645e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "95-storey" }],
              "question": "How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?",
              "id": "572827514b864d19001645e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "in the two financial districts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?",
              "id": "572827514b864d19001645e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The London Natural History Society suggest that London is \"one of the World's Greenest Cities\" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?",
              "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?",
              "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "more than 40 percent" }
              ],
              "question": "Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?",
              "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "How many species of fish live in the River Thames?",
              "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "47" }],
              "question": "The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?",
              "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "pink flamingos" }],
              "question": "What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?",
              "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "fox" }],
              "question": "What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?",
              "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is London's fox population density?",
              "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "the London-based Mammal Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?",
              "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?",
              "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Ten" }],
              "question": "Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?",
              "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "otter" }],
              "question": "What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?",
              "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "a hundred years" }],
              "question": "It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?",
              "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many species of bats exist in England?",
              "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df64a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "melanistic, black fallow deer" }
              ],
              "question": "What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?",
              "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "each November and February" }
              ],
              "question": "When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?",
              "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "to take advantage of the London's green spaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?",
              "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "red and fallow deer" }],
              "question": "Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?",
              "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da00b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?",
              "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "36.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?",
              "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?",
              "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did London see its highest population numbers?",
              "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "8,173,941" }],
              "question": "What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?",
              "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Tokyo and Moscow" }],
              "question": "With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?",
              "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da06e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?",
              "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "72" }],
              "question": "About how many billionaires call London home?",
              "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da070"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "about six to four" }],
              "question": "What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?",
              "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1,624,768" }],
              "question": "What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?",
              "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "46.4" }],
              "question": "The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?",
              "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "more than 50" }],
              "question": "A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?",
              "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "19 per cent" }],
              "question": "According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?",
              "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. The table to the right shows the 30 most common countries of birth of London residents in 2011, the date of the last published UK Census. A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "36.7 per cent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?",
              "id": "572836863acd2414000df717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "the Office for National Statistics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?",
              "id": "572836863acd2414000df718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When was the most recent UK census published?",
              "id": "572836863acd2414000df719"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "Neasden Temple" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?",
              "id": "572838884b864d1900164788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Southall" }],
              "question": "Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?",
              "id": "572838884b864d1900164789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Tower Hamlets" }],
              "question": "Where is the East London Mosque located?",
              "id": "572838884b864d190016478a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Tower Hamlets and Newham" }
              ],
              "question": "Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?",
              "id": "572838884b864d190016478b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "42" }],
              "question": "How many Hindu temples exist in London?",
              "id": "572838884b864d190016478c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?",
              "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Bevis Marks Synagogue" }
              ],
              "question": "The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?",
              "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "over 300 years" }],
              "question": "For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? ",
              "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?",
              "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the London Jewish Forum established?",
              "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Cockney" }],
              "question": "What is the best-known London accent known as?",
              "id": "572840674b864d1900164800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "'ethnic' accents" }],
              "question": "An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?",
              "id": "572840674b864d1900164801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "RP (Received Pronunciation)" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?",
              "id": "572840674b864d1900164802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the wider South East England region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?",
              "id": "572840674b864d1900164803"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Lloyd's of London" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?",
              "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "finance" }],
              "question": "What is the largest industry in London?",
              "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "the Bank of England" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the UK's central bank known as?",
              "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "325,000" }],
              "question": "Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?",
              "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "480" }],
              "question": "How many banks does London operate overseas?",
              "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da022"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around \u00a364.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "The Port of London" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest port in the UK?",
              "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "\u00a364.2 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?",
              "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "45 million tonnes" }],
              "question": "How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?",
              "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "media distribution" }],
              "question": "What is London's second most competitive industry?",
              "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "The BBC" }],
              "question": "What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?",
              "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "65 million" }],
              "question": "According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?",
              "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "$20.23 billion" }],
              "question": "How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?",
              "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "350,000" }],
              "question": "As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?",
              "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "TripAdvisor" }],
              "question": "Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?",
              "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "54%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?",
              "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Mayor of London" }
              ],
              "question": "Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?",
              "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Transport for London (TfL)" }
              ],
              "question": "London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?",
              "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "the London Overground network" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?",
              "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways. In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened. There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal; however, these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Eight" }],
              "question": "How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?",
              "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?",
              "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "London Heathrow" }],
              "question": "In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?",
              "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "British Airways" }],
              "question": "A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?",
              "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "the Coalition Government" }
              ],
              "question": "In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?",
              "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "London City Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the smallest airport in the London area?",
              "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "business travellers" }
              ],
              "question": "London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?",
              "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Stansted Airport" }],
              "question": "Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?",
              "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "cheap short-haul flights" }
              ],
              "question": "London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?",
              "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Newham, East London" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is London City Airport located?",
              "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports. London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers \u2013 Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year. Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Clapham Junction" }],
              "question": "What is Europe's busiest rail station in terms of train activity?",
              "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "366" }],
              "question": "How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network?",
              "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "it has fewer Underground lines."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does South London have such a high number of railways?",
              "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Waterloo" }],
              "question": "What is Britain's busiest railway station in terms of passengers?",
              "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "over 184 million" }],
              "question": "How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly?",
              "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "Paris and Brussels" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?",
              "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Eurostar" }],
              "question": "London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?",
              "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?",
              "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "high-speed trains" }],
              "question": "St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?",
              "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?",
              "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than the Underground. Around \u00a3850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "\u00a3850 million" }],
              "question": "How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?",
              "id": "572888132ca10214002da448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "more than 700" }],
              "question": "How many buses does the London public bus network operate?",
              "id": "572888132ca10214002da449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "audio-visual announcements" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?",
              "id": "572888132ca10214002da44a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "red double-decker" }],
              "question": "What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?",
              "id": "572888132ca10214002da44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?",
              "id": "572888132ca10214002da44c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London's first and only cable car, known as the Emirates Air Line, opened in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city, the cable car is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. Costing \u00a360 million to build, it carries over 3,500 passengers every day, although this is very much lower than its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Santander Cycles" }],
              "question": "What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?",
              "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "June 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?",
              "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "the airline Emirates" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?",
              "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "\u00a360" }],
              "question": "What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?",
              "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "3,500" }],
              "question": "Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?",
              "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes\u2014but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi (195.5 km) long. The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "The inner ring road" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?",
              "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "the Ringways Plan" }],
              "question": "What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?",
              "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "The A1 and M1" }],
              "question": "London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?",
              "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "121.5 mi (195.5 km)" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the M25 motorway?",
              "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "the suburbs" }],
              "question": "Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?",
              "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay \u00a310 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass. London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars \u2013 a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "\u00a310" }],
              "question": "What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?",
              "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?",
              "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "35-per-cent" }],
              "question": "By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?",
              "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "season pass" }],
              "question": "Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?",
              "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Underground and bus" }
              ],
              "question": "What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?",
              "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and its 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also more than any other city in the world. A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "PricewaterhouseCoopers" }
              ],
              "question": "What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?",
              "id": "572891f84b864d1900164a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?",
              "id": "572891f84b864d1900164a9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "110,000" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?",
              "id": "572891f84b864d1900164aa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "London School of Economics" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?",
              "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?",
              "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "The London Business School" }
              ],
              "question": "The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?",
              "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Imperial College London" }
              ],
              "question": "What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?",
              "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities \u2013 King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL \u2013 and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "the Royal Veterinary College" }
              ],
              "question": "What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?",
              "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da31e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "University of London" }
              ],
              "question": "What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools? ",
              "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da31f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "the London Business School" }
              ],
              "question": "From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?",
              "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "What is the average student population at the University of London?",
              "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da321"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London \u2013 Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "34,000" }],
              "question": "What is the student population of University of Westminster?",
              "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many international universities operate in London?",
              "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Richmond" }],
              "question": "In what suburb is the American International University in London located?",
              "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "University of the Arts London" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?",
              "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is home to five major medical schools \u2013 Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London \u2013 and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres are based in the city \u2013 Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many major medical schools does London boast?",
              "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "King's College London School of Medicine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?",
              "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?",
              "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?",
              "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "academic health science centres"
                }
              ],
              "question": "UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?",
              "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Cass Business School" }
              ],
              "question": "City University London is related to what specialized business school?",
              "id": "5728be124b864d1900164d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "specialist arts education institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools?",
              "id": "5728be124b864d1900164d31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Academy. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "the London boroughs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London?",
              "id": "5728bfe9ff5b5019007da5f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "St Paul's School," }],
              "question": "What private boys' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral?",
              "id": "5728bfe9ff5b5019007da5f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "the West End" }],
              "question": "What is the entertainment center of London known as?",
              "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "giant electronic advertisements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?",
              "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Soho" }],
              "question": "London's Chinatown district is located in what area?",
              "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "the City of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is London's West End located geographically?",
              "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }
              ],
              "question": "What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?",
              "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da714"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Upper Street" }],
              "question": "What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?",
              "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Oxford Street" }],
              "question": "What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1 mile (1.6 km)" }],
              "question": "How long is Islington's Upper Street? ",
              "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Selfridges flagship store" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?",
              "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Harrods" }],
              "question": "Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?",
              "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da634"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?",
              "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?",
              "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?",
              "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "the London Eye" }],
              "question": "Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?",
              "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 592, "text": "the Queen's Official Birthday" }
              ],
              "question": "Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?",
              "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da766"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Samuel Pepys" }],
              "question": "Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?",
              "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Hampstead" }],
              "question": "What area has historically been the literary hub of London?",
              "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da67f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Bloomsbury" }],
              "question": "A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?",
              "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Charles Dickens" }],
              "question": "Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?",
              "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Virginia Woolf" }],
              "question": "What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?",
              "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da682"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London \u2013 specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work\u2014most notably his play The Alchemist\u2014was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a \"biography\" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "William Shakespeare" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?",
              "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Ben Jonson" }],
              "question": "What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?",
              "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Daniel Defoe" }],
              "question": "What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?",
              "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the Tabard inn" }],
              "question": "The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?",
              "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Sherlock Holmes" }],
              "question": "Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?",
              "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. As of 2008[update], the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Working Title Films" }
              ],
              "question": "What major film production company calls London home?",
              "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 856, "text": "the Royal Opera House" }
              ],
              "question": "In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?",
              "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1118, "text": "EastEnders" }],
              "question": "What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?",
              "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "Charlie Chaplin" }],
              "question": "What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?",
              "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?",
              "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1753" }],
              "question": "When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?",
              "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "the National Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?",
              "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "7 million" }],
              "question": "How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?",
              "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "research" }],
              "question": "Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?",
              "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "the British national collection of Western paintings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?",
              "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as \"Albertopolis\", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "depictions of figures from British history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?",
              "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "The Tate Gallery" }],
              "question": "London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?",
              "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Albertopolis" }],
              "question": "What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?",
              "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?",
              "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "as an annexe of the National Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?",
              "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da85a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum. The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "The UK's largest pipe organ" }
              ],
              "question": "What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?",
              "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?",
              "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "the Barbican Arts Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?",
              "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?",
              "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "conservatoires" }],
              "question": "Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?",
              "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da88a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British Summer Time are all held in London. The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Hard Rock Cafe" }],
              "question": "What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?",
              "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Abbey Road Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? ",
              "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 915,
                  "text": "the streets and rhythms vibrating through London."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?",
              "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Wembley Arena" }],
              "question": "What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?",
              "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the o2 arena" }],
              "question": "Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?",
              "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164edc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Ed Sheeran and One Direction. London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London and in the rest of the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "punk" }],
              "question": "London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?",
              "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?",
              "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "BBC Radio 1Xtra" }],
              "question": "Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?",
              "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Bush" }],
              "question": "What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?",
              "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Primrose Hill in the northern part of Regent's Park at 256 feet (78 m) is a popular spot to view the city skyline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many royal parks are located in the center of London?",
              "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Regent's Park" }],
              "question": "In which park is the London Zoo housed?",
              "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Hyde Park" }],
              "question": "What royal park shares a border with its neighbor, the park known as Kensington Gardens?",
              "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Primrose Hill" }],
              "question": "What area of Regent's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline?",
              "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What popular tourist destination is located near Regent's Park?",
              "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. There are also numerous parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London, and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres) in the east. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Kew Gardens" }],
              "question": "What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?",
              "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "the East End" }],
              "question": "Victoria Park is located in what London district?",
              "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "the City of London Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?",
              "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Kenwood House" }],
              "question": "What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?",
              "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Epping Forest" }],
              "question": "People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?",
              "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path (\"Loop\"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "the River Wandle" }],
              "question": "What river is a tributary of the River Thames?",
              "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "\"Loop\"" }],
              "question": "What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?",
              "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?",
              "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Access to canals and rivers" }
              ],
              "question": "What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?",
              "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "the Thames Path" }],
              "question": "Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?",
              "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United. Among other professional teams based in London include Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Charlton Athletic. In May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League. Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "football" }],
              "question": "What is London's most popular athletic sport?",
              "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?",
              "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "May 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?",
              "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "How many professional football clubs call London their home?",
              "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "none" }],
              "question": "Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?",
              "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London, (London Irish, Saracens, and Harlequins), although currently only Harlequins and Saracens play their home games within Greater London. London Scottish and London Welsh play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "Twickenham Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London?",
              "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "82,000" }],
              "question": "What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium?",
              "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Harlequins and Saracens" }
              ],
              "question": "Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area?",
              "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "in the RFU Championship club" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games?",
              "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central London is \u20ac24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin \u20ac3,306, Rome \u20ac6,188 and Paris \u20ac11,229.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?",
              "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "\u20ac24,252" }],
              "question": "What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?",
              "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?",
              "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?",
              "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "\u20ac3,306" }],
              "question": "What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?",
              "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da896"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Law_of_the_United_States",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "United States Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the foundation of the United States federal government?",
              "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "The Constitution" }],
              "question": "In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?",
              "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "The United States Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?",
              "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "law of the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?",
              "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "federal judiciary" }],
              "question": "The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?",
              "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "the United States Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?",
              "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "The Constitution" }],
              "question": "What sets out the boundries of federal law?",
              "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "codified and uncodified" }
              ],
              "question": "What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?",
              "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "The United States Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?",
              "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "codified and uncodified" }
              ],
              "question": "What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?",
              "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "the United States Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?",
              "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Senate" }],
              "question": "What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?",
              "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "the executive branch" }
              ],
              "question": "With branch of government deals with new regulations?",
              "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "the federal judiciary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who's responsibility is case law?",
              "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Federal law and treaties" }
              ],
              "question": "What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?",
              "id": "57266a17708984140094c531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?",
              "id": "57266a17708984140094c532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 701, "text": "federal constitutional rights" }
              ],
              "question": "States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?",
              "id": "57266a17708984140094c533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "state law" }],
              "question": "Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?",
              "id": "57266a17708984140094c534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 957,
                  "text": "vary greatly from one state to the next."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does every state have the same laws?",
              "id": "57266a17708984140094c535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "conflicting state and territorial laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Federal law overrides what laws?",
              "id": "5726d83d708984140094d331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "The scope of federal power is not what?",
              "id": "5726d83d708984140094d332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "dual-sovereign system" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of system is American Federalism?",
              "id": "5726d83d708984140094d333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Indian reservations" }
              ],
              "question": "American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?",
              "id": "5726d83d708984140094d334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "the federal Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?",
              "id": "5726d83d708984140094d335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Federal law and treaties" }
              ],
              "question": "Is there anything that trumps state law?",
              "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many state make up the United States?",
              "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?",
              "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "\"living law\"" }],
              "question": "What is day-to-day, operational law considered?",
              "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "state law" }],
              "question": "What is living law mostly made up of?",
              "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6baf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "a subsequent statute" }
              ],
              "question": "In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  ",
              "id": "57266cb4708984140094c593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "federal and state statutes" }
              ],
              "question": "What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? ",
              "id": "57266cb4708984140094c594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "stare decisis" }],
              "question": "What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? ",
              "id": "57266cb4708984140094c595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?",
              "id": "57266cb4708984140094c596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "it must be deleted" }
              ],
              "question": "What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?",
              "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "a subsequent statute" }
              ],
              "question": "What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?",
              "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "decades" }],
              "question": "Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?",
              "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "the principle of stare decisis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?",
              "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "the Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?",
              "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "deleted by a subsequent statute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?",
              "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "no sensible lower court will enforce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?",
              "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "reversed by the Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?",
              "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?",
              "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "risk reversal by the Supreme Court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?",
              "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c801"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "law of warranty" }],
              "question": "The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?",
              "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?",
              "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "rule of strict liability for defective products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was most influential American 20th century tort law?",
              "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?",
              "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "rule of strict liability for defective products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?",
              "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Roger J. Traynor" }],
              "question": "Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?",
              "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?",
              "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?",
              "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?",
              "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other, and of course, partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tort law" }],
              "question": "What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?",
              "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "because of its immense size and diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?",
              "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Restatement of Torts" }
              ],
              "question": "While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?",
              "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tort law" }],
              "question": "What covers crimes of human against human?",
              "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "wrongs also punishable by criminal law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does tort law overlap with?",
              "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Restatement of Torts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?",
              "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?",
              "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "immense size and diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is tort law hard to standardize?",
              "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "English common law" }
              ],
              "question": "A lot of American common law diverged from where?",
              "id": "57267592708984140094c6cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "there is no American ruling on point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?",
              "id": "57267592708984140094c6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "by each other's rulings" }
              ],
              "question": "Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?",
              "id": "57267592708984140094c6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "English common law" }
              ],
              "question": "Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?",
              "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "each other's" }],
              "question": "Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?",
              "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rulings do American courts rarely follow?",
              "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "there is no American ruling on point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?",
              "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "diverged significantly" }
              ],
              "question": "How close is current American law to English law?",
              "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What differs about American and English law?",
              "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "no American ruling on point" }
              ],
              "question": "When would American law be more likely to follow English law?",
              "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "nearly identical" }],
              "question": "How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?",
              "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The actual substance of English law was formally \"received\" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted \"reception statutes\" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the common law of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Reception statues are generally the same as what law?",
              "id": "57267ac0708984140094c785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "contemporary U.S. courts" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? ",
              "id": "57267ac0708984140094c786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana" }],
              "question": "Which US State did not  enact reception statues? ",
              "id": "57267ac0708984140094c787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "common law of England" }
              ],
              "question": "What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?",
              "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana" }],
              "question": "What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?",
              "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "a specific cutoff date" }
              ],
              "question": "Some reception statutes impose what?",
              "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "pre-Revolution" }],
              "question": "Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?",
              "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are reception statutes?",
              "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are reception statutes invaild?",
              "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "English law" }],
              "question": "Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?",
              "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana" }],
              "question": "Which is the only stste without reception statutes?",
              "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "pre-Revolution" }],
              "question": "What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?",
              "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: \"Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "contemporary English" }
              ],
              "question": "early on American courts cited what cases?",
              "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?",
              "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?",
              "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?",
              "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "over 8,000" }],
              "question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?",
              "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "mid-19th century" }],
              "question": "When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?",
              "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?",
              "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "8,000" }],
              "question": "By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?",
              "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?",
              "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 913, "text": "judicial literature" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?",
              "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "What does federal law come from?",
              "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?",
              "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "The United States Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?",
              "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "in the Federal Register" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are regulations published?",
              "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Code of Federal Regulations" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are regulations codified into?",
              "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "Where does federal law begin?",
              "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Congress" }],
              "question": "Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?",
              "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "The United States Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?",
              "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "executive branch agencies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?",
              "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "the Code of Federal Regulations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?",
              "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Commerce and Spending Clauses" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?",
              "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1200, "text": "regulating them" }],
              "question": "In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?",
              "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "intellectual property" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?",
              "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "federal law" }],
              "question": "What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?",
              "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?",
              "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "start of the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?",
              "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1232, "text": "McCarran-Ferguson Act" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?",
              "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1043, "text": "coexist with each other" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?",
              "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "the President" }],
              "question": "Who signs a bill into a law?",
              "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does a bill go after it is signed?",
              "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "a law number" }],
              "question": "What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?",
              "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "a slip law" }],
              "question": "After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?",
              "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "private laws" }],
              "question": "What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?",
              "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?",
              "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "assigned a law number" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?",
              "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "publication as a slip law" }
              ],
              "question": "After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?",
              "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "session laws" }],
              "question": "Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?",
              "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the United States Statutes at Large?",
              "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "statutes" }],
              "question": "What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?",
              "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "regulations" }],
              "question": "Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?",
              "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "Regulations normally carry the force of what?",
              "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "relevant statutes" }],
              "question": "Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?",
              "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "broad rulemaking authority" }
              ],
              "question": "What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?",
              "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?",
              "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "the principle of Chevron" }
              ],
              "question": "What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?",
              "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?",
              "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "stare decisis" }],
              "question": "What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?",
              "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is stare decisis?",
              "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?",
              "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who else does stare decisis affect?",
              "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "federal judge Alex Kozinski" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?",
              "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?",
              "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?",
              "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 644,
                  "text": "saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?",
              "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 823,
                  "text": "incorrect statement of the law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would one judge reject another's opinion?",
              "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting \"judicial power\" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide \"cases or controversies\" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?",
              "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the missing plenary reception do?",
              "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "the federal Judiciary Acts" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the federal courts fall?",
              "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Article Three" }],
              "question": "Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?",
              "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Article Three give federal agencies?",
              "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?",
              "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made binding precedent a possibility?",
              "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 932,
                  "text": "hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can invalidate the rule of law?",
              "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the rule of precedent allowed?",
              "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the Judiciary Acts" }
              ],
              "question": "How is a court hierarchy established?",
              "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states that there is no general federal common law?",
              "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?",
              "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "lack the plenary power possessed by state courts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can't federal courts just make up law?",
              "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are states allowed to use plenary power?",
              "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?",
              "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "federal interpretations of state law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are states not bound by?",
              "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Erie doctrine" }],
              "question": "What states that deference is one way only?",
              "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?",
              "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "state constitutions, state governments, and state courts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each state posess?",
              "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "separate sovereigns" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 50 states in the Union known as?",
              "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "judicial branch" }],
              "question": "Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?",
              "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "legislative branch" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of government enacts state statutes?",
              "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "executive branch" }],
              "question": "Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?",
              "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4cea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "state courts" }],
              "question": "Where are cases usually argued?",
              "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "involve claims and defenses under state laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of cases are argued in the state courts?",
              "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "103.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many new cases were filed in 2010?",
              "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?",
              "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "272,795" }],
              "question": "How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?",
              "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up the law of criminal procedure?",
              "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the exclusionary rule provide for?",
              "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "writ of habeas corpus" }
              ],
              "question": "What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?",
              "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Miranda warning" }],
              "question": "What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/",
              "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 891,
                  "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?",
              "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4d00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The law of civil procedure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?",
              "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "code pleading" }],
              "question": "What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?",
              "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "modern notice pleading" }
              ],
              "question": "What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?",
              "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?",
              "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "The old English division between common law and equity courts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?",
              "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c832"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which states have not adopted FRCP?",
              "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "codified statutes enacted by the state legislature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?",
              "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "court rules promulgated by the state supreme court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?",
              "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial \"law and motion\" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of \"loser pays\"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "American civil procedure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?",
              "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "summary judgment" }],
              "question": "What is a pretrial deposition?",
              "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an opt-out class action?",
              "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "class members must join into the class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an opt-in class action?",
              "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 659,
                  "text": "parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the American Rule?",
              "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "prosecution by the state of wrongful acts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is criminal law?",
              "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?",
              "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "Federal criminal law" }
              ],
              "question": "Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?",
              "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "state level" }],
              "question": "Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?",
              "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "crimes" }],
              "question": "What can result in incarceration?",
              "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "felonies and misdemeanors" }
              ],
              "question": "What two levels of crime are there?",
              "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "minor crimes" }],
              "question": "What is a misdemeanor?",
              "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "felony convictions" }
              ],
              "question": "What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?",
              "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "a year or less in jail and a substantial fine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What usually happens with misdemeanors?",
              "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "infractions" }],
              "question": "What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?",
              "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is contract law?",
              "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Uniform Commercial Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What standardized contract law?",
              "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "express or implied" }],
              "question": "What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?",
              "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d22"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Myanmar",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Myanmar (myan-MAR i/mi\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0r/ mee-ahn-MAR, /mi\u02c8\u025bnm\u0251\u02d0r/ mee-EN-mar or /ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6nm\u0251\u02d0r/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]),[nb 1] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?",
              "id": "5726707e708984140094c60b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "51 million people recorded" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5726707e708984140094c60c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the land mass of  Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5726707e708984140094c60d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in  Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5726707e708984140094c60e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "capital city is Naypyidaw" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?",
              "id": "5726707e708984140094c60f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1962, a military dictatorship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?",
              "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? ",
              "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?",
              "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Taungoo Dynasty" }],
              "question": "Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?",
              "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "In the 16th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?",
              "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "the military junta" }
              ],
              "question": "What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? ",
              "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1034,
                  "text": "Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?",
              "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "a nominally civilian government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government is now established in Myanmar?",
              "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?",
              "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major conflict is Myanmar known for?",
              "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In English, the country is popularly known as either \"Burma\" or \"Myanmar\" i/\u02c8mj\u0251\u02d0n\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0r/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the name Burma originate from ?",
              "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?",
              "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0])"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?",
              "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?",
              "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as \"Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names. The Czech Republic uses officially Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website. The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany, China, India, Norway, and Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?",
              "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Burma (Myanmar)" }],
              "question": "How is Burma officially identified in the United States ",
              "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "United Nations uses Myanmar" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?",
              "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?",
              "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8905"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Homo erectus" }],
              "question": "What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?",
              "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "400,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?",
              "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Anyathian" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest. ",
              "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?",
              "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "discovered in the form of cave paintings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?",
              "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artifacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division. The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known?",
              "id": "572690725951b619008f76b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?",
              "id": "572690725951b619008f76ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "domesticating poultry and pigs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish?",
              "id": "572690725951b619008f76bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "The Iron Age began around 500 BC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Age of Iron begin?",
              "id": "572690725951b619008f76bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age?",
              "id": "572690725951b619008f76bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around the second century BC" }
              ],
              "question": "What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?",
              "id": "572691ff708984140094ca75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "from present-day Yunnan" }
              ],
              "question": "From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from? ",
              "id": "572691ff708984140094ca76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?",
              "id": "572691ff708984140094ca77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?",
              "id": "572691ff708984140094ca78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "Kingdom of Mrauk U" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? ",
              "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "250 years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?",
              "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?",
              "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?",
              "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature \"grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse\", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "states were all multi-ethnic polities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?",
              "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "This period is considered a golden age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?",
              "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "Hanthawaddy monarchs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?",
              "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Mrauk U" }],
              "question": "Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar",
              "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7756"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo\u2013Hanthawaddy War (1534\u201341). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "a former vassal state of Ava." }
              ],
              "question": "Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? ",
              "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "king Tabinshwehti" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?",
              "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Bayinnaung" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?",
              "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "1599" }],
              "question": "In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?",
              "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?",
              "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?",
              "id": "57269d47708984140094cbcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the country have lasting monarchs?",
              "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?",
              "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?",
              "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "the Chinese threat" }],
              "question": "What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?",
              "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1776." }],
              "question": "In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?",
              "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Arakan" }],
              "question": "What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?",
              "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "King Bodawpaya" }],
              "question": "Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan ",
              "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Burmese language" }],
              "question": "What language eventually came to power in the Irrawaddy valley ?",
              "id": "5726a1135951b619008f7839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "half of all males and 5% of females"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the literacy rate for the Burmese people during the big period of artistic growth?",
              "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did changes move along at a uniform pace for the Burmese people?",
              "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "What country was Burma a colony of ?",
              "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the kings of the Konbaung monarchy famed for in their rule?",
              "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s. Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s."
                }
              ],
              "question": "have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies?",
              "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?",
              "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "166-day hunger strike" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?",
              "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was U Wisara able to survive  the protest?",
              "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?",
              "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "Burma was devastated during World War II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was Burma effected by the world wars?",
              "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "the British administration had collapsed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII?",
              "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where groups from Burma an advantage to the Allies during WWII?",
              "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?",
              "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "the end of Japanese rule in July 1945"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma?",
              "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Aung San" }],
              "question": "Who negotiated the agreement that Burma would be free from forgien rule ?",
              "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Panglong Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the agreement that guarantee Burma's freedom from foreign rule ?",
              "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What leaders were present during the negotiations made for freedom of the Burmese people?",
              "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government?",
              "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did and how did Aung San pass away ?",
              "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'\u00e9tat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989. SLORC changed the country's official English name from the \"Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma\" to the \"Union of Myanmar\" in 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "8888 Uprising" }],
              "question": "What are the 1988 demonstrations in Burma called?",
              "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "General Saw Maung" }],
              "question": "Who lead the government coup in 1988 ?",
              "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "declared martial law after widespread protests."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was marshal law declared in Burma in 1989?",
              "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Union of Myanmar" }],
              "question": "What was the official name of Burma changed to by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)",
              "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have elections been held in Burma since the military coup in 1988 ?",
              "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e626"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "an increase in the price of diesel and petrol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?",
              "id": "5726de88708984140094d421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Saffron Revolution" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks?",
              "id": "5726de88708984140094d422"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726de88708984140094d423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?",
              "id": "5726de88708984140094d424"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division. It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless. In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts. Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Cyclone Nargis" }],
              "question": "What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?  ",
              "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What is the main crop of the delta of the Irrawaddy section of Burma?",
              "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "estimated 200,000 people dead or missing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?",
              "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "10 billion US Dollars" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance?",
              "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2012 the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict, between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State; and a conflict between the Shan, Lahu and Karen minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar. In a video released 3 September 2014 mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing \"what they can to rescue you\". In response, the military raised its level of alertness while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma? ",
              "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army a"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were any religious groups involved in the scrimmages ? ",
              "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "al-Qaeda" }],
              "question": "Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ? ",
              "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing \"what they can to rescue you\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger?",
              "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 747,
                  "text": "the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda? ",
              "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eeca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border. During the incident the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels. Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China, creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country was Burma involved with in 2015",
              "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were there any refuges that resulted from the Burmese conflict in 2015?",
              "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the government of China accused of during the Kokang offensive ?",
              "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is China an affect on the government in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what benefit of China has its interest in the Burmese government brought about ?",
              "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the \"Union of Myanmar\" to the \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "allegations of polling station irregularities were raised"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?",
              "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?",
              "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Union of Myanmar" }],
              "question": "What is the name that Burma held before 2010? ",
              "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the referendum in 2008 ?",
              "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway. According to some reports, the military's presence continues as the label 'disciplined democracy' suggests. This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics. Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition\u2014here, \"transition\" does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy, but transition to a quasi-military rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is Burma now a democratic nation?",
              "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "the military's presence continues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the military still have a government presence in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "'disciplined democracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government does Burma operate under ?",
              "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the military presence interfere with the day to day running of the government ?",
              "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9499"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?",
              "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "a mixed economy" }],
              "question": "What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?",
              "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "house arrest" }],
              "question": "Where was  Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726e9475951b619008f8240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?",
              "id": "5726e9475951b619008f8241"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress\u2014it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? ",
              "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?",
              "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "more than fifty years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?",
              "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "National League for Democracy (NLD) party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?",
              "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about \"reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization.\" However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "the Freedom House organisation raised concerns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?",
              "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "some other political prisoners have not been released"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? ",
              "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f8281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?",
              "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f8280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?",
              "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "43 of the 45 available seats" }
              ],
              "question": "Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?",
              "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Burman border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast. Burma has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma?",
              "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sea is an integral part of the Burma landscape ?",
              "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "1,200 mi" }],
              "question": "How many miles of uninterrupted coastline does Burma encompass?",
              "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Bay of Bengal" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the bay along the southwest coast of Burma ?",
              "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "the Tibet Autonomous Region" }
              ],
              "question": "What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?",
              "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 \u00b0C (89.6 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the majority of the Burmese country fall on the globe ?",
              "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?",
              "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "1,000 mm (39.4 in" }],
              "question": "What is the expected rainfall in the zone considered to be dry in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average temperature of the coldest  part of Burma and where is it located ?",
              "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 \u00b0C (89.6 \u00b0F)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How warm does it get at the height of summer along the in the delta and coastal regions of Burma?",
              "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "the lumber industry" }
              ],
              "question": "What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 599,
                  "text": "Hundreds of species of freshwater fish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?",
              "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?",
              "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ? ",
              "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?",
              "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?",
              "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f834a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have been strained, relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions, the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ? ",
              "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ? ",
              "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies. On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader, Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?",
              "id": "5726f64b708984140094d721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726f64b708984140094d722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "British Prime Minister David Cameron"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?",
              "id": "5726f64b708984140094d723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "the Burmese parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f64b708984140094d724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Under India's Look East policy, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction of ports and buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Asian countries feel about the European attitude towards Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "natural resource extraction." }
              ],
              "question": "What is a popular business for international Asian countries in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "India and China" }],
              "question": "What two countries does Burma have Superior relationships with ?",
              "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the  India Look East policy ?",
              "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f143"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta, although it has preserved extensive commercial ties, which provide the regime with much-needed revenue. The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011, when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital, Naypyidaw, the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited to the US followed by Myanmar's reformist president visit to the United Nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?",
              "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "it has preserved extensive commercial ties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it's relations in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma?",
              "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "the capital, Naypyidaw" }
              ],
              "question": "What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India ",
              "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms, and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive US support. The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners, the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law, and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar\u2014the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the first official Burmese delegate to visit the white house following the 2010 elections in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the most prior visit from a Burmese representative to the  United States prior to 2010 ? ",
              "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010?",
              "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "leaders discussed to release more political prisoners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the visit to the United States result in the release of political prisoners in Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agreements were made in the visit to the United States by the Burmese in the 21 century ?",
              "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014. In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal. Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?",
              "id": "5726fb60708984140094d791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?",
              "id": "5726fb60708984140094d792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "hosted the summit in 2014" }
              ],
              "question": "What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference?",
              "id": "5726fb60708984140094d793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?",
              "id": "5726fb60708984140094d794"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Myanmar's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw, which numbers 488,000. The Tatmadaw comprises the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service. The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. Official figures for military spending are not available. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high. Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Tatmadaw" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the military in Burma ?",
              "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "numbers 488,000" }],
              "question": "How large is the military of Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Army, the Navy, and the Air Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which traditional branches of the military does Burma have?",
              "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ranking does Burma hold for the number of troops currently serving on active military duty ?",
              "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India."
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where does Burma receive most of its military artillery ?",
              "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?",
              "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?",
              "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?",
              "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "South Africa" }],
              "question": "What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?",
              "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is consensus that the military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In November 2012, Samantha Power, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president's visit that \"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children.\" Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese Military Junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution \"strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms\" and calling on the Burmese Military Regime \"to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the general view of Burma ?",
              "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Samantha Power?",
              "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "\"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?",
              "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes, \"The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity.\" In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of some of the  human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations. ",
              "id": "5726ff49708984140094d801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military?",
              "id": "5726ff49708984140094d802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes?",
              "id": "5726ff49708984140094d803"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements. The Independent reported in June 2012 that \"Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol.\" The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of the Government of Myanmar on 5 July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would \"signal a transformation.\" In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers. According to Samantha Power, a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012. However, she did not comment on the government's progress towards reform in this area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are children used in the conflicts in Burma?",
              "id": "5726fff9708984140094d815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ? ",
              "id": "5726fff9708984140094d816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?",
              "id": "5726fff9708984140094d817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)\u2014the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them\u2014this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of \u2018most persecuted minority\u2019 statement is unclear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Rohingya people" }],
              "question": "What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?",
              "id": "572701bd708984140094d85d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?",
              "id": "572701bd708984140094d85e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?",
              "id": "572701bd708984140094d85f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma?",
              "id": "572701bd708984140094d860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?",
              "id": "572701bd708984140094d861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?",
              "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?",
              "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ? ",
              "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can one prove their race in Burma ?",
              "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1258,
                  "text": "expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many of the  Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ? ",
              "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws, while non-religious causes have also been raised, such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II\u2014during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma (composed mostly of Bamar Japanese) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is believed to be one of the potential religious instigators for the stiff in Burma against a certain race ?",
              "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "the Japanese" }],
              "question": "Who occupied Burma during the Second World War ?",
              "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "the Tatmadaw" }],
              "question": "What system of militaristic management exists in Burma?",
              "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may have caused negative feeling to still linger among the different races of the Burmese people ?",
              "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "British allied themselves with the Rohingya"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the British choose to back in Burma during WWII ?",
              "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da288"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon. The BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers even though he was lying on the ground in a public area. The footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila and was used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?",
              "id": "572886362ca10214002da43e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?",
              "id": "572886362ca10214002da43f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What news company  discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?",
              "id": "572886362ca10214002da440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident?",
              "id": "572886362ca10214002da441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 648,
                  "text": "used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?",
              "id": "572886362ca10214002da442"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The immediate cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause. Whole villages have been \"decimated\". Over 300 houses and a number of public buildings have been razed. According to Tun Khin, the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), as of 28 June 2012, 650 Rohingyas have been killed, 1,200 are missing, and more than 80,000 have been displaced. According to the Myanmar authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It displaced more than 52,000 people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?",
              "id": "57288a732ca10214002da452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "It displaced more than 52,000 people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?",
              "id": "57288a732ca10214002da453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Tun Khin" }],
              "question": "Who is the president of the BROUK's UK division?",
              "id": "57288a732ca10214002da454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1,200 are missing" }],
              "question": "How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?",
              "id": "57288a732ca10214002da455"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region. The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence. A number of monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?",
              "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?",
              "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?",
              "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?",
              "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government \"Stop Killing the Press.\" The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication. However, as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy, this new \"freedom\" has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists \"are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes \u2014 non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, perpetuation of sovereignty \u2014 and \"journalistic ethics\" to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security.\" In July 2014 five journalists were sentenced to 10 years in jail after publishing a report saying the country was planning to build a new chemical weapons plant. Journalists described the jailings as a blow to the recently-won news media freedoms that had followed five decades of censorship and persecution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?",
              "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication."
                }
              ],
              "question": "If communications restrictions have changed how so?",
              "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "The Irrawaddy" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma?",
              "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "journalists \"are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?",
              "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "wore shirts demanding that the government \"Stop Killing the Press."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did demonstrators wear during the media rally?",
              "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Crisis Group, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedoms",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "the Crisis Group" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?",
              "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "the country's human rights record has been improving"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?",
              "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?",
              "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?",
              "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e0121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "lowest rating of 7" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the previous rating for Burma?",
              "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e0120"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds. Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development. In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "National Human Rights Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the government bring together ?",
              "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "consists of 15 members from various backgrounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?",
              "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?",
              "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "President Thein Sein" }
              ],
              "question": "Who extended the offer to the activists ?",
              "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar's behalf in the fall 2011 ?",
              "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0149"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?",
              "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?",
              "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?",
              "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?",
              "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at Chatham House, he revealed that \"We [Myanmar government] are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar.\", in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Thein Sein" }],
              "question": "What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?",
              "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Prime Minister David Cameron," }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?",
              "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the outcome of the meeting ?",
              "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "at Chatham House" }],
              "question": "Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?",
              "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?",
              "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined, and did not recover for several decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?",
              "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?",
              "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?",
              "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "75% of the world's teak" }
              ],
              "question": "What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?",
              "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "a highly literate population" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?",
              "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, the British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides. After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land. The government also tried to implement a poorly considered Eight-Year plan. By the 1950s, rice exports had fallen by two thirds and mineral exports by over 96% (as compared to the pre-World War II period). Plans were partly financed by printing money, which led to inflation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did world war two affect Burmese business and economy ?",
              "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Burma framework affected by WWII ?",
              "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "bombed extensively" }
              ],
              "question": "What lead to the architectural changes in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "bombed extensively by both sides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war's effects ?",
              "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Myanmar given sovereignty to rule it's own nation ?",
              "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The major agricultural product is rice, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas. In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What is the major farming production crop in Burma? ",
              "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of  the countries's farm-able land is used for the major farming production crop in Burma? ",
              "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "food grain production" }
              ],
              "question": "What category does the major farming production crop in Burma fall into ? ",
              "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "by weight" }],
              "question": "How is production in the category tallied ?",
              "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "52 modern rice varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "How many novel types of this crop did Burma develop as of 1997 ?",
              "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?",
              "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry  ?",
              "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Human Rights Watch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?",
              "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the group advised based on the information's results ?",
              "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "the ruling junta" }],
              "question": "Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ? ",
              "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay; religious sites in Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An; nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui. Nevertheless, much of the country is off-limits to tourists, and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar, particularly in the border regions, are subject to police scrutiny. They are not to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment and, in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit \"unnecessary contact\" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "Yangon and Mandalay" }
              ],
              "question": "Name two of the metropolitan areas that are enjoyed most frequently by tourist in Myanmar  ?",
              "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two of the top spiritual destination that Myanmar offers ?",
              "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Myanmar offer any destinations  that might be good for outside enthusiasts ?",
              "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any edifice points of interest that may be of note to visitors of Burma?",
              "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "much of the country is off-limits to tourists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can visitors travel unrestricted through the country ?",
              "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air. According to the website Lonely Planet, getting into Myanmar is problematic: \"No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across.\", and states that, \"It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.\" There are a small number of border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between Ruili (China) to Mu-se, the border between Htee Kee (Myanmar) and Ban Phu Nam Ron (Thailand) (the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi), and the border between Myawaddy (Myanmar) and Mae Sot (Thailand). At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. \"From Mae Sai (Thailand) you can cross to Tachileik, but can only go as far as Kengtung. Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "by air" }],
              "question": "How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is Myanmar convenient to other countries in South East Asia ? ",
              "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any cruise travel destinations for Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long have bus tours been available to tourist of Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 925,
                  "text": "Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far are the people from Taiwan ,but not actually citizens of Taiwan, allowed to venture into the Myanmar territory ?",
              "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines. According to Eleven magazine, \"In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore.\" Expansions were expected in September 2013, but yet again are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines according to Eleven Media Group's Eleven, \"Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Flights are available from most countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "5 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the travel industry considered making changes to fight plans for Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ? ",
              "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange. The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent, Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent. The Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016. First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ($22).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred in the winter of 2014 of significance for Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "W is set to to be the major stock holder of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did other countries actively participate in business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers?",
              "id": "5728f9a14b864d1900165160"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand, and millions more work illegally. Burmese migrant workers account for 80% of Thailand's migrant workers. Population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?",
              "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?",
              "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?",
              "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "millions more work illegally" }
              ],
              "question": "How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization ",
              "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "80% of Thailand's migrant workers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are Shan. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population. Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term \"ethnic nationality\" over \"ethnic minority\" as the term \"minority\" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as \"Burmanisation\"\u2014the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest percentage of  the Burmese populace ?",
              "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?",
              "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "ethnic nationality" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?",
              "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the population is of the  Rakhine descendant line ?",
              "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?",
              "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mon, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer. Overseas Indians are 2%. The remainder are Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepali and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the UK. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009[update], 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer. ",
              "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Anglo-Burmese" }],
              "question": "Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?",
              "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1958 onwards" }],
              "question": "When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?",
              "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "principally to Australia and the UK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?",
              "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Myanmar is home to four major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Tai\u2013Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, and Chinese (mainly Hokkien). The primary Tai\u2013Kadai language is Shan. Mon, Palaung, and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English. Little known fact about Myanmar is there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar. Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country, they may have been lost (many if not all) after a few generations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Sino-Tibetan, Tai\u2013Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four categories for the most prolific dialects used in Burma ?",
              "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the primary languages of Europe that are used in Burma ?",
              "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many different types of dictionaries could you potentially need to cover all the languages spoken in Myanmar ",
              "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "many of them are known only within small tribes around the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the languages of Myanmar widely used by other nations  ?",
              "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "The primary Tai\u2013Kadai language is Shan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the preferred lingo for the Tai\u2013Kadai language?",
              "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burmese, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to Tibetan and Chinese language. It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century. The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century. It is also used to write Pali, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Burmese" }],
              "question": "What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries' standard vernacular ?",
              "id": "572904696aef0514001549ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Tibetan and Chinese language" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language?",
              "id": "572904696aef0514001549ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ? ",
              "id": "572904696aef0514001549ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what is the visual display of the language a subset of  ? ",
              "id": "572904696aef0514001549af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century."
                }
              ],
              "question": "From when are the  first impressions of the visually displayed language ?",
              "id": "572904696aef0514001549b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. Festivals can be held on a grand scale. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country. Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in Eastern Myanmar, where over 3000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape Islamophobic persecution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Burma have more than one religion ?",
              "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Festivals can be held on a grand scale."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are public displays allowed for the celebration of religion in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all welcomed to practice faith openly in Burma ",
              "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can anyone in Burma Join the military forces in Burma ?",
              "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the best routes for career achievement in Burma ?",
              "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Pew Research, 7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and East Asian religions. However, according to a US State Department's 2010 international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population. Independent researchers put the Muslim population at 6 to 10% of the population[citation needed]. Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. A tiny Jewish community in Rangoon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the populace does not  identify with conformists religious  majority?",
              "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are these percentages an accurate estimate of nonconformists religious  groups ?",
              "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many dwelling are dedicated to the worship of the faith Jehovah's Witnesses ?",
              "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "16 languages" }],
              "question": "How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?",
              "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 689,
                  "text": "a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?",
              "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the Ministry of Education. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately about 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Ministry of Education" }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "572908166aef0514001549c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "United Kingdom's" }],
              "question": "What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?",
              "id": "572908166aef0514001549c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?",
              "id": "572908166aef0514001549ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "privately funded English language schoo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any alternatives to the public school system in Burma ?",
              "id": "572908166aef0514001549cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?",
              "id": "572908166aef0514001549cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?",
              "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?",
              "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?",
              "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?",
              "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ? ",
              "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?",
              "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "the most important being the pagoda festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "Many villages have a guardian nat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?",
              "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Burma. Burma's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity. According to the The World Factbook, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. However, the exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "ethnic groups constitute 32%" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group?",
              "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do opinions differ on the numbers for that population is considered not a part of the mainstream",
              "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "The World Factbook" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the group that reported the information regarding the populace in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290c141d04691400778fca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?",
              "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "landlocked cities" }],
              "question": "Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?",
              "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein \u2014 a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920 which proved a major success, despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films. The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay, India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Money Can't Buy It). After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes. Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first motion picture about someone's life filmed in Myanmar ?",
              "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Tun Shein \u2014 a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this film relevant enough to be the first ?",
              "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before the advent of talking pictures, what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?",
              "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Following the end of the second World War, what was a still a popular theme among films makers in Burma ?",
              "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where any of the Burmese films ever used as an instrument to influence the people ?",
              "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Jews",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and the homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?",
              "id": "5726723b708984140094c65d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Israelites" }],
              "question": "Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?",
              "id": "5726723b708984140094c65e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Hebrews" }],
              "question": "What were incoming nomadic groups known as?",
              "id": "5726723b708984140094c65f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?",
              "id": "5726723b708984140094c660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "The Merneptah Stele" }
              ],
              "question": "What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?",
              "id": "5726723b708984140094c661"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a report published in 2014, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.1 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million). These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of halakhic, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "43%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?",
              "id": "57267331708984140094c689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S.?",
              "id": "57267331708984140094c68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Europe?",
              "id": "57267331708984140094c68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "0.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Canada?",
              "id": "57267331708984140094c68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "issues with census methodology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine?",
              "id": "57267331708984140094c68d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., \u064a\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0651 yah\u016bd\u012b (sg.), al-yah\u016bd (pl.), and \u0628\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648 \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 ban\u016b isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl in Arabic, \"Jude\" in German, \"judeu\" in Portuguese, \"juif\" in French, \"j\u00f8de\" in Danish and Norwegian, \"jud\u00edo\" in Spanish, \"jood\" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word \"Hebrew\" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian (\"Ebri/Ebrani\" (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0631\u06cc/\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200e\u200e)) and Russian (\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, Yevrey). The German word \"Jude\" is pronounced [\u02c8ju\u02d0d\u0259], the corresponding adjective \"j\u00fcdisch\" [\u02c8jy\u02d0d\u026a\u0283] (Jewish) is the origin of the word \"Yiddish\". (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Jude" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of the word Yiddish?",
              "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Ebreo" }],
              "question": "What is another word to describe a Jew?",
              "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, Yevrey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?",
              "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?",
              "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Hebrew Bible narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the Biblical patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and the Biblical matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel, who lived in Canaan around the 18th century BCE. Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Abraham" }],
              "question": "Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?",
              "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Ancient Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?",
              "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Moses" }],
              "question": "Who led the Exodus?",
              "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Joseph" }],
              "question": "Who was Jacob's son?",
              "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Jacob" }],
              "question": "Who was Joseph's father?",
              "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth narrative. The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic \u2014 and later monotheistic \u2014 religion centered on Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group, setting them apart from other Canaanites. The Canaanites themselves are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age, while the Hebrew language is the last extant member of the Canaanite languages. In the Iron Age I period (1200\u20131000 BCE) Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "Israelite" }],
              "question": "Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?",
              "id": "572678f9708984140094c743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Yahweh" }],
              "question": "What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?",
              "id": "572678f9708984140094c744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "Iron Age" }],
              "question": "The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?",
              "id": "572678f9708984140094c745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE, when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Israelites" }],
              "question": "What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?",
              "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "after the 720s BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?",
              "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Israelite tribes of Judah" }
              ],
              "question": "From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?",
              "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8672"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed \u2013 discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman \"Judean\" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from \"Israelites\" to \"Jews\" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? ",
              "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Roman \"Judean" }],
              "question": "From where did the term Jews originate?",
              "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "After the fall of the United Monarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was land divided into Israel and Judah?",
              "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?",
              "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "539 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the Babylonian exile end?",
              "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Fertile Crescent" }],
              "question": "Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?",
              "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "4,000 years" }],
              "question": "How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?",
              "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?",
              "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a \"way of life,\" which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Hebrew Bible" }],
              "question": "What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?",
              "id": "57277015708984140094dd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Abrahamic religions" }
              ],
              "question": "What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?",
              "id": "57277015708984140094dd8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Hebrew Bible?",
              "id": "57277015708984140094dd8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?",
              "id": "572770d6708984140094dda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "whether a religious or national approach to identity is used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? ",
              "id": "572770d6708984140094dda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Judaism" }],
              "question": "Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?",
              "id": "572770d6708984140094dda5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1\u20135, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because \"[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others.\" Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is \"of the community of Israel.\" This is complemented by Ezra 10:2\u20133, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?",
              "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "200 CE" }],
              "question": "Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?",
              "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Jewish sages" }],
              "question": "What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?",
              "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f84a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Shaye J. D. Cohen" }],
              "question": "Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?",
              "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Roman law" }],
              "question": "What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?",
              "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?",
              "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f862"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE \u2013 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8\u201310 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Babylonia" }],
              "question": "Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?",
              "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "200 CE \u2013 500 CE" }
              ],
              "question": "Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?",
              "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "conversion" }],
              "question": "Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?",
              "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "The Fiscus Judaicus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?",
              "id": "57277434708984140094de01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "96 CE" }],
              "question": "When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?",
              "id": "57277434708984140094de02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "illegality of male conversion to Judaism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?",
              "id": "57277434708984140094de03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?",
              "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 799, "text": "religious interpretations" }
              ],
              "question": "Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?",
              "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "culinary preferences" }
              ],
              "question": "Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?",
              "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or \"Germanics\" (Ashkenaz meaning \"Germany\" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or \"Hispanics\" (Sefarad meaning \"Spain/Hispania\" or \"Iberia\" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. \"Easterners\", Mizrach being \"East\" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Ashkenazim" }],
              "question": "Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.",
              "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Sephardim" }],
              "question": "Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?",
              "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?",
              "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Mizrahim" }],
              "question": "What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?",
              "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "East" }],
              "question": "What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?",
              "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "due to similar styles of liturgy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?",
              "id": "5727762a708984140094de47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1060, "text": "the 1490s" }],
              "question": "When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?",
              "id": "5727762a708984140094de48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Yemen" }],
              "question": "Where are the Teimanim from?",
              "id": "5727762a708984140094de49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews" }],
              "question": "What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?",
              "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews" }],
              "question": "Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?",
              "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "As a result of their emigration from Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?",
              "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?",
              "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed lashon ha-kodesh, \"the holy tongue\"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "What is the liturgical language of Judaism?",
              "id": "572778495951b619008f8aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, \"the holy tongue?\"",
              "id": "572778495951b619008f8aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Hebrew and Aramaic" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?",
              "id": "572778495951b619008f8ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Tanakh" }],
              "question": "What are the Hebrew scriptures called?",
              "id": "572778495951b619008f8aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Aramaic" }],
              "question": "What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?",
              "id": "572778495951b619008f8ab1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Jud\u00e6o-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Jud\u00e6o-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Jud\u00e6o-Georgian, Jud\u00e6o-Arabic, Jud\u00e6o-Berber, Krymchak, Jud\u00e6o-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?",
              "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Ladino" }],
              "question": "What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?",
              "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?",
              "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and Jewish languages like Yiddish and Ladino were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and Russian. Some Romance languages, particularly French and Spanish, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following the Holocaust and the adoption of Modern Hebrew by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in Quebec, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly, South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of Russian Jews, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of Post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine and Uzbekistan, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in Algeria, Morocco, and the city of Tunis, while most North Africans continue to use Arabic as their mother tongue.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language?",
              "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1823, "text": "North Africans" }],
              "question": "North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue?",
              "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Hebrew, English, and Russian" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today?",
              "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1196, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "South African Jews adopted which language?",
              "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars?",
              "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities \"showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect.\" Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude \"Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "Jewish and Middle Eastern groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?",
              "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Middle East" }],
              "question": "Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?",
              "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "maternal lineages" }],
              "question": "Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?",
              "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is \"consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant\" and \"the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World\". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "autosomal DNA" }],
              "question": "What looks at the entire DNA mixture?",
              "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "autosomal DNA" }],
              "question": "What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?",
              "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1194,
                  "text": "Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?",
              "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?",
              "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Sephardic Bnei Anusim" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism?",
              "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "19.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?",
              "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4% of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors in the aftermath of the Holocaust and Jews fleeing Arab lands. Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union. This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1948 and 1958" }],
              "question": "What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million?",
              "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "6 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Israel?",
              "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "227,258" }],
              "question": "Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel?",
              "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea20a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 5.2 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada (315,000), Argentina (180,000-300,000), and Brazil (196,000-600,000), and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America). Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Diaspora" }],
              "question": "More than half of the Jews live where?",
              "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "315,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Canada?",
              "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "180,000-300,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Argentina?",
              "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "196,000-600,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews live in Brazil?",
              "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?",
              "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "between 483,000 and 500,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Jews live in France?",
              "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "292,000" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9226"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15\u201320% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "800,000" }],
              "question": "Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?",
              "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "Yemen and Syria" }],
              "question": "The only substantial aliyah came from where?",
              "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "early decades of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?",
              "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?",
              "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "growing trend of assimilation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?",
              "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "Kaifeng Jews of China" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?",
              "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50%, in the United Kingdom, around 53%; in France; around 30%, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice. The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "just under 50%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States?",
              "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "53%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "30%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France?",
              "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "as low as 10%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico?",
              "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "as low as 10%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?",
              "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de831"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between \"good antisemitism\" and \"bad antisemitism\". The \"bad\" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The \"good\" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "until 1870" }],
              "question": "When did the Papal States exist?",
              "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "ghettos" }],
              "question": "In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?",
              "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "bad antisemitism" }],
              "question": "What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?",
              "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de843"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as \"most degrading\" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "dhimmis" }],
              "question": "What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?",
              "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "jizya" }],
              "question": "What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?",
              "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 662,
                  "text": "requirement of distinctive clothing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as \"most degrading?\"",
              "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Dhimmis" }],
              "question": "Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?",
              "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century, as well as in Islamic Persia, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "mellahs" }],
              "question": "What were walled quarters known as?",
              "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Moroccan Jews" }],
              "question": "Who was forced into confinement in mellahs?",
              "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "15th century" }],
              "question": "When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin?",
              "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-f\u00e9 against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "expulsion" }],
              "question": "What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?",
              "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "First Crusade" }],
              "question": "What resulted in the massacre of Jews?",
              "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Spanish Inquisition?",
              "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "19.8%" }],
              "question": "According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?",
              "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust\u2014the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called \"a genocidal nation.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "approximately 6 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?",
              "id": "5727a4b74b864d190016392e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "15 million" }],
              "question": "Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?",
              "id": "5727a4b74b864d190016392f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "The Holocaust" }],
              "question": "What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?",
              "id": "5727a4b74b864d1900163930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "more than a third" }],
              "question": "In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?",
              "id": "5727a4b74b864d1900163931"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal Teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?",
              "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the Baal Teshuva movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?",
              "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Orthodox" }],
              "question": "Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?",
              "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92ba"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cotton",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "fabric" }],
              "question": "What is the most frequent use of cotton?",
              "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "5000 BC" }],
              "question": "To what date has cotton been dated?",
              "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Indus Valley" }],
              "question": "Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?",
              "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Mexico" }],
              "question": "In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?",
              "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "cotton gin" }],
              "question": "What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?",
              "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e016"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Mehrgarh, Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?",
              "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Neolithic" }],
              "question": "To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?",
              "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "3300 and 1300 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?",
              "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "industrialization" }],
              "question": "Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?",
              "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "2000 and 1000 BC" }],
              "question": "During what time did cotton become widely used in India?",
              "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e094"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton (\"panbe\" in Persian). Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Achaemenid era" }],
              "question": "Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period?",
              "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "5th century BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Achaemenid era?",
              "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Persian poets' poems" }
              ],
              "question": "In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran?",
              "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Marco Polo" }],
              "question": "What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia?",
              "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "John Chardin" }],
              "question": "What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia?",
              "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1820's," }],
              "question": "When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?",
              "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "M. Jumel" }],
              "question": "What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?",
              "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Mohamed Ali Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?",
              "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "$56 million" }],
              "question": "How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?",
              "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 856, "text": "1.2 million bales a year" }
              ],
              "question": "How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?",
              "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e108"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as \"tree wool\" (Baum means \"tree\"; Wolle means \"wool\"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: \"There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie  [sic].\" (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "imported fiber" }],
              "question": "In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?",
              "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "John Mandeville" }],
              "question": "What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?",
              "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Herodotus" }],
              "question": "What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?",
              "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?",
              "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "similarities to wool" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?",
              "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "declined" }],
              "question": "How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?",
              "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "late 18th and early 19th" }
              ],
              "question": "During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?",
              "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?",
              "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "raw cotton" }],
              "question": "What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?",
              "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?",
              "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9974"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname \"Cottonopolis\" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "Industrial Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?",
              "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1738" }],
              "question": "When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?",
              "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "spinning jenny" }],
              "question": "What device did James Hargreaves invent?",
              "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "spinning mule" }],
              "question": "What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?",
              "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "Manchester" }],
              "question": "Whic British city was nicknamed \"Cottonopolis\" because of its cotton production?",
              "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from colonial plantations, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa, India, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "cotton gin" }],
              "question": "What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?",
              "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Eli Whitney" }],
              "question": "What American invented the cotton gin?",
              "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "by hand" }],
              "question": "Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?",
              "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "commercial chain" }],
              "question": "What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?",
              "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1067, "text": "colonial markets" }],
              "question": "From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?",
              "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, \"King Cotton\" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "longer, stronger fibers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?",
              "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?",
              "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Caribbean" }],
              "question": "Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?",
              "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "mid-19th century" }],
              "question": "By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?",
              "id": "57273ec05951b619008f874a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "King Cotton" }],
              "question": "What was cotton called in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57273ec05951b619008f874b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the American Civil War, American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports, and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. This prompted the main purchasers of cotton, Britain and France, to turn to Egyptian cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Union blockade" }],
              "question": "What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?",
              "id": "572740875951b619008f8776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "American Civil War" }],
              "question": "When did the American cotton industry fail?",
              "id": "572740875951b619008f8775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Egyptian" }],
              "question": "To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?",
              "id": "572740875951b619008f8777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "cheap" }],
              "question": "What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?",
              "id": "572740875951b619008f8778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "bankruptcy" }],
              "question": "What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?",
              "id": "572740875951b619008f8779"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical cotton pickers were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during \"cotton-picking.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "sharecropping" }],
              "question": "What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits? ",
              "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "hand-pick" }],
              "question": "What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force?",
              "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "children" }],
              "question": "Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton?",
              "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "split vacations" }],
              "question": "What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton?",
              "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "landless" }],
              "question": "What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers?",
              "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f54a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "600 to 1,200 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?",
              "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "heavy" }],
              "question": "In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?",
              "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "control pests" }],
              "question": "Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?",
              "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "South Plains" }],
              "question": "Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?",
              "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1141, "text": "salt and drought" }],
              "question": "What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?",
              "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f578"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called Bt cotton, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed pyrethroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "pesticides" }],
              "question": "To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?",
              "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetically modified" }
              ],
              "question": "What form of cotton is GM?",
              "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Bacillus thuringiensis" }
              ],
              "question": "What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?",
              "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 851, "text": "noninsecticide" }],
              "question": "What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?",
              "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "larvae" }],
              "question": "What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?",
              "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9ace"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, and aphids; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011. This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?",
              "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 876, "text": "temperature and rainfall" }
              ],
              "question": "On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?",
              "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1198, "text": "pesticides" }],
              "question": "What did a 2012 study suggest  was halved by the use of GM plants?",
              "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1234,
                  "text": "ladybirds, lacewings and spiders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?",
              "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1447, "text": "69%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?",
              "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9aea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia \u2013 the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "10.6 million hectares" }
              ],
              "question": "How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?",
              "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "88%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011?",
              "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth?",
              "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "second largest" }],
              "question": "At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?",
              "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1090, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was GM in 2009?",
              "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "not genetically modified" }
              ],
              "question": "What are organic plants understood to be?",
              "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "synthetic agricultural chemicals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ? ",
              "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "fertilizers or pesticides" }
              ],
              "question": "What is meant by synthetic chemicals?",
              "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "National Organic Program" }
              ],
              "question": "What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture?",
              "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "265,517 bales" }],
              "question": "How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?",
              "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f65a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "boll weevil" }],
              "question": "What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?",
              "id": "572756af708984140094dc67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?",
              "id": "572756af708984140094dc68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "US Department of Agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?",
              "id": "572756af708984140094dc69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Bt cotton" }],
              "question": "What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?",
              "id": "572756af708984140094dc6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "synthetic insecticides." }
              ],
              "question": "On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?",
              "id": "572756af708984140094dc6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "mechanically" }],
              "question": "How is most cotton harvested?",
              "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "cotton picker" }],
              "question": "What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?",
              "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "cotton stripper" }],
              "question": "What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?",
              "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "windy" }],
              "question": "What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?",
              "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "perennial" }],
              "question": "What type of plant is cotton?",
              "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "rayon" }],
              "question": "What was the first manufactured fiber?",
              "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When was rayon first made in France?",
              "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "chemicals industry" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?",
              "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "DuPont" }],
              "question": "What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?",
              "id": "572759cb5951b619008f8891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Nylon" }],
              "question": "What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?",
              "id": "572759cb5951b619008f8890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "decline in market share" }
              ],
              "question": "What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?",
              "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "Cotton Research and Promotion Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?",
              "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "synthetic competitors" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?",
              "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?",
              "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "markets for cotton" }
              ],
              "question": "What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?",
              "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "textile products" }],
              "question": "For what is cotton used to make?",
              "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "recycled or recovered cotton" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?",
              "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "synthetic fibers" }],
              "question": "With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?",
              "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "knitted or woven" }],
              "question": "What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?",
              "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "crochet and knitting" }
              ],
              "question": "For what can cotton yarn be used?",
              "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "cottonseed oil" }],
              "question": "For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?",
              "id": "572760f55951b619008f8907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "vegetable oil." }],
              "question": "What product is processed cottonseed oil?",
              "id": "572760f55951b619008f8908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "ruminant livestock" }
              ],
              "question": "What is cottonseed meal used for feed?",
              "id": "572760f55951b619008f8909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "roughage" }],
              "question": "For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?",
              "id": "572760f55951b619008f890a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "poisonous pigment" }],
              "question": "As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?",
              "id": "572760f55951b619008f890b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1\u20448 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as \"cotton wool\". This can also be a refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham, England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cotton linters" }],
              "question": "What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?",
              "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "fine, silky fibers" }],
              "question": "What do cotton linters look like?",
              "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "cotton wool" }],
              "question": "What are cotton linters called in the UK?",
              "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "absorbent cotton" }],
              "question": "What is cotton wool called in the US?",
              "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Sampson Gamgee" }],
              "question": "What individual first used cotton wool medically?",
              "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cotton lisle" }],
              "question": "What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?",
              "id": "572763db708984140094dce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "strong and durable" }],
              "question": "What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?",
              "id": "572763db708984140094dce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "single thread" }],
              "question": "What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?",
              "id": "572763db708984140094dce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Lisle, France" }],
              "question": "Where was the lisle thread originally made?",
              "id": "572763db708984140094dce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "more brilliant" }],
              "question": "How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? ",
              "id": "572763db708984140094dce7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "China and India" }],
              "question": "In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?",
              "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "largest exporters" }],
              "question": "How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?",
              "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "$12 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the combined international trade in cotton?",
              "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 703, "text": "Dunavant Enterprises" }
              ],
              "question": "What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?",
              "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 734, "text": "Memphis, Tennessee" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?",
              "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?",
              "id": "572766bb708984140094dd09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "$2 billion per year" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?",
              "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?",
              "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?",
              "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "former British colonies" }
              ],
              "question": "Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?",
              "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries \u2013 Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali \u2013 also known as \"Cotton-4\" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a \"Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton\", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaor\u00e9 during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "heavily subsidized" }],
              "question": "What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?",
              "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Cotton-4" }],
              "question": "What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?",
              "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "leading protagonist" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?",
              "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "reduction" }],
              "question": "What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?",
              "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?",
              "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to \"fair trade\" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or \"ethical fashion\". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "child" }],
              "question": "What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?",
              "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "exposure to pesticides" }
              ],
              "question": "What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? ",
              "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Uzbekistan" }],
              "question": "What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?",
              "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "third largest" }],
              "question": "Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?",
              "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "fair trade" }],
              "question": "What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?",
              "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. \"Tetraploid\" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "tetraploid cotton" }],
              "question": "What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?",
              "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Tetraploid" }],
              "question": "What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? ",
              "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?",
              "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 896, "text": "diploid" }],
              "question": "What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?",
              "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1397, "text": "diploid counterparts" }
              ],
              "question": "In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?",
              "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Monsanto and Illumina" }
              ],
              "question": "What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?",
              "id": "57277399708984140094dde3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?",
              "id": "57277399708984140094dde4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "donate" }],
              "question": "What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?",
              "id": "57277399708984140094dde5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "public relations" }],
              "question": "What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?",
              "id": "57277399708984140094dde6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 754, "text": "cultivated varieties" }
              ],
              "question": "What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?",
              "id": "57277399708984140094dde7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Data_compression",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "data compression" }],
              "question": "What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?",
              "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Compression" }],
              "question": "What can be either lossy or lossless?",
              "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "Lossless compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? ",
              "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "data compression" }],
              "question": "What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?",
              "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "source coding" }],
              "question": "What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?",
              "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space\u2013time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Compression" }],
              "question": "What helps reduce resource usage?",
              "id": "572677855951b619008f738d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "compressed data" }],
              "question": "What must be decompressed? ",
              "id": "572677855951b619008f738e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Data compression" }],
              "question": "What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? ",
              "id": "572677855951b619008f738f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "data compression" }],
              "question": "What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?",
              "id": "572677855951b619008f7390"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding \"red pixel, red pixel, ...\" the data may be encoded as \"279 red pixels\". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Lossless data compression algorithms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What usually exploits statistical redundancy?",
              "id": "572678305951b619008f7395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Lossless compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What represents statistical redundancy?",
              "id": "572678305951b619008f7396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "an image" }],
              "question": "What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?",
              "id": "572678305951b619008f7397"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lempel\u2013Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel\u2013Ziv\u2013Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv\u2013Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Lempel\u2013Ziv (LZ)" }
              ],
              "question": "What compression methods are among the most popular?",
              "id": "57267902dd62a815002e8648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "DEFLATE" }],
              "question": "What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?",
              "id": "57267902dd62a815002e8649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "LZR" }],
              "question": "What serves as the basis of the Zip method?",
              "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Brotli" }],
              "question": "What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?",
              "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "LZX" }],
              "question": "What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?",
              "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "statistical estimates" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?",
              "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Arithmetic coding" }],
              "question": "What can achieve superior compression?",
              "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e0ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Huffman algorithm" }],
              "question": "What uses an internal memory state?",
              "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e100"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossy" }],
              "question": "What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?",
              "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "Dropping nonessential detail from the data source"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can save storage space?",
              "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "JPEG image compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?",
              "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the audio signal. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression. Different audio and speech compression standards are listed under audio coding formats. Voice compression is used in internet telephony, for example, audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "audio compression" }],
              "question": "What is used for CD ripping?",
              "id": "57267b155951b619008f741c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "psychoacoustics" }],
              "question": "What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals?",
              "id": "57267b155951b619008f7419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "human speech" }],
              "question": "What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?",
              "id": "57267b155951b619008f741a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Voice compression" }],
              "question": "What is used in internet telephony? ",
              "id": "57267b155951b619008f741b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "audio compression" }],
              "question": "What is encoded by audio players?",
              "id": "57267b155951b619008f741d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for \"general intelligence.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "compression" }],
              "question": "What is Machine learning closely related to?",
              "id": "57267c225951b619008f7451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "optimal" }],
              "question": "What type of compressor can be used for prediction?",
              "id": "57267c225951b619008f7452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "data compression" }],
              "question": "What has been used as a benchmark for \"general intelligence\"?",
              "id": "57267c225951b619008f7453"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a \"difference from nothing.\" This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Data compression" }],
              "question": "What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? ",
              "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Data differencing" }],
              "question": "What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?",
              "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "data compression" }],
              "question": "What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?",
              "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Audio data compression, not to be confused with dynamic range compression, has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data. Audio compression algorithms are implemented in software as audio codecs. Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity and are used in numerous audio applications. These algorithms almost all rely on psychoacoustics to eliminate less audible or meaningful sounds, thereby reducing the space required to store or transmit them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Audio data compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data?",
              "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Audio compression algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "What is inserted in software as audio codecs?",
              "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Lossy" }],
              "question": "What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity?",
              "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e22a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50\u201360% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossless audio compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?",
              "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Lossless" }],
              "question": "What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?",
              "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Compression ratios" }
              ],
              "question": "What are around 50-60% of the original size?",
              "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e237"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossy" }],
              "question": "What compression is used in a lot of applications?",
              "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "digitally compressed audio streams"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is used in most video DVDs?",
              "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Lossy" }],
              "question": "What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? ",
              "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking\u2014the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency\u2014and, in some cases, temporal masking\u2014where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "Equal-loudness contours" }
              ],
              "question": "What may be used to weight the importance of components?",
              "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 782, "text": "Models of the human ear-brain" }
              ],
              "question": "What are often called psychoacoustic models?",
              "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "temporal masking" }],
              "question": "What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?",
              "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e258"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "linear predictive coding" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the coding called that is used with speech?",
              "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "linear predictive coding" }
              ],
              "question": "What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?",
              "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "source-based coders" }
              ],
              "question": "What uses a model of the sound's generator? ",
              "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a \"frame\" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Latency" }],
              "question": "What results from methods used to encode and decode data?",
              "id": "57268606708984140094c8d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "codecs" }],
              "question": "What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?",
              "id": "57268606708984140094c8d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "codecs" }],
              "question": "What creates segments called a \"frame\"?",
              "id": "57268606708984140094c8d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "latency" }],
              "question": "What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?",
              "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "latency" }],
              "question": "What has zero samples in a minimum case?",
              "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "LPC" }],
              "question": "What often has low latencies?",
              "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "voltage" }],
              "question": "What varies with time?",
              "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "data" }],
              "question": "What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? ",
              "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "analog-to-digital" }],
              "question": "What does \"A/D\" stand for?",
              "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2, "text": "literature compendium" }
              ],
              "question": "What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?",
              "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "finished, working audio coders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the literature compendium document?",
              "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "MPEG-1 Audio committee" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?",
              "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Oscar Bonello" }],
              "question": "Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?",
              "id": "5726882b708984140094c911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Oscar Bonello" }],
              "question": "Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?",
              "id": "5726882b708984140094c912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "broadcast automation system" }
              ],
              "question": "What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?",
              "id": "5726882b708984140094c913"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5-12, a typical MPEG-4 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200. As in all lossy compression, there is a trade-off between video quality, cost of processing the compression and decompression, and system requirements. Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting artifacts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "video compression algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "What all mostly use lossy compression?",
              "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Uncompressed video" }],
              "question": "What requires a high data rate?",
              "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Highly compressed video" }
              ],
              "question": "What may present visible or distracting artifacts?",
              "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels, often called macroblocks. These pixel groups or blocks of pixels are compared from one frame to the next, and the video compression codec sends only the differences within those blocks. In areas of video with more motion, the compression must encode more data to keep up with the larger number of pixels that are changing. Commonly during explosions, flames, flocks of animals, and in some panning shots, the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the variable bitrate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "video" }],
              "question": "What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?",
              "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "macroblocks" }],
              "question": "What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?",
              "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "variable bitrate" }],
              "question": "What does high-frequency detail lead to?",
              "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Video data" }],
              "question": "What may be represented as a series of still image frames?",
              "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Compression algorithms" }
              ],
              "question": "What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?",
              "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "color" }],
              "question": "What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?",
              "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most powerful used method works by comparing each frame in the video with the previous one. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame, bit-for-bit, into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor emits a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression. Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer, but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "longer command" }],
              "question": "What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?",
              "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "the system simply issues a short command"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?",
              "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "video" }],
              "question": "What is a sequence that can be edited?",
              "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as \"I frames\" in MPEG-2) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "interframe compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What copies data from one frame to another?",
              "id": "57268af2708984140094c987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "DV" }],
              "question": "What is a type of video format?",
              "id": "57268af2708984140094c988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Making 'cuts'" }],
              "question": "What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?",
              "id": "57268af2708984140094c989"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "discrete cosine transform" }
              ],
              "question": "What do all commonly used video compression methods use?",
              "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f763f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "spatial redundancy reduction" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a DCT do?",
              "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f7640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "fractal compression" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not used in practical products? ",
              "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f7641"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold\u2014allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetics" }],
              "question": "What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? ",
              "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "MAFE" }],
              "question": "What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?",
              "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 862, "text": "DNAZip and GenomeZip" }
              ],
              "question": "What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?",
              "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Daily Mail" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?",
              "id": "57267978708984140094c753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "2.2 million copies" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?",
              "id": "57267978708984140094c754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "C2DE demographic" }],
              "question": "What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?",
              "id": "57267978708984140094c755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Approximately 41%" }],
              "question": "What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?",
              "id": "57267978708984140094c756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?",
              "id": "57267978708984140094c757"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "News of the World" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?",
              "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Sun's look changed?",
              "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1,686,840" }],
              "question": "What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?",
              "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "May 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?",
              "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f7400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "during 2016" }],
              "question": "When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?",
              "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f7401"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of \u00a3400,000 the brash new paper \"burst forth with tremendous energy\", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered research on the Herald?",
              "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "demographic changes" }
              ],
              "question": "What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?",
              "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "'social radicals'" }],
              "question": "What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?",
              "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "\u00a3400,000" }],
              "question": "What was the advertising budget of the new paper?",
              "id": "57267bc45951b619008f7440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "3.5 million" }],
              "question": "What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?",
              "id": "57267bc45951b619008f7441"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for \u00a3800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: \"I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "fewer redundancies" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?",
              "id": "57267c915951b619008f745f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?",
              "id": "57267c915951b619008f7460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Labour" }],
              "question": "Which party would the newspaper endorse?",
              "id": "57267c915951b619008f7461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "\u00a3800,000" }],
              "question": "What was the price paid for the newspaper?",
              "id": "57267c915951b619008f7462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Maxwell's offer" }],
              "question": "Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?",
              "id": "57267c915951b619008f7463"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "editor" }],
              "question": "What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?",
              "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "scathing" }],
              "question": "What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?",
              "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "its sales" }],
              "question": "What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?",
              "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "senior sub-editor" }],
              "question": "What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?",
              "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "about 125" }],
              "question": "How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?",
              "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e184"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a \"Birthday Suit Girl\" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqu\u00e9 poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sex" }],
              "question": "What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?",
              "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "17 November 1970" }],
              "question": "When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?",
              "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Stephanie Rahn" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Page 3 topless model?",
              "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?",
              "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 944, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was the library ban reversed?",
              "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline \"Why It Must Be Labour\" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: \"ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "nominally Labour" }],
              "question": "What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?",
              "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Harold Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?",
              "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Edward Heath" }],
              "question": "Who did the Sun support in 1974?",
              "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?",
              "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?",
              "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972\u201375) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s \u2013 the so-called \"Spanish practices\" of the print unions \u2013 The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Bernard Shrimsley" }],
              "question": "Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?",
              "id": "5726808c708984140094c833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "middle-class uncommitted Conservative."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Shrimsley's political background?",
              "id": "5726808c708984140094c834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Christopher Timothy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?",
              "id": "5726808c708984140094c835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where did Murdoch begin expanding?",
              "id": "5726808c708984140094c836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?",
              "id": "5726808c708984140094c837"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and \"changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became \"more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Daily Star" }],
              "question": "What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?",
              "id": "57268173708984140094c853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?",
              "id": "57268173708984140094c854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?",
              "id": "57268173708984140094c855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Kelvin MacKenzie" }],
              "question": "Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?",
              "id": "57268173708984140094c856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What impact was Mackenzie said to have?",
              "id": "57268173708984140094c857"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline \"Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri\u2019s gauchos\", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption \"Here It Comes, Senors...\" underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "a British missile" }],
              "question": "What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?",
              "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "\"Here It Comes, Senors...\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?",
              "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "Argentinian forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?",
              "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 642, "text": "it was not well received" }
              ],
              "question": "How did troops react to the missile?",
              "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Tony Snow" }],
              "question": "What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?",
              "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline \"GOTCHA\". At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known. John Shirley, a reporter for The Sunday Times, witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "\"GOTCHA\"" }],
              "question": "What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?",
              "id": "57268318708984140094c889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the General Belgrano" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?",
              "id": "57268318708984140094c88a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "the extent of Argentinian casualties became known"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?",
              "id": "57268318708984140094c88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "John Shirley" }],
              "question": "Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?",
              "id": "57268318708984140094c88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "HMS Fearless" }],
              "question": "What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?",
              "id": "57268318708984140094c88d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. \"There are traitors in our midst\", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of \"treason\" for aspects of their coverage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "HMS Sheffield" }],
              "question": "Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?",
              "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "The Daily Mirror and The Guardian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?",
              "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Ronald Spark" }],
              "question": "Who was lead writer of The Sun?",
              "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Peter Snow" }],
              "question": "Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?",
              "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "treason" }],
              "question": "What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?",
              "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These years included what was called \"spectacularly malicious coverage\" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline \"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Michael Foot" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?",
              "id": "572685275951b619008f7557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Labour Party" }],
              "question": "Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?",
              "id": "572685275951b619008f7558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Ronald Reagan" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?",
              "id": "572685275951b619008f7559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "74" }],
              "question": "How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?",
              "id": "572685275951b619008f755a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "\"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?",
              "id": "572685275951b619008f755b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sun, during the Miners' strike of 1984\u201385, supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners, and in particular the union's president, Arthur Scargill. On 23 May 1984, The Sun prepared a front page with the headline \"Mine F\u00fchrer\" and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air, a pose which made him look as though he was giving a Nazi salute. The print workers at The Sun refused to print it. The Sun strongly supported the April 1986 bombing of Libya by the US, which was launched from British bases. Several civilians were killed during the bombing. Their leader was \"Right Ron, Right Maggie\". That year, Labour MP Clare Short attempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three and gained opprobrium from the newspaper for her stand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the police and the Thatcher government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?",
              "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Arthur Scargill" }],
              "question": "Who was president of the Miners' union?",
              "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "giving a Nazi salute" }
              ],
              "question": "What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?",
              "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "strongly supported the April 1986 bombing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?",
              "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Clare Short" }],
              "question": "Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?",
              "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7629"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are \"snobs\" who want to \"impose their tastes on everyone else\", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a \"popular idea\", would have to \"go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour\". Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in this period and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are \"giving the public what they want\". This conclusion is disputed by critics. John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror, which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia, not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by The Sun.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "\"snobs\" who want to \"impose their tastes on everyone else\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?",
              "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "they are \"giving the public what they want\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?",
              "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "John Pilger" }],
              "question": "Who is one critic of The Sun?",
              "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 745,
                  "text": "the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?",
              "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 842,
                  "text": "the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?",
              "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Max Clifford: Read All About It, written by Clifford and Angela Levin, La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey. She contacted an acquaintance who worked for The Sun in Manchester. The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie, who was keen to run it, and Max Clifford, who had been Starr's public relations agent. Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him; the attention helped to revive his career. In his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped, Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication: \"I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Clifford and Angela Levin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?",
              "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Starr" }],
              "question": "Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?",
              "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Max Clifford" }],
              "question": "Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?",
              "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "the attention helped to revive his career"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?",
              "id": "57268c78708984140094c9be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Unwrapped" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Starr's autobiography?",
              "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun journalist John Blake, recently poached by the Daily Mirror, soon discovered. After further stories, in September 1987, The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed. In November, the Daily Mirror found their rival's only source for the rent boy story and he admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money. The inaccurate story about his dogs, actually Alsatians, put pressure on The Sun, and John received \u00a31 million in an out of court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history. The Sun ran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline \"SORRY, ELTON\". In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: \"Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay\" was the paper's headline. Gay Church of England clergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as \"Pulpit poofs\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?",
              "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "rent boys" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?",
              "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "John Blake" }],
              "question": "What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?",
              "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "Rottweiler" }],
              "question": "What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?",
              "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1044, "text": "Norway" }],
              "question": "Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?",
              "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e474"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined \"The Poofs of Pop\". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders \"EastBenders\", describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as \"a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "the sexuality of male pop stars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?",
              "id": "572696f75951b619008f776b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Daily Mirror and of The Sun" }
              ],
              "question": "Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?",
              "id": "572696f75951b619008f776c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "EastEnders" }],
              "question": "Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?",
              "id": "572696f75951b619008f776d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Colin Russell and Guido Smith" }
              ],
              "question": "Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?",
              "id": "572696f75951b619008f776e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Bizarre pop column" }],
              "question": "Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?",
              "id": "572696f75951b619008f776f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 17 November 1989, The Sun headlined a page 2 news story titled \"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS \u2013 OFFICIAL.\" The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken, a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Lord Kilbracken said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals with HIV/AIDS mentioned in a specific Department of Health report was not a member of a \"high risk group\", such as homosexuals and recreational drug users. The Sun also ran an editorial further arguing that \"At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is \"statistically invisible\". In other words, impossible. So now we know \u2013 everything else is homosexual propaganda.\" Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken's public comments, none of them made the argument that the Sun did in its editorial and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "\"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS \u2013 OFFICIAL.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?",
              "id": "572697ec5951b619008f777f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Lord Kilbracken" }],
              "question": "Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?",
              "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "homosexuals and recreational drug users"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?",
              "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "All Parliamentary Group on AIDS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?",
              "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?",
              "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7783"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics stated that both The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection, which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue. Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story; he stated that while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease. The Press Council condemned The Sun for committing what it called a \"gross distortion\". The Sun later ran an apology, which they ran on Page 28. Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history, putting its own readers in harm's way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?",
              "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?",
              "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "The Press Council" }],
              "question": "Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?",
              "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?",
              "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 695, "text": "The Universal Journalist" }
              ],
              "question": "In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?",
              "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under a front page headline \"The Truth\", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable \"whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient.\" Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said \u2013 a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "picked the pockets of crushed victims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the paper report that some fans did?",
              "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "a police constable" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?",
              "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Kelvin MacKenzie" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the headline \"The Truth\"?",
              "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Harry Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the actual story?",
              "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the story based on?",
              "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The front page caused outrage in Liverpool, where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later (around 12,000). It is unavailable in many parts of the city, as many newsagents refuse to stock it. It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle's Liverpool, aired in September 2008, that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free, and those who do may simply burn or tear it up. Liverpudlians refer to the paper as 'The Scum' with campaigners believing it handicapped their fight for justice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Liverpool" }],
              "question": "Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?",
              "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "around 12,000" }],
              "question": "What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?",
              "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Alexei Sayle's Liverpool" }
              ],
              "question": "What documentary aired in 2008?",
              "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "simply burn or tear it up" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?",
              "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "The Scum'" }],
              "question": "What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?",
              "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney, just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United, who had sold his life story to The Sun, the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the \"awful error\" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough) should not be punished for its \"past sins\". In January 2005, The Sun's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was \"the worst mistake in our history\", added: \"What we did was a terrible mistake. It was a terrible, insensitive, horrible article, with a dreadful headline; but what we'd also say is: we have apologised for it, and the entire senior team here now is completely different from the team that put the paper out in 1989.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Wayne Rooney" }],
              "question": "Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool? ",
              "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Manchester United" }],
              "question": "What team did Rooney transfer to?",
              "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "three years old" }],
              "question": "What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?",
              "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Graham Dudman" }],
              "question": "Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?",
              "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "\"the worst mistake in our history\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?",
              "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major, whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically, believing he was a radical Thatcherite \u2013 despite the economy having entered recession at this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "November 1990" }],
              "question": "When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?",
              "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Poll tax" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Community Charge?",
              "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "John Major" }],
              "question": "Who took over for Thatcher?",
              "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Conservative MPs" }],
              "question": "Who opposed the poll tax?",
              "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "was vociferously supported by the newspaper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?",
              "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e506"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite its initial opposition to the closures, until 1997, the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies, such as Royal Mail privatisation,[verification needed] and social security cutbacks, with leaders such as \"Peter Lilley is right, we can't carry on like this\",[verification needed] The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts, tax cuts, and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet, with leaders such as \"More of the Redwood, not Deadwood\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Thatcherite policies" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of policies did The Sun support?",
              "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Royal Mail privatisation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?",
              "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "The paper showed hostility" }
              ],
              "question": "What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?",
              "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?",
              "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "opposition" }],
              "question": "What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?",
              "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution, it believed Blair to be \"the breath of fresh air this great country needs\". John Major's Conservatives, it said, were \"tired, divided and rudderless\". Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it (and Murdoch) for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Labour party" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?",
              "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Tony Blair" }],
              "question": "Who became Prime Minister in 1997?",
              "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "Minimum Wage and Devolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?",
              "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "\"tired, divided and rudderless\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?",
              "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Blair" }],
              "question": "Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?",
              "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In exchange for Rupert Murdoch's support, Blair agreed not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism \u2013 which John Major had withdrawn the country from in September 1992 after barely two years. Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was \"outed\" by Matthew Parris (a former Sun columnist) on BBC TV's Newsnight in November 1998. Misjudging public response, The Sun's editor David Yelland demanded to know in a front page editorial whether Britain was governed by a \"gay mafia\" of a \"closed world of men with a mutual self-interest\". Three days later the paper apologised in another editorial which said The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of \"overwhelming public interest\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch?",
              "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Peter Mandelson" }],
              "question": "Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?",
              "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "Peter Mandelson was \"outed\" by Matthew Parris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened on BBC's Newsnight in 1998?",
              "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "David Yelland" }],
              "question": "Who was editor of The Sun in 1998?",
              "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of \"overwhelming public interest\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual's sexuality would be moving forward?",
              "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003 the paper was accused of racism by the Government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the \"open door\" policy on immigration. The attacks came from the Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett (later a Sun columnist). The paper rebutted the claim, believing that it was not racist to suggest that a \"tide\" of unchecked illegal immigrants was increasing the risk of terrorist attacks and infectious diseases. It did not help its argument by publishing a front page story on 4 July 2003, under the headline \"Swan Bake\", which claimed that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans. It later proved to have no basis in fact. Subsequently The Sun published a follow-up headlined \"Now they're after our fish!\". Following a Press Complaints Commission adjudication a \"clarification\" was eventually printed, on page 41. In 2005 The Sun published photographs of Prince Harry sporting a Nazi costume to a fancy dress party. The photographs caused outrage across the world and Clarence House was forced to issue a statement in response apologising for any offence or embarrassment caused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "racism" }],
              "question": "What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003?",
              "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun?",
              "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim?",
              "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "immigration" }],
              "question": "From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem?",
              "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f7850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "Prince Harry" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005?",
              "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f7851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite being a persistent critic of some of the government's policies, the paper supported Labour in both subsequent elections the party won. For the 2005 general election, The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him \"one last chance\" to fulfil his promises, despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration. However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led by Michael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government. This election (Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister) resulted in Labour's third successive win but with a much reduced majority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Blair and Labour" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election?",
              "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "failure to control immigration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed?",
              "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Michael Howard" }],
              "question": "Who was leading the Conservatives at this time?",
              "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "it would be his last as prime minister"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Blair state about the 2005 election?",
              "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 611, "text": "Labour's third successive win" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the 2005 election?",
              "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e584"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health, as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno, who had been admitted to hospital, when the headline \"Bonkers Bruno Locked Up\" appeared on the front page of early editions. The adverse reaction, once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September, led to the headline being changed for the paper's second edition to the more sympathetic \"Sad Bruno In Mental Home\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "mental health" }],
              "question": "What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?",
              "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Frank Bruno" }],
              "question": "Who was featured in the article on mental health?",
              "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?",
              "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "Sad Bruno In Mental Home" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the headline changed to after public backlash?",
              "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "had been admitted to hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?",
              "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sun has been openly antagonistic towards other European nations, particularly the French and Germans. During the 1980s and 1990s, the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as \"frogs\", \"krauts\" or \"hun\". As the paper is opposed to the EU it has referred to foreign leaders who it deemed hostile to the UK in unflattering terms. Former President Jacques Chirac of France, for instance, was branded \"le Worm\". An unflattering picture of German chancellor Angela Merkel, taken from the rear, bore the headline \"I'm Big in the Bumdestag\" (17 April 2006).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "French and Germans" }],
              "question": "Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards?",
              "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "\"frogs\", \"krauts\" or \"hun\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?",
              "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "opposed" }],
              "question": "What is the paper's stance on the EU?",
              "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "le Worm" }],
              "question": "How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?",
              "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Angela Merkel" }],
              "question": "Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun?",
              "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 January 2009, The Sun ran an exclusive front page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah.com, a British Muslim internet forum, had made a \"hate hit list\" of British Jews to be targeted by extremists over the Gaza War. It was claimed that \"Those listed [on the forum] should treat it very seriously. Expect a hate campaign and intimidation by 20 or 30 thugs.\" The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey, a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert, who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym \"Abuislam\", was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy, such as writing 'polite letters'. The story has since been removed from The Sun's website following complaints to the UK's Press Complaints Commission.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "a British Muslim internet forum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun?",
              "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "a \"hate hit list\" of British Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was said to be targeted in The Sun's front page story?",
              "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Private Eye" }],
              "question": "What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum?",
              "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Glen Jenvey" }],
              "question": "According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?",
              "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 768,
                  "text": "UK's Press Complaints Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website?",
              "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 9 December 2010, The Sun published a front-page story claiming that terrorist group Al-Qaeda had threatened a terrorist attack on Granada Television in Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap opera Coronation Street to be transmitted live that evening. The paper cited unnamed sources, claiming \"cops are throwing a ring of steel around tonight's live episode of Coronation Street over fears it has been targeted by Al-Qaeda.\" Later that morning, however, Greater Manchester Police categorically denied having \"been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.\" The Sun published a small correction on 28 December, admitting \"that while cast and crew were subject to full body searches, there was no specific threat from Al-Qaeda as we reported.\" The apology had been negotiated by the Press Complaints Commission. For the day following the 2011 Norway attacks The Sun produced an early edition blaming the massacre on al-Qaeda. Later the perpetrator was revealed to be Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian nationalist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "Granada Television in Manchester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story?",
              "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Coronation Street" }],
              "question": "What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack?",
              "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "categorically denied having \"been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks?",
              "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 823,
                  "text": "the Press Complaints Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story?",
              "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1011, "text": "Anders Behring Breivik," }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks?",
              "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses. The site also produces The Times and Sunday Times, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph, Wall Street Journal Europe (also now a Murdoch newspaper), London's Evening Standard and local papers. Northern printing had earlier been switched to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside and the Scottish Sun to another new plant at Motherwell near Glasgow. The three print centres represent a \u00a3600 million investment by NI and allowed all the titles to be produced with every page in full colour from 2008. The Waltham Cross plant is capable of producing one million copies an hour of a 120-page tabloid newspaper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2008" }],
              "question": "When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?",
              "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was London printing of The Sun moved to?",
              "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many presses were there at the new printing facility?",
              "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Knowsley on Merseyside" }
              ],
              "question": "Where had northern printing been moved to?",
              "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "\u00a3600 million" }],
              "question": "How much had been invested in the new printing locations?",
              "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a \"traditional proprietor\". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Gordon Brown" }],
              "question": "Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5726b361708984140094ce27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "David Cameron" }],
              "question": "Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?",
              "id": "5726b361708984140094ce28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "News Corporation" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?",
              "id": "5726b361708984140094ce29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "media ownership and the news" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?",
              "id": "5726b361708984140094ce2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?",
              "id": "5726b361708984140094ce2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election, 2010, The Independent ran ads declaring that \"Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election \u2013 you will.\" In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade \"appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor\" of the Independent, and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner. Several days later the Independent reported The Sun's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that \"if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election\" the Liberal Democrats would win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?",
              "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Simon Kelner" }],
              "question": "Who was the editor of the Independent?",
              "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "its own YouGov poll result" }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?",
              "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Rupert Murdoch" }],
              "question": "Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?",
              "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year was the United Kingdom general election?",
              "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's \"modern and positive\" Conservatives in order to save Britain from \"disaster\" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years, with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "David Cameron" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election?",
              "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "disaster" }],
              "question": "What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party?",
              "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "hung parliament" }],
              "question": "What was the outcome of the general election?",
              "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Tories" }],
              "question": "Which party came to power after the election?",
              "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Liberal Democrats" }],
              "question": "Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 28 January 2012, police arrested four current and former staff members of The Sun, as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information; a police officer was also arrested in the probe. The Sun staffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman, who since became a columnist and media writer. All five arrested were held on suspicion of corruption. Police also searched the offices of News International, the publishers of The Sun, as part of a continuing investigation into the News of the World scandal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012?",
              "id": "5726b605708984140094ce99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "suspicion of corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the charge against those arrested?",
              "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "the News of the World scandal" }
              ],
              "question": "What greater scandal was this investigation a part of?",
              "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Sun staffers were arrested?",
              "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "columnist and media writer" }
              ],
              "question": "What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor?",
              "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main party leaders, David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband, were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material. Miliband's decision to pose with a copy of The Sun received a strong response. Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband's action as an \"absolute disgrace\" and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson. A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband \"was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup\", although \"he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?",
              "id": "5726b718708984140094cebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?",
              "id": "5726b718708984140094cec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "promoting England's bid to win the World Cup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?",
              "id": "5726b718708984140094cec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Joe Anderson" }],
              "question": "Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?",
              "id": "5726b718708984140094cec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "anger" }],
              "question": "What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?",
              "id": "5726b718708984140094cec3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 2 June 2013, The Sun on Sunday ran a front page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos. The front page read: \"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame\"; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the News of the World. It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a \u00a3800 deal. The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an \u00a38 million Bollywood film.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Tulisa Contostavlos" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story?",
              "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Mahzer Mahmood" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?",
              "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a \u00a3800 deal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main allegation in The Sun's story on Contostavlos?",
              "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "that she was being considered for a role in an \u00a38 million Bollywood film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe?",
              "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos?",
              "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At her subsequent trial, the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014, with the judge commenting that there were \"strong grounds\" to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa. Tulisa was cleared of supplying Class A drugs. After these events, The Sun released a statement saying that the newspaper \"takes the Judge's remarks very seriously. Mahmood has been suspended pending an immediate internal investigation.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "collapsed" }],
              "question": "How did the case against Tulisa fare?",
              "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the judge in the case state?",
              "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Class A drugs" }],
              "question": "What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying?",
              "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "suspended" }],
              "question": "What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?",
              "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "July 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the case against Tulisa tried?",
              "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2014, the trial of six senior staff and journalists at The Sun newspaper began. All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office. They included The Sun's head of news Chris Pharo, who faced six charges, while ex-managing editor Graham Dudman and ex-Sun deputy news editor Ben O'Driscoll were accused of four charges each. Thames Valley district reporter Jamie Pyatt and picture editor John Edwards were charged with three counts each, while ex-reporter John Troup was accused of two counts. The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials, with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002\u201311, including police, prison officers and soldiers. They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates. They all denied the charges. On 16 January 2015, Troup and Edwards were cleared by the jury of all charges against them. The jury also partially cleared O'Driscoll and Dudman but continued deliberating over other counts faced by them, as well as the charges against Pharo and Pyatt. On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would accept majority verdicts. Shortly afterwards, one of the jurors sent a note to the judge and was discharged. The judge told the remaining 11 jurors that their colleague had been \"feeling unwell and feeling under a great deal of pressure and stress from the situation you are in\", and that under the circumstances he was prepared to accept majority verdicts of \"11 to zero or 10 to 1\". On 22 January 2015, the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced that it would seek a retrial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?",
              "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "illegal payments allegedly made to public officials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was at issue in the 2014 trial?",
              "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?",
              "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1272, "text": "Richard Marks" }],
              "question": "Who was the judge in this particular case?",
              "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1736,
                  "text": "failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?",
              "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: \"It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial\". Reporting the decision in UK newspaper The Guardian, Lisa O\u2019Carroll wrote: \"Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories. The journalist, who cannot be named for legal reasons, is appealing the verdict\". Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: \"The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently\". He added that the defendants were \"extremely concerned\" and \"entitled\" to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Charles Wide" }],
              "question": "Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?",
              "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "The Guardian" }],
              "question": "In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?",
              "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "Nigel Rumfitt QC" }],
              "question": "Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?",
              "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1097,
                  "text": "why Marks was being replaced by Wide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?",
              "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "take the decision to judicial review"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?",
              "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 22 May 2015, Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France\u2019s trial followed the London Metropolitan Police's Operation Elveden, an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than \u00a322,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year gaol sentence in 2014, but the jury in France\u2019s trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a \"long-term, corrupt relationship\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Anthony France" }],
              "question": "Who was found guilty in 2015?",
              "id": "5726bb79f1498d1400e8e954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "the London Metropolitan Police"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?",
              "id": "5726bb79f1498d1400e8e955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Anthony France" }],
              "question": "Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?",
              "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "London Metropolitan Police" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?",
              "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "more than \u00a322,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?",
              "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?",
              "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "\"long-term, corrupt relationship\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?",
              "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS\u2019 policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials \u2013 including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France\u2019s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his \"considerable disappointment\" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France\u2019s illegal actions had been part of a \"clearly recognised procedure at The Sun\", adding that, \"There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant\". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was \"considering disciplinary actions\" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?",
              "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?",
              "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "Timothy Pontius" }],
              "question": "Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?",
              "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 988, "text": "News International" }
              ],
              "question": "Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?",
              "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1345,
                  "text": "the London Metropolitan Police Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was News International considering bringing a case against?",
              "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015. A few hours before the issue was published, the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been \"speculation\" only.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "featuring topless models on Page 3"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?",
              "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "the edition of 16 January" }
              ],
              "question": "What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?",
              "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?",
              "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "Page 3 returned to its usual format"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened on 22 January 2015?",
              "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "the reputed end of Page 3 had been \"speculation\" only"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?",
              "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain \"cockroaches\" and \"feral humans\" and said they were \"spreading like the norovirus\". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used \"language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide\", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Katie Hopkins" }],
              "question": "Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?",
              "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "\"cockroaches\" and \"feral humans\" and said they were \"spreading like the norovirus\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?",
              "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?",
              "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?",
              "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?",
              "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's \"champagne socialist humanity\" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word \"cockroach\" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: \"It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I\u2019m not saying gag her: I\u2019m saying fight her\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Russell Brand" }],
              "question": "On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?",
              "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Simon Usborne" }],
              "question": "Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?",
              "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?",
              "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Zoe Williams" }],
              "question": "Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?",
              "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "I\u2019m not saying gag her: I\u2019m saying fight her"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?",
              "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing \"Brexit\", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Brexit" }],
              "question": "What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?",
              "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" }],
              "question": "Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?",
              "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?",
              "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?",
              "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "Independent Press Standards Organisation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?",
              "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec68"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Carnival",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Shrove Tuesday" }],
              "question": "When does Fastelavn occur?",
              "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? ",
              "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Eastern Orthodox" }],
              "question": "Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?",
              "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Fastelavn" }],
              "question": "What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?",
              "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "on 11/11" }],
              "question": "When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?",
              "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "the Philippines" }],
              "question": "What country no longer celebrates Carnival?",
              "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?",
              "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Fastelavn" }],
              "question": "What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?",
              "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Maslenitsa" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?",
              "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the days before fasting" }
              ],
              "question": "What does vastenavond mean?",
              "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?",
              "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "eat well" }],
              "question": "A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?",
              "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "it would soon start to rot and decay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?",
              "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "food shortage at the end of the winter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?",
              "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "the minimum necessary" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one limited to during the winter?",
              "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "it would soon start to rot and decay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?",
              "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "the days before fasting)" }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"vastenavond\" mean?",
              "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?",
              "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9ba0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Nerthus or Freyr" }],
              "question": "Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?",
              "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?",
              "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "What season did fertility typically return?",
              "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "a procession of people in animal disguise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? ",
              "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "the marriage of a man and woman be consummated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?",
              "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the returning of the daylight" }
              ],
              "question": "What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?",
              "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "on wheels" }],
              "question": "How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?",
              "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "to make sure that fertility could return in spring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the winter driven out?",
              "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "fertility" }],
              "question": "What is Nerthus the goddess of?",
              "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "be consummated" }],
              "question": "How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?",
              "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9baa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnival" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?",
              "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?",
              "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "public" }],
              "question": "Who is the Carnival open to?",
              "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "social unity" }],
              "question": "What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?",
              "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "alcohol" }],
              "question": "What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?",
              "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator \u2013 \"The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance.\" Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur \u2013 \"Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tacitus" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Germania?",
              "id": "57275d775951b619008f88cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "walls" }],
              "question": "What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?",
              "id": "57275d775951b619008f88ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "human" }],
              "question": "Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?",
              "id": "57275d775951b619008f88cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Afterwards" }],
              "question": "When is the car used in the ritual purified? ",
              "id": "57275d775951b619008f88d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "a secret lake" }],
              "question": "Where is the divinity herself purified? ",
              "id": "57275d775951b619008f88d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "sexual" }],
              "question": "What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?",
              "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Lent" }],
              "question": "All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?",
              "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Carnival" }],
              "question": "The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?",
              "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "six weeks" }],
              "question": "How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?",
              "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "meat, dairy, fat and sugar" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?",
              "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "corpus christi" }],
              "question": "What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?",
              "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?",
              "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?",
              "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Christmas" }],
              "question": "What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?",
              "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "outlet for their daily frustrations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?",
              "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: \"Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan.\" Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "743" }],
              "question": "In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?",
              "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "In what month did the excesses occur?",
              "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Confession" }],
              "question": "What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?",
              "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "an animal or old woman" }
              ],
              "question": "What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?",
              "id": "5727617f708984140094dcc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "the opposite gender" }
              ],
              "question": "What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?",
              "id": "5727617f708984140094dcc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: \"destroying the forces of darkness\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?",
              "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "Saturnalia and Bacchanalia" }
              ],
              "question": "What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?",
              "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Dionysia" }],
              "question": "The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?",
              "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "December 17" }],
              "question": "On which month and day did Saturnalia start?",
              "id": "5727645a5951b619008f894a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "horribly murdered" }],
              "question": "What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?",
              "id": "5727645a5951b619008f894b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian\u2013Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob (\"His blood is on us and on our children!\" Matthew 27:24\u201325). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. \u201cBefore they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran\u2026 amid Rome\u2019s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily\u201d, an eyewitness reports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "evidence" }],
              "question": "What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?",
              "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Saturnalia" }],
              "question": "What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?",
              "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1120, "text": "with their deaths" }
              ],
              "question": "How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?",
              "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1234,
                  "text": "acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the gift of King Carnival?",
              "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1968, "text": "Jews" }],
              "question": "Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?",
              "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f772"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: \u201cIt is not opportune to make any innovation.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?",
              "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Venice" }],
              "question": "What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?",
              "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "New France" }],
              "question": "What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?",
              "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "foolish guise" }],
              "question": "What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?",
              "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "Pope Gregory XVI" }],
              "question": "Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?",
              "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, S\u00e3o Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in S\u00e3oNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In S\u00e3o Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival S\u00e3o Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?",
              "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?",
              "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "a painted float" }],
              "question": "Three groups in S\u00e3o Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? ",
              "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "a yearly prize" }],
              "question": "What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?",
              "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Over how many days is S\u00e3o Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? ",
              "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as \"AleBelle.\" The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Goa" }],
              "question": "What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?",
              "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f79e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "swindler" }],
              "question": "What does the Indian word \"Intruz\" mean?",
              "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f79f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Panjim" }],
              "question": "The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?",
              "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "crepes" }],
              "question": "What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?",
              "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "Momo" }],
              "question": "What legendary king eventually takes over the state?",
              "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarm\u00ea. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarm\u00ea is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarm\u00ea Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarm\u00ea is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarm\u00ea of Malmedy are the Hagu\u00e8te, the Longu\u00e8s-Br\u00e8sses and the Long-N\u00e9.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "Malmedy" }],
              "question": "Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarm\u00ea?",
              "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?",
              "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?",
              "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "in the street" }],
              "question": "Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?",
              "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "the crowd" }],
              "question": "What do disguised people pass through during the festival?",
              "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Carnivals" }],
              "question": "What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?",
              "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Carnival de la Laetare" }
              ],
              "question": "What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?",
              "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Blancs-Moussis" }],
              "question": "What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?",
              "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Laetare Sunday" }],
              "question": "What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?",
              "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Carnival Parade of Maaseik" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? ",
              "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a \"Jure Pi\u0161kanac\", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvon\u010dari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Kvarner" }],
              "question": "Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?",
              "id": "57277595708984140094de35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "a man-like doll" }],
              "question": "What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?",
              "id": "57277595708984140094de36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Jure Pi\u0161kanac" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?",
              "id": "57277595708984140094de37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "their areas of origin" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?",
              "id": "57277595708984140094de38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "fritule" }],
              "question": "What is the traditional Carnival food?",
              "id": "57277595708984140094de39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "centuries" }],
              "question": "How long has Carnival been celebrated?",
              "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Venetian" }],
              "question": "Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?",
              "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? ",
              "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "twentieth" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?",
              "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Limassol" }],
              "question": "What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?",
              "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many parades take place during Carnival?",
              "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "the \"Carnival King" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rides through the city on a carriage?",
              "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "The second" }],
              "question": "Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?",
              "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "costume" }],
              "question": "What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?",
              "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "anyone who wishes to participate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the last two parades open for participation by?",
              "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions \"Norsk Kunstnerkarneval\" and \"Karneval in Paris\". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote \"aus dem Karneval\" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization T\u00e5rnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens s\u00f8ndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?",
              "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "in the old Freemasons lodge" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?",
              "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Johan Svendsens" }],
              "question": "Who composed the song \"Karneval in Paris\"?",
              "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "T\u00e5rnseilerne" }],
              "question": "What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?",
              "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "an opera performance" }
              ],
              "question": "When do the processions occur after?",
              "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Rheinische\" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. K\u00f6ln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and D\u00fcsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and M\u00fcnchen [Munich] N\u00fcrnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called \"Old Women Day\" or \"The Women's Day\") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"Rheinische\"" }],
              "question": "Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?",
              "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "famous" }],
              "question": "Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?",
              "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "N\u00fcrnberg. On Carnival Thursday"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?",
              "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "washer-women" }],
              "question": "Who revolted in 1824?",
              "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "kiss" }],
              "question": "What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?",
              "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f970"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokri\u00e9s (Greek: \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2, \"saying goodbye to meat\"), or the season of the \"Opening of the Triodion\", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is called Tyrin\u0113 (Greek: \u03a4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae, \"cheese [week]\") because meat is forbidden, although dairy products are not. Lent begins on \"Clean Monday\", the day after \"Cheese Sunday\". Throughout the Carnival season, people disguise themselves as maskar\u00e1des (\"masqueraders\") and engage in pranks and revelry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "the Apokri\u00e9s" }],
              "question": "What is the Greece Carnival also called?",
              "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "the liturgical book used by the church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?",
              "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Tsiknopempti" }],
              "question": "What is one of the festival season's high points?",
              "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "roast beef" }],
              "question": "What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?",
              "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 677, "text": "pranks and revelry" }
              ],
              "question": "What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?",
              "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional \"phallkloric\" event in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier mach\u00e9 are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Every year, from 1 to 8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, Carnival fiestas and festivals erupt. The best known is the Kastorian Carnival or \"Ragoutsaria\" (Gr. \"\u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\") [tags: Kastoria, Kastorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, \u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac]. It takes place from 6 to 8 January with mass participation serenaded by brass bands, pipises, Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Tyrnavos" }],
              "question": "Who holds an annual Phallus festival?",
              "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "papier mach\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?",
              "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?",
              "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "nature's rebirth" }],
              "question": "What is the ancient celebration for?",
              "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1075, "text": "Ntoltso" }],
              "question": "In what square do the bands all play at once?",
              "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a \"prince\" plus cort\u00e8ge (\"Jester/adjutant and Council of 11\"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Ash" }],
              "question": "Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?",
              "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "traditions" }],
              "question": "What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?",
              "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "herring" }],
              "question": "What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?",
              "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "boerenbruiloft" }],
              "question": "What is dutch for \"Peasant Wedding\"?",
              "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, \"I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house\u2013to\u2013house, with laughter, scream and song.\" The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "since at least 1670" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?",
              "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Turkish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?",
              "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "masked people" }],
              "question": "Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?",
              "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Tuesday" }],
              "question": "What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?",
              "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?",
              "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Slovenian" }],
              "question": "What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?",
              "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "fluffy" }],
              "question": "Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?",
              "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Ptuj" }],
              "question": "Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?",
              "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "the Kurents" }],
              "question": "Who are magical creatures from another world?",
              "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "What do the Kurents try to banish?",
              "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the \"Carnival Tango\", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in C\u00e1diz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "groups" }],
              "question": "The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?",
              "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "politics, new times and household topics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the chirigotas sing about?",
              "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9edf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "the whole year" }],
              "question": "How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?",
              "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "The Choirs" }],
              "question": "Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?",
              "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "The comparsas" }],
              "question": "Who has the most elaborated polyphony?",
              "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marqu\u00e8s de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Bar\u00f3 de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Pl\u00e0tan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Catalonia" }],
              "question": "Where do people dress in masks and costume?",
              "id": "572781a9708984140094df83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "bed" }],
              "question": "What are raced as part of the festivities? ",
              "id": "572781a9708984140094df84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "Princep etern de Cornudella" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?",
              "id": "572781a9708984140094df85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Marqu\u00e8s" }],
              "question": "Who has a lovely breast?",
              "id": "572781a9708984140094df86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "the Artist of Honor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is upon the bed?",
              "id": "572781a9708984140094df87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The King" }],
              "question": "Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?",
              "id": "57278281708984140094df9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "cercavila" }],
              "question": "What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?",
              "id": "57278281708984140094df9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "omelette day" }],
              "question": "Fat Thursday is also known as what day?",
              "id": "57278281708984140094df9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "King Carnival" }],
              "question": "Who is typically burned on a pyre?",
              "id": "57278281708984140094df9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "a period of misrule" }
              ],
              "question": "When may conventional social rules be broken?",
              "id": "57278281708984140094df99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as \"thighs and feathers\". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa" }
              ],
              "question": "What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?",
              "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "\"thighs and feathers\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?",
              "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Les Comparses" }],
              "question": "In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?",
              "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 918,
                  "text": "current events or public figures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?",
              "id": "572783585951b619008f8bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1104, "text": "Merengada" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?",
              "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Pla\u00e7a de les Cols. In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who insults the crowd. In the King's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior. A correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils. Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "meringue" }],
              "question": "What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?",
              "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "the Xerraire" }],
              "question": "Who throws insults at the crowd?",
              "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "sexual" }],
              "question": "What behavior scandalizes the town?",
              "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "ritual crew of devils" }
              ],
              "question": "Who creates sparks and explosions?",
              "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "Caramel" }],
              "question": "Who is the children's King?",
              "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the Pla\u00e7a de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "elaborate mourning costume" }
              ],
              "question": "What do people dress in for the King's funeral?",
              "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "cross-dressing men" }],
              "question": "Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?",
              "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "concubines" }],
              "question": "Who weeps around the body of the King?",
              "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "satiric" }],
              "question": "What type of eulogy is provided for the King?",
              "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "communion" }],
              "question": "What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?",
              "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell \u2212 because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that \"pisses\" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called \"matarrucs\" (\"donkey killers\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnaval de Solsona" }],
              "question": "What is one of the longest free events in the streets?",
              "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "more than a week" }],
              "question": "How long can the nightly concerts run for?",
              "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "the tower bell" }],
              "question": "What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?",
              "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "water pump" }],
              "question": "How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?",
              "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "donkey killers" }],
              "question": "What does \"matarrucs\" mean?",
              "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea022"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "building of a huge barrel" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the events of Tarragona start with?",
              "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "On what day does the main parade take place?",
              "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "elegance" }],
              "question": "What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?",
              "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tarragona" }],
              "question": "Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?",
              "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "About how many people are members of the various parade groups?",
              "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive \"jump-ups\" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "What contagiously throbs during the week of events?",
              "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "a month" }],
              "question": "How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?",
              "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "flamboyant" }],
              "question": "What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?",
              "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Street parades" }],
              "question": "What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?",
              "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "On the evening before Lent" }
              ],
              "question": "When is King Mom symbolically burnt?",
              "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Crop Over" }],
              "question": "What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?",
              "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "sugar cane plantations" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?",
              "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "What year did Crop Over begin?",
              "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "climbing" }],
              "question": "What activity is done using a greased pole?",
              "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "The Grand Kadooment" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the finale of Crop Over called?",
              "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A major feature is the calypso competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political expos\u00e9s or rousing exhortations to \"wuk dah waistline\" and \"roll dat bumper\". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the \"Pic-o-de-Crop\" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "calypso" }],
              "question": "What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?",
              "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Trinidad" }],
              "question": "Where did Calypso music originate?",
              "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "musicians" }],
              "question": "Who perform biting social commentaries?",
              "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "the Calypso Monarch Award" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the musical groups compete for?",
              "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Kadooment Day" }],
              "question": "What is the climax of the festival called?",
              "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comparsas are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups \"of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration\". One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. \"On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "a Carrosa" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?",
              "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "a given saint or deity" }
              ],
              "question": "What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?",
              "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "notable men from the community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are usually included the group comparsa?",
              "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "flour" }],
              "question": "What is used in some of the festive fights?",
              "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "to paint as many people as you can"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the Carnival painters?",
              "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as \"Pre-Kanaval\", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Krey\u00f2l La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1804" }],
              "question": "What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?",
              "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "declaration of independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?",
              "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Kanaval" }],
              "question": "What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?",
              "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "kompa" }],
              "question": "What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?",
              "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "song" }],
              "question": "What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?",
              "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "J'ouvert, or \"Dirty Mas\", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means \"\"opening of the day\". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. \"Clean Mud\" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is \"Jab-jabs\" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "before dawn" }],
              "question": "When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?",
              "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "current affairs," }],
              "question": "What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?",
              "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "clay" }],
              "question": "What is \"Clean Mud\"?",
              "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "devils" }],
              "question": "What are \"jab-jabs\"?",
              "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "based on their witty political/social messages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?",
              "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually \"Mas Boots\" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on \"The Stage\" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnival Tuesday" }],
              "question": "On what day is full costume worn?",
              "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "\"Mas Boots\"" }],
              "question": "What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?",
              "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "theme" }],
              "question": "What does each band base their costume presentation on?",
              "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "the Queen's Park Savannah" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the mas bands eventually converge on?",
              "id": "572797715951b619008f8e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "The singer of the most played song"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?",
              "id": "572797715951b619008f8e41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatl\u00e1n and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucat\u00e1n. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "225" }],
              "question": "About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?",
              "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "level of European influence" }
              ],
              "question": "What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?",
              "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Huejotzingo, Puebla" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?",
              "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "the Battle of Puebla" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mock combat roughly based on?",
              "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "local traditions" }],
              "question": "Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?",
              "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Fat Tuesday" }],
              "question": "What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?",
              "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Gulf Coast area" }],
              "question": "Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?",
              "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Customs" }],
              "question": "What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?",
              "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "street parades and masked balls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been part of the celebrations for many years?",
              "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "celebrations" }],
              "question": "Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?",
              "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Brooklyn" }],
              "question": "Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?",
              "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Labor Day" }],
              "question": "What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?",
              "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Trinidad" }],
              "question": "What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?",
              "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "one million" }],
              "question": "Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?",
              "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Crown Heights" }],
              "question": "What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?",
              "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaych\u00fa in the east of Entre R\u00edos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamame is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Murga" }],
              "question": "Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?",
              "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Gualeguaych\u00fa" }],
              "question": "What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?",
              "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Carnival" }],
              "question": "What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?",
              "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "popular musical style." }
              ],
              "question": "What is Chamame?",
              "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "In all major cities and many towns throughout the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Carnival celebrated? ",
              "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, V\u00edrgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 \"Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "La Diablada" }],
              "question": "Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?",
              "id": "57279bef708984140094e217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "V\u00edrgen de Socavon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the miners' patron saint?",
              "id": "57279bef708984140094e218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? ",
              "id": "57279bef708984140094e219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many hours a day does the parade run?",
              "id": "57279bef708984140094e21a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 746, "text": "a Brazilian-type Carnival" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?",
              "id": "57279bef708984140094e21b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In Rio Carnival, samba schoolsparade in the Sambadrome (\"samb\u00f3dromo\" in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nil\u00f3polis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES Uni\u00e3o da Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $500\u2013950, depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called \"street carnival bands\", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical back-ground. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many members do Samba Schools have?",
              "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "$500\u2013950" }],
              "question": "How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?",
              "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Blocos" }],
              "question": "What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?",
              "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "About how many Samba schools are in Rio?",
              "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?",
              "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nari\u00f1o (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogot\u00e1 were rejected by the government. The Bogot\u00e1 Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "in small/unimportant towns" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?",
              "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many days does the non-stop festival go?",
              "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?",
              "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "the government" }],
              "question": "Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogot\u00e1?",
              "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Ca\u00f1ar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Ca\u00f1ari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?",
              "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the festivities known as in Ambato?",
              "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Imbabura" }],
              "question": "Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?",
              "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "afro-Ecuadorian" }],
              "question": "What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?",
              "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "bomba del chota" }],
              "question": "What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?",
              "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9164"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars \u2013 the disguised women whisper to the men \"touloulou thirsty\", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "touloulous" }],
              "question": "What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?",
              "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "in the interest of the sexual health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are Touloulous given free condoms?",
              "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "pay admittance" }],
              "question": "What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?",
              "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "refuse" }],
              "question": "What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?",
              "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 977, "text": "protect their anonymity" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do the women drink through a straw? ",
              "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163928"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "violence" }],
              "question": "What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?",
              "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "because it is the rainy season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?",
              "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "second half of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?",
              "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 840, "text": "sexual assaults on women" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?",
              "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1038, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?",
              "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "more than 40" }],
              "question": "How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?",
              "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?",
              "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "slaves" }],
              "question": "What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?",
              "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "two colorful parades" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?",
              "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "candombe" }],
              "question": "What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?",
              "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "tablados" }],
              "question": "What are built in many places through the cities?",
              "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "opera" }],
              "question": "What do the different Carnival groups perform together?",
              "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "the social and political situation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?",
              "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "candombe" }],
              "question": "What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?",
              "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "sensual" }],
              "question": "What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?",
              "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pesticide",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?",
              "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of a pesticide?",
              "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are pesticides most commonly used for?",
              "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can pesticides protect plants from?",
              "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "sanitizer" }],
              "question": "What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?",
              "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8768"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three pests pesticides target?",
              "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?",
              "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "potential toxicity to humans and other species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are possible cons of pesticides?",
              "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are pesticides meant to prevent?",
              "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals\", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "chemical structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way to group pesticides?",
              "id": "572684165951b619008f752f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "herbicides, insecticides, fungicides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.",
              "id": "572684165951b619008f7530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two types of biopesticides?",
              "id": "572684165951b619008f7531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?",
              "id": "572684165951b619008f7532"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have been phased out because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate.:239\u2013240 Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines. Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.:136\u2013137 Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates. Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and Chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor). Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses. The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system.:300 Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.:335 Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "sodium/potassium" }],
              "question": "Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?",
              "id": "5726861f708984140094c8db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?",
              "id": "5726861f708984140094c8dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1160, "text": "Phenoxy compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?",
              "id": "5726861f708984140094c8dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1446, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?",
              "id": "5726861f708984140094c8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 770, "text": "weakness or paralysis" }
              ],
              "question": "Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?",
              "id": "5726861f708984140094c8df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "application method" }],
              "question": "What is one way you could group pesticides?",
              "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "by poisoning pests" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main way that peticides perform their function?",
              "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "movement is usually upward" }
              ],
              "question": "In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?",
              "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "pollen and nectar in the flowers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?",
              "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?",
              "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e895e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Herbicides" }],
              "question": "What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?",
              "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e895f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1238,
                  "text": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?",
              "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e8960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1284,
                  "text": "Pest Management Regulatory Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?",
              "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e8961"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "an organochlorine" }],
              "question": "What kind of pesticide is DDT?",
              "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "persistence in the environment and human toxicity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?",
              "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "DDT use is not always effective"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?",
              "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "nineteen" }],
              "question": "How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?",
              "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes (5.3\u00d7109 lb) of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes (1.1\u00d7109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including 857 million pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which are used in the agricultural sector (80% of conventional pesticide use) as well as the industrial, commercial, governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide. As of 2007, there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "approximately 2.4" }],
              "question": "On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?",
              "id": "572696cf708984140094cb0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?",
              "id": "572696cf708984140094cb10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "more than 1,055" }],
              "question": " Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?",
              "id": "572696cf708984140094cb11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "over 20,000" }],
              "question": "How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?",
              "id": "572696cf708984140094cb12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year. Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round. The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such as malaria. The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "$40 billion" }],
              "question": "What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?",
              "id": "572697d6708984140094cb2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "$10 billion" }],
              "question": "What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?",
              "id": "572697d6708984140094cb30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "vast quantities of produce available year-round"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?",
              "id": "572697d6708984140094cb31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 746, "text": "agrichemical sector" }
              ],
              "question": "In which area do pesticides creat jobs?",
              "id": "572697d6708984140094cb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?",
              "id": "572697d6708984140094cb33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that \"most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure\" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.  Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "cause acute and delayed health effects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?",
              "id": "572699bf708984140094cb51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "cancer" }],
              "question": "What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?",
              "id": "572699bf708984140094cb52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "organophosphate insecticide exposures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?",
              "id": "572699bf708984140094cb53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "18,000" }],
              "question": "How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?",
              "id": "57269f685951b619008f77ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 644,
                  "text": "groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?",
              "id": "57269f685951b619008f7800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "as 25 million" }],
              "question": "In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?",
              "id": "57269f685951b619008f7801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "inadequate regulation" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?",
              "id": "57269f685951b619008f7802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Over 98%" }],
              "question": "What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?",
              "id": "5726a066708984140094cc2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "non-target species, air, water and soil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?",
              "id": "5726a066708984140094cc30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Pesticide drift" }],
              "question": "What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?",
              "id": "5726a066708984140094cc31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "water pollution" }],
              "question": "Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?",
              "id": "5726a066708984140094cc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "potentially contaminating" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect of pesticide drift?",
              "id": "5726a066708984140094cc33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "dissolve in fats" }],
              "question": "Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?",
              "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Biological magnification" }
              ],
              "question": "How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?",
              "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Global distillation" }
              ],
              "question": "The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?",
              "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "the wind" }],
              "question": "How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?",
              "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "that pesticides be degradable" }
              ],
              "question": "What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?",
              "id": "5726a21a708984140094cc6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "quickly deactivated in the environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?",
              "id": "5726a373708984140094cca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "presence of halogens" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?",
              "id": "5726a373708984140094cca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Adsorption to soil" }
              ],
              "question": "What may slow pesticide movement?",
              "id": "5726a373708984140094cca9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests. These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "methods of cultivation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?",
              "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "composted yard waste" }
              ],
              "question": "What natural product can be used to control pests?",
              "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "safer than traditional chemical pesticides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?",
              "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "EPA" }],
              "question": "What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?",
              "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "interfering with insect breeding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?",
              "id": "5726a4de708984140094cccb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"push-pull\" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. \"Push\" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. \"Pull\" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "integrated pest management" }
              ],
              "question": "What does IPM stand for?",
              "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "behavior-modifying stimuli" }
              ],
              "question": "How can the location and amount of insects be changed?",
              "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "food additives" }],
              "question": "What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?",
              "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Push-Pull" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. ",
              "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7938"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "halved its use" }],
              "question": "How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?",
              "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Indonesia" }],
              "question": "What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?",
              "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "carbon to nitrogen" }
              ],
              "question": "What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields",
              "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "10% to 212%" }],
              "question": "What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?",
              "id": "5726a9a2708984140094cd3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "biodegradable" }],
              "question": "What is one type of pesticide?",
              "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "months or years" }],
              "question": "How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?",
              "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "persistence" }],
              "question": "What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?",
              "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "type of pest they control" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way to classify pesticides?",
              "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following sulfonylureas have been commercialized for weed control: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, terbacil, bispyribac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium. Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase. In the 1960s, more than 1 kg/ha (0.89 lb/acre) crop protection chemical was typically applied, while sulfonylureates allow as little as 1% as much material to achieve the same effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "weed control" }],
              "question": "What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?",
              "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "broad-spectrum herbicides" }
              ],
              "question": "Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?",
              "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "acetolactate synthase" }
              ],
              "question": "The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?",
              "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?",
              "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "traded across international borders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?",
              "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?",
              "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?",
              "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?",
              "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?",
              "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?",
              "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "prior informed consent" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?",
              "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "initiatives operate on a voluntary basis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?",
              "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "pesticide applicator regulation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?",
              "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "choosing less toxic pesticides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?",
              "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?",
              "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 755,
                  "text": "reduce health and environmental risks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?",
              "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "applicators" }],
              "question": "Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?",
              "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "material is safe to use and the effectiveness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?",
              "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "humans or the environment" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is protected by EPA regulations?",
              "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "before November 1984" }
              ],
              "question": "Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.",
              "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "every 15 years" }],
              "question": "How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?",
              "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "label" }],
              "question": "How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?",
              "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "restricted use pesticides" }
              ],
              "question": "What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?",
              "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "an exam" }],
              "question": "What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?",
              "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "Records of sales and use" }
              ],
              "question": " The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?",
              "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "state or territorial" }
              ],
              "question": "Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?",
              "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7cac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul M\u00fcller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by \"triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "before 2000 BC" }],
              "question": "What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?",
              "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "nicotine sulfate" }],
              "question": "What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?",
              "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "What decade did herbicides become common?",
              "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "Paul M\u00fcller" }],
              "question": "Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?",
              "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "tobacco leaves" }],
              "question": "What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?",
              "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8fa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the \"pesticide era.\" Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?",
              "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "pesticide era" }],
              "question": "What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?",
              "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?",
              "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Seventy-five percent" }
              ],
              "question": "Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?",
              "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "USA" }],
              "question": "Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?",
              "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Somerset",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of region is somerset",
              "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some areas of Somerset county",
              "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far back was the county populated ",
              "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Kings rise did the county play part in ",
              "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the city of Bath famous for ",
              "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form \"Sumurs\u00e6tum\", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although \"Somersetshire\" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of \"Somerset\" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in \"shire,\" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the people of somerset mentioned in ",
              "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What archaic name was mentioned in 878 ",
              "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "it went out of fashion in the late 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the county stop using Somersetshire ",
              "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "As with other counties not ending in \"shire,\" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was superfluous ",
              "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e319"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left ",
              "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area ",
              "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e347"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for ",
              "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prison does somerset county contain ",
              "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 984,
                  "text": "Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 ",
              "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e34a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ended Somersets cottage industry ",
              "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Farming continued to flourish" }
              ],
              "question": "What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion",
              "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset",
              "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 942,
                  "text": "iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the west somerset mineral way transport ",
              "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8933"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1",
              "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many counties had no casualties in WW1 ",
              "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "for troops preparing for the D-Day landings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The county was base for what in WW2",
              "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Tauton stop line ",
              "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8949"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of \"blacked out\" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were decoy towns used in WW2",
              "id": "57268e345951b619008f7677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "mimic the geometry of \"blacked out\" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the decoy towns mimic ",
              "id": "57268e345951b619008f7678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who layed out  Beacon Batch ",
              "id": "57268e345951b619008f7679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1014,
                  "text": "The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What decoy city was hit ",
              "id": "57268e345951b619008f767a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "are largely unaltered from medieval times"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant ",
              "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What river forms the border of Somerset ",
              "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "Edward III proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did king Edward the 3 do ",
              "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8982"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town ",
              "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many cities and towns in Somerset ",
              "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The largest populations of the county ",
              "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the strategic purpose to settle this area ",
              "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 929,
                  "text": "Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most Southernly town of somerset",
              "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e414"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels ",
              "id": "57269335708984140094caa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty ",
              "id": "57269335708984140094caa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 581,
                  "text": "The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the coal field ",
              "id": "57269335708984140094caa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area support dairy farming ",
              "id": "57269335708984140094caaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the cave system ",
              "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name 2 of the county gorges ",
              "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some of the county rivers ",
              "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did King charles levy on river boats ",
              "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400\u20131770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Somerset levels ",
              "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what do the Somerset levels consist of ",
              "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels",
              "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the total area of the levels ",
              "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 973,
                  "text": "the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who started drainage of the Somerset levels ",
              "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main coastal towns ",
              "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is the name of the natural reserve area ",
              "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls."
                }
              ],
              "question": "what does the western coastline look like ",
              "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with the rest of South West England, Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 \u00b0C (50.0 \u00b0F). Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 \u00b0C (69.8 \u00b0F). In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 \u00b0C (33.8 \u00b0F) or 2 \u00b0C (35.6 \u00b0F) are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the somerset climate like ",
              "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 681,
                  "text": "Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The annual sunshine rate of somerset ",
              "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1220,
                  "text": "About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many days of snow on average ",
              "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1177,
                  "text": "Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The average rainfall level of somerset ",
              "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. Cargoes were then loaded onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, to be carried further up river to Langport; or they could turn off at Burrowbridge and then travel via the River Tone to Taunton. The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice. AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems, is also based in the town. Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the leading port of somerset ",
              "id": "57269c32708984140094cbab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century",
              "id": "57269c32708984140094cbac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The good motor system presently allows for ",
              "id": "57269c32708984140094cbad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 767,
                  "text": "AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "where are aircraft manufactured ",
              "id": "57269c32708984140094cbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 904,
                  "text": "Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many towns encourage ",
              "id": "57269c32708984140094cbaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somerset is an important supplier of defence equipment and technology. A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington, to manufacture explosives. The site was decommissioned and closed in July 2008. Templecombe has Thales Underwater Systems, and Taunton presently has the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Avimo, which became part of Thales Optics. It has been announced twice, in 2006 and 2007, that manufacturing is to end at Thales Optics' Taunton site, but the trade unions and Taunton Deane District Council are working to reverse or mitigate these decisions. Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster. There are Ministry of Defence offices in Bath, and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines. The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters and the Royal Marines Commando Westland Sea Kings. Around 1,675 service and 2,000 civilian personnel are stationed at Yeovilton and key activities include training of aircrew and engineers and the Royal Navy's Fighter Controllers and surface-based aircraft controllers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of factory was built in Somerset ",
              "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other high tech industry is in Somerset ",
              "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is yeovilton home to ",
              "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is home to royal marines ",
              "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "defence equipment and technology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Somerset an important supplier of ",
              "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people. Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider. The towns of Taunton and Shepton Mallet are involved with the production of cider, especially Blackthorn Cider, which is sold nationwide, and there are specialist producers such as Burrow Hill Cider Farm and Thatchers Cider. Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as \"Sunny Delight\" and \"Ocean Spray.\" Development of the milk-based industries, such as Ilchester Cheese Company and Yeo Valley Organic, have resulted in the production of ranges of desserts, yoghurts and cheeses, including Cheddar cheese\u2014some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area employs 15000 people in the couinty",
              "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of orchids used to be pleantiful ",
              "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as \"Sunny Delight\" and \"Ocean Spray"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is important to the fruit juice industry ",
              "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 764,
                  "text": "Cheddar cheese\u2014some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is PDO ",
              "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was also used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem. During the 1930s more than 3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about 140 hectares (350 acres) were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is willow growing still practiced ",
              "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is pollarding ",
              "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did plastic bags result in ",
              "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 877,
                  "text": "The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The somerset level is the only area left  to commercially grow what ",
              "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7894"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C. & J. Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia. Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose-built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bridgwater, Minehead, Westfield and Weston super Mare to provide employment outside the main summer tourist season, but those satellite sites were closed in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; that work has also been transferred to Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What towns grew around the weaving Industry ",
              "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area ",
              "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset ",
              "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e614"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century, but it was used long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at locations in Wiltshire such as Box. Bath stone is still used on a reduced scale today, but more often as a cladding rather than a structural material. Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry. Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Until the 1960s, Puriton had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden villages. Its quarries also supplied a cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century remains, was removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s. Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "supplying freestone and building stone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of stone was supplied in the county ",
              "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who promoted the use of stone from the  Bath area",
              "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some uses for Blue Lias",
              "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1143,
                  "text": "the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's ",
              "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people. Attractions include the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur, and Camelot, identified by some as Cadbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort. Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton. There are show caves open to visitors in the Cheddar Gorge, as well as its locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tourism supports how many people in the County ",
              "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f795f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some of the county attractions are ",
              "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Glastonbury have associations with ",
              "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for ",
              "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 675,
                  "text": "locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of cheese is the county famous for ",
              "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7963"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station. On 18 October 2010, the British government announced that Hinkley Point \u2013 already the site of the disused Hinkley Point A and the still operational Hinkley Point B power stations \u2013 was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. NNB Generation Company, a subsidiary of EDF, submitted an application for development consent to the Infrastructure Planning Commission on 31 October 2011. A protest group, Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site. In December 2013, the European Commission opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules. On 8 October 2014 it was announced that the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Hinkley point C ",
              "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Stop Hinkley ",
              "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the European Commission review ",
              "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 833,
                  "text": "the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Commission vote turn out ",
              "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981. The population density is 1.4 persons per hectare, which can be compared to 2.07 persons per hectare for the South West region. Within the county, population density ranges 0.5 in West Somerset to 2.2 persons per hectare in Taunton Deane. The percentage of the population who are economically active is higher than the regional and national average, and the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population growth rate of Somerset county ",
              "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The unemployment rate of the county ",
              "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "is higher than the regional and national average"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the population is economically active ",
              "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e688"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil. The rest of the county is rural and sparsely populated. Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year, which significantly increases the population at peak times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the population is native ",
              "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "Chinese is the largest ethnic group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The largest ethnic group in somerset county is ",
              "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population",
              "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset",
              "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county, which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils, and two unitary authority areas (whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district). The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor. The two unitary authorities \u2014 which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon \u2014 are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many tiers  does somerset county consist of ",
              "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 5 districts of Somerset ",
              "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996 ",
              "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of the ceremonial county of Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service; it covers the area of Somerset County Council as well as the entire ceremonial county of Devon. The unitary districts of North Somerset and Bath & North East Somerset are instead covered by the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, a service which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The South Western Ambulance Service covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset; prior to February 2013 the unitary districts of Somerset came under the Great Western Ambulance Service, which merged into South Western. The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance is a charitable organisation based in the county.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What police force covers the ceremonial county ",
              "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007 ",
              "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area does South western Ambulance  Service cover ",
              "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 847,
                  "text": "The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service ",
              "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet, attracting over 170,000 music and culture lovers from around the world to see world-famous entertainers. The Big Green Gathering which grew out of the Green fields at the Glastonbury Festival is held in the Mendip Hills between Charterhouse and Compton Martin each summer. The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county; others include the Frome Festival and the Trowbridge Village Pump Festival, which, despite its name, is held at Farleigh Hungerford in Somerset. The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn, forming a major regional festival, and the largest Festival of Lights in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place ",
              "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county"
                }
              ],
              "question": "who holds a literature festival each summer ",
              "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 615,
                  "text": "The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The annual Carnival is held when and where ",
              "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Arthurian legend, Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen. What is more certain is that Glastonbury was an important religious centre by 700 and claims to be \"the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World\" situated \"in the mystical land of Avalon.\" The claim is based on dating the founding of the community of monks at AD 63, the year of the legendary visit of Joseph of Arimathea, who was supposed to have brought the Holy Grail. During the Middle Ages there were also important religious sites at Woodspring Priory and Muchelney Abbey. The present Diocese of Bath and Wells covers Somerset \u2013 with the exception of the Parish of Abbots Leigh with Leigh Woods in North Somerset \u2013 and a small area of Dorset. The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey. Before the English Reformation, it was a Roman Catholic diocese; the county now falls within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton. The Benedictine monastery Saint Gregory's Abbey, commonly known as Downside Abbey, is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury",
              "id": "5726b087708984140094cde1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World\" situated \"in the mystical land of Avalon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is built in Avalon ",
              "id": "5726b087708984140094cde2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 824,
                  "text": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where ",
              "id": "5726b087708984140094cde3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1197,
                  "text": "is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is St Greggorys abbey",
              "id": "5726b087708984140094cde4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The county has several museums; those at Bath include the American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths. Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include: Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, King John's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge, Blake Museum Bridgwater, Radstock Museum, Museum of Somerset in Taunton, the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury, and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What some of the Museums in Bath",
              "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other attractions ",
              "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "in Taunton" }],
              "question": "Where is the Museum of Somerset ",
              "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury ",
              "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill, the last remaining thatched windmill in England. Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot. A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers. Jenkins writes, \"These structures, with their buttresses, bell-opening tracery and crowns, rank with Nottinghamshire alabaster as England's finest contribution to medieval art.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many listed buildings in Somerset ",
              "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "523 scheduled monuments" }
              ],
              "question": "How many monuments on Somerset ",
              "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "its medieval church towers" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset ",
              "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Halswell House and Marston Bigot."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some historic private houses in the county ",
              "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath, and the Somerset County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Taunton. The county gained its first Football League club in 2003, when Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions. They had achieved numerous FA Cup victories over football League sides in the past 50 years, and since joining the elite they have won promotion again\u2014as League Two champions in 2005. They came close to yet another promotion in 2007, when they reached the League One playoff final, but lost to Blackpool at the newly reopened Wembley Stadium. Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final. Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the rugby team play ",
              "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The county's first football team is ",
              "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league ",
              "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the horse races held ",
              "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Somerset Coal Canal was built in the early 19th century to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce. The first 16 kilometres (10 mi), running from a junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, along the Cam valley, to a terminal basin at Paulton, were in use by 1805, together with several tramways. A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built, but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path. In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Somerset county Canal built ",
              "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "several tramways" }],
              "question": "What was in use along the canal ",
              "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was never built ",
              "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was laid on the path to Midford ",
              "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchased the tramway in 1871",
              "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as \"heritage\" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long were canals used ",
              "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was built int the 19th century ",
              "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many railways served the county ",
              "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 837,
                  "text": "None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were any of the railways  electrified ",
              "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What railways lines are still in use today ",
              "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's ",
              "id": "5726b6ba708984140094cead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for ",
              "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the shortest pier in the UK ",
              "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was constructed in the 1970's ",
              "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the  state schools in somerset ",
              "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 tiers of school ",
              "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many state and independent secondary  schools in Somerset ",
              "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the county's secondary schools have specialist school status. Some schools have sixth forms and others transfer their sixth formers to colleges. Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton. Others have changed their names over the years such as Beechen Cliff School which was started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School and changed to its present name in 1972 when the grammar school was amalgamated with a local secondary modern school, to form a comprehensive school. Many others were established and built since the Second World War. In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What schools can trace their origins back ",
              "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School",
              "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole ",
              "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is also a range of independent or public schools. Many of these are for pupils between 11 and 18 years, such as King's College, Taunton and Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI. Millfield is the largest co-educational boarding school. There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School. Chilton Cantelo School offers places both to day pupils and boarders aged 7 to 16. Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18, such as King Edward's School, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. Some of these schools have religious affiliations, such as Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends, Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey, and Kingswood School, which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol, originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers (clergy) of the Methodist Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school in Bruton was given royal  foundation status ",
              "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some prepatory schools for younger students ",
              "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the Musical schools ",
              "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 984,
                  "text": "Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a roman catholic school ",
              "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county. The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School (founded 1856) and Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907). It has a purpose-built campus at Claverton on the outskirts of Bath, and has 15,000 students. Bath Spa University, which is based at Newton St Loe, achieved university status in 2005, and has origins including the Bath Academy of Art (founded 1898), Bath Teacher Training College, and the Bath College of Higher Education. It has several campuses and 5,500 students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bath school of pharmacy founded in ",
              "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "achieved university status in 2005"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Bath Spa Gain University status",
              "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the university of Bath gain royal charter ",
              "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What University are in Bath ",
              "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c29"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Yale_University",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1701" }],
              "question": "When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?",
              "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "1718" }],
              "question": "When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?",
              "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the school named Yale College?",
              "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "by 1777" }],
              "question": "When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?",
              "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "1861" }],
              "question": "When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?",
              "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "How many schools is Yale composed of?",
              "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "$25.6 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is Yale's endowment worth?",
              "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "15 million" }],
              "question": "How many books are in the Yale University Library?",
              "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Yale Corporation" }],
              "question": "Who runs Yale College?",
              "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "downtown New Haven" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the main Yale campus?",
              "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale traces its beginnings to \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School,\" passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as \"The Founders\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "October 9, 1701" }],
              "question": "When was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" approved?",
              "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "General Court of the Colony of Connecticut"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who voted on \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\"?",
              "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "The Founders" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?",
              "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" proposed?",
              "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Harvard" }],
              "question": "Where did \"The Founders\" go to school?",
              "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than \u00a3560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the \"new divinity.\" In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Wales" }],
              "question": "Where did Elihu Yale grow up?",
              "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Boston" }],
              "question": "Where was Elihu Yale born?",
              "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "David" }],
              "question": "What was Elihu Yale's father's name?",
              "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "Cotton Mather" }],
              "question": "Who suggested the new name of Yale?",
              "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?",
              "id": "57269289dd62a815002e8a00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05dd (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree LL.D., at 1803, for his efforts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1778 to 1795" }],
              "question": "When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?",
              "id": "572693b7708984140094caaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Hebrew" }],
              "question": "What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?",
              "id": "572693b7708984140094cab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "July 1779" }],
              "question": "When did the British threaten to take over the college?",
              "id": "572693b7708984140094cab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Edmund Fanning" }],
              "question": "Who saved Yale from the British raid?",
              "id": "572693b7708984140094cab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "an honorary degree LL.D" }
              ],
              "question": "What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?",
              "id": "572693b7708984140094cab3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1371, "text": "1872 to 1909" }],
              "question": "When did William Graham Sumner teach?",
              "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1423, "text": "economics and sociology" }
              ],
              "question": "What did William Graham Sumner teach?",
              "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "the classics would not be abandoned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was The Yale Report established?",
              "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1091,
                  "text": "developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?",
              "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1051, "text": "Victorian culture" }
              ],
              "question": "What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?",
              "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who \"regretted\" that he \"had but one life to lose\" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Revolutionary War soldier" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nathan Hale famous for?",
              "id": "57269a03708984140094cb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "artist" }],
              "question": "What profession did Frederic Remington hold?",
              "id": "57269a03708984140094cb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Frank Stover" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the protagonist of \"Stover at Yale\"?",
              "id": "57269a03708984140094cb59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "winning the big game" }
              ],
              "question": "What turned into the goal of the student body?",
              "id": "57269a03708984140094cb5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?",
              "id": "57269a03708984140094cb5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?",
              "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?",
              "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "front pages of college newspapers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were debates shown to the college students?",
              "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did members of the debate team get for their service?",
              "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "scoring is subjective" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do debates not have a distinct winner?",
              "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1909\u201310, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905\u201306 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?",
              "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 632,
                  "text": "Intercollegiate Athletic Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?",
              "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Arthur Hadley" }],
              "question": "Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?",
              "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "A. Lawrence Lowell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?",
              "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Woodrow Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?",
              "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1810" }],
              "question": "When was the Yale School of Medicine established?",
              "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "1822" }],
              "question": "When was Yale Divinity School established?",
              "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "1843" }],
              "question": "When was Yale Law School created?",
              "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "(1847" }],
              "question": "When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?",
              "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?",
              "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1871 to 1886" }],
              "question": "When was Noah Porter president of Yale?",
              "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "new research university" }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did Noah Porter strike down?",
              "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did many historians think of Noah Porter?",
              "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?",
              "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f785a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Expansion" }],
              "question": "What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?",
              "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f785b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to \"improve mankind\" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "about $7 million" }],
              "question": "How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?",
              "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "behavioral science research" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the $7 million used for?",
              "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "chimpanzee" }],
              "question": "What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?",
              "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?",
              "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "improve mankind" }],
              "question": "What was the goal of the behavioral research?",
              "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Harrison's group" }],
              "question": "Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?",
              "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "Pickford's and Hutchinson's" }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?",
              "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "departmental or institutional position or power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?",
              "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 959,
                  "text": "new models for research groups are needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What information did Hutchinson's model provide?",
              "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 820, "text": "diverse areas of ecology" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hutchinson's group research?",
              "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about \"social medicine\" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the \"Yale System\" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Milton Winternitz" }],
              "question": "Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?",
              "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cde9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "social medicine" }],
              "question": "What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?",
              "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Yale System" }],
              "question": "What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?",
              "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Yale System?",
              "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What programs did Milton Winternitz create?",
              "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the \"threat of communism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Norman Holmes Pearson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first professor for the American studies program?",
              "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Office of Strategic Studies in London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?",
              "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "fundamentals of American civilization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the American studies program hope to instruct?",
              "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "William Robertson Coe" }
              ],
              "question": "Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?",
              "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?",
              "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters\u2014elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men\u2014tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Vassar College" }],
              "question": "What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?",
              "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Amy Solomon" }],
              "question": "Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?",
              "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "St. Anthony Hall" }],
              "question": "What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?",
              "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?",
              "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Vanderbilt Hall" }],
              "question": "Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?",
              "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Alexander v. Yale" }],
              "question": "What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?",
              "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "March 2011" }],
              "question": "When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?",
              "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Broad Recognition" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?",
              "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "the university had a hostile sexual climate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?",
              "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?",
              "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "exemption from local property taxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?",
              "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "President Levin" }],
              "question": "Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?",
              "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?",
              "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "decline in the local economy" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?",
              "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Boston Globe wrote that \"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\" Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "\"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?",
              "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?",
              "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?",
              "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?",
              "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "every" }],
              "question": "How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004",
              "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several explanations have been offered for Yale\u2019s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale\u2019s focus on creating \"a laboratory for future leaders,\" an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: \"We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale.\" Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes \"an ethos of organized activity\" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: \"It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school.\" CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the \"son and grandson of alumni\", and for a \"member of a politically influential family.\" New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "Yale\u2019s focus on creating \"a laboratory for future leaders,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?",
              "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 744,
                  "text": "very strong tradition of volunteerism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?",
              "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 827,
                  "text": "an ethos of organized activity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?",
              "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1280,
                  "text": "\"son and grandson of alumni\", and for a \"member of a politically influential family.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?",
              "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1474,
                  "text": "the culture of community and cooperation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?",
              "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e921a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having \"foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique\". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was \"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it\" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for \"liberalism and elitism\". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, \"In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Harvard Yard's boutique" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?",
              "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?",
              "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "liberalism and elitism" }
              ],
              "question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?",
              "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "first class to have women in it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?",
              "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9267"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location \u2013 the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara \u2013 for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, \"Debating Globalization\". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, \"Understanding Politics and Politicians.\" Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools\u2019 affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care\u2014a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but \"no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?",
              "id": "5726da655951b619008f7fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?",
              "id": "5726da655951b619008f8000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Howard Dean" }],
              "question": "What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?",
              "id": "5726da655951b619008f8001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Understanding Politics and Politicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?",
              "id": "5726da655951b619008f8002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "University College London" }
              ],
              "question": "What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?",
              "id": "5726da655951b619008f8003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Hanna Holborn Gray" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?",
              "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "University of Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?",
              "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?",
              "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?",
              "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f8030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Alison Richard" }],
              "question": "Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?",
              "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f8031"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "Yale Police Benevolent Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?",
              "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8ed9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 851,
                  "text": "International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What union do Yale security guards belong to?",
              "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8ed9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?",
              "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Local 34 of UNITE HERE" }
              ],
              "question": "What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?",
              "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Local 35 of the same international"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?",
              "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "at least eight" }],
              "question": "How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?",
              "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?",
              "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "Professor David Graeber" }
              ],
              "question": "What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?",
              "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?",
              "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Yale's unusually large endowment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?",
              "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire\u2014the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner\u2014and nature preserves including Horse Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "western New Haven" }],
              "question": "Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?",
              "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What campus did Yale buy in 2008?",
              "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "laboratory and research space" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?",
              "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many forests does Yale own?",
              "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "7,840-acre" }],
              "question": "How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?",
              "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Charles Dickens" }],
              "question": "Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?",
              "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d47f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Travel+Leisure" }],
              "question": "Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?",
              "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Collegiate Gothic campus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Yale largely known for?",
              "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?",
              "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d482"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Edward S. Harkness" }
              ],
              "question": "Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931",
              "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?",
              "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "contemporary scenes" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?",
              "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "splashing the walls with acid" }
              ],
              "question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?",
              "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?",
              "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?",
              "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Silliman College" }],
              "question": "What is the largest residential college?",
              "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Sheffield Scientific School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?",
              "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?",
              "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8186"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano \u2013 a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alumnus Eero Saarinen" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?",
              "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?",
              "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?",
              "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "fortress-like stone towers" }
              ],
              "question": "What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?",
              "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Finnish-American" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?",
              "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9428"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute\u2019s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a \"B+\" grade overall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Yale's Office of Sustainability" }
              ],
              "question": "Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?",
              "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e9478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?",
              "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e9479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Eleven" }],
              "question": "How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?",
              "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Yale Sustainable Food Project" }
              ],
              "question": "What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?",
              "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "B+" }],
              "question": "What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?",
              "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called \"tombs\") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869\u201370); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "tombs" }],
              "question": "What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?",
              "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Benedict Arnold" }],
              "question": "Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?",
              "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Dan Kniley" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?",
              "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1172, "text": "Kenneth M. Murchison" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the architect for St. Elmo?",
              "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "King Lui-Wu" }],
              "question": "Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?",
              "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "When were the first campus police formed at Yale?",
              "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "city police officers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the the first campus police composed of?",
              "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "quell unrest between students and city residents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the campus police established?",
              "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?",
              "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8224"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "need-based" }],
              "question": "What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?",
              "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "grants and scholarships" }
              ],
              "question": "How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?",
              "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "$46,395" }],
              "question": "What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?",
              "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?",
              "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "$13,000" }],
              "question": "What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?",
              "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th\u2011century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?",
              "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e953e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "The Lewis Walpole Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?",
              "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e953f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "The Elizabethan Club" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? ",
              "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e9540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "The Beinecke Rare Book Library" }
              ],
              "question": "What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?",
              "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e9541"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "The Yale University Art Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?",
              "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "more than 180,000" }],
              "question": "How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?",
              "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "The Yale Center for British Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?",
              "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Paul Mellon" }],
              "question": "Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?",
              "id": "5726ed335951b619008f828a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Louis Kahn" }],
              "question": "Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?",
              "id": "5726ed335951b619008f828b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called \"Yale School\". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?",
              "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Jacques Derrida" }],
              "question": "Who is known as the father of deconstruction?",
              "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "Department of Comparative Literature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?",
              "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1129, "text": "David Montgomery" }],
              "question": "Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?",
              "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1401, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?",
              "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f048"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as \"Master's Teas,\" but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "When was Yale's residential college system established?",
              "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Edward S. Harkness" }],
              "question": "Who established Yale's residential college system?",
              "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs Yale's residential colleges?",
              "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "do not contain programs of study or academic departments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?",
              "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 752, "text": "Faculty of Arts and Sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?",
              "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?",
              "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?",
              "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "a courtyard" }],
              "question": "What are Yale's colleges encircling?",
              "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "important alumni or significant places in university history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the Yale colleges named after?",
              "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "2017" }],
              "question": "In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?",
              "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the wake of the racially-motivated\" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that\u2014while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an \"extraordinary American statesman\"\u2014he was \"one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy\" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a \"a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina.\" He acknowledged that Calhoun also \"believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests.\" Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that \"despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests,\" Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's \"shadow\" so they will be \"better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future.\" He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would \"obscure\" his \"legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.\" \"Yale is part of that history\" and \"We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it.\" One change that will be issued is the title of \u201cmaster\u201d for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to \u201chead of college\u201d due to its connotation of slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "John C. Calhoun" }],
              "question": "Who was Calhoun college named for?",
              "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?",
              "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2020,
                  "text": "the title of \u201cmaster\u201d for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to \u201chead of college\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?",
              "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1793,
                  "text": "it would \"obscure\" his \"legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?",
              "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1347,
                  "text": "Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?",
              "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "The Yale Record" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?",
              "id": "5726f456708984140094d6df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "What year was The Yale Record first published?",
              "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Yale Daily News established?",
              "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "When was the Yale Herald established?",
              "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "WYBC Yale Radio" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the campus radio station?",
              "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their \"bright college years,\" though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with \"bubble pipes\". (\"Bright College Years,\" the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "clay pipes" }],
              "question": "What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?",
              "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f835f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "bubble pipes" }],
              "question": "What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?",
              "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?",
              "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "the toe" }],
              "question": "What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?",
              "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Bladderball" }],
              "question": "What game was created, to later be banned by administration?",
              "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8363"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural \"bowl\" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Yale Bowl" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?",
              "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?",
              "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "Payne Whitney Gymnasium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?",
              "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "October 21, 2000" }],
              "question": "On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?",
              "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "$7.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?",
              "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e9650"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "$250 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?",
              "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "$70 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?",
              "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Richard Gilder" }],
              "question": "Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?",
              "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d733"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu \u00c7iller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president Jos\u00e9 Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Ben\u00e9t, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and \"first spy\" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; \"Father of American football\" Walter Camp, James Franco, \"The perfect oarsman\" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What royalty has attended Yale?",
              "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Mario Monti" }],
              "question": "What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?",
              "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Ernesto Zedillo" }],
              "question": "What Mexican president attended Yale?",
              "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1224, "text": "Walter Camp" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of American football?",
              "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2228, "text": "Henry Luce" }],
              "question": "What Time magazine founder attended Yale?",
              "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel \"The Great Gatsby\". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was \"one of the most powerful ends that ever played football\" for Yale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?",
              "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "The Great Gatsby" }],
              "question": "What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?",
              "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Nick Carraway" }],
              "question": "What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?",
              "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "Tom Buchanan" }],
              "question": "What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?",
              "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Owen Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?",
              "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83df"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Late_Middle_Ages",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315\u20131317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "the Western Schism" }
              ],
              "question": "What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?",
              "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?",
              "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1315\u20131317" }],
              "question": "In what years was the Great Famine?",
              "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "France and England" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?",
              "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Hundred Years' War" }
              ],
              "question": "What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e8920"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Greek and Roman" }],
              "question": "An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?",
              "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "the Crusades" }],
              "question": "Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?",
              "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?",
              "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Ottoman Turks" }],
              "question": "Who captured Constantinople?",
              "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?",
              "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "printing" }],
              "question": "Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?",
              "id": "5726945d708984140094cacd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1453" }],
              "question": "In what year did Constantinople fall?",
              "id": "5726945d708984140094cace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "1498" }],
              "question": "In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?",
              "id": "5726945d708984140094cacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?",
              "id": "5726945d708984140094cad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?",
              "id": "5726945d708984140094cad1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Late Middle Ages\" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439\u20131453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "1442" }],
              "question": "When was Leonardo Bruni's \"History of the Florentine People\" published?",
              "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "tripartite periodization" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?",
              "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Flavio Biondo" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of \"Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire",
              "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?",
              "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "economic and demographic" }
              ],
              "question": "What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?",
              "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Johan Huizinga" }],
              "question": "Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?",
              "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "The Autumn of the Middle Ages" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "France and the Low Countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?",
              "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Belgian" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?",
              "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and \"Late Middle Ages\" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term \"Renaissance\" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until \u2013 and sometimes including \u2013 the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "the nation state" }],
              "question": "What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726a296708984140094cc89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "intellectual, cultural, or artistic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "early 14th century up until \u2013 and sometimes including \u2013 the 16th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "the end of western religious unity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?",
              "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319\u20131365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1397" }],
              "question": "When was the Kalmar Union formed?",
              "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "King Christian II" }],
              "question": "Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?",
              "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1523" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?",
              "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?",
              "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "1520" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?",
              "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1806" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?",
              "id": "5727284add62a815002e9968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1356" }],
              "question": "In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?",
              "id": "5727284add62a815002e9969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "financial" }],
              "question": "The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?",
              "id": "5727284add62a815002e996a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "the Habsburgs" }],
              "question": "In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?",
              "id": "5727284add62a815002e996b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegr\u00e1d. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1382" }],
              "question": "In what year did Louis die?",
              "id": "5727299f708984140094da8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Sigismund of Luxemburg" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Louis name as his heir?",
              "id": "5727299f708984140094da8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?",
              "id": "5727299f708984140094da8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Buda and Visegr\u00e1d" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?",
              "id": "5727299f708984140094da90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "internal war" }],
              "question": "What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?",
              "id": "5727299f708984140094da91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Du\u0161an had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "1521" }],
              "question": "In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?",
              "id": "57272b9d708984140094da97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "Lazar Hrebljevanovic" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?",
              "id": "57272b9d708984140094da98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "1389" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?",
              "id": "57272b9d708984140094da99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Battle of Velbazhd" }
              ],
              "question": "What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?",
              "id": "57272b9d708984140094da9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Albania" }],
              "question": "Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?",
              "id": "57272b9d708984140094da9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Avignon" }],
              "question": "What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?",
              "id": "57272dbd708984140094daa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1378" }],
              "question": "In what year did the papacy return to Rome?",
              "id": "57272dbd708984140094daaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "The War of the Sicilian Vespers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?",
              "id": "57272dbd708984140094daab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?",
              "id": "57272dbd708984140094daac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "1442" }],
              "question": "In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?",
              "id": "57272dbd708984140094daad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century \u2013 particularly under Henry the Navigator \u2013 gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1469" }],
              "question": "In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?",
              "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "When was modern-day Spain created?",
              "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Granada" }],
              "question": "The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?",
              "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f462"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Vasco da Gama" }],
              "question": "Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?",
              "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?",
              "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f464"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 1300\u20131350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the Little Ice Age" }],
              "question": "Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?",
              "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "sixty percent" }],
              "question": "What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?",
              "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 741, "text": "Hundred Years' War" }
              ],
              "question": "What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?",
              "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 1300\u20131350" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Medieval Warm Period end?",
              "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "agricultural crises" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?",
              "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "1358" }],
              "question": "When did the French Jacquerie take place?",
              "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Statute of Laborers" }
              ],
              "question": "What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?",
              "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "1351" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?",
              "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "serfdom" }],
              "question": "Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?",
              "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "1381" }],
              "question": "In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?",
              "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?",
              "id": "5727367d708984140094dafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "the Black Death" }],
              "question": "What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?",
              "id": "5727367d708984140094daff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Twenty-two" }],
              "question": "How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?",
              "id": "5727367d708984140094dafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?",
              "id": "5727367d708984140094db00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Hundred Years' War" }
              ],
              "question": "Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?",
              "id": "572738d25951b619008f86ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "national or feudal levy" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?",
              "id": "572738d25951b619008f86f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Swiss" }],
              "question": "Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?",
              "id": "572738d25951b619008f86f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Edward III" }],
              "question": "Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?",
              "id": "572738d35951b619008f86f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "Order of the Garter" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?",
              "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Charles I of Hungary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Order of St. George?",
              "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1325" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Order of St. George founded?",
              "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "chivalry" }],
              "question": "What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?",
              "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Order of the Garter established?",
              "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378\u20131417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Papal Schism" }],
              "question": "What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?",
              "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Avignon" }],
              "question": "Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?",
              "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1377" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?",
              "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "1378\u20131417" }],
              "question": "What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?",
              "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?",
              "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "John Wycliffe" }],
              "question": "Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?",
              "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "the Lollards" }],
              "question": "What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?",
              "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "the Protestant Reformation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?",
              "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?",
              "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "John of Gaunt" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?",
              "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f538"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1415" }],
              "question": "In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?",
              "id": "57274264708984140094db7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Anne of Bohemia" }],
              "question": "Who did Richard II of England marry?",
              "id": "57274264708984140094db80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "John Wycliffe" }],
              "question": "Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?",
              "id": "57274264708984140094db81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Hussites" }],
              "question": "What were the followers of Jan Hus called?",
              "id": "57274264708984140094db82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Hussite Wars" }],
              "question": "What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?",
              "id": "57274264708984140094db83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X\u2019s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?",
              "id": "572743c45951b619008f8797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "95 theses" }],
              "question": "What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?",
              "id": "572743c45951b619008f8798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1517" }],
              "question": "In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?",
              "id": "572743c45951b619008f8799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "he refused" }],
              "question": "What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?",
              "id": "572743c45951b619008f879a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Frederick the Wise" }
              ],
              "question": "Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?",
              "id": "572743c45951b619008f879b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place \u2013 primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire \u2013 that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "double-entry bookkeeping" }
              ],
              "question": "What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?",
              "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?",
              "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "reducing the risk of commercial ventures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?",
              "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "usury" }],
              "question": "Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?",
              "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "better oversight and accuracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?",
              "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "monopolies" }],
              "question": "What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?",
              "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which families financed the wars of kings?",
              "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "guilds" }],
              "question": "Which economic associations gained power in the towns?",
              "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where was Jacques Couer from?",
              "id": "57274a76708984140094dbce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "demographic crisis" }],
              "question": "What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?",
              "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "depression of the Renaissance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?",
              "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "statistical" }],
              "question": "What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?",
              "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "greater opulence" }],
              "question": "What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?",
              "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony \u2013 or Occam's razor \u2013 whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Thomistic" }],
              "question": "Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?",
              "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "University of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?",
              "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "William of Ockham" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?",
              "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Occam's razor" }],
              "question": "What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?",
              "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "heretical" }],
              "question": "On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?",
              "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "the theory of impetus" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?",
              "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Aristotelian" }],
              "question": "What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?",
              "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus" }
              ],
              "question": "What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?",
              "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?",
              "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "inertia" }],
              "question": "Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?",
              "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Certain technological inventions of the period \u2013 whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations \u2013 were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Gutenberg" }],
              "question": "Who invented the movable printing press?",
              "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "the Reformation" }],
              "question": "What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?",
              "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?",
              "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "gunpowder" }],
              "question": "Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?",
              "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "shipbuilding" }],
              "question": "Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?",
              "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Donatello" }],
              "question": "Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?",
              "id": "5727624e5951b619008f8929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "linear perspective" }],
              "question": "Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?",
              "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Michelangelo and Raphael" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?",
              "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Greater realism" }],
              "question": "What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?",
              "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "classical models" }],
              "question": "What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?",
              "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not \u2013 as previously believed \u2013 the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "idealized compositions" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of paintings in Italy?",
              "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "the Netherlands" }],
              "question": "Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?",
              "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Jan van Eyck" }],
              "question": "What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?",
              "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "great realism and minute detail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?",
              "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9c01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dante Alighieri" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Divine Comedy?",
              "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Latin as well as Italian" }
              ],
              "question": "In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?",
              "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Tuscan" }],
              "question": "Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?",
              "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Decameron" }],
              "question": "What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?",
              "id": "5727657f708984140094dcfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Petrarch" }],
              "question": "Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?",
              "id": "5727657f708984140094dcfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Proven\u00e7al troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "polyphonic" }],
              "question": "What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?",
              "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Proven\u00e7al" }],
              "question": "Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?",
              "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "the quadrivium" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?",
              "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "the motet" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?",
              "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Proven\u00e7al troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "John Kukuzelis" }],
              "question": "Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?",
              "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "ars nova" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "ars antiqua" }],
              "question": "Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?",
              "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?",
              "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Orthodox Church" }],
              "question": "Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?",
              "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f798"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Everyman" }],
              "question": "What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?",
              "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Morality plays" }],
              "question": "Which dramatic form was created around 1400?",
              "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Good Deeds" }],
              "question": "What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?",
              "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "The Castle of Perseverance" }
              ],
              "question": "Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?",
              "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Death" }],
              "question": "In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?",
              "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a \"screen\" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "Richard III and Henry VII" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?",
              "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Mummers" }],
              "question": "Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?",
              "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "1545" }],
              "question": "In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?",
              "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "House of Revels" }],
              "question": "What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?",
              "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "the Great Hall" }],
              "question": "In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?",
              "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "religious plays" }],
              "question": "What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?",
              "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1558" }],
              "question": "In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?",
              "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1539" }],
              "question": "In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?",
              "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "secular" }],
              "question": "What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?",
              "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where were religious plays banned in 1548?",
              "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "democratized learning" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?",
              "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Africa and India" }],
              "question": "Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?",
              "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 721,
                  "text": "strengthened the economy and power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?",
              "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?",
              "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "new trading routes" }
              ],
              "question": "What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?",
              "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446\u20131453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Ottoman" }],
              "question": "Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?",
              "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "1444" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?",
              "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Vladislaus I" }],
              "question": "Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?",
              "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "count John Hunyadi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?",
              "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Pope Pius II" }],
              "question": "Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?",
              "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Saint John of Capistrano" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?",
              "id": "57277421708984140094ddf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1456" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?",
              "id": "57277421708984140094ddf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Matthias" }],
              "question": "Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?",
              "id": "57277421708984140094ddf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?",
              "id": "57277421708984140094ddfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Pannonia" }],
              "question": "When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?",
              "id": "57277421708984140094ddfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458\u20131490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, P\u00e1l Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 822,
                  "text": "drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Louis II of Hungary die?",
              "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "P\u00e1l Tomori" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?",
              "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1458\u20131490" }],
              "question": "In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?",
              "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Hussite Protestants" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?",
              "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "the forces of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?",
              "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "classical antiquity" }
              ],
              "question": "What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?",
              "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "modern history and early modern Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?",
              "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9dbb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ann_Arbor,_Michigan",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1824" }],
              "question": "When was Ann Arbor founded?",
              "id": "57268e815951b619008f767f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "University of Michigan" }
              ],
              "question": "Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?",
              "id": "57268e815951b619008f7680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "center for left-wing politics" }
              ],
              "question": "During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?",
              "id": "57268e815951b619008f7681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Bur Oak" }],
              "question": "Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?",
              "id": "57268e815951b619008f7682"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as \"Annarbour;\" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "land speculators" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?",
              "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Ojibwa" }],
              "question": "Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?",
              "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "$800" }],
              "question": "For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?",
              "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Ann" }],
              "question": "What were the names of the founders wives?",
              "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north\u2014south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "University of Michigan" }
              ],
              "question": "Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?",
              "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Ann Arbor" }],
              "question": "Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?",
              "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1851" }],
              "question": "In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?",
              "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1019, "text": "Beth Israel Congregation" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?",
              "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1313, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When was the Thomas More Law center established?",
              "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1320,
                  "text": "a religious-conservative advocacy group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Thomas More law group?",
              "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 721, "text": "Human Rights Party" }
              ],
              "question": "During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?",
              "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f51a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the \"top places to live\" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 \"America's best small cities\". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?",
              "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "sharply rising land values" }
              ],
              "question": "For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?",
              "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "greenbelt plan" }],
              "question": "What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?",
              "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42\u00b013.38\u2032N 83\u00b044.74\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff42.22300\u00b0N 83.74567\u00b0W\ufeff / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Huron" }],
              "question": "On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?",
              "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "hills and valleys" }],
              "question": "What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?",
              "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 936, "text": "Ann Arbor Municipal Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the city's airport?",
              "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor's \"Tree Town\" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Tree Town" }],
              "question": "What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?",
              "id": "572755d8708984140094dc57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "157" }],
              "question": "How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572755d8708984140094dc58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Nichols Arboretum" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?",
              "id": "572755d8708984140094dc59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 967, "text": "300 acres" }],
              "question": "How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?",
              "id": "572755d8708984140094dc5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Kerrytown district" }
              ],
              "question": "Which district has the farmers market in the city?",
              "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 682, "text": "commercial districts" }
              ],
              "question": "Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?",
              "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?",
              "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "Which century does the Kit houses belong to?",
              "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "student renters" }],
              "question": "Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?",
              "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Tower Plaza" }],
              "question": "Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?",
              "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f68b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid, and spring and autumn are short but mild. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 \u00b0F (22.6 \u00b0C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 \u00b0F (\u22124.2 \u00b0C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was \u221223 \u00b0F (\u221231 \u00b0C) on 11 February 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on 24 July 1934.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572757e15951b619008f887d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572757e15951b619008f887e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "58 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average snowfall for the city?",
              "id": "572757e15951b619008f887f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,394 people, 45,634 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile (2653.47/km\u00b2). There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile (675.0/km\u00b2), making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.1% of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "4,270.33 people per square mile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population density of the city?",
              "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "73.0%" }],
              "question": "What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?",
              "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Oak Park and Ferndale" }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?",
              "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 16.8% under 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "2.22" }],
              "question": "What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "2.90" }],
              "question": "What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "28" }],
              "question": "What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "General Motors and Visteon" }
              ],
              "question": "Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor",
              "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?",
              "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "High tech, health services and biotechnology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nam the major components for the City's growth.",
              "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Argus camera company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?",
              "id": "572776665951b619008f8a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 813, "text": "Barracuda Networks" }
              ],
              "question": "Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?",
              "id": "572776665951b619008f8a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "AC/DC radio" }],
              "question": "International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "572776665951b619008f8a7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program\u2014the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Google" }],
              "question": "Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.",
              "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "education computer network" }
              ],
              "question": "What company is Merit network?",
              "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pfizer" }],
              "question": "Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?",
              "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 897,
                  "text": "National Sanitation Foundation International"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?",
              "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Tom and Louis Borders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Domino's Pizza's" }],
              "question": "Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Flint Ink Corp" }],
              "question": "Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?",
              "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "aviation fuels" }],
              "question": "Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "When was the University Musical Society founded?",
              "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "over 60" }],
              "question": "How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?",
              "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?",
              "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 687, "text": "Ann Arbor Civic Ballet" }
              ],
              "question": "Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.",
              "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?",
              "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "books" }],
              "question": "Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?",
              "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several annual events\u2014many of them centered on performing and visual arts\u2014draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award\u2013qualifying festivals in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "juried fairs" }],
              "question": "What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Ann Arbor Film Festival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "2,500" }],
              "question": "How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?",
              "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the City's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "medical marijuana dispensaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "People's Co-op" }],
              "question": "What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?",
              "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "annual Hash Bash" }],
              "question": "What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?",
              "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "University of Michigan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?",
              "id": "57278046708984140094df43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Michigan Stadium" }],
              "question": "Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?",
              "id": "57278046708984140094df44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "The Big House" }],
              "question": "What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?",
              "id": "57278046708984140094df45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A person from Ann Arbor is called an \"Ann Arborite\", and many long-time residents call themselves \"townies\". The city itself is often called \"A\u00b2\" (\"A-squared\") or \"A2\" (\"A two\") or \"AA\", \"The Deuce\" (mainly by Chicagoans), and \"Tree Town\". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as \"The People's Republic of Ann Arbor\" or \"25 square miles surrounded by reality\", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as \"a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants.\" Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Ann Arborite" }],
              "question": "What is a person from Ann Arbor called?",
              "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 919, "text": "gentrified" }],
              "question": "In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?",
              "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Ann Arbor" }],
              "question": "Which city is referred to as the \"People's Republic of Ann Arbor\"?",
              "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "council-manager" }],
              "question": "What form of government does Ann Arbor have?",
              "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many voting members are there in the city- council?",
              "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "two-year" }],
              "question": "How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?",
              "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "mayor" }],
              "question": "Who is elected every even numbered year?",
              "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many council members are elected for the city's ward?",
              "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ann Arbor is part of Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell, a Democrat. On the state level, the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate, represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren. In the Michigan House of Representatives, representation is split between the 55th district (northern Ann Arbor, part of Ann Arbor Township, and other surrounding areas, represented by Democrat Adam Zemke), the 53rd district (most of downtown and the southern half of the city, represented by Democrat Jeff Irwin) and the 52nd district (southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County, represented by Democrat Gretchen Driskell).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Debbie Dingell" }],
              "question": "Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "18th district" }],
              "question": "On a state level the city is part of which district number?",
              "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Rebekah Warren" }],
              "question": "Who represents the city in Michigan senate?",
              "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname \"The People's Republic of Ann Arbor\". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "charter" }],
              "question": "Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?",
              "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Left-wing politics" }],
              "question": "What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?",
              "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "instant-runoff" }],
              "question": "Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?",
              "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Cleary University" }],
              "question": "Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.",
              "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Tom Monaghan" }],
              "question": "Who founded Domino's pizza?",
              "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Thomas M. Cooley Law School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?",
              "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "music" }],
              "question": "Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?",
              "id": "57278428708984140094dfc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "Ann Arbor Open School" }
              ],
              "question": "What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?",
              "id": "57278428708984140094dfc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "16,539" }],
              "question": "In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?",
              "id": "57278428708984140094dfc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under its former name in 2013. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Booth Newspapers" }],
              "question": "Who owns Ann Arbor news?",
              "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?",
              "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Ann Arbor" }],
              "question": "Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?",
              "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Ann Arbor Business Review" }
              ],
              "question": "What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?",
              "id": "5727852d708984140094dfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?",
              "id": "5727852d708984140094dfde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "Michigan Daily student newspaper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?",
              "id": "5727852d708984140094dfdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "WAAM 1600" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?",
              "id": "572785935951b619008f8c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "WUOM 91.7" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?",
              "id": "572785935951b619008f8c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "WCBN-FM 88.3" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the local free community college radio?",
              "id": "572785935951b619008f8c47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "ION" }],
              "question": "WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?",
              "id": "572785e85951b619008f8c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Community Television Network" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation of CTN?",
              "id": "572785e85951b619008f8c4c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gothic_architecture",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum (\"French work\") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "late medieval period" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?",
              "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Romanesque architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?",
              "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Renaissance architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?",
              "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?",
              "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 758,
                  "text": "private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?",
              "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "churches and cathedrals" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?",
              "id": "572692565951b619008f76ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "faith or from civic pride" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from? ",
              "id": "572692565951b619008f7700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "ecclesiastical" }],
              "question": "A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?",
              "id": "572692565951b619008f7701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "UNESCO" }],
              "question": "With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?",
              "id": "572692565951b619008f7702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "larger churches are considered priceless works of art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?",
              "id": "572692565951b619008f7703"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Gothic architecture\" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term \"barbarous German style\" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to \"the Goths\" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "a pejorative description" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of description did the term \"Gothic architecture\" originate as?",
              "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Giorgio Vasari" }],
              "question": "Who used the term \"barbarous German style\" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?",
              "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "\"the Goths\"" }],
              "question": "Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?",
              "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "a century" }],
              "question": "How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?",
              "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived? ",
              "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Northern France" }],
              "question": "What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?",
              "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "the Low Countries" }],
              "question": "What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?",
              "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "churches" }],
              "question": "What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?",
              "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?",
              "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?",
              "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the end of the 12th century" }
              ],
              "question": "At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?",
              "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the Holy Roman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?",
              "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "modern France" }],
              "question": "What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?",
              "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 775, "text": "the Hanseatic League" }
              ],
              "question": "Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?",
              "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "Angevin kings" }],
              "question": "What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?",
              "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e49a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "trade" }],
              "question": "Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?",
              "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?",
              "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Civic building" }],
              "question": "What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?",
              "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?",
              "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?",
              "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8ac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Catholic Church" }],
              "question": "What church was widespread across Europe at this time?",
              "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were bishops appointed by?",
              "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "The early Medieval periods" }
              ],
              "question": "Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism? ",
              "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "great abbey churches" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of church were the Benedictines known for?",
              "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "Cistercian Orders" }],
              "question": "What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?",
              "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "10th to the 13th century" }
              ],
              "question": "During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?",
              "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "Croatia" }],
              "question": "What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?",
              "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "proximity of some regions" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?",
              "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "the Gothic" }],
              "question": "During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?",
              "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?",
              "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called \"Backsteingotik\" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated fa\u00e7ade so that this might be achieved at a later date.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "brick" }],
              "question": "Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?",
              "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "Brick Gothic, is called \"Backsteingotik\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?",
              "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "\"Backsteingotik\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?",
              "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were many buildings covered with marble?",
              "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "undecorated fa\u00e7ade" }
              ],
              "question": "With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?",
              "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Norman architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?",
              "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the 12th century" }],
              "question": "By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?",
              "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the Medieval period" }
              ],
              "question": "The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?",
              "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "the cathedral church" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?",
              "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "the palace" }],
              "question": "What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?",
              "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "the pointed arch" }],
              "question": "What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque? ",
              "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "the flying buttresses" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?",
              "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "traceried windows" }],
              "question": "What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?",
              "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "Durham Cathedral" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8bac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The pointed arch" }],
              "question": "What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?",
              "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Islamic architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?",
              "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Sassanian architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "secular structures" }
              ],
              "question": "The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?",
              "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "palace and sacred construction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?",
              "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals, the Alc\u00e1zar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "cultural contacts with the Muslim world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?",
              "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?",
              "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f7910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Teruel Cathedral" }],
              "question": "What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?",
              "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f7911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Romanesque" }],
              "question": "The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?",
              "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Romanesque architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?",
              "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "ribbed vaults" }],
              "question": "What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames?",
              "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "from 1128 to 1133" }],
              "question": "When was Durham Cathedral constructed?",
              "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Durham Cathedral in England" }
              ],
              "question": "What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults? ",
              "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e644"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic, including pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting, the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building, varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Basilica of Saint Denis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered the first truly Gothic building?",
              "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Noyon Cathedral" }],
              "question": "Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?",
              "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "pointed arches" }],
              "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?",
              "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "flying buttresses" }],
              "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?",
              "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "ribbed vaulting" }],
              "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?",
              "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Abbey Saint-Denis" }],
              "question": "What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?",
              "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "in 1175" }],
              "question": "When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?",
              "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Adam Locke" }],
              "question": "Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?",
              "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Wells Cathedral" }],
              "question": "Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?",
              "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Notre Dame de Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?",
              "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian fa\u00e7ade with its single door. He designed the fa\u00e7ade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The fa\u00e7ade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Suger" }],
              "question": "Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?",
              "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "the West Front" }],
              "question": "Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?",
              "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "the Roman Arch of Constantine" }
              ],
              "question": "The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?",
              "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "to ease the problem of congestion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?",
              "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "pointed arches of the Gothic style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?",
              "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "in 1140" }],
              "question": "When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?",
              "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the eastern end" }],
              "question": "What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front? ",
              "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "the Carolingian nave" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?",
              "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "clustered columns" }],
              "question": "What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?",
              "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "the flying buttresses" }
              ],
              "question": "What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?",
              "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "cathedrals and great churches" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?",
              "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "the landmark building" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?",
              "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "the ogival" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "the ribbed vault" }],
              "question": "What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?",
              "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "the buttress" }],
              "question": "What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?",
              "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a \"chevet\". While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The eastern arm" }],
              "question": "In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?",
              "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "the Virgin Mary" }],
              "question": "Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?",
              "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "polygonal" }],
              "question": "What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?",
              "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "chevet" }],
              "question": "What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?",
              "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "the sanctuary" }],
              "question": "In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?",
              "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "the diffusionist theory" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?",
              "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Durham Cathedral" }],
              "question": "At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?",
              "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Romanesque" }],
              "question": "In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?",
              "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "points" }],
              "question": "When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?",
              "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids. The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture. While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Gothic vault" }],
              "question": "Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs?",
              "id": "5726b585708984140094ce87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?",
              "id": "5726b585708984140094ce88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "vaults" }],
              "question": "What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety?",
              "id": "5726b585708984140094ce89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "more vertical visual character"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch?",
              "id": "5726b585708984140094ce8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure. In France and Spain, two towers on the front is the norm. In England, Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement, but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing. Smaller churches usually have just one tower, but this may also be the case at larger buildings, such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster, which has the tallest spire in the world, slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral, the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period, at 160 metres (520 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "towers" }],
              "question": "What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?",
              "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "spires" }],
              "question": "What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?",
              "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "two towers" }],
              "question": "How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?",
              "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?",
              "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "just one tower" }],
              "question": "How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?",
              "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "the towers and spires" }
              ],
              "question": "What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction? ",
              "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "The roofline" }],
              "question": "What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?",
              "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "gable ends" }],
              "question": "What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?",
              "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Milan Cathedral" }],
              "question": "Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?",
              "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "buttresses" }],
              "question": "What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?",
              "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "attached shafts" }],
              "question": "What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?",
              "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?",
              "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "a strongly unifying feature" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?",
              "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "horizontal divisions of the interior structure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?",
              "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e945"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "the Abbot Suger" }],
              "question": "Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?",
              "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Pseudo-Dionysius" }],
              "question": "Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?",
              "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Expansive interior light" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "The Celestial Hierarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Pseudo-Dionysius" }],
              "question": "Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?",
              "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Above the main portal there is generally a large window, like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the fa\u00e7ades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the fa\u00e7ades of any English Cathedrals. The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or, in the case of Italy, may be decorated with the rest of the fa\u00e7ade, with polychrome marble and mosaic, as at Orvieto Cathedral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "a large window" }],
              "question": "What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?",
              "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "a rose window" }],
              "question": "What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?",
              "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "any English Cathedrals" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "The gable" }],
              "question": "What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?",
              "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Orvieto Cathedral" }],
              "question": "Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?",
              "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "their impression of verticality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8eace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "three portals" }],
              "question": "How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8eacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "two large towers" }],
              "question": "How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "The east end is polygonal" }
              ],
              "question": "What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?",
              "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "transepts" }],
              "question": "What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?",
              "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "their extreme length" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c713708984140094d13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "double transepts" }],
              "question": "What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature? ",
              "id": "5726c713708984140094d140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "very large" }],
              "question": "What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c713708984140094d141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 924, "text": "the transept gables" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c713708984140094d142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1045, "text": "at the crossing" }],
              "question": "On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?",
              "id": "5726c713708984140094d143"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the fa\u00e7ade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "modular nature" }],
              "question": "In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?",
              "id": "5726c8de708984140094d153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "the French formula" }
              ],
              "question": "What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?",
              "id": "5726c8de708984140094d154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "follows the French form" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?",
              "id": "5726c8de708984140094d155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "their breadth and openness" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726c8de708984140094d156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 913, "text": "Hallenkirchen" }],
              "question": "What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?",
              "id": "5726c8de708984140094d157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "their spatial complexity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula? ",
              "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e9068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "very tall arcades" }],
              "question": "What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?",
              "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e9069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 691, "text": "Islamic architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula? ",
              "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 876, "text": "a French west front" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?",
              "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1081, "text": "German style" }],
              "question": "What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?",
              "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick fa\u00e7ade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of \"armon\u00eca\", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral fa\u00e7ades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The fa\u00e7ades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "the use of polychrome decoration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?",
              "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "the columns may be painted red"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?",
              "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "they loved flamboyant arches" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?",
              "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 869, "text": "occular or wheel windows" }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?",
              "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1268, "text": "the fresco" }],
              "question": "What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?",
              "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "the kings of Navarre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?",
              "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "the master of the Teutonic order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Malbork Castle built for?",
              "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Brick Gothic architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?",
              "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "the famous Conciergerie" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?",
              "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "built in the 15th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?",
              "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Secular Gothic architecture can also be found in a number of public buildings such as town halls, universities, markets or hospitals. The Gda\u0144sk, Wroc\u0142aw and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries. The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall, built during the 15th century, are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages; by the 15th century, the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions. This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities, including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia, Spain, a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century, in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London, or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy, a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena. Other Italian cities such as Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Stralsund town halls" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?",
              "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "built during the 15th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Brussels Town Hall built?",
              "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 765,
                  "text": "the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?",
              "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 952, "text": "the Palazzo Pubblico" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?",
              "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "Florence" }],
              "question": "Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?",
              "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the late Middle Ages" }
              ],
              "question": "In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?",
              "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "the Collegio di Spagna" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?",
              "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "the Collegium Carolinum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?",
              "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "the Escuelas mayores" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain? ",
              "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "the Collegium Maius" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Poland?",
              "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena. Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward; most windows are flat-topped with mullions, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points. The country-houses of the nobility were slow to abandon the appearance of being a castle, even in parts of Europe, like England, where defence had ceased to be a real concern. The living and working parts of many monastic buildings survive, for example at Mont Saint-Michel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Bruges" }],
              "question": "What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ",
              "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Siena" }],
              "question": "What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ",
              "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "flat-topped with mullions" }
              ],
              "question": "What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures?",
              "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "a few focal points" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures?",
              "id": "5726d18a708984140094d230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Mont Saint-Michel" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England? ",
              "id": "5726d18a708984140094d231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence, Lambeth Palace, a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War. Also in the late 17th century, some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University, notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, by Christopher Wren. It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Lambeth Palace" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?",
              "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1663" }],
              "question": "In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?",
              "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the late 17th century" }
              ],
              "question": "In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?",
              "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Christopher Wren" }],
              "question": "Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?",
              "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this Gothic revival (which after 1837, in Britain, is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic), gradually widened to encompass \"low church\" as well as \"high church\" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855\u20131885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "during the second quarter of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?",
              "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Victorian Gothic" }],
              "question": "In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?",
              "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "1855\u20131885" }],
              "question": "During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?",
              "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Oxford Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas? ",
              "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "institutional architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?",
              "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival, Augustus Welby Pugin, is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century. Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott's design for the Albert Memorial in London, and William Butterfield's chapel at Keble College, Oxford. From the second half of the 19th century onwards it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types. Gothic details even began to appear in working-class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy, though given the expense, less frequently than in the design of upper and middle-class housing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Sir Charles Barry" }],
              "question": "Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament?",
              "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Augustus Welby Pugin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament?",
              "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Gothic revival style" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify?",
              "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "George Gilbert Scott" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?",
              "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "William Butterfield" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the chapel at Keble College, Oxford?",
              "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-le-Duc compiled and coordinated an Encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9di\u00e9vale that was a rich repertory his contemporaries mined for architectural details. He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals, including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris, where many of whose most \"Gothic\" gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc's. He taught a generation of reform-Gothic designers and showed how to apply Gothic style to modern structural materials, especially cast iron.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?",
              "id": "5726d73d708984140094d30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "the Abbey of Saint-Denis" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?",
              "id": "5726d73d708984140094d310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 799, "text": "cast iron" }],
              "question": "What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?",
              "id": "5726d73d708984140094d311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Carcassonne" }],
              "question": "In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?",
              "id": "5726d73d708984140094d312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "Notre Dame de Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?",
              "id": "5726d73d708984140094d313"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cubism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul C\u00e9zanne. A retrospective of C\u00e9zanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger and Juan Gris."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the 8 peopl who began the movement",
              "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Paul C\u00e9zanne" }],
              "question": "Which person  was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?",
              "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1905 and 1906" }],
              "question": "What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.",
              "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e402"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In France, offshoots of Cubism developed, including Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism. In other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl developed in response to Cubism. Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present, the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time, also called multiple perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity, while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements. Other common threads between these disparate movements include the faceting or simplification of geometric forms, and the association of mechanization and modern life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France?",
              "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France?",
              "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Futurist" }],
              "question": "Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism?",
              "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Constructivism" }],
              "question": "Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso? ",
              "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cubism began between 1907 and 1911. Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L\u2019Estaque (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings. The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called 'Salle 41'; it included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1907 and 1911" }],
              "question": "Between what years did cubism begin? ",
              "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?",
              "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Salle 41" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?",
              "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Gertrude Stein" }],
              "question": "Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings? ",
              "id": "572692ba708984140094caa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?",
              "id": "572692ba708984140094caa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity. English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Cooper there was \"Early Cubism\", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called \"High Cubism\", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to \"Late Cubism\" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and L\u00e9ger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Analytic Cubism" }],
              "question": "What was the first phase of Cubism known as? ",
              "id": "572693d7708984140094cab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Juan Gris" }],
              "question": "Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim? ",
              "id": "572693d7708984140094caba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Synthetic Cubism" }],
              "question": "What was the second phase of Cubism called? ",
              "id": "572693d7708984140094cabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "1909 to 1914" }],
              "question": "From what years did High Cubism take place? ",
              "id": "572693d7708984140094cabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "1914 to 1921" }],
              "question": "From what years did Late Cubism take place? ",
              "id": "572693d7708984140094cabd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the \"Salle 41\" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the \"Salle 41\" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, Franti\u0161ek Kupka, Diego Rivera, L\u00e9opold Survage, Auguste Herbin, Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), Mar\u00eda Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were \"later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler" }
              ],
              "question": "Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism? ",
              "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "early as 1920" }],
              "question": "In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?",
              "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1950s and 1960s," }],
              "question": "When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?",
              "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Clement Greenberg." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism? ",
              "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1301,
                  "text": "Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who's work undermined Douglass  Coopers terms describing Cubism?",
              "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian and Native American art. Artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks. They became friendly rivals and competed with each other throughout their careers, perhaps leading to Picasso entering a new period in his work by 1907, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art. Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?",
              "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "stark power and simplicity" }
              ],
              "question": "What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?",
              "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Gertrude Stein," }],
              "question": "Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism? ",
              "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "Protocubism" }],
              "question": "What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by? ",
              "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul C\u00e9zanne \"were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907\". Cooper goes on to say: \"The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "Paul Gauguin and Paul C\u00e9zanne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?",
              "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "The Demoiselles" }],
              "question": "What does Cooper say is the first  Cubist picture? ",
              "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles? ",
              "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism, with its evident influence of primitive art, is that \"such deductions are unhistorical\", wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins. This familiar explanation \"fails to give adequate consideration to the complexities of a flourishing art that existed just before and during the period when Picasso's new painting developed.\" Between 1905 and 1908, a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France, Germany, Holland, Italy, and Russia. The Impressionists had used a double point of view, and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists (who also admired C\u00e9zanne) flattened the picture plane, reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms. Neo-Impressionist structure and subject matter, most notably to be seen in the works of Georges Seurat (e.g., Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut and Le Cirque), was another important influence. There were also parallels in the development of literature and social thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "such deductions are unhistorical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?",
              "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "1905 and 1908," }],
              "question": "During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?",
              "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "Les Nabis and the Symbolists" }
              ],
              "question": "Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?",
              "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "double point of view" }
              ],
              "question": "Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?",
              "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of C\u00e9zanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than C\u00e9zanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "in the two distinct tendencies of C\u00e9zanne's later work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?",
              "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "C\u00e9zanne" }],
              "question": "Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?",
              "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how? ",
              "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, L\u00e9ger, and Gris. The terms \"analytical\" and \"synthetic\" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. \"If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque,\" wrote Daniel Robbins, \"our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "in the late 1920s" }],
              "question": "When did the historical study of Cubism begin?",
              "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }
              ],
              "question": "On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?",
              "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?",
              "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The traditional interpretation of \"Cubism\", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists. It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all. According to Daniel Robbins, \"To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Braque and Picasso" }
              ],
              "question": "Understanding who's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on?",
              "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Daniel Robbins" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake?",
              "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?",
              "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7919"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911, mainly with reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, and L\u00e9ger. In 1911, the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Ind\u00e9pendants. The following year, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote and published Du \"Cubisme\" in an effort to dispel the confusion raging around the word, and as a major defence of Cubism (which had caused a public scandal following the 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants and the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris). Clarifying their aims as artists, this work was the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and it still remains the clearest and most intelligible. The result, not solely a collaboration between its two authors, reflected discussions by the circle of artists who met in Puteaux and Courbevoie. It mirrored the attitudes of the \"artists of Passy\", which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers, to whom sections of it were read prior to publication. The concept developed in Du \"Cubisme\" of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously, i.e., the act of moving around an object to seize it from several successive angles fused into a single image (multiple viewpoints, mobile perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity), is a generally recognized device used by the Cubists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "What year did the term Cubism become used more?",
              "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism? ",
              "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 971,
                  "text": "Picabia and the Duchamp brothers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The artists of Passy included which two people?",
              "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There was a distinct difference between Kahnweiler\u2019s Cubists and the Salon Cubists. Prior to 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger (to a lesser extent) gained the support of a single committed art dealer in Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who guaranteed them an annual income for the exclusive right to buy their works. Kahnweiler sold only to a small circle of connoisseurs. His support gave his artists the freedom to experiment in relative privacy. Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912, while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War. L\u00e9ger was based in Montparnasse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Montmartre" }],
              "question": "Where did Picassos work until 1912? ",
              "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Montmartre" }],
              "question": "Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?",
              "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Montparnasse" }],
              "question": "Where was Leger based around 1912? ",
              "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, the Salon Cubists built their reputation primarily by exhibiting regularly at the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, both major non-academic Salons in Paris. They were inevitably more aware of public response and the need to communicate. Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio near the Boulevard de Montparnasse. These soir\u00e9es often included writers such as Guillaume Apollinaire and Andr\u00e9 Salmon. Together with other young artists, the group wanted to emphasise a research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?",
              "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Boulevard de Montparnasse" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Fauconnier's studio located? ",
              "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?",
              "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Ind\u00e9pendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac and Franti\u0161ek Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This article was published a year after Gelett Burgess' The Wild Men of Paris, and two years prior to the Armory Show, which introduced astonished Americans, accustomed to realistic art, to the experimental styles of the European avant garde, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism. The 1911 New York Times article portrayed works by Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Metzinger and others dated before 1909; not exhibited at the 1911 Salon. The article was titled The \"Cubists\" Dominate Paris' Fall Salon and subtitled Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "October 8, 1911" }],
              "question": "In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne?",
              "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 822,
                  "text": "Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism?",
              "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac and Franti\u0161ek Kupka"
                }
              ],
              "question": "List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne? ",
              "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The subsequent 1912 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists. It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work. Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912 (National Gallery of Denmark). Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and L\u00e9ger's La Noce, The Wedding (Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Paris) were also exhibited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?",
              "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "caused a scandal" }],
              "question": " Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?",
              "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were one of  Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants? ",
              "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9 made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des D\u00e9put\u00e9s about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation? ",
              "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?",
              "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "the use of government owned buildings,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards? ",
              "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du \"Cubisme\" (published by Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqu\u00e9s par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "public anger" }],
              "question": "What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du \"Cubsime\"? ",
              "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e925e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re" }
              ],
              "question": "Who published Du \"Cubisme\"?",
              "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e925f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "In what year was  Du \"Cubisme\" published? ",
              "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e9260"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially Franti\u0161ek Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, L\u00e9ger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka\u2019s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913\u201314 L\u00e9ger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new \"pure\" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne? ",
              "id": "5726db225951b619008f801b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 726, "text": "Simultaneous Windows," }
              ],
              "question": "What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912? ",
              "id": "5726db225951b619008f801c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1001, "text": "1913\u201314" }],
              "question": "During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms? ",
              "id": "5726db225951b619008f801d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism. The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier coll\u00e9 in the Cubist construction and Assemblage). The next logical step, for Duchamp, was to present an ordinary object as a self-sufficient work of art representing only itself. In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Apollinaire" }],
              "question": "By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist? ",
              "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913? ",
              "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 570, "text": "bottle-drying rack" }
              ],
              "question": "What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself? ",
              "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Over 200" }],
              "question": "How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie in Paris, October 1912?",
              "id": "5726ddde708984140094d417"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du \"Cubisme\" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?",
              "id": "5726de2d5951b619008f80a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work. \"It is by no means clear, in any case,\" wrote Christopher Green, \"to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of C\u00e9zanne.\" The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional C\u00e9zanne-like subjects\u2014the posed model, still-life and landscape\u2014favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects. Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "It is by no means clear, in any case"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?",
              "id": "5726df5c5951b619008f80df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "large public" }],
              "question": "Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? ",
              "id": "5726df5c5951b619008f80e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Du \"Cubisme\" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of \u2018duration\u2019 proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future. The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future. One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincar\u00e9, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson. With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged. Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated. The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i.e., as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Henri Bergson" }],
              "question": "In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? ",
              "id": "5726e1cef1498d1400e8ee8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "The Salon Cubists" }],
              "question": "The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?",
              "id": "5726e1cef1498d1400e8ee8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier\u2019s Abundance shown at the Ind\u00e9pendants of 1911, and Delaunay's City of Paris, shown at the Ind\u00e9pendants in 1912. These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism. L\u00e9ger\u2019s The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force. The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carr\u00e0; themselves made in response to early Cubism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "relative motion)" }],
              "question": "What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?",
              "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "L\u00e9ger" }],
              "question": "Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?",
              "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? ",
              "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston. In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909\u201310), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works. Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse \u00e0 la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912). Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works. Georges Braque, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Armory Show" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?",
              "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? ",
              "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Les Arbres" }],
              "question": "Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ",
              "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "La Femme aux phlox" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ",
              "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: \"The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909\u201310, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time.\" These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912\u201313, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Head of a Woman" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?",
              "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "The first true Cubist sculpture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?",
              "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Woman Walking" }],
              "question": "Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?",
              "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector L\u00e9once Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I\u2014such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration\u2014had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "'crystal' Cubism" }],
              "question": "What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?",
              "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "Henri Bergson's" }],
              "question": "Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? ",
              "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1914 and 1916" }],
              "question": "What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?",
              "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "between 1917 and 1920" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?",
              "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer L\u00e9once Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris. Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, L\u00e9ger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925. Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson. In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925. L\u00e9once Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler\u2019s exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini. In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne in Paris. Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to claim that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d\u2019Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? ",
              "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "L\u00e9once Rosenberg" }
              ],
              "question": "With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?",
              "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne?",
              "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In which city did Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne take place? ",
              "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917\u201324 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism\u2014figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work\u2014experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Gris, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes" }
              ],
              "question": "Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.",
              "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.",
              "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "conservatism" }],
              "question": "In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?",
              "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "art and architecture." }
              ],
              "question": "What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?",
              "id": "5727b2124b864d1900163aa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?",
              "id": "5727b2134b864d1900163aa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?",
              "id": "5727b2134b864d1900163aa2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships. Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?",
              "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? ",
              "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9371"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "glass" }],
              "question": "Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?",
              "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9372"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of \"a profound reorientation towards a changed world\". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application\u2014which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914\u2014was left to the founders of Purism, Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfant and Charles-\u00c9douard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Apr\u00e8s le cubisme in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de S\u00e8vres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti" }
              ],
              "question": "The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?",
              "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Neo-plasticism" }],
              "question": "The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?",
              "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Piet Mondrian" }],
              "question": "Who developed Neo Plasticism? ",
              "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Gino Severini" }],
              "question": "Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? ",
              "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1161, "text": "his cousin Jeanneret" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?",
              "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), signed Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare along with a group of collaborators. Metzinger and Gleizes in Du \"Cubisme\", written during the assemblage of the \"Maison Cubiste\", wrote about the autonomous nature of art, stressing the point that decorative considerations should not govern the spirit of art. Decorative work, to them, was the \"antithesis of the picture\". \"The true picture\" wrote Metzinger and Gleizes, \"bears its raison d'\u00eatre within itself. It can be moved from a church to a drawing-room, from a museum to a study. Essentially independent, necessarily complete, it need not immediately satisfy the mind: on the contrary, it should lead it, little by little, towards the fictitious depths in which the coordinative light resides. It does not harmonize with this or that ensemble; it harmonizes with things in general, with the universe: it is an organism...\". \"Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence\", writes Christopher Green, \"creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends L\u00e9ger and Roger La Fresnaye\". La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living room\u2014the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Woman with a Fan), Gleizes, Laurencin and L\u00e9ger were hung\u2014and a bedroom. It was an example of L'art d\u00e9coratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade, designed by Duchamp-Villon. This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston, listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled \"Facade architectural, plaster\" (Fa\u00e7ade architecturale).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1849, "text": "10-by-3-meter" }],
              "question": "How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? ",
              "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1572, "text": "Woman with a Fan" }],
              "question": "Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?",
              "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1424, "text": "a fully furnished house" }
              ],
              "question": "What was La Maison Cubiste ?",
              "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9506"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture \u2013 namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910\u20131914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "Cubist architecture is very rare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is original Cubist architecture rare?",
              "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Bohemia (today Czech Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?",
              "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Rondo-Cubism" }],
              "question": "What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?",
              "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163bea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "dynamism" }],
              "question": "What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? ",
              "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "hexagonal" }],
              "question": "What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? ",
              "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "dynamism and expressive plasticity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?",
              "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek and Josef Chochol. They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns. The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r with the only Cubist caf\u00e9 in the world, Grand Caf\u00e9 Orient. Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of \u010e\u00e1blice Cemetery in 1912\u20131914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vy\u0161ehrad. A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek and Josef Chochol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the leading Cubist architects? ",
              "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Prague" }],
              "question": "Where did the leading Cubist architects work?",
              "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "House of the Black Madonna" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the best known Cubist architecture building? ",
              "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Old Town of Prague" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? ",
              "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Vlastislav Hofman" }],
              "question": "Who built the House of the Black Madonna?",
              "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906\u201308). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?",
              "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Gertrude Stein" }],
              "question": "Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?",
              "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Leo" }],
              "question": "What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?",
              "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "The Making of Americans" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?",
              "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry \"is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada.\" Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, \u00c9luard and himself, Reverdy was \"our immediate elder, the exemplary poet.\" Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' \"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird\" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon and Pierre Reverdy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?",
              "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Kenneth Rexroth" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?",
              "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 888, "text": "John Ashbery and Ron Padgett" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?",
              "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 994,
                  "text": "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? ",
              "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Political_philosophy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese political philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?",
              "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e48e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "6th century BC" }],
              "question": "Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?",
              "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "the social and political breakdown of the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?",
              "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "Mohism" }],
              "question": "What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?",
              "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e491"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "ancient Greece" }],
              "question": "Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?",
              "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "philosophy of ancient Greece" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?",
              "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "city-states" }],
              "question": "Ancient Greece was dominated by what?",
              "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Indian political philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?",
              "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "The institutions of state" }
              ],
              "question": "What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?",
              "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Mantranga" }],
              "question": "What was the governing body of the Hindu states?",
              "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chanakya, 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher. The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusm\u1e5bti or Laws of Manu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chanakya" }],
              "question": "Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?",
              "id": "572699885951b619008f7789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "The Arthashastra" }],
              "question": "What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?",
              "id": "572699885951b619008f778a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "the Manusm\u1e5bti or Laws of Manu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?",
              "id": "572699885951b619008f778b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Plato" }],
              "question": "Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?",
              "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "the moderatation of the Stoicism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?",
              "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Augustine" }],
              "question": "Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?",
              "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "City of Man" }],
              "question": "What does Civitas terrena mean?",
              "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "City of God" }],
              "question": "What does Civitas Dei mean?",
              "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rise of Islam, based on both the Qur'an and Muhammad strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region. Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion, and the process of ijtihad to find truth\u2014in effect all philosophy was \"political\" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the \"rationalist\" Mutazilite philosophers, who held a more Hellenic view, reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate. By the late ancient period, however, the \"traditionalist\" Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed. According to the Asharites, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the Sunna.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The rise of Islam" }],
              "question": "What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?",
              "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "Early Islamic philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?",
              "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 396,
                  "text": "the \"rationalist\" Mutazilite philosophers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?",
              "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Hellenic view" }],
              "question": "What type of views did the \"rationalist\" Mutaziite philosophers hold?",
              "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam\u2014i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad\u2014thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), \u0130bn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the \"core\" terms of the Qur'an\u2014i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)\u2014is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1112, "text": "political" }],
              "question": "The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? ",
              "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? ",
              "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "The political conceptions of Islam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is taken as the basis of an analysis?",
              "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Medieval political philosophy in Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?",
              "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Mutazalite Islamic thinking" }
              ],
              "question": "Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?",
              "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "St. Thomas Aquinas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? ",
              "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince, written between 1511\u201312 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including Jean-Jacques Rousseau) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the Republic of Florence rather than the oligarchy of the di Medici family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end\u2014i.e., the secure and powerful state. Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the social contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the English Renaissance. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the most influential works during the period? ",
              "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1532" }],
              "question": "When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? ",
              "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote The  Prince?",
              "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 931, "text": "Thomas Hobbes" }],
              "question": "Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?",
              "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of \"state\" and \"government.\" It was decided that \"state\" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term \"government\" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "state" }],
              "question": "What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? ",
              "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?",
              "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1276, "text": "the physical world" }
              ],
              "question": "Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?",
              "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "free trade" }],
              "question": "The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?",
              "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "religion" }],
              "question": "The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?",
              "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Protestant churches" }
              ],
              "question": "What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?",
              "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?",
              "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example, Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?",
              "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "The Iroquois philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?",
              "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Benjamin Franklin" }],
              "question": "Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?",
              "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government. In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system. The theory of the divine right of kings became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it. Unlike Machiavelli and Hobbes but like Aquinas, Locke would accept Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal. Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa. For Locke, knowledge is neither innate, revealed nor based on authority but subject to uncertainty tempered by reason, tolerance and moderation. According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?",
              "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Sir Robert Filmer" }],
              "question": "Locke refuted whose political theory?",
              "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1094, "text": "unnecessary" }],
              "question": "According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?",
              "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e574"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Marxist critique of capitalism \u2014 developed with Friedrich Engels \u2014 was, alongside liberalism and fascism, one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future revolutionaries of the 20th century namely Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro. Though Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history\u2014Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was \"standing on its head\", \"the right side up again\". Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Friedrich Engels" }],
              "question": "Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?",
              "id": "5726a284708984140094cc83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Marxist critique of capitalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?",
              "id": "5726a284708984140094cc84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "The industrial revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?",
              "id": "5726a284708984140094cc85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "World War I was a watershed event in human history, changing views of governments and politics. The Russian Revolution of 1917 (and similar, albeit less successful, revolutions in many other European countries) brought communism - and in particular the political theory of Leninism, but also on a smaller level Luxemburgism (gradually) - on the world stage. At the same time, social democratic parties won elections and formed governments for the first time, often as a result of the introduction of universal suffrage. However, a group of central European economists led by Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek identified the collectivist underpinnings to the various new socialist and fascist doctrines of government power as being different brands of political totalitarianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "What was a watershed event in human history?",
              "id": "5726a3475951b619008f7889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When was The Russian Revolution?",
              "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "The Russian Revolution of 1917" }
              ],
              "question": "What brought communism?",
              "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "a group of central European economists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run?",
              "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism. In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with Marxism dominating the field. This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left. A number of continental European \u00e9migr\u00e9s to Britain and the United States\u2014including Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin, Eric Voegelin and Judith Shklar\u2014encouraged continued study in political philosophy in the Anglo-American world, but in the 1950s and 1960s they and their students remained at odds with the analytic establishment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "John Rawls" }],
              "question": "Who published A Theory of Justice? ",
              "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "A Theory of Justice" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Rawls publish?",
              "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?",
              "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 680, "text": "revolutionary ideology" }
              ],
              "question": "The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?",
              "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as rational choice theory) to political issues. The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant. This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Communism" }],
              "question": "What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s?",
              "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "pragmatic approach" }
              ],
              "question": "There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?",
              "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "Charles W. Mills" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Racial Contract?",
              "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "Carole Patemen" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Sexual Contract?",
              "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Anglo-American academic political philosophy, the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone. Rawls used a thought experiment, the original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls also offered a criticism of utilitarian approaches to questions of political justice. Robert Nozick's 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia, which won a National Book Award, responded to Rawls from a libertarian perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "A Theory of Justice" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Rawsl publish?",
              "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "John Rawls" }],
              "question": "Who Published A Theory of Justice?",
              "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When was A Theory of Justice published?",
              "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Robert Nozick" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?",
              "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and J\u00fcrgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers\u2014still largely influenced by Marxism\u2014put new emphases on structuralism and on a \"return to Hegel\". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Frankfurt School," }],
              "question": "Herbert Marcuse was from what school?",
              "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f792f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Freudian" }],
              "question": "Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?",
              "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f7930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "Guy Debord" }],
              "question": "Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? ",
              "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f7931"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "The liberal-communitarian debate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? ",
              "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "greater local control" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of control do communitarians tend to support?",
              "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 606,
                  "text": "policies which encourage the growth of social capital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?",
              "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty, namely \"liberty as non-domination.\" Unlike liberals who understand liberty as \"non-interference,\" \"non-domination\" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of anyother person. To a liberal, a slave who is not interfered with may be free, yet to a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian Quentin Skinner, jurist Cass Sunstein, and political philosopher Philip Pettit. The capability approach, pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "the end of the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?",
              "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f794f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "The resurgent republican movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?",
              "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f7950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 798, "text": "The capability approach" }
              ],
              "question": "Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?",
              "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f7951"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an alloy?",
              "id": "5726971b708984140094cb17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "metallic bonding character" }
              ],
              "question": "What are alloys defined by?",
              "id": "5726971b708984140094cb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "depending on bond types" }
              ],
              "question": "When are Zintl considered alloys?",
              "id": "5726971b708984140094cb19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "a single phase" }],
              "question": "What is solid solution metal elements classified as?",
              "id": "5726971b708984140094cb1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit. Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements; at least one of which being a metal. This is usually called the primary metal or the base metal, and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "impure" }],
              "question": "What kind of substance is an alloy?",
              "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?",
              "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "two or more elements" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an alloy composed of?",
              "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "wrought iron" }],
              "question": "What other metal is impure like alloy?",
              "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the alloy cools and solidifies (crystallizes), its mechanical properties will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents. A metal that is normally very soft and malleable, such as aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal, like copper. Although both metals are very soft and ductile, the resulting aluminium alloy will be much harder and stronger. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron produces an alloy called steel. Due to its very-high strength and toughness (which is much higher than pure iron), and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most common alloys in modern use. By adding chromium to steel, its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced, creating stainless steel, while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics, producing silicon steel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is steel produced?",
              "id": "57269e385951b619008f77eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "aluminium" }],
              "question": "What kind of metal is soft like copper?",
              "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "chromium" }],
              "question": "What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?",
              "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "steel" }],
              "question": "What is superior to pure iron?",
              "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "crystallizes" }],
              "question": "What is another word for when alloys solidify?",
              "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state, they may not always be soluble in the solid state. If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase. If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble, they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals, creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases. However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because, if cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals, forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "If the metals remain soluble when solid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?",
              "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 879,
                  "text": "to reinforce the crystals internally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?",
              "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "intermetallic alloys" }
              ],
              "question": "What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?",
              "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some alloys occur naturally, such as electrum, which is an alloy that is native to Earth, consisting of silver and gold. Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel, but are not native to the Earth. One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pig iron. In the modern age, steel can be created in many forms. Carbon steel can be made by varying only the carbon content, producing soft alloys like mild steel or hard alloys like spring steel. Alloy steels can be made by adding other elements, such as molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in alloys such as high-speed steel or tool steel. Small amounts of manganese are usually alloyed with most modern-steels because of its ability to remove unwanted impurities, like phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen, which can have detrimental effects on the alloy. However, most alloys were not created until the 1900s, such as various aluminium, titanium, nickel, and magnesium alloys. Some modern superalloys, such as incoloy, inconel, and hastelloy, may consist of a multitude of different components.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "silver and gold" }],
              "question": "What is electrum made of?",
              "id": "5726a320708984140094cc93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "electrum" }],
              "question": "What alloy is formed naturally? ",
              "id": "5726a320708984140094cc94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "bronze" }],
              "question": "Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?",
              "id": "5726a320708984140094cc95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "bronze" }],
              "question": "What metal is made by combining tin and copper?",
              "id": "5726a320708984140094cc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1306, "text": "1900s" }],
              "question": "Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?",
              "id": "5726a320708984140094cc97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term alloy is used to describe a mixture of atoms in which the primary constituent is a metal. The primary metal is called the base, the matrix, or the solvent. The secondary constituents are often called solutes. If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy. If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy, while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy. Because the percentage of each constituent can be varied, with any mixture the entire range of possible variations is called a system. In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "The primary metal" }],
              "question": "The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?",
              "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "The secondary constituents" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for solutes?",
              "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "quaternary alloy" }],
              "question": "What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?",
              "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "ternary alloy" }],
              "question": "A five-part alloy is known as?",
              "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although an alloy is technically an impure metal, when referring to alloys, the term \"impurities\" usually denotes those elements which are not desired. These impurities are often found in the base metals or the solutes, but they may also be introduced during the alloying process. For instance, sulfur is a common impurity in steel. Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide, which is very brittle, creating weak spots in the steel. Lithium, sodium and calcium are common impurities in aluminium alloys, which can have adverse effects on the structural integrity of castings. Conversely, otherwise pure-metals that simply contain unwanted impurities are often called \"impure metals\" and are not usually referred to as alloys. Oxygen, present in the air, readily combines with most metals to form metal oxides; especially at higher temperatures encountered during alloying. Great care is often taken during the alloying process to remove excess impurities, using fluxes, chemical additives, or other methods of extractive metallurgy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "very brittle" }],
              "question": "What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?",
              "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "unwanted impurities" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes pure metals impure metals?",
              "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 943, "text": "remove excess impurities" }
              ],
              "question": "Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?",
              "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f792a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Lithium, sodium and calcium" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?",
              "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7929"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"alloy\" is sometimes used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply \"alloy wheels\", although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys. Steel is such a common alloy that many items made from it, like wheels, barrels, or girders, are simply referred to by the name of the item, assuming it is made of steel. When made from other materials, they are typically specified as such, (i.e.: \"bronze wheel,\" \"plastic barrel,\" or \"wood girder\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Steel" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a common alloy?",
              "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "automobile wheels" }],
              "question": "What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?",
              "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "alloys" }],
              "question": "Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?",
              "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties. For example, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. In later times bronze has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?",
              "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "alloys" }],
              "question": "Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?",
              "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1125, "text": "Bronze" }],
              "question": "When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?",
              "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1204, "text": "prehistoric period" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the bronze age?",
              "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1481, "text": "Brass" }],
              "question": "Copper and zinc combine to make what?",
              "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bending, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized. However, some alloys can also have their properties altered by heat treatment. Nearly all metals can be softened by annealing, which recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects, but not as many can be hardened by controlled heating and cooling. Many alloys of aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened to some degree by some method of heat treatment, but few respond to this to the same degree that steel does.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "heat treatment" }],
              "question": "What kind of treatment can be made to alter it's properties?",
              "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "annealing" }],
              "question": "Softening metals can be achieved by?",
              "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "heat treatment" }],
              "question": "Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?",
              "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Annealling softens metals by achieving what?",
              "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At a certain temperature, (usually between 1,500 \u00b0F (820 \u00b0C) and 1,600 \u00b0F (870 \u00b0C), depending on carbon content), the base metal of steel undergoes a change in the arrangement of the atoms in its crystal matrix, called allotropy. This allows the small carbon atoms to enter the interstices of the iron crystal, diffusing into the iron matrix. When this happens, the carbon atoms are said to be in solution, or mixed with the iron, forming a single, homogeneous, crystalline phase called austenite. If the steel is cooled slowly, the iron will gradually change into its low temperature allotrope. When this happens the carbon atoms will no longer be soluble with the iron, and will be forced to precipitate out of solution, nucleating into the spaces between the crystals. The steel then becomes heterogeneous, being formed of two phases; the carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite. This type of heat treatment produces steel that is rather soft and bendable. However, if the steel is cooled quickly the carbon atoms will not have time to precipitate. When rapidly cooled, a diffusionless (martensite) transformation occurs, in which the carbon atoms become trapped in solution. This causes the iron crystals to deform intrinsically when the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state, making it very hard and brittle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "heterogeneous" }],
              "question": "What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?",
              "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 842,
                  "text": "carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?",
              "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1322, "text": "very hard and brittle" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?",
              "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "If the steel is cooled slowly" }
              ],
              "question": "Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?",
              "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "1,500 \u00b0F (820 \u00b0C) and 1,600 \u00b0F (870 \u00b0C)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?",
              "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which are difficult to discern from the base metal. Unlike steel, in which the solid solution separates to form different crystal phases, precipitation hardening alloys separate to form different phases within the same crystal. These intermetallic alloys appear homogeneous in crystal structure, but tend to behave heterogeneous, becoming hard and somewhat brittle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "steel" }],
              "question": "Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?",
              "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "heat-treatable alloys" }
              ],
              "question": "Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?",
              "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes alloys more softer than normal?",
              "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent. This is called a substitutional alloy. Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass, in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms. With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal. The smaller atoms become trapped in the spaces between the atoms in the crystal matrix, called the interstices. This is referred to as an interstitial alloy. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix. Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "substitutional alloys" }
              ],
              "question": "Bronze and brass are examples of what?",
              "id": "5726b169708984140094ce07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "substitutional alloys" }
              ],
              "question": "Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?",
              "id": "5726b169708984140094ce08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "Steel" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one interstitial alloy?",
              "id": "5726b169708984140094ce09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1138,
                  "text": "interstitial and substitutional"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?",
              "id": "5726b169708984140094ce0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools, weapons, and nails. In many cultures it was shaped by cold hammering into knives and arrowheads. They were often used as anvils. Meteoric iron was very rare and valuable, and difficult for ancient people to work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "meteoric iron" }],
              "question": "What was one of the first alloys used by humans?",
              "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "nickel and iron" }],
              "question": "What is meteoric iron composed of?",
              "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "tools, weapons, and nails" }
              ],
              "question": "What can forged meteoric iron make?",
              "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "iron meteorites" }],
              "question": "Where does meteoric iron come from?",
              "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does meteoric iron come to earth?",
              "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of these metals, and the most widely distributed. It became one of the most important metals to the ancients. Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients. Tin was rare, however, being found mostly in Great Britain. In the Middle East, people began alloying copper with zinc to form brass. Ancient civilizations took into account the mixture and the various properties it produced, such as hardness, toughness and melting point, under various conditions of temperature and work hardening, developing much of the information contained in modern alloy phase diagrams. Arrowheads from the Chinese Qin dynasty (around 200 BC) were often constructed with a hard bronze-head, but a softer bronze-tang, combining the alloys to prevent both dulling and breaking during use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Greenland" }],
              "question": "Where is the only iron deposit on earth?",
              "id": "5726b450708984140094ce5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "2500 BC" }],
              "question": "Around what time did bronze start being formed?",
              "id": "5726b450708984140094ce60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "brass" }],
              "question": "What does copper and zinc form to make?",
              "id": "5726b450708984140094ce61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "Great Britain" }],
              "question": "Where is tin mostly found?",
              "id": "5726b450708984140094ce62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Copper" }],
              "question": "Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?",
              "id": "5726b450708984140094ce63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste, or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals, called gilding, such as armor and mirrors. The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor. The amalgam was applied as a paste and then heated until the mercury vaporized, leaving the gold, silver, or tin behind. Mercury was often used in mining, to extract precious metals like gold and silver from their ores.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "dissolves" }],
              "question": "What does mercury make most metals do?",
              "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "200 BC" }],
              "question": "Since when have Amalgams been used?",
              "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "mercury-tin amalgams" }
              ],
              "question": "What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?",
              "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?",
              "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e863"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of \"Eureka!\" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "purely aesthetic purposes" }
              ],
              "question": "Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?",
              "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "Red gold is made by combining gold with?",
              "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "250 BC" }],
              "question": " Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?",
              "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "Archimedes" }],
              "question": "Who shouted \"Eureka!\" while checking the purity of a crown?",
              "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "less valuable substances" }
              ],
              "question": "Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?",
              "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "tin" }],
              "question": "Pewter is mostly made up of?",
              "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "too soft" }],
              "question": "Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?",
              "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "tin" }],
              "question": "During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?",
              "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "alloyed with other metals" }
              ],
              "question": "What was done to tin to make it stronger?",
              "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "lead, antimony, bismuth or copper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?",
              "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Anatolia" }],
              "question": "Where did smelting of iron begin?",
              "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "around 1800 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the smelting of iron first begin?",
              "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "around 700 AD" }],
              "question": "When did iron making technology begin in Japan?",
              "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?",
              "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "lower melting point" }
              ],
              "question": "What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?",
              "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "1100 BC" }],
              "question": "Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?",
              "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When did iron start to become melted by people?",
              "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "Benjamin Huntsman" }],
              "question": "Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?",
              "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "1740" }],
              "question": "When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible",
              "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?",
              "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "steel" }],
              "question": "By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?",
              "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "1700s" }],
              "question": "When did puddling start occurring?",
              "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "When was the Bessemer process developed?",
              "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "Mangalloy" }],
              "question": "Steel and manganese combines form to make what?",
              "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminium, titanium, and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and magnesium, Wilm discovered that the alloy increased in hardness when left to age at room temperature. Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919, duralumin was one of the first \"age hardening\" alloys to be used, and was soon followed by many others. Because they often exhibit a combination of high strength and low weight, these alloys became widely used in many forms of industry, including the construction of modern aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Alfred Wilm" }],
              "question": "Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?",
              "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?",
              "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "harden over time" }],
              "question": "What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?",
              "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "duralumin" }],
              "question": "One of the first \"age hardening\" alloys used were called?",
              "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "duralumin" }],
              "question": "What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?",
              "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fe"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Norfolk_Island",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Pacific Ocean" }],
              "question": "In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?",
              "id": "572698f8708984140094cb41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "about 900 kilometres (560 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "572698f8708984140094cb42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Kingston" }],
              "question": "What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "572698f8708984140094cb43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "1,796" }],
              "question": "How many people live on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "572698f8708984140094cb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "1,412 kilometres (877 mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "572698f8708984140094cb45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "East Polynesians" }],
              "question": "Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?",
              "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "a convict penal settlement" }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?",
              "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "8 June 1856" }],
              "question": "What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Pitcairn Island" }],
              "question": "Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?",
              "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?",
              "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia's decision to restrict sales of hemp. Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?",
              "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "John Call" }],
              "question": "Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?",
              "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "New South Wales" }],
              "question": "In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?",
              "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Empress Catherine II of Russia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?",
              "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1794" }],
              "question": "When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?",
              "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?",
              "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "February 1805" }],
              "question": "When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?",
              "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e510"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send \"the worst description of convicts\". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' \u2013 that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "the British government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Its remoteness" }],
              "question": "What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?",
              "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "the gallows" }],
              "question": "What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?",
              "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "6,458" }],
              "question": "How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e54a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island. These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian. They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands, which had become too small for their growing population. On 3 May 1856, 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the \"Morayshire\". On 8 June 194 persons arrived, a baby having been born in transit. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived with whaling fleets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?",
              "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f787f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "the Pitcairn Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?",
              "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "193" }],
              "question": "On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Morayshire" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "farming and whaling industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7883"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?",
              "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?",
              "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?",
              "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?",
              "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "February 1944" }],
              "question": "When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?",
              "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?",
              "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "greater welfare benefits" }
              ],
              "question": "What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?",
              "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?",
              "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "replace self-government with a local council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "68%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?",
              "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29\u00b007\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.117\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?",
              "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "east" }],
              "question": "What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?",
              "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Mount Bates" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?",
              "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Phillip Island" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e630"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "cliff faces" }],
              "question": "What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?",
              "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?",
              "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "by ship" }],
              "question": "How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Cascade Bay" }],
              "question": "Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Anson and Ball Bays" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "51" }],
              "question": "How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?",
              "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "Norfolk Island National Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?",
              "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "subtropical rain forest" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?",
              "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "5 km2" }],
              "question": "How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?",
              "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e680"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "land" }],
              "question": "What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?",
              "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "massive clearance of the island's native vegetation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?",
              "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "hunting and persecution as agricultural pests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?",
              "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "mammals" }],
              "question": "What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?",
              "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "common blackbirds and crimson rosellas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?",
              "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Nepean Island" }],
              "question": "What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?",
              "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "The providence petrel" }
              ],
              "question": "What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?",
              "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Phillip Island" }],
              "question": "Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?",
              "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "the whale bird" }],
              "question": "What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the \"Middle ground\" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cetaceans" }],
              "question": "What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?",
              "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?",
              "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "dolphins" }],
              "question": "What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Southern right whales" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?",
              "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sixty-two percent" }],
              "question": "Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Rev G. H. Nobbs" }],
              "question": "Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "a Methodist church" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?",
              "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "one of Nobbs' sons" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? ",
              "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1168, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?",
              "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: \"An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island.\" The \"language known as 'Norf'k'\" is described as the language \"that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island\". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "English and a creole language known as Norfuk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?",
              "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "18th-century English and Tahitian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?",
              "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?",
              "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "The Norfuk language" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1068, "text": "under three-quarters" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?",
              "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Norfolk Island" }],
              "question": "What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?",
              "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "The Norfolk Island Act 1979" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?",
              "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Gary Hardgrave" }],
              "question": "Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?",
              "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a \"weighted first past the post system\". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?",
              "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "a \"weighted first past the post system\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?",
              "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Executive" }],
              "question": "Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Lisle Snell" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the \"significant disruption\" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?",
              "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "a local council" }],
              "question": "What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?",
              "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "December 2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "significant disruption" }
              ],
              "question": "The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?",
              "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "19 March 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?",
              "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "a local council" }],
              "question": "What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?",
              "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "New South Wales" }],
              "question": "From what state did the proposed council come from?",
              "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?",
              "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Australian income tax" }
              ],
              "question": "What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?",
              "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to \"be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament\". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that \"the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "8 May 2015" }],
              "question": "When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?",
              "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "912" }],
              "question": "How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?",
              "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "68%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?",
              "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Lisle Snell" }],
              "question": "Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?",
              "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 710,
                  "text": "overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?",
              "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "colony acquired by settlement" }
              ],
              "question": "Norfolk Island was originally a what?",
              "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?",
              "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?",
              "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "High Court of Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?",
              "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Australian citizenship" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "immigration" }],
              "question": "What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?",
              "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? ",
              "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "1 July 2016" }],
              "question": "When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?",
              "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "automatic right of residence" }
              ],
              "question": "What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?",
              "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "a passport" }],
              "question": "What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "either a passport or a Document of Identity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "Australian Migration Zone" }
              ],
              "question": "When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?",
              "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "the visa will have ceased" }
              ],
              "question": "What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? ",
              "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are \"outside of Australia\" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "the Migration Act" }],
              "question": "What Act declares Non-Australian residents \"outside of Australia\" while they are on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?",
              "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?",
              "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 671,
                  "text": "count as time spent in Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?",
              "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Norfolk Island Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "travel insurance" }],
              "question": "What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?",
              "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "mainland Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?",
              "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "the Royal Australian Air Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "St John Ambulance Australia volunteers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish \"recreationally\" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as \"the Box\". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "health and infrastructure" }
              ],
              "question": "What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?",
              "id": "5726c566708984140094d103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "fish" }],
              "question": "What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?",
              "id": "5726c566708984140094d104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "the Box" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?",
              "id": "5726c566708984140094d105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 960, "text": "oil and gas deposits" }
              ],
              "question": "What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?",
              "id": "5726c566708984140094d106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1071, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?",
              "id": "5726c566708984140094d107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "Australian federal taxes" }
              ],
              "question": "Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?",
              "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "David Buffett" }],
              "question": "Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "for a financial bailout from the federal government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?",
              "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "July 1, 2016" }],
              "question": "When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1085, "text": "social" }],
              "question": "What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?",
              "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2532" }],
              "question": "How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?",
              "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "2500" }],
              "question": "How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?",
              "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? ",
              "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Norfolk TV" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?",
              "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": ".nf" }],
              "question": "What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?",
              "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Kingston and Cascade" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "by whaleboats towed by launches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? ",
              "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "the prevailing weather on the day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "on the leeward side of the island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Visitors" }],
              "question": "Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?",
              "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9038"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Edmund_Burke",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary n\u00e9e Nagle (c. 1702 \u2013 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a d\u00e9class\u00e9 County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Dublin, Ireland" }],
              "question": "Where was Burke born?",
              "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Nagle" }],
              "question": "What was Burke's mother's maiden name?",
              "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1770" }],
              "question": "When did Burke's mother die?",
              "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "1761" }],
              "question": "When did Burke's father die?",
              "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "1185" }],
              "question": "When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?",
              "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, \"Edmund Burke's Club\", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1744" }],
              "question": "When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?",
              "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?",
              "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "1747" }],
              "question": "When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?",
              "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "TCD's Historical Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?",
              "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "1748" }],
              "question": "When did Edmund Burke graduate?",
              "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Bishop Warburton" }],
              "question": "Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?",
              "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Lord Chesterfield" }],
              "question": "Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?",
              "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "1757" }],
              "question": "When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?",
              "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "in the preface to the second edition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?",
              "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist \"should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other\". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Hurd" }],
              "question": "Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?",
              "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "political reasons" }],
              "question": "Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?",
              "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "L. Bol." }],
              "question": "Whose principles did Burke imitate?",
              "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a \"history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne\", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was \"demonstrably a translation from the French\". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said \"it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "25 February 1757" }],
              "question": "When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?",
              "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "nearly 400,000" }],
              "question": "How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?",
              "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "640 pages" }],
              "question": "How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?",
              "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1812" }],
              "question": "When was Burke's history of England published?",
              "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "David Hume" }],
              "question": "Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?",
              "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7847"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Annual Register" }],
              "question": "What publication did Burke found?",
              "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "political" }],
              "question": "The Annual Register covered international events of what type?",
              "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "1766" }],
              "question": "Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?",
              "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?",
              "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Philip Magnus" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a biography of Burke?",
              "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as \"Single-speech Hamilton\"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "Single-speech Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?",
              "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Burke" }],
              "question": "Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?",
              "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "1765" }],
              "question": "When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?",
              "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "Charles, Marquess of Rockingham"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?",
              "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?",
              "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the \"discontents\" as stemming from the \"secret influence\" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the \"king's friends\", whose system \"comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet\". Britain needed a party with \"an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest\". Party divisions \"whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "the king" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?",
              "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "political parties" }],
              "question": "What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?",
              "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "neo-Tory" }],
              "question": "What type of group were the \"king's friends\"?",
              "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?",
              "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: \"If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?",
              "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Bristol" }],
              "question": "What city did Burke represent in parliament?",
              "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1778" }],
              "question": "When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?",
              "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "trading" }],
              "question": "What was Bristol's most important industry?",
              "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. \"An armament\", Burke said, \"is not a victory\". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic \u2013 the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "America" }],
              "question": "Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?",
              "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many reasons against violence did Burke present?",
              "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1115, "text": "thousands of miles" }
              ],
              "question": "How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?",
              "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "the mountains" }],
              "question": "What area could the American colonists retreat to?",
              "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684\u20131775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: \"Young man, There is America \u2013 which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world\". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1775" }],
              "question": "When did Lord Bathurst die?",
              "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "1704" }],
              "question": "When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?",
              "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Whiggism" }],
              "question": "What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?",
              "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1684" }],
              "question": "When was Lord Bathurst born?",
              "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "the devil" }],
              "question": "In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?",
              "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The administration of Lord North (1770\u20131782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: \"As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1770" }],
              "question": "When did Lord North take office?",
              "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1782" }],
              "question": "When did Lord North leave office?",
              "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "New York and Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?",
              "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "appalled" }],
              "question": "How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?",
              "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?",
              "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "HM Treasury" }],
              "question": "Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?",
              "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "the Bank of England" }
              ],
              "question": "After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?",
              "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Shelburne" }],
              "question": "Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?",
              "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1782" }],
              "question": "When was the Paymaster General Act passed?",
              "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke was a leading sceptic with respect to democracy. While admitting that theoretically, in some cases it might be desirable, he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept, but also oppressive. He opposed democracy for three basic reasons. First, government required a degree of intelligence and breadth of knowledge of the sort that occurred rarely among the common people. Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and confiscation of property. Third, Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities, who needed the protection of the upper classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "democratic" }],
              "question": "What type of government did Burke think would be inept?",
              "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?",
              "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "demagogues" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?",
              "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "authoritarian" }],
              "question": "What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?",
              "id": "5726a7965951b619008f7940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "the upper classes" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?",
              "id": "5726a7965951b619008f7941"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs\u2014from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged \"to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties\". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that \"began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "When was Warren Hastings impeached?",
              "id": "5726a833708984140094cd11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Bengal" }],
              "question": "Where was Hastings formerly the governor?",
              "id": "5726a833708984140094cd12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "two decades" }],
              "question": "How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?",
              "id": "5726a833708984140094cd13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?",
              "id": "5726a833708984140094cd14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1356, "text": "empire" }],
              "question": "When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?",
              "id": "5726a833708984140094cd15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 4 April 1786, Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings. The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the \"first major public discursive event of its kind in England\", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception. Burke already was known for his eloquent rhetorical skills and his involvement in the trial only enhanced its popularity and significance. Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a 'captain-general of iniquity'; who never dined without 'creating a famine'; whose heart was 'gangrened to the core', and who resembled both a 'spider of Hell' and a 'ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead'. The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings, but subsequently, the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "4 April 1786" }],
              "question": "When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?",
              "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the impeachment formally called?",
              "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "House of Lords" }],
              "question": "Which house acquitted Hastings?",
              "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "House of Commons" }],
              "question": "Which house impeached Hastings?",
              "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "ravenous vulture" }],
              "question": "Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?",
              "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7959"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: \"England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner\". The events of 5\u20136 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: \"This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France\u2014where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it\u2014where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable\". On 4 November Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken \"as no more than the expression of doubt\" but he added: \"You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom\". In the same month he described France as \"a country undone\". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "King Louis XVI" }],
              "question": "Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?",
              "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Richard Burke" }],
              "question": "What was Burke's son's name?",
              "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1046,
                  "text": "Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?",
              "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1497, "text": "9 February 1790" }],
              "question": "When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?",
              "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal \"Rights of Men\". Price argued that love of our country \"does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government\". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves \"more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "4 November 1789" }],
              "question": "When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?",
              "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "the Glorious Revolution of 1688"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Revolution Society commemorating?",
              "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Englishmen" }],
              "question": "Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?",
              "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "universal \"Rights of Men\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy did Price support?",
              "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "Reflections on the Revolution in France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?",
              "id": "5726aba15951b619008f798f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?",
              "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "17,500" }],
              "question": "How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?",
              "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 665, "text": "Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont" }
              ],
              "question": "Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?",
              "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "June 1791" }],
              "question": "When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?",
              "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7993"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke put forward that \"We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected\". Burke defended this prejudice on the grounds that it is \"the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages\" and superior to individual reason, which is small in comparison. \"Prejudice\", Burke claimed, \"is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue, and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision, skeptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit\". Burke criticised social contract theory by claiming that society is indeed, a contract, but \"a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "kings" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?",
              "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "parliaments" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke say we look to with affection?",
              "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "priests" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?",
              "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "with respect" }],
              "question": "How did Burke say we look towards nobility?",
              "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "duty" }],
              "question": "How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?",
              "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5\u20136 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was \"pure foppery\". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: \"I adore his chivalry\". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been \"led in triumph\" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror\u2014that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette\u2014was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Marie-Antoinette" }],
              "question": "Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?",
              "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Philip Francis" }],
              "question": "Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?",
              "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Edward Gibbon" }],
              "question": "Who adored Burke's chivalry?",
              "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "she burst into tears" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?",
              "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis XVI translated the Reflections \"from end to end\" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be \"in very bad taste\" and \"favouring Tory principles\". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: \"I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution\". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Louis XVI" }],
              "question": "Who re-translated the Reflections into French?",
              "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?",
              "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What political party was Charles James Fox?",
              "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Whigs" }],
              "question": "What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?",
              "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What political party was Richard Sheridan?",
              "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\". Mackintosh later agreed with Burke's views, remarking in December 1796 after meeting him, that Burke was \"minutely and accurately informed, to a wonderful exactness, with respect to every fact relating to the French Revolution\". Mackintosh later said: \"Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Thomas Paine" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?",
              "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Mary Wollstonecraft" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?",
              "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "James Mackintosh" }],
              "question": "Who said the Reflections were \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\"?",
              "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 712, "text": "Lord Bacon and Cicero" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?",
              "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 776, "text": "political and moral" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?",
              "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 1790, Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more \"very refreshing mental food\" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed \"a considerable insight into human nature\" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766\u20137 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau \"entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding\u2014but vanity\"\u2014which he \"was possessed to a degree little short of madness\". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of \"obscure and vulgar vices\" that was not \"chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action\". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: \"a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who asked Burke for more \"very refreshing mental food\"?",
              "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "April 1791" }],
              "question": "When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?",
              "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" }
              ],
              "question": "Which French philosopher did Burke attack?",
              "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "1766\u20137" }],
              "question": "When did Rousseau visit Britain?",
              "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "David Hume" }],
              "question": "Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?",
              "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e714"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was \"overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House\". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and \"the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man\". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech\u2014both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?",
              "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "hereditary" }],
              "question": "What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?",
              "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?",
              "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1395, "text": "fourteen and fifteen years" }
              ],
              "question": "Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?",
              "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e731"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At this point, Fox whispered that there was \"no loss of friendship\". \"I regret to say there is\", Burke replied, \"I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches\". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered \"unusually bitter sarcasms\". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "5 June 1791" }],
              "question": "When did Burke leave the Whig party?",
              "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Fitzwilliam" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke turn down money from?",
              "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "French constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?",
              "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Fox" }],
              "question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?",
              "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Burke" }],
              "question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?",
              "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e740"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party \"as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings\" so that he could \"stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments\". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "the French Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?",
              "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?",
              "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "the Whig party" }],
              "question": "Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?",
              "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "the French Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?",
              "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing \"the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since\". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: \"...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution\". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it \"with great Satisfaction\". Burke wrote of its reception: \"Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice\". Charles Burney viewed it as \"a most admirable book\u2014the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen\" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Portland and Fitzwilliam" }
              ],
              "question": "Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?",
              "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Francis Basset" }],
              "question": "Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?",
              "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Whig" }],
              "question": "What was Francis Basset's political party?",
              "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "galled" }],
              "question": "How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?",
              "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "Charles Burney" }],
              "question": "Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?",
              "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e782"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and \u00e9migres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vend\u00e9e, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as \"the sole affair I have much heart in\". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "William Windham" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?",
              "id": "5726b119708984140094cdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "royalist" }],
              "question": "Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?",
              "id": "5726b119708984140094cdfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Henry Dundas" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?",
              "id": "5726b119708984140094cdff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?",
              "id": "5726b119708984140094ce00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "revolutionary France" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke support Britain fighting against?",
              "id": "5726b119708984140094ce01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: \"I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs\". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: \"I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vend\u00e9e is a proof of this\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "23 October" }],
              "question": "When did Prince Charles write to Burke?",
              "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?",
              "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "La Vend\u00e9e" }],
              "question": "What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?",
              "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?",
              "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?",
              "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of \u00a32,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): \"It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform\". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: \"Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth\". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 June 1794" }],
              "question": "When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?",
              "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "August 1794" }],
              "question": "When did Burke's son die?",
              "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "Beaconsfield" }],
              "question": "What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?",
              "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "\u00a32,500" }],
              "question": "How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?",
              "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 874,
                  "text": "Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?",
              "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: \"Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects\u2014dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Letters on a Regicide Peace" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Burke's final publication?",
              "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "October 1796" }],
              "question": "When was Burke's final publication?",
              "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Individuality" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?",
              "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "dominion and conquest" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?",
              "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?",
              "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an \"armed doctrine\". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: \"It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "an \"armed doctrine\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burke think the war with France was against?",
              "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?",
              "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?",
              "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "the revolutionaries governing her"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?",
              "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded \"some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade\". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Pitt" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?",
              "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Samuel Whitbread" }],
              "question": "Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?",
              "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Arthur Young" }],
              "question": "Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?",
              "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 599,
                  "text": "Thoughts and Details on Scarcity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?",
              "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?",
              "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: \"I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil\". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: \"Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?",
              "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Indianism" }],
              "question": "What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?",
              "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Which continent did Jacobinism affect?",
              "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "March 1796" }],
              "question": "When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?",
              "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Jacobinism" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?",
              "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural\u2014part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, \"If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "property" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think was crucial for human life?",
              "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "property" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?",
              "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "all subjects" }],
              "question": "Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?",
              "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 822, "text": "Christopher Hitchens" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote that Burke \"appealed to property owners\"?",
              "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1066,
                  "text": "the ancestral and the immemorial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?",
              "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e876"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke \"was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles\" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke \"like the ghost of Burke\" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it \"a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man\". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke \"the most sagacious Politician of his age\" whose predictions \"time has verified\". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke (\"Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders\") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809\u201310) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring \"habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer\". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: \"... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity\". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections \"has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled\". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's \"last works and words [as] the manual of my politics\". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli \"was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Philip Francis" }],
              "question": "Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?",
              "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "passion" }],
              "question": "What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?",
              "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "William Windham" }],
              "question": "Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?",
              "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1801" }],
              "question": "When did Windham speak against peace with France?",
              "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 974, "text": "1793" }],
              "question": "When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?",
              "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke \"a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America\" and in his diary recorded: \"Made many extracts from Burke\u2014sometimes almost divine\". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: \"I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton\". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved \"a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site\". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Liberal" }],
              "question": "What political party was Gladstone in?",
              "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Ireland and America" }
              ],
              "question": "What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?",
              "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Corn Law" }],
              "question": "What was Cobden an activist against?",
              "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Milton" }],
              "question": "Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?",
              "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "Francis Hirst" }],
              "question": "Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?",
              "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8ddc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that \"The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other\", this was \"...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright\u2014freedom\". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a \"smuggling adventure\" and condemned \"the great Disgrace of the British character in India\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Piers Brendon" }],
              "question": "Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?",
              "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "a plan of freedom" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?",
              "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "opium trade" }],
              "question": "What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?",
              "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "opium trade" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?",
              "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Anglican" }],
              "question": "Which church did Burke most defend?",
              "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "religion" }],
              "question": "What did Burke think was the foundation of society?",
              "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion was Burke's mother?",
              "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "What religion was Burke's father?",
              "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 670, "text": "political arrangements" }
              ],
              "question": "Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?",
              "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf19"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Samoa",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o S\u0101moa, IPA: [\u02ccsa\u02d0\u02c8moa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: S\u0101moa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Western Samoa" }],
              "question": "What was Samoa's old name?",
              "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?",
              "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?",
              "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Apia" }],
              "question": "What's the name of Samoa's capital?",
              "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "3,500 years" }],
              "question": "About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?",
              "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?",
              "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "anthropology" }],
              "question": "In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?",
              "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Austronesian" }],
              "question": "One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?",
              "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "1,500 BCE" }],
              "question": "What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?",
              "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, \"The Samoans were also known to engage in \u2018headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery.\" However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, \"\u2026 the Samoans are gentle people.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "John Williams" }],
              "question": "Who was the first missionary in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "London Missionary Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What English organization did John Williams belong to?",
              "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "headhunting" }],
              "question": "What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?",
              "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Robert Louis Stevenson" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans \"gentle people\"?",
              "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?",
              "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?",
              "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many contenders were vying for power in the war?",
              "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "March 1889" }],
              "question": "When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?",
              "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "A massive storm" }],
              "question": "What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?",
              "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e778"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "the Department of External Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "one fifth" }],
              "question": "About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?",
              "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?",
              "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1918\u20131919" }],
              "question": "During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?",
              "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "Department of Island Territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?",
              "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?",
              "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Olaf Frederick Nelson" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?",
              "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "non-violent philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?",
              "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "High Chief" }],
              "question": "What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?",
              "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "28 December 1929" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?",
              "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming \"Peace, Samoa\". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Lewis machine gun" }],
              "question": "What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?",
              "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "killed" }],
              "question": "Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?",
              "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "\"Peace, Samoa\"" }],
              "question": "What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?",
              "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Ten" }],
              "question": "Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?",
              "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Black Saturday" }],
              "question": "What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?",
              "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e822"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act gave Samoa independence?",
              "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "1 January 1962" }],
              "question": "What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?",
              "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Trusteeship Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?",
              "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "first" }],
              "question": "Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?",
              "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "1 June" }],
              "question": "On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?",
              "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu\u2019u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?",
              "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "life" }],
              "question": "What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?",
              "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year did the first of the two heads of state die?",
              "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Malietoa Tanumafili II" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?",
              "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "constitutional monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?",
              "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "the Fono" }],
              "question": "What do Samoans call their legislative body?",
              "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many Fono members are there?",
              "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Forty-seven" }],
              "question": "How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?",
              "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?",
              "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e9a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title \u2013 the Faleiva (House of Nine) \u2013 is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district \u2013 the Malietoa title \u2013 is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "A'ana" }],
              "question": "What district is Leulumoega the capital of?",
              "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Faleiva" }],
              "question": "What is the Samoan word for the \"House of Nine\" in Leulumoega?",
              "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "the TuiA'ana" }],
              "question": "What is A'ana's paramount title?",
              "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Malietoa" }],
              "question": "What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?",
              "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Afega" }],
              "question": "In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?",
              "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905\u20131911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km\u00b2 (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "vulcanism" }],
              "question": "What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?",
              "id": "5726bfee708984140094d061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Savai'i" }],
              "question": "Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?",
              "id": "5726bfee708984140094d062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Mt Silisili," }],
              "question": "What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726bfee708984140094d063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "1858" }],
              "question": "How many meters is 6,096 feet?",
              "id": "5726bfee708984140094d064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "Mt Matavanu" }],
              "question": "What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?",
              "id": "5726bfee708984140094d065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The country currency is the Samoan t\u0101l\u0101, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Central Bank of Samoa" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?",
              "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "fishing" }],
              "question": "In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?",
              "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "noni" }],
              "question": "What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?",
              "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?",
              "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "coconut" }],
              "question": "What kind of oil does Samoa export?",
              "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "financial" }],
              "question": "In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?",
              "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "the labour market" }],
              "question": "The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "hotel infrastructure" }
              ],
              "question": "What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?",
              "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Virgin Samoa" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?",
              "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "helped" }],
              "question": "Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?",
              "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "copra" }],
              "question": "What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?",
              "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "natural rubber" }],
              "question": "What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?",
              "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "bananas" }],
              "question": "What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?",
              "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?",
              "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "dried coconut meat" }],
              "question": "What is copra?",
              "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "13,000 to 15,000" }],
              "question": "How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?",
              "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "rhinoceros beetle" }],
              "question": "What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?",
              "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "high quality" }],
              "question": "Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?",
              "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "WSTEC" }],
              "question": "What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8ff0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Christian Congregational Church of Samoa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the most popular church in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "7.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?",
              "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Tiapapata" }],
              "question": "Where is the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed place of worship located in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed House of Worship?",
              "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?",
              "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of v\u0101fealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?",
              "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "v\u0101fealoa'i" }],
              "question": "What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?",
              "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "fa'aaloalo" }],
              "question": "What word is used in Samoa to mean \"respect\"?",
              "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "98%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?",
              "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "dance" }],
              "question": "What does \"siva\" mean in Samoan?",
              "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "sasa" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?",
              "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "fa'ataupati" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?",
              "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "wooden drums" }],
              "question": "What are pates?",
              "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "The \"slap dance\" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?",
              "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel \"Where We Once Belonged\". Momoe Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist. Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer. Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Albert Wendt" }],
              "question": "What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?",
              "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?",
              "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Sons for the Return Home" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?",
              "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Sia Figiel" }],
              "question": "Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book \"Where We Once Belonged\"?",
              "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "poetry" }],
              "question": "What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?",
              "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9278"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Five Stars" }],
              "question": "What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?",
              "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Sweet Inspiration" }],
              "question": "What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?",
              "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?",
              "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Tha Feelstyle" }],
              "question": "Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?",
              "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, \"Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth.\" Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also \"testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves,\" and to the \"circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel.\" Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "MAU" }],
              "question": "What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?",
              "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Hip hop" }],
              "question": "What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?",
              "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Neil Ieremia" }],
              "question": "What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?",
              "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "Katerina Martina Teaiwa" }
              ],
              "question": "What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?",
              "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "youths" }],
              "question": "Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?",
              "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Sima Urale" }],
              "question": "Who made the film O Tamaiti?",
              "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Apron Strings" }],
              "question": "What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?",
              "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "The Orator" }],
              "question": "What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?",
              "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Tusi Tamasese" }],
              "question": "Who wrote and directed The Orator?",
              "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?",
              "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Manu Samoa" }],
              "question": "What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?",
              "id": "5726def05951b619008f80cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?",
              "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Samoa Rugby Football Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?",
              "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?",
              "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?",
              "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Rugby League World Cup" }
              ],
              "question": "In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?",
              "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?",
              "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Setima Sa" }],
              "question": "What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?",
              "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?",
              "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "St Helens" }],
              "question": "What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?",
              "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eec0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pope_Paul_VI",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [d\u0292io\u02c8vani ba\u02c8tista en\u02c8riko an\u02c8tonjo mar\u02c8ija mon\u02c8tini]; 26 September 1897 \u2013 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "26 September 1897" }],
              "question": "On What date was Pope Paul VI born?",
              "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "6 August 1978)" }],
              "question": "On what date did Pope Paul VI die?",
              "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?",
              "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "21 June 1963" }],
              "question": "When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?",
              "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Giovanni" }],
              "question": "What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?",
              "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name \"Paul\" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "Marian" }],
              "question": "What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?",
              "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "\"Paul\"" }],
              "question": "What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?",
              "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1605" }],
              "question": "In what year was the name \"Paul\" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?",
              "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "the Second Vatican Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?",
              "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1433, "text": "encyclical Humanae vitae" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?",
              "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Brescia, Lombardy" }],
              "question": "In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?",
              "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Concesio" }],
              "question": "In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?",
              "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Italian Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?",
              "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many brothers did Giovanni have?",
              "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "rural nobility" }],
              "question": "What was Giovanni's mother descended from?",
              "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?",
              "id": "5726a158708984140094cc59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Canon Law" }],
              "question": "In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?",
              "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Milan" }],
              "question": "In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?",
              "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?",
              "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?",
              "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: \"This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars.\" When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because \"this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "excessive nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?",
              "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "treats foreigners as enemies" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?",
              "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "common frontiers" }],
              "question": "What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?",
              "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Peace" }],
              "question": "What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?",
              "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?",
              "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "organisational skills" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?",
              "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?",
              "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Pacelli" }],
              "question": "With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?",
              "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Papal Academy for Diplomats" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Montini teach history?",
              "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Giuseppe Pizzardo" }],
              "question": "Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?",
              "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the \"ordinary affairs\" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "ordinary affairs" }],
              "question": "What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?",
              "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Vatican's State Department" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?",
              "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Private Secretary" }],
              "question": "What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?",
              "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "letters" }],
              "question": "What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?",
              "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "war years" }],
              "question": "During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?",
              "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e63a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9\u202f891\u202f497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?",
              "id": "5726a975708984140094cd35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "ten million" }],
              "question": "How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?",
              "id": "5726a975708984140094cd36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "politician" }],
              "question": "What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?",
              "id": "5726a975708984140094cd37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "Pope Pius XII" }],
              "question": "With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?",
              "id": "5726a975708984140094cd38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Mussolini" }],
              "question": "What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?",
              "id": "5726a975708984140094cd39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "Pius XII" }],
              "question": "Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?",
              "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "refugees" }],
              "question": "What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?",
              "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?",
              "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?",
              "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Church Asylum" }],
              "question": "What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?",
              "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?",
              "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "5 January" }],
              "question": "On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?",
              "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?",
              "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "his sick-bed" }],
              "question": "Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?",
              "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Milan" }],
              "question": "To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?",
              "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: \"This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up.\" He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "Ecumenical Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Montini oppose reforming?",
              "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission? ",
              "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Vatican" }],
              "question": "Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?",
              "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "debates" }],
              "question": "What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?",
              "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 956, "text": "cancer" }],
              "question": "What illness had the Pope contracted?",
              "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. \"If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "progressive" }],
              "question": "What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?",
              "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "pastoral care" }],
              "question": "What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?",
              "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "posters" }],
              "question": "What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?",
              "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "1,000" }],
              "question": "How many \"voices\" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?",
              "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "7,000" }],
              "question": "From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?",
              "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: \"Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?",
              "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "love" }],
              "question": "According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?",
              "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "58" }],
              "question": "How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?",
              "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?",
              "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "pope" }],
              "question": "What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?",
              "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "a cardinal," }],
              "question": "What had Montini yet to become?",
              "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Angelo Roncalli" }],
              "question": "Who was elected pope in 1958?",
              "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "15 December 1958" }],
              "question": "When did Montini finally become a cardinal?",
              "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "Ss. Silvestro e Martino" }
              ],
              "question": "What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?",
              "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7aeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?",
              "id": "5726b375708984140094ce31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?",
              "id": "5726b375708984140094ce32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?",
              "id": "5726b375708984140094ce33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "In what year did Montini visit the United States?",
              "id": "5726b375708984140094ce34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Engelberg Abbey" }],
              "question": "Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?",
              "id": "5726b375708984140094ce35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but \"did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s.\" When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "reformer" }],
              "question": "What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?",
              "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pope John XXIII die?",
              "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "pope" }],
              "question": "What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?",
              "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "stomach cancer" }],
              "question": "What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII",
              "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Second Vatican Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?",
              "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Papal Tiara" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?",
              "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "Archdiocese of Milan" }
              ],
              "question": "What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?",
              "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Washington, DC" }],
              "question": "Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?",
              "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who was the last pope to be crowned?",
              "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Papal Coronation" }],
              "question": "What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?",
              "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?",
              "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Council language" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?",
              "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Pope John XXIII" }],
              "question": "Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?",
              "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?",
              "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Vatican II" }],
              "question": "Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?",
              "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As \"his pontifical goals\" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "a dialogue" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?",
              "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Six" }],
              "question": "How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?",
              "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "29 September" }],
              "question": "On what date was Vatican II re convened?",
              "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Vatican II" }],
              "question": "Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? ",
              "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "Canon Law" }],
              "question": "What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?",
              "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Mystici corporis" }],
              "question": "What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?",
              "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "mystical" }],
              "question": "How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?",
              "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "simple" }],
              "question": "What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?",
              "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "the east" }],
              "question": "From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "separation" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?",
              "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Church" }],
              "question": "What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?",
              "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "religious freedom" }],
              "question": "What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?",
              "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Mary" }],
              "question": "What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "papacy" }],
              "question": "Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?",
              "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "reforms" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?",
              "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "faiths" }],
              "question": "What does the Catholic church considered \"mixed\" in a \"mixed marriage\"?",
              "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "the Feast of the Immaculate Conception."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? ",
              "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?",
              "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "bishops" }],
              "question": "With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?",
              "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Roman Curia" }],
              "question": "For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?",
              "id": "5726be6b708984140094d011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?",
              "id": "5726be6b708984140094d012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Pontificalis Domus" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?",
              "id": "5726be6b708984140094d013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "bureaucracy" }],
              "question": "What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?",
              "id": "5726be6b708984140094d014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "non-Italians" }],
              "question": "Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?",
              "id": "5726be6b708984140094d015"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "eighty" }],
              "question": "At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?",
              "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?",
              "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "papal elections" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?",
              "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?",
              "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d05b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the \"new Order of Mass\" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to \"end experimentation\" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?",
              "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Easter liturgies" }],
              "question": "What were revised between 1951 and 1955?",
              "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Easter Triduum" }],
              "question": "What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?",
              "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "Mass" }],
              "question": "What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?",
              "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 899, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?",
              "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent \"outlawing\" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been \"juridically abrogated\", now being an \"extraordinary form of the Roman Rite\", while the other \"obviously is and continues to be the normal Form \u2013 the Forma ordinaria \u2013 of the Eucharistic Liturgy\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "vernacular" }],
              "question": "What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?",
              "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "400-year" }],
              "question": "How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Gregorian Chant" }],
              "question": "What type of music was used in traditional mass?",
              "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "Pope Benedict XVI" }],
              "question": "Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?",
              "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? ",
              "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?",
              "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "Secretariat for non-Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?",
              "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?",
              "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "Andrei Gromyko" }],
              "question": "What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?",
              "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "peace day" }],
              "question": "What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?",
              "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges \"horrible and slanderous insinuations\" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in \"a day of consolation\". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Montini" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?",
              "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Roger Peyrefitte" }],
              "question": "Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?",
              "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "April 18" }],
              "question": "On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?",
              "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "Paolo Carlini" }],
              "question": "Who was Montini's alleged lover?",
              "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname \"the Pilgrim Pope\". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited F\u00e1tima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjam\u00edn Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?",
              "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "the Pilgrim Pope" }],
              "question": "What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?",
              "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?",
              "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Manila" }],
              "question": "In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 920, "text": "Msgr. Paul Marcinkus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?",
              "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d111"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?",
              "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pope Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who was the first pope to visit the United States?",
              "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?",
              "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "peace" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?",
              "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "President Johnson" }],
              "question": "What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?",
              "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like his predecessor Pius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate. This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State, which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "foreign embassies" }],
              "question": "What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?",
              "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "nations" }],
              "question": "Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?",
              "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Gaudium et spes" }],
              "question": "What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?",
              "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "bishops" }],
              "question": "Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?",
              "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Vatican II" }],
              "question": "What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?",
              "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between \"is\" and \"subsists in\". Paul VI appealed to \"all people of good will\" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ecclesiam suam" }],
              "question": "What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?",
              "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Lumen Gentium" }],
              "question": "What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?",
              "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Feast of the Transfiguration" }
              ],
              "question": "What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?",
              "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "6 August" }],
              "question": "On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?",
              "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?",
              "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for \"Of the celibate priesthood\"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Celibacy" }],
              "question": "What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "Celibacy" }],
              "question": "What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?",
              "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus" }
              ],
              "question": "What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?",
              "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1141, "text": "Canon" }],
              "question": "What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?",
              "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1136, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?",
              "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Humanae vitae" }],
              "question": "Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?",
              "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "artificial birth control" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?",
              "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "artificial" }],
              "question": "What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?",
              "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Of Human Life" }],
              "question": "What does Humanae Vitae mean?",
              "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who \"is love\". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?",
              "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "soul" }],
              "question": "What does God contribute to a married couple's child?",
              "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Who is considered to be love?",
              "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 989, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "From whom is married love generated?",
              "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "marital" }],
              "question": "What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?",
              "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent. The Senate of Bolivia passed a resolution stating that Humanae vitae could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences, but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies. The Jesuit Journal Sic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Robert McNamara" }],
              "question": "Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?",
              "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "birth control" }],
              "question": "What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?",
              "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Bolivia" }],
              "question": "In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies \"insulting\"?",
              "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "Cardinal archbishop An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?",
              "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Colombia" }],
              "question": "What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?",
              "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: \"Don't be afraid\", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, \"in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet.\" His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that \"[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate\". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Edouard Gagnon" }],
              "question": "To whom did Paul VI tell \"not to be afraid\" when the church released its statement on birth control?",
              "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9254"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "prophet" }],
              "question": "What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?",
              "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?",
              "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?",
              "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "the encyclical" }],
              "question": "To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?",
              "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9258"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, \"Do you love me more\" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?",
              "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?",
              "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "whole person" }],
              "question": "In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?",
              "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "whole" }],
              "question": "How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1048, "text": "Christ" }],
              "question": "To what historical figure can the words \"Do you love me more\" be attributed?",
              "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?",
              "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?",
              "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?",
              "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III" }
              ],
              "question": "Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?",
              "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?",
              "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that \"by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you.\" The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?",
              "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Michael Ramsey" }],
              "question": "Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?",
              "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Anglican Centre" }],
              "question": "What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?",
              "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?",
              "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9344"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Christian Unity" }],
              "question": "What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?",
              "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Congregation of Faith" }
              ],
              "question": "What group condemned mixed faith marriages?",
              "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Anglican" }],
              "question": "To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?",
              "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Anglican Church" }],
              "question": "Which church did Paul VI call \"our beloved sister church\"?",
              "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who described the Anglican church as \"our beloved sister Church\"?",
              "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e9370"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. In the following three years, eight sessions were held which resulted in many joint proposals. It was proposed to work closely together in areas of social justice and development and Third World Issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to share together in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, to be held every year. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians. On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: \"May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity.\" The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?",
              "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?",
              "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?",
              "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "Sweden" }],
              "question": "In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?",
              "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 979, "text": "Vatican" }],
              "question": "Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?",
              "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Lutherans" }],
              "question": "Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?",
              "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?",
              "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?",
              "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Fredrik A. Schiotz" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?",
              "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?",
              "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, \"as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour.\" He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Protestant Bible societies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?",
              "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea" }
              ],
              "question": "Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?",
              "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?",
              "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Protestants" }],
              "question": "What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?",
              "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojty\u0142a was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied \"Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot.\"[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?",
              "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Joseph Ratzinger" }],
              "question": "Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?",
              "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "Karol Wojty\u0142a" }
              ],
              "question": "What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?",
              "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paul VI die?",
              "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "John Paul I" }],
              "question": "What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?",
              "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9418"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw \"horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created.\" He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Castel Gandolfo" }],
              "question": "Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?",
              "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Castel Gandolfo" }],
              "question": "What was considered to be the papal summer residence?",
              "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Sandro Pertini" }],
              "question": "Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?",
              "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "two hours" }],
              "question": "For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?",
              "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "horses" }],
              "question": "What animals did Paul VI consider to be \"the most beautiful animals God ever created\"?",
              "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 December 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of heroic virtue, which means that he could be called \"Venerable\". A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis. The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014, which means that he can now be called \"Blessed\". His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death as is usual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year was Paul VI beautified?",
              "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "26 September" }],
              "question": "On what day was Paul VI born?",
              "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?",
              "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "19 October" }],
              "question": "On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "A miracle" }],
              "question": "What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?",
              "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "pontiff" }],
              "question": "According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?",
              "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Pope Francis" }],
              "question": "Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "Congregation for the Causes of Saints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?",
              "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "beatification" }],
              "question": "What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?",
              "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Credere" }],
              "question": "What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?",
              "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "healing" }],
              "question": "What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "The Congregation for the Causes of Saints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?",
              "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "pope" }],
              "question": "Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?",
              "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Pope Francis" }],
              "question": "Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?",
              "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, \"I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Holocaust" }],
              "question": "What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?",
              "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Pius XII" }],
              "question": "Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?",
              "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "reform" }],
              "question": "What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?",
              "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "tenth" }],
              "question": "On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae? ",
              "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "John XXIII" }],
              "question": "Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?",
              "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9566"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that \"women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance.\" Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "opponents" }],
              "question": "Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?",
              "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "controversial" }],
              "question": "What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?",
              "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "theological freedoms" }
              ],
              "question": "To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?",
              "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "taboo" }],
              "question": "What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?",
              "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?",
              "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "National Bishop Conferences" }
              ],
              "question": "What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?",
              "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Communism" }],
              "question": "What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?",
              "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Bishops" }],
              "question": "The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?",
              "id": "5726ef98708984140094d670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?",
              "id": "5726ef98708984140094d671"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the \"true earth\" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "three hours" }],
              "question": "How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?",
              "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "21:41" }],
              "question": "At what time did Paul VI die?",
              "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "6 August" }],
              "question": "On what day did Paul VI die?",
              "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "bed" }],
              "question": "From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?",
              "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Castel Gandolfo" }],
              "question": "What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?",
              "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eug\u00eanio de Ara\u00fajo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the \"Princes of the Church\" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?",
              "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?",
              "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?",
              "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 837, "text": "Roman Curia" }],
              "question": "What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?",
              "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "regal vestments" }],
              "question": "What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?",
              "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "army" }],
              "question": "What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?",
              "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who was the first pope to visit five continents?",
              "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "world" }],
              "question": "Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?",
              "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "bishops" }],
              "question": "What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?",
              "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?",
              "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f126"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "George_VI",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?",
              "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "June 1948" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?",
              "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?",
              "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1033, "text": "Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "What Child of George VI ascended the throne?",
              "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "Commonwealth of Nations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?",
              "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?",
              "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "When did India and Pakistan gain independence?",
              "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "Emperor of India" }],
              "question": "What title did George have in India prior to 1948?",
              "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "republic" }],
              "question": "What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?",
              "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been \"rather distressed\". Two days later, he wrote again: \"I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her\". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: \"I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good\". Consequently, he was baptised \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as \"Bertie\". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name \"may supplant the less favoured one\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "14 December" }],
              "question": "What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?",
              "id": "572812523acd2414000df3bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?",
              "id": "572812523acd2414000df3be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1029, "text": "Bertie" }],
              "question": "What was Prince Albert's nickname?",
              "id": "572812523acd2414000df3bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 803, "text": "St. Mary Magdalene's Church" }
              ],
              "question": "In which church was Prince Albert baptized?",
              "id": "572812523acd2414000df3c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname \"Mr. Johnson\". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May \u2013 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "HMS Cumberland" }],
              "question": "Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?",
              "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?",
              "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "First World War" }],
              "question": "Which war did Albert serve in?",
              "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "fellow officers" }],
              "question": "Who gave Albert the nickname of \"Mr Johnson\"?",
              "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "duodenal ulcer" }],
              "question": "What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?",
              "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?",
              "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?",
              "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?",
              "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "King Albert" }],
              "question": "Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?",
              "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the \"Industrial Prince\". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "history, economics and civics" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Albert study in Trinity College?",
              "id": "572814934b864d1900164404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Industrial Prince" }],
              "question": "What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?",
              "id": "572814934b864d1900164405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Edward" }],
              "question": "Who is Albert's older brother?",
              "id": "572814934b864d1900164406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "tennis" }],
              "question": "Which sport was Albert proficient at?",
              "id": "572814934b864d1900164407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 783, "text": "Industrial Welfare Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Which society was Albert the president of?",
              "id": "572814934b864d1900164408"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be \"made or marred\" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Sheila, Lady Loughborough" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Albert infatuated with?",
              "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?",
              "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "twice" }],
              "question": "How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?",
              "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "fellow royals" }],
              "question": "Who were royals usually expected to marry?",
              "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df414"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "his stammer" }],
              "question": "Why did Albert fear speaking in public?",
              "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Lionel Logue" }],
              "question": "Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?",
              "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "doubles tennis" }],
              "question": "What did Albert play partnered with a black man?",
              "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Parliament House" }],
              "question": "What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? ",
              "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931\u2014a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Lilibet" }],
              "question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname?",
              "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family), and Margaret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?",
              "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "145 Piccadilly" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?",
              "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "J. H. Thomas" }],
              "question": "Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? ",
              "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did J. H. Thomas hold?",
              "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, \"When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "Edward was unmarried and had no children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?",
              "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "divorced woman with two living ex-husbands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?",
              "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "abdication" }],
              "question": "What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?",
              "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Who is Edward's mother?",
              "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 702,
                  "text": "broke down and sobbed like a child"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?",
              "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "the parliament of the Irish Free State"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Oireachtas?",
              "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "all direct mention of the monarch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?",
              "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "External Relations Act" }
              ],
              "question": "Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?",
              "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "day of the abdication" }
              ],
              "question": "What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?",
              "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert assumed the regnal name \"George VI\" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as \"His Royal Highness Prince Edward\" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including \"Royal Highness\". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style \"His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor\", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "George VI" }],
              "question": "What regnal name did Albert adopt?",
              "id": "572819294b864d1900164476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Albert give Edward?",
              "id": "572819294b864d1900164477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1044, "text": "the Order of the Garter" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?",
              "id": "572819294b864d1900164478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 823,
                  "text": "Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?",
              "id": "572819294b864d1900164479"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "12 May 1937" }],
              "question": "What day did George VI become coronated?",
              "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Queen Mary" }],
              "question": "Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?",
              "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?",
              "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Delhi" }],
              "question": "In which city are Durbars usually held?",
              "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Neville Chamberlain" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?",
              "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Munich Agreement" }],
              "question": "Which agreement was signed in 1938?",
              "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Buckingham Palace" }],
              "question": "The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?",
              "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "John Grigg" }],
              "question": "Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?",
              "id": "57281af83acd2414000df4a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote \"the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality\" and George gave a speech emphasising \"the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Canada and the United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?",
              "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "William Lyon Mackenzie King" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?",
              "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "King and Queen of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?",
              "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "U.S. Ambassador to Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Roper's position?",
              "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 595,
                  "text": "gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Statute of Westminster do?",
              "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "isolationist tendencies" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of tendencies did North America have?",
              "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Edward VIII" }],
              "question": "Who was George's predecessor?",
              "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1939?",
              "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "1939 New York World's Fair" }
              ],
              "question": "Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?",
              "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: \"I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face\". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Nazi Germany" }],
              "question": "Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?",
              "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?",
              "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "one thousand civilians" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people died on the first German raid on London?",
              "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1034, "text": "1942" }],
              "question": "What year did the King's brother die in service?",
              "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed \"the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister\". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Neville Chamberlain" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?",
              "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "What position did Churchill hold?",
              "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Tuesday" }],
              "question": "What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?",
              "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Lord Beaverbrook" }],
              "question": "Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?",
              "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: \"You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?",
              "id": "57281f423acd2414000df4ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "June 1943" }],
              "question": "When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?",
              "id": "57281f423acd2414000df500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "morale" }],
              "question": "What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?",
              "id": "57281f423acd2414000df501"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "the Commonwealth" }],
              "question": "What is the association of independent states in Britain called?",
              "id": "572820333acd2414000df505"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "India and Pakistan" }
              ],
              "question": "What two dominions did British India become?",
              "id": "572820333acd2414000df506"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "Burma" }],
              "question": "What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?",
              "id": "572820333acd2414000df507"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?",
              "id": "572820333acd2414000df508"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as \"the Gestapo\". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Jan Smuts" }],
              "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?",
              "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "the Gestapo" }],
              "question": "What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? ",
              "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "South African government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?",
              "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "lung cancer" }],
              "question": "What kind of cancer did the King develop?",
              "id": "572821d23acd2414000df545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "arterial blockage" }],
              "question": "What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?",
              "id": "572821d23acd2414000df546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "right lumbar sympathectomy" }
              ],
              "question": "What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?",
              "id": "572821d23acd2414000df547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Elizabeth" }],
              "question": "Who was the King's heir presumptive?",
              "id": "572821d23acd2414000df548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "Duke of Edinburgh" }],
              "question": "Who was Elizabeth's spouse?",
              "id": "572821d23acd2414000df549"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Windsor Castle" }],
              "question": "What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?",
              "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Queen Elizabeth die?",
              "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Princess Margaret die?",
              "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "King George VI Memorial Chapel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? ",
              "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did \"more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda\". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed \"a rocking throne\", and tried \"to make it steady again\". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?",
              "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Labour Member of Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did George Hardie hold?",
              "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Edward" }],
              "question": "Who was George VI's brother?",
              "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Electric_motor",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "100 megawatts" }],
              "question": "What is the largest rating of an electric motor?",
              "id": "57269f3b708984140094cbff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "batteries" }],
              "question": "What is the main example of a DC power source?",
              "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "alternating current" }
              ],
              "question": "What does AC stand for?",
              "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "direct current" }],
              "question": "What does DC stand for?",
              "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "electric watches" }],
              "question": "In what device are small motors commonly found?",
              "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Amp\u00e8re's force law, was discovered later by Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Andrew Gordon" }],
              "question": "Who created the first electrostatic device?",
              "id": "5726a114708984140094cc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?",
              "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "1821" }],
              "question": "In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?",
              "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "mercury" }],
              "question": "What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?",
              "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1827, Hungarian physicist \u00c1nyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?",
              "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "rotor" }],
              "question": "Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?",
              "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "electromagnetic self-rotors" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?",
              "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "commutator" }],
              "question": "What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?",
              "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "permanent magnets" }],
              "question": "What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?",
              "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1839/40" }],
              "question": "When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?",
              "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "boat" }],
              "question": "What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?",
              "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Moritz von Jacobi" }],
              "question": "Who created the first real electric motor?",
              "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Jacobi himself" }],
              "question": "Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?",
              "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "four years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?",
              "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e598"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "William Sturgeon" }],
              "question": "Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?",
              "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Thomas Davenport" }],
              "question": "Which inventor went bankrupt?",
              "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "the high cost of primary battery power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?",
              "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "electricity distribution" }
              ],
              "question": "What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?",
              "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "600 revolutions per minute" }
              ],
              "question": "How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?",
              "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Z\u00e9nobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design. In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor, which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other, one as a generator. (See also 1873 : l'exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9cisive [Decisive Workaround] .)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "non-fluctuating current" }
              ],
              "question": "What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?",
              "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "Z\u00e9nobe Gramme" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?",
              "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "2 km" }],
              "question": "How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?",
              "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "generator" }],
              "question": "Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?",
              "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Vienna and Philadelphia" }
              ],
              "question": "In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?",
              "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1359, "text": "small air gap" }],
              "question": "What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?",
              "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Frank Julian Sprague" }
              ],
              "question": "Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?",
              "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "electric trolley system" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?",
              "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 810, "text": "South Side Elevated Railway" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?",
              "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f7920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Thomas Edison" }],
              "question": "Who did Sprague work for early in his career?",
              "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f7921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Application of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use, and improving power transmission efficiency. Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?",
              "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?",
              "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "hydraulic pressure" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?",
              "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "in the home" }],
              "question": "Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?",
              "id": "5726a8565951b619008f794a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1824, the French physicist Fran\u00e7ois Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor.  In the 1880s, many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC's advantages in long-distance high-voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. The first alternating-current commutatorless induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. In 1888, the Royal Academy of Science of Turin published Ferraris' research detailing the foundations of motor operation while however concluding that \"the apparatus based on that principle could not be of any commercial importance as motor.\" In 1888, Tesla presented his paper A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers to the AIEE that described three patented two-phase four-stator-pole motor types: one with a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting reluctance motor, another with a wound rotor forming a self-starting induction motor, and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited DC supply to rotor winding. One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887, however, also described a shorted-winding-rotor induction motor. George Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla's patents, employed Tesla to develop them, and assigned C. F. Scott to help Tesla, Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889.  The constant speed AC induction motor was found not to be suitable for street cars but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride, Colorado in 1891. Steadfast in his promotion of three-phase development, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented the three-phase cage-rotor induction motor in 1889 and the three-limb transformer in 1890. This type of motor is now used for the vast majority of commercial applications. However, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work. Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893, these early Westinghouse motors were two-phase motors with wound rotors until B. G. Lamme developed a rotating bar winding rotor. The General Electric Company began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891. By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor. Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a 100 horsepower (HP) induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5 HP motor in 1897.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Walter Baily" }],
              "question": "Who built the first induction motor?",
              "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "AC" }],
              "question": "What type of power were early motors unable to use?",
              "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1441, "text": "George Westinghouse" }
              ],
              "question": "Who bought Tesla's patents?",
              "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1751, "text": "mining" }],
              "question": "For what application was Tesla's motor first used?",
              "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2695, "text": "squirrel-cage" }],
              "question": "What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor?",
              "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e676"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "brake to a stop" }],
              "question": "What would a rotor do without current reversal?",
              "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "commutator" }],
              "question": "What switches the input of most DC motors?",
              "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "stationary brushes" }
              ],
              "question": "From where is current to the motor supplied?",
              "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 768,
                  "text": "externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two motor types are ascendant today?",
              "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the communicator do?",
              "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "AC" }],
              "question": "What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?",
              "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "external" }],
              "question": "Where do brushes get their power?",
              "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "rotating" }],
              "question": "What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?",
              "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "electromagnet" }],
              "question": "Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?",
              "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "force between the two magnetic fields"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rotates the motor shaft?",
              "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "commutator" }],
              "question": "What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?",
              "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "compass" }],
              "question": "What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?",
              "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8cab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections \u2013 and hence coil ends \u2013 momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 946, "text": "sparking" }],
              "question": "How is RFI generated?",
              "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "commutator" }],
              "question": "What do brushes need to be in contact with?",
              "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "friction" }],
              "question": "What is created by contact between parts of the motor?",
              "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "maximum speed" }],
              "question": "What does sparking limit?",
              "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "Brushes" }],
              "question": "What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? ",
              "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "motor output" }],
              "question": "What are large brushes favorable for?",
              "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "speed" }],
              "question": "Whate are small brushes favorable for?",
              "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "What type of brushes are cheapest?",
              "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Stiffer brush springs" }
              ],
              "question": "How can the speed of larger brushes be increased?",
              "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "lower efficiency" }],
              "question": "Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs?",
              "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the \"dynamo\" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "speed control" }],
              "question": "What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?",
              "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "stators" }],
              "question": "What is another name for PM fields?",
              "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "field winding" }],
              "question": "What design feature does a PM motor lack?",
              "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "flux" }],
              "question": "What do field windings provide?",
              "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "To minimize overall weight and size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?",
              "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "neodymium-iron-boron alloy" }
              ],
              "question": "What are high energy magnets typically made of?",
              "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "steel tube" }],
              "question": "What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?",
              "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "least competitive" }],
              "question": "How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?",
              "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts. Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron and they are now rarely used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1000 watts" }],
              "question": "What is the typical maximum range of universal motors?",
              "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications?",
              "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "efficiency losses" }],
              "question": "What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor?",
              "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "solid (un-laminated) iron" }
              ],
              "question": "What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from?",
              "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors which have some characteristics more common in DC motors, specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used. The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator. Such motors are used in devices such as food mixers and power tools which are used only intermittently, and often have high starting-torque demands. Multiple taps on the field coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control. Household blenders that advertise many speeds frequently combine a field coil with several taps and a diode that can be inserted in series with the motor (causing the motor to run on half-wave rectified AC). Universal motors also lend themselves to electronic speed control and, as such, are an ideal choice for devices like domestic washing machines. The motor can be used to agitate the drum (both forwards and in reverse) by switching the field winding with respect to the armature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC?",
              "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "commutator" }],
              "question": "What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail?",
              "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "starting" }],
              "question": "When is torque most important in universal motor applications?",
              "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "forwards and in reverse" }
              ],
              "question": "Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how?",
              "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "Multiple taps on the field coil provide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is stepped speed control achieved?",
              "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whereas SCIMs cannot turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency, universal motors can run at much higher speeds. This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, sanders, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm, while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?",
              "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?",
              "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "SCIMs" }],
              "question": "What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?",
              "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "high speed and light weight" }
              ],
              "question": "What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?",
              "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field. The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics. At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to be in the outer parts of the rotor cage. As the motor accelerates, the slip frequency becomes lower, and more current is in the interior of the winding. By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage, effectively a variable resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit. However, the majority of such motors have uniform bars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "shape of the rotor bars" }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the properties of speed and torque?",
              "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "interior of the winding" }
              ],
              "question": "At high speed, where is the most current?",
              "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "lower" }],
              "question": "Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?",
              "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "variable resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Changing the shapes of the bars creates what?",
              "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "rotor circuit" }],
              "question": "Where can variable resistance be created?",
              "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "rotor circuit" }],
              "question": "Where might a resistor be attached?",
              "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "motor speed" }],
              "question": "What can a resistor control?",
              "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "inverter or separate motor-generator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How might wasted power be salvaged?",
              "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "rotor circuit" }],
              "question": "From where may a converter be fed?",
              "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal. Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant. The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very poor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "speed up" }],
              "question": "What will a motor do if the load is reduced?",
              "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "slow down" }],
              "question": "What will a motor do if the load is increased?",
              "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "secondary resistors" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are slip losses dissipated?",
              "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "very poor" }],
              "question": "How efficient is such a design?",
              "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage, (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches. In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "feedback steering wheels" }
              ],
              "question": "How are torque motors used in computer gaming?",
              "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "constant light tension" }
              ],
              "question": "A torque motor at low voltage provides what?",
              "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "higher torque" }],
              "question": "A torque motor at high voltage provides what?",
              "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "gears or clutches" }],
              "question": "In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?",
              "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "electrical pulses" }],
              "question": "What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?",
              "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "return spring" }],
              "question": "What is a governor connected to?",
              "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?",
              "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "reduce the current being applied to the motor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?",
              "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor. Another type, for low load torque, has flats ground onto a conventional squirrel-cage rotor to create discrete poles. Yet another, such as made by Hammond for its pre-World War II clocks, and in the older Hammond organs, has no rotor windings and discrete poles. It is not self-starting. The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back, while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring-loaded manually operated switch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "zero" }],
              "question": "How much slip does a synchronous motor have?",
              "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "slip" }],
              "question": "How does an induction motor produce torque?",
              "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1046, "text": "manually" }],
              "question": "Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?",
              "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "DC field" }],
              "question": "How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?",
              "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Slip rings and brushes" }
              ],
              "question": "How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?",
              "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finally, hysteresis synchronous motors typically are (essentially) two-phase motors with a phase-shifting capacitor for one phase. They start like induction motors, but when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM. The rotor material, like that of a common nail, will stay magnetized, but can also be demagnetized with little difficulty. Once running, the rotor poles stay in place; they do not drift.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "becomes temporarily magnetized"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?",
              "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "stay in place" }],
              "question": "When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?",
              "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "induction motors" }],
              "question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?",
              "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "a smooth cylinder" }],
              "question": "How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?",
              "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "PMSM" }],
              "question": "What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?",
              "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the maximum provided in a single package without topology duplication. Doubly-fed electric motors are machines with an effective constant torque speed range that is twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of excitation. This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly-fed electric machines, which have only one active winding set.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Doubly fed electric motors" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?",
              "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have?",
              "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "variable speed operation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?",
              "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "twice the constant torque speed range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed?",
              "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nothing in the principle of any of the motors described above requires that the iron (steel) portions of the rotor actually rotate. If the soft magnetic material of the rotor is made in the form of a cylinder, then (except for the effect of hysteresis) torque is exerted only on the windings of the electromagnets. Taking advantage of this fact is the coreless or ironless DC motor, a specialized form of a PM DC motor. Optimized for rapid acceleration, these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core. The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure comprising only the magnet wire and the bonding material. The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets; a magnetically soft stationary cylinder inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux. A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets. In that design, the rotor fits inside a magnetically soft cylinder that can serve as the housing for the motor, and likewise provides a return path for the flux.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "rapid acceleration" }
              ],
              "question": "A coreless DC motor is distinguished by what?",
              "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "iron core" }],
              "question": "What is absent in a coreless DC motor?",
              "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forms can the rotor take?",
              "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Overheating" }],
              "question": "What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors?",
              "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "lighter" }],
              "question": "How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?",
              "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "accelerate much more rapidly" }
              ],
              "question": "What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?",
              "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "heat sink" }],
              "question": "The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?",
              "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "forced air" }],
              "question": "How is a coreless motor cooled?",
              "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original purpose for pancake motors?",
              "id": "5726c077708984140094d07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are advantages of pancake motors?",
              "id": "5726c077708984140094d07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "high temperature" }],
              "question": "For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?",
              "id": "5726c077708984140094d07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "high-performance" }],
              "question": "What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?",
              "id": "5726c077708984140094d080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may servo motors be used for?",
              "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "speed, torque, and power" }
              ],
              "question": "What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?",
              "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "winding inductance and rotor inertia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors limit performance of servo motors?",
              "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 733, "text": "conventional AC or DC motors" }
              ],
              "question": "Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?",
              "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 826,
                  "text": "As dynamic response requirements increase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?",
              "id": "5726c204708984140094d0af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to \"miss steps\" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a \"home\" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "position feedback is continuous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?",
              "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "a \"home\" switch" }],
              "question": "How does a stepper system achieve stability?",
              "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "position sensor" }],
              "question": "What makes a printer home switch work?",
              "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "bidirectional" }],
              "question": "What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?",
              "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "miss steps" }],
              "question": "A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?",
              "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it \"steps\"\u2014starts and then quickly stops again\u2014from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "when precise rotations are required"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are stepper motors most useful?",
              "id": "5726ca94708984140094d179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two devices can describe a stepper motor?",
              "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "magnetic field produced by the energized field winding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?",
              "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "the stepper motor may not rotate continuously"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?",
              "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 779,
                  "text": "forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?",
              "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to \"cog\" to a limited number of positions; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings, allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly. This mode of operation is often called microstepping. Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "proportionally control the power to the field windings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?",
              "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "rotate extremely smoothly" }
              ],
              "question": "What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?",
              "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "microstepping" }],
              "question": "What is another name for smooth rotation?",
              "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "digital servo-controlled system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?",
              "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives\u2014the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive\u2014thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term \"voice coil\" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "precision and speed limitations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?",
              "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "voice coil-based head actuator systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?",
              "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1053,
                  "text": "perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what direction do modern coil actuators move?",
              "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 739,
                  "text": "the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what device does the term, \"voice coil\" historically refer?",
              "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "linear stepper motors or servomotors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.",
              "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "optical scanning element" }
              ],
              "question": "In scanners, what do stepper motors move?",
              "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?",
              "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called \"back electromotive force (emf)\". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "back electromotive force" }
              ],
              "question": "Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?",
              "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "the running speed of the motor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "EMP is proportional to what?",
              "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?",
              "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "more current is drawn from the supply"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If load increases, what happens to current drawn?",
              "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All the electromagnetic motors, and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields. For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap . Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector. The current flowing in the winding is producing the fields and for a motor using a magnetic material the field is not linearly proportional to the current. This makes the calculation difficult but a computer can do the many calculations needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "fields in the air gap" }
              ],
              "question": "What needs to be known to calculate torque?",
              "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "FEA" }],
              "question": "How are the many calculations to determine torque done?",
              "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "from the vector product of the interacting fields"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is torque determined?",
              "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the formulia to determine torque?",
              "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d204"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are factors that determine shaft torque?",
              "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?",
              "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 667,
                  "text": "magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What limits excessive torque?",
              "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed (BWRSDF) machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology (i.e., both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port). The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set. If a precision means were available to instantaneously control torque angle and slip for synchronous operation during motoring or generating while simultaneously providing brushless power to the rotor winding set, the active current of the BWRSDF machine would be independent of the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit and bursts of torque significantly higher than the maximum operating torque and far beyond the practical capability of any other type of electric machine would be realizable. Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "brushless wound-rotor" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?",
              "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a brushless wound-rotor?",
              "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?",
              "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 924, "text": "eight times operating torque" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?",
              "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt PMs, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines continuous torque density?",
              "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?",
              "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does continuous torque density refer to?",
              "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "virtually the same" }
              ],
              "question": "How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?",
              "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d244"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the 1750s, the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon. Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) where their drive voltages are below 100 volts, and where moving, charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores. Also, the molecular machinery which runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "electrostatic" }],
              "question": "What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?",
              "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "conventional coil-based motors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are electrostatic motors like two of?",
              "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "high-voltage" }],
              "question": "What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?",
              "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?",
              "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "electrostatic motor" }
              ],
              "question": "Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?",
              "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d275"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Switzerland",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Switzerland (/\u02c8sw\u026ats\u0259rl\u0259nd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities, called Bundesstadt (\"federal city\").[note 3] The country is situated in Western and Central Europe,[note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global and economic centres, Z\u00fcrich and Geneva.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "Swiss Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a6b8708984140094cced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "a federal directorial republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government does Switzerland have?",
              "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "26" }],
              "question": "How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?",
              "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 646,
                  "text": "the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 816, "text": "approximately 8 million" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality\u2014it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815\u2014and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1 August 1291" }],
              "question": "What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?",
              "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?",
              "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?",
              "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?",
              "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Swiss National Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?",
              "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather, Switzerland's strong sense of identity and community is founded on a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz [\u02c8\u0283va\u026ats] (German);[note 5] Suisse [s\u0265is(\u0259)] (French); Svizzera [\u02c8zvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [\u02c8\u0292vi\u02d0tsr\u0250] or [\u02c8\u0292vi\u02d0ts\u0281\u02d0\u0250] (Romansh).[note 6]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "German, French, Italian and Romansh"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the predominant language in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Suisse" }],
              "question": "What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Schweiz" }],
              "question": "What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Svizzera" }],
              "question": "What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?",
              "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list. Z\u00fcrich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world, with the former ranked 2nd globally, according to Mercer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "top or close to the top" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?",
              "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?",
              "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?",
              "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "financial and non-financial" }
              ],
              "question": "What assets are included in nominal wealth?",
              "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "eighth-highest" }],
              "question": "What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?",
              "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldst\u00e4tten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The name originates as an exonym, applied pars pro toto to the troops of the Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for \"Confederates\", Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Switzer" }],
              "question": "What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?",
              "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "French Suisse" }],
              "question": "Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?",
              "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "the Alemannic Schwiizer" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the name Switzer originate from?",
              "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "the Old Swiss Confederacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?",
              "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f8990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "972" }],
              "question": "In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?",
              "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "after the Swabian War of 1499" }
              ],
              "question": "At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?",
              "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Schwiiz" }],
              "question": "What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?",
              "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "the Confederation" }],
              "question": "What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?",
              "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La T\u00e8ne cultures, named after the archaeological site of La T\u00e8ne on the north side of Lake Neuch\u00e2tel. La T\u00e8ne culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germans, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's western France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii\u2014the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica\u2014first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Hallstatt and La T\u00e8ne" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?",
              "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "La T\u00e8ne" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?",
              "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "the Helvetii" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?",
              "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "15 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1237, "text": "Vindonissa" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?",
              "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defense at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept, and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "about 260 AD" }],
              "question": "In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?",
              "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "raids by the Alamanni tribes" }
              ],
              "question": "In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?",
              "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "the linear defence concept" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?",
              "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?",
              "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "German tribes" }],
              "question": "Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?",
              "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f830"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "the Kings of the Burgundians" }
              ],
              "question": "From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?",
              "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Swiss plateau" }],
              "question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?",
              "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "valleys of the Alps" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?",
              "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Alemannia and Burgundy" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Frankish Empire" }],
              "question": "What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?",
              "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Z\u00e4hringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldst\u00e4tten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Swiss plateau" }],
              "question": "In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?",
              "id": "5727746d708984140094de07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "extinction of its male line in 1263"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?",
              "id": "5727746d708984140094de08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "the Habsburgs" }],
              "question": "Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?",
              "id": "5727746d708984140094de09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "King Rudolph I" }],
              "question": "Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?",
              "id": "5727746d708984140094de0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Waldst\u00e4tten" }],
              "question": "What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?",
              "id": "5727746d708984140094de0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Z\u00fcrich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of N\u00e4fels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "By 1353" }],
              "question": "In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states?",
              "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "end of the 15th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?",
              "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "increased power and wealth" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?",
              "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "the confederates" }],
              "question": "By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?",
              "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Swabian War" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognized Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Battle of Marignano" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?",
              "id": "572778a2708984140094de85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "religious" }],
              "question": "What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?",
              "id": "572778a2708984140094de86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "572778a2708984140094de87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1529 and 1531" }],
              "question": "In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?",
              "id": "572778a2708984140094de88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "European countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?",
              "id": "572778a2708984140094de89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, M\u00fclhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. It had been imposed by a foreign invading army and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population's resistance to the occupation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "the revolutionary French government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?",
              "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "a new unified constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?",
              "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "the cantons" }],
              "question": "What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?",
              "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Helvetic Republic" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?",
              "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Helvetic" }],
              "question": "Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?",
              "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons. Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "The Swiss" }],
              "question": "Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?",
              "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Russian and Austrian" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?",
              "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Act of Mediation" }],
              "question": "What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?",
              "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Swiss autonomy" }],
              "question": "What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?",
              "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?",
              "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Z\u00fcriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?",
              "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "the Sonderbundskrieg" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?",
              "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "major" }],
              "question": "How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?",
              "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "friendly fire" }],
              "question": "What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?",
              "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "less than a month" }],
              "question": "How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?",
              "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?",
              "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "local issues" }],
              "question": "Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?",
              "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?",
              "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Council of States" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?",
              "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "National Council" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?",
              "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under General Henri Guisan central command, a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered. The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland, to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?",
              "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "General Henri Guisan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?",
              "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "armed forces" }],
              "question": "What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?",
              "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "protect the economic heartland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?",
              "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Reduit?",
              "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "by both the Allies and by the Axis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?",
              "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "a crucial rail link through Vichy France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?",
              "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "over 300,000" }],
              "question": "How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?",
              "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "end of the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?",
              "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Geneva" }],
              "question": "Where was the International Red Cross based?",
              "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984\u20131989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?",
              "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?",
              "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Elisabeth Kopp" }],
              "question": "Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?",
              "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?",
              "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Ruth Dreifuss" }],
              "question": "Who was Switzerland's first female president?",
              "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referenda on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?",
              "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 954, "text": "Schengen treaty" }],
              "question": "What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?",
              "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 929, "text": "55%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?",
              "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "European Economic Area" }
              ],
              "question": "Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?",
              "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "the EU" }],
              "question": "What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?",
              "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graub\u00fcnden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km\u00b2 (70 /sq mi).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large is Switzerland?",
              "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average population density of Switzerland?",
              "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "27 /km\u00b2 (70 /sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?",
              "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?",
              "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Alps" }],
              "question": "Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?",
              "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland lies between latitudes 45\u00b0 and 48\u00b0 N, and longitudes 5\u00b0 and 11\u00b0 E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rh\u00f4ne, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac L\u00e9man in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rh\u00f4ne is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rh\u00f4ne flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camarque region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1000 km apart, both springs are only about 22 km apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Swiss Alps" }],
              "question": "Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?",
              "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Swiss Plateau" }],
              "question": "Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?",
              "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Jura mountains" }],
              "question": "Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?",
              "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?",
              "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1318, "text": "Lake Geneva" }],
              "question": "What is the largest lake in Switzerland?",
              "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "48 of Switzerland's mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea in altitude or higher. At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is often regarded as the most famous. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and M\u00f6nch, and the many picturesque valleys in the region. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graub\u00fcnden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Monte Rosa" }],
              "question": "What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?",
              "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Matterhorn" }],
              "question": "What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?",
              "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?",
              "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?",
              "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities, from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland's southern tip. There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold-hardy palm trees are found. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks, while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion, during these periods, thus seeing no sun for weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "mountaintops" }],
              "question": "Where are Switzerland's glacial conditions located?",
              "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?",
              "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "sun" }],
              "question": "What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?",
              "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?",
              "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A weather phenomenon known as the f\u00f6hn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graub\u00fcnden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "f\u00f6hn" }],
              "question": "What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?",
              "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "all times" }],
              "question": "At what time of year can the fohn occur?",
              "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "crossing the mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?",
              "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "wine" }],
              "question": "What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?",
              "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "the south" }],
              "question": "During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?",
              "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "first among 132 nations" }
              ],
              "question": "What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?",
              "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "plants not found at other altitudes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?",
              "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "climate change" }],
              "question": "What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?",
              "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "renewable" }],
              "question": "What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?",
              "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?",
              "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?",
              "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?",
              "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "bicameral parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?",
              "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Federal Council" }],
              "question": "What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?",
              "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "200" }],
              "question": "How many members are on the National Council?",
              "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "4 years" }],
              "question": "How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?",
              "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Federal Assembly" }],
              "question": "What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?",
              "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "referendums" }],
              "question": "What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?",
              "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "initiatives" }],
              "question": "What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?",
              "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Federal Council" }],
              "question": "What serves as the collective Head of State?",
              "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the Federal Council?",
              "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Federal Assembly" }],
              "question": "Who elects the members of the Federal Council?",
              "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "one-year" }],
              "question": "What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?",
              "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "the Assembly" }],
              "question": "Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?",
              "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea100"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?",
              "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "commune, canton and federal levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?",
              "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "direct" }],
              "question": "What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?",
              "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "a constitutional initiative and a referendum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?",
              "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Direct democracy and federalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?",
              "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?",
              "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "18 months" }],
              "question": "How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?",
              "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "a counter-proposal" }
              ],
              "question": "What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?",
              "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "indicate a preference" }
              ],
              "question": "What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?",
              "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "a double majority" }],
              "question": "How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?",
              "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "all 26" }],
              "question": "According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?",
              "id": "57279799708984140094e1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "population and geographical area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two major differences between cantons?",
              "id": "57279799708984140094e1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population of the largest canton?",
              "id": "57279799708984140094e1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population of the smallest canton?",
              "id": "57279799708984140094e1b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large is the smallest canton?",
              "id": "57279799708984140094e1b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "Congress of Vienna in 1815" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?",
              "id": "572798f7708984140094e1dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "referendum" }],
              "question": "What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?",
              "id": "572798f7708984140094e1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?",
              "id": "572798f7708984140094e1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "since the end of its expansion in 1515"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?",
              "id": "572798f7708984140094e1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "avoids" }],
              "question": "How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?",
              "id": "572798f7708984140094e1e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "since 2006" }],
              "question": "How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?",
              "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Palace of Nations in Geneva" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?",
              "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Geneva" }],
              "question": "Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?",
              "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where is the League of Nations located?",
              "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Swiss Confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?",
              "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "International Labour Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the ILO stand for?",
              "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "important issues facing the world, including health and the environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?",
              "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 710,
                  "text": "Bank for International Settlements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does BIS stand for?",
              "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does UNHCR stand for?",
              "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform \"Army XXI\" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model \"Army 95\", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "at home" }],
              "question": "Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?",
              "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "all male Swiss citizens" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?",
              "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?",
              "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Army XXI" }],
              "question": "What replaced Army 95 in 2003?",
              "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?",
              "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "nineteenth largest" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?",
              "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea20e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "thirty-sixth largest" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?",
              "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "8th in the world" }],
              "question": "What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?",
              "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "highest European rating" }
              ],
              "question": "Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?",
              "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP \u2013 per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "the most competitive in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?",
              "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?",
              "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "95,824 USD" }],
              "question": "What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?",
              "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Europe's most innovative country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?",
              "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector \u2013 especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations \u2013 is another important industry for Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?",
              "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "chemicals" }],
              "question": "What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?",
              "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "machines/electronics" }
              ],
              "question": "What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?",
              "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "precision instruments/watches" }
              ],
              "question": "What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?",
              "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de80a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "What percentage of exports are exported services?",
              "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de80b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "about 25%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?",
              "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 3.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many people work in Switzerland?",
              "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "3.2%" }],
              "question": "What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?",
              "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "21.8%" }],
              "question": "What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?",
              "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "4.4%" }],
              "question": "What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?",
              "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?",
              "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "about 37%" }],
              "question": "According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?",
              "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?",
              "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "62.8 billion Swiss francs" }
              ],
              "question": "What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?",
              "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?",
              "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 675,
                  "text": "social welfare and finance & tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?",
              "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 838,
                  "text": "agriculture and national defense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?",
              "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 872, "text": "from 26.5% in to 12.4%" }
              ],
              "question": "How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?",
              "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agricultural protectionism\u2014a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies\u2014has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Agricultural protectionism" }
              ],
              "question": "What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?",
              "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "European Free Trade Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the EFTA?",
              "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "one of the best" }],
              "question": "What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?",
              "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Product market liberalisation" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?",
              "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free \"children's school\" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "the cantons" }],
              "question": "Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?",
              "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "children's school" }],
              "question": "What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?",
              "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?",
              "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "until grade four, five or six" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does primary school continue?",
              "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de899"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Z\u00fcrich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many universities are in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?",
              "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1460" }],
              "question": "When was the first university in Switzerland founded?",
              "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "University of Zurich" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest university in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "nearly 25,000" }],
              "question": "How many students attend the University of Zurich?",
              "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt W\u00fcthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Albert Einstein" }],
              "question": "What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?",
              "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "113" }],
              "question": "How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?",
              "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "CERN" }],
              "question": "What is the world's largest laboratory?",
              "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Geneva" }],
              "question": "Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?",
              "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "particle physics" }],
              "question": "What research is CERN dedicated to?",
              "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "scanning tunneling microscope" }
              ],
              "question": "What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?",
              "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Auguste Piccard" }],
              "question": "Who invented the pressurized balloon?",
              "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "through bilateral agreements" }
              ],
              "question": "How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?",
              "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "the EU" }],
              "question": "In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?",
              "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "international competitiveness" }
              ],
              "question": "What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?",
              "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?",
              "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "SVP party" }],
              "question": "Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?",
              "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others. They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?",
              "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "free movement of persons" }
              ],
              "question": "What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?",
              "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?",
              "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "has since been ratified" }
              ],
              "question": "What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?",
              "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?",
              "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas: opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GNSS project Galileo, cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "poorer Southern and Central European countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?",
              "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "secrecy" }],
              "question": "What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?",
              "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "raise tax rates to parity with the EU"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?",
              "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9322"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it. Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "immigration" }],
              "question": "In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?",
              "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d933e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "a quota system" }],
              "question": "What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?",
              "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d933f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "metropolitan" }],
              "question": "Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?",
              "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "58.5%" }],
              "question": "What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?",
              "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9342"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "a citizens' initiative" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?",
              "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?",
              "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does SFOE stand for?",
              "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does DETEC stand for?",
              "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "the nation's energy use" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?",
              "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9238"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 May 2011 the Swiss government announced that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades. \"The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy\", Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern. \"Fukushima showed that the risk of nuclear power is too high, which in turn has also increased the costs of this energy form.\" The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034. Parliament will discuss the plan in June 2011, and there could be a referendum as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "2 or 3 decades" }],
              "question": "In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?",
              "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?",
              "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "2019" }],
              "question": "When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?",
              "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "2034" }],
              "question": "When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?",
              "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Energy Minister" }],
              "question": "Who is the Doris Leuthard?",
              "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9366"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most dense rail network in Europe of 5,063 km (3,146 mi) carries over 350 million passengers annually. In 2007, each Swiss citizen travelled on average 2,258 km (1,403 mi) by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users. The network is administered mainly by the Federal Railways, except in Graub\u00fcnden, where the 366 km (227 mi) narrow gauge railway is operated by the Rhaetian Railways and includes some World Heritage lines. The building of new railway base tunnels through the Alps is under way to reduce the time of travel between north and south through the AlpTransit project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "over 350 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?",
              "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "2,258" }],
              "question": "In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?",
              "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Federal Railways" }],
              "question": "Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?",
              "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "north and south" }],
              "question": "What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?",
              "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "the Alps" }],
              "question": "Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?",
              "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d937a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)\u2014which costs 40 Swiss francs\u2014for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Z\u00fcrich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Z\u00fcrich.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "road tolls and vehicle taxes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?",
              "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "40 Swiss francs" }],
              "question": "How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?",
              "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Z\u00fcrich" }],
              "question": "Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?",
              "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 833, "text": "Swiss International Air Lines" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "22.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?",
              "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9284"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?",
              "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol",
              "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?",
              "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "66% to 96%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "among the top 10 green economies in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal is charged for. Rubbish (except dangerous items, batteries etc.) is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase. This gives a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible, since recycling is free. Illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated but usually the enforcement of such laws is limited to violations that involve the unlawful disposal of larger volumes at traffic intersections and public areas. Fines for not paying the disposal fee range from CHF 200\u2013500.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Rubbish" }],
              "question": "What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?",
              "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "from CHF 200\u2013500" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?",
              "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population. Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries. Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6% of total foreign population. They were closely followed by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%). Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland, i.e. 2,335,000 persons, had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens). In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report the Federal Council noted that \"racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland\", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners\", underlined Switzerland's openness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "23.3%" }],
              "question": "In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?",
              "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Italians" }],
              "question": "Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?",
              "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "34.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?",
              "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 902, "text": "one fifth" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?",
              "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1120, "text": "increase in xenophobia" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?",
              "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graub\u00fcnden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many official languages does Switzerland have?",
              "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is the principal official language in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Romansh" }],
              "question": "What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language). Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?",
              "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Swiss German" }],
              "question": "What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?",
              "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "have almost disappeared" }
              ],
              "question": "What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?",
              "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 872,
                  "text": "family settings and casual conversation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?",
              "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Helvetisms" }],
              "question": "What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?",
              "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 667,
                  "text": "vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?",
              "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "Helvetisms" }],
              "question": "What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?",
              "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163ae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it. In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women \u2014 the highest in the world. However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, and notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%). From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided. With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "private insurance companies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?",
              "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163af8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "every applicant" }],
              "question": "Who are private insurance companies required to accept?",
              "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163af9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "highest" }],
              "question": "In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?",
              "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "ageing" }],
              "question": "What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?",
              "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 735,
                  "text": "high costs of the services provided"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?",
              "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas. Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years. Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years. This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use. However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Between two thirds and three quarters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?",
              "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "higher" }],
              "question": "From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?",
              "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?",
              "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9334"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary. The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence. The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Z\u00fcrich, Geneva\u2013Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase. In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests. In addition the two main centers of Z\u00fcrich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "450 people per km2" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population density of the plateau?",
              "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva" }
              ],
              "question": "Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?",
              "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?",
              "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? ",
              "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Eastern Orthodoxy" }],
              "question": "What religion has immigration brought by 2%?",
              "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "12%" }],
              "question": "According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?",
              "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "38.21%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?",
              "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities include Neo-Pietism (0.44%), Pentecostalism (0.28%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Methodism (0.13%), the New Apostolic Church (0.45%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.28%), other Protestant denominations (0.20%), the Old Catholic Church (0.18%), other Christian denominations (0.20%). Non-Christian religions are Hinduism (0.38%), Buddhism (0.29%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.11%); 4.3% did not make a statement. 21.4% in 2012 declared themselves as unchurched i.e. not affiliated with any church or other religious body (Agnostic, Atheist, or just not related to any official religion).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "21.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012?",
              "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "0.28%" }],
              "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal?",
              "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "0.28%" }],
              "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Jehova's Witnesses?",
              "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "0.29%" }],
              "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists?",
              "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9365"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "1536" }],
              "question": "When did Geneva convert to Protestantism?",
              "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848?",
              "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?",
              "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "78.9%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980?",
              "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland. Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs. A region may be in some ways strongly culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, the country itself being rooted in western European culture. The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graub\u00fcnden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception, it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Romansh" }],
              "question": "What culture is linguistically isolated from the rest of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "in Graub\u00fcnden in eastern Switzerland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Romansh culture located?",
              "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity. Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter, and a hiking (ger: das Wandern) or Mountain biking culture in summer. Other areas throughout the year have a recreational culture that caters to tourism, yet the quieter seasons are spring and autumn when there are fewer visitors. A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities. Folk art is kept alive in organisations all over the country. In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music, dance, poetry, wood carving and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood, has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Alpine" }],
              "question": "What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "ski resort culture" }
              ],
              "question": "What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?",
              "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "alphorn" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?",
              "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "farmer and herder culture" }
              ],
              "question": "What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?",
              "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to finance and licensing. The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programs. SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programs are produced in Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Lugano. An extensive cable network also allows most Swiss to access the programs from neighboring countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "finance and licensing" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?",
              "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Lugano"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are television programs produced?",
              "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "SRG SSR" }],
              "question": "What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?",
              "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in M\u00fcrren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "St. Moritz" }],
              "question": "Where was the bobsleigh invented?",
              "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When were the first ski championships held in Murren?",
              "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "St. Moritz" }],
              "question": "Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?",
              "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Z\u00fcrich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Nati" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team?",
              "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "International Federation of Association Football"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does FIFA stand for?",
              "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?",
              "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Z\u00fcrich" }],
              "question": "Where is the FIFA located?",
              "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?",
              "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 clubs in the League A, which is the most attended league in Europe. In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time. It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport, and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, and most recently, Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams. Swiss professional wrestler Claudio Castagnoli is currently signed with WWE, and is a former United States champion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "IIHF World Championship" }
              ],
              "question": "What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?",
              "id": "5727bdd3ff5b5019007d93ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Alinghi" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?",
              "id": "5727bdd3ff5b5019007d93ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 703, "text": "Claudio Castagnoli" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?",
              "id": "5728b4e33acd2414000dfd25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Alinghi" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?",
              "id": "5728b4e33acd2414000dfd26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel F\u00e4ssler and 2015 24 Hours N\u00fcrburgring winner Nico M\u00fcller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007\u201308 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas L\u00fcthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Motorsport racecourses and events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?",
              "id": "5727bdfe3acd2414000deb2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "Swiss National Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?",
              "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 781, "text": "Swiss Council of States" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rejected the  2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Alain Menu" }],
              "question": "Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?",
              "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Thomas L\u00fcthi" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?",
              "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164cab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or \"Schwingen\". It is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf. Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practiced only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is also central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 kg stone named Unspunnenstein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Hornussen" }],
              "question": "Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf?",
              "id": "5727be234b864d1900163c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "Swiss wrestling or \"Schwingen\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which old, traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss?",
              "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "a heavy stone" }],
              "question": "What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen?",
              "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "alpine" }],
              "question": "Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times?",
              "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Unspunnenstein" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805?",
              "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or r\u00f6sti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages.  Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruy\u00e8re or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruy\u00e8res and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "western Switzerland" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?",
              "id": "5727be542ca10214002d9544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Gruy\u00e8re" }],
              "question": "What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?",
              "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "climate and languages" }
              ],
              "question": "What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?",
              "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Emmental" }],
              "question": "What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?",
              "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "similar" }],
              "question": "How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?",
              "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164ce1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine. Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs, with their specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir. The Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "wine" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727be964b864d1900163c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Roman era" }],
              "question": "When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727be964b864d1900163c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What type of wine comprises a small majority of wine produced in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most widespread varieties of wines in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown?",
              "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mali",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Mali (i/\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0li/; French: [ma\u02c8li]), officially the Republic of Mali (French: R\u00e9publique du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day. A majority of the population (55%) are non-denominational Muslims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali?",
              "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Bamako" }],
              "question": "What is Mali's capital named?",
              "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Niger and Senegal rivers" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two major rivers located inside of Mali?",
              "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "prominent natural resources include gold"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?",
              "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 853,
                  "text": "(55%) are non-denominational Muslims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "More than half of the population is what religion?",
              "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "France seized control of Mali" }
              ],
              "question": "In the latter part of the 19th century what country took control of Mali?",
              "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "What year did Mali gain independence as the Mali Federation?",
              "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 938,
                  "text": "Mali as a democratic, multi-party state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with a new constitution, Mali became what type of state in 1991?",
              "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Mali was once part of how many West African empires?",
              "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Mali Empire (for which Mali is named)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Empire that the country is now named after?",
              "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e70a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Op\u00e9ration Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "northern Mali" }],
              "question": "What area of Mali did conflict arise in January of 2012?",
              "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Tuareg rebels" }],
              "question": "What were the rebels named in the conflict of 2012?",
              "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "new state, Azawad" }],
              "question": "What was the name that the rebels declared as a new state?",
              "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "French military" }],
              "question": "What country sent military in response to terrorism in 2013?",
              "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 463, "text": "Presidential elections" }
              ],
              "question": "On July 28 2013 what type of elections were held?",
              "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Moroccan invasion in 1591" }
              ],
              "question": "The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?",
              "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "Saharan trade routes lost significance."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?",
              "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?",
              "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Judar Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? ",
              "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "establishment of sea routes" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?",
              "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Ke\u00efta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traor\u00e9, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traor\u00e9 as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating drought between 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traor\u00e9 regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traor\u00e9 regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Ke\u00efta regime" }],
              "question": "What regime was overthrown in 1968?",
              "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Moussa Traor\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the military on what is now celebrated Liberation Day?",
              "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "What position did Moussa Traor\u00e9 take on as a result of his success?",
              "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "1968 to 1974" }],
              "question": "Between what years did famine and drought afflict the country?",
              "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "three coup attempts" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1970's how many attempts were there the overthrow the govenment?",
              "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traor\u00e9 grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year did Mali get a new constitution? ",
              "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "student protests" }],
              "question": "In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?",
              "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "dictatorial regime" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of administration did general Mousa Traor\u00e9 have?",
              "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "International Monetary Fund" }
              ],
              "question": "Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?",
              "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "growing wealth" }],
              "question": "It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? ",
              "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les evenements (\"the events\") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traor\u00e9 declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "pro-democracy" }],
              "question": "What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?",
              "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "March Revolution" }],
              "question": "There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what?",
              "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "nightly" }],
              "question": "After the president declared a state of emergency, what type of curfew was placed on the country?",
              "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "300 lives" }],
              "question": "How many people died over the course of four days?",
              "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "nonviolent" }],
              "question": "After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued? ",
              "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traor\u00e9. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people that were killed.[unreliable source?] The coup is remembered as Mali's March Revolution of 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "Moussa Traor\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was president during the March protests?",
              "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "three associates" }],
              "question": "How many people aside from the president received a death sentence? ",
              "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "26 March" }],
              "question": "What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traor\u00e9?",
              "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "death sentence" }],
              "question": "All four men were convicted and received what as punishment?",
              "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "their part in the decision-making"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what?",
              "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traor\u00e9. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?",
              "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "pro-democracy" }],
              "question": "Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?",
              "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "refusal of soldiers to fire" }
              ],
              "question": "The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?",
              "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "constitution" }],
              "question": "Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws?",
              "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "a national referendum" }
              ],
              "question": "What group was to approve the new democratic constitution?",
              "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'\u00e9tat, citing Tour\u00e9's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring independence as Azawad. However, Islamist groups including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the North with the goal of implementing sharia in Mali.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Tuareg rebellion" }],
              "question": "What rebellion began in January of 2012?",
              "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Amadou Sanogo" }],
              "question": "In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali?",
              "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?",
              "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "sanctions" }],
              "question": "The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment? ",
              "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "MNLA" }],
              "question": "What group declared independence as Asawad?",
              "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mali lies in the torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world. The thermal equator, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late June to early December is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. The vast northern desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (BSh) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The little southern band possesses a tropical wet and dry climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (Aw) very high temperatures year-round with a dry season and a rainy season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "torrid" }],
              "question": "Mali is located in what Zone?",
              "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "June to early December" }
              ],
              "question": "What months are have a rainy season in the South?",
              "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Niger River" }],
              "question": "Flooding of what river is typical during these months?",
              "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Inner Niger" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause?",
              "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "northern desert" }],
              "question": "What part of the country has the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification of (BWh)?",
              "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9094"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the military coup of 22 March 2012 and a second military coup in December 2012, Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The system of government can be described as \"semi-presidential\". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?",
              "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?",
              "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "five-year" }],
              "question": "How many years is one presidential term for?",
              "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "two terms" }],
              "question": "How many total terms can a president be elected for?",
              "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "Executive power is given to what person within the government?",
              "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "president" }],
              "question": "Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?",
              "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "The unicameral National Assembly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group is Mali's sole legislative party?",
              "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "113" }],
              "question": "The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?",
              "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "two regular sessions" }
              ],
              "question": "How many legislative assemblies are  held each year?",
              "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d23a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "prime minister" }],
              "question": "Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?",
              "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d23b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "What is Mali's highest court?",
              "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "both judicial and administrative powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What controls do the supreme court have?",
              "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "judicial review" }],
              "question": "Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?",
              "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "election" }],
              "question": "Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?",
              "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "village chiefs and elders" }
              ],
              "question": "Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?",
              "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be privatized in 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "In what year did Mali start economic changes?",
              "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "World Bank and the International Monetary Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes?",
              "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1988 to 1996" }],
              "question": "In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises?",
              "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "sixteen enterprises" }
              ],
              "question": "How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement?",
              "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many companies were completely liquidated?",
              "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, about 48 percent of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49 percent were 15\u201364 years old, and 3 percent were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. Life expectancy at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females). Mali has one of the world's highest rates of infant mortality, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "48" }],
              "question": "In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under?",
              "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8ec9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "6.4 children" }],
              "question": "What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?",
              "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8ec9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "16.5" }],
              "question": "In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people?",
              "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "infant" }],
              "question": "Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality?",
              "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "53.06" }],
              "question": "For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years?",
              "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due the historical spread of slavery in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "800,000" }],
              "question": "Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?",
              "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?",
              "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Arabic population" }],
              "question": "What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Tamasheq" }],
              "question": "The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?",
              "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "far north" }],
              "question": "What region of the country is historical slavery well known?",
              "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs" }
              ],
              "question": "Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?",
              "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Malian government" }],
              "question": "Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?",
              "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "radical Islamists" }],
              "question": "What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?",
              "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "servitude and bondage" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?",
              "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "discrimination" }],
              "question": "Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?",
              "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62\u201365 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totalled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?",
              "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "among the worst in the world" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Malian Health and development rank globally?",
              "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Life expectancy" }],
              "question": "As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?",
              "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "62\u201365" }],
              "question": "In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?",
              "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "69" }],
              "question": "In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?",
              "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does ICRISTAT stand for?",
              "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f8099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "improve nutrition" }],
              "question": "What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?",
              "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8" }
              ],
              "question": "The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?",
              "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "equinut" }],
              "question": "ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?",
              "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?",
              "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85\u201391 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "cholera and tuberculosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?",
              "id": "5726e051708984140094d46d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Malaria" }],
              "question": "what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?",
              "id": "5726e051708984140094d46e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "85\u201391" }],
              "question": "According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?",
              "id": "5726e051708984140094d46f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "HIV/AIDS" }],
              "question": "What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?",
              "id": "5726e051708984140094d470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "immunization" }],
              "question": "Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?",
              "id": "5726e051708984140094d471"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as \"Keepers of Memories\". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabat\u00e9, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Tour\u00e9, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koit\u00e9. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Keepers of Memories" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the translation or meaning of a griot?",
              "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Dance" }],
              "question": "Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?",
              "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "mask" }],
              "question": "What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?",
              "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "Ali Farka Tour\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?",
              "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Salif Keita" }],
              "question": "What is a well known Afro-pop artist?",
              "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nonprofit_organization",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of an NPO?",
              "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?",
              "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "the distribution constraint" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?",
              "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "purposes are other than making a profit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of a non-profit organization?",
              "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "non-business entity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an NPO also known as?",
              "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of an NPO?",
              "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?",
              "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "distribution constraint" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?",
              "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies \u2013 organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "charitable" }],
              "question": "What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?",
              "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "member-serving or community-serving"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does an NPO usually serve?",
              "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?",
              "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1143, "text": "by directly supporting them" }
              ],
              "question": "What are member serving NPOs really focused on?",
              "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1224,
                  "text": "a helping service for fellow citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are community serving NPOs focused on?",
              "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?",
              "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "controlling members or a board of directors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?",
              "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do NPOs handle staffing?",
              "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are token fees used for?",
              "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?",
              "id": "572761df5951b619008f8911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "a supporting organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?",
              "id": "572761df5951b619008f8912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "giving value to the groups of people they administer to"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What is a major function of a foundation?",
              "id": "572761df5951b619008f8913"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as \"members\"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "membership and board-only" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two top types of NPOs?",
              "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a membership organization run?",
              "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a board only organization run?",
              "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1638,
                  "text": "financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?",
              "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1852,
                  "text": "Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?",
              "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9cac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "incorporated or unincorporated" }
              ],
              "question": "How are NPOs classified in Canada?",
              "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?",
              "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "formal approval by the appropriate government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?",
              "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?",
              "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Letters Patent" }],
              "question": "How is incorporation handled in Ontario?",
              "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?",
              "id": "572774545951b619008f8a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?",
              "id": "572774545951b619008f8a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?",
              "id": "572774545951b619008f8a43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "1 July 2013" }],
              "question": "When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?",
              "id": "572774545951b619008f8a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "10 October 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?",
              "id": "572774545951b619008f8a45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?",
              "id": "5727752b708984140094de21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "income tax receipts" }
              ],
              "question": "What are donors to receive from a NPO?",
              "id": "5727752b708984140094de22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "file annual reports" }
              ],
              "question": "How does an NPO keep their charitable status?",
              "id": "5727752b708984140094de23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "a common law test to its stated objects and activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?",
              "id": "5727752b708984140094de24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "cash, investments and fixed assets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?",
              "id": "5727752b708984140094de25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services \"SARS\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "a tax certificate" }],
              "question": "What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?",
              "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "a tax deduction by the donor" }
              ],
              "question": "What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?",
              "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are South Africian NPOs registered?",
              "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Master of the High Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?",
              "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "South Africa Revenue Services \"SARS\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?",
              "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as \"charities\" in the technical sense.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of a charity?",
              "id": "57277993708984140094dea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Charity Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?",
              "id": "57277993708984140094dea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?",
              "id": "57277993708984140094dea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "generally not allowed to pay its Trustees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?",
              "id": "57277993708984140094deaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "not regarded as \"charities\" in the technical sense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?",
              "id": "57277993708984140094deab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?",
              "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?",
              "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?",
              "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "losing its tax exempt status" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?",
              "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?",
              "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "990 forms" }],
              "question": "What form must an NPO make available to the public?",
              "id": "57277c08708984140094dee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?",
              "id": "57277c08708984140094dee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "IRS Form 990" }],
              "question": "What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?",
              "id": "57277c08708984140094dee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "Project Vote Smart" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of an NPO in the United States?",
              "id": "57277c08708984140094dee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can states or cities offer to NPOs?",
              "id": "57277c08708984140094dee3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these \"board-only\" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks \"members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "board of directors" }],
              "question": "Who is in control of the organization?",
              "id": "57277db8708984140094df13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "executive director" }],
              "question": "Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?",
              "id": "57277db8708984140094df14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "self-perpetuating" }],
              "question": "How is the board of directors most often chosen?",
              "id": "57277db8708984140094df15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "elected by a membership" }
              ],
              "question": "How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?",
              "id": "57277db8708984140094df16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Part VI, section A, question 7a"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?",
              "id": "57277db8708984140094df17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?",
              "id": "57277f5e708984140094df33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "external funding" }],
              "question": "What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?",
              "id": "57277f5e708984140094df34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "unreliable funding, long hours and low pay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?",
              "id": "57277f5e708984140094df35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "Nonprofit Capacity Building Program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?",
              "id": "57277f5e708984140094df36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?",
              "id": "57277f5e708984140094df37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1019,
                  "text": "a purpose relating to a public good"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?",
              "id": "57278080708984140094df49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?",
              "id": "57278080708984140094df4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?",
              "id": "57278080708984140094df4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "incorporated association" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?",
              "id": "57278080708984140094df4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 803,
                  "text": "Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who covers incorporated associations or councils?",
              "id": "57278080708984140094df4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "minimal or nonexistent" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?",
              "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is marketing harder for NPOs?",
              "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?",
              "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?",
              "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?",
              "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "strict controls" }],
              "question": "How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?",
              "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "alter the NPO's functions" }
              ],
              "question": "What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?",
              "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?",
              "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Resource mismanagement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?",
              "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Competition for employees with the public and private sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problems with employment do Non Profits face?",
              "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "management" }],
              "question": "What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?",
              "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "secondary priority" }
              ],
              "question": "How important do NPOs consider hiring?",
              "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "wage and benefits package" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?",
              "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?",
              "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?",
              "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?",
              "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?",
              "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "more stable employment" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?",
              "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "will never be able to match the pay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?",
              "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?",
              "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Pleasurable work conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is better than having high pay at an NPO?",
              "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "as much as they are able" }
              ],
              "question": "How much should an NPO pay employees?",
              "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?",
              "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a \"charity\" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?",
              "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?",
              "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "US$38 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?",
              "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "$14.8 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?",
              "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "British Wellcome Trust" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?",
              "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenr\u00e4umer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Habitat for Humanity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?",
              "id": "5727951d708984140094e183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Rotary International" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?",
              "id": "5727951d708984140094e184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "United Way" }],
              "question": "What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?",
              "id": "5727951d708984140094e185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Red Cross and Red Crescent" }
              ],
              "question": "Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?",
              "id": "5727951d708984140094e186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "World Wide Fund for Nature" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?",
              "id": "5727951d708984140094e187"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for \"organizations that didn't fit anywhere else\" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does .org on a URL mean?",
              "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?",
              "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?",
              "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?",
              "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": ".museum" }],
              "question": "What new domain designation should a museum use?",
              "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead of being defined by \"non\" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term \"civil society organization\" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term \"citizen sector organization\" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector \u2013 as one of citizens, for citizens \u2013 by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, \"Social Benefit Organization\" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "\"non\" words" }],
              "question": "What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?",
              "id": "57279954708984140094e1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "new, positive-sounding terminology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of language are organizations being directed towards?",
              "id": "57279954708984140094e1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "civil society organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?",
              "id": "57279954708984140094e1e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "citizen sector organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?",
              "id": "57279954708984140094e1ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Social Benefit Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?",
              "id": "57279954708984140094e1eb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Raleigh,_North_Carolina",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Raleigh (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0li/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the \"City of Oaks\" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 439,896 as of July 1, 2014. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state is Raleigh the capital of?",
              "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "What is the biggest city in NC?",
              "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Sir Walter Raleigh" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is it named after?",
              "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Dare" }],
              "question": "What county is Raleigh in?",
              "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "439,896" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the city?",
              "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7989"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The \"Triangle\" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "North Carolina State University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What university is in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "1,214,516" }],
              "question": "What is the MSA of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Research Triangle area" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Triangle?",
              "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Duke" }],
              "question": "What is another university in the triangle?",
              "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When was the Triangle created?",
              "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city, chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such. The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. In the United States Civil War the city was spared from any significant battle, only falling in the closing days of the war, though it did not escape the economic hardships that plagued the rest of the American South during the Reconstruction Era. The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population, making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "planned" }],
              "question": "What kind of city is Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "What year was it incorporated?",
              "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Research Triangle Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Civil War" }],
              "question": "What war was near the city?",
              "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "fastest growing" }],
              "question": "What type of community is it?",
              "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is home to numerous cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Walnut Creek Amphitheatre is a large music amphitheater located in Southeast Raleigh. Museums in Raleigh include the North Carolina Museum of Art in West Raleigh, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History and North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences located next to each other near the State Capitol in Downtown Raleigh. Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home, including North Carolina State University, the largest public university in the state, and Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization of the 1960s. One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Duke" }],
              "question": "What energy center is downtown?",
              "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "North Carolina State University,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What university is in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Shaw" }],
              "question": "What is the first historically black university?",
              "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 955, "text": "Andrew Johnson" }],
              "question": "What president was born in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Walnut Creek Amphitheatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?",
              "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "state legislators." }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?",
              "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "planned" }],
              "question": "What was Raleigh as a city?",
              "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the original boundaries?",
              "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "What city was the plan based on?",
              "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War, but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Zebulon Baird Vance" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the governor during the Civil War?",
              "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "breastworks" }],
              "question": "What did the governor order constructed?",
              "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Union cavalry" }],
              "question": "What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?",
              "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Hugh Judson Kilpatrick" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the cavalry in the capture?",
              "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "a state economy based on agriculture,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?",
              "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "What year did the News and the Observer merge?",
              "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "The News & Observer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?",
              "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was North Carolina State called before?",
              "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "What year was the college founded?",
              "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1891" }],
              "question": "When did Merideth College open?",
              "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?",
              "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?",
              "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "the state legislature passed a new constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in 1900?",
              "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "When did blacks lose the right to vote?",
              "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "mid-1960s" }],
              "question": "When did black regain the right to vote?",
              "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs. The city provided recreational and educational programs, and hired people for public works projects. In 1932, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated. The North Carolina Symphony, founded the same year, performed in its new home. From 1934 to 1937, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park. In 1939, the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham, with the first flight occurring in 1943.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When was the Great Depression?",
              "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "recreational and educational programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the city provide during the Great Depression?",
              "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Raleigh Memorial Auditorium" }
              ],
              "question": "What was dedicated in 1932?",
              "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded?",
              "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was charted in 1939?",
              "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e74a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the \"fall line\" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "northeast central region of North Carolina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Raleigh located?",
              "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "\"fall line\"" }],
              "question": "What is the area known as?",
              "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of geography is in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "two hours" }],
              "question": "How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?",
              "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "155" }],
              "question": "How far is Raleigh from Richmond?",
              "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e766"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina State Capitol, Peace College, the Raleigh City Museum, Raleigh Convention Center, Shaw University, and St. Augustine's College. The neighborhoods in Old Raleigh include Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood-Brooklyn, Hayes Barton Historic District, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest, and Historic Oakwood. In the 2000s, an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), and Capital District (Raleigh). Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, and Glenwood South Districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Fayetteville Street downtown business district,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What historic hotel is downtown?",
              "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is in the Fayetteville business district?",
              "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 817, "text": "Downtown Raleigh Alliance" }
              ],
              "question": "Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000's?",
              "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1087,
                  "text": "Warehouse, Fayetteville Street"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some common names in the area?",
              "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "North of the I-440 Beltline" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Midtown Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What frames Midtown Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Midtown Raleigh" }],
              "question": "Where is the North Hills Shopping center?",
              "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "John Kane" }],
              "question": "Who was the area developer?",
              "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "July 25, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?",
              "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is West Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "North Carolina State University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is West Raleigh the home of?",
              "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "PNC Arena" }],
              "question": "What arena is in the area?",
              "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Rex Hospital." }],
              "question": "What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "2 miles" }],
              "question": "How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?",
              "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Raleigh is an expansive, diverse, and fast-growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes. The area generally falls North of Millbrook Road. It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas. Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park, Bedford, Bent Tree, Brentwood, Brier Creek, Brookhaven, Black Horse Run, Coachman's Trail, Crossgate, Crosswinds, Falls River, Hidden Valley, Lake Park, North Haven, North Ridge, Oakcroft, Shannon Woods, Six Forks Station, Springdale, Stonebridge, Stone Creek, Stonehenge, Summerfield, Valley Estates, Wakefield, Weathersfield, Windsor Forest, and Wood Valley. The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540, Wake Forest Road, Millbrook Road, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Creedmoor Road, Leesville Road, Strickland Road, and North Hills Drive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "large shopping areas." }
              ],
              "question": "What are in the area?",
              "id": "5726b246708984140094ce19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 876,
                  "text": "U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the means of transportation in the area?",
              "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "expansive, diverse, and fast-growing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of area is North Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is bordered to the west by Cary, to the east by Garner, and to the southwest by Holly Springs. Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, and Enchanted Oaks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is South Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "least developed and least dense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is different about South Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Cary," }],
              "question": "What borders South Raleigh to the west?",
              "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "southwest" }],
              "question": "Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west, Garner on the southwest, and rural Wake County to the southeast. The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue. Primary neighborhoods include Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heights, Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills. Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion (formerly Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre) is one of the region's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road. Shaw University is located in this part of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas are in Southeast Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have?",
              "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concert venue is in the area?",
              "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Shaw University" }],
              "question": "What university is in this part of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7aff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 \u00b0F (5.0 \u00b0C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 \u00b0F (26.7 \u00b0C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall. Extremes in temperature have ranged from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C), most recently on July 8, 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "humid subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the climate of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many seasons are there in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "69 nights per year" }
              ],
              "question": "How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?",
              "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "What month has the most precipitation? ",
              "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "105" }],
              "question": "What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24\u201325, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm \u2013 20.3 inches (52 cm) \u2013 the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "6.0 inches" }],
              "question": "How much snow does Raleigh get?",
              "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "January 24\u201325, 2000" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the greatest snowfall?",
              "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "20.3 inches" }],
              "question": "How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?",
              "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "cold air damming" }],
              "question": "What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?",
              "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Appalachian Mountains." }
              ],
              "question": "What mountains are the city near?",
              "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area, mostly from falling trees. The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Isabel in 2003. Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh most notably the November 28, 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected Northwestern portions of the city. Also the April 16, 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "drought" }],
              "question": "What does the area experience?",
              "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "restricted water use" }
              ],
              "question": "How does drought effect the city?",
              "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "late summer and early fall" }
              ],
              "question": "When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?",
              "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Isabel" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?",
              "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "F3" }],
              "question": "How big was the tornado in 2011?",
              "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2000 United States census, there were 276,093 persons (July 2008 estimate was 380,173) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh. The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile (930.2/km\u00b2). There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile (406.7/km\u00b2). The racial composition of the city was: 63.31% White, 27.80% Black or African American, 7.01% Hispanic or Latino American, 3.38% Asian American, 0.36% Native American, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.24% some other race, and 1.88% two or more races.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "61,371" }],
              "question": "How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000?",
              "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "2,409.2 people per square mile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the population density of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "120,699 housing" }],
              "question": "How many housing units were in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "63.31%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?",
              "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "0.04%" }],
              "question": "How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e848"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000, of which 26.5% included children below the age of 18, 39.5% were composed of married couples living together, 11.4% reported a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5% classified themselves as nonfamily. Unmarried partners were present in 2.2% of households. In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "26.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of households had children in 2000?",
              "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "married couples living together"
                }
              ],
              "question": "39.5% of the households comprised of what?",
              "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "33.1%" }],
              "question": "How many people lived alone in 2000?",
              "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "6.2%" }],
              "question": "How many households had someone 65 or older?",
              "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "2.97 persons." }],
              "question": "What was the average family size?",
              "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners. As of 2013, 46.41% of people in Raleigh are affiliated with a religion. The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity, with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic (11.3%), Baptist (10.85%), and Methodist (7.08%). Others include Presbyterian (2.52%), Pentecostal (1.99%), Episcopalian (1.12%), Lutheran (1.06%), Latter-Day Saints (0.99%), and other Christian denominations (6.68%) including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness, Christian Science, Christian Unitarianism, other Mainline Protestant groups, and non-denominational.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "46.41% of people" }],
              "question": "How many people are affiliated with religion?",
              "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What is the main religion of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "10.85" }],
              "question": "What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other denominations are there in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1.06%" }],
              "question": "How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?",
              "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh's industrial base includes banking/financial services; electrical, medical, electronic and telecommunications equipment; clothing and apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. Raleigh is part of North Carolina's Research Triangle, one of the country's largest and most successful research parks, and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research, as well as advanced textile development. The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "banking/financial services;" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main industrial area of Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b737708984140094cec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "North Carolina's Research Triangle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Raleigh part of?",
              "id": "5726b737708984140094ceca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "high-tech and biotech research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Research Triangle do?",
              "id": "5726b737708984140094cecb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "The city is a major retail shipping point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the city concerned with shipping?",
              "id": "5726b737708984140094cecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "grocery" }],
              "question": "What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for?",
              "id": "5726b737708984140094cecd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina Museum of Art, which hosts a summer concert series and outdoor movies. Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies, and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh. During the North Carolina State Fair, Dorton Arena hosts headline acts. The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats (rock, pop, country).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are major touring acts hosted in the city?",
              "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called?",
              "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Koka Booth Amphitheatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What event plaza is in Cary?",
              "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8dea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Dorton Arena" }],
              "question": "Where is the North Carolina State Fair?",
              "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8deb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Lincoln Theater downtown?",
              "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8dec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, the Fletcher Opera Theater, the Kennedy Theatre, and the Meymandi Concert Hall. In 2008, a new theatre space, the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School, was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School. Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre, Long View Center, Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre, and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium?",
              "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Fletcher Opera Theater" }
              ],
              "question": "What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center?",
              "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When did the Meymandi Theater open?",
              "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Raleigh Little Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "Where else can one see a theater performance?",
              "id": "5726b7f6708984140094cef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Stewart and Thompson Theaters" }
              ],
              "question": "What theaters are at North Carolina State University?",
              "id": "5726b7f6708984140094cef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "North Carolina State Fairgrounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?",
              "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "American Art, European Art and ancient art,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of art is in the Museum of Art?",
              "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?",
              "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the Monet exhibit?",
              "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "public funds" }],
              "question": "How did the museum get the artworks they have?",
              "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Greensboro Coliseum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?",
              "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "PNC Arena" }],
              "question": "What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?",
              "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?",
              "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991\u20131998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000\u20132004); the Raleigh\u2013Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association (1991\u20131992); the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League (1997\u20131999); and most recently, the Carolina Courage of the Women's United Soccer Association (2000\u20132001 in Chapel Hill, 2001\u20132003 in suburban Cary), which won that league's championship Founders Cup in 2002.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991\u20131998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sports teams have been in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Raleigh Bullfrogs" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "1997\u20131999" }],
              "question": "When did the Raleigh Cougars play?",
              "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Women's United Soccer" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of team was the Carolina Courage?",
              "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?",
              "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7be1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "southwest Raleigh" }],
              "question": "Where is North Carolina State University?",
              "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Wolfpack" }],
              "question": "What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?",
              "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Carter-Finley Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?",
              "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "third largest football stadium in North Carolina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How big is Carter Finley Stadium?",
              "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Reynolds Coliseum" }],
              "question": "Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?",
              "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m\u00b2) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many sites are throughout Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726baec708984140094cf71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "park land," }],
              "question": "What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726baec708984140094cf72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "BMX championship-caliber" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of race track is in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726baec708984140094cf73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "5 public lakes," }],
              "question": "How many public lakes are in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726baec708984140094cf74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the arboretum?",
              "id": "5726baec708984140094cf75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime \u2013 far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1,740" }],
              "question": "How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?",
              "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "property crime" }],
              "question": "What were there 12,995 of in 2010?",
              "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "far below both the national average"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?",
              "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?",
              "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "870" }],
              "question": "How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?",
              "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Wake County Public School System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the school system praised for?",
              "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "International Baccalaureate" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "Raleigh also has two alternative high schools."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?",
              "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the region's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area's primary airport?",
              "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?",
              "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?",
              "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "passengers" }],
              "question": "What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?",
              "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Terminal C" }],
              "question": "What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?",
              "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Triangle Transit Authority," }
              ],
              "question": "What was Triangle Transit called before?",
              "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Triangle Transit offer?",
              "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where else does Triangle Transit go to?",
              "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Triangle Transit have a van service?",
              "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?",
              "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nutrition",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Registered dietitian nutritionists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RDN stand for?",
              "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f7999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "Certified Clinical Nutritionists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?",
              "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "RDN" }],
              "question": "For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?",
              "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 791,
                  "text": "Certified Nutrition Specialist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?",
              "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or \"wind\" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into \"hot\" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and \"cold\" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "6th century BC" }],
              "question": "In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?",
              "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "pneuma" }],
              "question": "What is the European equivalent of \"Qi\"?",
              "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "hot" }],
              "question": "What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?",
              "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?",
              "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "emaciation" }],
              "question": "Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?",
              "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Book of Daniel contain?",
              "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?",
              "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "court servants" }],
              "question": "What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?",
              "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "10 days" }],
              "question": "How long did the trial diet last?",
              "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "pulses" }],
              "question": "What is another term for vegetables that was used?",
              "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into \"complexion\", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1500 years" }],
              "question": "How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?",
              "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Marcus Aurelius" }],
              "question": "Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?",
              "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Benedictine monks" }],
              "question": "Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?",
              "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "the source of life" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Galen believe that pneuma was?",
              "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "four humours" }],
              "question": "What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?",
              "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Paracelsus" }],
              "question": "Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?",
              "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Leonardo da Vinci" }],
              "question": "Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?",
              "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "metabolism" }],
              "question": "What was a burning candle comparable to?",
              "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "carbon dioxide" }],
              "question": "Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?",
              "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "Herman Boerhaave" }],
              "question": "Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?",
              "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as \"limeys.\" The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "1747" }],
              "question": "When was the first nutrition experiment performed?",
              "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "James Lind" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?",
              "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "lime" }],
              "question": "The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?",
              "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "two million" }],
              "question": "How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?",
              "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "limeys" }],
              "question": "Which nickname was given to the British sailors?",
              "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ae1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1816, Fran\u00e7ois Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "protein" }],
              "question": "Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?",
              "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "William Prout" }],
              "question": "Who first began dividing foods into categories?",
              "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Dumas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?",
              "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "animal physiology" }],
              "question": "Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?",
              "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "body fat" }],
              "question": "What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?",
              "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "white rice" }],
              "question": "What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?",
              "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "endemic neuritis" }],
              "question": "What is the scientific term for beriberi?",
              "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "paralysis" }],
              "question": "What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?",
              "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Kanehiro Takaki" }],
              "question": "Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?",
              "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "thiamine" }],
              "question": "What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?",
              "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "iodine" }],
              "question": "What element can be found in thyroid glands?",
              "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Java" }],
              "question": "What group of natives suffered from beriberi?",
              "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Christiaan Eijkman" }],
              "question": "Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?",
              "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?",
              "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "two decades" }],
              "question": "How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?",
              "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that \"unsuspected dietetic factors,\" other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "caloric energy expenditure" }
              ],
              "question": "What was measured in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "principles of physics" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?",
              "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "tryptophan" }],
              "question": "Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?",
              "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "unsuspected dietetic factors" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?",
              "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 609, "text": "single-grain experiment" }
              ],
              "question": "Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?",
              "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it \"food factor X\" until 1925.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "fat-soluble" }],
              "question": "What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?",
              "id": "5726b763708984140094ced3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "water-soluble" }],
              "question": "Which property was vitamin B found to have?",
              "id": "5726b763708984140094ced4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "scurvy" }],
              "question": "Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?",
              "id": "5726b763708984140094ced5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "rickets" }],
              "question": "What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?",
              "id": "5726b763708984140094ced6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "vitamin E" }],
              "question": "What was referred to as \"food factor X\"?",
              "id": "5726b763708984140094ced7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, \"almost certainly incomplete\". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Marion Nestle" }],
              "question": "Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?",
              "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "macro-nutrients" }],
              "question": "What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?",
              "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "non-digestible" }],
              "question": "What is notable about cellulose in humans?",
              "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "phytochemicals" }],
              "question": "What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?",
              "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?",
              "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called \"Calories\" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "macronutrients" }],
              "question": "Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?",
              "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "structural material" }
              ],
              "question": "What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?",
              "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Joules" }],
              "question": "What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?",
              "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "fats" }],
              "question": "Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?",
              "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "provide energy" }],
              "question": "Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?",
              "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7beb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "carbohydrates" }],
              "question": "Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?",
              "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "complex polysaccharides" }
              ],
              "question": "If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?",
              "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "triglycerides" }],
              "question": "What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?",
              "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "cannot be synthesized in the body"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?",
              "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "nitrogen" }],
              "question": "Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?",
              "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream, which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "simple carbohydrates" }
              ],
              "question": "What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?",
              "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "fructose" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?",
              "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "glucose" }],
              "question": "When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?",
              "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "production of insulin" }
              ],
              "question": "What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?",
              "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "pancreas" }],
              "question": "Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?",
              "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis \u2013 the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dietary fiber" }],
              "question": "What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?",
              "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?",
              "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "cellulose" }],
              "question": "What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?",
              "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "constipation" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?",
              "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1292, "text": "slow the absorption of sugar" }
              ],
              "question": "What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?",
              "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "glycerol" }],
              "question": "Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?",
              "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?",
              "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?",
              "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "hydrogen" }],
              "question": "Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?",
              "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 933, "text": "unsaturated fat" }],
              "question": "What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?",
              "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "animal sources" }],
              "question": "Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?",
              "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Unsaturated fats" }],
              "question": "Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?",
              "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "trans fats" }],
              "question": "Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?",
              "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "liquids" }],
              "question": "What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?",
              "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "rancidity resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?",
              "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d09b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids\u2014omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids\u2014seems also important for health, although definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these \"omega\" long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for a class of eicosanoids known as prostaglandins, which have roles throughout the human body. They are hormones, in some respects. The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or taken in through marine food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g., weakly inflammatory PGE3). The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins (e.g. pro-inflammatory PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of different prostaglandins, which is one reason why a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 is believed important for cardiovascular health. In industrialized societies, people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "the body can produce them as needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?",
              "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?",
              "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "eicosapentaenoic acid" }
              ],
              "question": "What does EPA stand for?",
              "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1195, "text": "omega-6 linoleic acid" }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?",
              "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1592, "text": "processed vegetable oils" }
              ],
              "question": "What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?",
              "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA). Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones; therefore, the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e., cell division).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Omega-3 EPA" }],
              "question": "What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?",
              "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?",
              "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "desaturation" }],
              "question": "What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?",
              "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "glucagon" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?",
              "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "mitosis" }],
              "question": "What is the scientific name for cell division?",
              "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Proteins" }],
              "question": "What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?",
              "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "amino acids" }],
              "question": "What is the primary component of every protein?",
              "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "protein retention" }],
              "question": "What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?",
              "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "urine" }],
              "question": "When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?",
              "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?",
              "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e9080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "two incomplete protein sources" }
              ],
              "question": "What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?",
              "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "beans" }],
              "question": "Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?",
              "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "Excess amino acids" }
              ],
              "question": "What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?",
              "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "gluconeogenesis" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?",
              "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "discarded" }],
              "question": "What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?",
              "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6\u20138 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: \"An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods.\" More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with \u201cdesirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.\u201d For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Other guidelines for nutrition also have implications for the beverages we consume for healthy hydration- for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "6\u20138 glasses of water daily"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?",
              "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?",
              "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "1 milliliter" }],
              "question": "How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?",
              "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 972, "text": "adequate daily intakes" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ADI stand for?",
              "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1565, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?",
              "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d217"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "the elderly" }],
              "question": "Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?",
              "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Pregnant" }],
              "question": "Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?",
              "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "300 mL/day" }],
              "question": "How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?",
              "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "To compensate for additional fluid output"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?",
              "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "700 mL/day" }],
              "question": "How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?",
              "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "inorganic chemical elements" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of element are dietary minerals?",
              "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the less common elements in the diet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the term \"mineral\" originally meant to describe?",
              "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "ions" }],
              "question": "In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?",
              "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "ionic forms" }],
              "question": "In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?",
              "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "iodine" }],
              "question": "What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?",
              "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9224"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not \"essential\" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); however, experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients that are not classified as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above), choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Vitamin D" }],
              "question": "Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?",
              "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "UVB radiation" }],
              "question": "What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?",
              "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "carnitine" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?",
              "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "phytochemicals" }],
              "question": "What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?",
              "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "vitamins" }],
              "question": "What is choline not an example of?",
              "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds. Recently, some researchers suggested an interesting theory of evolution of dietary antioxidants. Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors (glutathione, Vitamin C), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources (Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K) or produced by the body from other compounds (Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight). Phytochemicals (Section Below) and their subgroup, polyphenols, make up the majority of antioxidants; about 4,000 are known. Different antioxidants are now known to function in a cooperative network. For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself. Some antioxidants are more effective than others at neutralizing different free radicals. Some cannot neutralize certain free radicals. Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development (Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects those areas). When interacting with a free radical, some antioxidants produce a different free radical compound that is less dangerous or more dangerous than the previous compound. Having a variety of antioxidants allows any byproducts to be safely dealt with by more efficient antioxidants in neutralizing a free radical's butterfly effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "mutation causing" }],
              "question": "What is another term that can be used to describe \"potentially damaging\" compounds?",
              "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "acceptors of electrons" }
              ],
              "question": "What are oxidizers?",
              "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "antioxidant compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?",
              "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 898, "text": "polyphenols" }],
              "question": "What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?",
              "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1415, "text": "fat areas" }],
              "question": "Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?",
              "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9396"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12; and defending against some infectious diseases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "phyla" }],
              "question": "What term collectively describes \"Firmicutes\" and \"Bacteroidetes\" among others?",
              "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "essential to digestion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the importance of having phyla in the body?",
              "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "vitamin B12" }],
              "question": "Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?",
              "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?",
              "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Animal intestines" }],
              "question": "Where could one find a large population of gut flora?",
              "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fold increase\" coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based, respectively. In contrast, diseases of affluence like cancer and heart disease are common throughout the developed world, including the United States. Adjusted for age and exercise, large regional clusters of people in China rarely suffered from these \"Western\" diseases possibly because their diets are rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and have little dairy and meat products. Some studies show these to be, in high quantities, possible causes of some cancers. There are arguments for and against this controversial issue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "\"Western\" diseases" }
              ],
              "question": "Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?",
              "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?",
              "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "100-fold" }],
              "question": "How much of an increase in presence of \"Western\" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?",
              "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "dairy" }],
              "question": "Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?",
              "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "cancers" }],
              "question": "What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?",
              "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations, Sardinians, Okinawans, and Adventists, who generally display longevity and \"suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world, and enjoy more healthy years of life.\" In sum, they offer three sets of 'best practices' to emulate. The rest is up to you. In common with all three groups is to \"Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "United Healthcare/Pacificare" }
              ],
              "question": "Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?",
              "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "National Geographic" }
              ],
              "question": "Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?",
              "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?",
              "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?",
              "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9713"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "whole grains" }],
              "question": "Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?",
              "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9714"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. All animals' diets must provide sufficient amounts of the basic building blocks they need, up to the point where their particular biology can synthesize the rest. Animal tissue contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?",
              "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "5% to 10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?",
              "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "bacterial fermentation" }
              ],
              "question": "What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?",
              "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "starch" }],
              "question": "Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?",
              "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "lipids" }],
              "question": "Where can fatty acids be found?",
              "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8435"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged, digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods. Unabsorbed matter, along with some waste products of metabolism, is eliminated from the body in the feces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "bloodstream" }],
              "question": "Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?",
              "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "unborn fetus" }],
              "question": "In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?",
              "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Digestive juices" }],
              "question": "What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?",
              "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "digestive processes" }
              ],
              "question": "Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?",
              "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "feces" }],
              "question": "Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?",
              "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?",
              "id": "57270149708984140094d855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "urine" }],
              "question": "It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?",
              "id": "57270149708984140094d856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "expensive" }],
              "question": "Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?",
              "id": "57270149708984140094d857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "slowly" }],
              "question": "At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?",
              "id": "57270149708984140094d858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "through their roots" }
              ],
              "question": "How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?",
              "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "air" }],
              "question": "Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?",
              "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "photosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?",
              "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "cation exchange" }],
              "question": "What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?",
              "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "stomata" }],
              "question": "What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?",
              "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines, heavy metal, and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole. As far as safety of the human health is concerned, then these environmental contaminants can reduce people's nutritional status and health. This could directly or indirectly cause drastic changes in their diet habits. Hence, food-based remedial as well as preventive strategies are essential to address global issues like hunger and malnutrition and to enable the susceptible people to adapt themselves to all these environmental as well as socio-economic alterations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "crucial nutrition-related health problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can environmental depletion lead to?",
              "id": "57270596708984140094d897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "contamination" }],
              "question": "Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?",
              "id": "57270596708984140094d898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "agricultural" }],
              "question": "Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?",
              "id": "57270596708984140094d899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "the ecosystem" }],
              "question": "The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?",
              "id": "57270596708984140094d89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "diet habits" }],
              "question": "If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?",
              "id": "57270596708984140094d89b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. In California, registered dietitians must abide by the \"Business and Professions Code of Section 2585-2586.8\". Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title \"nutritionist\" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "LD" }],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?",
              "id": "572706815951b619008f84d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Commission for Dietetic Registration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?",
              "id": "572706815951b619008f84d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "nutritionist" }],
              "question": "Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?",
              "id": "572706815951b619008f84d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "Florida" }],
              "question": "Which state has started to regulate the word \"nutritionist\"?",
              "id": "572706815951b619008f84d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 834,
                  "text": "disclosure/labeling requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?",
              "id": "572706815951b619008f84d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which replaced the Four Food Groups. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "US Department of Health and Human Services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?",
              "id": "57270755708984140094d8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "USDA" }],
              "question": "Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?",
              "id": "57270755708984140094d8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "MyPlate" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?",
              "id": "57270755708984140094d8b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?",
              "id": "57270755708984140094d8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "C-SPAN" }],
              "question": "On which channel are committee meetings often shown?",
              "id": "57270755708984140094d8b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state\u2019s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "to promote nutrition literacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of Smart Bodies?",
              "id": "57270821708984140094d8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "state" }],
              "question": "Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?",
              "id": "57270821708984140094d8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "Louisiana State Agricultural Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?",
              "id": "57270821708984140094d8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?",
              "id": "57270821708984140094d8d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "childhood obesity" }],
              "question": "What does the initiative specifically target?",
              "id": "57270821708984140094d8d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Wales" }],
              "question": "In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?",
              "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?",
              "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Family and Consumer Science" }
              ],
              "question": "What does FCS stand for?",
              "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "how to read nutrition labels on packaging"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?",
              "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?",
              "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of \"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions\" \u2013 an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?",
              "id": "572709f75951b619008f8517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "National Assessment of Adult Literacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?",
              "id": "572709f75951b619008f8518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "44%" }],
              "question": "How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?",
              "id": "572709f75951b619008f8519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?",
              "id": "572709f75951b619008f851a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 947, "text": "level of poverty" }],
              "question": "People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?",
              "id": "572709f75951b619008f851b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA. The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?",
              "id": "57270b64708984140094d901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "methodological differences" }
              ],
              "question": "What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?",
              "id": "57270b64708984140094d902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Zoellner" }],
              "question": "Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?",
              "id": "57270b64708984140094d903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?",
              "id": "57270b64708984140094d904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 749, "text": "nutrition literacy" }
              ],
              "question": "Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?",
              "id": "57270b64708984140094d905"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "nutritional information" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?",
              "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "food" }],
              "question": "The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?",
              "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "healthful foods" }],
              "question": "What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?",
              "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "socioeconomic" }],
              "question": "What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?",
              "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "low levels of education" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?",
              "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9854"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge. In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Malnutrition" }],
              "question": "An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?",
              "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "developed" }],
              "question": "In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?",
              "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "poor access to a range of nutritious foods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?",
              "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 589, "text": "di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?",
              "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?",
              "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nutritionism" }],
              "question": "What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?",
              "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Gyorgy Scrinis" }],
              "question": "Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?",
              "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Michael Pollan" }],
              "question": "Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?",
              "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "policy makers" }],
              "question": "Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?",
              "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Western World" }],
              "question": "Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?",
              "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success. Currently, less than 10% of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Better nutrition has been shown to have an impact on both cognitive and spatial memory performance; a study showed those with higher blood sugar levels performed better on certain memory tests. In another study, those who consumed yogurt performed better on thinking tasks when compared to those that consumed caffeine-free diet soda or confections. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "school cafeterias" }],
              "question": "What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?",
              "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "managed foodservice contractors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?",
              "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "overall educational success" }
              ],
              "question": "What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?",
              "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?",
              "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 916, "text": "mice" }],
              "question": "Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?",
              "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8585"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, and parasitic infections that attack organs.\" Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco. Developed countries \"tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a 'Western lifestyle' \u2014 cancers of the colon, rectum, breast and prostate \u2014 that can be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, diet and age.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cancer" }],
              "question": "Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?",
              "id": "572714d2708984140094d975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "International Agency for Research on Cancer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?",
              "id": "572714d2708984140094d976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?",
              "id": "572714d2708984140094d977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "tobacco" }],
              "question": "The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?",
              "id": "572714d2708984140094d978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?",
              "id": "572714d2708984140094d979"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "insulin resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?",
              "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f372"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?",
              "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "chronic inflammation" }
              ],
              "question": "Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?",
              "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "insulin resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?",
              "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 738, "text": "prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2" }
              ],
              "question": "Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?",
              "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f376"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "obesity" }],
              "question": "Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?",
              "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "type 2" }],
              "question": "If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?",
              "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "marked insulin resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?",
              "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "reverse insulin resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?",
              "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f389"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "leptin" }],
              "question": "Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?",
              "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "insulin/leptin resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?",
              "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "insulin/leptin" }],
              "question": "A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?",
              "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "satiety signals to the hypothalamus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?",
              "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "reduce this signal" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?",
              "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors\u2014 such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals\u2014contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "to what extent" }],
              "question": "The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?",
              "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "high glycemic index" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?",
              "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 666, "text": "metabolic syndrome epidemic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?",
              "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?",
              "id": "57271c795951b619008f8615"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "water-drinking" }],
              "question": "In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?",
              "id": "57271c795951b619008f8616"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "long-distance endurance" }
              ],
              "question": "In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?",
              "id": "57271c795951b619008f8617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "swelling of the brain" }
              ],
              "question": "When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?",
              "id": "57271c795951b619008f8618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "osmosis" }],
              "question": "Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?",
              "id": "57271c795951b619008f8619"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "sugar" }],
              "question": "The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?",
              "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "more than doubled" }],
              "question": "What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?",
              "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "35" }],
              "question": "What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?",
              "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9932"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "quadrupled" }],
              "question": "Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?",
              "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "Low-density lipoprotein" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term LDL stand for?",
              "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9934"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "two hundred years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?",
              "id": "57271f3b708984140094da19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "keep foods fresh longer" }
              ],
              "question": "Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?",
              "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Cooling" }],
              "question": "Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?",
              "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "last longer without becoming spoiled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?",
              "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "heating" }],
              "question": "Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?",
              "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern separation techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?",
              "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "nutritional content" }
              ],
              "question": "An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?",
              "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "reduced" }],
              "question": "What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?",
              "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "enriched" }],
              "question": "What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?",
              "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1092, "text": "trans fatty acids" }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?",
              "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "polished rice" }],
              "question": "What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?",
              "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "thiamine" }],
              "question": "What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?",
              "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "scurvy" }],
              "question": "Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?",
              "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Pasteurisation" }],
              "question": "What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?",
              "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "vitamin C" }],
              "question": "What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?",
              "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9948"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy, and as such it is influential in political decisions (e.g., nutritional recommendations, agricultural subsidising). In any known profit-driven economy, health considerations are hardly a priority; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend. In general, whole, fresh foods have a relatively short shelf-life and are less profitable to produce and sell than are more processed foods. Thus, the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive, but nutritionally superior, whole, fresh foods, and cheap, usually nutritionally inferior, processed foods. Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "widespread application of some modern food processing technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?",
              "id": "5727236a5951b619008f865f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "nutritional recommendations" }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?",
              "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?",
              "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "superior" }],
              "question": "The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?",
              "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 958, "text": "more convenient" }],
              "question": "Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?",
              "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8663"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Crimean_War",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "What year did the Crimean War begin?",
              "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "What year did the Crimean War end?",
              "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?",
              "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "The French" }],
              "question": "Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?",
              "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?",
              "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?",
              "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Nicholas" }],
              "question": "Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?",
              "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?",
              "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Ottomans" }],
              "question": "Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?",
              "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?",
              "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e754"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constan\u021ba there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that \"there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Balkans" }],
              "question": "Where did the war begin?",
              "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "modern Romania" }],
              "question": "Russian troops took over which provinces first?",
              "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Omar Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who were the Ottomans led by?",
              "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Sinop" }],
              "question": "When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?",
              "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "France and the UK" }],
              "question": "Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?",
              "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to horrible conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea and in the North Pacific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Black Sea" }],
              "question": "Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?",
              "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?",
              "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?",
              "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Omar Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?",
              "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Sevastopol" }],
              "question": "The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?",
              "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "eleven months" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?",
              "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?",
              "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Treaty of Paris" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?",
              "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "30 March 1856" }],
              "question": "When was the Treaty of Paris signed?",
              "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "Orthodox church" }],
              "question": "Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?",
              "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?",
              "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Florence Nightingale" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?",
              "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "written reports and photographs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?",
              "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1820-1830\u2019s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828\u20131829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1821" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?",
              "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Sultan Mahmud II" }],
              "question": "Who disbanded the Janissary corps?",
              "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "1826" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?",
              "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?",
              "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?",
              "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1830" }],
              "question": "In what year did France move into Alger?",
              "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Egyptians" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to take over Constantinople?",
              "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Russian" }],
              "question": "What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?",
              "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "10 000" }],
              "question": "How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?",
              "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8ea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?",
              "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Egyptians" }],
              "question": "Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?",
              "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?",
              "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? ",
              "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?",
              "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire \u2014 the \"sick man of Europe\". The United Kingdom could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, as that would challenge the British domination of the eastern Mediterranean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who operated as the \"police of Europe\"?",
              "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Treaty of Vienna" }],
              "question": "What treaty was signing in 1815?",
              "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?",
              "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?",
              "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Ottoman Empire" }],
              "question": "In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?",
              "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Wild Fields" }],
              "question": "For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?",
              "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Ukrainian Cossacks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 840, "text": "Orthodox Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?",
              "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "New Russia" }],
              "question": "During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?",
              "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "railroad network" }],
              "question": "What did Russia fail to build south?",
              "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "parades" }],
              "question": "What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?",
              "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "pocketed their men's pay" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?",
              "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the \"clerical party,\" which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7\u20139 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the \"sovereign authority\" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?",
              "id": "5726c641708984140094d121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?",
              "id": "5726c641708984140094d122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Charles de La Valette" }
              ],
              "question": "Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?",
              "id": "5726c641708984140094d123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "clerical party" }],
              "question": "Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?",
              "id": "5726c641708984140094d124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "ambassador to the Porte" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?",
              "id": "5726c641708984140094d125"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Charlemagne" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "London Straits Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?",
              "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I" }
              ],
              "question": "Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?",
              "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Greek Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?",
              "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "France and the Roman Catholic Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I agreed to the new treaty?",
              "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105  The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed \"to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches.\" Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "George Hamilton Seymour" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the British ambassador in 1853?",
              "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Nicholas" }],
              "question": "Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?",
              "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Prince Menshikov" }],
              "question": "Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?",
              "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?",
              "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Menshikov" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?",
              "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as charg\u00e9 d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Lord Aberdeen" }],
              "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?",
              "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Stratford Canning" }],
              "question": "Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?",
              "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Colonel Rose" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?",
              "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?",
              "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Sultan" }],
              "question": "Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?",
              "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d195"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118\u2013119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Tsar" }],
              "question": "Who sent armies across the Pruth River?",
              "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?",
              "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Ottoman" }],
              "question": "Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?",
              "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?",
              "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "sickness" }],
              "question": "How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?",
              "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?",
              "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's" }
              ],
              "question": "Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?",
              "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Nicholas" }],
              "question": "Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?",
              "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia\u2014met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abd\u00fclmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?",
              "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Count Karl von Buol" }
              ],
              "question": "Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?",
              "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?",
              "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Abd\u00fclmecid I" }],
              "question": "Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?",
              "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Nicholas I" }],
              "question": "Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?",
              "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli (\"cause for war\") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Battle of Sinop" }],
              "question": "What battle took place on November 30, 1853?",
              "id": "5726e159708984140094d491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "a fleet" }],
              "question": "What did the Russian send to Sinop?",
              "id": "5726e159708984140094d492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?",
              "id": "5726e159708984140094d493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "cause for war" }],
              "question": "What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?",
              "id": "5726e159708984140094d494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "28 March 1854" }],
              "question": "When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?",
              "id": "5726e159708984140094d495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne \"Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.\":411",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?",
              "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "The Corps of Royal Engineers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sent men to the Dardanelles?",
              "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?",
              "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "British Ambassador and the French Emperor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?",
              "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "Lord Cowley" }],
              "question": "Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?",
              "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nicholas felt that, because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848, Austria would side with him, or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities; Austria supported them and, though it did not declare war on Russia, it refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?",
              "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nicholas" }],
              "question": "Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?",
              "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Russian troops in the Balkans" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Austria feel threatened by?",
              "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the United Kingdom and France" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?",
              "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "Russia's rejection of the ultimatum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?",
              "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8237"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Olteni\u021ba. The resulting Battle of Olteni\u021ba was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130\u201343",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1853" }],
              "question": "The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?",
              "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "Omar Pasha" }],
              "question": "What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?",
              "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Calafat" }],
              "question": "After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?",
              "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Olteni\u021ba" }],
              "question": "After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?",
              "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Chetatea or Cetate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?",
              "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Russians" }],
              "question": "Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?",
              "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Danube River" }],
              "question": "What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?",
              "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "60,000 troops" }],
              "question": "How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?",
              "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "23 June 1854" }],
              "question": "When did the siege of Silistra end?",
              "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "lack of equipment" }],
              "question": "Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?",
              "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Austrian forces" }],
              "question": "Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?",
              "id": "5726edba5951b619008f8299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "280,000" }],
              "question": "How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?",
              "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "River Pruth" }],
              "question": "What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?",
              "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Orthodox Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?",
              "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 813, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?",
              "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast (now in Bulgaria). They made little advance from their base there.:175\u2013176 In July 1854, the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854, engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turk army. On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but this was a failure.:188\u2013190",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "western coast" }],
              "question": "The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Omar Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?",
              "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?",
              "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Giurgiu" }],
              "question": "In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?",
              "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Tsar Nicholas I" }],
              "question": "The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?",
              "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f058"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "harbour at Sinop" }],
              "question": "At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?",
              "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Furious" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?",
              "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "an Anglo-French fleet" }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?",
              "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "HMS Retribution" }],
              "question": "After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?",
              "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8304"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna, in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube; in September they again transported the armies, this time to the Crimea. The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies, preferring to maintain a \"fleet in being\"; this strategy failed when Sevastopol, the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships, after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea, plus a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea, ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Sevastopol" }],
              "question": "Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?",
              "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "blockships" }],
              "question": "What did the Russians turn their warships into?",
              "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8336"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "to reinforce batteries on shore"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?",
              "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8337"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8339"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?",
              "id": "5726f4505951b619008f8359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "UK and France" }],
              "question": "War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?",
              "id": "5726f4505951b619008f835a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Parliament" }],
              "question": "Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?",
              "id": "5726f4505951b619008f835b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Crimean campaign open?",
              "id": "5726f606708984140094d705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "bay of Eupatoria" }],
              "question": "360 ships landed in what bay?",
              "id": "5726f606708984140094d706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "500 Marines" }],
              "question": "How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? ",
              "id": "5726f606708984140094d707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Calamita Bay" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?",
              "id": "5726f606708984140094d708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Katcha" }],
              "question": "The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?",
              "id": "5726f606708984140094d709"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "6000 men" }],
              "question": "How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?",
              "id": "5726fa88708984140094d781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Alma river" }],
              "question": "Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?",
              "id": "5726fa88708984140094d782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "three hours" }],
              "question": "How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?",
              "id": "5726fa88708984140094d783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "3,300" }],
              "question": "How many allies were lost during the battle?",
              "id": "5726fa88708984140094d784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "south" }],
              "question": "Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? ",
              "id": "5726fa88708984140094d785"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "25 September" }],
              "question": "When did the army march to the southeast?  ",
              "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "into the city." }],
              "question": "Where did the Russians retreat to? ",
              "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Sir John Burgoyne" }],
              "question": "Who was the engineer adviser? ",
              "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Raglan and St Arnaud" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the joint commanders? ",
              "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8426"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October\u2014when the bombardment commenced\u2014126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "17 October" }],
              "question": "When did the continuous attack start?",
              "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e9728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "126 guns" }],
              "question": "When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?",
              "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e9729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Who was not ready to start the attack?",
              "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "the allies" }],
              "question": "Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?",
              "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "The British" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?",
              "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521\u2013527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "93rd Highlanders" }],
              "question": "Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?",
              "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Kadikoi" }],
              "question": "Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?",
              "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "a single line, two men deep" }
              ],
              "question": "What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? ",
              "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e975a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Sir Colin Campbell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the 93rd Highlanders?",
              "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "Minie rifles" }],
              "question": "What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?",
              "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9759"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see \u2013 the wrong one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Heavy Brigade" }],
              "question": "Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?",
              "id": "5727011b708984140094d843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "local commanders" }],
              "question": "Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?",
              "id": "5727011b708984140094d844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Lord Raglan" }],
              "question": "Who sent the order to have them advance their position?",
              "id": "5727011b708984140094d845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "The local commanders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?",
              "id": "5727011b708984140094d846"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade.\" Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardigan" }],
              "question": "Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?",
              "id": "5727024e708984140094d867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Russian batteries" }],
              "question": "Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?",
              "id": "5727024e708984140094d868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "278" }],
              "question": "How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  ",
              "id": "5727024e708984140094d869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Alfred Lord Tennyson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? ",
              "id": "5727024e708984140094d86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?",
              "id": "5727024e708984140094d86b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "a deteriorating supply situation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stopped ground operations during the winter?",
              "id": "572703995951b619008f8491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "a storm" }],
              "question": "What caused the HMS Prince to sink?",
              "id": "572703995951b619008f8492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "a cargo of winter clothing" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?",
              "id": "572703995951b619008f8493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "A tramroad" }],
              "question": "What arrived in January with an engineering crew?",
              "id": "572703995951b619008f8494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "the frozen ground" }],
              "question": "What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?",
              "id": "572703995951b619008f8495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Malakoff" }],
              "question": "What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?",
              "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Mamelon" }],
              "question": "Where was the Russians building a new fort?",
              "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Malakoff" }],
              "question": "Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?",
              "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "the Mamelon" }],
              "question": "After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?",
              "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Admiral Nakhimov" }],
              "question": "Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?",
              "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Raglan" }],
              "question": "What figure died on June 28th 1855?",
              "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "the base at Balaclava" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?",
              "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defended the base at Balaclava?",
              "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "the Russians" }],
              "question": "Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?",
              "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450\u2013462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "forward rifle pits and defensive positions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?",
              "id": "572707be5951b619008f84ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "September" }],
              "question": "What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?",
              "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Who captured Malakoff?",
              "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "the Russian defences" }
              ],
              "question": "Who failed to take back Malakoff?",
              "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "the British" }],
              "question": "Who took control of the Great Redan?",
              "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Anglo-French naval squadron" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?",
              "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Azov Sea" }],
              "question": "What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?",
              "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "the Kerch Strait" }],
              "question": "Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?",
              "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "the seaport of Taganrog" }
              ],
              "question": "What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?",
              "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Rostov on Don" }],
              "question": "The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?",
              "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e9830"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19\u201331 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "a fisherman who moved buoys" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?",
              "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f27e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "The Cossacks" }],
              "question": "Who blew up the HMS Jasper?",
              "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "19\u201331 August" }],
              "question": "During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?",
              "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "2nd September" }],
              "question": "The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?",
              "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "the city was already fortified"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the third siege attempt fail?",
              "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f282"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "1853: There were four main events. 1. In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border. Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements (13 November). The Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Turks failed to press their advantage, the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1000 men out of 5000. The Russians now decided to advance, the Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked. They were defeated in the battle of Ba\u015fgedikler, losing 6000 men, half their artillery and all their supply train. The Russians lost 1300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnaped by Shamyl at Tsinandali. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "the Turks" }],
              "question": "Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?",
              "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "20000 troops" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?",
              "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Marani" }],
              "question": "After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?",
              "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "30000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?",
              "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "reinforcements" }],
              "question": "What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?",
              "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8539"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June\u2013July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Eristov" }],
              "question": "Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?",
              "id": "57270e82708984140094d915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Wrangel" }],
              "question": "Who occupied Bayazit?",
              "id": "57270e82708984140094d916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Kars and Gyumri" }],
              "question": "Where did the main forces stand?",
              "id": "57270e82708984140094d917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "the Russians" }],
              "question": "On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? ",
              "id": "57270e82708984140094d918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "the Persians" }],
              "question": "Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?",
              "id": "57270e82708984140094d919"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "disease" }],
              "question": "What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?",
              "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "75,000" }],
              "question": "How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? ",
              "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "The local Armenian population" }
              ],
              "question": "Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?",
              "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "starve them out" }],
              "question": "What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?",
              "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Erzerum" }],
              "question": "What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?",
              "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9898"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "1855: Georgian coast: Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "the western powers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?",
              "id": "57271173dd62a815002e989e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "8000" }],
              "question": "In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?",
              "id": "57271173dd62a815002e989f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Sukhum Kale" }],
              "question": "When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?",
              "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "the Ingur River" }],
              "question": "What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?",
              "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "the Tskhenis-dzqali" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?",
              "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes\u2014although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars\u2014considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the \u00c5land war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Saint Petersburg" }],
              "question": "What is the Russian capital?",
              "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Baltic" }],
              "question": "Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?",
              "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Anglo-French fleet" }
              ],
              "question": "Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?",
              "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "April 1854" }],
              "question": "When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?",
              "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "British and French fleet" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?",
              "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on \u00c5land Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 1855" }],
              "question": "When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?",
              "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "\u00c5land Islands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?",
              "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "Captain Viktor Poplonsky" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the ship Rossiya?",
              "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "entrance to the harbor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? ",
              "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: \"Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol\", as one American officer put it in 1860.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "newly invented blockade mines" }
              ],
              "question": "What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?",
              "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Immanuel Nobel" }],
              "question": "Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?",
              "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "industrial explosives" }
              ],
              "question": "Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?",
              "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Fulton" }],
              "question": "Who named the torpedo mines?",
              "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Alfred Nobel" }],
              "question": "What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?",
              "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Rear Admiral David Price" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?",
              "id": "572718265951b619008f85d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "snow" }],
              "question": "The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?",
              "id": "572718265951b619008f85da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "the Kamchatka Peninsula" }
              ],
              "question": "Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?",
              "id": "572718265951b619008f85db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111\u201312 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Victor Emmanuel II" }],
              "question": "Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?",
              "id": "57271960708984140094d9ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?",
              "id": "57271960708984140094d9ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "General Alfonso La Marmora" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?",
              "id": "57271960708984140094d9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?",
              "id": "57271960708984140094d9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Piedmont-Sardinia" }],
              "question": "Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?",
              "id": "57271960708984140094d9b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32\u201340 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "King Otto of Greece" }
              ],
              "question": "When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?",
              "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Thessaly and Epirus" }
              ],
              "question": "When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?",
              "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 706, "text": "Greek port at Piraeus" }
              ],
              "question": "From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?",
              "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?",
              "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "Greeks" }],
              "question": "Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?",
              "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a \"snowball riot\" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400\u2013402, 406\u2013408",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Trafalgar Square" }],
              "question": "On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?",
              "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "with truncheons" }],
              "question": "How did troops stop the riot?",
              "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "snowballs" }],
              "question": "What were the people using during the protest?",
              "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "Aberdeen" }],
              "question": "Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?",
              "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1069, "text": "Foreign Secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?",
              "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e992a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with \"all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession\". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia \"the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops\". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432\u201333",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Congress of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?",
              "id": "57271de2708984140094da05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?",
              "id": "57271de2708984140094da06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "the Tsar and the Sultan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?",
              "id": "57271de2708984140094da07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 936, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?",
              "id": "57271de2708984140094da08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?",
              "id": "57271de2708984140094da09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u20131871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?",
              "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Franco-Prussian War" }
              ],
              "question": "In what war was France defeated by Prussia?",
              "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1870\u20131871" }],
              "question": "Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?",
              "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "a Third French Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "Napoleon III was removed to form what?",
              "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Who renounced the Black Sea clause?",
              "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Austria" }],
              "question": "Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?",
              "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "Austro-Prussian War" }
              ],
              "question": "Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?",
              "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?",
              "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, \"Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness.\" The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War" }],
              "question": "France rose to power after what war?",
              "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e994e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "the Ottoman Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire declined after the Crimean War?",
              "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e994f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "Concert of Europe" }],
              "question": "The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?",
              "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e9950"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "A. W, Kinglake" }],
              "question": "Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?",
              "id": "572722e65951b619008f8659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "as victims" }],
              "question": "What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?",
              "id": "572722e65951b619008f865a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?",
              "id": "572722e65951b619008f865b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "British Columbia" }],
              "question": "What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?",
              "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "British Columbia" }],
              "question": "What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?",
              "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Alexander II" }],
              "question": "Who made the call to sell Alaska?",
              "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?",
              "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Russia's largest regional rival?",
              "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306\u2013309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304\u201311",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "William Howard Russell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provided notable documentation of the war?",
              "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": " William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?",
              "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Roger Fenton" }],
              "question": "Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?",
              "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?",
              "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "two days" }],
              "question": "After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?",
              "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f406"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the memory of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469\u201371",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "the newspapers" }],
              "question": "Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?",
              "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?",
              "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f417"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Charge of the Light Brigade" }
              ],
              "question": "What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?",
              "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f418"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first \"live\" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War" }],
              "question": "The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?",
              "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "William Howard Russell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave the first live war report?",
              "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "prompting the resignation of the sitting British government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?",
              "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "the telegraph" }],
              "question": "What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?",
              "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War" }],
              "question": "What was the first European war to be photographed?",
              "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f42a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Literature",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "deemed to have artistic or intellectual value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?",
              "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "fiction or non-fiction" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two major divisions of literature?",
              "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "poetry or prose" }],
              "question": "Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?",
              "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "the novel, short story or drama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?",
              "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "literatura/litteratura" }
              ],
              "question": "What words are the Latin roots of the word \"literature?\"",
              "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a \"culturally relative definition\". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate \"imaginative\" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "a \"culturally relative definition\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The changing nature of the meaning of the term \"literature\" can be described as what?",
              "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "all books and writing" }
              ],
              "question": "In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?",
              "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "the Romantic period" }
              ],
              "question": "During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?",
              "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "it began to demarcate \"imaginative\" literature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?",
              "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910\u201311) when it classifies literature as \"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\" However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes \"literature\"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "writing that possesses high quality or distinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?",
              "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "belles-lettres" }],
              "question": "What French term for value-based literature literally translates as \"fine writing?\"",
              "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "\"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?",
              "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?",
              "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The formalist definition is that the history of \"literature\" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the \"literariness\" or \"poeticity\" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., \"scientific literature\"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because \"ordinary language\" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "formalist" }],
              "question": "A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?",
              "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "journalism" }],
              "question": "What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?",
              "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "\"ordinary language\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?",
              "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 675,
                  "text": "an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?",
              "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "must use language according to particular standards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?",
              "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is \"any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses\". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), \"poetry\" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "aesthetic and rhythmic qualities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What elements of language make for poetic literature?",
              "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "verse" }],
              "question": "Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?",
              "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "lines" }],
              "question": "If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?",
              "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "the nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?",
              "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 856, "text": "literacy" }],
              "question": "The structure of poetry may have existed before what?",
              "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Drama" }],
              "question": "Literature intended for performance is what?",
              "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "music and dance" }],
              "question": "Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?",
              "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "opera and musical theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?",
              "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "A play" }],
              "question": "Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?",
              "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "a playwright" }],
              "question": "What do we call the author of a play?",
              "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?",
              "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "performance associated with religious and civic festivals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?",
              "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "historical or mythological themes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?",
              "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "radio" }],
              "question": "What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?",
              "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?",
              "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\u201cThe roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.\u201d  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters\u2019 actions and words or the authors\u2019 style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in \u2018\u2018Childe Harold\u2019s Pilgrimage: Canto I\u2019\u2019 and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "written records" }],
              "question": "Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?",
              "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "our history" }],
              "question": "We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?",
              "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1355, "text": "Lord Byron" }],
              "question": "Who wrote \"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I\"?",
              "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1735,
                  "text": "once we began to write it down"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?",
              "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 931,
                  "text": "Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?",
              "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?",
              "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "a covert moral or didactic purpose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?",
              "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "urban culture" }],
              "question": "What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?",
              "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "courts and aristocratic circles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what settings did lyric poetry derive?",
              "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "the Shijing or Book of Songs" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?",
              "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?",
              "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "modern paper making and woodblock printing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?",
              "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "the Hundred Schools of Thought period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?",
              "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "The Art of War" }],
              "question": "What classic work of war science originated during this period?",
              "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Sun Tzu" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Art Of War?",
              "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500\u20131000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500\u20131000 BCE, and the \"circum-Vedic\" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?",
              "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?",
              "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "The Vedas" }],
              "question": "What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?",
              "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?",
              "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "the Iron Age" }],
              "question": "The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?",
              "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the Iliad and the Odyssey" }
              ],
              "question": "What two epic narratives were written by Homer?",
              "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Hesiod" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?",
              "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "philosophical texts" }
              ],
              "question": "Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?",
              "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Sappho and Pindar" }],
              "question": "Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?",
              "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Herodotus and Thucydides" }
              ],
              "question": "The two great ancient Greek historians were?",
              "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Roman" }],
              "question": "Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?",
              "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "the romance" }],
              "question": "What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?",
              "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "the invention of printing" }
              ],
              "question": "What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?",
              "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "the German Faust books" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?",
              "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Romanticism" }],
              "question": "What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?",
              "id": "5726df19708984140094d431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "realism and naturalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?",
              "id": "5726df19708984140094d432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "individual experience and emotion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?",
              "id": "5726df19708984140094d433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "influenced social and political change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did naturalism effect the greater world?",
              "id": "5726df19708984140094d434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "the subjective" }],
              "question": "20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?",
              "id": "5726df19708984140094d435"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of \"mainstream\" and \"genre\" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Genre fiction" }],
              "question": "What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726e03b708984140094d463"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "science fiction" }],
              "question": "Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?",
              "id": "5726e03b708984140094d464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?",
              "id": "5726e03b708984140094d465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "strong subjective statements" }
              ],
              "question": "By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?",
              "id": "5726e03b708984140094d466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "post-modern" }],
              "question": "Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?",
              "id": "5726e03b708984140094d467"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the \"literary\" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of \"history of science\" programmes, students rarely read such works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "advances and specialization" }
              ],
              "question": "What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?",
              "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "journals" }],
              "question": "The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?",
              "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?",
              "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "\"history of science\" programmes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?",
              "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history\u2014Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche\u2014have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title \"literature\", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philosophy" }],
              "question": "What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?",
              "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "academic journals" }],
              "question": "Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?",
              "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?",
              "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "logic" }],
              "question": "What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?",
              "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "mathematics" }],
              "question": "Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?",
              "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person\u2019s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in \u2018\u2018The English Journal\u2019\u2019 explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of \u201cwonder\u201d.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "intimate emotional aspects" }
              ],
              "question": "Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?",
              "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "It benefits the psychological development and understanding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?",
              "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "D. Mitchell" }],
              "question": "What writer's entry in \"The English Journal\" was concerned with young adult fiction?",
              "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?",
              "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "\u201cwonder\u201d" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?",
              "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character\u2019s situation in literature allows literature to be considered \u201cecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion\u201d. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "by provoking universal emotions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does literature unite members of a society?",
              "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?",
              "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?",
              "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "literary devices" }],
              "question": "What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?",
              "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maslow\u2019s \u2018\u2018Third Force Psychology Theory\u2019\u2019 even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author\u2019s intended message and to understand the author\u2019s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true \u201cself\u201d and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters\u2019s and an author\u2019s natural self. In his \u2018\u2018Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature\u2019\u2019, Paris argues \u201cD.H Lawrence\u2019s \u201cpristine unconscious\u201d is a metaphor for the real self\u201d. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maslow" }],
              "question": "Who conceived of \"The Third Force Psychology Theory?\"",
              "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "a nature within them that demonstrates their true \u201cself\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?",
              "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "the reason for living" }
              ],
              "question": "The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?",
              "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "neurological development" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes a person to become separated from their \"true self\"?",
              "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "D.H Lawrence" }],
              "question": "What author espoused the theory of the \"pristine unconscious?\"",
              "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major \"literary\" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "creative nonfiction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is literary historical writing sometimes called?",
              "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "literary journalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?",
              "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "to record data or convey immediate information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?",
              "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?",
              "id": "5726ebab708984140094d600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Hammurabi" }],
              "question": "What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?",
              "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "the Bible" }],
              "question": "What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?",
              "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "the Corpus Juris Civilis" }
              ],
              "question": "Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?",
              "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Justinian I" }],
              "question": "Under what Emperor did this group sit?",
              "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "the Byzantine Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire did Justinian preside over?",
              "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "produce specific effects" }
              ],
              "question": "Literary devices are employed for what reason?",
              "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "first-person" }],
              "question": "What is one form of narration in literature?",
              "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of narrative structure in literature?",
              "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 654, "text": "to surprise the reader" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?",
              "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "a conventional murder-mystery novel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?",
              "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82c1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Avicenna",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the Islamic Golden Age" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?",
              "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Persian" }],
              "question": "What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?",
              "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "the Kindi school" }],
              "question": "What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?",
              "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "the Buyid dynasty" }],
              "question": "What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?",
              "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "Baghdad" }],
              "question": "What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?",
              "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e85a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?",
              "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Al-Farabi" }],
              "question": "Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?",
              "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Hamadan" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?",
              "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Al-Biruni" }],
              "question": "Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?",
              "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar" }
              ],
              "question": "What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?",
              "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna was born c.\u2009980 in Af\u0161ana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Uzbekistan" }],
              "question": "What present-day country was Avicenna born in?",
              "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Bukhara" }],
              "question": "What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?",
              "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?",
              "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Setareh" }],
              "question": "What was Avicenna's mother's name?",
              "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?",
              "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "the Brethren of Purity" }
              ],
              "question": "What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?",
              "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?",
              "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Sunni" }],
              "question": "What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?",
              "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "Nurullah Shushtari" }
              ],
              "question": "Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?",
              "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Jules J. Janssens" }],
              "question": "What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?",
              "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,\u0621Mahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Quran" }],
              "question": "What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?",
              "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cfef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "\u0621Mahmoud Massahi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?",
              "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?",
              "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Euclid's Elements" }],
              "question": "What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?",
              "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Abu Abdullah Nateli" }
              ],
              "question": "What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?",
              "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "the Metaphysics of Aristotle" }
              ],
              "question": "What text could Avicenna not understand?",
              "id": "5726bf32708984140094d02f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "al-Farabi's commentary" }
              ],
              "question": "What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?",
              "id": "5726bf32708984140094d030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "year and a half" }],
              "question": "How long did Avicenna study philosophy?",
              "id": "5726bf32708984140094d031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Forty times" }],
              "question": "How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?",
              "id": "5726bf32708984140094d032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "three dirhams" }],
              "question": "How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?",
              "id": "5726bf32708984140094d033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that \"Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies.\" The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?",
              "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "medicine" }],
              "question": "What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?",
              "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?",
              "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "mathematics" }],
              "question": "Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?",
              "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the emir, Nuh II" }],
              "question": "Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?",
              "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "access to the royal library of the Samanids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?",
              "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "to conceal the sources of his knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?",
              "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "his father" }],
              "question": "Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?",
              "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "997" }],
              "question": "What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?",
              "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "22" }],
              "question": "At what age did Avicenna lose his father?",
              "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "The Samanid dynasty" }
              ],
              "question": "What dynasty ended in December 1004?",
              "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Turkmenistan" }],
              "question": "What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?",
              "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Nishapur" }],
              "question": "What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?",
              "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Mahmud of Ghazni" }],
              "question": "Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?",
              "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamad\u00e3n where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Rey" }],
              "question": "What city did Ibn Sina settle in?",
              "id": "5726c716dd62a815002e8ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Tehran" }],
              "question": "What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?",
              "id": "5726c716dd62a815002e8fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "thirty" }],
              "question": "How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?",
              "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Hamad\u00e3n" }],
              "question": "Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?",
              "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "office of vizier" }],
              "question": "What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?",
              "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamad\u00e3n; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "city of Isfahan" }],
              "question": "Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?",
              "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "Isfahan and Hamad\u00e3n" }
              ],
              "question": "What two cities were at war during this time?",
              "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1024" }],
              "question": "What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?",
              "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "the Tajik" }],
              "question": "What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?",
              "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 606,
                  "text": "in the dress of a Sufi ascetic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?",
              "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic \u2013 then the language of science in the Middle East \u2013 and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?",
              "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "ethics" }],
              "question": "What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?",
              "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Persian" }],
              "question": "Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?",
              "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?",
              "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Metaphysics" }],
              "question": "What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?",
              "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a \"Latin Avicennism\" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?",
              "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?",
              "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?",
              "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Sufficientia" }],
              "question": "What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?",
              "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" }],
              "question": "Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?",
              "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "essence and existence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?",
              "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "al-Farabi" }],
              "question": "Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?",
              "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Islamic theology" }],
              "question": "What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?",
              "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the question of being" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?",
              "id": "5726d382708984140094d28d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two points did he write about?",
              "id": "5726d382708984140094d28e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "al-Farabi" }],
              "question": "Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?",
              "id": "5726d382708984140094d28f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Wujud" }],
              "question": "What is the Arabic term for existence?",
              "id": "5726d382708984140094d290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "essence" }],
              "question": "Mahiat is Arabic for what?",
              "id": "5726d382708984140094d291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "necessity" }],
              "question": "What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?",
              "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "contingency-in-itself" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?",
              "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "the source of its own being without borrowed existence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the necessary according to Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "The necessary" }],
              "question": "According to Avicenna, what always exists?",
              "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "false in itself" }],
              "question": "If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?",
              "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Its-Self" }],
              "question": "The necessary exists due to what?",
              "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "a definition" }],
              "question": "What is something that the necessary does not have?",
              "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 823, "text": "wad" }],
              "question": "What is the Arabic for situation?",
              "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 833, "text": "time" }],
              "question": "What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?",
              "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as \"inspired philosophers\"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "What religion was Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "rational philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?",
              "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "prove the existence of God" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?",
              "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?",
              "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "the prophets" }],
              "question": "Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?",
              "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "philosophy" }],
              "question": "What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?",
              "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the political implications of such a theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?",
              "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "epistemological matters" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?",
              "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "al-Razi" }],
              "question": "Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?",
              "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?",
              "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "al-Ghazali" }],
              "question": "Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?",
              "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "al-Tusi" }],
              "question": "Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?",
              "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "madrasahs" }],
              "question": "What are Islamic schools also known as?",
              "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous \"Floating Man\" \u2013 literally falling man \u2013 thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his \"Floating Man\" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this \"Floating Man\" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "the castle of Fardajan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?",
              "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "\"Floating Man\"" }],
              "question": "What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?",
              "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "a substance" }],
              "question": "What was the soul according to Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1097, "text": "intellectually" }],
              "question": "How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\"?",
              "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?",
              "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be \"I am,\" affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that \"I am\" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "the brain" }],
              "question": "Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726ebec708984140094d60f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Intellect" }],
              "question": "What is the universal agent?",
              "id": "5726ebec708984140094d610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "the knowledge that \"I am\"" }
              ],
              "question": "In Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\", what is the core of a human being?",
              "id": "5726ebec708984140094d611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "the soul" }],
              "question": "What is the body's perfection?",
              "id": "5726ebec708984140094d612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "the body" }],
              "question": "In Avicenna's \"Floating Man\", what could the essence of a person not be?",
              "id": "5726ebec708984140094d613"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of \"How does one acquire the first principles of a science?\" He asked how a scientist would arrive at \"the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?\" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a \"relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty.\" Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that \"it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide.\" In its place, he develops a \"method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?",
              "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "Posterior Analytics" }
              ],
              "question": "What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?",
              "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 938, "text": "Aristotelian induction" }
              ],
              "question": "What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?",
              "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, \"Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "temporal logic" }],
              "question": "What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?",
              "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?",
              "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Avicennian logic" }],
              "question": "What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?",
              "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Albertus Magnus" }],
              "question": "What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?",
              "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises \"on the soul\").[dubious \u2013 discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the \"flying man\" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an \"epoche\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Kitab al-shifa" }],
              "question": "What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?",
              "id": "5726f2815951b619008f8319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "classical psychology" }
              ],
              "question": "What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?",
              "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "quantitative extension" }
              ],
              "question": "In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?",
              "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Descartes" }],
              "question": "Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?",
              "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "De Anima" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?",
              "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "physiology" }],
              "question": "What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?",
              "id": "5726f4315951b619008f834f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "strong enough" }],
              "question": "According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?",
              "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "his understanding of perception"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?",
              "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "external senses" }],
              "question": "How does man first perceive features of an object?",
              "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1221, "text": "the physical body" }
              ],
              "question": "The body and soul's interaction takes place where?",
              "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8353"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Al-Biruni" }],
              "question": "What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?",
              "id": "5726f5565951b619008f8369"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "mathematical astronomy" }
              ],
              "question": "What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?",
              "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?",
              "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Venus" }],
              "question": "What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?",
              "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "below the Sun" }],
              "question": "Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?",
              "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?",
              "id": "5726f649708984140094d717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "the Declaratio" }],
              "question": "What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?",
              "id": "5726f649708984140094d718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "The Book of Minerals" }
              ],
              "question": "What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726f649708984140094d719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Book of the Remedy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the kitab al-Shifa?",
              "id": "5726f649708984140094d71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "minerals" }],
              "question": "What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?",
              "id": "5726f649708984140094d71b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 as \"one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history\" and called him \"the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times.\" He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum (\"prince of physicians\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "George Sarton" }],
              "question": "Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?",
              "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e9668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "The History of Science" }
              ],
              "question": "What did George Sarton write?",
              "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e9669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?",
              "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Abulcasis" }],
              "question": "Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?",
              "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1364,
                  "text": "early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?",
              "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn S\u012bn\u0101 Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?",
              "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "the Bukhara museum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "the University of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?",
              "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Hamadan" }],
              "question": "Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?",
              "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "Avicennia" }],
              "question": "What plant genus is named after Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f160"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?",
              "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Bukhara" }],
              "question": "What was Avicenna's birthplace?",
              "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?",
              "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "thousand" }],
              "question": "In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?",
              "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "a bust" }],
              "question": "Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?",
              "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated \"Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2008" }],
              "question": "When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?",
              "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Avicenna Directories contain?",
              "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Avicenna known for?",
              "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "worldwide partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Avicenna's name needed for?",
              "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The soviet film \"Youth of Genius\" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna \u2013 a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Youth of Genius" }],
              "question": "What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?",
              "id": "5726fae6f1498d1400e8f1ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 was attempting to \"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "alchemy" }],
              "question": "What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?",
              "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e96fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Physics" }],
              "question": "On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?",
              "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e96ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Aristotelian doctrine" }
              ],
              "question": "What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?",
              "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e9700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "\"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?",
              "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e9701"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0647 (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "Schmoelders" }],
              "question": "Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?",
              "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Al-Shifa'" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? ",
              "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "the Bodleian Library" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?",
              "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "the An-najat" }],
              "question": "What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?",
              "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Logic and Metaphysics" }
              ],
              "question": "What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?",
              "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Chinese_characters",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: \u6c49\u5b57; traditional Chinese: \u6f22\u5b57). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?",
              "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Hanzi" }],
              "question": "What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?",
              "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?",
              "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e898"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the J\u014dy\u014d kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (ky\u016bjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What number in the tens of thousands?",
              "id": "5726b794708984140094cedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "literacy in written Chinese" }
              ],
              "question": "What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?",
              "id": "5726b794708984140094cede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 903, "text": "ky\u016bjitai" }],
              "question": "Which are identical to Chinese forms?",
              "id": "5726b794708984140094cedf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "modern Chinese dictionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What use the traditional radical-based character index?",
              "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "character's entry" }],
              "question": "What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?",
              "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "traditional radical-based character index"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?",
              "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "monosyllabic" }],
              "question": "What are most words in Old Chinese?",
              "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "character" }],
              "question": "What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?",
              "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "bisyllabic morphemes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is written with two characters?",
              "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e938"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern Chinese" }],
              "question": "What has many homophones?",
              "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "single character" }],
              "question": "What may have a wide range of meanings?",
              "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 845, "text": "Sino-Xenic pronunciations" }
              ],
              "question": "What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?",
              "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What represent words of the language using several strategies?",
              "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "rebus principle" }],
              "question": "What were most words written in?",
              "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "compound ideograms" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some words expressed in?",
              "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Semantic-phonetic compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most numerous characters?",
              "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "semantic indicator" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?",
              "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "semantic indicator" }
              ],
              "question": "What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? ",
              "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Examples are \u6cb3 h\u00e9 \"river\", \u6e56 h\u00fa \"lake\", \u6d41 li\u00fa \"stream\", \u6c96 ch\u014dng \"riptide\" (or \"flush\"), \u6ed1 hu\u00e1 \"slippery\". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (\u6c35), which is a reduced form of the character \u6c34 shu\u01d0 meaning \"water\", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of \u6c96 ch\u014dng (Old Chinese *\u0261-lju\u014b), the phonetic indicator is \u4e2d zh\u014dng (Old Chinese *k-lju\u014b), which by itself means \"middle\". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "right-hand side" }],
              "question": "What side is a phonetic indicator located on?",
              "id": "5726be17708984140094d001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "phonetic indicator" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the process of historical phonetic change?",
              "id": "5726be17708984140094d002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "phonetic change" }],
              "question": "What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?",
              "id": "5726be17708984140094d003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\", where both characters have the insect radical \u866b. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) \u2013 originally written as \u6279\u628a with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to \u6787\u6777 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to \u7435\u7436 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "bisyllabic word" }],
              "question": "What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?",
              "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "pipa" }],
              "question": "What is also a fruit?",
              "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "compound word" }],
              "question": "What may share a radical without being meaningful?",
              "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that \"we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters.\" They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "series of inscribed graphs and pictures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? ",
              "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 621, "text": "Chinese characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?",
              "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Yellow" }],
              "question": "What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?",
              "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200\u20131050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as \"dragon bones\" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "oracle bones" }],
              "question": "What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?",
              "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "pieces of bone and turtle shell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the symbols carved on?",
              "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "village near Anyang in Henan Province"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?",
              "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 394, "text": "oracle-bone script" }
              ],
              "question": "What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?",
              "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "bamboo books" }],
              "question": "What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?",
              "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "bamboo books" }],
              "question": "What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?",
              "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the g\u01d4w\u00e9n (\"ancient forms\") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "scripts" }],
              "question": "What has evolved over time?",
              "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "decorative" }],
              "question": "What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?",
              "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "ancient forms" }],
              "question": "What is guwen considered as?",
              "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called \"early clerical\" or \"proto-clerical\" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts \u2013 small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script \u2013 runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Seal script" }],
              "question": "What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?",
              "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1118, "text": "clerical" }],
              "question": "What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?",
              "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1118, "text": "clerical script" }],
              "question": "What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?",
              "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called \u516b\u5206 (b\u0101f\u0113n) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as \u7ae0\u8349 zh\u0101ngc\u01ceo (also known as \u96b6\u8349 / \u96b8\u8349 l\u00ecc\u01ceo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on \u7ae0 zh\u0101ng meaning \"orderly\", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called \u4eca\u8349 j\u012bnc\u01ceo or \"modern cursive\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "there were in fact multiple scripts in use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?",
              "id": "5726d94d708984140094d379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "b\u0101f\u0113n" }],
              "question": "What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?",
              "id": "5726d94d708984140094d37a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "zh\u0101ng" }],
              "question": "What name stood for \"orderly\"?",
              "id": "5726d94d708984140094d37b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147\u2013188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu\u2019s invention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "early form of semi-cursive script"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?",
              "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "semi-cursive" }],
              "question": "What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?",
              "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Qiu" }],
              "question": "Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?",
              "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151\u2013230 AD), who has been called the \"father of regular script\". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (\u9813/\u987f d\u00f9n) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the \"Sage of Calligraphy\", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Regular script" }],
              "question": "What had been linked to Zhong Yao?",
              "id": "5726db305951b619008f8027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "father of regular script" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Zhong Yao known for?",
              "id": "5726db305951b619008f8028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1038, "text": "Wang Xianzhi" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Wang Zishi?",
              "id": "5726db305951b619008f8029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557\u2013641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "dynasties" }],
              "question": "What were the North and South considered as?",
              "id": "5726db92708984140094d3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "regular script" }],
              "question": "What continued to evolve stylistically?",
              "id": "5726db92708984140094d3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "mainstream" }],
              "question": "What script saw no more stages of evolution?",
              "id": "5726db92708984140094d3d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., \u677e (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here \u6728), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number \"4\" for radical stroke count, the user locates \u6728, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "right half of the character" }
              ],
              "question": "What contains four strokes?",
              "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 885, "text": "sub-index" }],
              "question": "What do some dictionaries have?",
              "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "sub-index" }],
              "question": "What gives remaining stroke numbers?",
              "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese character dictionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?",
              "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Korean dictionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "What lists Chinese characters in radical order?",
              "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "characters" }],
              "question": "What is grouped together by radicals?",
              "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer \u2013 they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text \u2013 which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "characters" }],
              "question": "What can be easily coined by writing on paper?",
              "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "symbols" }],
              "question": "What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "characters" }],
              "question": "What can be difficult to represent on a computer?",
              "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements \u2013 see chemical elements in East Asian languages \u2013 which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as \u7c81 (\u7c73 \"meter\" + \u5343 \"thousand, kilo-\") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well \u2013 see Chinese characters for SI units for details.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "New characters" }],
              "question": "What can be coined at any time?",
              "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "new words" }],
              "question": "What may not be adopted?",
              "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "kokuji" }],
              "question": "What are also known as Japanese-coinages?",
              "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (\u65b9\u8a00\u5b57) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character \u34fe, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means \"to kill\". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "dialect characters" }],
              "question": "What are not used in formal written Chinese?",
              "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Taiwan" }],
              "question": "What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?",
              "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "Mandarin" }],
              "question": "What was the preference for all mainland regions?",
              "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8ee00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the C\u00ec Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u6b21\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)\u2014the official national encoding standard\u2014supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "the official national encoding standard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What supports 48,027 characters?",
              "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "BIG-5" }],
              "question": "What supports 13,053 characters?",
              "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Taiwan" }],
              "question": "What area uses traditional Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 T\u014dngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u901a\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Shu\u01d0p\u00edng K\u01ceosh\u00ec (\u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8bd5, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country uses simplified Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What lists 2,500 common characters?",
              "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "GB2312" }],
              "question": "What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?",
              "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among x\u00edngsh\u0113ngz\u00ec pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun t\u0101 (\u4ed6 \"he, she, it\"), which is written with the \"person radical\", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between t\u0101 (\u5979 \"she\") with the \"woman radical\", t\u0101 (\u7260 \"it\") with the \"animal radical\", t\u0101 (\u5b83 \"it\") with the \"roof radical\", and t\u0101 (\u7942 \"He\") with the \"deity radical\", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he \u548c \"harmony, peace\", which combines the \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\", has infrequent variants \u548a with the radicals reversed and \u9fa2 with the \"flute radical\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "new characters" }],
              "question": "What is written in modern usage?",
              "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "fossilization" }],
              "question": "What is one consequence of modifying radicals?",
              "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 958, "text": "\"harmony, peace\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What combines \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\"?",
              "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 N\u00f4m characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Zhonghua Zihai" }],
              "question": "What does not include characters in the Chinese family?",
              "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Characters" }],
              "question": "What is formed by Chinese principles? ",
              "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Tangut script" }],
              "question": "What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?",
              "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time \u2013 for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What remains unknowable?",
              "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What becomes developed all the time?",
              "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?",
              "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8139"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is \u9f49 (U+9F49) (n\u00e0ng,  listen (help\u00b7info), pictured below, middle image), meaning \"snuffle\" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with \"just\" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is \u9f98 (d\u00e1, \"the appearance of a dragon flying\"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 \u00d7 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are \u7c72 (y\u00f9, \"to implore\"), with 32 strokes; \u9b31 (y\u00f9, \"luxuriant, lush; gloomy\"), with 29 strokes, as in \u6182\u9b31 (y\u014duy\u00f9, \"depressed\"); \u8c54 (y\u00e0n, \"colorful\"), with 28 strokes; and \u91c1 (x\u00ecn, \"quarrel\"), with 25 strokes, as in \u6311\u91c1 (ti\u01ceox\u00ecn, \"to pick a fight\"). Also in occasional modern use is \u9c7b (xi\u0101n \"fresh\"; variant of \u9bae xi\u0101n) with 33 strokes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "U+9F49" }],
              "question": "What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?",
              "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "xi\u0101n" }],
              "question": "What features 33 strokes?",
              "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "y\u00f9" }],
              "question": "What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? ",
              "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Jo\u00ebl Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /\ud869\udea5 (U+2A6A5) zh\u00e9  listen (help\u00b7info), meaning \"verbose\" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character \u9f8d l\u00f3ng (lit. \"dragon\") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /\ud841\udd3b (U+2053B) zh\u00e8ng composed of \u8208 x\u012bng/x\u00ecng (lit. \"flourish\") four times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "complex characters" }],
              "question": "What have become more rare?",
              "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "zh\u00e9" }],
              "question": "What is the most complex Chinese character?",
              "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "zh\u00e8ng" }],
              "question": "What is one 64-stroke character?",
              "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Yu Shyi-kun" }],
              "question": "Who is a Taiwanese politician?",
              "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "movie posters" }],
              "question": "What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?",
              "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "Japanese newspapers" }
              ],
              "question": "What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?",
              "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as \u53d7\u53c8(\u7950) sh\u00f2u y\u00f2u \"receive blessings\" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts \u83e9\u85a9 p\u00fas\u00e0 \"bodhisattva\" (simplified: \u83e9\u8428) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2\u00d72 grid of four \u5341 (derived from the grass radical over two \u5341). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?",
              "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "CPC" }],
              "question": "What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?",
              "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "bodhisattva" }],
              "question": "What is sometimes written as a single character?",
              "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as \u5398\u7c73 l\u00edm\u01d0 \"centimeter\" (\u5398 centi-, \u7c73 meter) or \u5343\u74e6 qi\u0101nw\u01ce \"kilowatt\". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as \u74e9 for \u5343\u74e6 or \u7cce for \u5398\u7c73 \u2013 some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include \u5715 t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen \"library\", a contraction of \u5716\u66f8\u9928, A four-morpheme word, \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49 sh\u00e8hu\u00ec zh\u01d4y\u00ec \"socialism\", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, \u4e49, with the radical of the first, \u793e, yielding roughly \u793b\u4e49.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "SI units" }],
              "question": "What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?",
              "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a less systematic example?",
              "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "socialism" }],
              "question": "What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?",
              "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol \u56cd, formed as a ligature of \u559c\u559c and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: \u53cc\u559c; traditional Chinese: \u96d9\u559c; pinyin: shu\u0101ngx\u01d0). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined \u2013 common ligatures include \u5eff ni\u00e0n, \"twenty\", normally read as \u4e8c\u5341 \u00e8rsh\u00ed, \u5345 s\u00e0, \"thirty\", normally read as \u4e09\u5341 s\u0101nsh\u00ed, and \u534c x\u00ec \"forty\", normally read as \u56db\u5341 \"s\u00ecsh\u00ed\". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as \u4e03\u5341\u4eba q\u012bsh\u00ed r\u00e9n \"seventy people\". Another common abbreviation is \u95e8 with a \"T\" written inside it, for \u554f\u984c, \u95ee\u9898, w\u00e8nt\u00ed (\"question; problem\"), where the \"T\" is from pinyin for the second syllable t\u00ed \u9898. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "polysyllabic" }],
              "question": "What characters are often non-standard?",
              "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "double happiness symbol" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a commonly seen example?",
              "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "double happiness symbol" }
              ],
              "question": "What is formed as a ligature?",
              "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for \"et\"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called h\u00e9w\u00e9n (\u5408\u6587), h\u00e9sh\u016b (\u5408\u66f8) or h\u00e9t\u01d0z\u00ec (\u5408\u4f53\u5b57), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as \"two-syllable Chinese characters\" (\u53cc\u97f3\u8282\u6c49\u5b57, \u96d9\u97f3\u7bc0\u6f22\u5b57).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "compound words and set phrases" }
              ],
              "question": "What may be contracted into single characters?",
              "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "single characters" }],
              "question": "What can be considered as set phrases?",
              "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are logograms?",
              "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\" and \u73ca\u745a sh\u0101nh\u00fa \"coral\". Note that the \u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa have the same phonetic, \u80e1, but different radicals (\"insect\" and \"jade\", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What are primarily morphosyllabic?",
              "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Chinese morphemes" }],
              "question": "What are written with a single character?",
              "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "\u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?",
              "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Chinese characters" }],
              "question": "What are written with very precise rules?",
              "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Chinese characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What has standardized character forms?",
              "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "characters" }],
              "question": "What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?",
              "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term \"Square-Block Characters\" (\u65b9\u5757\u5b57 / \u65b9\u584a\u5b57, f\u0101ngku\u00e0iz\u00ec), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Roman letters" }],
              "question": "What have a characteristic shape?",
              "id": "5726e604708984140094d52f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Chinese characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What occupy a more or less space area?",
              "id": "5726e604708984140094d530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Square-Block Characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?",
              "id": "5726e604708984140094d531"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Regular script typefaces" }
              ],
              "question": "What are commonly used?",
              "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Regular script typefaces" }
              ],
              "question": "What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "handwriting of Ouyang Xun" }
              ],
              "question": "What resembles an actual person's handwriting?",
              "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Chinese calligraphy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the art of writing Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Chinese calligraphy" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?",
              "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "strict regularity" }],
              "question": "What is not required?",
              "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cursive script (\u8349\u66f8(\u4e66), c\u01ceosh\u016b, literally \"grass script\") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "cursive" }],
              "question": "What script is used informally?",
              "id": "5726e74b708984140094d559"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "basic character shapes" }
              ],
              "question": "What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?",
              "id": "5726e74b708984140094d55a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "Japanese hiragana script" }
              ],
              "question": "What script is derived from the cursive script?",
              "id": "5726e74b708984140094d55b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (\u7bc6\u66f8(\u4e66), zhu\u00e0nsh\u016b). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "seal" }],
              "question": "What script is only used in artistic seals?",
              "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e949e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Seal" }],
              "question": "What script is the oldest and still in use today?",
              "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e949f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "calligraphers" }],
              "question": "Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?",
              "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e94a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the j\u014dy\u014d kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the j\u014dy\u014d kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. \"Simplified\" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as \"Traditional,\" but are not shown.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 637,
                  "text": "characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are also known as \"traditional\"?",
              "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "j\u014dy\u014d kanji" }
              ],
              "question": "What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "Table of General Standard Chinese Characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is commonly used in Taiwan?",
              "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai \u65b0\u5b57\u4f53 (lit. \"new character forms\", the older forms were then labelled the ky\u016bjitai \u65e7\u5b57\u4f53, lit. \"old character forms\"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character t\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5f53\u7528\u6f22\u5b57 list in 1945, the 1945-character j\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5e38\u7528\u6f22\u5b57 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the j\u014dy\u014d kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiy\u014d kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as \"dragon\" (Japanese kana: \u305f\u3064, R\u014dmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai \u7adc and the ky\u016bjitai \u9f8d forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "series of orthographic reforms" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Japanese government institute? ",
              "id": "5726e90c708984140094d591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "The number of characters in common use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was restricted?",
              "id": "5726e90c708984140094d592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When was the 2136 character reformed?",
              "id": "5726e90c708984140094d593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character \u4f86 l\u00e1i (\"come\") was written with the structure \u6765 in the clerical script (\u96b6\u4e66 / \u96b8\u66f8, l\u00ecsh\u016b) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character \u96f2 y\u00fan (\"cloud\") was written with the structure \u4e91 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of \"to say\" while the \u96e8 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "majority of simplified characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?",
              "id": "5726e991708984140094d59f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "orthodox character" }
              ],
              "question": "What was written with the structure in the clerical script?",
              "id": "5726e991708984140094d5a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "clerical script" }],
              "question": "What script uses one fewer stroke?",
              "id": "5726e991708984140094d5a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or \"second round simplified characters\") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: \u53e0 di\u00e9, \u8986 f\u00f9, \u50cf xi\u00e0ng.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The People's Republic of China" }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?",
              "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "When was a second round announced?",
              "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "poorly" }],
              "question": "How was the second round received?",
              "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Caoshu" }],
              "question": "What almost always includes character simplification?",
              "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "cursive written text" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Caoshu?",
              "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "In the 1930s and 1940s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did discussions of character simplification take place?",
              "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9516"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What varies greatly?",
              "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Orthodox variants" }],
              "question": "What were mandatory in printed works?",
              "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "Chinese characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What were adopted for use in mainland China?",
              "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9526"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Rev. John Gulick: \"The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method \u2026 The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Rev" }],
              "question": "Who is John Gulick?",
              "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese" }
              ],
              "question": "Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?",
              "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Muslims from Arabia and Persia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who have followed this method?",
              "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the N\u00f4m script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and N\u00f4m were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Chinese characters in Vietnam" }
              ],
              "question": "What is now limited to ceremonial uses?",
              "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Chinese characters in Vietnam" }
              ],
              "question": "What were once in widespread use?",
              "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Literary Chinese" }],
              "question": "What was used in schooling?",
              "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "December 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?",
              "id": "5726ec71708984140094d635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Kim Jong Un" }],
              "question": "Who stepped up after 2011?",
              "id": "5726ec71708984140094d636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Kim Jong Un" }],
              "question": "Who began moderating the use of Hanja?",
              "id": "5726ec71708984140094d637"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja \u6c34 is \ubb3c \uc218 (mul-su) in which \ubb3c (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for \"water\", while \uc218 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if \"water\" were named \"water-aqua\", \"horse-equus\", or \"gold-aurum\" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include \uc0ac\ub78c \uc778 (saram-in) for \u4eba \"person/people\", \ud070 \ub300 (keun-dae) for \u5927 \"big/large//great\", \uc791\uc744 \uc18c (jakeul-so) for \u5c0f \"small/little\", \uc544\ub798 \ud558 (arae-ha) for \u4e0b \"underneath/below/low\", \uc544\ube44 \ubd80 (abi-bu) for \u7236 \"father\", and \ub098\ub77c\uc774\ub984 \ud55c (naraimreum-han) for \u97d3 \"Han/Korea\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are students taught to memorize?",
              "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "mul-su" }],
              "question": "What is name of the hanja?",
              "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "mul" }],
              "question": "What is the Korean pronunciation of water?",
              "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Hanja" }],
              "question": "What is still being used according to experts?",
              "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Hanja" }],
              "question": "What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?",
              "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "weddings" }],
              "question": "What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?",
              "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9574"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Literary Chinese" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant form of written communication?",
              "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 877, "text": "Chinese characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What is treated as being conservative and confucian?",
              "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "science and sociology" }
              ],
              "question": "What comes directly from China?",
              "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f018"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Written Japanese" }],
              "question": "What also includes a pair of syllabaries?",
              "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do the syllabaries differ?",
              "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Modern Japanese writing" }
              ],
              "question": "What uses a composite system?",
              "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "literacy" }],
              "question": "What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?",
              "id": "5726ee93708984140094d65f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?",
              "id": "5726ee93708984140094d660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 859,
                  "text": "The People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who issued the first round of official characters?",
              "id": "5726ee93708984140094d661"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Bermuda",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Berm\u00fadez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Berm\u00fadez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?",
              "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?",
              "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "pigs" }],
              "question": "What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?",
              "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "the English Virginia Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company permanently settled Bermuda?",
              "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?",
              "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1503" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?",
              "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?",
              "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "pigs" }],
              "question": "What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "1609" }],
              "question": "In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "St. George's" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Bermuda?",
              "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Somers Isles Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?",
              "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "1707" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?",
              "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the Somers Isles Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?",
              "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "1707" }],
              "question": "In what year did the islands become a British colony?",
              "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "Newfoundland became part of Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?",
              "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "St. George" }],
              "question": "What was Bermuda's first capital?",
              "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate. Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two business drive Bermuda's economy?",
              "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "subtropical" }],
              "question": "What type of climate does Bermuda have?",
              "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Bermuda Triangle" }],
              "question": "Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?",
              "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "coral reef that surrounds the island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What protects the island from storms?",
              "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?",
              "id": "572909451d04691400778fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "global recession" }],
              "question": "What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?",
              "id": "572909451d04691400778fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?",
              "id": "572909451d04691400778fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 636,
                  "text": "protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?",
              "id": "572909451d04691400778fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "subtropical" }],
              "question": "What is the climate of Bermuda?",
              "id": "572909451d04691400778faf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Bermuda is located in what ocean?",
              "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Sargasso Sea" }],
              "question": "Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?",
              "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "north" }],
              "question": "Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?",
              "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?",
              "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "due east" }],
              "question": "Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?",
              "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "low-forming volcanoes" }
              ],
              "question": "What natural features compose Bermuda?",
              "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "In what major ocean is Bermuda located?",
              "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Miami" }],
              "question": "Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?",
              "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?",
              "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "marine organisms" }],
              "question": "What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?",
              "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "approximately two hundred square miles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During the ice age, what area of land was above water?",
              "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the seamount always been above sealevel?",
              "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "a submarine volcano" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of volcano forms the archipelago?",
              "id": "572931113f37b319004780c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "periods of complete submergence,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?",
              "id": "572931113f37b319004780ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "an island" }],
              "question": "What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?",
              "id": "572931113f37b319004780cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?",
              "id": "572931113f37b319004780cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named \"Long Island\"?",
              "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Horseshoe Bay\"?",
              "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Long Bay\"?",
              "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "St George's Island within St George's Parish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can St. George's Town be found?",
              "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Long Bay" }],
              "question": "What are three of the bays named?",
              "id": "572932133f37b319004780e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Horseshoe" }],
              "question": "What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?",
              "id": "572932133f37b319004780e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "St George's" }],
              "question": "St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?",
              "id": "572932133f37b319004780e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Hamilton Parish" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?",
              "id": "572932133f37b319004780e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30\u201340 ft or 9\u201312 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the south shore of the island" }
              ],
              "question": "What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?",
              "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Scuba" }],
              "question": "Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?",
              "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "World Heritage Site" }
              ],
              "question": "Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?",
              "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "pink" }],
              "question": "What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?",
              "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "south shore of the island" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?",
              "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?",
              "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "World Heritage Site" }
              ],
              "question": "What has St. George been designated as?",
              "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?",
              "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?",
              "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "bats" }],
              "question": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?",
              "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e9008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Bermuda petrel or cahow" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?",
              "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e9009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Bermuda rock skink" }
              ],
              "question": "What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?",
              "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e900a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 808, "text": "diamondback terrapin" }
              ],
              "question": "What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?",
              "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e900b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "bats" }],
              "question": "What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?",
              "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Bermuda petrel or cahow" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?",
              "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "example of a Lazarus species" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the National bird of importance?",
              "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Bermuda rock skink" }
              ],
              "question": "What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?",
              "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 929,
                  "text": "this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?",
              "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa189"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "20th century, especially after the Second World War."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?",
              "id": "572935a41d04691400779177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?",
              "id": "572935a41d04691400779178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Bermudian" }],
              "question": "According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?",
              "id": "572935a41d04691400779179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 980, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?",
              "id": "572935a41d0469140077917a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, \"coloured\" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as \"coloured\" are today described as \"black\", or \"of African heritage\", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as \"coloured\" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "black and white" }],
              "question": "There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?",
              "id": "57293c133f37b31900478147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "white Protestants of English heritage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?",
              "id": "57293c133f37b31900478148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1339, "text": "coloured" }],
              "question": "Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?",
              "id": "57293c133f37b31900478149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1695,
                  "text": "obscures their non-African heritage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it problematic that the \"coloured\" population of Bermuda is now referred to as \"black\" or \"African heritage\"?",
              "id": "57293c133f37b3190047814a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1921, "text": "Asian" }],
              "question": "There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?",
              "id": "57293c133f37b3190047814b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed \"Bermudian blacks\", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Bermudian blacks" }],
              "question": "What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?",
              "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?",
              "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?",
              "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1502,
                  "text": "the source of the African ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?",
              "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?",
              "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "South-West Africa" }],
              "question": "Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?",
              "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "Genetic studies" }],
              "question": "What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?",
              "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?",
              "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "St David's Islanders" }
              ],
              "question": "Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?",
              "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "colonial period" }],
              "question": "During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?",
              "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?",
              "id": "572941d96aef051400154c10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572941d96aef051400154c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?",
              "id": "572941d96aef051400154c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?",
              "id": "572941d96aef051400154c13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931\u2013 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?",
              "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?",
              "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "scholarly" }],
              "question": "The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?",
              "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Angela Barry" }],
              "question": "Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?",
              "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "watercolours" }],
              "question": "What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?",
              "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Hand-carved cedar sculptures" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?",
              "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?",
              "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Alfred Birdsey" }],
              "question": "Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?",
              "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Berm\u00fadez. It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro M\u00e1rtir de Angler\u00eda, and was also included on Spanish charts of that year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?",
              "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?",
              "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "spirits and devils," }
              ],
              "question": "What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?",
              "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Isle of Devils" }],
              "question": "Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?",
              "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats \u2013 all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the \"still-vex'd Bermoothes\" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "relieve the colony of Jamestown"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?",
              "id": "572946053f37b319004781eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "William Shakespeare" }
              ],
              "question": "The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?",
              "id": "572946053f37b319004781ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "10 months" }],
              "question": "How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572946053f37b319004781ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "the English Crown" }],
              "question": "Who did Sommer's claim the island for?",
              "id": "572946053f37b319004781ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "John Rolfe" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.",
              "id": "572947026aef051400154c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "married Pocahontas" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?",
              "id": "572947026aef051400154c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "1612," }],
              "question": "When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?",
              "id": "572947026aef051400154c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is St. George credited with?",
              "id": "572947026aef051400154c50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "limited land area," }],
              "question": "What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?",
              "id": "572947c26aef051400154c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "steady human emigration" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?",
              "id": "572947c26aef051400154c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "the Southern United States" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?",
              "id": "572947c26aef051400154c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "seafaring the only real industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?",
              "id": "572947c26aef051400154c63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of the Company's charter in 1684, and the Company was dissolved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?",
              "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why wasn't agriculture successful?",
              "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "turn to maritime trades" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?",
              "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "islanders demanding" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?",
              "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "end of the war" }],
              "question": "What event caused major changes in Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294a001d0469140077925b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?",
              "id": "57294a001d0469140077925c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "a base more than a colony" }
              ],
              "question": "How does the British crown view Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294a001d0469140077925d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?",
              "id": "57294a001d0469140077925e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The war had removed Bermuda's primary trading partners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda's merchant shipping trade. This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials. During the course of the following War of 1812, the primary market for Bermuda's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in 1819.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "American colonies" }],
              "question": "Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?",
              "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "deforestation" }],
              "question": "What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?",
              "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "it did not have raw materials" }
              ],
              "question": "Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?",
              "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "Americans developed their own sources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?",
              "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for \"conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.\". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island. From there he escaped to the port of St. George's and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland. He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "most famous escapee" }],
              "question": "Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?",
              "id": "57294b846aef051400154c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?",
              "id": "57294b846aef051400154c79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "became a spy for Germany in both World Wars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?",
              "id": "57294b846aef051400154c7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1930" }],
              "question": "When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294c541d04691400779263"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "once because of darkness and again to refuel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294c541d04691400779264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "Navigation and weather forecasting"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?",
              "id": "57294c541d04691400779265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Luft Hansa" }],
              "question": "Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?",
              "id": "57294c541d04691400779266"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s\u20131970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?",
              "id": "57294d293f37b31900478219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?",
              "id": "57294d293f37b3190047821a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "international business" }
              ],
              "question": "What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?",
              "id": "57294d293f37b3190047821b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "the monarch" }],
              "question": "The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?",
              "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "the Queen on the advice of the British Government."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "George Fergusson" }],
              "question": "Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?",
              "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "British Overseas Territory" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Bermuda officially classified as?",
              "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967; it was amended in 1989 and 2003. The head of government is the premier. A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system. The Senate is the upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition. The House of Assembly, or lower house, has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "1 June 1967" }],
              "question": "When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?",
              "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "it was amended in 1989 and 2003"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?",
              "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "the premier" }],
              "question": "What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?",
              "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Westminster system." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?",
              "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "The House of Assembly, or lower house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the population get to vote for?",
              "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "The United States" }],
              "question": "Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294f071d0469140077927b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Robert Settje" }],
              "question": "Who is the current US Consul General?",
              "id": "57294f071d0469140077927c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the US so important to Bermuda?",
              "id": "57294f071d0469140077927d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?",
              "id": "57294f071d0469140077927e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guant\u00e1namo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, were transferred to Bermuda. The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They were accused of training to assist the Taliban's military. They were cleared as safe for release from Guant\u00e1namo in 2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China, their country of citizenship, because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "United States Guant\u00e1namo Bay detention camp"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?",
              "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?",
              "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "training to assist the Taliban's military."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Ugyhurs accused of?",
              "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?",
              "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa288"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994. Legislation was introduced by Private Members Bill by PLP MP Wayne Furbert to amend the Human Rights Act of Bermuda to disallow Same Sex Marriage under the Act in February 2016. The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions. Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley, Chief Justice of Bermuda's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "May 1994." }],
              "question": "When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572950423f37b3190047822d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred in February of 2016?",
              "id": "572950423f37b3190047822e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Chief Justice decide?",
              "id": "572950423f37b3190047822f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "they would seek ties with CARICOM"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?",
              "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 786,
                  "text": "primarily to strengthen cultural links."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?",
              "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has \"observer status\" to CARICOM?",
              "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "an extension of Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?",
              "id": "572951d81d0469140077928d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?",
              "id": "572951d81d0469140077928e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "they lacked British citizenship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?",
              "id": "572951d81d0469140077928f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?",
              "id": "572951d81d04691400779290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 836,
                  "text": "accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?",
              "id": "572951d81d04691400779291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "West Indians and their descendants."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cultural group has dominated the PLP?",
              "id": "572952851d04691400779297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are two prominent members of the PLP?",
              "id": "572952851d04691400779298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?",
              "id": "572952851d04691400779299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?",
              "id": "572952851d0469140077929a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once known as \"the Gibraltar of the West\" and \"Fortress Bermuda\", Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local militia. After the American Revolutionary War, Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy. Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812. At the end of the 19th century, the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "the Gibraltar of the West\" and \"Fortress Bermuda\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?",
              "id": "572953656aef051400154cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "turned to privateering" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?",
              "id": "572953656aef051400154cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?",
              "id": "572953656aef051400154cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 595, "text": "following the War of 1812" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?",
              "id": "572953656aef051400154cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 665,
                  "text": "raised volunteer units to form a reserve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?",
              "id": "572953656aef051400154cf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1940, the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return. In September 1940, as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda. Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement, but both were added to it, with no war material received by the UK in exchange. One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK (which it was for the duration of the war, with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell's Island in 1943).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "base rights in Bermuda" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940?",
              "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "granted the US base rights in Bermuda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do?",
              "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda?",
              "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Winston Churchill" }],
              "question": "Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US?",
              "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet. The principal installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "two airbases" }],
              "question": "What did the US begin building in 1941?",
              "id": "572955023f37b31900478267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572955023f37b31900478268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the navy patrolling for?",
              "id": "572955023f37b31900478269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "Kindley Air Force Base" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?",
              "id": "572955023f37b3190047826a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Naval Air Station used for?",
              "id": "572955023f37b3190047826b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "seaplane" }],
              "question": "What was the NAS primarily a base for?",
              "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?",
              "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is located west of the NAS Annex?",
              "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "US forces withdrew" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened at the end of the Cold War?",
              "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II. After the latter, Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, Bermuda's highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier, and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. When promoted to Brigadier at age 39, following his wounding at the Anzio landings, Harvey became the youngest-ever Royal Marine Brigadier. The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to Bermuda's Great War dead (the tribute was later extended to Bermuda's Second World War dead) and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "World War I and World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces?",
              "id": "572956496aef051400154d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment?",
              "id": "572956496aef051400154d13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Brigadier Harvey" }],
              "question": "Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier?",
              "id": "572956496aef051400154d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the site for Bermuda's Remembrance Day?",
              "id": "572956496aef051400154d15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Bermudian dollar" }],
              "question": "What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?",
              "id": "572957101d046914007792c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "US dollar" }],
              "question": "The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?",
              "id": "572957101d046914007792c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II." }
              ],
              "question": "Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?",
              "id": "572957101d046914007792c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "Royal Naval Dockyard Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?",
              "id": "572957101d046914007792c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "Bermuda Monetary Authority" }
              ],
              "question": "Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?",
              "id": "572957101d046914007792c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda is an offshore financial centre, which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermudas's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes. The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal. Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?",
              "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "taxes all imports" }],
              "question": "What does it do in place of an income tax system?",
              "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?",
              "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three things does the tax system depend on?",
              "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "funds government and infrastructure expenditures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?",
              "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange, of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda's regulatory environment. The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia's Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK's Financial Services Authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Exchange specialize in?",
              "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "the World Federation of Exchanges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the BSX a member of?",
              "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "an OECD member nation" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the BSX located?",
              "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?",
              "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team. Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities, and founded organisations such as the Football Association (FA). Today's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "British Public schools and universities in the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?",
              "id": "572959183f37b31900478297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were sports important in these schools?",
              "id": "572959183f37b31900478298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Former public schoolboys" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded organizations like the FA?",
              "id": "572959183f37b31900478299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "association of football with the working classes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?",
              "id": "572959183f37b3190047829a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys. Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to match, ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic. The officers soon switched to sail racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?",
              "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were sports introduced in Bermuda?",
              "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "rowing" }],
              "question": "Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?",
              "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "sail racing" }],
              "question": "Which sport was quickly adopted?",
              "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda's national cricket team participated in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies. Their most famous player is a 130 kilograms (290 lb) police officer named Dwayne Leverock. But India defeated Bermuda and set a record of 413 runs in a One-Day International (ODI). Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup. Also very well-known is David Hemp, a former captain of Glamorgan in English first class cricket. The annual \"Cup Match\" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George's in the east and Somerset in the west is the occasion for a popular national holiday. This tournament began in 1872 when Captain Moresby of the Royal Navy introduced the game to Bermuda, holding a match at Somerset to mark forty years since the unjust thraldom of slavery. The East End versus West End rivalry resulted from the locations of the St. George's Garrison (the original army headquarters in Bermuda) on Barrack Hill, St. George's, and the Royal Naval Dockyard at Ireland Island. Moresby founded the Somerset Cricket Club which plays the St. George's Cricket Club in this game (the membership of both clubs has long been mostly civilian).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "national cricket team" }
              ],
              "question": "What Bermuda sport team participated in the 2007 world cup?",
              "id": "57295a761d04691400779301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Dwayne Leverock" }],
              "question": "Who is Bermuda's most popular Cricket player?",
              "id": "57295a761d04691400779302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Bermuda?",
              "id": "57295a761d04691400779303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "annual \"Cup Match\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What began in 1872 when the game of cricket was introduced to Bermuda?",
              "id": "57295a761d04691400779304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 795,
                  "text": "rivalry resulted from the locations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is there an East End/West End rivalry?",
              "id": "57295a761d04691400779305"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games. Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill, who won a bronze medal in boxing. Bermuda also competed in Men's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Patrick Singleton placed 19th, with a final time of 1:59.81. Jillian Teceira competed in the Beijing Olympics in 2008. It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts, regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration. Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What events did Bermuda compete in at the 2004 Summer Olympics?",
              "id": "57295b726aef051400154d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do?",
              "id": "57295b726aef051400154d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "bronze medal in boxing." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only medal Bermuda has ever won?",
              "id": "57295b726aef051400154d58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Olympic tradition for Bermuda, regardless of season?",
              "id": "57295b726aef051400154d59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the final. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown. Rugby 7's is also played, with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011\u20132012 season. The Bermuda 7's team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas 7's, defeating the Mexican team. There are four clubs on the island: (1) Police (2) Mariners (3) Teachers (4) Renegades. There is a men's and women's competition\u2013current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the title for the first time since the 1990s) and Renegades (women's). Games are currently played at Warwick Academy. Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "The Bermuda Rugby Union team" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?",
              "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "There are four clubs on the island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many clubs are on the island?",
              "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Police (Men)" }],
              "question": "Who are the reigning league champions?",
              "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "Warwick Academy." }],
              "question": "Where are the Women's games played?",
              "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 715, "text": "2010 Caribbean Championships" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?",
              "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nigeria",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?",
              "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?",
              "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?",
              "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?",
              "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?",
              "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "Which country is called the 'Giant of Africa'?",
              "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "182 million" }],
              "question": "How many people live in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "seventh" }],
              "question": "How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world?",
              "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "over 500" }],
              "question": "How many languages are spoken by Nigerians?",
              "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's official language?",
              "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2015[update], Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. Also, the debt-to-GDP ratio is only 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank; It has been identified as a regional power on the African continent, a middle power in international affairs, and has also been identified as an emerging global power. Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next \"BRIC-like\" economies. It is also listed among the \"Next Eleven\" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, OPEC, and the United Nations amongst other international organisations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "$500 billion" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?",
              "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "$1 trillion" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?",
              "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?",
              "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "What is the largest economy in Africa?",
              "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "11 percent" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio? ",
              "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 2002, the North East of the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram, an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled. At the same time, neighbouring countries, Benin, Chad, Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of a world media highlighted kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls and the spread of Boko Haram attacks to these countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan" }],
              "question": "Who is the President of Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "at least 12,000" }],
              "question": "How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014?",
              "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "276" }],
              "question": "How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap?",
              "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as \"Central Sudan\". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger )  is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "the Niger River" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria named after?",
              "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Flora Shaw" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Central Sudan" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Tuareg" }],
              "question": "What language does the name of the Niger River come from?",
              "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Niger" }],
              "question": "Which river reaches Timbuktu?",
              "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Igbo" }],
              "question": "Which tribe ran the city of Nri?",
              "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When was Nri taken over by the British?",
              "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "lost-wax" }],
              "question": "Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?",
              "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "the Eze Nri" }],
              "question": "Who ruled Nri?",
              "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Umeuri" }],
              "question": "Which clan is Nri in the territory of?",
              "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?",
              "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "Biafra" }],
              "question": "Calabar is on which historical Bight?",
              "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "Bight of Bonny" }],
              "question": "What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?",
              "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1345, "text": "Oyo Empire" }],
              "question": "Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?",
              "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "When did Britain outlaw slave trade?",
              "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e9158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Napoleonic Wars" }],
              "question": "After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?",
              "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e9159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "Oba Kosoko" }],
              "question": "Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?",
              "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Lagos" }],
              "question": "Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?",
              "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Freetown" }],
              "question": "Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?",
              "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901\u20131902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "the Berlin Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?",
              "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Royal Niger Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?",
              "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?",
              "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1 January 1901" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?",
              "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Benin" }],
              "question": "Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?",
              "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Islamic" }],
              "question": "What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria receive independence?",
              "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?",
              "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups \u2013 the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') \u2013 were sharp.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "a Commonwealth Realm" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?",
              "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Nigerian People's Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?",
              "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?",
              "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Nnamdi Azikiwe" }],
              "question": "Who led the NCNC party?",
              "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Obafemi Awolowo" }],
              "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?",
              "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Igbo soldiers" }],
              "question": "Which group led the first 1966 coup?",
              "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?",
              "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Ahmadu Bello" }],
              "question": "Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?",
              "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Ladoke Akintola" }],
              "question": "Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?",
              "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Republic of Biafra" }],
              "question": "What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?",
              "id": "5726d77f708984140094d321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1967" }],
              "question": "When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?",
              "id": "5726d77f708984140094d322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?",
              "id": "5726d77f708984140094d323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?",
              "id": "5726d77f708984140094d324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "between 1 and 3 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?",
              "id": "5726d77f708984140094d325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "OPEC" }],
              "question": "Which oil group did Nigeria join?",
              "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "the military administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?",
              "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "federalism" }],
              "question": "Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Olusegun Obasanjo" }],
              "question": "Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?",
              "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Shehu Shagari" }],
              "question": "Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?",
              "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "corrupt and incompetent" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?",
              "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Muhammadu Buhari" }],
              "question": "Who led a military coup against Shagari?",
              "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?",
              "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ed00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Ibrahim Babangida" }],
              "question": "Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?",
              "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e928e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?",
              "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e928f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "debt" }],
              "question": "What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?",
              "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e9290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "Organisation of the Islamic Conference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?",
              "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e9291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?",
              "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "12 June 1993" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?",
              "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?",
              "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "weeks" }],
              "question": "Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?",
              "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Ernest Shonekan" }],
              "question": "Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?",
              "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'\u00e9tat and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966\u20131979 and 1983\u20131998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria regain democracy?",
              "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Olusegun Obasanjo" }],
              "question": "Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?",
              "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "almost 33 years" }],
              "question": "Nigeria was under military rule for how long?",
              "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "unfree and unfair" }],
              "question": "How was the 1999 election regarded?",
              "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "unfree and unfair" }],
              "question": "How was the 2003 election regarded?",
              "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan" }],
              "question": "Who won the 2011 election?",
              "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Muhammadu Buhari" }],
              "question": "Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?",
              "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "22,495,187" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?",
              "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "12,214,853" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Buhari get?",
              "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "Congress for Progressive Change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main opposition political party in 2011?",
              "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Federal Republic" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's form of government?",
              "id": "5726dda25951b619008f8089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "upper and lower" }],
              "question": "What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?",
              "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "two 4-year terms" }],
              "question": "How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?",
              "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "General Muhammadu Buhari" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?",
              "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan" }],
              "question": "Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?",
              "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?",
              "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria get independence?",
              "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "MASSOB" }],
              "question": "What major secession movement has Nigeria had?",
              "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Oodua Peoples Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?",
              "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "223" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?",
              "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "76" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?",
              "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "96" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the House?",
              "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?",
              "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "About twenty" }],
              "question": "How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?",
              "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e937a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "African National Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?",
              "id": "5726e060708984140094d477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "Organisation for African Unity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group was Nigeria a founding member of?",
              "id": "5726e060708984140094d478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "the African Union" }],
              "question": "What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?",
              "id": "5726e060708984140094d479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 654,
                  "text": "the Economic Community of West African States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?",
              "id": "5726e060708984140094d47a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"salt water swamp,\" also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "60 to 80 inches" }],
              "question": "How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?",
              "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "tropical rainforest" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of climate is southern Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "southeast" }],
              "question": "What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?",
              "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "rain forest" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?",
              "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "butterflies" }],
              "question": "What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?",
              "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "grassland" }],
              "question": "Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?",
              "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "the drill monkey" }],
              "question": "What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?",
              "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?",
              "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "development and harvesting by increased population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?",
              "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "savannah" }],
              "question": "What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year?",
              "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone?",
              "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "less than 500 millimetres (20 in)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year?",
              "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Sahara" }],
              "question": "Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Lagos" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Nigerian city?",
              "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "municipal councils" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Kubwa Community" }],
              "question": "What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?",
              "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 584, "text": "Federal Capital Territory" }
              ],
              "question": "What territory is Kubwa Community in?",
              "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "thirty-six" }],
              "question": "How many states does Nigeria have?",
              "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Federal Capital Territory" }
              ],
              "question": "What non-state area does Nigeria have?",
              "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "774" }],
              "question": "How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?",
              "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Local Government Areas" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?",
              "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?",
              "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "30th in the world" }],
              "question": "Where did Nigeria's 2012 GDP rank?",
              "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US?",
              "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "a fifth" }],
              "question": "How much of the US's oil comes from Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "11%" }],
              "question": "How much of the US's oil imports come from Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "8.3%" }],
              "question": "How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria's economy to have in 2009?",
              "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9454"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2\u20134 km. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When was the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field found?",
              "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "2\u20134 km" }],
              "question": "What is the depth of the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?",
              "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?",
              "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "decades" }],
              "question": "How long have international oil companies been in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the International Organization for Migration, Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "USD 2.3 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2004?",
              "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "17.9 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2007?",
              "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home?",
              "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the second-most money home?",
              "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Which Asian country has Nigerians sending the most money home?",
              "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e9490"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses, Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars. Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets (like tablet PCs) manufacturers. In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. In this regard, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria. Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria's industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Innoson Motors" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's local vehicle manufacturer?",
              "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Zinox" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's branded electronics manufacturer?",
              "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria change its import policies to encourage local manufacturers?",
              "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "Ogun" }],
              "question": "What city is Nigeria's main industrial area?",
              "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "Lagos" }],
              "question": "What city is Nigeria's secondary industrial area?",
              "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "27 September 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria launch its first satellite?",
              "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Nigeriasat-1" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's first satellite called?",
              "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Where did Nigeria launch its first satellite?",
              "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many satellites has the Nigerian government commissioned?",
              "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d584"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over \u00a335 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "NigeriaSat-2" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's second satellite called?",
              "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "Surrey Space Technology Limited"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?",
              "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?",
              "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Abuja" }],
              "question": "Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?",
              "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?",
              "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NigComSat-1, a Nigerian satellite built in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders: 4 C-band; 14 Ku-band; 8 Ka-band; and 2 L-band. It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "NigComSat-1" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's third satellite called?",
              "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite built?",
              "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "13 May 2007" }],
              "question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite launched?",
              "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "11 November 2008" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria's third satellite run out of power?",
              "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "where was Nigeria's third satellite launched?",
              "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 24 March 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19, 2011. The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "December 19, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?",
              "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?",
              "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "the insurance policy on NigComSat-1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?",
              "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "NigComSat-1R" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's fourth satellite called?",
              "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "NigComSat-1" }],
              "question": "What satellite did Nigeria's fourth satellite replace?",
              "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. On June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "154,729,000" }],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's population in 2009?",
              "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "51.7%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was rural?",
              "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "48.3%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was urban?",
              "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "167.5 people per square kilometre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's population density in 2009?",
              "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "June 2012" }],
              "question": "When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth?",
              "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9538"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos, the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "a small minority of the country's urban elite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language?",
              "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "Hausa" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular language in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "'Pidgin' or 'Broken'" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?",
              "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Niger Delta Regions" }
              ],
              "question": "What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?",
              "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "rural" }],
              "question": "What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?",
              "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "indigenous" }],
              "question": "What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8294"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims, with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions. According to one recent estimate, over 40% of Nigeria's population adheres to Islam (mainly Sunni, other branches are also present). Christianity is practised by 58% of the population (among them 74% are Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 1% other Christian). Adherents of Animism and other religions collectively represent 1.4% of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Islam and Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most popular religions in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religions does Nigeria have besides the top two?",
              "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "over 40%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Muslim?",
              "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "58%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Christian?",
              "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "1.4%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Animist and other religions?",
              "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Sunni" }],
              "question": "What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ef16708984140094d665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Maliki school of jurisprudence" }
              ],
              "question": "What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726ef16708984140094d666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Sharia" }],
              "question": "What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?",
              "id": "5726ef16708984140094d667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Kano" }],
              "question": "What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?",
              "id": "5726ef16708984140094d668"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA, about 50% of Nigeria's population is Muslim, 40% are Christians and 10% adhere to local religions. But in some recent report, the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated. Additionally, the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian, slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent, and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "about 50%" }],
              "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?",
              "id": "5726efd8708984140094d681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "40%" }],
              "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?",
              "id": "5726efd8708984140094d682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population followed local religions?",
              "id": "5726efd8708984140094d683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "48.8 percent" }],
              "question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?",
              "id": "5726efd8708984140094d684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "49.3 percent" }],
              "question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?",
              "id": "5726efd8708984140094d685"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "74%" }],
              "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?",
              "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?",
              "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?",
              "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Hausa" }],
              "question": "Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?",
              "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Igbos" }],
              "question": "Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?",
              "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f08a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion, the Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aladura Church, the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Since the 1990s" }],
              "question": "When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f8309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f830a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "the Nigerian Baptist Convention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f830b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did the Bamako Initiative begin?",
              "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e9608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "user fees" }],
              "question": "Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system?",
              "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e9609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system?",
              "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e960a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "3.1 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria has HIV as of 2012?",
              "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "52.62 years" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's life expectancy?",
              "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "just over half" }],
              "question": "How much of the Nigerian population has access to clean water?",
              "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "8.4 deaths per 1000 live births"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nigeria's infant mortality rate as of 2010?",
              "id": "5726f434708984140094d6da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be declared Polio free.  In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery. In the 2014 ebola outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries, such as the united States, when ebola threats were discovered.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nigeria" }],
              "question": "What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?",
              "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "December 2014" }],
              "question": "When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?",
              "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?",
              "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9644"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "the University of Nigeria" }
              ],
              "question": "Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?",
              "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9645"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "bone marrow transplant" }
              ],
              "question": "Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?",
              "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9646"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "the Ministry of Education" }
              ],
              "question": "What department runs Nigeria's schools?",
              "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e965e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "After the 1970s oil boom" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Nigeria improve its tertiary education?",
              "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e965f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "68%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's population can read?",
              "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "75.7%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's male population can read?",
              "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "60.6%" }],
              "question": "How much of Nigeria's female population can read?",
              "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9662"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. . The various Nigerian Confraternities or \"campus cults\" are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members. On lower levels of society, there are the \"area boys\", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "drug trafficking" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's most popular organized-crime activity?",
              "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "heroin" }],
              "question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America?",
              "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "cocaine" }],
              "question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa?",
              "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "273" }],
              "question": "How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?",
              "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "84" }],
              "question": "How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?",
              "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419, a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the \"Nigerian scam\", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?",
              "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 732,
                  "text": "the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?",
              "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When was the Nigerian EFCC created?",
              "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "advance fee fraud" }],
              "question": "What type of scam is the 419 scam?",
              "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "bank" }],
              "question": "What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?",
              "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption. It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index; however, it improved to 136th position in 2014. More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. In late 2013, Nigeria's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company, NNPC had failed to remit US$20 billion of oil revenues, which it owed the state. Jonathan however dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for his mismanagement of the central bank's budget. A Senate committee also found Sanusi\u2019s account to be lacking substance. After the conclusion of the NNPC's account Audit, it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC's non-remitted revenue is actually US$1.48billion, which it needs to refund back to the Government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "143 out of 182 countries" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2011 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?",
              "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "136th position" }],
              "question": "In 2014 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?",
              "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "More than $400 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999?",
              "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "US$20 billion" }],
              "question": "The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government?",
              "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "US$1.48billion" }],
              "question": "In a corrected audit, the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government?",
              "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos, Kano and Enugu, forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did the Nigerian film industry begin?",
              "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Nigerian" }],
              "question": "Which African country has the continent's largest movie industry?",
              "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Lagos, Kano and Enugu" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cities are Nigeria's movie studios located in?",
              "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Nollywood" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname for Nigeria's movie industry?",
              "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "2nd-largest" }],
              "question": "Where does Nigeria's movie industry rank worldwide?",
              "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Football is largely considered the Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the \"Super Eagles\", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2014. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "1980, 1994, and 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?",
              "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?",
              "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "football" }],
              "question": "What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?",
              "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Argentina" }],
              "question": "What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?",
              "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Super Eagles" }],
              "question": "What is Nigeria's national football team called?",
              "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nation's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu, a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan, Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth. Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade, Jonathan Akpoborie, Victor Ikpeba, Celestine Babayaro, Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo. Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel, Obafemi Martins, Vincent Enyeama, Yakubu Aiyegbeni, Rashidi Yekini, Peter Odemwingie and Jay-Jay Okocha.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "African Footballer of the year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice?",
              "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "European Champions League" }
              ],
              "question": "Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league?",
              "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Inter Milan, Arsenal" }
              ],
              "question": "What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on?",
              "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life\u2011threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?",
              "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "harsh and life\u2011threatening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?",
              "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are children mistreated in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 738,
                  "text": "sex, ethnicity, region and religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?",
              "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Utrecht",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800\u2013800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back",
              "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Claudius decided the empire should not expand north."
                }
              ],
              "question": " What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide ",
              "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was built along the Rhine ",
              "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 655,
                  "text": "These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many soldiers did the fortress hold ",
              "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 733,
                  "text": "Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who settled near the fort ",
              "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270\u2013650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who raided German territories regularly ",
              "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Romans leave Utrecht",
              "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Little is known about the next period 270\u2013650."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens between 275 and 650",
              "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was built in the 7th century ",
              "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the the church destroyed ",
              "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who tried to convert Frisians",
              "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the pope appoint Bishop",
              "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Charles Martel do ",
              "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What year did Utrecht gain in power ",
              "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 820,
                  "text": "Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What showed the importance of Utrecht",
              "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism",
              "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was part of the territory of bishopric ",
              "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict affected Utrecht",
              "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric ",
              "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What region was seized ",
              "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht",
              "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What began in 1254 ",
              "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the cathedral finished ",
              "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 740,
                  "text": "Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral",
              "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1140,
                  "text": "the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else was housed in the city ",
              "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9024"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Utrecht's location allow ",
              "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Henry V in 1122" }],
              "question": "Who granted Utrecht city rights ",
              "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht",
              "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 801,
                  "text": "The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Industry did the bishop hurt ",
              "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht \u2013 which included the city of Utrecht \u2013 to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht \u2013 which included the city of Utrecht \u2013 to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What year did the bishop lose power ",
              "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Charles V combine ",
              "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the loss of power end ",
              "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to ",
              "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the transition to a new union difficult ",
              "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the castle ",
              "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the castle last ",
              "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was signed in 1579 ",
              "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is this union seen as ",
              "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "towards its dominant province Holland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What became the dominant province ",
              "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the state of Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 ",
              "id": "5726d36b708984140094d283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1674 what hit Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726d36b708984140094d284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What collapsed during the tornado ",
              "id": "5726d36b708984140094d285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Utrecht host in 1713 ",
              "id": "5726d36b708984140094d286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Since 1723 what has Utrecht become ",
              "id": "5726d36b708984140094d287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hapend in the early 19th century",
              "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 727,
                  "text": "the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was reinstated in 1853 ",
              "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1002,
                  "text": "New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what was built in the 1920's and 1930's ",
              "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was railway area developed into ",
              "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mall was constructed ",
              "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in the early 21 st century ",
              "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants \u2013 i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face ",
              "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "percentage of population that's dutch ",
              "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What boroughs are known for high crime ",
              "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8039"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the dense population make difficult ",
              "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Least populates areas of Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "More populated areas include ",
              "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what dominates the cityscape",
              "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is being debated in Utrecht",
              "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the stadium ",
              "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a landmark in the city ",
              "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the inner city look like ",
              "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What surrounds the mid-evil inner city ",
              "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the city remains open ",
              "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main railway station ",
              "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the rail station provide 24 hour service",
              "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there rail services to Germany ",
              "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "where to regular local trains provide service ",
              "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz \u2013 its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the bus station located ",
              "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "renovations are causing what changes ",
              "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz \u2013 its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is qbuzz",
              "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of Europes cleanest ",
              "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Utrecht provide for cyclist ",
              "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a barrow bikes use ",
              "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "utrecht built the worlds largest what ?",
              "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere\u2013Breda A27 and the Utrecht\u2013Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system",
              "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries do the A12 and A2 connect",
              "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does traffic elevate ",
              "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) \u2013 the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the \"UFO\" featured on its fa\u00e7ade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Utrecht's economy  depend on ",
              "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e941e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is centered in Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e941f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What bank is head quartered in Utrecht ",
              "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e9420"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Hoog Catharijne" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the large shopping center ",
              "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night"
                }
              ],
              "question": "how are the shopping center corridors treated ",
              "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is being recreated ",
              "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is located on the west side of the rail station",
              "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest University in the city ",
              "id": "5726e671708984140094d545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is shanghai jiaotong rated ",
              "id": "5726e671708984140094d546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What smaller university is in Utrecht",
              "id": "5726e671708984140094d547"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Cultural life in Utrecht is second to ",
              "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What music festival does Utrecht host ",
              "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the music hall ",
              "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 893,
                  "text": "Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are music students educated ",
              "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy (\"Nijntje\", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are young artist trained ",
              "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Although street art is illegal in Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is street art legal ",
              "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 575,
                  "text": "1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered landmark Architecture ",
              "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the city host on Sundays ",
              "id": "5726e95b708984140094d597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens on Cultural Sunday ",
              "id": "5726e95b708984140094d598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the city subsidise",
              "id": "5726e95b708984140094d599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of coupon does the city provide the poor ",
              "id": "5726e95b708984140094d59a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What football team is Utrecht home to",
              "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Utrecht waterways host to ",
              "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is kampong ",
              "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sports does Kampong support ",
              "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "John_von_Neumann",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "John von Neumann (/v\u0252n \u02c8n\u0254\u026am\u0259n/; Hungarian: Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos, pronounced [\u02c8n\u0252jm\u0252n \u02c8ja\u02d0no\u0283 \u02c8l\u0252jo\u0283]; December 28, 1903 \u2013 February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Hungarian" }],
              "question": "What is John von Neumann's nationality?",
              "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "December 28, 1903" }],
              "question": "When was John von Neumann born?",
              "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "February 8, 1957" }],
              "question": "When did John von Neumann die?",
              "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "game theory" }],
              "question": "What was John von Neumann's major contribution to economics?",
              "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Von Neumann architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What computing structure is named after John von Neumann?",
              "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "December 28, 1903" }],
              "question": "What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?",
              "id": "572800173acd2414000df1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "February 8, 1957" }],
              "question": "When did John Von Neuman die?",
              "id": "572800173acd2414000df1da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?",
              "id": "572800173acd2414000df1db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?",
              "id": "572800173acd2414000df1dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many papers did Von Neumann publish?",
              "id": "572805f84b864d190016425e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "The Computer and the Brain" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?",
              "id": "572805f84b864d190016425f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Manhattan Project" }],
              "question": "What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?",
              "id": "572805f84b864d1900164260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of his published works, what topics were they covering?",
              "id": "572805f84b864d1900164261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?",
              "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum mechanics" }],
              "question": "What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?",
              "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "G\u00f6ttingen" }],
              "question": "Where was quantum mechanics developed?",
              "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "operator theory" }],
              "question": "What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?",
              "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "ergodic theorem" }],
              "question": "What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?",
              "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project with J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller, developing the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and later as one of its commissioners. He was a consultant to a number of organizations, including the United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Along with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, and others, he worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?",
              "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?",
              "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?",
              "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?",
              "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos (in Hungarian the family name comes first), Hebrew name Yonah, in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to wealthy Jewish parents of the Haskalah. He was the eldest of three children. He had two younger brothers: Michael, born in 1907, and Nicholas, who was born in 1911. His father, Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Budapest" }],
              "question": "Where was Von Neumann born?",
              "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "two younger brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Von Neumann have any siblings?",
              "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "banker" }],
              "question": "What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?",
              "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "end of the 1880s" }],
              "question": "When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?",
              "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "Kann Margit" }],
              "question": "What was Von Neumann's mother's name?",
              "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1913, his father was elevated to the nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Joseph. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation Margittai, meaning of Marghita. The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was those chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann of Marghita), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?",
              "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Emperor Franz Joseph" }
              ],
              "question": "What Emperor elevated Von Neumann's father to nobility?",
              "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Marghita" }],
              "question": "What town did Von Neumann's family become associated when elevated to nobility?",
              "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Von Neumann's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility?",
              "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Formal schooling did not start in Hungary until the age of ten. Instead, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages other than Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of 8, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history, reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "At what age did schooling begin in Hungary?",
              "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "governesses" }],
              "question": "Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?",
              "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "English, French, German and Italian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?",
              "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?",
              "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1911. This was one of the best schools in Budapest, part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. Despite being run by the Lutheran Church, the majority of its pupils were Jewish. The school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, that included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (b. 1881), George de Hevesy (b. 1885), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (b. 1898), Eugene Wigner (b. 1902), Edward Teller (b. 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (b. 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as Martians. Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School. When asked why the Hungary of his generation had produced so many geniuses, Wigner, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, replied that von Neumann was the only genius.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?",
              "id": "57280e013acd2414000df341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "gymnasium" }],
              "question": "In what room did children get education in Hungary?",
              "id": "57280e013acd2414000df342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Martians" }],
              "question": "What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?",
              "id": "57280e013acd2414000df343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?",
              "id": "57280e013acd2414000df344"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szeg\u0151, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?",
              "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?",
              "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "two major mathematical papers" }
              ],
              "question": "By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?",
              "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "Georg Cantor" }],
              "question": "Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?",
              "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 874,
                  "text": "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?",
              "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "chemical engineer" }],
              "question": "What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman?",
              "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "University of Berlin" }
              ],
              "question": "At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?",
              "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?",
              "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 740,
                  "text": "axiomatization of Cantor's set theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?",
              "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published twelve major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, thirty-two papers, at a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His reputed powers of speedy, massive memorization and recall allowed him to recite volumes of information, and even entire directories, with ease. In 1929, he briefly became a privatdozent at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "University of Berlin" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?",
              "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "twelve major papers in mathematics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?",
              "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "thirty-two papers" }],
              "question": "How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?",
              "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 686, "text": "Princeton University" }
              ],
              "question": "What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?",
              "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Mariette K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at the Budapest University. Before his marriage he was baptized a Catholic. Max had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while he was alive, but afterwards they all did. They had one child, a daughter, Marina, who is now a distinguished professor of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest prior to the outbreak of World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "New Year's Day in 1930" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Von Neumann get married?",
              "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Mariette K\u00f6vesi" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Von Neumann's wife's name?",
              "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "he was baptized a Catholic." }
              ],
              "question": "Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join?",
              "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Marina" }],
              "question": "What was Von Neumann's child's name?",
              "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "October 1938" }],
              "question": "When did Von Neumann get married for a second time?",
              "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1933, von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he announced that shortly before his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname of von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily, but was ultimately rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis is often quoted. Asked about how France would stand up to Germany he said \"Oh, France won't matter.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? ",
              "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?",
              "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "1937" }],
              "question": "In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?",
              "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 841, "text": "age" }],
              "question": "Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?",
              "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone, which distracted those in neighbouring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work blazingly fast in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "limericks" }],
              "question": "What type of \"off color\" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?",
              "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "regularly playing extremely loud German march music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?",
              "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "Albert Einstein," }],
              "question": "What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?",
              "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df403"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Stanislaw Ulam" }],
              "question": "What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?",
              "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?",
              "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "a new collection of jokes" }
              ],
              "question": "What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?",
              "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's Elements, had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and geometry, thanks to David Hilbert. At the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics. But they did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Russell's paradox" }],
              "question": "What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?",
              "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?",
              "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 969,
                  "text": "the axiom of foundation and the notion of class."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?",
              "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel, in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession, hence excluding the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration, called the method of inner models, which later became an essential instrument in set theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 519, "text": "method of inner models" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?",
              "id": "572818a43acd2414000df465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?",
              "id": "572818a43acd2414000df466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?",
              "id": "572818a43acd2414000df467"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "a class which does not belong to other classes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a proper class?",
              "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves?",
              "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under Von Neumann's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed?",
              "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language. This result was sufficiently innovative as to confound the majority of mathematicians of the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del" }],
              "question": "In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?",
              "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?",
              "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Congress of K\u00f6nigsberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?",
              "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But von Neumann, who had participated at the Congress, confirmed his fame as an instantaneous thinker, and in less than a month was able to communicate to G\u00f6del himself an interesting consequence of his theorem: namely that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. However, G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both incompleteness theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "less than a month" }],
              "question": "How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness?",
              "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?",
              "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "second incompleteness theorem" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon revising the theory of incompleteness, what was the name of the new Godel theory?",
              "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is an analogue of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "continuous geometry." }
              ],
              "question": "What field did Von Neuman establish?",
              "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the distinction of continuous geometry?",
              "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "projections of the hyperfinite type II factor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first example of continuous geometry?",
              "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a series of famous papers, von Neumann made spectacular contributions to measure theory. The work of Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if n = 1 or n = 2 and a negative solution in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character, and that, in particular, for the solvability of the problem of measure the ordinary algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant. Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In a series of famous papers" }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?",
              "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df54f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?",
              "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?",
              "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df551"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "methods of argument he employed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?",
              "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?",
              "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?",
              "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164542"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann. One of von Neumann's analyses was to reduce the classification of von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is von Neumann algebra?",
              "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?",
              "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?",
              "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "study of rings of operators" }
              ],
              "question": "What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?",
              "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df58a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann worked on lattice theory between 1937 and 1939. Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices: \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\" Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "lattice theory" }],
              "question": "What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?",
              "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?",
              "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Garrett Birkhoff" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?\"",
              "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice L having a \"basis\" of n\u22654 pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice \u211b(R) of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring R. This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "novel axioms" }],
              "question": "What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?",
              "id": "572827144b864d19001645da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "140 pages" }],
              "question": "How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?",
              "id": "572827144b864d19001645db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "living room writing-table" }
              ],
              "question": "In what room did von Neumann often write at home?",
              "id": "572827144b864d19001645dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Von Neumann" }],
              "question": "Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?",
              "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?",
              "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "axiomatization of set theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?",
              "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the non-commutativity of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a Self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the physics of quantum mechanics?",
              "id": "572829bd4b864d190016461e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the uncertainty principle?",
              "id": "572829bd4b864d190016461f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?",
              "id": "572829bd4b864d1900164620"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "determinism versus non-determinism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?",
              "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was John Bell's argument?",
              "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?",
              "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?",
              "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a chapter of The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter (although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?",
              "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "consciousness of the experimenter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What \"outside of calculation\" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?",
              "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?",
              "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9ea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Garrett Birkhoff" }],
              "question": "With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?",
              "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "propositional calculus" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept was created for quatum logic?",
              "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1074,
                  "text": "laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?",
              "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. Von Neumann proved his minimax theorem in 1928. This theorem establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e. in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses, hence the name minimax. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "What year was game theory established?",
              "id": "572831002ca10214002da042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "mathematical discipline." }
              ],
              "question": "What discipline is game theory derived from?",
              "id": "572831002ca10214002da043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?",
              "id": "572831002ca10214002da044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "all the possible responses of his adversary."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?",
              "id": "572831002ca10214002da045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is, in turn, attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case, in quantum mechanics, that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members are necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., x and y) results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the x direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction y will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of y is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of y is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of y is positive or the spin in the direction of y is negative\" must be true for \u0278. In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which , while .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic?",
              "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "each of its members are necessarily indeterminate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate?",
              "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "illustrated by a simple example"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can quantum disjuction be illustrated?",
              "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "minimize the maximum loss for each player"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is optimal strategy?",
              "id": "572833752ca10214002da090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What von Neumann work was published in 1944?",
              "id": "572833752ca10214002da091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Oskar Morgenstern" }],
              "question": "Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?",
              "id": "572833752ca10214002da092"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil  A \u2212 \u03bbB with nonnegative matrices A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number \u03bb that would solve the complementarity equation",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "several stunning publications" }
              ],
              "question": "How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?",
              "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?",
              "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "matrix pencil  A \u2212 \u03bbB with nonnegative matrices A and B"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?",
              "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "along with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \u03bb represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate. Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "p represents the prices of the goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In von Neumann's model what does p represent?",
              "id": "572836864b864d1900164754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In von Neumann's model what does q represent?",
              "id": "572836864b864d1900164755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "rate of growth equals the interest rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rate of qrowth equal to?",
              "id": "572836864b864d1900164756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the economic model successful?",
              "id": "572836864b864d1900164757"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "viewed as a special case of linear programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were von Neumann's model an example of?",
              "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 684,
                  "text": "unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?",
              "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?",
              "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?",
              "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Nicholas Kaldor" }],
              "question": "What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?",
              "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "L\u00e9on Walras" }],
              "question": "In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?",
              "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164784"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "homogeneous linear system of Gordan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?",
              "id": "572839072ca10214002da104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "pivoting algorithm between simplices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did von Neuman's method use?",
              "id": "572839072ca10214002da105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?",
              "id": "572839072ca10214002da106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio?",
              "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "Durbin\u2013Watson statistic" }
              ],
              "question": "How has mean square ratio been applied?",
              "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what does null hypothesis test against?",
              "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics. Other well known contributions to fluid dynamics included the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery of the ZND detonation model of explosives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "numerical hydrodynamics" }
              ],
              "question": "The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?",
              "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the math of artificial viscosity do?",
              "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?",
              "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?",
              "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?",
              "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?",
              "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "implosive lens project was greatly expanded"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?",
              "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the tolerance limit for implosion \"edge effect\"?",
              "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "George Kistiakowsky" }
              ],
              "question": "Who constructed Trinity bomb?",
              "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "In what year was Trinity bomb completed?",
              "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df78a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "four other scientists and various military personnel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?",
              "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "oversaw computations" }
              ],
              "question": "What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?",
              "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Kyoto" }],
              "question": "What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?",
              "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 724,
                  "text": "Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?",
              "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to 5 kilotons of TNT (21 TJ) but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 16, 1945" }],
              "question": "On what day was the first atomic blast?",
              "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Alamogordo Army Airfield," }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the first atomic blast test take place?",
              "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 651, "text": "between 20 and 22 kilotons" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the power of the first atomic blast?",
              "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on, by Fuchs, to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Klaus Fuchs" }],
              "question": "With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?",
              "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?",
              "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 808, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?",
              "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "Weapons Systems Evaluation Group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?",
              "id": "572841842ca10214002da1ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?",
              "id": "572841842ca10214002da1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "General Advisory Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?",
              "id": "572841842ca10214002da1b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?",
              "id": "572842b04b864d190016482c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?",
              "id": "572842b04b864d190016482d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "relative inaccuracy of the missile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?",
              "id": "572842b04b864d190016482e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Oppenheimer" }],
              "question": "Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?",
              "id": "572842b04b864d190016482f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?",
              "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?",
              "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? ",
              "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer\u2014or MANIAC). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons, and they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "mutual assured destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "What was MAD?",
              "id": "572845213acd2414000df81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of MAD?",
              "id": "572845213acd2414000df820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 646,
                  "text": "Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?",
              "id": "572845213acd2414000df821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1005, "text": "keeping up with the Soviets" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the concern of a missile gap?",
              "id": "572845213acd2414000df822"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did von Neumann join government work?",
              "id": "572846473acd2414000df84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?",
              "id": "572846473acd2414000df84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Manhattan Project" }],
              "question": "What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?",
              "id": "572846473acd2414000df84f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 23 pages long; traces can still be seen on the first page of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Von Neumann" }],
              "question": "Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm?",
              "id": "572847273acd2414000df85d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Alan Turing" }],
              "question": "With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?",
              "id": "572847273acd2414000df85e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a merge sort algorithm do?",
              "id": "572847273acd2414000df85f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. His algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, and also noted that when it went awry it did so obviously, unlike methods which could be subtly incorrect. \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "von Neumann's digital computers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?",
              "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Monte Carlo method?",
              "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "pseudorandom numbers" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?",
              "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?",
              "id": "57284a152ca10214002da258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the significance of EDVAC?",
              "id": "57284a152ca10214002da259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 913, "text": "University of Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was ENIAC located?",
              "id": "57284a152ca10214002da25a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved. The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed the defense computer include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?",
              "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?",
              "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 602, "text": "RCA Research Laboratory" }
              ],
              "question": "After the design of IAS, who built the computer?",
              "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da118"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "When was stochastic computing introduced?",
              "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da126"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "advances in computing of the 1960s."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?",
              "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da127"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 904, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?",
              "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da128"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1003, "text": "computer virus" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?",
              "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da129"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil \"a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "ENIAC" }],
              "question": "On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?",
              "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation",
              "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "6 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C) colder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much colder was world in last glacial age?",
              "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Von Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was ... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller wrote that von Neumann effortlessly outdid anybody he ever met, and said \"I never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us. Most people avoid thinking if they can, some of us are addicted to thinking, but von Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "stunned other mathematicians" }
              ],
              "question": "How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head?",
              "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann?",
              "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 904,
                  "text": "Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?",
              "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "\"fastest mind I ever met\"," }
              ],
              "question": "How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? ",
              "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?",
              "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?",
              "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da162"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Herman Goldstine wrote: \"One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminution in speed from its original language into English. On one occasion I tested his ability by asking him to tell me how A Tale of Two Cities started. Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.\" Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?",
              "id": "572850984b864d1900164930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Could von Neumann recall written text much later?",
              "id": "572850984b864d1900164931"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?",
              "id": "572850984b864d1900164932"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. \"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"Selected Letters.\" James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 called von Neumann \"the last of the great mathematicians\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1,
                  "text": "I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?",
              "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?",
              "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "most scintillating intellect of this century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?",
              "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da172"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929\u20131930. John had earlier said to his mother, \"There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation \"Judex ergo cum sedebit,\" and ends \"Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?\" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?",
              "id": "572852073acd2414000df905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "died within two weeks" }
              ],
              "question": "From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?",
              "id": "572852073acd2414000df906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "eighteen months" }],
              "question": "How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?",
              "id": "572852073acd2414000df907"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern) said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic.\" \"Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Father Strittmatter" }
              ],
              "question": "Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?",
              "id": "5728531a4b864d1900164948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?",
              "id": "5728531a4b864d1900164949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?",
              "id": "5728531a4b864d190016494a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "always believed him to be \"completely agnostic.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?",
              "id": "5728531a4b864d190016494b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet\u2013Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?",
              "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "Soviet" }],
              "question": "Who invaded Poland after the Nazi\u2019s?",
              "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 881,
                  "text": "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?",
              "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1105, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?",
              "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "Finland" }],
              "question": "Salla is located in what country?",
              "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e9110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Polish state" }],
              "question": "The regions of Bia\u0142ystok, Galicia and Przemy\u015bl were returned to what country after world war II?",
              "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?",
              "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917\u201322).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?",
              "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk" }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?",
              "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1917\u201322" }],
              "question": "When did the russian civil war take place?",
              "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered \"Untermenschen\" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by \"Jewish Bolshevik\" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to \"permanent mastery of the world\", though he stated that they would \"walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us.\" The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German\u2013Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post\u2013World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "ethnic Jews" }],
              "question": "Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?",
              "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1076, "text": "Treaty of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "What reduced Germany\u2019s need for Soviet goods?",
              "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Nazi Party" }],
              "question": "Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?",
              "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "UK and France" }],
              "question": "What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?",
              "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Chamberlain" }],
              "question": "Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia",
              "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 804,
                  "text": "put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?",
              "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9146"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "British blockade" }],
              "question": "During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?",
              "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "military machinery" }
              ],
              "question": "Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? ",
              "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? ",
              "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of \"capitalist encirclements\", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "capitalist encirclements" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?",
              "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Great Purge" }],
              "question": "Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn\u2019t partake in another world war?",
              "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9163"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?",
              "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9164"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?",
              "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9165"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?",
              "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "mid-June" }],
              "question": "What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?",
              "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "the Soviets" }],
              "question": "Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?",
              "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From April\u2013July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Maxim Litvinov" }],
              "question": "Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?",
              "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Soviet and German" }],
              "question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930\u2019s treaty with each other?",
              "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "Germany and the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?",
              "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; as Polish foreign minister J\u00f3zef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Moscow" }],
              "question": "In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?",
              "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 678,
                  "text": "once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?",
              "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?",
              "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9196"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 19, the 1939 German\u2013Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Vistula river" }],
              "question": "What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?",
              "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?",
              "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?",
              "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi\u2013Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group \"which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Ribbentrop" }],
              "question": "Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? ",
              "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8eca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "10-year" }],
              "question": "How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?",
              "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8eca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "either went to war against a third power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?",
              "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8ecaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its \"political rearrangement\"\u2014the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius \u2013 its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "Lithuania" }],
              "question": "What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? ",
              "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "Lithuania" }],
              "question": "What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?",
              "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?",
              "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?",
              "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1050, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?",
              "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British\u2013French\u2013Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American charg\u00e9 d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted \"spheres of influence\", without revealing the annexation rights for \"territorial and political rearrangement\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "Hans von Herwarth" }],
              "question": "Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?",
              "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8ecca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?",
              "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8eccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "place for months" }],
              "question": "How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?",
              "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8eccc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that \"fascism is a matter of taste\". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as \"inevitable\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Molotov" }],
              "question": "Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?",
              "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "a decade" }],
              "question": "How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?",
              "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Hitler" }],
              "question": "A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?",
              "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them \"[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation.\" That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "no useful purpose" }],
              "question": "What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?",
              "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e923e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Britain" }],
              "question": "Who should accept the annexation of Poland?",
              "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e923f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "facing a two front war" }
              ],
              "question": "By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?",
              "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e9240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly \"for urgent aeronautical experiments\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "signals broadcast by the Soviet radio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?",
              "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e924e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1 September" }],
              "question": "What day did German invade Poland?",
              "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e924f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "month" }],
              "question": "How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? ",
              "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e9250"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the \"purging\" of saboteurs. A joint German\u2013Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German\u2013Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the \"Polish region\". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?",
              "id": "5726d883708984140094d343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Brest-Litovsk" }],
              "question": "Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?",
              "id": "5726d883708984140094d344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Lvov and Brest-Litovsk" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were cooperative military parades held?",
              "id": "5726d883708984140094d345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the \"Lithuanian Strip\") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?",
              "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "German\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the amended joint agreement called?",
              "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Eleven days" }],
              "question": "How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?",
              "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled \"Suite on Finnish Themes\" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "Finnish Democratic Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?",
              "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 893, "text": "over three months" }],
              "question": "How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?",
              "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1243,
                  "text": "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?",
              "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1105, "text": "422,000" }],
              "question": "How many Finnish people lost their homes?",
              "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Soviet NKVD" }],
              "question": "Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? ",
              "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Scheschupe area" }],
              "question": "What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?",
              "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Latvia" }],
              "question": "Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?",
              "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did these countries become part of the USSR?",
              "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?",
              "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "What month did France sue for peace?",
              "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Two days" }],
              "question": "How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?",
              "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9298"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the \u201cintelligentia?\u201d ",
              "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "fall of 1939 till spring of 1940"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did liquidation occur?",
              "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "16,000 members" }],
              "question": " How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?",
              "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939\u201340, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "380,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? ",
              "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "43,000" }],
              "question": "How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?",
              "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Poles and other Slavs" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group of people were considered inferior?",
              "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many Polish people were used in labor camps?",
              "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 917, "text": "1.1 million people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?",
              "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the \"Secret Additional Protocols\" of the German\u2013Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka river and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German\u2013Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues. It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories, and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and \"White Russian\" \"nationals\" in German-held territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "two and a half months" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?",
              "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "two and a half months" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?",
              "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "until August 1, 1942" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?",
              "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as \"Fascist propaganda\". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that \"there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce.\" Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Herbert Biberman" }],
              "question": "Who was part of Hollywood Ten?",
              "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Earl Browder" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the American communist party?",
              "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 579, "text": "Western Communists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?",
              "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze \"chauvinist elements.\" Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line\u2014which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist\u2014was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their \"unshakeable will\" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "the war was unjust and imperialist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? ",
              "id": "5726db50708984140094d3bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "the war was unjust and imperialist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The western communists claimed the war was what?",
              "id": "5726db50708984140094d3be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "war credits" }],
              "question": "French communists voted for what?",
              "id": "5726db50708984140094d3bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1090, "text": "fled to Russia" }],
              "question": "Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?",
              "id": "5726db50708984140094d3c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing \"the most reactionary force in the world\") and argued: \"The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English\u2013French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "English\u2013French war bloc" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "German government" }],
              "question": "Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union",
              "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "the most reactionary force in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?",
              "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a joint German\u2013Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Britain and France" }],
              "question": "Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?",
              "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "to maintain the Versailles system."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the west creating a war?",
              "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Molotov" }],
              "question": "Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?",
              "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Molotov declared in his report entitled \"On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union\" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western \"ruling circles\" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring \"their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of Molotov\u2019s report called?",
              "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "extermination of Hitlerism" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?",
              "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "defending democracy" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?",
              "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "was over four times larger" }
              ],
              "question": "How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?",
              "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "occupied Polish territories" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?",
              "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Manchuria" }],
              "question": "Where were the soybeans coming from?",
              "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "the battleship Bismarck" }
              ],
              "question": " What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?",
              "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "thirty" }],
              "question": "How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?",
              "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "a submarine base" }],
              "question": "What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?",
              "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "northern Soviet Union near Murmansk"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the sub base located?",
              "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "both the Atlantic and the Pacific"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?",
              "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff \"to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Ribbentrop" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?",
              "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?",
              "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?",
              "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?",
              "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "Hungarian and Romanian borders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?",
              "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Who started refining Romanian oil?",
              "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?",
              "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Ribbentrop" }],
              "question": "Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?",
              "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "Britain and the USA" }
              ],
              "question": "Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?",
              "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Hitler" }],
              "question": "Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?",
              "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "reinforce a public affection for Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Stalin sign the pact? ",
              "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi\u2013Soviet economic relations (1934\u201341) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Soviet positions in eastern Poland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?",
              "id": "5726de31708984140094d419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "4.3 million casualties" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?",
              "id": "5726de31708984140094d41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "three million Soviet prisoners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?",
              "id": "5726de31708984140094d41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "matter of weeks" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?",
              "id": "5726de31708984140094d41c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called \"Exploitation German Archives\" (EGA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "9,800 pages" }],
              "question": "How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?",
              "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1389, "text": "Exploitation German Archives" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?",
              "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Thuringia" }],
              "question": "Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?",
              "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "personal insurance for his future well-being"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?",
              "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1077, "text": "the American zone" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Karl von L\u00f6esch transferred to after he turned over the documents?",
              "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations 1939\u20131941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German\u2013Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: \"The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "the Manchester Guardian" }
              ],
              "question": "Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?",
              "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "President Truman" }],
              "question": "Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?",
              "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "London" }],
              "question": "Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?",
              "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?",
              "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "flat-footed" }],
              "question": "What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?",
              "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1948" }],
              "question": "What year was Joseph Stalin\u2019s version of the pact published?",
              "id": "5726df215951b619008f80d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Falsifiers of History" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication",
              "id": "5726df215951b619008f80da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "until the Soviet Union's dissolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?",
              "id": "5726df215951b619008f80db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet\u2013German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?",
              "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "Both successor-states of the pact parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?",
              "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?",
              "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to \"purge the ministry of Jews.\" Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's \"modus operandi\" was \"more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan.\" Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British\u2013French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British\u2013French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Molotov" }],
              "question": "Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?",
              "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?",
              "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1535, "text": "Derek Watson" }],
              "question": "Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?",
              "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1720, "text": "Geoffrey Roberts" }],
              "question": "Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?",
              "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: \"In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack.\"[page needed] According to Carr, the \"bastion\" created by means of the Pact, \"was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack.\"[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that \"if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved.\"[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that \"the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, \"neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success,\" and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "the Western Powers would already be involved"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?",
              "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Historian Werner Maser" }
              ],
              "question": "Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?",
              "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "a line of defense against" }
              ],
              "question": "The pact according to Edward Carr\u2019s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet\u2013German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Viktor Suvorov" }],
              "question": "Who was skeptical of Stalin\u2019s policies?",
              "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?",
              "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "David Glantz" }],
              "question": "Who doesn\u2019t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?",
              "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f7"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Capacitor",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "a condenser" }],
              "question": "What was a capacitor originally known as?",
              "id": "5726d89c708984140094d349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "two electrical conductors" }
              ],
              "question": "How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?",
              "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "a dielectric" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?",
              "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 853,
                  "text": "the form of an electrostatic field"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what form does a capacitor store energy?",
              "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 888, "text": "between its plates" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?",
              "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge \u2212Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "When there is a potential difference across the conductors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?",
              "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?",
              "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "when a capacitor is attached across a battery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? ",
              "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "no current can flow through the capacitor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?",
              "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge \u2212Q to collect on the other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?",
              "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, \"I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Ewald Georg von Kleist" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?",
              "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In October 1745" }],
              "question": "When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?",
              "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "a hand-held glass jar" }
              ],
              "question": "In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? ",
              "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "the water acted as conductors" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?",
              "id": "5726e1755951b619008f8140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "Pieter van Musschenbroek" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?",
              "id": "5726e1755951b619008f8141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a \"battery\" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term \"battery\", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Daniel Gralath" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?",
              "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "stored on the glass" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?",
              "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Benjamin Franklin" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"battery\"?",
              "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "1.11 nanofarads" }],
              "question": "How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? ",
              "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "to prevent arcing between the foils"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?",
              "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "glass" }],
              "question": "Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? ",
              "id": "5726e48b708984140094d4ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "as the dielectric" }],
              "question": "For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?",
              "id": "5726e48b708984140094d500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "strip of impregnated paper" }
              ],
              "question": "What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?",
              "id": "5726e48b708984140094d501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "in 1876" }],
              "question": "When were paper capacitors first manufactured?",
              "id": "5726e48b708984140094d502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "as decoupling capacitors" }
              ],
              "question": "What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?",
              "id": "5726e48b708984140094d503"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an \"Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes.\" Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Pollak" }],
              "question": "Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?",
              "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "a neutral or alkaline electrolyte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?",
              "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "In 1896" }],
              "question": "In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?",
              "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?",
              "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "to complement their newly invented transistor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?",
              "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a \"Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes\". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: \"It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Supercapacitors" }],
              "question": "What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?",
              "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "In 1957" }],
              "question": "When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?",
              "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "H. Becker" }],
              "question": "Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?",
              "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "in the carbon pores" }
              ],
              "question": "In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?",
              "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f8200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "the pores of the etched foils" }
              ],
              "question": "In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?",
              "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f8201"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "a non-conductive region" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?",
              "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "the dielectric" }],
              "question": "What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?",
              "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "no net electric charge" }
              ],
              "question": "What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?",
              "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "equal and opposite charges" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?",
              "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "the dielectric" }],
              "question": "What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?",
              "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges\u2014electrons\u2014cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?",
              "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "one electron accumulates on the negative plate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?",
              "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "the integral of the current" }
              ],
              "question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?",
              "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "proportional to the voltage" }
              ],
              "question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?",
              "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "the initial voltage V(t0)" }
              ],
              "question": "When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?",
              "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity \u03b5 . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density \u00b1\u03c1 = \u00b1Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = \u03c1/\u03b5. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "permittivity \u03b5" }
              ],
              "question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?",
              "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "\u00b1\u03c1 = \u00b1Q/A" }
              ],
              "question": "What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?",
              "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "much greater than their separation d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?",
              "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "E = \u03c1/\u03b5" }],
              "question": "Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?",
              "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "The voltage" }],
              "question": "What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?",
              "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The maximum energy" }],
              "question": "What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?",
              "id": "572700fe708984140094d839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "no change of the maximum amount of energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? ",
              "id": "572700fe708984140094d83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "fringing fields outside the dielectric"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?",
              "id": "572700fe708984140094d83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "will increase the effective capacitance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?",
              "id": "572700fe708984140094d83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "negligibly small" }],
              "question": "When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?",
              "id": "572700fe708984140094d83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": " Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "can be assumed to be linear" }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?",
              "id": "572702f4708984140094d879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "virtual components" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?",
              "id": "572702f4708984140094d87a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "The usual methods of network analysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?",
              "id": "572702f4708984140094d87b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?",
              "id": "572702f4708984140094d87c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "temperature dependence" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?",
              "id": "572702f4708984140094d87d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m; for oil, 15 to 25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 1 kV. As the voltage increases, the dielectric must be thicker, making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages. The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown quickly tracks through the dielectric until it reaches the opposite plate, leaving carbon behind and causing a short (or relatively low resistance) circuit. The results can be explosive as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "of the order 2 to 5 MV/m" }
              ],
              "question": "What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?",
              "id": "572704df5951b619008f84ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "100 to 300 MV/m" }],
              "question": "Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?",
              "id": "572704df5951b619008f84ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "The dielectric is used in very thin layers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?",
              "id": "572704df5951b619008f84af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 646,
                  "text": "the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?",
              "id": "572704df5951b619008f84b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "the dielectric must be thicker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?",
              "id": "572704df5951b619008f84b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this. Some types of capacitors, primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ripple current" }],
              "question": "What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?",
              "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "changing field strength" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?",
              "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?",
              "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "equivalent series resistance (ESR)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?",
              "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "aluminum electrolytic capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?",
              "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over time. Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The capacitance" }],
              "question": "What value of some capacitors decreases with age?",
              "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "degradation of the dielectric" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?",
              "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "The type of dielectric" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors?",
              "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "ambient operating and storage temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?",
              "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "the Curie point" }],
              "question": "At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond?",
              "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "microphonic effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?",
              "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "the capacitance" }],
              "question": "What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? ",
              "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "AC current" }],
              "question": "What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?",
              "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "audio applications" }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?",
              "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "the reverse microphonic effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?",
              "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage will tend to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as ringing. In comparison, critically damped or over-damped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current will be equal in each direction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "DC circuits" }],
              "question": "What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?",
              "id": "57270b515951b619008f852b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "pulsed circuits" }],
              "question": "What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?",
              "id": "57270b515951b619008f852c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "under-damped" }],
              "question": "Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?",
              "id": "57270b515951b619008f852d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "a harmonic oscillator" }
              ],
              "question": "What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?",
              "id": "57270b515951b619008f852e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "a voltage reversal" }
              ],
              "question": "When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?",
              "id": "57270b515951b619008f852f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For maximum life, capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system will experience. An AC circuit will experience 100% voltage reversal, while under-damped DC circuits will experience less than 100%. Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric, causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors, and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor. Reversal ratings will often affect the design considerations for the capacitor, from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "100% voltage reversal" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?",
              "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "excess electric fields" }
              ],
              "question": "What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?",
              "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "less than 100%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?",
              "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "heating of both the dielectric and the conductors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?",
              "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Reversal ratings" }],
              "question": "When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?",
              "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f2a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of \"dielectric absorption\" or \"soakage\". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "hysteresis in the dielectric" }
              ],
              "question": "After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?",
              "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "time-dependent" }],
              "question": "What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?",
              "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "very high absorption" }
              ],
              "question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? ",
              "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "very small levels of absorption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?",
              "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 988, "text": "over 10 joules of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? ",
              "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage. A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting, causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube. In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red, or current limiting resistors to overheat, even fail. Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid-state (transistor) amplifiers, but owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric barriers this once-common problem has become relatively rare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Leakage" }],
              "question": "With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?",
              "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "Constant exposure to heat" }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?",
              "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "interstage coupling capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?",
              "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "A leaky capacitor" }],
              "question": "What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?",
              "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "cause the plates to glow red" }
              ],
              "question": "If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?",
              "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "a dielectric spacer" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?",
              "id": "572710e05951b619008f8577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "a vacuum" }],
              "question": "What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?",
              "id": "572710e05951b619008f8578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Variable capacitors" }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?",
              "id": "572710e05951b619008f8579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? ",
              "id": "572710e05951b619008f857a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "no significant air space" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?",
              "id": "572710e05951b619008f857b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic materials. Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, it is susceptible to water absorption, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Plastics offer better stability and ageing performance, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and they age poorly. They are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "relatively high voltage performance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors?",
              "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "plastic film capacitors" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?",
              "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "timer circuits" }],
              "question": "What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?",
              "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "Glass" }],
              "question": "What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?",
              "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "mica capacitors" }],
              "question": "What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?",
              "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "aluminum" }],
              "question": "What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?",
              "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "an oxide dielectric layer" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?",
              "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "drops at low temperatures" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?",
              "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1045,
                  "text": "by gradually applying the operating voltage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?",
              "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1534,
                  "text": "these produce full output voltage even with reduced input"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?",
              "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF as of 2010[update]) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries. Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?",
              "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "carbon nanotubes" }],
              "question": "What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed?",
              "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "up to 5 kF" }],
              "question": "As of 2010, what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?",
              "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "Alternating current capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits?",
              "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 761,
                  "text": "at least five times the maximum AC voltage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?",
              "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f350"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?",
              "id": "572715c2708984140094d989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "the internal microscopic dipoles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?",
              "id": "572715c2708984140094d98a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "dielectric dispersion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?",
              "id": "572715c2708984140094d98b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "dielectric relaxation processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regulates dielectric dispersion?",
              "id": "572715c2708984140094d98c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Debye relaxation" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?",
              "id": "572715c2708984140094d98d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(\u03c9) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(\u03c9) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement \"without the dielectric\" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Z(\u03c9)" }],
              "question": "How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?",
              "id": "572717315951b619008f85bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "C0" }],
              "question": "How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?",
              "id": "572717315951b619008f85be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?",
              "id": "572717315951b619008f85bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "in terrestrial vacuum" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?",
              "id": "572717315951b619008f85c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Ccmplx(\u03c9)" }],
              "question": "How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?",
              "id": "572717315951b619008f85c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic \u2013 these are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "microfarads and less" }
              ],
              "question": "What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?",
              "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "multiple stacks of plates and disks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are larger value capacitors often constructed?",
              "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "impregnated paper or plastic \u2013 these are rolled up to save space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?",
              "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "To reduce the series resistance and inductance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?",
              "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?",
              "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. \"Axial\" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body \u2013 the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "axially" }],
              "question": "What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?",
              "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "radially" }],
              "question": "What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?",
              "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Radial" }],
              "question": "Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?",
              "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "on a common axis" }],
              "question": "How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?",
              "id": "572719a45951b619008f85fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "as tandem" }],
              "question": "How could radial leads be more correctly described?",
              "id": "572719a45951b619008f85fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s, and remain in widespread use. Since the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "the 1930s" }],
              "question": "Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?",
              "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "the 1980s" }],
              "question": "Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?",
              "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "connecting leads" }],
              "question": "What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?",
              "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "simplify automated assembly" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one benefit of using surface mount components?",
              "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "manual handling is made difficult due to their small size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?",
              "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e9910"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "the plate spacing" }],
              "question": "What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?",
              "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "with a screw" }],
              "question": "How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?",
              "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "reverse-biased semiconductor diodes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?",
              "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "depletion region" }],
              "question": "What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?",
              "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "phase-locked loops" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an application of varactors?",
              "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 \u03bcF). Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter, where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF (calculated as XY \u00d7 10Z for digits XYZ) and the letter indicates the tolerance (J, K or M for \u00b15%, \u00b110% and \u00b120% respectively).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 \u03bcF)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?",
              "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "three numeric digits and a letter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?",
              "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "the digits indicate the capacitance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?",
              "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "the letter indicates the tolerance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?",
              "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "in pF" }],
              "question": "In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?",
              "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a \"clean\" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "to provide a \"clean\" power supply for signal or control circuits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?",
              "id": "57271f0a708984140094da0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "as a local reserve for the DC power source"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?",
              "id": "57271f0a708984140094da10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "the inductance" }],
              "question": "What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?",
              "id": "57271f0a708984140094da11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "resistance" }],
              "question": "What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?",
              "id": "57271f0a708984140094da12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "conceal current fluctuations" }
              ],
              "question": "What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver \"clean\" power for control circuits?",
              "id": "57271f0a708984140094da13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In electric power distribution" }
              ],
              "question": "In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?",
              "id": "57272081708984140094da2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "as three capacitors connected as a three phase load"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?",
              "id": "57272081708984140094da2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?",
              "id": "57272081708984140094da2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "to counteract inductive loading"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?",
              "id": "57272081708984140094da2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "at a load center within a building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?",
              "id": "57272081708984140094da2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy will generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "the current through the inductance collapses quickly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?",
              "id": "572721a4708984140094da49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?",
              "id": "572721a4708984140094da4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "A snubber capacitor" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?",
              "id": "572721a4708984140094da4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "contact breaker ignition systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?",
              "id": "572721a4708984140094da4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 735, "text": "a filter capacitor" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?",
              "id": "572721a4708984140094da4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary \"start\" winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. When the secondary (start) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary (run) winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque. Typically they can have up-to four times as much starting torque than a split-phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors, pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "a rotational motion on the rotor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?",
              "id": "572722c0708984140094da53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "series non-polarized starting capacitor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?",
              "id": "572722c0708984140094da54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?",
              "id": "572722c0708984140094da55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 684, "text": "disconnects the capacitor" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?",
              "id": "572722c0708984140094da56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "to the side of the motor housing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?",
              "id": "572722c0708984140094da57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "over 15 joules of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?",
              "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "over 300 volts" }],
              "question": "To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?",
              "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "a Brinkley stick" }],
              "question": "What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?",
              "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 763, "text": "with the terminals shorted" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?",
              "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 923, "text": "from static charges" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?",
              "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9958"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could cause the failure of a capacitor?",
              "id": "5727247c5951b619008f8669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "overheat" }],
              "question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?",
              "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "violently explode" }],
              "question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?",
              "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "High voltage vacuum capacitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?",
              "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 729, "text": "preventive maintenance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?",
              "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "History_of_science",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The history of science" }
              ],
              "question": "What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?",
              "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "the history of scholarship" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the history of arts and humanities called?",
              "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "real world" }],
              "question": "What kind of phenomena does science study?",
              "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Historiography of science" }
              ],
              "question": "Intellectual history and social history are used in what?",
              "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English word scientist is relatively recent\u2014first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "William Whewell" }],
              "question": "Who coined the word \"scientist\"?",
              "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the word \"scientist\" created?",
              "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "natural philosophers" }
              ],
              "question": "What are people who study nature called?",
              "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?",
              "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "the scientific revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?",
              "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9554"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "true theories" }],
              "question": "What replaced false beliefs?",
              "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9582"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Thomas Kuhn" }],
              "question": "Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?",
              "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9583"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "the 18th century" }],
              "question": "What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?",
              "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "competing paradigms" }
              ],
              "question": "Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?",
              "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9585"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "a surplus of food" }],
              "question": "The advancement of agriculture made what possible?",
              "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "food production" }],
              "question": "Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?",
              "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "work towards bare survival" }
              ],
              "question": "Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?",
              "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The development of writing" }
              ],
              "question": "What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?",
              "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "community" }],
              "question": "Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?",
              "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ancient Egypt" }],
              "question": "Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?",
              "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "geometry" }],
              "question": "What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?",
              "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "The 3-4-5 right triangle" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?",
              "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "alchemy" }],
              "question": "What research was Egypt known for?",
              "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "The Edwin Smith papyrus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the earliest medical document?",
              "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras,  but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Sumer" }],
              "question": "Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?",
              "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "3500 BC" }],
              "question": "How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?",
              "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "numerical data" }],
              "question": "What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?",
              "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "18th century BC" }],
              "question": "What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?",
              "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Plimpton 322" }],
              "question": "Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?",
              "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was \"the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena.\" According to the historian A. Aaboe, \"all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West\u2014if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences\u2014depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "scribes" }],
              "question": "Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?",
              "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "in Western calendars" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?",
              "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 602,
                  "text": "a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kidinnu?",
              "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "A. Aaboe" }],
              "question": "Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?",
              "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "today's calendars" }],
              "question": "Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?",
              "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9634"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Classical Antiquity" }],
              "question": "Which era was marked by investigating the universe?",
              "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "natural philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?",
              "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "physicians" }],
              "question": "What is an example of skilled professionals?",
              "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "temple healers" }],
              "question": "What is an example of religious devotee?",
              "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "natural philosophers" }
              ],
              "question": "What would the first scientists have been considered?",
              "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: \"How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?\" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the \"father of science\", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "pre-Socratics" }],
              "question": "What are early Greek philosophers known as?",
              "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?",
              "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Thales" }],
              "question": "Who was named \"the father of science\"?",
              "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Poseidon" }],
              "question": "Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?",
              "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Samos" }],
              "question": "Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?",
              "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9676"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was \"Let none unversed in geometry enter here\", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "natural philosophy" }],
              "question": "Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?",
              "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "deductive reasoning" }
              ],
              "question": "What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?",
              "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "387 BC" }],
              "question": "What year was the Platonic Academy founded?",
              "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "empiricism" }],
              "question": "Aristotle introduced what theory?",
              "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "540" }],
              "question": "How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?",
              "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "factual knowledge" }],
              "question": "Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?",
              "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "the Hellenistic age" }
              ],
              "question": "What era utilized Greek theories?",
              "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 941, "text": "the Socratic method" }
              ],
              "question": "What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?",
              "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 917, "text": "the Ancient Greeks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?",
              "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "deliberate empirical research" }
              ],
              "question": "Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?",
              "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 \u2013 c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Aristarchus of Samos" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?",
              "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Eratosthenes" }],
              "question": "Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?",
              "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Hipparchus" }],
              "question": "Who made the first catalog of stars?",
              "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "150-100 BC" }],
              "question": "When was the Antikythera mechanism used?",
              "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "the Antikythera mechanism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?",
              "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi. He is also known in physics for laying the foundations of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of the lever.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Euclid" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book Elements?",
              "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "the foundations of mathematical rigor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was contained within the book Elements?",
              "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Archimedes" }],
              "question": "Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?",
              "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "exhaustion" }],
              "question": "What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?",
              "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Pi" }],
              "question": "Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?",
              "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the first taxonomy" }],
              "question": "What classification guide did Theophrastus create?",
              "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "77 AD" }],
              "question": "In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?",
              "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "the octahedral shape" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?",
              "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "to cut and polish other gems" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do engravers use diamond dust for?",
              "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 887, "text": "was a fossilized resin" }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?",
              "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler\u2014the Mohenjo-daro ruler\u2014whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "mathematical knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?",
              "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "4:2:1" }],
              "question": "What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?",
              "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "stability" }],
              "question": "What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?",
              "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "the Mohenjo-daro ruler" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the ruler that they created?",
              "id": "5727026e5951b619008f848a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "1.32 inches" }],
              "question": "How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?",
              "id": "5727026e5951b619008f848b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Arabic translations of the two astronomers' texts were soon available in the Islamic world, introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century. During the 14th\u201316th centuries, the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics made significant advances in astronomy and especially mathematics, including fields such as trigonometry and analysis. In particular, Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered the \"founder of mathematical analysis\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "476-550" }],
              "question": "When did Aryabhata live?",
              "id": "572703e65951b619008f849b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?",
              "id": "572703e65951b619008f849c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "gravity was a force of attraction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?",
              "id": "572703e65951b619008f849d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "a placeholder and a decimal digit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?",
              "id": "572703e65951b619008f849e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?",
              "id": "572703e65951b619008f849f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): \"One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.\". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bh\u0101skara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the Vedas" }],
              "question": "Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?",
              "id": "572705155951b619008f84b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Bh\u0101skara" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?",
              "id": "572705155951b619008f84b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "12th century" }],
              "question": "In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?",
              "id": "572705155951b619008f84b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?",
              "id": "572705155951b619008f84ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 925, "text": "the nature of the sphere" }
              ],
              "question": "What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?",
              "id": "572705155951b619008f84bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most famous text is the Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta, which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical procedures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Where are the Neolithic graveyards?",
              "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f31e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "proto-dentistry" }],
              "question": "What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?",
              "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f31f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Ayurveda" }],
              "question": "What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?",
              "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?",
              "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "surgical procedures" }
              ],
              "question": "What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?",
              "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f322"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1st century BC, negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras' theorem. Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao. Pascal's triangle for binomial coefficients was described around 1100 by Jia Xian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "a positional decimal system on counting boards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?",
              "id": "572713ce708984140094d965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "One rod in the second box from the right is what number?",
              "id": "572713ce708984140094d966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "1st century BC" }],
              "question": "When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?",
              "id": "572713ce708984140094d967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What text includes Horner's method?",
              "id": "572713ce708984140094d968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Cubic equations" }],
              "question": "What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?",
              "id": "572713ce708984140094d969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty, so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions. By 635 Chinese astronomers had observed that the tails of comets always point away from the sun.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "sunspots" }],
              "question": "What observations in astronomy did China record?",
              "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "eclipses" }],
              "question": "What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?",
              "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "Jesuit Matteo Ricci" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made predictions in 1601?",
              "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "635" }],
              "question": "What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?",
              "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "112" }],
              "question": "How many records of sunspots are there?",
              "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d9630"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "a seismometer" }],
              "question": "What was invented in 132 CE?",
              "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d9658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "an earthquake" }],
              "question": "What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?",
              "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d9659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Houfeng didong yi" }],
              "question": "What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?",
              "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 762,
                  "text": "enormous compression of trapped air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?",
              "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Gansu" }],
              "question": "What was Luoyang renamed to?",
              "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031\u20131095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of the astronomical gnomon, armillary sphere, sight tube, and clepsydra, and described the use of drydocks to repair boats. After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains (hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean), Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation, or geomorphology. He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time, after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan'an, Shaanxi province. If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Shen's contemporary Su Song (1020\u20131101) was also a brilliant polymath, an astronomer who created a celestial atlas of star maps, wrote a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy, and had erected a large astronomical clocktower in Kaifeng city in 1088. To operate the crowning armillary sphere, his clocktower featured an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known use of an endless power-transmitting chain drive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Shen Kuo" }],
              "question": "Who discovered the idea of true north?",
              "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1031\u20131095" }],
              "question": "When was Shen Kuo alive?",
              "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "to repair boats" }],
              "question": "What are drydocks used for?",
              "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "geomorphology" }],
              "question": "What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?",
              "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "petrified bamboo" }],
              "question": "What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?",
              "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries \"learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.\" Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute. Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Joseph Needham" }],
              "question": "Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?",
              "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "suspension" }],
              "question": "What type of bridge originated in China?",
              "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "raised-relief" }],
              "question": "What type of map originated in China?",
              "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "rotary" }],
              "question": "What type of fan originated in China?",
              "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "water-powered celestial" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?",
              "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?",
              "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Arab Empire" }],
              "question": "Where was support found for Greek philosophy?",
              "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "the 7th and 8th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?",
              "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "until the 13th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?",
              "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What language did Muslim philosophers speak?",
              "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9808"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The law of refraction of light was known to the Persians. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the \"first scientist\" for his development of the modern scientific method.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "experiment" }],
              "question": "What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?",
              "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Book of Optics" }],
              "question": "What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?",
              "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "The law of refraction of light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law did the Persians know of?",
              "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "the father of optics" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?",
              "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 687,
                  "text": "the intromission theory of light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?",
              "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Sabian mathematician Al-Battani (850-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics, while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "mathematician" }],
              "question": "What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?",
              "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "al-jabr" }],
              "question": "Where does the word \"algebra\" come from?",
              "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where did Arabic numerals originate?",
              "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "decimal point notation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?",
              "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 546, "text": "chemistry and medicine" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?",
              "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9998"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's H\u00e8 Megal\u00e8 Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Hipparchus" }],
              "question": "Whose work did Al-Battani improve?",
              "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "The great treatise" }
              ],
              "question": "What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?",
              "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "the Earth's axis" }],
              "question": "Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?",
              "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Copernican heliocentric model" }
              ],
              "question": "The geocentric model is similar to what other model?",
              "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101\u02be (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century. Amongst his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ibn Sina" }],
              "question": "Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?",
              "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "clinical trials" }],
              "question": "What method did Ibn Sina introduce?",
              "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Book of Healing" }],
              "question": "What does Kitab al-shifa mean?",
              "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "standard medicinal texts" }
              ],
              "question": "The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?",
              "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "contagious" }],
              "question": "What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?",
              "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d9a00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, J\u0101bir ibn Hayy\u0101n, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes. European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo, who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin. Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, European university put many works about the natural world and the study of nature at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the \"medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "the 12th century" }],
              "question": "When were medieval universities created?",
              "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Raymond of Toledo" }],
              "question": "Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?",
              "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?",
              "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "Michael Scotus" }],
              "question": "Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?",
              "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, \"but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277\". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?",
              "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Bacon" }],
              "question": "Who favored empirical methods?",
              "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Grosseteste" }],
              "question": "Who favored mathematics?",
              "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "Pierre Duhem" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?",
              "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 992, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "What era was important for scientific advancements?",
              "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary \"sensible species\" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "William of Ockham" }],
              "question": "Who pioneered parsimony?",
              "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "impetus" }],
              "question": "What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?",
              "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "inertia" }],
              "question": "What theory did impetus pave the way for?",
              "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 787, "text": "the kinematics of motion" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Oxford Calculators measure?",
              "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "What year did the Black Death occur?",
              "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "the Fall of Constantinople in 1453"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?",
              "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "The invention of printing improved which society?",
              "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "a faster propagation of new ideas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Printed word enabled what?",
              "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Algebra" }],
              "question": "What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?",
              "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). Thus modern science in Europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus; the Fall of Constantinople; but also the re-discovery of Aristotle during the Scholastic period presaged large social and political changes. Thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine. The works of Ptolemy (astronomy) and Galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday observations. Work by Vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Scholasticism" }],
              "question": "The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?",
              "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "the Black Death" }],
              "question": "What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?",
              "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Italian Renaissance" }
              ],
              "question": "Which era came after Scholasticism?",
              "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "chemistry and the biological sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?",
              "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1067, "text": "Vesalius" }],
              "question": "Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?",
              "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "a period of major scientific advancements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Scientific Revolution?",
              "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1543" }],
              "question": "What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?",
              "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?",
              "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "the Earth moved around the Sun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?",
              "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?",
              "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century \"Age of Reason\" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century \"Age of Enlightenment\". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics, physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin (1706\u20131790), Leonhard Euler (1707\u20131783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711\u20131765) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717\u20131783), epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderot's Encyclop\u00e9die between 1751 and 1772. The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology, but affected philosophy (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion), and society and politics in general (Adam Smith, Voltaire), the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity[citation needed]. The early modern period is seen as a flowering of the European Renaissance, in what is often known as the Scientific Revolution, viewed as a foundation of modern science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Age of Enlightenment" }
              ],
              "question": "The Age of Reason made way for which movement?",
              "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 859, "text": "the French Revolution of 1789" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?",
              "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Encyclop\u00e9die" }],
              "question": "What book did Denis Diderot write?",
              "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry). The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement, Positivism, began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Romantic Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "Which movement took place during the 19th century?",
              "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "theory of evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Darwin introduce?",
              "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "electromagnetism" }],
              "question": "Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?",
              "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Positivism" }],
              "question": "What caused Romanticism to end?",
              "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "1880" }],
              "question": "What year did Positivism end?",
              "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df119"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo (\"Father of Modern Physics\") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The scientific revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?",
              "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the heliocentric model popular?",
              "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "planetary motion" }],
              "question": "Johannes Kepler created a model of what?",
              "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the planets follow elliptical orbits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?",
              "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Father of Modern Physics" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Galileo's nickname?",
              "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others during the early 19th century. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell's equations).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "the Principia Mathematica" }
              ],
              "question": "What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?",
              "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?",
              "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "the fundamental force of gravity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?",
              "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "electromagnetism" }],
              "question": "What are Maxwell's equations about?",
              "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df132"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lema\u00eetre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "quantum theories" }],
              "question": "What science subject explains anomalous results?",
              "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "1915" }],
              "question": "What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?",
              "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "quantum mechanics" }],
              "question": "Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?",
              "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "Edwin Hubble" }],
              "question": "Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?",
              "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 994, "text": "the Big Bang theory" }
              ],
              "question": "Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?",
              "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb. Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called \"Big Science\", requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments, who recognized that the support of \"basic\" research could often lead to technologies useful to both military and industrial applications. Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered nuclear fission?",
              "id": "5727fb6b4b864d190016413e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?",
              "id": "5727fb6b4b864d190016413f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?",
              "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Big Science" }],
              "question": "The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?",
              "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 981, "text": "inconsistent with each other" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?",
              "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164142"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work. Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier (Father of Modern Chemistry) on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, which refuted phlogiston theory. The theory that all matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest constituents of matter that cannot be broken down without losing the basic chemical and physical properties of that matter, was provided by John Dalton in 1803, although the question took a hundred years to settle as proven. Dalton also formulated the law of mass relationships. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev composed his periodic table of elements on the basis of Dalton's discoveries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did modern chemistry come into existence?",
              "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Robert Boyle" }],
              "question": "Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?",
              "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "The Sceptical Chymist" }
              ],
              "question": "What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?",
              "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Father of Modern Chemistry" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?",
              "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "phlogiston theory" }],
              "question": "Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?",
              "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The synthesis of urea by Friedrich W\u00f6hler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller\u2013Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The synthesis of urea" }
              ],
              "question": "What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?",
              "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "organic chemistry" }],
              "question": "What scientific field did Wohler discover?",
              "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Late 19th century is marked by what event?",
              "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 635, "text": "physiological chemistry" }
              ],
              "question": "Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?",
              "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "Linus Pauling" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?",
              "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lith\u014dn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polymath Shen Kua (1031\u20131095) first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation. Based on his observation of fossils in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he deduced that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Peri lith\u014dn" }],
              "question": "What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?",
              "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "the Scientific Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?",
              "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1031\u20131095" }],
              "question": "When did Shen Kua live?",
              "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "land formation" }],
              "question": "What science did Shen Kua observe?",
              "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatures. Beginning with Thomas Burnet's Sacred Theory of the Earth in 1681, natural philosophers began to explore the idea that the Earth had changed over time. Burnet and his contemporaries interpreted Earth's past in terms of events described in the Bible, but their work laid the intellectual foundations for secular interpretations of Earth history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "individual theorists made important contributions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?",
              "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "earthquakes" }],
              "question": "What did Robert Hooke study?",
              "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "the theory of superposition" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?",
              "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Sacred Theory of the Earth" }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?",
              "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "the Bible" }],
              "question": "What text did Burnet base his work off of?",
              "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Beno\u00eet de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps. Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals\u2014a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century. These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "6,000 years" }],
              "question": "How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?",
              "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "the first geological maps" }
              ],
              "question": "Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?",
              "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?",
              "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1002, "text": "index fossils" }],
              "question": "What are used to create geological maps?",
              "id": "572829073acd2414000df5da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 869,
                  "text": "layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?",
              "id": "572829073acd2414000df5db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages, and \"fluvialists\" like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them. After the discovery of radioactivity, radiometric dating methods were developed, starting in the 20th century. Alfred Wegener's theory of \"continental drift\" was widely dismissed when he proposed it in the 1910s, but new data gathered in the 1950s and 1960s led to the theory of plate tectonics, which provided a plausible mechanism for it. Plate tectonics also provided a unified explanation for a wide range of seemingly unrelated geological phenomena. Since 1970 it has served as the unifying principle in geology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?",
              "id": "57282a294b864d190016462e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Louis Agassiz" }],
              "question": "The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?",
              "id": "57282a294b864d190016462f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "fluvialists" }],
              "question": "What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?",
              "id": "57282a294b864d1900164630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?",
              "id": "57282a294b864d1900164631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "radiometric dating methods were developed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after radioactivity was realized?",
              "id": "57282a294b864d1900164632"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1847, Hungarian physician Ign\u00e1c F\u00fcl\u00f6p Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "physician" }],
              "question": "What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?",
              "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "requiring physicians to wash their hands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?",
              "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "the germ theory of disease" }
              ],
              "question": "What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?",
              "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "antisepsis" }],
              "question": "What did Joseph Lister prove?",
              "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Louis Pasteur" }],
              "question": "Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?",
              "id": "57282afc4b864d190016464a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \"man's place in the universe\". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Charles Darwin" }],
              "question": "Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?",
              "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df61f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "On the Origin of Species" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?",
              "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "both opposition and support from different parts of society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?",
              "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 823, "text": "Moravian monk Gregor Mendel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?",
              "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1078, "text": "the basic structure of DNA" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the major break through for the study of genetics?",
              "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df623"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science\u2014particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?",
              "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "the cycle of life concept" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?",
              "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Ernst Haeckel" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the word \"ecology\"?",
              "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "in the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?",
              "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "Deep Ecology" }],
              "question": "What movement occurred during the 1970s?",
              "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "social sciences" }],
              "question": "What larger group does political science belong to?",
              "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "prehistory" }],
              "question": "Where did the ideas of political science begin?",
              "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "in almost every geographic area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In history, where could you find someone studying politics?",
              "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Ancient Greece" }],
              "question": "Where did studying politics originate?",
              "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "political systems" }],
              "question": "What did Plato study?",
              "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "philosophy" }],
              "question": "What method did Plato use to understand political systems?",
              "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "historical empirical evidence" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?",
              "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Vi\u1e63h\u1e47ugupta, who are traditionally identified with Ch\u0101\u1e47akya (c. 350\u2013-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invaders, and Corporations are analysed and documented. Roger Boesche describes the Artha\u015b\u0101stra as \"a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ch\u0101\u1e47akya" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?",
              "id": "57282e763acd2414000df675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "brutal measures" }],
              "question": "What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?",
              "id": "57282e763acd2414000df676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "350\u2013-283 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was Chanakya alive?",
              "id": "57282e763acd2414000df677"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What allowed political studies to spread?",
              "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "monotheism" }],
              "question": "What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?",
              "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "churches and courts" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Augustine of Hippo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote The City of God?",
              "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "the borders between what was religious and what was political"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did The City of God change?",
              "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Historical linguistics" }
              ],
              "question": "What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?",
              "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Sir William Jones" }],
              "question": "Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?",
              "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "catalog all languages of the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?",
              "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 702,
                  "text": "the development of generative linguistics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?",
              "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 783,
                  "text": "a mathematical model of language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?",
              "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da022"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Adam Smith" }],
              "question": "Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?",
              "id": "572830584b864d19001646b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The basis for classical economics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Adam Smith's work cover?",
              "id": "572830584b864d19001646b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "mercantilism" }],
              "question": "What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?",
              "id": "572830584b864d19001646b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "an \"invisible hand\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did Adam Smith propose?",
              "id": "572830584b864d19001646b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Karl Marx" }],
              "question": "Who is Marxian economics named after?",
              "id": "572830584b864d19001646b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "microeconomics and macroeconomics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?",
              "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "monetarism" }],
              "question": "What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?",
              "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "using the supply and demand of money"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did monaterism aim to control the economy?",
              "id": "572830f74b864d19001646ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "supply-side economics" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?",
              "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "reducing taxes" }],
              "question": "How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?",
              "id": "572830f74b864d19001646d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of Nations\", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this \"invisible hand\" acts only \"frequently\" and that it is \"no part of his [the individual's] intentions\" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating \"his\" invention. That this \"invisible hand\" prefers \"the support of domestic to foreign industry\" is cleansed\u2014often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the \"Wealth\" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: \"Wealth\" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "When was Wealth of Nations written?",
              "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "frequently" }],
              "question": "How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?",
              "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "lower prices" }],
              "question": "What happens in a market when there is competition?",
              "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 871, "text": "the division of labour" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most important part of \"Wealth\"?",
              "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "a scientific enterprise" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the beginning of psychology classified as?",
              "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1879" }],
              "question": "What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?",
              "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Wilhelm Wundt" }],
              "question": "Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?",
              "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "memory studies" }],
              "question": "What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?",
              "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "classical conditioning" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Ivan Pavlov known for?",
              "id": "572831f64b864d19001646ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "cognitive science" }],
              "question": "What is the group that human psychology belongs to?",
              "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "the mind" }],
              "question": "What is investigated in cognitive science?",
              "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "PET scans and CAT scans" }
              ],
              "question": "What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?",
              "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?",
              "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da069"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., \u00c9mile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an \"antidote\" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "scientific systematic sociologist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?",
              "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "early 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did modern sociology surface?",
              "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "understanding the cohesion of social groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main goal of sociology?",
              "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Max Weber view rationalization?",
              "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing \"backstage\" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Talcott Parsons" }],
              "question": "Who was the major proponent of American sociology?",
              "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "structural integration" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Parsons believe made a functional society?",
              "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "inequalities present in the status quo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the problem with the views of Parsons?",
              "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "conflict theory" }],
              "question": "What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?",
              "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "different groups compete for control over resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main belief of conflict theory?",
              "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da09a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Computer science" }],
              "question": "What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?",
              "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has computer science helped science as a whole?",
              "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "emphasising mathematical 'theory'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?",
              "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9efa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "History of the Inductive Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?",
              "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "George Sarton's" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?",
              "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "the history of great men and great ideas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the history of science during the 20th century?",
              "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Whiggish" }],
              "question": "How could Sarton's ideas be described?",
              "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 740,
                  "text": "interested scientists and physicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who studied the history of science?",
              "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they \"produce\" and \"construct\" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "what science is" }],
              "question": "What is the large question that the history of science answers?",
              "id": "5728355f4b864d1900164728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "the ways in which scientists work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did sociology in science explain?",
              "id": "5728355f4b864d1900164729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?",
              "id": "5728355f4b864d190016472a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Humboldtian science aim to do?",
              "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Alexander von Humboldt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the model for Humboldtian science?",
              "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "the only valid knowledge is scientific"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did positivism provide?",
              "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. \"Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the social aspect of science originate?",
              "id": "5728364e4b864d1900164748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did social science add to science as a whole?",
              "id": "5728364e4b864d1900164749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "competing paradigms or conceptual systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Kuhn view the history of science?",
              "id": "5728364e4b864d190016474a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that \"dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "a social construct" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?",
              "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "The Science wars" }],
              "question": "What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?",
              "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "scientism" }],
              "question": "What was positivism called after it was revived?",
              "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did scientism aim to do?",
              "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ef"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Czech_language",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Czech (/\u02c8t\u0283\u025bk/; \u010de\u0161tina Czech pronunciation: [\u02c8t\u0361\u0283\u025b\u0283c\u026ana]), formerly known as Bohemian (/bo\u028a\u02c8hi\u02d0mi\u0259n, b\u0259-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "10 million" }],
              "question": "How many people speak Czech?",
              "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Latin and German" }],
              "question": "Which two languages strongly influenced Czech?",
              "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Czech Republic" }],
              "question": "In which country is Czech the official language?",
              "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Slovak" }],
              "question": "Which language is closest to Czech?",
              "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Bohemian" }],
              "question": "What name was the Czech language formerly known as?",
              "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Bohemian" }],
              "question": "What was Czech formerly known as?",
              "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Latin and German" }],
              "question": "What languages strongly influenced Czech?",
              "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "Over how many million people speak Czech?",
              "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "loanwords" }],
              "question": "What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?",
              "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Czech" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of the Czech republic?",
              "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union (which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968). Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects. (See \"Dialects\" below.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?",
              "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Slovak" }],
              "question": "What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech?",
              "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian" }
              ],
              "question": "Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities.",
              "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence?",
              "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "highlighting of minor linguistic differences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?",
              "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Slavic" }],
              "question": "What language family is Czech?",
              "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "resentment against the former Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?",
              "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?",
              "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Slovak" }],
              "question": "What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?",
              "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "by 80 percent" }],
              "question": "How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?",
              "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?",
              "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "when changing from the nominative to the locative case"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?",
              "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "some scientific terminology" }
              ],
              "question": "The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?",
              "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb8390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "borrowed words" }],
              "question": "What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?",
              "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb8391"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves \"Czechoslavs\" (\u010cechoslov\u00e1ci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918\u20131938), although \"Czechoslovak\" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, \"Czechoslovak\" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "a group of 19th-century scholars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who called themselves \"Czechoslavs\"?",
              "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The similarities" }],
              "question": "Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?",
              "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1918\u20131938" }],
              "question": "When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?",
              "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "literary Czech" }],
              "question": "What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?",
              "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb839a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1051, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When was the Prague Spring?",
              "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb839b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named \u010cech, from whom the word \"Czech\" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/\u0263/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "sixth century AD" }],
              "question": "When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?",
              "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "\u010cech" }],
              "question": "Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?",
              "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "state of Great Moravia" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ninth century bring?",
              "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "East Francia" }],
              "question": "Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? ",
              "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Glagolitic" }],
              "question": "What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?",
              "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?",
              "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Lithuanian" }],
              "question": "What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?",
              "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many cases did Old Czech have?",
              "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "through the sixteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?",
              "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "other Slavic tongues" }
              ],
              "question": "By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?",
              "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing \u011b (/j\u025b/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/\u025b/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "standard" }],
              "question": "What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?",
              "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "no longer exist" }],
              "question": "Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?",
              "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "all at once" }],
              "question": "How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?",
              "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "phonological" }],
              "question": "What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?",
              "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "every odd-numbered" }
              ],
              "question": "Which \"yer\"s were vocalized as vowels?",
              "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bohemia" }],
              "question": "What was Czech civilization called back in the day?",
              "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb8419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Charles IV" }],
              "question": "What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?",
              "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "When was Charles University founded in Prague?",
              "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Jan Hus" }],
              "question": "Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?",
              "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "widespread literacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?",
              "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "hundreds" }],
              "question": "How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?",
              "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "late sixteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Kralice Bible published?",
              "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "widespread nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?",
              "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Thirty Years' War" }],
              "question": "In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?",
              "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 998, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?",
              "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of \u00ed to ej and \u00e9 to \u00ed (although \u00e9 survives for some uses) and the merging of \u00ed and the former ej\u00ed. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /\u028e/ which survives in Slovak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "the eighteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?",
              "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "literary tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "What had Czech developed by the 18th century?",
              "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "modern standard Czech" }
              ],
              "question": "Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?",
              "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "little" }],
              "question": "How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?",
              "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /\u028e/"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?",
              "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "widespread national pride" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?",
              "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inspired the Czech's national pride?",
              "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "accomplishments" }],
              "question": "What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?",
              "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "the return of the language to high culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Czech philologists advocate?",
              "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "Czech National Revival" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?",
              "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovsk\u00fd released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausf\u00fchrliches Lehrgeb\u00e4ude der b\u00f6hmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovsk\u00fd had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovsk\u00fd's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, \u00ed in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "linguist and historian" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd?",
              "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "a major language" }],
              "question": "What didn't Dobrovsk\u00fd think Czech had a chance of returning as?",
              "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "1809" }],
              "question": "What year did Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?",
              "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "a Czech linguistic revival" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?",
              "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "Modern scholars" }],
              "question": "Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?",
              "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Czech" }],
              "question": "What is the official language of the Czech republic?",
              "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "since 2004" }],
              "question": "How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?",
              "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "foreign language most often used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?",
              "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "Jonathan van Parys" }
              ],
              "question": "Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?",
              "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?",
              "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?",
              "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "a Less Commonly Taught Language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?",
              "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin" }
              ],
              "question": "What states have large communities of Czech Americans?",
              "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "70,500" }],
              "question": "How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?",
              "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "several" }],
              "question": "How many regional dialects does Czech have?",
              "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "rural areas" }],
              "question": "Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?",
              "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "lower class" }],
              "question": "What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?",
              "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "considerable" }],
              "question": "What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?",
              "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "Common" }],
              "question": "What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?",
              "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8447"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (morav\u0161tina). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak\" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Moravian" }],
              "question": "What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?",
              "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Where could citizens register \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?",
              "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Moravian" }],
              "question": "Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?",
              "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "62,908" }],
              "question": "How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?",
              "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "45,561" }],
              "question": "How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?",
              "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /\u025b/, /\u026a/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /a\u02d0/, /\u025b\u02d0/, /i\u02d0/, /o\u02d0/ and /u\u02d0/, and three diphthongs, /ou\u032f/, /au\u032f/ and /\u025bu\u032f/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /o\u02d0/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?",
              "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "loanwords" }],
              "question": "Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?",
              "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "schwa sounds" }],
              "question": "What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?",
              "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "vowel length" }],
              "question": "What is stress unrelated to in Czech?",
              "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "first syllable" }],
              "question": "What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?",
              "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; \"music\" is muzyka in Polish and \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages\u2014for example, robot (from robota, \"labor\") and polka (from polka, \"Polish woman\" or from \"p\u016flka\" \"half\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "high culture" }],
              "question": "In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?",
              "id": "572b928534ae481900deae9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Greek and Latin" }],
              "question": "What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?",
              "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "hudba" }],
              "question": "How does one say the word \"music\" in Czech?",
              "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "robota" }],
              "question": "What Czech word did the English \"robot\" derive from?",
              "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "labor" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the Czech word \"robota\"?",
              "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, \"and\", i, \"and even\" or ale, \"but\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "grammatical case" }],
              "question": "Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?",
              "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "a verb" }],
              "question": "In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?",
              "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "information" }],
              "question": "What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?",
              "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Enclitics" }],
              "question": "What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?",
              "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "second syntactic slot" }
              ],
              "question": "Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?",
              "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech syntax has a subject\u2013verb\u2013object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change \"Peter killed Paul\" to \"Paul was killed by Peter\" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla (\"Peter killed Paul\") becomes \"Paul, Peter killed\" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?",
              "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "topicalization and focus" }
              ],
              "question": "Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?",
              "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "periphrastic" }],
              "question": "What kind of passive construction does Czech have?",
              "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "inverted" }],
              "question": "What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?",
              "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "accusative" }],
              "question": "What case is the grammatical object of a verb?",
              "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8469"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative\u2013accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?",
              "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb846f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "to indicate their use in a sentence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are nouns in Czech inflected?",
              "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8470"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "with nominative case" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Czech mark subject nouns?",
              "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8471"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "object" }],
              "question": "What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?",
              "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8472"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "the noun it describes" }
              ],
              "question": "What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?",
              "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8473"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech distinguishes three genders\u2014masculine, feminine, and neuter\u2014and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -\u00ed, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, d\u011blal (he did, or made); d\u011blala (she did, or made) and d\u011blalo (it did, or made).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many genders does Czech distinguish?",
              "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb8479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "animate and inanimate" }
              ],
              "question": "What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?",
              "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "gender and animacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?",
              "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "past-tense verb endings" }
              ],
              "question": "What does gender also affect in Czech?",
              "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "difference in noun and adjective declension"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main effect of gender in Czech?",
              "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nouns are also inflected for number, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case. The Czech koruna is an example of this feature; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence, and declined as genitive for numbers five and up.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nouns" }],
              "question": "What are inflected for number in Czech?",
              "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "any case" }],
              "question": "What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?",
              "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "genitive" }],
              "question": "What case are numbers over five in?",
              "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the genitive case used?",
              "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "a Slavic language" }],
              "question": "What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?",
              "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs\u2014for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing. This is distinct from past and present tense, and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "marks" }],
              "question": "What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?",
              "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Aspect" }],
              "question": "What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?",
              "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "perfective and imperfective" }
              ],
              "question": "What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?",
              "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "completed" }],
              "question": "In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?",
              "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "imperfective" }],
              "question": "In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?",
              "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix\u2014for example, the imperfective ps\u00e1t (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prod\u00e1vat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb j\u00edt (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chod\u00edvat (to go regularly).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "two ways" }],
              "question": "How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?",
              "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "an added prefix" }],
              "question": "What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?",
              "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "different infinitive ending" }
              ],
              "question": "What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?",
              "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "further morphology" }
              ],
              "question": "What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?",
              "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 670, "text": "repeated or regular action" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?",
              "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, m\u016f\u017eu t\u011b sly\u0161et\u2014\"I can hear you\"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -\u00d8/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as \"I would\" or \"I wish\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "infinitive" }],
              "question": "What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?",
              "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?",
              "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "indicative, imperative and conditional"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?",
              "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "imperative" }],
              "question": "What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?",
              "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "conditional" }],
              "question": "Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?",
              "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The h\u00e1\u010dek (\u02c7) is used with certain letters to form new characters: \u0161, \u017e, and \u010d, as well as \u0148, \u011b, \u0159, \u0165, and \u010f (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (\u02bc, an abbreviated h\u00e1\u010dek) because of their height. The character \u00f3 exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Czech" }],
              "question": "What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?",
              "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "thirty-one" }],
              "question": "How many graphemes does Czech have?",
              "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "corresponding sounds in other languages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?",
              "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "\u00f3" }],
              "question": "What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?",
              "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "foreign" }],
              "question": "In Czech, what type of words do the characters \"q\", \"w\" and \"x\" exclusively appear in?",
              "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pra\u017esk\u00fd hrad, Prague Castle).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "those of most Latin European languages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?",
              "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "capitalized" }],
              "question": "In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?",
              "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "punctuation" }],
              "question": "What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?",
              "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?",
              "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "only the first" }],
              "question": "What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?",
              "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaed1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Digimon",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "(\u30c7\u30b8\u30e2\u30f3 Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc Dejitaru Monsut\u0101), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters living in a \"Digital World\", a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks. In many incarnations, Digimon are raised by humans called \"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\", and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Digital Monsters" }],
              "question": "What does Digimon stand for?",
              "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e960e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?",
              "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e960f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?",
              "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "\"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the people who raise Digimon called?",
              "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Digimon villians main goals?",
              "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to\u2014and influenced in style by\u2014the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics. The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation, Digimon Adventure, and an early video game, Digimon World, both released in 1999. Several seasons of the anime and films based on them have aired, and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing, racing, fighting, and MMORPGs. Other media forms have also been released.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Digimon first appear?",
              "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Digimon Adventure" }],
              "question": "Name the original Digimon anime.",
              "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Digimon World" }],
              "question": "Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.",
              "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.",
              "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When was the Digimon series created?",
              "id": "572a19286aef05140015526c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What influenced the look of the Digimons?",
              "id": "572a19286aef05140015526d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Digimon video game released?",
              "id": "572a19286aef05140015526e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, many of the early Digimon\u2014including Tyrannomon, the first one ever created\u2014were based on dinosaurs. Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe, who was brought in to help with the \"X-Antibody\" creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game. Watanabe was one influenced by American comics, which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan, and as such began to make his characters look stronger and \"cool.\" The character creation process, however, has for most of the franchise's history been collaborative and reliant on conversation and brainstorming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "virtual pet toy" }],
              "question": "What kind of toy were the original Digimon?",
              "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "dinosaurs" }],
              "question": "What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?",
              "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 704, "text": "stronger and \"cool.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?",
              "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Kenji Watanabe" }],
              "question": "Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?",
              "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Tyrannomon" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the original Digimon character?",
              "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "16 by 16 pixels" }],
              "question": "What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?",
              "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "dinosaurs" }],
              "question": "What animals were the digimon based off of?",
              "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Kenji Watanabe" }],
              "question": "Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?",
              "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "American comics" }],
              "question": "How did Watanabe get his influence?",
              "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30de, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (\u30c7\u30b8\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30eb, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg was also featured as a major object throughout season 2 as a way of Digivolution available only to certain characters at certain points throughout the season.) They age via a process called \"Digivolution\" which changes their appearance and increases their powers. The effect of Digivolution, however, is not permanent in the partner Digimon of the main characters in the anime, and Digimon who have digivolved will most of the time revert to their previous form after a battle or if they are too weak to continue. Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech. They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have. In some cases, as in the first series, the DigiDestined (known as the 'Chosen Children' in the original Japanese) had to find some special items such as crests and tags so the Digimon could digivolve into further stages of evolution known as Ultimate and Mega in the dub.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Digimental" }],
              "question": "How do digimon evolve?",
              "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are digimon born?",
              "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Digivolution" }],
              "question": "What is the process of aging called for digimon?",
              "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "changes their appearance and increases their powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does digivolution have on digimon?",
              "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 835,
                  "text": "Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are digimon all mindless monsters?",
              "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Digi-Eggs" }],
              "question": "What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?",
              "id": "572a21651d046914007797bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Digimental" }],
              "question": "What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?",
              "id": "572a21651d046914007797bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Digivolution" }],
              "question": "What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?",
              "id": "572a21651d046914007797bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "Digivices" }],
              "question": "What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? ",
              "id": "572a21651d046914007797be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?",
              "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What typically happens when digimon are killed?",
              "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "reconfigurable data" }
              ],
              "question": "What are digimon made of?",
              "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a digimon reborn?",
              "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The first Digimon anime" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the digimon life cycle first described?",
              "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Digimon life cycle" }],
              "question": "What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?",
              "id": "572a24fe3f37b3190047873f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?",
              "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "goes through its life cycle again"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?",
              "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "they will die" }],
              "question": "What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?",
              "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478742"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Digimon started out as digital pets called \"Digital Monsters\", similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi. It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997. The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys. The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors, with the exceptions of being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets. Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners to see who was stronger. The Digimon pet had several evolution capabilities and abilities too, so many owners had different Digimon. In December, the second generation of Digital Monster was released, followed by a third edition in 1998.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "planned by WiZ and released by Bandai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?",
              "id": "57279ce7708984140094e245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made digimon different from similar digital pets?",
              "id": "57279ce7708984140094e246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "What year was the second generation of digimon released?",
              "id": "57279ce7708984140094e247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "mainly for boys" }],
              "question": "Who was the main market for the original digimon?",
              "id": "57279ce7708984140094e249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?",
              "id": "57279ce7708984140094e248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Digital Monsters" }],
              "question": "What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?",
              "id": "572a26116aef05140015530a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "June 26, 1997" }],
              "question": "When was the Digimon released by WiZ?",
              "id": "572a26116aef05140015530b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?",
              "id": "572a26116aef05140015530c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was the third edition released?",
              "id": "572a26116aef05140015530d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Digimon\" are \"Digital Monsters\". According to the stories, they are inhabitants of the \"DigiWorld\", a manifestation of Earth's communication network. The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens, who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world (and ours) from various evil forces. To help them surmount the most difficult obstacles found within both realms, the Digimon have the ability to evolve (Digivolve) In this process, the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well. The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "a manifestation of Earth's communication network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the world in which the digimon live?",
              "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to a digimon after they evolve?",
              "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "a group of mostly pre-teens" }
              ],
              "question": "Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world?",
              "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same?",
              "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "DigiWorld" }],
              "question": "What is the world of the digimon called?",
              "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "DigiWorld" }],
              "question": "Where are Digimon the inhabitants of?",
              "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "mostly pre-teens" }],
              "question": "What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?",
              "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Digivolve" }],
              "question": "What is the process called when Digimon get stronger?",
              "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2011, there have been six series \u2014 Digimon Adventure, the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02, Digimon Tamers, Digimon Frontier, Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion. The first two series take place in the same fictional universe, but the third, fourth, fifth and sixth each occupy their own unique world. Each series is commonly based on the original storyline but things are added to make them unique. However, in Tamers, the Adventure universe is referred to as a commercial enterprise \u2014 a trading card game in Japan, plus a show-within-a-show in the English dub. It also features an appearance by a character from the Adventure universe. In addition, each series has spawned assorted feature films. Digimon still shows popularity, as new card series, video games, and movies are still being produced and released: new card series include Eternal Courage, Hybrid Warriors, Generations, and Operation X; the video game, Digimon Rumble Arena 2; and the previously unreleased movies Revenge of Diaboromon, Runaway Locomon, Battle of Adventurers, and Island of Lost Digimon. In Japan, Digital Monster X-Evolution, the eighth TV movie, was released on January 3, 2005, and on December 23, 2005 at Jump Festa 2006, the fifth series, Digimon Savers was announced for Japan to begin airing after a three-year hiatus of the show. A sixth television series, Digimon Xros Wars, began airing in 2010, and was followed by a second season, which started on October 2, 2011 as a direct sequel to Digimon Xros Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "six series" }],
              "question": "How many series have aired since 2011?",
              "id": "572a28356aef051400155318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "Digimon Adventure 02" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the second Digimon series?",
              "id": "572a28356aef051400155319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1159, "text": "January 3, 2005" }],
              "question": "When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released?",
              "id": "572a28356aef05140015531a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1395, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing?",
              "id": "572a28356aef05140015531b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be \"DigiDestined\" (\"Chosen Children\" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi \"Tai\" Kamiya, Yamato \"Matt\" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro \"Izzy\" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru \"T.K.\" Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari \"Kari\" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "March 7, 1999 in Japan" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?",
              "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "August 14, 1999" }],
              "question": "When did Digimon begin airing in America?",
              "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "travel to the Digital World" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the premise of Digimon?",
              "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1508, "text": "seven original characters" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people are in the original Digimon?",
              "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa84a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second Digimon series is direct continuation of the first one, and began airing on April 2, 2000. Three years later, with most of the original DigiDestined now in high school at age fourteen, the Digital World was supposedly secure and peaceful. However, a new evil has appeared in the form of the Digimon Emperor (Digimon Kaiser) who as opposed to previous enemies is a human just like the DigiDestined. The Digimon Emperor has been enslaving Digimon with Dark Rings and Control Spires and has somehow made regular Digivolution impossible. However, five set Digi-Eggs with engraved emblems had been appointed to three new DigiDestined along with T.K. and Kari, two of the DigiDestined from the previous series. This new evolutionary process, dubbed Armor Digivolution helps the new DigiDestined to defeat evil lurking in the Digital World. Eventually, the DigiDestined defeat the Digimon Emperor, more commonly known as Ken Ichijouji on Earth, only with the great sacrifice of Ken's own Digimon, Wormmon. Just when things were thought to be settled, new Digimon enemies made from the deactivated Control Spires start to appear and cause trouble in the Digital World. To atone for his past mistakes, Ken joins the DigiDestined, being a DigiDestined himself, with his Partner Wormmon revived to fight against them. They soon save countries including France and Australia from control spires and defeat MaloMyotismon (BelialVamdemon), the digivolved form of Myotismon (Vamdemon) from the previous series. They stop the evil from destroying the two worlds, and at the end, every person on Earth gains their own Digimon partner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "April 2, 2000" }],
              "question": "When did the second series of Digimon air?",
              "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478765"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?",
              "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Digimon Kaiser" }],
              "question": "Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?",
              "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1208, "text": "joins the DigiDestined" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?",
              "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478768"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a \"real world\" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers\u2019 only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their \"Digivices\" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their \"Digivices\" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called \"Digi-Modify\" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its \"target\" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "April 1, 2001" }],
              "question": "When did the third Digimon series begin?",
              "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 979,
                  "text": "slide game cards through their \"Digivices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?",
              "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1115, "text": "Digi-Modify" }],
              "question": "What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?",
              "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fourth Digimon series, which began airing on April 7, 2002, radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution, Spirit Evolution, in which the human characters use their D-Tectors (this series' Digivice) to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors, detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners. After receiving unusual phone messages from Ophanimon (one of the three ruling Digimon alongside Seraphimon and Cherubimon) Takuya Kanbara, Koji Minamoto, Junpei Shibayama, Zoe Orimoto, Tommy Himi, and Koichi Kimura go to a subway station and take a train to the Digital World. Summoned by Ophanimon, the Digidestined realize that they must find the ten legendary spirits and stop the forces of Cherubimon from physically destroying the Digital World. After finding the ten spirits of the Legendary Warriors and defeating Mercurymon, Grumblemon, Ranamon, and Arbormon, they finally end up fighting Cherubimon hoping to foil his effort to dominate the Digital World. After the defeat of Cherubimon, the Digidestined find they must face an even greater challenge as they try to stop the Royal Knights\u2014Dynasmon and Crusadermon\u2014from destroying the Digital World and using the collected data to revive the original ruler of the Digital World: the tyrannical Lucemon. Ultimately the Digidestined fail in preventing Lucemon from reawakening but they do manage to prevent him from escaping into the Real World. In the final battle, all of the legendary spirits the digidestined have collected thus far merge and create Susanoomon. With this new form, the digidestined are able to effectively defeat Lucemon and save the Digital World. In general, Frontier has a much lighter tone than that of Tamers, yet remains darker than Adventure and Adventure 02.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "April 7, 2002" }],
              "question": "When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?",
              "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Spirit Evolution" }],
              "question": "What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?",
              "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "D-Tectors" }],
              "question": "What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?",
              "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Legendary Warriors" }
              ],
              "question": "After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?",
              "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a three-year hiatus, a fifth Digimon series began airing on April 2, 2006. Like Frontier, Savers has no connection with the previous installments, and also marks a new start for the Digimon franchise, with a drastic change in character designs and story-line, in order to reach a broader audience. The story focuses on the challenges faced by the members of D.A.T.S. (\"Digital Accident Tactics Squad\"), an organization created to conceal the existence of the Digital World and Digimon from the rest of mankind, and secretly solve any Digimon-related incidents occurring on Earth. Later the D.A.T.S. is dragged into a massive conflict between Earth and the Digital World, triggered by an ambitious human scientist named Akihiro Kurata, determined to make use of the Digimon for his own personal gains. The English version was dubbed by Studiopolis and it premiered on the Jetix block on Toon Disney on October 1, 2007. Digivolution in Data Squad requires the human partner's DNA (\"Digital Natural Ability\" in the English version and \"Digisoul\" in the Japanese version) to activate, a strong empathy with their Digimon and a will to succeed. 'Digimon Savers' also introduces a new form of digivolving called Burst Mode which is essentially the level above Mega (previously the strongest form a digimon could take). Like previously in Tamers, this plot takes on a dark tone throughout the story and the anime was aimed, originally in Japan, at an older audience consisting of late teens and people in their early twenties from ages 16 to 21. Because of that, along with the designs, the anime being heavily edited and localized for western US audiences like past series, and the English dub being aimed mostly toward younger audiences of children aged 6 to 10 and having a lower TV-Y7-FV rating just like past dubs, Studiopolis dubbed the anime on Jetix with far more edits, changes, censorship, and cut footage. This included giving the Japanese characters full Americanized names and American surnames as well as applying far more Americanization (Marcus Damon as opposed to the Japanese Daimon Masaru), cultural streamlining and more edits to their version similar to the changes 4Kids often made (such as removal of Japanese text for the purpose of cultural streamlining). Despite all that, the setting of the country was still in Japan and the characters were Japanese in the dub. This series was the first to show any Japanese cultural concepts that were unfamiliar with American audiences (such as the manju), which were left unedited and used in the English dub. Also despite the heavy censorship and the English dub aimed at young children, some of the Digimon's attacks named after real weapons such as RizeGreymon's Trident Revolver are not edited and used in the English dub. Well Go USA released it on DVD instead of Disney. The North American English dub was televised on Jetix in the U.S. and on the Family Channel in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "three-year hiatus" }],
              "question": "How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning?",
              "id": "572a2c616aef051400155338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "April 2, 2006" }],
              "question": "What year did the fifth  series start?",
              "id": "572a2c616aef051400155339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "D.A.T.S. (\"Digital Accident Tactics Squad\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main focus of the 5th season?",
              "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1530, "text": "ages 16 to 21" }],
              "question": "What age group did the season target with its darker theme?",
              "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1741, "text": "children aged 6 to 10" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original target age for the Digimon series?",
              "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three and a quarter years after the end of the fifth series, a new sixth series was confirmed by Bandai for the Digimon anime, its official name of the series revealed in the June issue of Shueisha's V Jump magazine being Digimon Xros Wars. It began airing in Japan on TV Asahi from July 6, 2010 onwards. Reverting to the design style of the first four series as well as the plot taking on the younger, lighter tone present in series one, two and four throughout the story. The story follows a boy named Mikey Kud\u014d (Taiki Kudo in Japan) who, along with his friends, ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends. Wielding a digivice known as a Fusion Loader (Xros Loader in Japan), Mikey is able to combine multiple Digimon onto one to enhance his power, Shoutmon being the usual core of the combination, using a technique known as 'DigiFuse' (Digi-Xros in Japan). Forming Team Fusion Fighters (Team Xros Heart in Japan), Mikey, Shoutmon and their friends travel through the Digital World to liberate it from the evil Bagra Army, led by Bagramon(Lord Bagra in English), and Midnight, a shady group led by AxeKnightmon with Nene as a figurehead before joining the Fusion Fighters. The Fusion Fighters also finds themselves at odds with Blue Flare, led by Christopher Aonuma (Kiriha Anouma in Japan). The second arc of Xros Wars was subtitled The Evil Death Generals and the Seven Kingdoms. It saw the main cast reshuffled with a new wardrobe while Angie (Akari in Japan) and Jeremy (Zenjiro in Japan) stay behind in the Human World; thus making Mikey, Christopher and Nene the lead protagonists as they set off to face the Seven Death Generals of the Bagra Army and AxeKnightmon's new pawn: Nene's brother Ewan (Yuu in Japan). A new evolution known as Super Digivolution was introduced at the end of the first arc. The English dub of the series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7, 2013, which is produced by Saban Brands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Three and a quarter years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long after the 5th season did the next one start?",
              "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "July 6, 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?",
              "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Mikey Kud\u014d" }],
              "question": "Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?",
              "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1267, "text": "Blue Flare" }],
              "question": "Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?",
              "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1907, "text": "September 7, 2013" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?",
              "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478777"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 17, 2011" }],
              "question": "When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?",
              "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?",
              "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the main character in the third arc series?",
              "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "DigiQuartz" }],
              "question": "What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?",
              "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014. The series announced the return of the protagonists from the original Digimon Adventure series, most of them now as high school students. A countdown clicking game was posted on the show's official website, offering news when specific clicks were met. On December 13, 2014 the series title and a key visual featuring character designs by Atsuya Uki were revealed with Keitaro Motonaga announced as director with a tentative premiere date of Spring, 2015. However, on May 6, 2015, it was announced that tri. would not be a television series, but rather a 6-part theatrical film series. The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "30 months" }],
              "question": "How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?",
              "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "August 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?",
              "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 713, "text": "6-part theatrical film series" }
              ],
              "question": "Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?",
              "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 809, "text": "Crunchyroll and Hulu" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?",
              "id": "572a2eb21d0469140077982a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02, when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World. Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government, while Davis, Yolei, Cody and Ken are defeated by a powerful enemy called Alphamon and disappear without a trace. Tai and the others also meet another DigiDestined called Meiko Mochizuki and her partner Meicoomon who become their friends, until Meicoomon turns hostile as well and flees after an encounter with Ken, who reappears suddenly, once again as the Digimon Emperor. The film series also feature several DigiDestined having their partners Digivolve up to the Mega level for the first time, a feat only Tai and Matt had achieved previously.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02?",
              "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Alphamon" }],
              "question": "Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken?",
              "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "the Mega level" }],
              "question": "What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series?",
              "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478799"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan. The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line. All movies except X-Evolution and Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode have been released and distributed internationally. Digimon: The Movie, released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6, 2000, consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "nine Digimon movies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?",
              "id": "572a31481d0469140077982f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?",
              "id": "572a31481d04691400779830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "October 6, 2000" }],
              "question": "What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?",
              "id": "572a31481d04691400779831"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories, which appeared in both the UK's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine, Wickid. These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02. When the comic switched to the Tamers series the storylines adhered to continuity more strictly; sometimes it would expand on subject matter not covered by the original Japanese anime (such as Mitsuo Yamaki's past) or the English adaptations of the television shows and movies (such as Ryo's story or the movies that remained undubbed until 2005). In a money saving venture, the original stories were later removed from Digimon Magazine, which returned to printing translated German adaptations of Tamers episodes. Eventually, both magazines were cancelled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "UK comics" }],
              "question": "What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?",
              "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Adventure 02" }],
              "question": "What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?",
              "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1072,
                  "text": "both magazines were cancelled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?",
              "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Digimon series has a large number of video games which usually have their own independent storylines with a few sometimes tying into the stories of the anime series or manga series. The games consists of a number of genres including life simulation, adventure, video card game, strategy and racing games, though they are mainly action role-playing games. The games released in North America are: Digimon World, Digimon World 2, Digimon World 3, Digimon World 4, Digimon Digital Card Battle, Digimon Rumble Arena, Digimon Rumble Arena 2, Digimon Battle Spirit, Digimon Battle Spirit 2, Digimon Racing, Digimon World DS, Digimon World Data Squad, Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, Digimon World Championship, and Digimon Masters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "video games" }],
              "question": "What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?",
              "id": "572a326f6aef05140015535e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "Digimon World, Digimon World 2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the first two North American games released?",
              "id": "572a326f6aef05140015535f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "strategy" }],
              "question": "Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?",
              "id": "572a326f6aef051400155360"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2011, Bandai posted a countdown on a teaser site. Once the countdown was finished, it revealed a reboot of the Digimon World series titled Digimon World Re:Digitize. An enhanced version of the game released on Nintendo 3DS as Digimon World Re:Digitize Decode in 2013. Another role-playing game by the name Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth is set for release in 2015 for PlayStation Vita. It is part of the Digimon Story sub-series, originally on Nintendo DS and has also been released with English subtitles in North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?",
              "id": "572a32e16aef051400155364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?",
              "id": "572a32e16aef051400155365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?",
              "id": "572a32e16aef051400155366"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Glacier",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A glacier (US /\u02c8\u0261le\u026a\u0283\u0259r/ or UK /\u02c8\u0261l\u00e6si\u0259/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "many years, often centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does it take glaciers to form?",
              "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "only on land" }],
              "question": "Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?",
              "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "sea ice and lake ice" }
              ],
              "question": "Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?",
              "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "stresses induced by their weight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes glaciers to deform and flow?",
              "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f839a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "crevasses, seracs" }],
              "question": "What are some distinguishing glacial features?",
              "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f839b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35\u00b0N and 35\u00b0S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5\u00d710^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1\u00d710^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "99%" }],
              "question": "How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?",
              "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?",
              "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "about 10 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?",
              "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "2,100 m (7,000 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?",
              "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "98 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?",
              "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "glaciers" }],
              "question": "Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?",
              "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d76f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "warmer summer temperatures" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes glaciers to release meltwater?",
              "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Antarctic environments" }
              ],
              "question": "In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?",
              "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "when other sources may be scant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?",
              "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d772"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)" }
              ],
              "question": "At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?",
              "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many extant ice sheets exist?",
              "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "70 m (230 ft)" }],
              "question": "How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?",
              "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "nunataks" }],
              "question": "What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?",
              "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "ice streams" }],
              "question": "Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?",
              "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tidewater glaciers" }],
              "question": "What are glaciers called that end in the sea?",
              "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f8419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tidewater glaciers" }],
              "question": "Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?",
              "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "much less" }],
              "question": "Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?",
              "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "above" }],
              "question": "Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?",
              "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are icebergs formed?",
              "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "base alone" }],
              "question": "From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?",
              "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "warm-based glacier" }
              ],
              "question": "Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?",
              "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 913,
                  "text": "partly cold-based and partly warm-based"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?",
              "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "always below freezing point from the surface to its base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What temperature determines a polar glacier?",
              "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?",
              "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by ar\u00eates) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming n\u00e9v\u00e9. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what circumstances do glaciers form?",
              "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "The area in which a glacier forms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a cirque?",
              "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "armchair-shaped" }],
              "question": "What shape is a cirque, generally?",
              "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "15 m (50 ft)" }],
              "question": "How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?",
              "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60\u201370% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "surface snowpack and melt conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristics determine glacial zones?",
              "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f844f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "ablation zone" }],
              "question": "Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?",
              "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8450"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "equilibrium line" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?",
              "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "60\u201370%" }],
              "question": "How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?",
              "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8452"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "they are under low pressure" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?",
              "id": "57270035708984140094d81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "fracture zone" }],
              "question": "Which zone is the top of the glaciers?",
              "id": "57270035708984140094d81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "differences in glacier velocity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are glacial crevices formed?",
              "id": "57270035708984140094d81d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 723, "text": "isolated peaks in the ice" }
              ],
              "question": "What are seracs?",
              "id": "57270035708984140094d81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "46 m (150 ft)" }],
              "question": "Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?",
              "id": "57270035708984140094d81f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Marginal crevasses" }
              ],
              "question": "Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?",
              "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?",
              "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "crevasses" }],
              "question": "What do bergschrunds resemble?",
              "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "singular features at a glacier's margins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?",
              "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do transverse crevasses form?",
              "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20\u201330 m (70\u2013100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6 (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6" }
              ],
              "question": "In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?",
              "id": "572702ec708984140094d871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Velocity" }],
              "question": "Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?",
              "id": "572702ec708984140094d872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1 m (3 ft)" }],
              "question": "How far do glaciers generally move per day?",
              "id": "572702ec708984140094d873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?",
              "id": "572702ec708984140094d874"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier \u2014 perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake \u2014 or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical \"tipping point\". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "periods of very rapid advancement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a glacial surge?",
              "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "failure of the underlying bedrock"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What failure causes surges?",
              "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "90 m (300 ft) per day" }
              ],
              "question": "At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?",
              "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "one km per year" }],
              "question": "How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?",
              "id": "57270585708984140094d88d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "6.1" }],
              "question": "How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?",
              "id": "57270585708984140094d88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "increasing" }],
              "question": "Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?",
              "id": "57270585708984140094d88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "July, August and September" }
              ],
              "question": "During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?",
              "id": "57270585708984140094d890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?",
              "id": "57270585708984140094d891"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are ogives?",
              "id": "572765695951b619008f8959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "annual movement of the glacier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?",
              "id": "572765695951b619008f895a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are ogives formed?",
              "id": "572765695951b619008f895b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "consist only of undulations or color bands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?",
              "id": "572765695951b619008f895c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "How many countries contain glaciers?",
              "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "every continent" }],
              "question": "Which continent contains glaciers?",
              "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?",
              "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are glaciers in Africa located?",
              "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?",
              "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f802"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20\u00b0 to 27\u00b0 north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19\u02daN and 19\u02daS, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "permanent snow cover" }
              ],
              "question": "Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?",
              "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "20\u00b0 to 27\u00b0 north" }
              ],
              "question": "Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?",
              "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "19\u02daN and 19\u02daS" }
              ],
              "question": "Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?",
              "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "precipitation is higher" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?",
              "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?",
              "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "they receive little snowfall" }
              ],
              "question": "Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?",
              "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "warm air" }],
              "question": "Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?",
              "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cause glacial stiations?",
              "id": "57277c82708984140094def7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "direction of the glacier's movement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?",
              "id": "57277c82708984140094def8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are chatter marks?",
              "id": "57277c82708984140094def9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are chatter marks formed?",
              "id": "57277c82708984140094defa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "after the glacier has retreated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are glacial moraines visible?",
              "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "deposition of material from a glacier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are glacial moraines formed?",
              "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "sides of the glacier" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are lateral moraines found?",
              "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are medial moraines formed?",
              "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "glacial drift" }],
              "question": "What are ground moraines also called?",
              "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "characteristic \"V\" shape" }
              ],
              "question": "What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?",
              "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "eroding water" }],
              "question": "What gives mountain vallys their characteristic \"V\" shape before glacation?",
              "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "a glacial valley runs into a large body of water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a fjord formed?",
              "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "\"U\"-shaped" }],
              "question": "What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?",
              "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an ar\u00eate is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "the side that descends into the valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On which side is a cirque opened?",
              "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Cirques" }],
              "question": "Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?",
              "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "ar\u00eate" }],
              "question": "What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?",
              "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "horns" }],
              "question": "What are extremely steep cirques called?",
              "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "three sides" }],
              "question": "How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?",
              "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonn\u00e9e, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonn\u00e9e are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonn\u00e9e have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "\"sheepback\" rock" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for roche moutonnee?",
              "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are roche moutonnee?",
              "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "less than a meter to several hundred meters long"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How large are roche moutonnee?",
              "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "gentle slope" }],
              "question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"up\" side?",
              "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "steep to vertical face" }
              ],
              "question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"down\" side?",
              "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?",
              "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?",
              "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "very slowly" }],
              "question": "With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?",
              "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?",
              "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa17"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Planck_constant",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a \"quantum\" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself. The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle, as opposed to an electromagnetic wave. It was eventually called the photon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "value E" }],
              "question": "What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?",
              "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy?",
              "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy?",
              "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "neutral particle" }],
              "question": "What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments?",
              "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "neutral" }],
              "question": "What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy?",
              "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "E" }],
              "question": "What is energy abbreviated to in science?",
              "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "f" }],
              "question": "What is frequency also known as in science?",
              "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "quantum" }],
              "question": "What term describes a small amount of element?",
              "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "an electrically neutral particle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?",
              "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "The light quantum" }],
              "question": "What was later termed the photon?",
              "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?",
              "id": "57295e056aef051400154d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?",
              "id": "57295e056aef051400154d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "an electrically neutral particle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?",
              "id": "57295e056aef051400154d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "the photon" }],
              "question": "What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?",
              "id": "57295e056aef051400154d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of action\", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "h" }],
              "question": "What does classical statistics mechanics not define the value of?",
              "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "h" }],
              "question": "What is required to exist in classical statistics mechanics?",
              "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "physical action" }],
              "question": "After Planck's findings, what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value?",
              "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "the Planck constant" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the \"quantum of action\" called?",
              "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum of action" }],
              "question": "What does the Planck Constant refer to?",
              "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "h" }],
              "question": "Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?",
              "id": "57291f276aef051400154a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was realized after Planck's discovery?",
              "id": "57291f276aef051400154a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum of action" }],
              "question": "What is the Planck constant formerly known as?",
              "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "that only certain energy levels are allowed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?",
              "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "forbidden" }],
              "question": "Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?",
              "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?",
              "id": "57295eef6aef051400154d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the \"quantum of action\"" }
              ],
              "question": "The Planck constant initially was given what name?",
              "id": "57295eef6aef051400154d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "Classical physics cannot explain this fact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?",
              "id": "57295eef6aef051400154da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden."
                }
              ],
              "question": "For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?",
              "id": "57295eef6aef051400154da1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Equivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz (7014540000000000000\u2660540\u00d71012 Hz). Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000\u26603.58\u00d710\u221219 J. That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, NA \u2248 7023602200000000000\u26606.022\u00d71023 mol\u22121. The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol, a typical energy of everyday life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "particles" }],
              "question": "What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of?",
              "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres" }],
              "question": "Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to?",
              "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to?",
              "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?",
              "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres" }],
              "question": "At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?",
              "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?",
              "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 730,
                  "text": "by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?",
              "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 901,
                  "text": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?",
              "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres" }],
              "question": "What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?",
              "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?",
              "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "6981358000000000000\u26603.58\u00d710\u221219 J"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the energy of a photon?",
              "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 901,
                  "text": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?",
              "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "black-body" }],
              "question": "What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "forty" }],
              "question": "How many years prior to Planck's study had the scientific community first discussed black body radiation?",
              "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Kirchhoff" }],
              "question": "What scientist first studied black body radiation?",
              "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "hot atoms" }],
              "question": "What is required for the electromagnetic field to come to thermal equilibrium?",
              "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "What does a hot object in equilibrium absorb as much as it emits?",
              "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "the problem of black-body radiation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?",
              "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Kirchhoff" }],
              "question": "Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?",
              "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "hotter" }],
              "question": "Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?",
              "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "it absorbs all the light" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?",
              "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 546, "text": "thermal light emission" }
              ],
              "question": "What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?",
              "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "black-body radiation" }
              ],
              "question": "Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?",
              "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "its thermal light emission is maximized."
                }
              ],
              "question": "If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?",
              "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "absorbs just as much light as it emits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?",
              "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "laws of motion" }],
              "question": "Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?",
              "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law (1879\u201384). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that \"white hot\" is hotter than \"red hot\". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "thermal" }],
              "question": "What do scientists assume black body radiation is?",
              "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "accurate" }],
              "question": "What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to?",
              "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "colour" }],
              "question": "What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object's temperature changes?",
              "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law" }
              ],
              "question": "What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object?",
              "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "thermal" }],
              "question": "What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?",
              "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?",
              "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "the colour of the light" }
              ],
              "question": "What about a hot object changes with the temperature?",
              "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "white hot" }],
              "question": "What color is hotter than \"red hot\"?",
              "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Wilhelm Wien discover?",
              "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law" }
              ],
              "question": "What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?",
              "id": "57296189af94a219006aa361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 242,
                  "text": "the colour of the light given off"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?",
              "id": "57296189af94a219006aa362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Wilhelm Wien" }],
              "question": "Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?",
              "id": "57296189af94a219006aa363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "Wien's displacement law" }
              ],
              "question": "The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?",
              "id": "57296189af94a219006aa364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 766,
                  "text": "at low frequencies (long wavelength)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?",
              "id": "57296189af94a219006aa365"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever \u2013 that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase. To make Planck's law, which correctly predicts blackbody emissions, it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator. The influence of h in this complex factor would not disappear if it were set to zero or to any other value. Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h, of the Boltzmann constant, or of any other constant or variable in the equation. In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "any" }],
              "question": "Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?",
              "id": "572928341d046914007790e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "a narrow range" }],
              "question": "The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?",
              "id": "572928341d046914007790e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "blackbody emissions" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Planck's law correctly predict?",
              "id": "572928341d046914007790e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "h" }],
              "question": "In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?",
              "id": "572928341d046914007790e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Planck's work disproved what assumption?",
              "id": "572962c51d04691400779375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "The Rayleigh\u2013Jeans" }
              ],
              "question": "What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?",
              "id": "572962c51d04691400779376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?",
              "id": "572962c51d04691400779377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law could not be done"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?",
              "id": "572962c51d04691400779378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 854,
                  "text": "the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?",
              "id": "572962c51d04691400779379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) to convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"the theory of radiation and quanta\". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Rayleigh and Jeans" }],
              "question": "Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?",
              "id": "572929766aef051400154b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Paul Ehrenfest" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the term, \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?",
              "id": "572929766aef051400154b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?",
              "id": "572929766aef051400154b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?",
              "id": "572929766aef051400154b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "Max Planck" }],
              "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?",
              "id": "572929766aef051400154b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?",
              "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?",
              "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?",
              "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "\"the theory of radiation and quanta\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?",
              "id": "5729636c3f37b3190047830a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?",
              "id": "5729636c3f37b3190047830b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "When was the photoelectric effect first observed?",
              "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Heinrich Hertz" }],
              "question": "Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "his work on the photo-electric effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?",
              "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57296497af94a219006aa373"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57296497af94a219006aa374"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?",
              "id": "57296497af94a219006aa375"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "relativity" }],
              "question": "Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?",
              "id": "57296497af94a219006aa376"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "a wave" }],
              "question": "Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?",
              "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "\"frequency\" and \"wavelength\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What terms describe different types of radiation?",
              "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "sound" }],
              "question": "What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?",
              "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "intensity" }],
              "question": "What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?",
              "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "a wave" }],
              "question": "Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?",
              "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "intensity" }],
              "question": "What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?",
              "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 698, "text": "the energy account" }
              ],
              "question": "What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?",
              "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?",
              "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect)  Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "photoelectrons" }],
              "question": "What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?",
              "id": "57292d756aef051400154b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "the frequency" }],
              "question": "What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?",
              "id": "57292d756aef051400154b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?",
              "id": "57292d756aef051400154b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "multiphoton effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?",
              "id": "57292d756aef051400154b45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "kinetic" }],
              "question": "What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?",
              "id": "572969f03f37b31900478361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "frequency" }],
              "question": "What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?",
              "id": "572969f03f37b31900478362"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?",
              "id": "572969f03f37b31900478363"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 684,
                  "text": "more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?",
              "id": "572969f03f37b31900478364"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus. Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck's work: an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies En",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Niels Bohr" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?",
              "id": "57292e181d04691400779129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?",
              "id": "57292e181d0469140077912a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?",
              "id": "57292e181d0469140077912b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "radiate electromagnetic radiation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?",
              "id": "57292e181d0469140077912c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Niels Bohr" }],
              "question": "Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?",
              "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?",
              "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?",
              "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons \u2013 in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom \u2013 were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schr\u00f6dinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if J is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and Jz the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bohr" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?",
              "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the quantity" }],
              "question": "What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?",
              "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Heisenberg" }],
              "question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?",
              "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Schr\u00f6dinger" }],
              "question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?",
              "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "the fundamental quantum of angular momentum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?",
              "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the reduced Planck constant" }
              ],
              "question": "Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?",
              "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?",
              "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Heisenberg" }],
              "question": "What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?",
              "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "1926" }],
              "question": "When was the Schr\u00f6dinger wave equation proposed?",
              "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "time vs. energy" }],
              "question": " What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?",
              "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "either-or nature of uncertainty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?",
              "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "either-or (as in Fourier analysis)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?",
              "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is uncertainly measured in this experience?",
              "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Fourier analysis" }],
              "question": "What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?",
              "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "time vs. energy" }],
              "question": "What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?",
              "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass, all of which depend on the Planck constant: the final dependence on h1/2 (r2 > 0.995) can be found by expanding the variables.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Bohr magneton" }],
              "question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron?",
              "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "nuclear magneton" }],
              "question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei?",
              "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?",
              "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three terms define the Bohr magneton value?",
              "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In principle, the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century. In practice, these are no longer the most accurate methods. The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon, but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Five other measurements by three different methods were initially considered, but not included in the final refinement as they were too imprecise to affect the result.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?",
              "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was this measurement made?",
              "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "watt-balance measurement" }
              ],
              "question": "What method was was used to obtain the measurement?",
              "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "silicon" }],
              "question": "One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?",
              "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low \u2013 it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed \u2013 but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?",
              "id": "572971471d0469140077946d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does this difficulty occur?",
              "id": "572971471d0469140077946e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "there is no indication which method is at fault"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?",
              "id": "572971471d0469140077946f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate \u2013 though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are \u2013 the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?",
              "id": "572971e61d04691400779473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "If these theories are slightly inaccurate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does relying on these effects create concern?",
              "id": "572971e61d04691400779474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "a circular argument" }
              ],
              "question": "Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?",
              "id": "572971e61d04691400779475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?",
              "id": "572971e61d04691400779476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A watt balance is an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units. From the definition of the conventional watt W90, this gives a measure of the product KJ2RK in SI units, where RK is the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect. If the theoretical treatments of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect are valid, and in particular assuming that RK = h/e2, the measurement of KJ2RK is a direct determination of the Planck constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a watt balance?",
              "id": "5729724c1d04691400779485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What value does RK represent?",
              "id": "5729724c1d04691400779486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "the Planck constant" }
              ],
              "question": "If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?",
              "id": "5729724c1d04691400779487"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gyromagnetic ratio \u03b3 is the constant of proportionality between the frequency \u03bd of nuclear magnetic resonance (or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons) and the applied magnetic field B: \u03bd = \u03b3B. It is difficult to measure gyromagnetic ratios precisely because of the difficulties in precisely measuring B, but the value for protons in water at 7002298150000000000\u266025 \u00b0C is known to better than one part per million. The protons are said to be \"shielded\" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule, the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy, and this is indicated by a prime on the symbol for the gyromagnetic ratio, \u03b3\u2032p. The gyromagnetic ratio is related to the shielded proton magnetic moment \u03bc\u2032p, the spin number I (I = 1\u20442 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "the frequency \u03bd of nuclear magnetic resonance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?",
              "id": "572973313f37b319004783f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "The protons are said to be \"shielded\" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?",
              "id": "572973313f37b319004783f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "related to the shielded proton magnetic moment \u03bc\u2032p, the spin number I (I = 1\u20442 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?",
              "id": "572973313f37b319004783f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the applied magnetic field B" }
              ],
              "question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?",
              "id": "572973313f37b319004783f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A further complication is that the measurement of \u03b3\u2032p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol \u0393\u2032p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a \"low-field\" method and a \"high-field\" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value \u0393\u2032p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "there are two methods of measuring the value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?",
              "id": "572973b56aef051400154f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "the conversion factors are different in the two cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do conversion factors compare in \"low-field\" and \"high-field\" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?",
              "id": "572973b56aef051400154f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "Only the high-field value \u0393\u2032p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?",
              "id": "572973b56aef051400154f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?",
              "id": "572973b56aef051400154f05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the charge of one mole of electrons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Faraday constant?",
              "id": "572974216aef051400154f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the Faraday constant determined?",
              "id": "572974216aef051400154f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?",
              "id": "572974216aef051400154f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?",
              "id": "572974216aef051400154f17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The X-ray crystal density method"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?",
              "id": "572975206aef051400154f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?",
              "id": "572975206aef051400154f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "Crystals of silicon" }
              ],
              "question": "What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?",
              "id": "572975206aef051400154f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is unit cell volume calculated?",
              "id": "572975206aef051400154f31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 668,
                  "text": "the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?",
              "id": "572975206aef051400154f32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a number of proposals to redefine certain of the SI base units in terms of fundamental physical constants. This has already been done for the metre, which is defined in terms of a fixed value of the speed of light. The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram, whose value has been fixed for all science (since 1889) by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum\u2013iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris. While nobody knows if the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram has changed since 1889 \u2013 the value 1 kg of its mass expressed in kilograms is by definition unchanged and therein lies one of the problems \u2013 it is known that over such a timescale the many similar Pt\u2013Ir alloy cylinders kept in national laboratories around the world, have changed their relative mass by several tens of parts per million, however carefully they are stored, and the more so the more they have been taken out and used as mass standards. A change of several tens of micrograms in one kilogram is equivalent to the current uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant in SI units.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "the kilogram" }],
              "question": "What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?",
              "id": "57297608af94a219006aa473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "cylinder" }],
              "question": "What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?",
              "id": "57297608af94a219006aa474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "platinum\u2013iridium" }
              ],
              "question": "What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?",
              "id": "57297608af94a219006aa475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "in a vault just outside Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?",
              "id": "57297608af94a219006aa476"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway, but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011. (For more detailed information, see kilogram definitions.) The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one. Possible new definitions include \"the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999\u2660135639274\u00d71042 Hz\", or simply \"the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999\u26606.62606896\u00d710\u221234 J\u22c5s\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?",
              "id": "572976ac3f37b31900478449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?",
              "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "7050135639273999999\u2660135639274\u00d71042 Hz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?",
              "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 643,
                  "text": "6966662606895999999\u26606.62606896\u00d710\u221234 J\u22c5s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?",
              "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Comcast",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Comcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States, and the nation's third largest home telephone service provider. Comcast services U.S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states and the District of Columbia. The company's headquarters are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Comcast Corporation" }],
              "question": "What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue?",
              "id": "5727009f5951b619008f8469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "AT&T-DirecTV" }],
              "question": "What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world?",
              "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Internet service provider" }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?",
              "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "40 states and the District of Columbia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas of the US does Comcast operate?",
              "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Comcast company headquarters?",
              "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?",
              "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "NBC and Telemundo" }],
              "question": "What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast?",
              "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "Universal Pictures" }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast owns what movie studio?",
              "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Time Warner Cable" }],
              "question": "What company did Comcast propose a merger with?",
              "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "April 24, 2015" }],
              "question": "What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?",
              "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed \"The Worst Company in America\" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "customer satisfaction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast",
              "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f21e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "has violated net neutrality practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? ",
              "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?",
              "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 909,
                  "text": "\"The Worst Company in America\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?",
              "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?",
              "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f222"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast is sometimes described as a family business. Brian L. Roberts, Chairman, President, and CEO of Comcast, is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts. Roberts owns or controls just over 1% of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares, which gives him an \"undilutable 33% voting power over the company\". Legal expert Susan P. Crawford has said this gives him \"effective control over its [Comcast's] every step\". In 2010, he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States, with total compensation of about $31 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Brian L. Roberts" }],
              "question": "Who is the current head of Comcast?",
              "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Ralph Roberts" }],
              "question": "Who co-founded Comcast?",
              "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?",
              "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "about $31 million" }],
              "question": "What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?",
              "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "\"undilutable 33% voting power over the company\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?",
              "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f250"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "employee relations" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides customer problems, what other area is Comcast often criticized over?",
              "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "The Verge" }],
              "question": "What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014?",
              "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report?",
              "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1008, "text": "Cracked" }],
              "question": "What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention?",
              "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1024,
                  "text": "\"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called?",
              "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast has also earned a reputation for being anti-union. According to one of the company's training manuals, \"Comcast does not feel union representation is in the best interest of its employees, customers, or shareholders\". A dispute in 2004 with CWA, a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast's offices in Beaverton, Oregon, led to allegations of management intimidating workers, requiring them to attend anti-union meetings and unwarranted disciplinary action for union members. In 2011, Comcast received criticism from Writers Guild of America for its policies in regards to unions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "anti-union" }],
              "question": "What is Comcast's stance on organized labor?",
              "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Beaverton, Oregon" }],
              "question": "A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?",
              "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "attend anti-union meetings" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do?",
              "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Writers Guild of America" }
              ],
              "question": "What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011?",
              "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "one of the company's training manuals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what internal publication was Comcast's union stance formally enumerated?",
              "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple \"top places to work\" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\", which cited its \"scale, savvy and vision\". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a \"Top 2014 Workplace\" by the Washington Post in their annual feature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "CableFAX" }],
              "question": "What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?",
              "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Comcast-Spectacor" }],
              "question": "What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "The Boston Globe" }],
              "question": "What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?",
              "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?",
              "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "workforce diversity" }
              ],
              "question": "On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?",
              "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book value of the company nearly doubled from $8.19 a share in 1999 to $15 a share in 2009. Revenues grew sixfold from 1999's $6 billion to almost $36 billion in 2009. Net profit margin rose from 4.2% in 1999 to 8.4% in 2009, with operating margins improving 31 percent and return on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the same time span. Between 1999 and 2009, return on capital nearly tripled to 7 percent. Comcast reported first quarter 2012 profit increases of 30% due to increase in high-speed internet customers. In February 2014, Comcast generated 1.1 billion in revenue during the first quarter due to the Sochi Olympics,.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "$8.19" }],
              "question": "What was Comcast's share value in 1999?",
              "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "$15" }],
              "question": "What was Comcast's share value in 2009?",
              "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "$36 billion" }],
              "question": "Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?",
              "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "8.4%" }],
              "question": "What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?",
              "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "increase in high-speed internet customers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?",
              "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f278"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "$18.8 million" }],
              "question": "What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?",
              "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "seventh largest" }],
              "question": "Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?",
              "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "The National Cable & Telecommunications Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?",
              "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 850,
                  "text": "Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?",
              "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "$3.7 million" }],
              "question": "How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?",
              "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e983a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1963, Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners, Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky, purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent, Jerrold Electronics, for US $500,000. At the time, American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo, Mississippi, with five channels and 12,000 customers. Storecast Corporation of America, a product placement supermarket specialist marketing firm, was purchased by American Cable in 1965. With Storecast being a Muzak client, American Cable purchased its first Muzak franchise of many in Orlando, Florida.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business?",
              "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were Roberts' business partners in this purchase?",
              "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "American Cable Systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What company did this partnership purchase?",
              "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Tupelo, Mississippi" }
              ],
              "question": "What city did American Cable Systems do business in?",
              "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?",
              "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e984a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "3.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many paying customers did Comcast have in 1994?",
              "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "third largest" }],
              "question": "Comcast's customer base in 1994 was good enough for what national ranking among its competition?",
              "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "The Golf Channel" }],
              "question": "What sports network was Comcast a founding investor of?",
              "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "In what year did Comcast take over a majority interest in QVC?",
              "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Liberty Media" }],
              "question": "What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004?",
              "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion instead. Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Comcast Cellular" }],
              "question": "What was Comcast's telecommunication business prior to 1999?",
              "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "SBC Communications" }],
              "question": "What company did Comcast sell their telecommunications company to?",
              "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "$400 million" }],
              "question": "How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999?",
              "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "VeriSign" }],
              "question": "What internet commerce company did Comcast invest in?",
              "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "AT&T Corporation" }],
              "question": "MediaOne merged with what telecommunications company?",
              "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband?",
              "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "$44.5 billion" }],
              "question": "What did Comcast pay for this subsidiary?",
              "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "AT&T Comcast" }],
              "question": "What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be?",
              "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "22 million" }],
              "question": "When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband, how many customers did they service?",
              "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Comcast Spotlight" }],
              "question": "Comcast's advertising and commercial production branch was called what?",
              "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 11, 2004, Comcast announced a $54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company, as well as taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt. The deal would have made Comcast the largest media conglomerate in the world. However, after rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors, the bid was abandoned in April. The main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80 percent stake in ESPN, which a Comcast executive called \"the most important and valuable asset\" that Disney owned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "The Walt Disney Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast try to buy in 2004?",
              "id": "57270eb35951b619008f8549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "$54 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money did Comcast offer for this company?",
              "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "April" }],
              "question": "What month in 2004 did Comcast drop it's bid for this company?",
              "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "ESPN" }],
              "question": "Comcast dropped their bid to focus on acquiring what sports network?",
              "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides offering money, what else did Comcast include in their proposal to buy Disney?",
              "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005?",
              "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?",
              "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Susquehanna Communications" }
              ],
              "question": "What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?",
              "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "October 31, 2005" }],
              "question": "When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider?",
              "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "$775 million cash" }],
              "question": "How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider?",
              "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8569"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led \"design, creation and management\". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. \"SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messages online and forward that information via e-mail to others, send instant messages and video instant messages and merge their contacts into one address book\". There is also Cloudmark spam and phishing protection and Trend Micro antivirus. The address book is Comcast Plaxo software.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "a dashboard called SmartZone" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007?",
              "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Hewlett-Packard" }],
              "question": "What company designed this interface?",
              "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Trend Micro" }],
              "question": "Smartzone used what company's antivirus protection?",
              "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 579, "text": "Comcast Plaxo software" }
              ],
              "question": "The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what?",
              "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "September 2008" }],
              "question": "When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?",
              "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006\u2014after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Adelphia Cable" }],
              "question": "What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005?",
              "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Time Warner Cable" }],
              "question": "Who was Comcast's partner in the deal for Adelphia?",
              "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "$17.6 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the price to take over Adelphia?",
              "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "the U.S. Federal Communications Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government organization investigated details of this acquisition?",
              "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "second quarter of 2006" }
              ],
              "question": "When was this deal finalized?",
              "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f318"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "NBCUniversal" }],
              "question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?",
              "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f32e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "General Electric" }],
              "question": "What was NBC's parent company in 2009?",
              "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f32f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "51%" }],
              "question": "What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?",
              "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Vivendi" }],
              "question": "What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?",
              "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "Time Warner" }],
              "question": "What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?",
              "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f332"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% minority stake in NBCUniversal. On January 18, 2011, the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1. The sale was completed on January 28, 2011. In late December 2012, Comcast added the NBC peacock symbol to their new logo. On February 12, 2013, Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49% of General Electric's interest in NBCUniversal, which Comcast completed on March 19, 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "December 3, 2009" }],
              "question": "On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in NBCUniversal reported?",
              "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "$6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Comcast pay for their stake in NBC?",
              "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "4 to 1" }],
              "question": "How did the FCC vote approval of the Comcast-NBC deal?",
              "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "January 28, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what date was the sale finally completed?",
              "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "March 19, 2013" }],
              "question": "On what date did Comcast buy out the remaining stake of General Electric in NBC?",
              "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 12, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. On February 13, it was reported that Time Warner Cable agreed to the acquisition. This was to add several metropolitan areas to the Comcast portfolio, such as New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, and San Antonio. Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal, emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network, and to \"create operating efficiencies and economies of scale\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the Los Angeles Times" }
              ],
              "question": "What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and Time Warner?",
              "id": "572714a4708984140094d96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "$45.2 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the value of the deal reported to be at the time?",
              "id": "572714a4708984140094d970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "by the end of 2014" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Comcast hope to complete its deal for Time Warner?",
              "id": "572714a4708984140094d971"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast \"donated to almost every member of Congress who has a hand in regulating it.\" The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9, 2014. The House Judiciary Committee planned its own hearing. On March 6, 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal. In March 2014, the division's chairman, William Baer, recused himself because he was involved in a prior Comcast NBCUniversal acquisition. Several states' attorneys general have announced support for the federal investigation. On April 24, 2015, Jonathan Sallet, general counsel of the F.C.C., said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge, equivalent to a collapse of the deal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Tom Wheeler" }],
              "question": "Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable?",
              "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC?",
              "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds?",
              "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 390, "text": "US Senate Judiciary Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "What Senate group held hearings on the purchase?",
              "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "Jonathan Sallet" }],
              "question": "Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015?",
              "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f380"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast delivers third-party television programming content to its own customers, and also produces its own first-party content both for subscribers and customers of other competing television services. Fully or partially owned Comcast programming includes Comcast Newsmakers, Comcast Network, Comcast SportsNet, SportsNet New York, MLB Network, Comcast Sports Southeast/Charter Sports Southeast, NBC Sports Network, The Golf Channel, AZN Television, and FEARnet. On May 19, 2009, Disney and ESPN announced an agreement to allow Comcast Corporation to carry the channels ESPNU and ESPN3. The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast intended to team up to create The U.S. Olympic Network, which was slated to launch after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. These plans were then put on hold by the U.S. Olympic Committee. The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans to create The U.S. Olympic Network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "ESPNU and ESPN3" }],
              "question": "Disney and Comcast joined forces to allow Comcast to air what sports networks?",
              "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 657, "text": "The U.S. Olympic Network" }
              ],
              "question": "What network was proposed by Comcast and the US Olympic Committee?",
              "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "Vancouver" }],
              "question": "What city hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics?",
              "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 815,
                  "text": "The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the U.S. Olympic Network?",
              "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast also owns many local channels. Comcast also has a variety network known as Comcast Network, available exclusively to Comcast and Cablevision subscribers. The channel shows news, sports, and entertainment and places emphasis in Philadelphia and the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. areas, though the channel is also available in New York, Pittsburgh, and Richmond. In August 2004, Comcast started a channel called Comcast Entertainment Television, for Colorado Comcast subscribers, and focusing on life in Colorado. It also carries some National Hockey League and National Basketball Association games when Altitude Sports & Entertainment is carrying the NHL or NBA. In January 2006, CET became the primary channel for Colorado's Emergency Alert System in the Denver Metro Area. In 2006, Comcast helped found the channel SportsNet New York, acquiring a minority stake. The other partners in the project were New York Mets and Time Warner Cable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Comcast Network" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Comcast's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets?",
              "id": "572719235951b619008f85e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "Comcast Entertainment Television"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Comcast's subscriber channel in Colorado?",
              "id": "572719235951b619008f85e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Comcast Entertainment take over operation of Colorado's Emergency Alert System?",
              "id": "572719235951b619008f85e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 822, "text": "SportsNet New York" }
              ],
              "question": "What New York area sports channel did Comcast help found in 2006",
              "id": "572719235951b619008f85ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "New York Mets" }],
              "question": "What baseball team was Comcast's partner in their New York sports network?",
              "id": "572719235951b619008f85eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Ed Snider" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator?",
              "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Outdoor Life Network" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of NBCSN?",
              "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "the University of Maryland" }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast bought naming rights for what college's basketball arena?",
              "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Versus" }],
              "question": "What was the second name NBCSN was known as?",
              "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004 and 2007, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country, including the Internal Revenue Service. The ACSI indicates that almost half of all cable customers (regardless of company) have registered complaints, and that cable is the only industry to score below 60 in the ACSI. Comcast's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001. Analysis of the surveys states that \"Comcast is one of the lowest scoring companies in ACSI. As its customer satisfaction eroded by 7% over the past year, revenue increased by 12%.\" The ACSI analysis also addresses this contradiction, stating that \"Such pricing power usually comes with some level of monopoly protection and most cable companies have little competition at the local level. This also means that a cable company can do well financially even though its customers are not particularly satisfied.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization rated Comcast's customer service the worst in the country in 2004 and 2007?",
              "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Internal Revenue Service" }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast's customer service was rated worse than what government organization?",
              "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "When did the ACSI begin doing customer satisfaction surveys?",
              "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "increased by 12%" }],
              "question": "When Comcast's customer service rating fell 7%, what happened to its revenues?",
              "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 879,
                  "text": "most cable companies have little competition at the local level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prime factor did the ACSI use to explain this anomaly?",
              "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Corporate Library" }],
              "question": "What organization gave Comcast an \"F\" rating in 2010?",
              "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "over 70 years of age" }
              ],
              "question": "In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?",
              "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "$40 million" }],
              "question": "How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?",
              "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?",
              "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9919"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2015, a customer named Ricardo Brown received a bill from Comcast with his name changed to \"Asshole Brown\". Brown's wife, Lisa, believed a Comcast employee changed the name in response to the Browns' request to cancel their cable service, an incident in which she was refused a cancellation unless she paid a $60 fee and instead was routed to a retention specialist. Comcast refused to correct the name on their bill after bringing it to the attention of numerous customer service outlets for the company by explaining that Ricardo is the legal name of the customer, so the Browns turned to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott. Elliott posted the facts of the incident, along with a copy of the bill, on his blog. Shortly thereafter, Elliott contacted Comcast and Comcast offered the Browns an apology, a $60 refund, and a promise to track down and fire the responsible employee. The Browns instead requested a full refund for their negative experience and Comcast agreed to refund the family the last two years of service and provide the next two years of service at no charge. Comcast released a statement explaining: \"We have spoken with our customer and apologized for this completely unacceptable and inappropriate name change. We have zero tolerance for this type of disrespectful behavior and are conducting a thorough investigation to determine what happened. We are working with our customer to make this right and will take appropriate steps to prevent this from happening again.\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "\"Asshole Brown\"" }],
              "question": "What name was listed on Comcast customer Ricardo Brown's invoice in January, 2015?",
              "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Christopher Elliott" }
              ],
              "question": "What consumer advocate took over the Brown's case?",
              "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "$60" }],
              "question": "What was the amount of disputed money that Comcast eventually returned to the Browns?",
              "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1015, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "Comcast eventually refunded how much service time to the Browns?",
              "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 836,
                  "text": "promise to track down and fire the responsible employee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change?",
              "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Tuberculosis",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term \"consumption\" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?",
              "id": "572709795951b619008f850d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "lungs" }],
              "question": "What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?",
              "id": "572709795951b619008f850e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?",
              "id": "572709795951b619008f850f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "fever" }],
              "question": "Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?",
              "id": "572709795951b619008f8511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "consumption" }],
              "question": "What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?",
              "id": "572709795951b619008f8510"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5\u201310% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "One-third" }],
              "question": "How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?",
              "id": "57270b235951b619008f8521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "9.6 million" }],
              "question": "How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?",
              "id": "57270b235951b619008f8522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "In 2014, how many people died from TB?",
              "id": "57270b235951b619008f8523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "developing countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?",
              "id": "57270b235951b619008f8524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "decreased" }],
              "question": "Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?",
              "id": "57270b235951b619008f8525"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain \"asymptomatic\"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "upper lung lobes" }],
              "question": "Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?",
              "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "massive bleeding" }],
              "question": "What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?",
              "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?",
              "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "scarring" }],
              "question": "If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?",
              "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?",
              "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 15\u201320% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as \"extrapulmonary tuberculosis\". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as \"osseous tuberculosis\", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of \"wash leather\". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called \"disseminated tuberculosis\", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "extrapulmonary tuberculosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?",
              "id": "57270f27708984140094d929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?",
              "id": "57270f27708984140094d92a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1034, "text": "miliary tuberculosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the other name for \"disseminated tuberculosis\"?",
              "id": "57270f27708984140094d92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "young children" }],
              "question": "Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?",
              "id": "57270f27708984140094d92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "tuberculous meningitis" }
              ],
              "question": "If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?",
              "id": "57270f27708984140094d92c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly \"Gram-positive\" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "lipid" }],
              "question": "The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?",
              "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "slow" }],
              "question": "Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?",
              "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "a host organism" }],
              "question": "In nature, what \"helper\" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?",
              "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "16 to 20 hours" }],
              "question": "How long is the period between division of MTB cells?",
              "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "less than an hour" }],
              "question": "How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?",
              "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f304"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called \"sputum\"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "phlegm" }],
              "question": "What's another word for \"sputum\"?",
              "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain" }
              ],
              "question": "One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?",
              "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "bright red" }],
              "question": "What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?",
              "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "acid-fast" }],
              "question": "What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?",
              "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "fluorescence" }],
              "question": "If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?",
              "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "M. bovis" }],
              "question": "Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?",
              "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "M. canetti" }],
              "question": "Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?",
              "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "M. microti" }],
              "question": "Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?",
              "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "M. africanum" }],
              "question": "What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?",
              "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f757"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10\u201315 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB \u2013 those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active (\"overt\") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "22%" }],
              "question": "If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?",
              "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "10\u201315" }],
              "question": "Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?",
              "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "two weeks" }],
              "question": "About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?",
              "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1040, "text": "three to four weeks" }
              ],
              "question": "If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?",
              "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "overt" }],
              "question": "What term is interchangeable with \"active\" when talking about tuberculosis infection?",
              "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "pulmonary alveoli" }],
              "question": "What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?",
              "id": "57276d92708984140094dd47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "phagocytosis" }],
              "question": "What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?",
              "id": "57276d92708984140094dd48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "a phagolysosome" }],
              "question": "What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?",
              "id": "57276d92708984140094dd49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "mycolic acid capsule" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?",
              "id": "57276d92708984140094dd4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "phagosome" }],
              "question": "What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?",
              "id": "57276d92708984140094dd4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the \"Ghon focus\", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Ghon focus" }],
              "question": "What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?",
              "id": "5727713d708984140094dda9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Simon focus" }],
              "question": "If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?",
              "id": "5727713d708984140094ddaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "the top" }],
              "question": "In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?",
              "id": "5727713d708984140094ddab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "hematogenous" }],
              "question": "What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?",
              "id": "5727713d708984140094ddac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "pancreas" }],
              "question": "Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?",
              "id": "5727713d708984140094ddad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "granulomatous inflammatory" }
              ],
              "question": "What specific type of disease is TB?",
              "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f882"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "lymphocytes" }],
              "question": "What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?",
              "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f883"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "multinucleated" }],
              "question": "What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?",
              "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "immune response" }],
              "question": "What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?",
              "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "necrosis" }],
              "question": "What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?",
              "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f885"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "scarring" }],
              "question": "What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?",
              "id": "57277506708984140094de19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "caseous necrotic material" }
              ],
              "question": "What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?",
              "id": "57277506708984140094de1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "antibiotics" }],
              "question": "What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?",
              "id": "57277506708984140094de1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "living" }],
              "question": "Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?",
              "id": "57277506708984140094de1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-\u03b3 release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "difficult" }],
              "question": "Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?",
              "id": "572777ca708984140094de67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "two weeks" }],
              "question": "If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?",
              "id": "572777ca708984140094de68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "chest" }],
              "question": "What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?",
              "id": "572777ca708984140094de69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "acid-fast bacilli" }],
              "question": "What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?",
              "id": "572777ca708984140094de6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "tuberculin skin tests" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?",
              "id": "572777ca708984140094de6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "false-positive" }],
              "question": "What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?",
              "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "blood" }],
              "question": "What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?",
              "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f93a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "increase" }],
              "question": "In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?",
              "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "IGRAs" }],
              "question": "Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?",
              "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "Interferon gamma release assays"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"IGRAs\" stand for?",
              "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's use in screening. A number of new vaccines are currently in development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "ten years" }],
              "question": "For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?",
              "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?",
              "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "uncommon" }],
              "question": "Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?",
              "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "the United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?",
              "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "high risk" }],
              "question": "What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?",
              "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Stop TB Partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d920e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a \"global health emergency\"?",
              "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d920f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "14 million" }],
              "question": "How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?",
              "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "HIV-associated tuberculosis" }
              ],
              "question": "Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?",
              "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "American Thoracic Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?",
              "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9212"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "wall" }],
              "question": "What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?",
              "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9270"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "rifampicin" }],
              "question": "Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?",
              "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "antibiotic resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?",
              "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Directly observed therapy" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?",
              "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "WHO" }],
              "question": "What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?",
              "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9274"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "MDR-TB" }],
              "question": "If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?",
              "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as \"extensively drug-resistant\"?",
              "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "Italy" }],
              "question": "In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 860, "text": "Bedaquiline" }],
              "question": "What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?",
              "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "Iran" }],
              "question": "Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?",
              "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "reactivation" }],
              "question": "As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? ",
              "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "HIV" }],
              "question": "What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?",
              "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?",
              "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?",
              "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "reinfection" }],
              "question": "New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other \"re-\" word?",
              "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90\u201395% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20\u20131.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "8.6 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?",
              "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "8.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?",
              "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "0.35 million" }],
              "question": "About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?",
              "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?",
              "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004\u20132014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5\u201310% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "HIV/AIDS" }],
              "question": "What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did new cases of TB infection start going down?",
              "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?",
              "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 974, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?",
              "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?",
              "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139 in 2010. In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007?",
              "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "aboriginal" }],
              "question": "What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents?",
              "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB?",
              "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "84%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?",
              "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "bison" }],
              "question": "What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "M. tuberculosis complex" }
              ],
              "question": "What does MTBC stand for?",
              "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 679, "text": "Neolithic Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?",
              "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Wyoming" }],
              "question": "In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?",
              "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Later, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced by the invention of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a \"remedy\" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it \"tuberculin\". While it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Robert Koch" }],
              "question": "Who discovered M. tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?",
              "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "milk" }],
              "question": "Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?",
              "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "tuberculin" }],
              "question": "What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?",
              "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 738, "text": "World Tuberculosis Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?",
              "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were \"encouraged\" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the \"fresh air\" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "consumption" }],
              "question": "What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?",
              "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?",
              "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "1880s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?",
              "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "spitting" }],
              "question": "What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?",
              "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "sanatoria" }],
              "question": "What were the \"treatment\" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?",
              "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913, its initial focus was tuberculosis research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1800s" }],
              "question": "When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?",
              "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dede9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?",
              "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Medical Research Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?",
              "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "What year was the Medical Research Council created?",
              "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?",
              "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000deded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria \u2013 Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in \"high burden\" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up \u2013 as among the 250M rural migrants in China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Mark Dybul" }],
              "question": "What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a \"pandemic\"?",
              "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?",
              "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "World Bank" }],
              "question": "What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?",
              "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1132, "text": "rural migrants" }],
              "question": "What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?",
              "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "regulations" }],
              "question": "What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?",
              "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d9820"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studies on relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "TB clubs" }],
              "question": "What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?",
              "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "increasing treatment adherence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?",
              "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "the stigma" }],
              "question": "What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?",
              "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "healthcare providers" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?",
              "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?",
              "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, currently in trials in South Africa, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "BCG" }],
              "question": "What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?",
              "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "I and II" }],
              "question": "What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?",
              "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "subunit vaccine" }],
              "question": "What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? ",
              "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "MVA85A" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?",
              "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "vaccinia" }],
              "question": "What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?",
              "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deffb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?",
              "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "prizes" }],
              "question": "Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?",
              "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?",
              "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Stop TB Partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?",
              "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relatively small studies. However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug, which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Bedaquiline" }],
              "question": "What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?",
              "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?",
              "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "five times" }],
              "question": "Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?",
              "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "physicians" }],
              "question": "Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?",
              "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "medical journal" }],
              "question": "What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?",
              "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination in schools and businesses for many years and this discrimination produced unfair advantages for whites and males in education and employment. The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on?",
              "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "racial minorities" }],
              "question": "Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women?",
              "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "whites and males" }],
              "question": "Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people?",
              "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 691,
                  "text": "are more representative of the populations they serve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field?",
              "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "gender quotas" }],
              "question": "What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions?",
              "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e995e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "reverse" }],
              "question": "Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?",
              "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e995f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Gratz v. Bollinger" }
              ],
              "question": "What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional?",
              "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Reconstruction Era" }
              ],
              "question": "In which time period did discrimination policies originate from?",
              "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "achievement" }],
              "question": "What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring?",
              "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9962"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the \"Forty acres and a mule\" policy. The proposal was never widely adopted due to strong political opposition. Nearly a century later (1950s-1960s), policies to assist classes of individuals reemerged during the Civil Rights Movement. The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decisions came to be known as affirmative action in which mandatory, as well as voluntary programs, affirmed the civil rights of people of color. Furthermore, these affirmative action programs protected people of color from the present effects stemming from past discrimination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term \"affirmative action\" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors \"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.\" This executive order realized the government's intent to create equal opportunities for all qualified people. This executive order was eventually amended and superseded by Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246 which prevented discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by organizations which received federal contracts and subcontracts. In 1967, the order was amended to include sex as well. The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When did the Reconstruction Era end?",
              "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?",
              "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Forty acres and a mule" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?",
              "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?",
              "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 953, "text": "President John F. Kennedy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first person to utilize the term \"affirmative action\"?",
              "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f420"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups. During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions. The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against, and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination. In the event of discrimination, employees were to be restored to an appropriate status in the company through 'affirmative action'. While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities, who, exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, were often barred from union ranks.:11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today, but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual's unjust treatment.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "National Labor Relations Act" }
              ],
              "question": "In which document did the term \"affirmative action\" first appear?",
              "id": "572727b8708984140094da83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "Senator Robert F. Wagner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?",
              "id": "572727b8708984140094da84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "employees associated with unions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?",
              "id": "572727b8708984140094da85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "National Labor Relations Board"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?",
              "id": "572727b8708984140094da86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "minorities" }],
              "question": "Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?",
              "id": "572727b8708984140094da87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system, where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers, by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman,:12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins.:14FDR's largest contribution to affirmative action, however, lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government.:22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract, then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor.:23\u20134 To enforce this idea, Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors.:22",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Harold L. Ickes" }],
              "question": "Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action?",
              "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Interior Secretary" }
              ],
              "question": "What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold?",
              "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "employ a fixed percentage of Black workers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what?",
              "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 648, "text": "Executive Order 8802" }
              ],
              "question": "Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government?",
              "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 982,
                  "text": "Fair Employment Practices Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the FEPC stand for?",
              "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f434"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, \"My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something.\" In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: \"In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America.\" The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war \"made without a trial or any sort of hearing\u2026Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association.\" The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: \"We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born.\" To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35\u201336",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "President's Committee on Civil Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?",
              "id": "57272aa45951b619008f8679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?",
              "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "In which year were the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings published?",
              "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "the state of race relations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?",
              "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1643, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who in the generation following the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?",
              "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessarily surrenders some of the rights and privileges which are inherent in American citizenship.\" In return, the government \"undertakes to protect his integrity as an individual.\" Yet that was not possible in the segregated Army, since \"any discrimination which\u2026prevents members of the minority groups from rendering full military service in defense of their country is for them a humiliating badge of inferiority.\" The report called for an end to \"all discrimination and segregation based on race, color, creed, or national origins in\u2026all branches of the Armed Services.\":38\u201339",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Armed Forces" }],
              "question": "The \"To Secure These Rights\" findings wanted desegregation of which institution?",
              "id": "57272c57708984140094daa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?",
              "id": "57272c57708984140094daa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "surrenders some of the rights and privileges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services?",
              "id": "57272c57708984140094daa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "a humiliating badge of inferiority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?",
              "id": "57272c57708984140094daa4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had \"reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens\u2026Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity.\" He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. \"We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.\":40",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Truman" }],
              "question": "Who was the first President to address the NAACP?",
              "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?",
              "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Lincoln Memorial" }],
              "question": "Where did Truman's historic speech take place?",
              "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "equality of opportunity" }
              ],
              "question": "During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?",
              "id": "57272cf65951b619008f8690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "federal" }],
              "question": "Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?",
              "id": "57272cf65951b619008f8691"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 26" }],
              "question": "What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?",
              "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?",
              "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f445"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?",
              "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f446"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "Fair Employment Officer" }
              ],
              "question": "Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?",
              "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f447"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 632,
                  "text": "Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What name was given to Executive Order 9981?",
              "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f448"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953, which \"conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors\".:50\u201351 The committee, chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon, had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations.:51",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "Which year was Eisenhower elected President?",
              "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the states" }],
              "question": "Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?",
              "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Government Contract Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "What was established in 1953?",
              "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?",
              "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "Vice President Richard Nixon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?",
              "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in March 1961, requiring government contractors to \"consider and recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination\u2026. The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin\".:60 The order also established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (PCEEO), chaired by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Federal contractors who failed to comply or violated the executive order were punished by contract cancellation and the possible debarment from future government contracts. The administration was \"not demanding any special preference or treatment or quotas for minorities\" but was rather \"advocating racially neutral hiring to end job discrimination\".:61 Turning to issues of women's rights, Kennedy initiated a Commission on the Status of Women in December 1961. The commission was charged with \"examining employment policies and practices of the government and of contractors\" with regard to sex.:66",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "John F. Kennedy" }],
              "question": "Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?",
              "id": "5727324f708984140094dad9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "not ending discrimination in federally supported housing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?",
              "id": "5727324f708984140094dada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "Executive Order 10925" }
              ],
              "question": "Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?",
              "id": "5727324f708984140094dadb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 785,
                  "text": "President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does PCEEO stand for?",
              "id": "5727324f708984140094dadc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 983, "text": "contract cancellation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?",
              "id": "5727324f708984140094dadd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment\".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as \"grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments,\" were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1963" }],
              "question": "When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?",
              "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "elimination of discrimination in employment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?",
              "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "comply to the government's policies on affirmative action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?",
              "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the executive order. He wanted a phrase that \"gave a sense of positivity to performance under the order.\" He was torn between the words \"positive action\" and \"affirmative action,\" and selected the later due to its alliterative quality. The term \"active recruitment\" started to be used as well. This order, albeit heavily worked up as a significant piece of legislation, in reality carried little actual power. The scope was limited to a couple hundred defense contractors, leaving nearly $7.5 billion in federal grants and loans unsupervised.:60",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Executive Order 10925" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Executive Order first contained the phrase \"affirmative action\"?",
              "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Hobart Taylor Jr." }],
              "question": "Who co - authored the executive order?",
              "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "Vice President Johnson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?",
              "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "positive action" }],
              "question": "What was the alternative phrase to \"affirmative action\" that was being considered?",
              "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "alliterative quality" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main reason that \"affirmative action\" was chosen over \"positive action\"?",
              "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "NAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dollar contract. Due to taxpayer-funding being 90% of Lockheed's business, along with disproportionate hiring practices, black workers charged Lockheed with \"overt discrimination.\" Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an \"aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions.:63\u201364 This agreement was the administration's model for a \"plan of progress.\" Johnson and his assistants soon pressured other defense contractors, including Boeing and General Electric, to sign similar voluntary agreements indicating plans for progress. However, these plans were just that, voluntary. Many corporations in the South, still afflicted with Jim Crow laws, largely ignored the federal recommendations.:63\u201364",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "NAACP" }],
              "question": "Who had issues with JFK's proposal?",
              "id": "57273572dd62a815002e998e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?",
              "id": "57273572dd62a815002e998f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Lockheed Aircraft Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?",
              "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Vice President Johnson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?",
              "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1022, "text": "Jim Crow" }],
              "question": "Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?",
              "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9992"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Civil Rights Act" }],
              "question": "Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?",
              "id": "5727364f708984140094daf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "integrate public facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?",
              "id": "5727364f708984140094daf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "11114" }],
              "question": "Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?",
              "id": "5727364f708984140094daf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 753,
                  "text": "to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?",
              "id": "5727364f708984140094daf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 916,
                  "text": "ending discrimination in the nation's workplace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?",
              "id": "5727364f708984140094daf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.' [. . .] Title VII is designed to encourage the hiring on basis of ability and qualifications, not race or religion.\" Title VII prohibits discrimination. Humphrey was the silent hero of the bill's passing through Congress. He pledged that the bill required no quotas, just nondiscrimination. Doing so, he convinced many pro-business Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (IL) to support Title VII.:78\u201380",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Title VII" }],
              "question": "Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?",
              "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e9998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "a de facto quota system" }
              ],
              "question": "What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?",
              "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e9999"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Hubert Humphrey" }],
              "question": "Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?",
              "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "Everett Dirksen" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?",
              "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 759, "text": "Senate Minority Leader" }
              ],
              "question": "What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?",
              "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, \"The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle.\" The order included definite \"goals and timetables.\" As President Nixon asserted, \"We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "his successor Nixon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?",
              "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Philadelphia Order" }
              ],
              "question": "Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?",
              "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "construction" }],
              "question": "Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?",
              "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "craft unions" }],
              "question": "Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?",
              "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Arthur Fletcher" }],
              "question": "Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?",
              "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. \"During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.\":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being raised. People began to look at affirmative action as a glorified issue of the past and now there were other areas that needed focus. \"Of all the triumphs that have marked this as America's Century \u2013...none is more inspiring, if incomplete, than our pursuit of racial justice.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "became less prevalent" }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?",
              "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "there were other areas that needed focus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?",
              "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Ford" }],
              "question": "Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?",
              "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented minorities were to only be upheld if necessary and promoted a compelling governmental purpose. (See Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.) There is no clear guidance about when government action is not \"compelling\", and such rulings are rare.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?",
              "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?",
              "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "U.S. Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?",
              "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co." }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?",
              "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano" }],
              "question": "Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?",
              "id": "57273a5e708984140094db15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "New Haven, Connecticut" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?",
              "id": "57273a5e708984140094db16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?",
              "id": "57273a5e708984140094db17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?",
              "id": "57273a5e708984140094db18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "5-4" }],
              "question": "What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?",
              "id": "57273a5e708984140094db19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin, employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts\"; that \"it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government\"; and that \"it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy, security, and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Kennedy" }],
              "question": "Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?",
              "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "Executive Order 10925" }
              ],
              "question": "Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?",
              "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "Federal Government and on government contracts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?",
              "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination. The AAPF believes that \"Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes\". The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class, so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "class" }],
              "question": "Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?",
              "id": "57273ce15951b619008f8729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "African American Policy Forum" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization believed in the class based argument?",
              "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "African American middle class" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?",
              "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 310,
                  "text": "non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?",
              "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?",
              "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furthermore, at the time of its introduction, segregation was still the law of the land barring blacks from the best institutions. Overall, \"Nearly 8 million servicemen and servicewomen were educated under the provisions of the GI Bill after World War II. But for blacks, higher educational opportunities were so few that the promise of the GI Bill went largely unfulfilled.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "end of World War II" }
              ],
              "question": "What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?",
              "id": "57273da05951b619008f8733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?",
              "id": "57273da15951b619008f8734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "loans at the same rate as whites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did returning black veterans not receive?",
              "id": "57273da15951b619008f8735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Nearly 8 million" }],
              "question": "How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?",
              "id": "57273da15951b619008f8736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "higher educational" }
              ],
              "question": "What opportunities were few for black veterans?",
              "id": "57273da15951b619008f8737"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered \"white\" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as \"lazy, unproductive, and on the dole.\" Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Dr. Paul Brest" }],
              "question": "Who conducted a study about the origins of \"Latinos\"?",
              "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?",
              "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "least well educated" }
              ],
              "question": "In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?",
              "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "12%" }],
              "question": "What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?",
              "id": "57273ea85951b619008f8740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "3.1%" }],
              "question": "How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?",
              "id": "57273ea85951b619008f8741"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were far smaller and less productive. According to Brest, land belonging to Native Americans was reduced from 138 million acres in 1887 to 52 million acres in 1934. In 1990, the poverty rate for Native Americans was more than triple that of the whites and only 9.4% of Native Americans have completed a bachelor's degree as opposed to 25.2% of whites and 12.2% of African Americans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "people who lived in North America before European settlement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?",
              "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "During the U.S. government's westward expansion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Native Americans lose their land?",
              "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "reservations" }],
              "question": "Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?",
              "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8763"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "52 million acres" }],
              "question": "How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?",
              "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8764"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "more than triple" }],
              "question": "In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?",
              "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8765"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the \"model minority\" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the \"glass ceiling\" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "not having the ability to become naturalized citizens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?",
              "id": "572740665951b619008f876b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "school segregation" }
              ],
              "question": "What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?",
              "id": "572740665951b619008f876c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882" }
              ],
              "question": "Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?",
              "id": "572740665951b619008f876d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "Immigration Act of 1924" }
              ],
              "question": "Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?",
              "id": "572740665951b619008f876e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1032,
                  "text": "communication skills and personality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?",
              "id": "572740665951b619008f876f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. \"Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "inherently unequal" }],
              "question": "What is one of the issues with affirmative action?",
              "id": "57274163708984140094db6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?",
              "id": "57274163708984140094db6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?",
              "id": "57274163708984140094db6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "make special efforts at inclusion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?",
              "id": "57274163708984140094db70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19, 1995, nearly two and a half years after his inauguration. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\" speech, and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality. He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems. Clinton plainly outlined his stance on affirmative action, saying:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Bill Clinton" }],
              "question": "Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?",
              "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "two and a half years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?",
              "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?",
              "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 678, "text": "just outlawing discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?",
              "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 874,
                  "text": "the policy was not the source of their problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.",
              "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f564"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace. By valuing diversity, employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population. By creating this diverse workforce, these employers and companies gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly global economy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a \"company stronger, more profitable, and a better place to work.\" Therefore, these diversity promoting policies are implemented for competitive reasons rather than as a response to discrimination, but have shown the value in having diversity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Washington D.C." }],
              "question": "Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?",
              "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?",
              "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?",
              "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?",
              "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 794,
                  "text": "U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?",
              "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f594"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and Jos\u00e9 F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as \"perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world\" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "American Association of University Professors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does AAUP stand for?",
              "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?",
              "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?",
              "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Caucasian students" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?",
              "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In which year did the AAUP release their study?",
              "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes, black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites, and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation; thus, blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched. He claims that the supposed \"beneficiaries\" of affirmative action \u2013 minorities \u2013 do not actually benefit and rather are harmed by the policy. Sander's claims have been disputed, and his empirical analyses have been subject to substantial criticism. A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely. At the same time many scholars have found that minorities gain substantially from affirmative action.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Sander" }],
              "question": "Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?",
              "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "high dropout rates" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?",
              "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "bottom 20 percent" }],
              "question": "Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?",
              "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "four times" }],
              "question": "What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?",
              "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "class inequality" }],
              "question": "Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?",
              "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "Hispanic Americans" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?",
              "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "lower-class European Americans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?",
              "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "class-based affirmative action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?",
              "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "people of color" }],
              "question": "Who primarily makes up America's poor group?",
              "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "City University of New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?",
              "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?",
              "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?",
              "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?",
              "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "to take advantage of group preference policies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?",
              "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Frederick Lynch author?",
              "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "reverse discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?",
              "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "against affirmative action" }
              ],
              "question": "What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?",
              "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "enforcing equal opportunity" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?",
              "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f635"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best \u2013 the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile \u2013 thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115\u2013147",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which book did Terry Eastland write?",
              "id": "572751dc5951b619008f8849"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?",
              "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "remedying past discrimination" }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?",
              "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1469,
                  "text": "because doing so is unnecessary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?",
              "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1516, "text": "because it can prove futile" }
              ],
              "question": "What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?",
              "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a definition of reverse discrimination?",
              "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "these policies are just another form of discrimination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?",
              "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Ward Connerly" }],
              "question": "Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?",
              "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1413, "text": "merit" }],
              "question": "What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?",
              "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "mediocrity and incompetence" }
              ],
              "question": "An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?",
              "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f650"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "compensation argument" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?",
              "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "society today should compensate for the injuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?",
              "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?",
              "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?",
              "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 835,
                  "text": "people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?",
              "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "undesirable side-effects" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?",
              "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "may increase racial tension" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?",
              "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?",
              "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?",
              "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "Grutter v. Bollinger" }
              ],
              "question": "Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?",
              "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that \"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set instead.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "admission to universities and other forms of higher education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?",
              "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "legacy admissions" }],
              "question": "What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?",
              "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Bakke v. Regents" }],
              "question": "Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?",
              "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are public universities not allowed to do?",
              "id": "57275d295951b619008f88c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 735,
                  "text": "\"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?",
              "id": "57275d295951b619008f88ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "competing notions of the mission of colleges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?",
              "id": "57276006708984140094dcb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?",
              "id": "57276006708984140094dcb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "a way to advance the mission as each university defines it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?",
              "id": "57276006708984140094dcb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 615,
                  "text": "If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?",
              "id": "57276006708984140094dcb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the \"top 10 percent\" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "banning any use of race in school admissions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?",
              "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?",
              "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "California" }],
              "question": "Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?",
              "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "class rank" }],
              "question": "What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?",
              "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1189,
                  "text": "returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?",
              "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f726"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003\u201304 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution\u2014Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates\u2014pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves \"the descendants\" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "a panel discussion" }],
              "question": "What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?",
              "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?",
              "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "a third" }],
              "question": "What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?",
              "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "the descendants" }],
              "question": "What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?",
              "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1004, "text": "possible remedies" }
              ],
              "question": "Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?",
              "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8965"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "UCLA" }],
              "question": "To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?",
              "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "Stanford Law Review" }
              ],
              "question": "In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?",
              "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?",
              "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "eight percent" }],
              "question": "How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?",
              "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1031, "text": "Proposition 209" }],
              "question": "Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?",
              "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "economics" }],
              "question": "What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?",
              "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In which year did Long publish his study?",
              "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "increasing minority enrollment in high schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?",
              "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "white students" }],
              "question": "Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?",
              "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?",
              "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it \"discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms\" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that \"the numbers don't indicate [discrimination].\" She said that Li was not admitted because \"many others had far better qualifications.\" Li's extracurricular activities were described as \"not all that outstanding\". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. \"Princeton had initially waitlisted my application,\" Li said. \"So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose \"outside activities were not all that outstanding\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Office for Civil Rights" }
              ],
              "question": "With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?",
              "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Princeton University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?",
              "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "Janet Rapelye" }],
              "question": "Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?",
              "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 679,
                  "text": "many others had far better qualifications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?",
              "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 843, "text": "placement on the waitlist" }
              ],
              "question": "Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?",
              "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious policy\" that \"violated their civil and constitutional rights\". The University of Texas employs the \"Top Ten Percent Law\", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a \"holistic\" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong \u2014 on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "University of Texas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?",
              "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "race-conscious policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?",
              "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "their civil and constitutional rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?",
              "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1096,
                  "text": "US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who concluded that the University maintained a \"holistic\" approach to affirmative action?",
              "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1591, "text": "June 2016" }],
              "question": "When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?",
              "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 17, 2014" }],
              "question": "On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?",
              "id": "572772165951b619008f8a11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Students for Fair Admissions" }
              ],
              "question": "Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?",
              "id": "572772165951b619008f8a12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?",
              "id": "572772165951b619008f8a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "Project on Fair Representation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?",
              "id": "572772165951b619008f8a14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?",
              "id": "572772165951b619008f8a15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its \"holistic\" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "more than 60" }],
              "question": "How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?",
              "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Education and Justice Departments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the organizations file the complaints with?",
              "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "Harvard University" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the target of the filing?",
              "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "top-one-percent grade point averages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?",
              "id": "572772ab708984140094ddca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 849,
                  "text": "the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?",
              "id": "572772ab708984140094ddcb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "FA_Cup",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred \"non-league\" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011\u201312. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "any eligible club" }],
              "question": "Who is the competition open too?",
              "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "763 clubs" }],
              "question": "How many clubs competed in 20011-12?",
              "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f457"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many rounds in the tournament?",
              "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "six to fourteen" }],
              "question": "How many games are needed to win?",
              "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Premier League and Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What league can compete?",
              "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f45a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those \"minnows\" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely \"giant-killing\" victory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "first six rounds" }],
              "question": "What rounds are the qualifiers?",
              "id": "57273164708984140094dac5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "92 professional teams." }
              ],
              "question": "How many teams in the first round? ",
              "id": "57273164708984140094dac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "Premier League and Championship clubs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What league enters in the third round?",
              "id": "57273164708984140094dac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "never reached the quarter finals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??",
              "id": "57273164708984140094dac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "Level 2 have never reached the final."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?",
              "id": "57273164708984140094dac9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "the FA Cup trophy" }],
              "question": "What do winners receive? ",
              "id": "5727323c708984140094dacf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many FA cup designs have there been?",
              "id": "5727323c708984140094dad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "five actual cups" }],
              "question": "How many FA cups have there been?",
              "id": "5727323c708984140094dad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the latest design intoduced?",
              "id": "5727323c708984140094dad2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that \"it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete\". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888\u201389 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?",
              "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "C. W. Alcock" }],
              "question": "Who was the FA secretary in 1871?",
              "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "November 1871" }],
              "question": "When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?",
              "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "Wanderers were crowned the winners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the first and second cups? ",
              "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 680,
                  "text": "modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888\u201389 season,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the modern cup established? ",
              "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f486"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 1914\u201315 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919\u201320. The 1922\u201323 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't played between the 1938\u201339 and 1945\u201346 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980\u201381; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "competition was suspended due to the First World War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was competition suspended due to the first world war? ",
              "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1919\u201320." }],
              "question": "what year did competition resume after world war 1?",
              "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1922\u201323" }],
              "question": "When did Wembly stadium open? ",
              "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Empire Stadium" }],
              "question": "What was Webly stadium called at that time? ",
              "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980\u201381"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the competition celebrate its centennial? ",
              "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the competition open to anyone? ",
              "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": ". All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there anyone automatically eligible? ",
              "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who else can play? ",
              "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can new clubs play too? ",
              "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do I need a stadium to compete? ",
              "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999\u20132000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does anyone ever miss a tournament? ",
              "id": "57273b78708984140094db1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What clubs have missed the competition? ",
              "id": "57273b78708984140094db20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did they miss that competition? ",
              "id": "57273b78708984140094db21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did people feel about Manchester's decision? ",
              "id": "57273b78708984140094db22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the club later regret their choice? ",
              "id": "57273b78708984140094db23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013\u201314 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "May Welsh clubs enter the competition? ",
              "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? ",
              "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Have any other countries ever competed? ",
              "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can't those countries compete? ",
              "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? ",
              "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004\u201305 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921\u201322 season. In 2005\u201306 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006\u201307 to 687, in 2007\u201308 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008\u201309 and 2009\u201310 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010\u201311, a record 763 in 2011\u201312, 758 for 2012\u201313, 737 for 2013\u201314 and 736 for 2014\u201315. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the number of entrants stayed the same? ",
              "id": "57274f575951b619008f8809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "660 clubs entered the competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many clubs entered in 2004-05?",
              "id": "57274f575951b619008f880a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "674" }],
              "question": "How many clubs entered in 2005-06?",
              "id": "57274f575951b619008f880b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "687" }],
              "question": "How many clubs entered in 2006-07?",
              "id": "57274f575951b619008f880c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "731" }],
              "question": "How many clubs entered in 2007-08?",
              "id": "57274f575951b619008f880d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the \"proper\" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When is the final?",
              "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do clubs above 9 enter? ",
              "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "There is no seeding," }
              ],
              "question": "Is there seeding?",
              "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in the event of a tie?",
              "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "The first six rounds are qualifiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the first 6 rounds? ",
              "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9ae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May. The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999\u20132000, when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment, and 2010\u201311 and 2012\u201313 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final, as well as in 2011\u201312 to allow England time to prepare for that summer's European Championships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does the final take place? ",
              "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999\u20132000"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there a time this was not the case? ",
              "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was that? ",
              "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "2010\u201311 and 2012\u201313" }
              ],
              "question": "Did that ever happen again? ",
              "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened during those years? ",
              "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8839"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final. Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991\u201392 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do clubs replay each other?",
              "id": "5727597d708984140094dc79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most games played a team to reach the final?",
              "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": ". Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991\u201392 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are replays played?",
              "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first penalty kick?",
              "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What clubs were playing during the first penalty?",
              "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Cup Winners' Cup" }],
              "question": "What is the cup called now?",
              "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the loser of the cup gain anything?",
              "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did that used to have a different name?",
              "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage."
                }
              ],
              "question": "what about the FA Cup winner?",
              "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?",
              "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2,
                  "text": "e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the semi finals played?",
              "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a name for the specific venue? ",
              "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the semi finals take place before then? ",
              "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the top most used venue?",
              "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 883,
                  "text": "In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the cup held in 2005?",
              "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium. This was controversial, with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London, as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final. In defending the move, the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers, although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out. A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the FA cup held today?",
              "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "to recoup debts in financing the new stadium."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it held at Webly Stadium? ",
              "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do the people of London agree with this action?",
              "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the game ever fail to sell out? ",
              "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium?",
              "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007. The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the final played now? ",
              "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "it opened, in 2007." }
              ],
              "question": "When did this stadium open? ",
              "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built? ",
              "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Cardiff in Wales" }],
              "question": "Where is Millennium Stadium located? ",
              "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was it always held in Millennium Stadium? ",
              "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times in the Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and Oxford University's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place? ",
              "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": ". It was played 22 times in the Oval"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?",
              "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup? ",
              "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup? ",
              "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "8 replays" }],
              "question": "How many replays took place at the Oval? ",
              "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014\u201315 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch. Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014\u201315 edition and beyond."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the use of artificial turf allowed? ",
              "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8fae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the required quality of the pitch? ",
              "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8fae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "How many professional clubs are there? ",
              "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 410,
                  "text": "they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the pitch is not up to par? ",
              "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first #G surface game played? ",
              "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base. There have been two designs of trophy in use, but five physical trophies have been presented. The original trophy, known as the \"little tin idol\", was 18 inches high and made by Martin, Hall & Co. It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered, and so was replaced by an exact replica, used until 1910. The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica, leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright. This new, larger design was by Messers Fattorini and Sons, and was used from 1911. In order to preserve this original, from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica, although this had to be replaced after just over two decades, after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras. This third replica, first used in 2014, was built heavier to withstand the increased handling. Of the four surviving trophies, only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The trophy comes in three parts" }
              ],
              "question": "How many parts does the trophy come in? ",
              "id": "57278a24708984140094e04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "- the cup itself, plus a lid and a base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the  parts of the trophy? ",
              "id": "57278a24708984140094e04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "There have been two designs of trophy in use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many trophy designs have there bee? ",
              "id": "57278a24708984140094e04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "five physical trophies have been presented"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many physical trophies have been presented? ",
              "id": "57278a24708984140094e050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": ". The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the first design changed? ",
              "id": "57278a24708984140094e051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony. This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions, although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match, and sketching the presumed winner. During the final, the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game. Traditionally, at Wembley finals, the presentation is made at the Royal Box, with players, led by the captain, mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box. At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the cup engraved for the winner? ",
              "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does the engraving take place? ",
              "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "how long does the engraved have from start to finish? ",
              "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the trophy decorated? ",
              "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 575,
                  "text": ", the presentation is made at the Royal Box"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is he cup presentation made? ",
              "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London. Under the original rules, the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final, the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock (who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did people start presenting the trophy after the game? ",
              "id": "57278c17708984140094e071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later"
                }
              ],
              "question": "when was the first trophy presented? ",
              "id": "57278c17708984140094e072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "the Pall Mall Restaurant in London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first trophy presented? ",
              "id": "57278c17708984140094e073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to multiple cup winners? ",
              "id": "57278c17708984140094e074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did that ever happen? ",
              "id": "57278c17708984140094e075"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 23,
                  "text": "80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How claims to have stolen the FA cup? ",
              "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did he act alone? ",
              "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "60 years" }],
              "question": "How long go did this crime take place? ",
              "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Burge do with the cup? ",
              "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 718,
                  "text": "stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did they do with those coins? ",
              "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea034"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After being rendered obsolete by the redesign, the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923, and his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005. It was duly sold at Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for \u00a3420,000 (\u00a3478,400 including auction fees and taxes). The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia, surpassing the \u00a3254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997. The successful bidder was David Gold, the then joint chairman of Birmingham City; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country, Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation. Accordingly, Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006, where it went on immediate public display. It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester. In November 2012, it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers, after they beat Wanderers 7\u20131 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Kinnaird" }],
              "question": "Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup?",
              "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What year did Lord Kinnard die? ",
              "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the cup lost during that time? ",
              "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for \u00a3420,000 (\u00a3478,400 including auction fees and taxes)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did it sell? ",
              "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "David Gold" }],
              "question": "Who won the bid? ",
              "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the start of the 1994\u201395 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though \u2013 as in the case of E.ON \u2013 one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Since the start of the 1994\u201395 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored."
                }
              ],
              "question": "is the Fa cup sponsered? ",
              "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Sponsorship deals run for four years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long does the sponsor remain? ",
              "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "one-year extensions may be agreed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can they extend their deal? ",
              "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current sponsor? ",
              "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "The Emirates FA Cup" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the competition called now? ",
              "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as \"giant killings\", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winning the competition. Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history. It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club, i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as \"giant killings\", is much anticipated by the public"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do people look forward to Cinderella matches? ",
              "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do people think about giant killers? ",
              "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does giant killing happen often? ",
              "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": ". It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the media showcase giant killers? ",
              "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a giant killer? ",
              "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Football League was founded in 1888, 16 years after the first FA Cup competition. Since the creation of The Football League, Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league \"giant-killer\" to win the Cup, taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United: although at that time, there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League, and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division (as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First.) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League: Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 (champions of the Football Alliance, a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division, which it formally became in 1892 \u2013 Wednesday being let straight into the First Division), and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 (in which years they were also Southern League champions, proving the strength of that league: again, they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time, but Southampton's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Football League was founded in 1888"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the football league founded? ",
              "id": "5727907c708984140094e103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league \"giant-killer\" to win the Cup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?",
              "id": "5727907c708984140094e104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1901" }],
              "question": "What year did they win the cup? ",
              "id": "5727907c708984140094e105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Sheffield United" }],
              "question": "Who did they delete for the cup? ",
              "id": "5727907c708984140094e106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "36 clubs in the Football League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many clubs where in the football league? ",
              "id": "5727907c708984140094e107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007\u201308 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over \u00a360,000 in prize money.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chasetown" }],
              "question": "Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?",
              "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "playing at Level 8 of English football"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What level where they? ",
              "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "731 teams entered that season" }
              ],
              "question": "How many teams competed that year? ",
              "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "final 64" }],
              "question": "What place did Chasetown come in?",
              "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 68, "text": "2007\u201308 competition" }
              ],
              "question": "What FA cup season did this take place in? ",
              "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double, namely Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986), Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) and Chelsea (2010). In 1993, Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2\u20131 in both finals. Liverpool (in 2001) and Chelsea (in 2007) have since repeated this feat. In 2012, Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League. In 1998\u201399, Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble. Two years later, in 2000\u201301, Liverpool won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble. An English Treble has never been achieved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ",
              "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Preston North End (1889)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ",
              "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Chelsea (2010)" }],
              "question": "Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ",
              "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has any club won both in a same season? ",
              "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year did that take place? ",
              "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions? ",
              "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions? ",
              "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Notts County" }],
              "question": "Who was the first outside club to win? ",
              "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1894" }],
              "question": "What year did that take place? ",
              "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many second tier have made the finals? ",
              "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio. The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester, the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927. The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full. The following season's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC. When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television, during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off. Nowadays, this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all-day broadcasts from Wembley, but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off. The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988, when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "the BBC" }],
              "question": "Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio? ",
              "id": "572793995951b619008f8df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast? ",
              "id": "572793995951b619008f8df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What clubs competed in the match? ",
              "id": "572793995951b619008f8df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "this was only broadcast in Manchester"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Wa the game broadcast in both cities? ",
              "id": "572793995951b619008f8dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927"
                }
              ],
              "question": "So when was the firs national broadcast? ",
              "id": "572793995951b619008f8dfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup, the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal. From 1997 to 2001, ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day. From 2002 to 2008, BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two. From 2008\u201309 to 2013\u201314, FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them. ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season, including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition, plus one semi-final exclusively live. The final is also shown live on ITV. Under the same 2008 contract, Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final. The channel also broadcast ITV's matches exclusively to Scotland, after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland, STV, decided not to broadcast FA Cup games. Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta's deal to broadcast FA-sanctioned competitions and England internationals. As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009\u201310 season with between three and four matches per round, all quarter finals, semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time. ESPN bought the competition for the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997?",
              "id": "572794a8708984140094e173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": ", FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the games broadcast now? ",
              "id": "572794a8708984140094e174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "STV refusing to show them" }
              ],
              "question": "Does anyone refuse to show them? ",
              "id": "572794a8708984140094e175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1644,
                  "text": "Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has a woman ever broadcast a match? ",
              "id": "572794a8708984140094e176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1589,
                  "text": "for the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What year did rebecca host the match? ",
              "id": "572794a8708984140094e177"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009\u201310 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010\u201311 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013\u201314 season.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "ESPN took over the package Setanta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who took over the package from Sentana?",
              "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who show the 2011 final? ",
              "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does ESPN still hold the contract? ",
              "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "the 2013\u201314 season" }
              ],
              "question": "What year did this take place? ",
              "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "BT Sport" }],
              "question": "Who took over after ESPN? ",
              "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alsace",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik M\u00fclhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871\u20131918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "4 January 1798" }],
              "question": "When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?",
              "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1871\u20131918" }],
              "question": "What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?",
              "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Which other country had control over Alsace?",
              "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "four times" }],
              "question": "How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?",
              "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?",
              "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Clovis' Merovingian" }
              ],
              "question": "Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?",
              "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?",
              "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "855" }],
              "question": "In what year did Lothar past away?",
              "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f889a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At about this time the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the Holy Roman Empire. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolf of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the \"Decapole\" or \"Dekapolis\", a federation of ten free towns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Hohenstaufen emperors" }
              ],
              "question": "Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?",
              "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "Landgericht" }],
              "question": "Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?",
              "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1112,
                  "text": "Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England",
              "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1342, "text": "Colmar and Hagenau" }
              ],
              "question": "Which other two cities also started to grow economically?",
              "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of Basel. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?",
              "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?",
              "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "blamed on Jews" }],
              "question": "Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?",
              "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "accused of poisoning the wells with plague"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?",
              "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "1356," }],
              "question": "When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?",
              "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rh\u00f4ne and Meuse, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montb\u00e9liard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Rh\u00f4ne and Meuse" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?",
              "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Blanche and Albert" }
              ],
              "question": "The French proposed a marriage between which two people?",
              "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "the Hundred Years' War" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?",
              "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "1444" }],
              "question": "In what year did the French reach Alsace?",
              "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1469" }],
              "question": "In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?",
              "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "to gain back full control of Upper Alsace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?",
              "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "1515" }],
              "question": "When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?",
              "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, M\u00f6mpelgard (Montb\u00e9liard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of W\u00fcrttemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "1523" }],
              "question": "When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?",
              "id": "572786705951b619008f8c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Martin Bucer" }],
              "question": "Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "572786705951b619008f8c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "Catholic and Protestant" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?",
              "id": "572786705951b619008f8c5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1646" }],
              "question": "When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?",
              "id": "572787eb708984140094e021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "1.2 million Thalers" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did France pay for Sundgau?",
              "id": "572787eb708984140094e022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1207,
                  "text": "the suppression of French Protestantism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?",
              "id": "572787eb708984140094e023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the d\u00e9partements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song \"La Marseillaise\" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. \"La Marseillaise\" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kl\u00e9ber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vend\u00e9e and Westermann, who also fought in the Vend\u00e9e.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1789" }],
              "question": "In what year did the division of Alsace take place?",
              "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "La Marseillaise" }],
              "question": "Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?",
              "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 835, "text": "Kellermann" }],
              "question": "Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?",
              "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic. Many of the residents of the Sundgau made \"pilgrimages\" to places like Mariastein Abbey, near Basel, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the French Revolutionary Army of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803\u20134 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this event based on what Goethe had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem Hermann and Dorothea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Austria and Prussia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?",
              "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "lands and homes had been confiscated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home?",
              "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 819, "text": "Hermann and Dorothea" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the poem by Goethe?",
              "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris \u2013 where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann \u2013 but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York. Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships Sully (in May 1843) and Iowa (in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern Ontario, notably Waterloo County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1,067,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1846?",
              "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?",
              "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "1820 to 1850" }],
              "question": "Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?",
              "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "22,500" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1790?",
              "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "in villages" }],
              "question": "Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?",
              "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "full emancipation" }],
              "question": "in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?",
              "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1144, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918",
              "id": "57278f23708984140094e0da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870\u201371), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Els\u00e4ssisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Kingdom of Prussia" }],
              "question": "Which country defeated the French in 1871?",
              "id": "57279021708984140094e0f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "The end of the war led to which companies unification?",
              "id": "57279021708984140094e0f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Otto von Bismarck" }],
              "question": "Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?",
              "id": "57279021708984140094e0f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the \"Republic of Alsace-Lorraine\". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the r\u00e9gion was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "served as sailors" }],
              "question": "What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?",
              "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Jacques Peirotes" }],
              "question": "Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?",
              "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? ",
              "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1506, "text": "Treaty of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?",
              "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9109"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although Germany never formally annexed Alsace-Lorraine, it was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgr\u00e9-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most of them perished on the eastern front. The few that could escape fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?",
              "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "130,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?",
              "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "malgr\u00e9-nous" }],
              "question": "Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?",
              "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alsace is one of the most conservative r\u00e9gions of France. It is one of just two r\u00e9gions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 r\u00e9gion elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the r\u00e9gion throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Nicolas Sarkozy" }],
              "question": "Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?",
              "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Philippe Richert" }],
              "question": "Who is the president of the regional counsel?",
              "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 789, "text": "European Constitution in 2005" }
              ],
              "question": "Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?",
              "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9156"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?",
              "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Protestant" }],
              "question": "Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?",
              "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "UEPAL" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?",
              "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as \"local lords\" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "local lords" }],
              "question": "What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?",
              "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?",
              "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "Amish" }],
              "question": "Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?",
              "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, S\u00e9lestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new \"Union jack-like\" flag representing the union of the two d\u00e9prtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two d\u00e9partements. With the purpose of \"Frenchizing\" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of G\u00e9rard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new \"super-region\" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Rot-un-Wiss" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?",
              "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Union jack-like\" flag" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?",
              "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "the union of the two d\u00e9prtements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"Union jack-like\" flag represent?",
              "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?",
              "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call \"standard German\").[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?",
              "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "middle classes began to speak and write French"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?",
              "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "standard German" }],
              "question": "What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?",
              "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a reannexation by Germany (1940\u20131945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1940\u20131945" }],
              "question": "Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?",
              "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "names were Germanized." }
              ],
              "question": "What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?",
              "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?",
              "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Acad\u00e9mie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?",
              "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Circulaire Savary" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?",
              "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Circulair Savary introduce?",
              "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Alsatian and Standard German" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two dialects were banned from public life?",
              "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d9318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "street and city names, official administration, and educational system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the banning of the two dialects  include?",
              "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d9319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Sundgau region" }],
              "question": "Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?",
              "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d931a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "Yiddish" }],
              "question": "What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?",
              "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d931b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "French alone is the official language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?",
              "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d9338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "548,000" }],
              "question": "How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?",
              "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d9339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "one in ten children" }
              ],
              "question": "With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?",
              "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d933a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gastronomic symbol of the r\u00e9gion is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form s\u00fbrkr\u00fbt, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means \"sour cabbage\" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montb\u00e9liard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "sour cabbage" }],
              "question": "In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?",
              "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d9348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "poultry, pork, sausage or even fish"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can Sauerkraut be served with?",
              "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d9349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montb\u00e9liard sausages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?",
              "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d934a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Alsatia\", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of \"a lawless place\" or \"a place under no jurisdiction\" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, \"protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons\". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: \"In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight,\" Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "a lawless place\" or \"a place under no jurisdiction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?",
              "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "ramshackle marketplace" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?",
              "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "English and Australian" }
              ],
              "question": "Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace \"ramshackle marketplace\" as of 2007?",
              "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of H\u0153rdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "new dual carriageway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? ",
              "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "reduce the buildup of traffic in that area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?",
              "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 816, "text": "Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?",
              "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "H\u0153rdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?",
              "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a45"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Baptists",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Baptists" }],
              "question": "What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?",
              "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "tenets of Baptist churches" }
              ],
              "question": "Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?",
              "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "elders and deacons" }
              ],
              "question": "What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?",
              "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Protestant churches" }
              ],
              "question": "Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?",
              "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians trace the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1609" }],
              "question": "When was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?",
              "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "Where was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?",
              "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "John Smyth" }],
              "question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\"?",
              "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Particular Baptists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?",
              "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "1638" }],
              "question": "When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?",
              "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or \"Baptist successionism\", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Bruce Gourley" }],
              "question": "Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?",
              "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Anabaptist traditions" }
              ],
              "question": "Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?",
              "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the perpetuity view assume?",
              "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the successionist view assume?",
              "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea02b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical \"truth\" had been discovered.[page needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "English Separatist movement" }
              ],
              "question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?",
              "id": "57278f89708984140094e0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "minimal" }],
              "question": "Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?",
              "id": "57278f89708984140094e0e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "original Protestant denominations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?",
              "id": "57278f89708984140094e0e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as \"Puritans\" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "During the Protestant Reformation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?",
              "id": "57279112708984140094e117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "the Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?",
              "id": "57279112708984140094e118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?",
              "id": "57279112708984140094e119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "cousins of the English Separatists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Puritans are described by Gourley as what?",
              "id": "57279112708984140094e11a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "Separatists" }],
              "question": "Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?",
              "id": "57279112708984140094e11b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became \"Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist,\" and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60\u201370 English Separatists, in the face of \"great danger.\" The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "1609" }],
              "question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?",
              "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?",
              "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "John Smyth" }],
              "question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?",
              "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Church of England" }],
              "question": "John Smyth broke his ties with what church?",
              "id": "572792345951b619008f8dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "Amsterdam" }],
              "question": "Where did John Smyth go into exile?",
              "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled \"The Character of the Beast,\" or \"The False Constitution of the Church.\" In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, \"Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism.\" Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "\"The Character of the Beast,\" or \"The False Constitution of the Church.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Smyth wrote a tract titled what?",
              "id": "57279338708984140094e14f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "infants are not to be baptized"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was his first proposition?",
              "id": "57279338708984140094e150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was his second proposition?",
              "id": "57279338708984140094e151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "baptized on a personal confession of faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?",
              "id": "57279338708984140094e152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "infant baptism" }],
              "question": "What is paedobaptism?",
              "id": "57279338708984140094e153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly\u2014though falsely\u2014called Anabaptists.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Smyth" }],
              "question": "Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?",
              "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "the Mennonites" }],
              "question": "Smyth applied for membership with who?",
              "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "The modern Baptist denomination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?",
              "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Anabaptist" }],
              "question": "What name did Baptists reject?",
              "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "McBeth" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly\u2014though falsely\u2014called Anabaptists?\"",
              "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9816"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, \"Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1638" }],
              "question": "When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?",
              "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "John Spilsbury" }],
              "question": "Who promoted strict immersion baptism?",
              "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "Southern Baptist Theological Seminary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?",
              "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "historical theology" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Tom Nettles a professor of?",
              "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "early seventeenth-century Baptists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?",
              "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "continental Anabaptists" }
              ],
              "question": "Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?",
              "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Dutch Waterlander Mennonites" }
              ],
              "question": "General Baptists shared similarities with who?",
              "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are two representative writers?",
              "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "one of many Anabaptist groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?",
              "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, \"There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Roger Williams and John Clarke" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?",
              "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "1639" }],
              "question": "When was the first American Baptist church established?",
              "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Providence, Rhode Island" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?",
              "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 282, "text": "Newport, Rhode Island" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?",
              "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Clarke was what to Williams?",
              "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Nova Scotia" }],
              "question": "Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?",
              "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "1760s" }],
              "question": "When did missionary work begin in Canada?",
              "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Horton Baptist Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Baptist church in Canada?",
              "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 248, "text": "Wolfville, Nova Scotia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?",
              "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "29 October 1778" }],
              "question": "When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?",
              "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1845" }],
              "question": "When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?",
              "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "over slavery and missions" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did American Baptist congregations split?",
              "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "missionaries" }],
              "question": "Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?",
              "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Home Mission Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?",
              "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Northern congregations formed what organization?",
              "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d971a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Southern Baptist Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest fellowship without control?",
              "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "independent and self-governing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?",
              "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "Baptist denomination" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?",
              "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9734"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine\u2014some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith\u2014without considering them to be creeds\u2014to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "doctrine" }],
              "question": "Baptists are defined by what?",
              "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d9738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "confessions of faith" }
              ],
              "question": "Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?",
              "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d9739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "evangelical" }],
              "question": "Most Baptists are what in doctrine?",
              "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d973a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Baptists have played a key role in what?",
              "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d973b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Shared doctrines" }],
              "question": "Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?",
              "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "1689" }],
              "question": "When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?",
              "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1742" }],
              "question": "When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?",
              "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "1833" }],
              "question": "When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?",
              "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9893"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word \"crisis\" comes from the Greek word meaning \"to decide.\" Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be \"positive and highly productive.\" He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the \"missions crisis\", the \"slavery crisis\", the \"landmark crisis\", and the \"modernist crisis\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "to decide" }],
              "question": "\"Crisis\" comes from a Greek word meaning what?",
              "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Walter Shurden" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be \"positive and highly productive?\"",
              "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "controversies that have shaped Baptists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?",
              "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "\"missions crisis\", the \"slavery crisis\", the \"landmark crisis\", and the \"modernist crisis\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?",
              "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Leading up to the American Civil War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?",
              "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "the First Great Awakening" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?",
              "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "paternalistic institution" }
              ],
              "question": "They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?",
              "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "The Baptists" }],
              "question": "What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?",
              "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "the Home Mission Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?",
              "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war. They wanted to be free of white supervision. In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "As early as the late 18th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?",
              "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d978e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "freedmen" }],
              "question": "Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?",
              "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d978f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "freedmen" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to be free from white submission?",
              "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states setup black conventions?",
              "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1186, "text": "45%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?",
              "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9792"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of \"Free Villages\"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "the Caribbean" }],
              "question": "Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?",
              "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "William Knibb" }],
              "question": "Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?",
              "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "the British West Indies" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?",
              "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Free Villages" }],
              "question": "Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?",
              "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "Jamaica's Calabar High School" }
              ],
              "question": "What was named after the slave port of Calabar?",
              "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, \"unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin\" and \"lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest.\" It offered an apology to all African-Americans for \"condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime\" and repentance for \"racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously.\" Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the predominantly white convention had dealt specifically with the issue of slavery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "20 June 1995" }],
              "question": "When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?",
              "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "More than 20,000" }],
              "question": "How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?",
              "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "messengers" }],
              "question": "SBC delegates are called what?",
              "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the influence of the movement on the Convention continued into the 20th century. Its influence continues to affect convention policies. In 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Southern Baptist Landmarkism" }
              ],
              "question": "What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?",
              "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "James Robinson Graves" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?",
              "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "In 2005" }],
              "question": "When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?",
              "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position. Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991. Members of both groups originally identified as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups \"became permanent new families of Baptists.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "conservative theology" }
              ],
              "question": "The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?",
              "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?",
              "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?",
              "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?",
              "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Southern Baptist Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "Conservative theology was the official position of what?",
              "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Child_labour",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "deprives children of their childhood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does child labour deprive children of?",
              "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "exceptions include work by child artists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "work such as those by Amish children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is work done by Amish children an exception?",
              "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "Legislation across the world" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?",
              "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?",
              "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5\u201314 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?",
              "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What is the largest employer of child labour?",
              "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "their parents" }],
              "question": "Who are children predominantly employed by?",
              "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Poverty" }],
              "question": "Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour",
              "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "pre-industrial societies" }
              ],
              "question": "Was there a period when child labour was essential?",
              "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "little need for children to attend school"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?",
              "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "competent adults" }],
              "question": "Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?",
              "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "short life expectancy" }
              ],
              "question": "Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?",
              "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?",
              "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "over 120,000" }],
              "question": "Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?",
              "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?",
              "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "52" }],
              "question": "How many hours did builders work in the winter?",
              "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were children able to take on apprenticeships?",
              "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "How many families were without a bread winner?",
              "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "143" }],
              "question": "How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?",
              "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "high number" }],
              "question": "Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? ",
              "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "blacking factory" }],
              "question": "Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?",
              "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "economic hardship" }],
              "question": "During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?",
              "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the \"Short Time Committees\" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11\u201318 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9\u201311 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "Lord Shaftesbury" }],
              "question": "During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?",
              "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 733,
                  "text": "children under the age of nine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?",
              "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 897, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?",
              "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "child labour began to decline" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?",
              "id": "572761fe5951b619008f891a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1803" }],
              "question": "What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "572761fe5951b619008f891b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 \u00b0F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "early 20th century" }],
              "question": "When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?",
              "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "they are exposed to this heat" }
              ],
              "question": "Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?",
              "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "paid by the piece" }],
              "question": "Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?",
              "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?",
              "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "National Child Labor Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?",
              "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?",
              "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "cigarettes" }],
              "question": "What did children roll in a factory?",
              "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "bobbin doffers" }],
              "question": "What did child do in textile mills in the US?",
              "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f785"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?",
              "id": "57276917708984140094dd1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "poor" }],
              "question": "Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?",
              "id": "57276917708984140094dd1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "mines" }],
              "question": "Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?",
              "id": "57276917708984140094dd1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5\u201314 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, \"low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "year round" }],
              "question": "What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?",
              "id": "57276a47708984140094dd21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "parents" }],
              "question": "Who did the children work beside?",
              "id": "57276a47708984140094dd22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "Where were rural children employed?",
              "id": "57276a47708984140094dd23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 993, "text": "unhealthy and insanitary" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?",
              "id": "57276a47708984140094dd24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Frieda Miller" }],
              "question": "In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?",
              "id": "57276a47708984140094dd25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5\u201317 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5\u201314 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Child labour is still common" }
              ],
              "question": "Does child labour exist in the 21st century?",
              "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1182, "text": "rural areas" }],
              "question": "Where does child labour currently occur the most?",
              "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 931, "text": "Two out of three child" }
              ],
              "question": "How many children in today's world work beside their parents?",
              "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1059, "text": "tourists" }],
              "question": "Some child work as guides for whom?",
              "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5\u201317 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "What country has the highest percentage of child labour?",
              "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "114" }],
              "question": "In Asia how many millions of children are employed?",
              "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1%" }],
              "question": "Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?",
              "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Latin America" }],
              "question": "Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?",
              "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as \u201chighly secret\u201d. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.\nIn 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where is present day child labour stats unclear?",
              "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?",
              "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "data sources" }],
              "question": "What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?",
              "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 875, "text": "garments" }],
              "question": "Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?",
              "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "76" }],
              "question": "According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?",
              "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "North Korea" }],
              "question": "What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?",
              "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "25th" }],
              "question": "What was the Phillipines ranked as?",
              "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Brazil 54th" }],
              "question": "Was Brazil on the list?",
              "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60\u201370% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "nothing better to do" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?",
              "id": "572772395951b619008f8a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "parents wonder if going to school is really worth it."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do the poor families put a value on education?",
              "id": "572772395951b619008f8a26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "rural areas" }],
              "question": "What community has the most prevalency for child labour?",
              "id": "572772395951b619008f8a27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?",
              "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "girls" }],
              "question": "Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?",
              "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "learn and practice that trade from a very early age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?",
              "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "education of girls is less valued"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?",
              "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Thailand" }],
              "question": "Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?",
              "id": "57277611708984140094de3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "not a new problem" }],
              "question": "Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?",
              "id": "57277611708984140094de40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "demand" }],
              "question": "Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?",
              "id": "57277611708984140094de41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Macroeconomic" }],
              "question": "What encourages child labour across the globe?",
              "id": "57277611708984140094de42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5\u201314 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "without pay" }],
              "question": "Were young apprentices hired for pay?",
              "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "child labour was common place in the colonies of European"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was child labour common in European colonies?",
              "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "5\u201314" }],
              "question": "What was the age range of colonial child workers?",
              "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?",
              "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Millions" }],
              "question": "How many children were employed on colonial plantations?",
              "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f922"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (\u59b9\u4ed4), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, \"it is a way to save these children from a worse fate.\" Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?",
              "id": "57277af45951b619008f8aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Christian mission schools" }
              ],
              "question": "What schools required child labour?",
              "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "provided religious education" }
              ],
              "question": "Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?",
              "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "stipulated jail terms" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?",
              "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "home" }],
              "question": "Where do African children find their first jobs?",
              "id": "57277c3a708984140094deed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "help their parents run the family farm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do African children do primarily while working at home?",
              "id": "57277c3a708984140094deee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "estimated five million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?",
              "id": "57277c3a708984140094deef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "30 percent" }],
              "question": "How many children in Africa pick coffee?",
              "id": "57277c3a708984140094def0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "estimated 25,000" }],
              "question": "How many children work year round in Africa?",
              "id": "57277c3a708984140094def1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did children from urban areas primarily work?",
              "id": "57277eae708984140094df25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "farms" }],
              "question": "Where did children from rural areas work?",
              "id": "57277eae708984140094df26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?",
              "id": "57277eae708984140094df27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "physical and emotional abuse" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?",
              "id": "57277eae708984140094df28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Africa" }],
              "question": "What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "unclear definition of adolescence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?",
              "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "children helping run the family business."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?",
              "id": "57278094708984140094df53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "compulsorry schooling" }
              ],
              "question": "What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?",
              "id": "57278094708984140094df54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "Child labour was not as excessive in Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?",
              "id": "57278094708984140094df55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did industrailization take off in Australia?",
              "id": "57278094708984140094df56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "April 22, 1550" }],
              "question": "When was Brazil colonized?",
              "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral" }
              ],
              "question": "Who colonized Brazil?",
              "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Boys and girls" }],
              "question": "Who were the victims of industrial accidents?",
              "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 737,
                  "text": "during the time of indigenous societies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was child labour first documented in Brazil?",
              "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 998, "text": "electric shock" }],
              "question": "How did Armando Dias die?",
              "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80\u2019s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80\u2019s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "fourteen" }],
              "question": "What is the min working age in Brazil?",
              "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?",
              "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 727,
                  "text": "there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there underage children working in Brazil?",
              "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 895, "text": "almost nine million" }
              ],
              "question": "In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?",
              "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "2.55 million" }],
              "question": "In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?",
              "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do drug cartels do with child workers?",
              "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 732,
                  "text": "physical and psychological implications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?",
              "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "an increase" }],
              "question": "Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?",
              "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many factors played a role in Britain\u2019s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "to help feed and support the family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If not forced why did children work?",
              "id": "57278650708984140094dfed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 920,
                  "text": "between the ages of ten and fourteen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?",
              "id": "57278650708984140094dfee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1014,
                  "text": "they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was this age range important?",
              "id": "57278650708984140094dfef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "poor" }],
              "question": "How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?",
              "id": "57278650708984140094dff0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "financially" }],
              "question": "What type of support did child give to their families by working?",
              "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "cotton textiles" }],
              "question": "What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?",
              "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?",
              "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "illiteracy" }],
              "question": "What became an issue for the working child?",
              "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "many parents developed a change of opinion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?",
              "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?",
              "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9fac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?",
              "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did this act due?",
              "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?",
              "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "helped to reduce the exploitation of children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did it help do to?",
              "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) \u2013 a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "23 June 1757" }],
              "question": "When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?",
              "id": "57278b525951b619008f8ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Who was the master of the east of India?",
              "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "increasing need of cheap labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were many children employed?",
              "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 623,
                  "text": "lack knowledge of their basic rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary reason for India children being employed?",
              "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "they did not cause trouble or complain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did India child workers act?",
              "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia\u2019s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "one-fourth" }],
              "question": "How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?",
              "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "How many Asian child workers are from India?",
              "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?",
              "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?",
              "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "encouraged major changes to the workforce"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the international acts do?",
              "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What is the age limit now in India for child workers?",
              "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "hazardous conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What child working conditions are they protected from?",
              "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their \"holiday work\" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When were students used as workers?",
              "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "21 days" }],
              "question": "For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?",
              "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did they need parental consent?",
              "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?",
              "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Uzbekistan" }],
              "question": "What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?",
              "id": "572792e1708984140094e13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "cotton harvesting" }],
              "question": "What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?",
              "id": "572792e1708984140094e140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did they have daily quotas for cotton?",
              "id": "572792e1708984140094e141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "2.7 million" }],
              "question": "What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?",
              "id": "572792e1708984140094e142"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder (\"chimney sweep children\") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: \"contract children\" or \"indentured child laborers\") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons \u2013 usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy\u2013Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. \u2013 and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "chimney sweep children" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Kaminfegerkinder?",
              "id": "5727934b708984140094e159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "spinning mills, factories and in agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?",
              "id": "5727934b708984140094e15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "poor farmers who needed cheap labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727934b708984140094e15b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?",
              "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "35,000" }],
              "question": "In 1930s how many indentured children were there?",
              "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?",
              "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea130"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "151" }],
              "question": "How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?",
              "id": "5727965f708984140094e197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "all forms of slavery" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of child labour does this prohibit?",
              "id": "5727965f708984140094e198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 653, "text": "Minimum Age Convention (C138)" }
              ],
              "question": "What other international laws deal with child labour?",
              "id": "5727965f708984140094e199"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "progressively eliminate child labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the aim of this?",
              "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the target countries?",
              "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "universal primary school" }
              ],
              "question": "What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?",
              "id": "5727972a708984140094e1aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14\u201318 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United States pass in 2004?",
              "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "aged 14\u201318" }],
              "question": "What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?",
              "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Amish" }],
              "question": "What culture in the US benefits from this Act?",
              "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea15a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "eighth grade" }],
              "question": "What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?",
              "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea15b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in the European Union in 1996?",
              "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "What age were children allowed to do light labour?",
              "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "aged 14 years or over" }
              ],
              "question": "What age were children able to take part in European training programs?",
              "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "babysitting" }],
              "question": "What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?",
              "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "leads to poor labour standards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does child labour do for adults?",
              "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the wages of adults?",
              "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?",
              "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does ending child labour have a global value?",
              "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other scholars[who?] suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "poverty" }],
              "question": "What do some scholars agress is the \"disease\" of child labour?",
              "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?",
              "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 800, "text": "only option for survival" }
              ],
              "question": "What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?",
              "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 180, "text": "economic development" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?",
              "id": "57279bc6708984140094e20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "economic reforms" }],
              "question": "What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?",
              "id": "57279bc6708984140094e210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?",
              "id": "57279bc6708984140094e211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 724, "text": "increase child labour" }
              ],
              "question": "What do international actions do according to these scholars?",
              "id": "57279bc6708984140094e212"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children \u2013 many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa\u2014the main ingredient in chocolate\u2014 in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest.[not in citation given][better source needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "UNICEF" }],
              "question": "Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?",
              "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 184, "text": "production of cocoa" }
              ],
              "question": "What do child labourers work on in West Africa?",
              "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "15,000" }],
              "question": "How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?",
              "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Malian" }],
              "question": "What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?",
              "id": "57279cf2708984140094e24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "stopped paying their employees"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?",
              "id": "57279cf2708984140094e250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "slums" }],
              "question": "Where did the children mainly come from?",
              "id": "57279cf2708984140094e251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "bus stations" }],
              "question": "Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?",
              "id": "57279cf2708984140094e252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as \"false and excessive\" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "cocoa industry" }],
              "question": "What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?",
              "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "European Cocoa Association" }
              ],
              "question": "Who dismissed the allegations?",
              "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "700,000" }],
              "question": "What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?",
              "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?",
              "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "voluntary" }],
              "question": "What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?",
              "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "International Cocoa Initiative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?",
              "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "290" }],
              "question": "How many active programs does the foundation have? ",
              "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 626, "text": "have not yet been met" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the 2005 deadlines?",
              "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region. Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Congo" }],
              "question": "Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?",
              "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are child creuseurs?",
              "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "90 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of materials go to China?",
              "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cobalt used for?",
              "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "mining and smelting operations of Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?",
              "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "denied" }],
              "question": "What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?",
              "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "being aware of child miners" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?",
              "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9254"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?",
              "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Mali" }],
              "question": "What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?",
              "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1014,
                  "text": "it is the second largest earner of its export revenue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?",
              "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1117,
                  "text": "primary and sometimes the only source of income"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?",
              "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de854"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered \"egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws.\" Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "57" }],
              "question": "How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?",
              "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?",
              "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "4 May 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the CEO go on trial?",
              "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 790,
                  "text": "not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the verdict?",
              "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a \"track and trace\" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?",
              "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Zara" }],
              "question": "Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?",
              "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Bangladesh" }],
              "question": "What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?",
              "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "\"track and trace\" systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What are activists trying to get implemented?",
              "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163903"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a \u00a34 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, \"Why am I only paying \u00a34 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?\", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Primark" }],
              "question": "Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?",
              "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "clothing" }],
              "question": "What does Primark produce?",
              "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "\"Why am I only paying \u00a34 for a hand embroidered top?"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the BBC program make their viewers question?",
              "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "the violent side of the child labour industry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else did the BBC expose?",
              "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de888"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust\u2019s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, \"Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic.\" BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "How many years was Primark investigated for?",
              "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "fake" }],
              "question": "What did they claim about the BBC report?",
              "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "apologised for faking footage" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the BBC do?",
              "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "returned the television award" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the reward the BBC received?",
              "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as \"stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution\", jobs that are \"more hazardous and exploitative than garment production\". The study suggests that boycotts are \"blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?",
              "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d919e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?",
              "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d919f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 831,
                  "text": "that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the study say in regards to boycotts?",
              "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d91a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went \"voluntarily and gladly\" to work in factories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?",
              "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "virtually all" }],
              "question": "How many children worked?",
              "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "factory work" }],
              "question": "Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?",
              "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "send their children to school instead of work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?",
              "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., \"it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes\u2014and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "University of Houston" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Thomas DeGregori from?",
              "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Bangladesh" }],
              "question": "What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?",
              "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 705, "text": "political obstacles" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?",
              "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Domestic work" }],
              "question": "What is benefical work for children?",
              "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can children do in countries were trading is involved?",
              "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "rich" }],
              "question": "All but what type of children must learn to clean?",
              "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up. Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term. At the material level, children\u2019s work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor. Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment. Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers. Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Work" }],
              "question": "What is a natural process of child development?",
              "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Work" }],
              "question": "What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?",
              "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "children often find ways to combine their work with play"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are children able to do during intense work situations?",
              "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "full-time work" }],
              "question": "What hinders schooling for child labourers?",
              "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "Good relations with a supervisor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can relieve tension for children at work?",
              "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 821,
                  "text": "school may impede the learning of skills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?",
              "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9314"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "North_Carolina",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the eastern 45% of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains the middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills. The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or \"sounds\": Albemarle Sound in the north and Pamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largest landlocked sounds in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Atlantic Coastal Plain" }
              ],
              "question": "What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?",
              "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "the Piedmont region" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?",
              "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?",
              "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Outer Banks" }],
              "question": "The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?",
              "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section. It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Piedmont" }],
              "question": "Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "The Piedmont region" }
              ],
              "question": "What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?",
              "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "1,000 feet" }],
              "question": "What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?",
              "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Atlantic Seaboard fall line" }
              ],
              "question": "What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?",
              "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?",
              "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, and Black Mountains. The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m) the highest point east of the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still remains important, tourism has become a dominant industry in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has recently become an important industry as well. Because of the higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often differs markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winter in western North Carolina typically features high snowfall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of a midwestern state than of a southern state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Appalachian Mountain range" }
              ],
              "question": "The weatern part of North Carolina is part of what mountain range?",
              "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8933"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Appalachians" }],
              "question": "The Great Smokey Mountains and the Black Moutains are subranges of what mountains?",
              "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "The Black Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "What mountains are the highest in the eastern United States?",
              "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Mount Mitchell" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the highest point east of the Mississippi river?",
              "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "6,684 feet" }],
              "question": "How high is Mt. Mitchell?",
              "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, which keeps conditions mild in winter and moderate, although humid, in summer. The highest coastal, daytime temperature averages less than 89 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) during summer months. The coast has mild temperatures in winter, with daytime highs rarely below 40 \u00b0F (4 \u00b0C). The average daytime temperature in the coastal plain is usually in the mid-50s \u00b0F (11\u201314 \u00b0C) in winter. Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night. The coastal plain averages only around 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "What ocean influinces the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain?",
              "id": "57276456708984140094dced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "mild" }],
              "question": "What is the climate of the coastal plain in the winter?",
              "id": "57276456708984140094dcee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "moderate, although humid" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer?",
              "id": "57276456708984140094dcef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "89 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the average high North Carolina coastal temperature on the plains in the summer?",
              "id": "57276456708984140094dcf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "occasionally" }],
              "question": "How often do temperatures on the coastal plain of NC drop below freezing at night?",
              "id": "57276456708984140094dcf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Atlantic Ocean has less influence on the climate of the Piedmont region, which has hotter summers and colder winters than in the coast. Daytime highs in the Piedmont often reach over 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) in the summer. While it is not common for the temperature to reach over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) in the state, such temperatures, when they occur, typically are found only in the lower-elevation areas of the Piedmont and far-inland areas of the coastal plain. The weaker influence of the Atlantic Ocean also means that temperatures in the Piedmont often fluctuate more widely than in the coast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Piedmont" }],
              "question": "What region of North Carolina has hotter summers and colder winters than the coast?",
              "id": "572765a95951b619008f896b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "90 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "In summer, daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region?",
              "id": "572765a95951b619008f896c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "." }],
              "question": "Temperatures over 100 degrees will typically be found in what elevation of the Piedmont?",
              "id": "572765a95951b619008f896d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "weaker" }],
              "question": "What type of influence of the Atlantic Ocean makes the temperatures fluctuate more than on the coast?",
              "id": "572765a95951b619008f896e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?",
              "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?",
              "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "below the freezing point" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?",
              "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "3\u20135 in" }],
              "question": "What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?",
              "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "sleet and freezing rain" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?",
              "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F (6\u20133 \u00b0C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Appalachian Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians?",
              "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians?",
              "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "80 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians?",
              "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches?",
              "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade. Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel, the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as the most damaging of the 21st century. Tropical storms arrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanes and tropical storms graze the state. In some years, several hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike the state or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida and Louisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Although many people believe that hurricanes menace only coastal areas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quickly enough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte and even as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwestern part of the state. On the average, North Carolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year, with some storms becoming severe enough to produce hail, flash floods, and damaging winds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "once a decade" }],
              "question": "Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276c415951b619008f899d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "hurricanes" }],
              "question": "Floyd, Fran, and Hazel are examples of what that hit the state of North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276c415951b619008f899e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Hurricane Hazel" }],
              "question": "What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276c415951b619008f899f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "What category of hurricane was Hazel?",
              "id": "57276c415951b619008f89a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "What year did Hurrican Hazel hit North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276c415951b619008f89a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state. The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a weather phenomenon known as \"cold air damming\" often occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "fewer than 20" }],
              "question": "How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?",
              "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "tornadoes" }],
              "question": "Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?",
              "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?",
              "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "mountains" }],
              "question": "What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?",
              "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "cold air damming" }],
              "question": "What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?",
              "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before A.D. 200, residents were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000 in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such mounds. In the 500\u2013700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Before A.D. 200" }],
              "question": "During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?",
              "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "ancient Mississippian culture" }
              ],
              "question": "By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?",
              "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "500\u2013700 years" }
              ],
              "question": "About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?",
              "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Algonquian-speaking tribes" }
              ],
              "question": "Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?",
              "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "the coastal areas" }],
              "question": "Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?",
              "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1718 Blackbeard, aka Edward Teach, ran his flagship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, in present-day Carteret County. After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships. In 1996 Intersal, Inc., a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne's Revenge, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places. In November, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Edward Teach" }],
              "question": "What was another name for Blackbeard?",
              "id": "572770475951b619008f89e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Queen Anne's Revenge" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of blackbeards ship?",
              "id": "572770475951b619008f89ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Beaufort Inlet" }],
              "question": "Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?",
              "id": "572770475951b619008f89eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1718" }],
              "question": "What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?",
              "id": "572770475951b619008f89ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?",
              "id": "572770475951b619008f89ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements, but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed. Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants. The colonists generally supported the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "the Province of Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?",
              "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1729" }],
              "question": "What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?",
              "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "small farmers" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?",
              "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Pirates" }],
              "question": "What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?",
              "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "1718" }],
              "question": "By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?",
              "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Edenton" }],
              "question": "What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722?",
              "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "New Bern" }],
              "question": "What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766?",
              "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "William Tryon" }],
              "question": "Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767?",
              "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Tryon Palace" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon?",
              "id": "5727728e708984140094ddc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Raleigh" }],
              "question": "What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788?",
              "id": "5727728e708984140094ddc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state, as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene. There was some military action, especially in 1780\u201381. Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains, into the Washington District (later known as Tennessee), but in 1789, following the Revolution, the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands. It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state made the smallest contribution to the revolutionary war of any state?",
              "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "7,800" }],
              "question": "How many men from NC joined the continental army?",
              "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "1780\u201381" }],
              "question": "What years were the highest concentration of military action in NC during the revolutionary war?",
              "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "General George Washington" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the continental army?",
              "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Washington District" }
              ],
              "question": "Frontiersmen from the Carolinas moved west into what area that is now known as Tennessee?",
              "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important export crops. The eastern half of the state, especially the Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor. Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors, where the social system was looser. By 1810, nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color, who numbered slightly more than 10,000. The western areas were dominated by white families, especially Scots-Irish, who operated small subsistence farms. In the early national period, the state became a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, with a strong Whig presence, especially in the West. After Nat Turner's slave uprising in 1831, North Carolina and other southern states reduced the rights of free blacks. In 1835 the legislature withdrew their right to vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "After 1800" }],
              "question": "After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?",
              "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "the Tidewater region" }
              ],
              "question": "What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society?",
              "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "the frontier" }],
              "question": "Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system?",
              "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "By 1810, what percentage of the free population was black?",
              "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "What year was the confederacy defeated?",
              "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Reconstruction Era" }],
              "question": "What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?",
              "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "compensation" }],
              "question": "The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?",
              "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?",
              "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "black voting" }],
              "question": "What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?",
              "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor's office, but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor's office. The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities. Voters of North Carolina's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African-American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Democrats" }],
              "question": "What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?",
              "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Populists" }],
              "question": "What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?",
              "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office?",
              "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f902"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists?",
              "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "In the 19th century, how many african american congressmen were elected?",
              "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f904"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy, many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle-class black Americans. Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "a new constitution" }],
              "question": "What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?",
              "id": "5727796c708984140094de9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "poll taxes" }],
              "question": "What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?",
              "id": "5727796c708984140094de9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "literacy tests" }],
              "question": "What did the new constitution require for voter registration?",
              "id": "5727796c708984140094de9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "voting" }],
              "question": "Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?",
              "id": "5727796c708984140094dea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?",
              "id": "5727796c708984140094dea1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont, based on cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities. The state was the site of the first successful controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the first half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration. Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Democratic" }],
              "question": "What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?",
              "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "tobacco, cotton and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?",
              "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "western counties of the Piedmont"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "cotton mills" }],
              "question": "What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?",
              "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After World War II, the state's economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle, a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center. Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "New Deal programs" }],
              "question": "What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?",
              "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "farmers" }],
              "question": "Who did the new deal programs benefit?",
              "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "cotton and tobacco" }
              ],
              "question": "What crops was the New Deal Program made for?",
              "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "After what war did the states economy improve?",
              "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "In the 1990's what NC city became a national banking center?",
              "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont, continued to build or add on to such mounds. In the 500\u2013700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Its largest city was Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "prehistoric indigenous cultures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?",
              "id": "57277cf8708984140094deff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "earthwork" }],
              "question": "Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?",
              "id": "57277cf9708984140094df00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "Succeeding peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?",
              "id": "57277cf9708984140094df01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "Mississippian culture" }
              ],
              "question": "Before European contact, who built large cities and regional trading networks?",
              "id": "57277cf9708984140094df02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Cahokia" }],
              "question": "What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact?",
              "id": "57277cf9708984140094df03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior, including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States. A 16th-century journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Joara" }],
              "question": "In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?",
              "id": "57278177708984140094df6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "a regional chiefdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Joara?",
              "id": "57278177708984140094df70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "near present-day Morganton" }
              ],
              "question": "Where would present day Joara be?",
              "id": "57278177708984140094df71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Hernando de Soto" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?",
              "id": "57278177708984140094df72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1540" }],
              "question": "What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?",
              "id": "57278177708984140094df73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia). It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed. The fate of the \"Lost Colony\" of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Sir Walter Raleigh" }],
              "question": "Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?",
              "id": "572782705951b619008f8bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Elizabeth I" }],
              "question": "Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?",
              "id": "572782705951b619008f8bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1584" }],
              "question": "What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?",
              "id": "572782705951b619008f8baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?",
              "id": "572782705951b619008f8bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?",
              "id": "572782705951b619008f8bb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Virginia" }],
              "question": "In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?",
              "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1663" }],
              "question": "What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?",
              "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "North Carolina's borders" }
              ],
              "question": "What did King Charles II's charter establish?",
              "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Charles I" }],
              "question": "Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?",
              "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "1665" }],
              "question": "What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?",
              "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655. By 1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement. During the same period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new province of \"Carolina\" was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen years later. A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary's Rebellion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "English colonists" }],
              "question": "After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Virginia" }],
              "question": "Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?",
              "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "less available" }],
              "question": "The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?",
              "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Nathaniel Batts" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?",
              "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "1655" }],
              "question": "What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called \"cohee\". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Low Country" }],
              "question": "Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?",
              "id": "57278604708984140094dfe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "uplands" }],
              "question": "Western North carolina is also known as what?",
              "id": "57278604708984140094dfe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "eastern North Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was The Tidewater located?",
              "id": "57278604708984140094dfe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "The Tidewater" }],
              "question": "Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?",
              "id": "57278604708984140094dfe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "the British Crown" }],
              "question": "Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?",
              "id": "57278604708984140094dfe7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and the state's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste. The economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "indentured servants" }
              ],
              "question": "Most English colonists arrived as what?",
              "id": "5727871b708984140094dfff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "laborers" }],
              "question": "Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?",
              "id": "5727871b708984140094e000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "passage" }],
              "question": "What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?",
              "id": "5727871b708984140094e001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "African slaves" }],
              "question": "Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?",
              "id": "5727871b708984140094e002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 804, "text": "slaves" }],
              "question": "As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?",
              "id": "5727871b708984140094e003"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 12, 1776, the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown, through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal. Throughout the Revolutionary War, fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists. In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries. A major American victory in the war took place at King's Mountain along the North Carolina\u2013South Carolina border; on October 7, 1780, a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina (including what is today the state of Tennessee)and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson. Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown (they were called \"Tories\" or Loyalists). The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence, and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?",
              "id": "5727884e708984140094e027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "the British Crown" }],
              "question": "Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?",
              "id": "5727884e708984140094e028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1780" }],
              "question": "What year was Americas Victory at King's Mountain?",
              "id": "5727884e708984140094e029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King's Mountain?",
              "id": "5727884e708984140094e02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many British troops fought at king's Mountain?",
              "id": "5727884e708984140094e02b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from the latter's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as \"The Race to the Dan\" or \"The Race for the River.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who met the British army as they moved north?",
              "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "the British Cavalry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lost the battle of Cowpens?",
              "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Commander Banastre Tarleton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?",
              "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "January 17, 1781" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?",
              "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 649, "text": "The Race for the River" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the race to the Dan?",
              "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15, 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Following this \"Pyrrhic victory\", Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This decision would result in Cornwallis' eventual defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots' victory there guaranteed American independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Catawba" }],
              "question": "The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?",
              "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "1781" }],
              "question": "What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?",
              "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Greensboro" }],
              "question": "What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?",
              "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "Virginia coastline" }
              ],
              "question": "After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?",
              "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 687, "text": "to get reinforcements" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?",
              "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although North Carolina's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia, Georgia, or South Carolina, significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton, as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durham in the Piedmont. Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio-economic power in antebellum North Carolina, which was a slave society. They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave-holding \"yeoman\" farmers of western North Carolina. In mid-century, the state's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129-mile (208 km) wooden plank road, known as a \"farmer's railroad\", from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?",
              "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "November 21, 1789" }],
              "question": "What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?",
              "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed?",
              "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Raleigh" }],
              "question": "Where was the capitol building completed in 1840?",
              "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in?",
              "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Virginia" }],
              "question": "Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?",
              "id": "572790105951b619008f8d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "free their slaves" }],
              "question": "After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?",
              "id": "572790105951b619008f8d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "rose" }],
              "question": "What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?",
              "id": "572790105951b619008f8d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 25, 1836, construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro, High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, the Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?",
              "id": "572791415951b619008f8db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Raleigh" }],
              "question": "The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?",
              "id": "572791415951b619008f8db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "North Carolina Railroad" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1849, what railroad was created?",
              "id": "572791415951b619008f8db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "What direction did the North carolina railroad extend?",
              "id": "572791415951b619008f8dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch" }
              ],
              "question": "What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war?",
              "id": "572791415951b619008f8dbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "33" }],
              "question": "In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?",
              "id": "5727921f708984140094e135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "eastern Tidewater" }],
              "question": "Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?",
              "id": "5727921f708984140094e136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "plantations" }],
              "question": "What type of land did the slaves live on?",
              "id": "5727921f708984140094e137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "30,463" }],
              "question": "How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?",
              "id": "5727921f708984140094e138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 373, "text": "eastern coastal plain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?",
              "id": "5727921f708984140094e139"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of \"last to join the Confederacy\" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "one-third" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?",
              "id": "572793615951b619008f8ded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "South Carolina" }],
              "question": "North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?",
              "id": "572793615951b619008f8dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "May 20" }],
              "question": "When was North Carolinas official secession?",
              "id": "572793615951b619008f8def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "May 7, 1861" }],
              "question": "When was Tennessees informal secession?",
              "id": "572793615951b619008f8df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "June 8, 1861" }],
              "question": "When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?",
              "id": "572793615951b619008f8df1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essentially free.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Confederacy" }],
              "question": "Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession?",
              "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "yeoman" }],
              "question": "Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war?",
              "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the yoeman farmers that remained neutral during the civil war located?",
              "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many North Carolinians from the west fought for the union Army?",
              "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "1862 and 1863" }],
              "question": "When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina?",
              "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. In April 1865, after losing the Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense downriver.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "Army of Northern Virginia" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?",
              "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea13e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "virtually all" }],
              "question": "How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?",
              "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Bentonville" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?",
              "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "General Joseph Johnston" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?",
              "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?",
              "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea142"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War. For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been \"First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "Private Henry Wyatt" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?",
              "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Where was henry Wyatt from?",
              "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "in the Battle of Big Bethel" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?",
              "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "June 1861" }],
              "question": "When did Henry Wyatt die?",
              "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "July 1863" }],
              "question": "When was the battle of Gettysburg?",
              "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. The third was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000 members in 190 congregations. The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 members and 710 congregations; this denomination was brought by Scots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Bible Belt" }],
              "question": "What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?",
              "id": "57279c29708984140094e22b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Baptists" }],
              "question": "What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?",
              "id": "57279c29708984140094e22c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Southern Baptist" }],
              "question": "What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?",
              "id": "57279c29708984140094e22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "United Methodist Church" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?",
              "id": "57279c29708984140094e22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?",
              "id": "57279c29708984140094e22f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Currently, the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity: the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased, as well as general religious diversity. The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism, which is strong in the northern Piedmont, especially in populous Guilford County. There are also a substantial number of Quakers in Guilford County and northeastern North Carolina. Many universities and colleges in the state have been founded on religious traditions, and some currently maintain that affiliation, including:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "ethnic and religious diversity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what?",
              "id": "57279d804b864d190016389c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57279d804b864d190016389d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what?",
              "id": "57279d804b864d190016389e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Methodism" }],
              "question": "What is the second largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina?",
              "id": "57279d804b864d190016389f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Guilford" }],
              "question": "What county in Piedmont is methodism especially strong in?",
              "id": "57279d804b864d19001638a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the \"Old North State\" has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary: science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming. In 2010 North Carolina's total gross state product was $424.9 billion, while the state debt in November 2012, according to one source, totalled US$2.4bn, while according to another, was in 2012 US$57.8bn. In 2011 the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million. The working population is employed across the major employment sectors. The economy of North Carolina covers 15 metropolitan areas. In 2010, North Carolina was chosen as the third-best state for business by Forbes Magazine, and the second-best state by Chief Executive Officer Magazine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Old North State" }],
              "question": "What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "17.9" }],
              "question": "Science, Technology, energy, and math industries have risen what percent since 2001?",
              "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "5" }],
              "question": "What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the 51 largest metro areas in the country?",
              "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "$424.9 billion" }],
              "question": "What was North Carolinas gross state product in 2010?",
              "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "$2.4bn" }],
              "question": "What was North Carolinas state debt in 2012?",
              "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de875"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races. Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter's comfortable victory in the state in 1976, the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008. In the 1990s, Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996. In the early 2000s, Republican George W. Bush easily won the state by over 12 points, but by 2008, demographic shifts, population growth, and increased liberalization in heavily populated areas such as the Research Triangle, Charlotte, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, and Asheville, propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina, the first Democrat to win the state since 1976. In 2012, North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state, with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte. However, Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2-point win in North Carolina, the only 2012 swing state that Obama lost, and one of only two states (along with Indiana) to flip from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "North carolina voters have leaned republican since what year?",
              "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "What year did North Carolina voters once again vote for a Democrat?",
              "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9291"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "What year did Bill Clinton lose North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1195, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "Where was the 2012 democratic national Convention held?",
              "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9294"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Pat McCrory" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?",
              "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?",
              "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Dan Forest" }],
              "question": "Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012?",
              "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party does Dan Forest belong to?",
              "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "David Rouzer" }],
              "question": "Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014?",
              "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education, but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy. In 2009, the board's chairman also became the \"chief executive officer\" for the state's school system. North Carolina has 115 public school systems, each of which is overseen by a local school board. A county may have one or more systems within it. The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Guilford County Schools, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, and Cumberland County Schools. In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charter schools. North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "North Carolina Department of Public Instruction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a70e4b864d190016397e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "the board" }],
              "question": "Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?",
              "id": "5727a70e4b864d190016397f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?",
              "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "115" }],
              "question": "How many public school systems does North Carolina have?",
              "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "Wake County Public School System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest school system in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163982"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States\u2014the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, East Carolina University, Western Carolina University, Winston-Salem State University, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State University, Appalachian State University, Fayetteville State University, and UNC School of the Arts, and . Along with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University, with more than 34,000 students. North Carolina is home to many excellent universities as well as dozens of community colleges and private universities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state opened the first public university in the United States?",
              "id": "5727a7f84b864d190016399e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1795" }],
              "question": "What year was the first public university opened in the United States?",
              "id": "5727a7f84b864d190016399f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "University of North Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?",
              "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1029,
                  "text": "North Carolina State University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest University in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1077, "text": "34,000" }],
              "question": "How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?",
              "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University, Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University, Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College, Shaw University (the first historically black college or university in the South), Laurel University, Meredith College, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (the only Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell University, University of Mount Olive, Montreat College, High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the only Lutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "private" }],
              "question": "Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Shaw University" }],
              "question": "What was the first black college in the south?",
              "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "Belmont Abbey College" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas?",
              "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 611, "text": "Lenoir-Rhyne University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home?",
              "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "The Hurricanes" }],
              "question": "What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship?",
              "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "National Hockey League" }
              ],
              "question": "The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what league?",
              "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "National Basketball Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Charlotte Hornets belong to what league?",
              "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "National Football League" }
              ],
              "question": "The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league?",
              "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de936"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to professional team sports, North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year. Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams, including Hendrick Motorsports, Roush Fenway Racing, Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, and Chip Ganassi Racing. Numerous other tracks around North Carolina host races from low-tier NASCAR circuits as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Charlotte Motor Speedway" }
              ],
              "question": "What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?",
              "id": "5727aba14b864d19001639fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Concord" }],
              "question": "Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?",
              "id": "5727aba14b864d19001639ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "5727aba14b864d1900163a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Concord" }],
              "question": "What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams?",
              "id": "5727aba14b864d1900163a01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina. College basketball in particular is very popular, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest. The ACC Championship Game and The Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium, featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Greensboro" }],
              "question": "Where is the ACC headquarters?",
              "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?",
              "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?",
              "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?",
              "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d925a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013. The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "several million" }],
              "question": "How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?",
              "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Western" }],
              "question": "What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?",
              "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Appalachian" }],
              "question": "Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range?",
              "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "over 25 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013?",
              "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Asheville" }],
              "question": "What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States?",
              "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh City Museum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House, Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Museum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "Carolina Hurricanes" }
              ],
              "question": "What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "NHL" }],
              "question": "What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?",
              "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum" }
              ],
              "question": "What arboretum is located in Raleigh?",
              "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home to Krispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Barbecue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world's largest-land-area natural-habitat park. Seagrove, in the central portion of the state, attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music festival; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Piedmont Triad" }],
              "question": "What is the center of North Carolina called?",
              "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Piedmont Triad" }],
              "question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?",
              "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Asheboro" }],
              "question": "What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?",
              "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have?",
              "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Wilkesboro" }],
              "question": "What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest?",
              "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism, ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking, skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving (spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolina has theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites, lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dining.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "recreational" }],
              "question": "Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "fall colors" }],
              "question": "In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?",
              "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "spelunking" }],
              "question": "What is another name for caving?",
              "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks. National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills. National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many national parks are in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 802, "text": "central North Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?",
              "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 853, "text": "Eastern North Carolina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Croatan National Forest located?",
              "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Greensboro" }],
              "question": "Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park?",
              "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina. North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy. Also see this list of museums in North Carolina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "nonprofit arts and culture" }
              ],
              "question": "What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?",
              "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "43,600" }],
              "question": "How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?",
              "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "$119 million" }],
              "question": "How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government?",
              "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "North Carolina Museum of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature?",
              "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "millions" }],
              "question": "How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate?",
              "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington, NC, and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, and Mebane, NC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "Where is SouthPark Mall located?",
              "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "SouthPark Mall" }],
              "question": "What is the largest mall in the carolinas?",
              "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "2.0 million square feet" }
              ],
              "question": "How big is SouthPark Mall?",
              "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Winston-Salem" }],
              "question": "Where is the hanes Mall located?",
              "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Greensboro" }],
              "question": "Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?",
              "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the \"whole hog\" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "pork barbecue" }],
              "question": "What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Boston butt" }],
              "question": "What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?",
              "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "Lexington barbecue" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?",
              "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "pork shoulder" }],
              "question": "What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?",
              "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "over 100,000" }],
              "question": "How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?",
              "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company's headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink, Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters are also in Winston-Salem. The Hardee's fast-food chain was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain, Bojangles', was started in Charlotte, and has its corporate headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chain was founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located in Raleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-food chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina. In 2013, Southern Living named Durham - Chapel Hill the South's \"Tastiest City.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "doughnut" }],
              "question": "Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?",
              "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Winston-Salem" }],
              "question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?",
              "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "When was pepsi-Cola first produced?",
              "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "New Bern" }],
              "question": "Where was pepsi first produced?",
              "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Salisbury" }],
              "question": "What city was Cheerwine created and based in?",
              "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9478"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), \"L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010\" international hub for truffles (Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named 'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing, Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Noni Bacca Winery" }],
              "question": "What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Ashe County" }],
              "question": "What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?",
              "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "grape" }],
              "question": "Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?",
              "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "15%." }],
              "question": "North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?",
              "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Asheville" }],
              "question": "What city was named Beer City USA?",
              "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in turn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?",
              "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tobacco" }],
              "question": "The invention of cigarettes made what popular?",
              "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?",
              "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "425 million" }],
              "question": "How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?",
              "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tobacco" }],
              "question": "What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?",
              "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay, makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. Located in Goldsboro, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Jacksonville" }],
              "question": "Where is Camp Lejeune located?",
              "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Marine Corps Base Camp" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Camp Lejeune?",
              "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Jacksonville" }],
              "question": "Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?",
              "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Goldsboro" }],
              "question": "Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?",
              "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "Southport" }],
              "question": "Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?",
              "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea81"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Heian_period",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Heian period (\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-ky\u014d, or modern Ky\u014dto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (\u5e73\u5b89?) means \"peace\" in Japanese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Heian" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?",
              "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Heian-ky\u014d" }],
              "question": "The Heian period is named after what city?",
              "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "peace" }],
              "question": "What does heian mean in Japanese?",
              "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Fujiwara" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?",
              "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "poetry and literature" }
              ],
              "question": "The Heian period was known for what types of art?",
              "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky\u014d (present day Ky\u014dto\u4eac\u90fd), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-ky\u014d, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Nara" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the period before the Heian era?",
              "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "794 A.D" }],
              "question": "The Heian period began in what year?",
              "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "samurai" }],
              "question": "What warrior class rose during the Heian era?",
              "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Ky\u014dto" }],
              "question": "Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?",
              "id": "57276c565951b619008f89aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Kanmu" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?",
              "id": "57276c565951b619008f89ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Fujiwara" }],
              "question": "What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?",
              "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Taira no Masakado" }],
              "question": "Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?",
              "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Hitachi" }],
              "question": "Masakado led an uprising in what province?",
              "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "Fujiwara no Sumitomo" }
              ],
              "question": "What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?",
              "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "939 A.D" }],
              "question": "In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?",
              "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-ky\u014d (Ky\u014dto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of D\u014dky\u014d and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. Ky\u014dto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. The early Heian period (784\u2013967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. Kammu endeavoured to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. Known as the ritsury\u014d, this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan, despite the \"tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries\". Despite the decline of the Taika-Taih\u014d reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "1,000" }],
              "question": "Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?",
              "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "70" }],
              "question": "Nara was the former capital for how many years?",
              "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?",
              "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "784\u2013967" }],
              "question": "What time period was the early Heian era?",
              "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Tang" }],
              "question": "Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?",
              "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced J\u014dmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taish\u014dgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honsh\u016b. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Emishi" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the possible descendants of J\u014dmon?",
              "id": "57276f50708984140094dd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "Sakanoue no Tamuramaro" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?",
              "id": "57276f50708984140094dd82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Sei-i Taish\u014dgun" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Tamuramaro's military title?",
              "id": "57276f50708984140094dd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "801" }],
              "question": "The Emishi were defeated in what year?",
              "id": "57276f50708984140094dd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Honsh\u016b" }],
              "question": "The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?",
              "id": "57276f50708984140094dd85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taih\u014d administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units. While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state. In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. Japan began to turn inward.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "806" }],
              "question": "In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?",
              "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Metropolitan Police Board" }
              ],
              "question": "What office replaced the imperial guards?",
              "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Emperor's Private Office" }
              ],
              "question": "What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?",
              "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "838" }],
              "question": "Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?",
              "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sessh\u014d for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "sixth" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Soga family take the throne?",
              "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Fujiwara" }],
              "question": "A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?",
              "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "Daigo" }],
              "question": "Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?",
              "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "897-930" }],
              "question": "Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?",
              "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9ced"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger sh\u014den and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early Heian period, the sh\u014den had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the sh\u014den they held. Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to sh\u014den holders in return for a share of the harvest. People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation, a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "sh\u014den" }],
              "question": "What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?",
              "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "a share of the harvest" }
              ],
              "question": "Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?",
              "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "early tenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?",
              "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters, was abbreviated to hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese. Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and, with it, to the rise in Japan's famous vernacular literature, much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts. Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kager\u014d Nikki by \"the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna\", The Pillow Book by Sei Sh\u014dnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid- and late Heian periods, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "katakana" }],
              "question": "What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "hiragana" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?",
              "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon" }],
              "question": "Who is the author of The Pillow Book?",
              "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 926, "text": "Murasaki Shikibu" }],
              "question": "Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?",
              "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1054, "text": "yamato-e" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?",
              "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of sh\u014den development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial \"house governments,\" as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taih\u014d Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "Land management" }],
              "question": "What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?",
              "id": "572774bf708984140094de11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "\"house governments,\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What grew during the second phase of shoen development?",
              "id": "572774bf708984140094de12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Taih\u014d Code" }],
              "question": "What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?",
              "id": "572774bf708984140094de13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "Fujiwara" }],
              "question": "Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?",
              "id": "572774bf708984140094de14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "792" }],
              "question": "The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?",
              "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "oryoshi" }],
              "question": "Warriors appointed to a province were called what?",
              "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "tsuibushi" }],
              "question": "Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?",
              "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "imperial court" }],
              "question": "Where did final authority over the military lie?",
              "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sh\u014den holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of sh\u014den life. Not only the sh\u014den but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sh\u014den holders" }],
              "question": "Who had increased access to better military technology?",
              "id": "572777c4708984140094de5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "civil and religious" }
              ],
              "question": "Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?",
              "id": "572777c4708984140094de60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "provincial upper class" }
              ],
              "question": "Which class became a new military elite?",
              "id": "572777c4708984140094de61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "warrior" }],
              "question": "What does the word \"bushi\" mean?",
              "id": "572777c4708984140094de62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "tenth" }],
              "question": "Bushi formed new associations in what century?",
              "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "connections to the imperial court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did military families gain prestige?",
              "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?",
              "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanj\u014d (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many sh\u014den were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:\u9662\u5e81 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Go-Sanj\u014d" }],
              "question": "Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?",
              "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Go-Sanj\u014d" }],
              "question": "Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?",
              "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "insei" }],
              "question": "What term was used for behind the scenes governance?",
              "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f914"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "In-no-cho" }],
              "question": "The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?",
              "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Minamoto" }],
              "question": "The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?",
              "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "insei system" }],
              "question": "What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?",
              "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1086 to 1156" }],
              "question": "The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?",
              "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (H\u014dgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Fujiwara no Yorinaga" }
              ],
              "question": "What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?",
              "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f962"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "H\u014dgen Rebellion" }
              ],
              "question": "What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?",
              "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Taira and Minamoto" }
              ],
              "question": "What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?",
              "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "1159" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?",
              "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Taira" }],
              "question": "After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?",
              "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Taira Kiyomori" }],
              "question": "What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?",
              "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?",
              "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "Antoku" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Takakura's successor?",
              "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?",
              "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?",
              "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "daimyos" }],
              "question": "What was the term used to describe military governors?",
              "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "jito" }],
              "question": "What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?",
              "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Go-Toba" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?",
              "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saich\u014d was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk K\u016bkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both K\u016bkai and Saich\u014d aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to \"every creature\". Saich\u014d also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. K\u016bkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of \"rich symbols, rituals and mandalas\" held a wide-ranging appeal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What religion spread during the Heian period?",
              "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Tendai and Shingon" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?",
              "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "K\u016bkai" }],
              "question": "Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?",
              "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "every creature" }],
              "question": "Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?",
              "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "poetry" }],
              "question": "What artform became a mark of status in the courts?",
              "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "handwriting" }],
              "question": "During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?",
              "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "poor or hasty writing" }
              ],
              "question": "What was said to show low status or \"poor breeding\"?",
              "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Sh\u014dnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigy\u014d and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (\u3044\u308d\u306f), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Kimi ga Yo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?",
              "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Iroha" }],
              "question": "What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?",
              "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon" }],
              "question": "The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?",
              "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ry\u014dmin (\u826f\u6c11 \"Good People\") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?",
              "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Ry\u014dmin" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?",
              "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "Currency gradually disappeared around what year?",
              "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "rice" }],
              "question": "What crop became the primary unit of exchange?",
              "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The sh\u014den system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the \"pursuit of arts\". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-ky\u014d and Nara also made use of the sh\u014den. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater \"organizational dynamism\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Heian-ky\u014d and Nara" }
              ],
              "question": "Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?",
              "id": "57278381708984140094dfb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?",
              "id": "57278381708984140094dfb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "organizational dynamism" }
              ],
              "question": "The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?",
              "id": "57278381708984140094dfb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans. The expansion pack features a different set of land units, ships and buildings and is also playable in the multiplayer modes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Shogun 2" }],
              "question": "Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?",
              "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara" }
              ],
              "question": "What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?",
              "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Gempei War" }],
              "question": "The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?",
              "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa92"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "On_the_Origin_of_Species",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "24 November 1859" }],
              "question": "When was the Origin of Species published?",
              "id": "57276da85951b619008f89b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Charles Darwin" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57276da85951b619008f89ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "evolutionary biology" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?",
              "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "Beagle expedition" }],
              "question": "What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?",
              "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "through a process of natural selection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?",
              "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "dissident anatomists" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?",
              "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "the Church of England" }
              ],
              "question": "Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57276f32708984140094dd70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "natural theology" }],
              "question": "Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57276f32708984140094dd71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "non-specialist readers" }
              ],
              "question": "What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?",
              "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "T. H. Huxley" }],
              "question": "Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?",
              "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 408, "text": "scientific naturalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was T.H. Huxley promoting?",
              "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 674, "text": "\"the eclipse of Darwinism\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?",
              "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "in the 1930s and 1940s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?",
              "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?",
              "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Greek philosopher Empedocles" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?",
              "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "allegorically" }],
              "question": "How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?",
              "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?",
              "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of Ren\u00e9 Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "the Royal Society" }],
              "question": "Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?",
              "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "John Ray" }],
              "question": "Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?",
              "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "Carl Linnaeus" }],
              "question": "Who created a biological classification in 1735?",
              "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1149, "text": "4004 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?",
              "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1279, "text": "James Hutton" }],
              "question": "Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?",
              "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f890"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His pal\u00e6ontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Erasmus Darwin" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?",
              "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "hypothesis of transmutation of species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?",
              "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?",
              "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Lamarckism" }],
              "question": "What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?",
              "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "Georges Cuvier" }],
              "question": "Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?",
              "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "William Paley's" }],
              "question": "Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?",
              "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Natural Theology" }],
              "question": "What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? ",
              "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Church of England" }],
              "question": "What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?",
              "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "a threat to divinely appointed social order."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?",
              "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?",
              "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "When did Darwin begin attending university?",
              "id": "572777f5708984140094de71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Edinburgh University" }
              ],
              "question": "What university did Darwin attend?",
              "id": "572777f5708984140094de72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "medicine" }],
              "question": "What was Darwin originally studying at university?",
              "id": "572777f5708984140094de73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Robert Grant" }],
              "question": "Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?",
              "id": "572777f5708984140094de74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Adam Sedgwick" }],
              "question": "With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?",
              "id": "572777f5708984140094de75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their \"centre of creation\". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Beagle expedition" }],
              "question": "What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?",
              "id": "5727790a708984140094de93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Charles Lyell" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Principles of Geology?",
              "id": "5727790a708984140094de94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "St. Jago" }],
              "question": "Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?",
              "id": "5727790a708984140094de95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "huge armadillos" }],
              "question": "What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?",
              "id": "5727790a708984140094de96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?",
              "id": "5727790a708984140094de97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that \"one species does change into another\" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Owen" }],
              "question": "Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?",
              "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Gould announce in 1837?",
              "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "three separate species" }
              ],
              "question": "How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?",
              "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "ornithologist" }],
              "question": "What type of scientist was John Gould?",
              "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 951, "text": "an ape" }],
              "question": "Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?",
              "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's \"warring of the species\" in plants; he immediately envisioned \"a force like a hundred thousand wedges\" pushing well-adapted variations into \"gaps in the economy of nature\", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by \"chance\" so that \"every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "An Essay on the Principle of Population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?",
              "id": "57277dec708984140094df1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?",
              "id": "57277dec708984140094df1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "plants" }],
              "question": "Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?",
              "id": "57277dec708984140094df1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "\"warring of the species\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?",
              "id": "57277dec708984140094df20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his \"sketch\" into a 230-page \"Essay\", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Lyell" }],
              "question": "Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?",
              "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "\"Pencil Sketch\"" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?",
              "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "Joseph Dalton Hooker" }
              ],
              "question": "Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?",
              "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "scientific results of the Beagle voyage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What information was Darwin's essay based on?",
              "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "230-page" }],
              "question": "How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?",
              "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the anonymously published science book?",
              "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "a linear progression" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?",
              "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Robert Chambers" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?",
              "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?",
              "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1047, "text": "Herbert Spencer" }],
              "question": "Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?",
              "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "barnacle" }],
              "question": "What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?",
              "id": "57278126708984140094df5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?",
              "id": "57278126708984140094df5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 885, "text": "1856" }],
              "question": "By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?",
              "id": "57278126708984140094df5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 712, "text": "fancy pigeon" }],
              "question": "Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?",
              "id": "57278126708984140094df5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 800, "text": "plant seeds and animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>",
              "id": "57278127708984140094df5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1\u20132 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a \"sketch\" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?",
              "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Alfred Russel Wallace" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?",
              "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?",
              "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Charles Lyell" }],
              "question": "Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?",
              "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "1\u20132 May 1856" }],
              "question": "When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?",
              "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin was hard at work on his \"big book\" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that \"your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled\" and he would \"of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal\" that Wallace chose, adding that \"all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed\". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?",
              "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?",
              "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1031, "text": "Wallace" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?",
              "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1043, "text": "Darwin" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?",
              "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1542,
                  "text": "Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?",
              "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the meeting, Darwin decided to write \"an abstract of my whole work\". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2\u20443 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid \u00a3180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly \u00a33000.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "\"an abstract of my whole work\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?",
              "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "John Murray III" }],
              "question": "Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?",
              "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "2\u20443 of the profits" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?",
              "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "6th edition" }],
              "question": "What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?",
              "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "nearly \u00a33000" }],
              "question": "How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?",
              "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term \"races\" is used as an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races\u2014the first use in the book refers to \"the several races, for instance, of the cabbage\" and proceeds to a discussion of \"the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "On the Origin of Species" }
              ],
              "question": "What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?",
              "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had Darwin wanted to name his book?",
              "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Murray" }],
              "question": "Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?",
              "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the word \"races\" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?",
              "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?",
              "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection \"by which to work\" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?",
              "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 343,
                  "text": "fear of religious persecution or social disgrace"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?",
              "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Glen Roy" }],
              "question": "Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?",
              "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?",
              "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his \"big book\" would take five years was optimistic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?",
              "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "Darwin always finished one book before starting another"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Darwin's process on writing his books?",
              "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "five years" }],
              "question": "What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?",
              "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "John van Wyhe" }],
              "question": "Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?",
              "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "fifteen shillings" }],
              "question": "What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "1250 copies" }],
              "question": "How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?",
              "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Murray's autumn sale" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?",
              "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 949, "text": "six editions" }],
              "question": "How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?",
              "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Mudie's Library" }],
              "question": "Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?",
              "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word \"evolution\" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word \"evolved\"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "claimed it included false metaphysics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?",
              "id": "57278c42708984140094e07b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "George Jackson Mivart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?",
              "id": "57278c42708984140094e07c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "the sixth edition" }],
              "question": "When did Charles Darwin first use the word \"evolution\" in On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278c42708984140094e07d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "added a new chapter VII," }
              ],
              "question": "What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?",
              "id": "57278c42708984140094e07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "Miscellaneous objections" }
              ],
              "question": "What was chapter VII entitled?",
              "id": "57278c42708984140094e07f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "a 5% royalty" }],
              "question": "How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "mid January 1860" }],
              "question": "When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?",
              "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "asked Gray to keep any profits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "2,500 copies" }],
              "question": "What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated \"favoured races\" as \"perfected races\", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873\u20131874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "Heinrich Georg Bronn," }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "\"perfected races\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bronn change \"Favoured Races\" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1000, "text": "Julius Victor Carus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?",
              "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1350,
                  "text": "numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?",
              "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species \"would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process\":",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?",
              "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Joseph Butler" }],
              "question": "Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?",
              "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "John Herschel" }],
              "question": "Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?",
              "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "the second edition" }
              ],
              "question": "In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?",
              "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that \"[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing\", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called \"sports\" or \"monstrosities\" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "ancient Egypt" }],
              "question": "How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?",
              "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea08e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "fancy pigeon breeding" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?",
              "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea08f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "one species of rock pigeon" }
              ],
              "question": "From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?",
              "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea090"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "the small changes" }],
              "question": "Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?",
              "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea091"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that \"a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species\" and that \"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "is arbitrary" }],
              "question": "What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?",
              "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?",
              "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "variation among individuals of the same species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?",
              "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "incipient species\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin say that a \"well marked variety\" could be called?",
              "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?",
              "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase \"struggle for existence\" in \"a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another\"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: \"It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms.\" He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms \"which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 484, "text": "doctrine of Malthus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?",
              "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "\"a large and metaphorical sense"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\"",
              "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "all organisms are exposed to severe competition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?",
              "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 677,
                  "text": "competition is most severe between closely related forms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is competition strongest in the natural world?",
              "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 741,
                  "text": "fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is competition so fierce between related species?",
              "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter IV details natural selection under the \"infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life\". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "sharp divergence in character between breeds,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?",
              "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "extinction of some species" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?",
              "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?",
              "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could \"see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection\". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the \"divergence of character\" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in \"the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?",
              "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?",
              "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?",
              "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 740,
                  "text": "a tree diagram and calculations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?",
              "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, \"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\" He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought \"there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited\", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Lamarckism" }],
              "question": "What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?",
              "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?",
              "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 993, "text": "environmental factors" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?",
              "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "\"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1151,
                  "text": "breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?",
              "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?",
              "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "hypothesis of pangenesis." }
              ],
              "question": "What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?",
              "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?",
              "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "in the 1930s and 1940s" }
              ],
              "question": "When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?",
              "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 709, "text": "Neo Darwinian Evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?",
              "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, \"Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?\" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?",
              "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9338"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?",
              "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9339"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?",
              "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d933a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: \"If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "flying squirrels, and flying lemurs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?",
              "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?",
              "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?",
              "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?",
              "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?",
              "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?",
              "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: \"Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "in order to preserve separately created species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?",
              "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?",
              "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?",
              "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "to respond to criticisms of earlier editions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?",
              "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "Fertilisation of Orchids" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?",
              "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "George Jackson Mivart" }
              ],
              "question": "Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 888,
                  "text": "Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?",
              "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Charles Lyell" }],
              "question": "Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?",
              "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Principles of Geology" }
              ],
              "question": "Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?",
              "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 756,
                  "text": "that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?",
              "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1049, "text": "300 million years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?",
              "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1186, "text": "the Cambrian explosion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?",
              "id": "5727bd4d2ca10214002d9520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate \u2013 some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "slowly, but not at the same rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?",
              "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "variability and change in the environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?",
              "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Richard Owen" }],
              "question": "Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?",
              "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1097,
                  "text": "Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?",
              "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: \"On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case.\" Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?",
              "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d955e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?",
              "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d955f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 814,
                  "text": "His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?",
              "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d9560"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?\" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "morphology" }],
              "question": "What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?",
              "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?",
              "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?",
              "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?",
              "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "that his theory might produce revolutionary changes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?",
              "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "so as not to prejudice readers against his theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?",
              "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9481"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?",
              "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9482"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?",
              "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "the concept of transmutation of species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?",
              "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?",
              "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?",
              "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "John Herschel" }],
              "question": "Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?",
              "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?",
              "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163cee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 838,
                  "text": "Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?",
              "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 967,
                  "text": "because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?",
              "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?",
              "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?",
              "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1148,
                  "text": "would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?",
              "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?",
              "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?",
              "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "social reform" }],
              "question": "What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?",
              "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 860,
                  "text": "Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?",
              "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "Darwinism" }],
              "question": "What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?",
              "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?",
              "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?",
              "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 780,
                  "text": "the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?",
              "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1013,
                  "text": "the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?",
              "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1144, "text": "Henry Walter Bates" }
              ],
              "question": "Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?",
              "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for \"extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated\" and coining the term \"Darwinism\" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Thomas Henry Huxley" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?",
              "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "scientific naturalism over natural theology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?",
              "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 736,
                  "text": "as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Huxley coin the name \"Darwinism?\"",
              "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1027,
                  "text": "that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?",
              "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported \"creation by birth\", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the \"Great Hippocampus Question\" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the \"great hippopotamus test\", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Richard Owen," }],
              "question": "Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?",
              "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?",
              "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?",
              "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 880,
                  "text": "legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?",
              "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1410,
                  "text": "Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?",
              "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "natural selection" }],
              "question": "While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?",
              "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?",
              "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "political radicals" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9737"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?",
              "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "The intelligentsia in Russia" }
              ],
              "question": "What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?",
              "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "the Malthusian aspects" }
              ],
              "question": "Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?",
              "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Leo Tolstoy" }],
              "question": "Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?",
              "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von N\u00e4geli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von N\u00e4gel give?",
              "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Darwin's concession to Karl von N\u00e4gel's objections?",
              "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "William Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?",
              "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?",
              "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 970, "text": "in the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?",
              "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?",
              "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was meant by the term saltationism?",
              "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "orthogenesis" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?",
              "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "neo-Darwinism" }],
              "question": "What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?",
              "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 704, "text": "Mendelian inheritance" }
              ],
              "question": "What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?",
              "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d9680"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Alfred Russel Wallace" }
              ],
              "question": "Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?",
              "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?",
              "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?",
              "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1101,
                  "text": "to justify military aggression and unethical business practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?",
              "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1224,
                  "text": "he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?",
              "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as \"just as noble a conception of Deity\". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence, which from then on read \"life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one\". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to \"creation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "strongly opposed to the ideas in the book"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?",
              "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? ",
              "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?",
              "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?",
              "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d982e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?",
              "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d982f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "Theistic evolution became a popular compromise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?",
              "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d9830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?",
              "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d9831"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique \"What is Darwinism?\" that \"Darwinism\", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation\u2013evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?",
              "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Charles Hodge" }],
              "question": "Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?",
              "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 967,
                  "text": "the American creation\u2013evolution controversy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1300,
                  "text": "The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?",
              "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Darwin's theory of evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?",
              "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?",
              "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "medicine and agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?",
              "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "a religion-based political controversy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?",
              "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?",
              "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "a variorum" }],
              "question": "What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Worldwide commemorations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?",
              "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?",
              "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee94"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-\u041d of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all. On the previous day, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers \u2013 including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes \u2013 to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "December 26, 1991" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?",
              "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "Commonwealth of Independent States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev," }
              ],
              "question": "Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?",
              "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?",
              "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "pre-revolutionary Russian flag."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?",
              "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the \"power\" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "Konstantin Chernenko" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?",
              "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "death" }],
              "question": "What caused Chernenko to leave office?",
              "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "54" }],
              "question": "How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? ",
              "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Politburo" }],
              "question": "What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?",
              "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? ",
              "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Communist Party" }],
              "question": "What party did Gorbachev belong to?",
              "id": "57277a72708984140094deb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "Congress of People's Deputies" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?",
              "id": "57277a72708984140094deb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "57277a72708984140094deb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?",
              "id": "57277a72708984140094deb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "nationalist movements and ethnic disputes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?",
              "id": "57277a72708984140094deb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of rationing intended to conserve scarce goods, this was done to restrict sales with the overt goal of curtailing drunkenness. Gorbachev's plan also included billboards promoting sobriety, increased penalties for public drunkenness, and to censor drinking scenes from old movies. Although this program was not a direct copycat of Tsar Nicholas II's outright prohibition during World War I, Gorbachev faced the same adverse economic reaction as did the last Tsar. The disincentivization of alcohol consumption was a serious blow to the state budget according to Alexander Yakovlev, who noted annual collections of alcohol taxes decreased by 100 billion rubles. Alcohol production migrated to the black market, or through moonshining as some made \"bathtub vodka\" with homegrown potatoes. Poorer, less educated Russians resorted to drinking unhealthy substitutes such as nail polish, rubbing alcohol or men's cologne, which only served to be an additional burden on Russia's healthcare sector due to the subsequent poisoning cases. The purpose of these reforms, however, was to prop up the existing centrally planned economy, unlike later reforms, which tended toward market socialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1985" }],
              "question": "When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?",
              "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "rationing" }],
              "question": "Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?",
              "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "drinking scenes from old movies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was censored?",
              "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "Tsar Nicholas II" }],
              "question": "Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?",
              "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 681, "text": "during World War I," }
              ],
              "question": "When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?",
              "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as \"Mr Nyet\" in the West, had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gromyko was relegated to the largely ceremonial position of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (officially Soviet Head of State), as he was considered an \"old thinker.\" Also on July 1, Gorbachev took the opportunity to dispose of his main rival by removing Grigory Romanov from the Politburo, and brought Boris Yeltsin and Lev Zaikov into the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1, 1985" }],
              "question": "When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?",
              "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?",
              "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Andrei Gromyko" }],
              "question": "Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?",
              "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "\"Mr Nyet\"" }],
              "question": "What was Gromyko's western nickname?",
              "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "Grigory Romanov" }],
              "question": "Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?",
              "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f97a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Nikolai Ryzhkov" }],
              "question": "Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?",
              "id": "572786a8708984140094dff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Nikolai Tikhonov" }],
              "question": "Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?",
              "id": "572786a8708984140094dff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "79-year-old" }],
              "question": "How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?",
              "id": "572786a8708984140094dff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Nikolai Talyzin" }],
              "question": "Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?",
              "id": "572786a8708984140094dff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "chairman of the State Planning Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?",
              "id": "572786a8708984140094dff8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CTAG (Latvian: Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu aizst\u0101v\u012bbas grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liep\u0101ja by three workers: Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R., and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime, setting an example for other ethnic minorities' pro-independence movements.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Communist" }],
              "question": "What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?",
              "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Helsinki-86" }],
              "question": "What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?",
              "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the CTAG?",
              "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Jeltoqsan\" (Kazakh for \"December\") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in the morning of December 17, 1986, with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square protesting Konayev's dismissal and replacement by a Russian. Protesters swelled to 1,000 to 5,000 as other students joined the crowd. The CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, druzhiniki (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in Almaty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?",
              "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Dinmukhamed Konayev" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?",
              "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "First Secretary of the Communist Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?",
              "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Gennady Kolbin" }],
              "question": "Who took the place of Konayev?",
              "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "December 17, 1986" }],
              "question": "When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?",
              "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Kazakh students" }],
              "question": "Who was demonstrating?",
              "id": "5727891b708984140094e031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?",
              "id": "5727891b708984140094e032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "blows to the head" }],
              "question": "How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?",
              "id": "5727891b708984140094e034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "30,000 to 40,000" }],
              "question": "What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?",
              "id": "5727891b708984140094e033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1093, "text": "Mukhtar Shakhanov" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?",
              "id": "5727891b708984140094e035"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people's support in exchange for expansion of liberties. The tactic proved successful: Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party \"conservatives.\" An unintended consequence was that having saved reform, Gorbachev's move ultimately killed the very system it was designed to save.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "the people's" }],
              "question": "Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?",
              "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Communist" }],
              "question": "What party was Gorbachev in charge of?",
              "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "\"conservatives.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What group wanted to stop reforms?",
              "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's \"thaw\" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demonstrators' way while they marched to an impromptu meeting with Boris Yeltsin, head of the Moscow Communist Party and at the time one of Gorbachev's closest allies. On July 25, 1987, 300 Crimean Tatars staged a noisy demonstration near the Kremlin Wall for several hours, calling for the right to return to their homeland, from which they were deported in 1944; police and soldiers merely looked on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 7, 1987," }],
              "question": "When were the prisoners set free?",
              "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Khrushchev's" }],
              "question": "Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?",
              "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "political" }],
              "question": "What sort of prisoners were released?",
              "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Crimean Tatars" }],
              "question": "Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?",
              "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "mid-1950s." }],
              "question": "Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?",
              "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned \u2013 no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Politburo. At the October 27, 1987, plenary meeting of the Central Committee, Yeltsin, frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter, criticized the slow pace of reform, servility to the general secretary, and opposition from Ligachev that had led to his (Yeltsin's) resignation. No one had ever addressed the Party leader so brazenly in front of the Central Committee since Leon Trotsky in the 1920s. In his reply, Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of \"political immaturity\" and \"absolute irresponsibility.\" No one backed Yeltsin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Yegor Ligachev" }],
              "question": "Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?",
              "id": "572790d55951b619008f8dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who resigned in September of 1987?",
              "id": "572790d55951b619008f8dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "stunned" }],
              "question": "What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?",
              "id": "572790d55951b619008f8daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "slow pace" }],
              "question": "What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?",
              "id": "572790d55951b619008f8db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 870, "text": "No one" }],
              "question": "Who took Yeltsin's side?",
              "id": "572790d55951b619008f8db1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history. The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators, which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States. The next major anniversary after the August 23 Molotov Pact demonstration was on November 18, the date of Latvia\u2019s independence in 1918. On November 18, 1987, hundreds of police and civilian militiamen cordoned off the central square to prevent any demonstration at Freedom Monument, but thousands lined the streets of Riga in silent protest regardless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Freedom Monument" }],
              "question": "Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?",
              "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Riga" }],
              "question": "Where is Freedom Monument?",
              "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "laid flowers" }],
              "question": "What did the protesters do?",
              "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Baltic States" }],
              "question": "Where did further protests take place?",
              "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Latvians" }],
              "question": "Who were the protesters remembering?",
              "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an official ban. On August 15, 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson. In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made, and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia's transition to autonomy. Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (\"A Self-Managing Estonia\") became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means \"miracle\". On October 21, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918\u20131920 Estonian War of Independence took place in V\u00f5ru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia. For the first time in years, the blue, black, and white national tricolor was publicly displayed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "new phosphate mines" }
              ],
              "question": "What was being protested in Estonia?",
              "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "spring 1987" }],
              "question": "When did the phosphate mine protests begin?",
              "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "MRP-AEG group" }],
              "question": "What group was started by ex-political prisoners?",
              "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Tiit Madisson" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?",
              "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "autonomy" }],
              "question": "What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?",
              "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstration was led by Armenian writers such as Silva Kaputikian, Zori Balayan, and Maro Margarian and leaders from the National Survival organization. The march originated at the Opera Plaza after speakers, mainly intellectuals, addressed the crowd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 17, 1987" }],
              "question": "When was the Yerevan demonstration?",
              "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "about 3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people demonstrated?",
              "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Armenians" }],
              "question": "What was the demonstrators' nationality?",
              "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Lake Sevan" }],
              "question": "The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water?",
              "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea113"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Opera Plaza" }],
              "question": "Where did the protest march start?",
              "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea114"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state, and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents. Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People's Deputies were published on October 2, 1988, and to enable the creation of the new legislature the Supreme Soviet, during its November 29\u2013December 1, 1988, session, implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, enacted a law on electoral reform, and set the date of the election for March 26, 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1, 1988" }],
              "question": "What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?",
              "id": "57279587708984140094e18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "new supreme legislative body" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Gorbachev hope to create?",
              "id": "57279587708984140094e18e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "party and state" }],
              "question": "What was Gorbachev trying to separate?",
              "id": "57279587708984140094e18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "Congress of People's Deputies" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the proposed legislative body called?",
              "id": "57279587708984140094e190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "conservative" }],
              "question": "What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?",
              "id": "57279587708984140094e191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. V\u00e4ljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union. Estonia's parliament also laid claim to the republic's natural resources including land, inland waters, forests, mineral deposits, and to the means of industrial production, agriculture, construction, state banks, transportation, and municipal services within the territory of Estonia's borders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Estonian" }],
              "question": "Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?",
              "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "Estonia's parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who claimed Estonia's national resources?",
              "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "the Popular Front" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?",
              "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small, remote part of the Soviet Union made headlines around the world; it was an unprecedented defiance of republic and national authorities. On February 22, 1988, in what became known as the \"Askeran clash\", two Azerbaijanis were killed by Karabakh police. These deaths, announced on state radio, led to the Sumgait Pogrom. Between February 26 and March 1, the city of Sumgait (Azerbaijan) saw violent anti-Armenian rioting during which 32 people were killed. The authorities totally lost control and occupied the city with paratroopers and tanks; nearly all of the 14,000 Armenian residents of Sumgait fled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?",
              "id": "572798b8708984140094e1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "February 22, 1988" }],
              "question": "When was the Askeran clash?",
              "id": "572798b8708984140094e1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Karabakh police." }],
              "question": "Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?",
              "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Sumgait Pogrom" }],
              "question": "What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths?",
              "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "How many were killed in the ensuing riots?",
              "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics \u2013 on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Abdulrahman Vezirov" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?",
              "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Kamran Baghirov" }],
              "question": "Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?",
              "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers died on September 17?",
              "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Armenian" }],
              "question": "People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?",
              "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1013, "text": "18 days" }],
              "question": "How long did the Lenin Square protest last?",
              "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square, by February 22, there were 100,000, the next day 300,000, and a transport strike was declared, by February 25, there were close to 1 million demonstrators \u2013 about a quarter of Armenia's population. This was the first of the large, peaceful public demonstrations that would become a feature of communism's overthrow in Prague, Berlin, and, ultimately, Moscow. Leading Armenian intellectuals and nationalists, including future first President of independent Armenia Levon Ter-Petrossian, formed the eleven-member Karabakh Committee to lead and organize the new movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Yerevan" }],
              "question": "Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?",
              "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Yerevan" }],
              "question": "What is the capitol of Armenia?",
              "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "300,000," }],
              "question": "How many people protested on February 23?",
              "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "transport" }],
              "question": "What sort of strike was called?",
              "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "about a quarter" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Armenia's total population protested on February 25?",
              "id": "57279a47708984140094e1ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process \u2013 this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1124, "text": "Nationalists" }],
              "question": "Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?",
              "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 891, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many protesters died in the airport violence?",
              "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1310, "text": "Armenians" }],
              "question": "Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?",
              "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1359, "text": "a military commandant" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?",
              "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chi\u015fin\u0103u, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The \"Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]\"). On January 15, 1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol \u015ealaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, revival of Moldavian traditions, and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from \"movement\" (an informal association) to \"front\" (a formal association) was seen as a natural \"upgrade\" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "February 1988" }],
              "question": "When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?",
              "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Stephen the Great Monument" }
              ],
              "question": "Which monument was a popular meeting place?",
              "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "Chi\u015fin\u0103u" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?",
              "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "Romanian" }],
              "question": "What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?",
              "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Moldavia" }],
              "question": "What was Moldova's previous name?",
              "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like \"Openness and Democracy to the End.\" Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in western Ukraine celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in Kievan Rus' in secret by holding services in the forests of Buniv, Kalush, Hoshiv, and Zarvanytsia. On June 5, 1988, as the official celebrations of the Millennium were held in Moscow, the Ukrainian Cultural Club hosted its own observances in Kiev at the monument to St. Volodymyr the Great, the grand prince of Kievan Rus'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Ukrainian Cultural Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?",
              "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Kiev's Khreschatyk Street" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the march happen?",
              "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Chernobyl nuclear disaster," }
              ],
              "question": "What did the marchers wish to commemorate? ",
              "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Ukrainian Catholics" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations?",
              "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Kiev" }],
              "question": "In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration?",
              "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as \"Bloody Thursday,\" local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the Lviv rally?",
              "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "in front of Druzhba Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the dispersal attempt made?",
              "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Authorities" }],
              "question": "Who tried to stop the rally?",
              "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Pavlo Vasylyk" }],
              "question": "Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?",
              "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "militia" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to break up the celebration?",
              "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit (\"Green World\") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14\u201318, 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human-, national- and religious-rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission). On December 10, hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union. The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Green World" }],
              "question": "What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?",
              "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d9768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "ecological" }],
              "question": "What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?",
              "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d9769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "cultural heritage" }],
              "question": "What sort of organization is Spadschnyna? ",
              "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d976a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 644,
                  "text": "International Human Rights Day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did people gather to observe on December 10th?",
              "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d976b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, \u00e0 la the Baltic republics\u2019 popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front\u2019s first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When did The Partyja BDF start?",
              "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "Zianon Pazniak" }],
              "question": "Who found mass graves?",
              "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "historian" }],
              "question": "What is Pazniak's occupation?",
              "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Kurapaty" }],
              "question": "Where were the graves found?",
              "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "KGB" }],
              "question": "In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?",
              "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable. This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland, which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer \u2013 which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell. These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev's drive to modernize Communism; rather, they preferred to abandon it altogether.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "new Congress of People's Deputies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was elected in 1989?",
              "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Communist leadership" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was questioned on live TV?",
              "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Warsaw" }],
              "question": "Where was the Communist government overthrown first?",
              "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did the Berlin Wall get torn down?",
              "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "abandon it" }],
              "question": "What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?",
              "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the March 26 general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23, in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained. While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected, more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin, physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "89.8%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people voted on March 26?",
              "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "76" }],
              "question": "How many constituencies had run-off elections?",
              "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "more than 300" }],
              "question": "How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?",
              "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first session of the new Congress of People's Deputies, from May 25 to June 9, hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism \u2013 which was broadcast live and uncensored. This transfixed the population; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witnessed in the U.S.S.R. On May 29, Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet, and in the summer he formed the first opposition, the Inter-Regional Deputies Group, composed of Russian nationalists and liberals. Composing the final legislative group in the Soviet Union, those elected in 1989 played a vital part in reforms and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union during the next two years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "reformers" }],
              "question": "Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize?",
              "id": "57280f144b864d190016435a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "Russian nationalists and liberals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group?",
              "id": "57280f144b864d190016435b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "May 29" }],
              "question": "When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on the Supreme Soviet?",
              "id": "57280f144b864d190016435c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 25, 1989, the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections, responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic. After vigorous debate, the 542-member Supreme Soviet passed the measure 254-85 (with 36 abstentions). The decision required a constitutional amendment, ratified by the full congress, which met December 12\u201325. It also passed measures that would allow direct elections for presidents of each of the 15 constituent republics. Gorbachev strongly opposed such a move during debate but was defeated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "special seats" }],
              "question": "What did the Communist Party lose on October 25, 1989 with regards to elections?",
              "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the Supreme Soviet" }],
              "question": "Who voted to get rid of the special seats?",
              "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "December 12\u201325" }
              ],
              "question": "When did congress meet to ratify the amendment to remove special election seats?",
              "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "What year did the Prague Spring take place?",
              "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "suppressed by military force" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?",
              "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Brezhnev Doctrine" }],
              "question": "Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?",
              "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "oppressive" }],
              "question": "Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?",
              "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Sinatra Doctrine" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?",
              "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain (also Chain of Freedom Estonian: Balti kett, Latvian: Baltijas ce\u013c\u0161, Lithuanian: Baltijos kelias, Russian: \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c) was a peaceful political demonstration on August 23, 1989. An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres (370 mi) across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944. The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and led to the occupation of the Baltic states in 1940.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "estimated 2 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain?",
              "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "600 kilometres" }],
              "question": "How long was the chain?",
              "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania" }
              ],
              "question": "What states did the chain extend over?",
              "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "50th anniversary of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What anniversary did the chain take place on?",
              "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "Eastern" }],
              "question": "What part of Europe was split up by the pact?",
              "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Algirdas Brazauskas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989",
              "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What party did  Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?",
              "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius," }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the loyalist faction?",
              "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Moscow's" }],
              "question": "What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split?",
              "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party?",
              "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 16, 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey, who would become President, as its Chairman. On August 19, 600,000 protesters jammed Baku\u2019s Lenin Square (now Azadliq Square) to demand the release of political prisoners. In the second half of 1989, weapons were handed out in Nagorno-Karabakh. When Karabakhis got hold of small arms to replace hunting rifles and crossbows, casualties began to mount; bridges were blown up, roads were blockaded, and hostages were taken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 16, 1989" }],
              "question": "When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front?",
              "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "600,000" }],
              "question": "How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th?",
              "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "release of political prisoners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the protesters want?",
              "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On September 25, they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law, and on October 4, the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade. Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered. Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29, Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad, wounding dozens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "blockade" }],
              "question": "What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?",
              "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "petrol and food" }],
              "question": "What shortages were caused by the blockade?",
              "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "85 percent" }],
              "question": "How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan? ",
              "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "September 25" }],
              "question": "When was the sovereignty law passed?",
              "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 663, "text": "local party offices" }
              ],
              "question": "What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front?",
              "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df40b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?",
              "id": "572815a13acd2414000df419"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Abkhazia" }],
              "question": "What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?",
              "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "troops" }],
              "question": "Who attacked the protest?",
              "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the April 9 attack?",
              "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "radicalized" }],
              "question": "What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack?",
              "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On February 11\u201312, 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On February 15, 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16, 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Ukrainian Independence Day" }
              ],
              "question": "What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?",
              "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "religious service" }],
              "question": "What is a moleben?",
              "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "in front of St. George's Cathedral."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the moleben held?",
              "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "election laws" }],
              "question": "What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?",
              "id": "572816e43acd2414000df439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the protesters want to resign? ",
              "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "the mastodon of stagnation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Scherbytsky's nickname?",
              "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place?",
              "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "between 20,000 and 30,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people attended the service in Lviv?",
              "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 4, 1989, the Memorial Society, committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices, was founded in Kiev. A public rally was held the next day. On March 12, A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia (Compassion) was violently dispersed, and nearly 300 people were detained. On March 26, elections were held to the union Congress of People's Deputies; by-elections were held on April 9, May 14, and May 21. Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies, most were conservatives, though a handful of progressives made the cut.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Stalinism" }],
              "question": "What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?",
              "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "nearly 300" }],
              "question": "How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?",
              "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "conservatives" }],
              "question": "Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People's Deputies?",
              "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "225" }],
              "question": "How many deputies were elected?",
              "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From April 20\u201323, 1989, pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days, drawing crowds of up to 25,000. The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions. It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944. On May 3, a pre-election rally attracted 30,000 in Lviv. On May 7, The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at Bykivnia, site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror. After a march from Kiev to the site, a memorial service was staged.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "25,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?",
              "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "one-hour" }],
              "question": "How long did the warning strike last?",
              "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "eight local factories and institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the strike take place?",
              "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?",
              "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "mass grave" }],
              "question": "At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held?",
              "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18. On May 27, 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held. On June 18, 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky's call for an international day of prayer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "plight of their Church." }
              ],
              "question": "What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?",
              "id": "572819323acd2414000df47f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "May 27, 1989" }],
              "question": "When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?",
              "id": "572819323acd2414000df480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "an estimated 100,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?",
              "id": "572819323acd2414000df481"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 19, 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On September 2, 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kiev, 10,000 in Zhytomyr, 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad, and 2,000 in Kharkiv. From September 8\u201310, 1989, writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, at its founding congress in Kiev. On September 17, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. On September 21, 1989, exhumation of a mass grave begins in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of Ivano-Frankivsk. On September 28, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "draft election law" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?",
              "id": "572820d23acd2414000df517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How many protesters were there in Lviv?",
              "id": "572820d23acd2414000df518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Ivan Drach" }],
              "question": "Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?",
              "id": "572820d23acd2414000df519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Kiev" }],
              "question": "Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?",
              "id": "572820d23acd2414000df51a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 1, 1989, a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium, where a concert celebrating the Soviet \"reunification\" of Ukrainian lands was being held. On October 10, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people. On October 15, several thousand people gathered in Chervonohrad, Chernivtsi, Rivne, and Zhytomyr; 500 in Dnipropetrovsk; and 30,000 in Lviv to protest the election law. On October 20, faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv, the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "10,000 to 15,000" }],
              "question": "How many people demonstrated on October 1?",
              "id": "572821923acd2414000df531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "militia" }],
              "question": "Who attacked the protest?",
              "id": "572821923acd2414000df532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the attack occur?",
              "id": "572821923acd2414000df533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "concert" }],
              "question": "What was happening in the stadium at the time?",
              "id": "572821923acd2414000df534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "Prior to the October 20 synod, when was the last one held in Lviv?",
              "id": "572821923acd2414000df535"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 24, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives. On October 26, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible. From October 26\u201328, the Zelenyi Svit (Friends of the Earth \u2013 Ukraine) environmental association held its founding congress, and on October 27 the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Lviv" }],
              "question": "Where were the strikes?",
              "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "police brutality" }],
              "question": "What were the strikes in protest against?",
              "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9ea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "How many factories had strikes on October 26?",
              "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9e9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 28, 1989, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1, 1990, Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine, while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups. On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the \"victims of the repressions of 1939\u20131941\" soon would be erected.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Ukrainian" }],
              "question": "What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?",
              "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Ukrainian Supreme Soviet" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided Ukraine's official language?",
              "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "communication between ethnic groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason would the Russian be spoken?",
              "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Demianiv Laz" }],
              "question": "Where was the January 2 memorial service?",
              "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-November" }],
              "question": "When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?",
              "id": "572826324b864d19001645aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Gulag Camp No. 36" }],
              "question": "The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?",
              "id": "572826324b864d19001645ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "Perm in the Ural Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?",
              "id": "572826324b864d19001645ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Baikove Cemetery." }],
              "question": "Where were the activists reburied?",
              "id": "572826324b864d19001645ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?",
              "id": "572826324b864d19001645ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Chernobyl disaster site" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?",
              "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Ukraine" }],
              "question": "Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?",
              "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?",
              "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "radioactivity symbols" }
              ],
              "question": "What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?",
              "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "torrential rain" }],
              "question": "How was the weather during the protest?",
              "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4\u201311, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Soviet troops" }],
              "question": "Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?",
              "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "southeast of the Uzbek capital" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Fergana Valley located?",
              "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "members of the Meskhetian minority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?",
              "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Rafiq Nishonov" }],
              "question": "Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? ",
              "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Karimov" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Nishonov?",
              "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Zhanaozen" }],
              "question": "Where was the fatal June 19th riots?",
              "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "young men" }],
              "question": "Who were the rioters?",
              "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "police station and a water-supply station"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rioters try to take over?",
              "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?",
              "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "police station" }],
              "question": "What was attacked in Mangishlak?",
              "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as \"Black January.\" Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died \u2013 the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "Armenians and Azerbaijanis" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?",
              "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "four Soviet soldiers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was killed in the January 9 riots?",
              "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "more than 130" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?",
              "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Black January" }],
              "question": "What were the January incidents called?",
              "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "26,000" }],
              "question": "How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?",
              "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc (\"Dembloc\"). In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Popular Front" }],
              "question": "What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?",
              "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "How many members were from opposition parties?",
              "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "350" }],
              "question": "How many total members were there?",
              "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Mutalibov" }],
              "question": "Who was elected to be Chairman in May?",
              "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ffb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "300" }],
              "question": "How many miles long was the human chain?",
              "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Rukh" }],
              "question": "Who organized this chain?",
              "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Ukrainian" }],
              "question": "What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?",
              "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?",
              "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 774, "text": "the Democratic Bloc" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?",
              "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 6, 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield. On April 29\u201330, 1990, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party. On May 15 the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On June 4, 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On June 5\u20136, 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by Metropolitan Filaret.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?",
              "id": "572838743acd2414000df741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Ukrainian Republican Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?",
              "id": "572838743acd2414000df742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "May 15" }],
              "question": "What was the first day that the new parliament met?",
              "id": "572838743acd2414000df743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 716, "text": "Metropolitan Mstyslav" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?",
              "id": "572838743acd2414000df744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "a week" }],
              "question": "How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?",
              "id": "572839322ca10214002da10b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Volodymyr Ivashko" }],
              "question": "Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?",
              "id": "572839322ca10214002da10a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?",
              "id": "572839322ca10214002da10c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers \"in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan\" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5\u20137, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932\u20131933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first \"Youth for Christ\" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28\u201330, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Leonid Kravchuk" }],
              "question": "Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?",
              "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?",
              "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "St. George Cathedral." }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the August 9 liturgy held?",
              "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?",
              "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?",
              "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 25\u201328, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the \"renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine\". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the UAOC protest held?",
              "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9f9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?",
              "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "liturgy" }],
              "question": "What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?",
              "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9fa0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Vilnius TV Tower" }],
              "question": "What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?",
              "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Lithuania" }],
              "question": "Where was the TV Tower located?",
              "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "independence movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Soviets hoping to stop?",
              "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Fourteen" }],
              "question": "How many civilians died in the attack?",
              "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "Lithuanian border post in Medininkai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was attacked by Russians on July 31?",
              "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? ",
              "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "New Union Treaty" }],
              "question": "What was supposed to be signed on August 20?",
              "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da157"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Central Asian republics," }
              ],
              "question": "Who supported the treaty?",
              "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Communist Party" }],
              "question": "What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?",
              "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da159"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow\u2019s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, \"patriots,\" and Russian nationalists of the USSR \u2013 still strong within the CPSU and the military \u2013 were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "market economy" }],
              "question": "What did radicals want to change the economy to?",
              "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "disintegration" }],
              "question": "What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?",
              "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "the Russian Federation," }
              ],
              "question": "What was Yeltsin president of?",
              "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Moscow\u2019s" }],
              "question": "Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?",
              "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Muscovites" }],
              "question": "Who arrived to protect the White House?",
              "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who did the organizers want to arrest?",
              "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "atop a tank" }],
              "question": "Where was Yeltsin during the coup?",
              "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "speech-making" }],
              "question": "What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?",
              "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "CNN" }],
              "question": "What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?",
              "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, \"the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Belarus" }],
              "question": "Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?",
              "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Belavezha Accords" }],
              "question": "What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?",
              "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 8" }],
              "question": "When was the meeting held?",
              "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "the Commonwealth of Independent States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9feb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "What was coming to an end?",
              "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. In effect, the largest and most powerful republic had seceded from the Union. Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 12" }],
              "question": "When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?",
              "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ratified the Accords?",
              "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Russian deputies" }],
              "question": "Who was recalled?",
              "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Gorbachev" }],
              "question": "Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?",
              "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics \u2013 all except Georgia \u2013 signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also \"accepted\" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Georgia" }],
              "question": "Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?",
              "id": "572840282ca10214002da18a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?",
              "id": "572840282ca10214002da18b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "CIS" }],
              "question": "What did the Protocol establish?",
              "id": "572840282ca10214002da18c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Union" }],
              "question": "What was dissolved by the Protocol?",
              "id": "572840282ca10214002da18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "CBS" }],
              "question": "Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? ",
              "id": "572840282ca10214002da18e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR \u2013 or, as he put it, \"I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\" He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\" to \"Russian Federation,\" showing that it was now a sovereign state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "December 25, 1991" }],
              "question": "When did Gorbachev resign?",
              "id": "572840c42ca10214002da198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who was given control after Gorbachev left?",
              "id": "572840c42ca10214002da199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Russian Federation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Russia's new legal name?",
              "id": "572840c42ca10214002da19a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?",
              "id": "572840c42ca10214002da19b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Soviet flag" }],
              "question": "What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?",
              "id": "572841874b864d1900164818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Russian tricolor" }],
              "question": "What replaced the Soviet flag?",
              "id": "572841874b864d1900164819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?",
              "id": "572841874b864d190016481a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What was declared as having ceased to exist?",
              "id": "572841874b864d190016481b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?",
              "id": "572841874b864d190016481c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24, 1991, informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol, Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, with no objection raised, the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year, December 31, 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?",
              "id": "5728431b4b864d190016483e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Alma-Ata Protocol" }],
              "question": "What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?",
              "id": "5728431b4b864d190016483f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?",
              "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "December 24, 1991" }],
              "question": "What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?",
              "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164841"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "December 31, 1991" }],
              "question": "When did the UN accept the statement?",
              "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164842"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk. On November 19, the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments, respectively, Kravchuk and Yeltsin, signed a 10-year bilateral pact. In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded; on December 15, the Democratic Party of Ukraine was founded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Mstyslav" }],
              "question": "Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?",
              "id": "572843344b864d1900164852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave Mstyslav this title?",
              "id": "572843344b864d1900164853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Nestor Gayowsky" }],
              "question": "Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?",
              "id": "572843344b864d1900164854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?",
              "id": "572843344b864d1900164855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "10-year" }],
              "question": "How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?",
              "id": "572843344b864d1900164856"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Crucifixion_of_Jesus",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Pontius Pilate" }],
              "question": "Who was the person that tried Jesus?",
              "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "six hours" }],
              "question": "How long was Jesus hung for?",
              "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?",
              "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 655,
                  "text": "they pierced his side with a spear"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?",
              "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "seven statements" }],
              "question": "How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?",
              "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these \"two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent\" and \"rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts\" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now \"firmly established\" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "baptism of Jesus" }],
              "question": "What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?",
              "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?",
              "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 886,
                  "text": "the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?",
              "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Eddy" }],
              "question": "Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.",
              "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "James Dunn" }],
              "question": "Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?",
              "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all sources of the crucification literary?",
              "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "the 1968 archeological discovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?",
              "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "ben Hagkol" }],
              "question": "Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?",
              "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "about 70 AD" }],
              "question": "When was Ben Hagkol crucified?",
              "id": "572770dd5951b619008f8a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "Israel Museum" }],
              "question": "What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?",
              "id": "572770dd5951b619008f8a01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "four canonical gospels" }
              ],
              "question": "What holds the records of the death of Jesus?",
              "id": "57277195708984140094ddb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "New Testament epistles" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?",
              "id": "57277195708984140094ddb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times did Jesus predict his own death?",
              "id": "57277195708984140094ddb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?",
              "id": "57277195708984140094ddb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "hour-by-hour account" }
              ],
              "question": "How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?",
              "id": "57277195708984140094ddb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the \"King of the Jews\", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Gethsemane" }],
              "question": "Where was Jesus arrested?",
              "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "the Last Supper" }],
              "question": "What did Jesus do before he was arrested?",
              "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Twelve Apostles" }],
              "question": "How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?",
              "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "flogged" }],
              "question": "How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?",
              "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "crowned with thorns" }
              ],
              "question": "What was placed on Jesus' head?",
              "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "wine mixed with gall" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?",
              "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "hung between two convicted thieves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?",
              "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f867"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "six hours" }],
              "question": "How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?",
              "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 879, "text": "seven statements altogether" }
              ],
              "question": "How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?",
              "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1131, "text": "Joseph of Arimathea" }
              ],
              "question": "Who removed Jesus from the cross?",
              "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f86a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left \"beating their breasts\", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "an earthquake" }],
              "question": "What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?",
              "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Mark" }],
              "question": "Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?",
              "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "words to the women who were mourning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?",
              "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?",
              "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 810, "text": "Old Testament prophecy" }
              ],
              "question": "What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?",
              "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead (\"on the third day\" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "First Epistle to the Corinthians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?",
              "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "canonical Gospels" }],
              "question": "Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?",
              "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "forty days" }],
              "question": "How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?",
              "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Easter Sunday" }],
              "question": "What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?",
              "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "St. Luke" }],
              "question": "Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?",
              "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9da0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "two rebels" }],
              "question": "Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?",
              "id": "5727784d708984140094de7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?",
              "id": "5727784d708984140094de7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "an earthquake" }],
              "question": "what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?",
              "id": "5727784d708984140094de7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Luke say one of the rebels does?",
              "id": "5727784d708984140094de7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "impassive" }],
              "question": "How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?",
              "id": "5727784d708984140094de7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and \"the wise king\" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the \"king of the Jews\" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?",
              "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "pagan" }],
              "question": "What is the author of the letter assumed to be?",
              "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the letter reference?",
              "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Socrates" }],
              "question": "Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?",
              "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "others place less value in the letter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?",
              "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9dde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a \"day and night\" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Friday" }],
              "question": "What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?",
              "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?",
              "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?",
              "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "three days and three nights" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?",
              "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?",
              "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "9 a.m." }],
              "question": "What time was the crucifiction per Mark?",
              "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "3 p.m." }],
              "question": "What time did Jesus die per Mark?",
              "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?",
              "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another reason the times differ so much?",
              "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 665,
                  "text": "approximated to the closest three-hour period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?",
              "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying \"Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?\"[Lk. 23:28-31]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Luke's gospel" }],
              "question": "Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?",
              "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "do not weep for me" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?",
              "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Lk. 23:28-31" }],
              "question": "Where are the words found in the Gospel?",
              "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "crowd of mourners" }],
              "question": "What followed Jesus around?",
              "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of \"place of a skull\", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word G\u00fblgalt\u00e2 which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of \"a skull\". While often referred to as \"Mount Calvary\", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Calvary" }],
              "question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?",
              "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "all four Gospels" }],
              "question": "Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?",
              "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "a place of public execution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one reason Calvary was chosen?",
              "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "skulls of abandoned victims" }
              ],
              "question": "What is rumored to be found in Calvary?",
              "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "the name was derived from the physical contour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a reason the place was called Calvary?",
              "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: \"the chief priests, with the scribes and elders\"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; \"the soldiers\", \"the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus\"; passers-by; \"bystanders\", \"the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle\"; and \"his acquaintances\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "many women" }],
              "question": "Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?",
              "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "the chief priests" }],
              "question": "The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?",
              "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were crucified with Jesus?",
              "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "the soldiers" }],
              "question": "Who kept watch over Jesus?",
              "id": "572783925951b619008f8bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "acquaintances" }],
              "question": "Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?",
              "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2) and xylon (\u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "traditional two-beamed cross" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?",
              "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "single upright stake" }
              ],
              "question": "What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?",
              "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the different accounts of the cross used?",
              "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "crux" }],
              "question": "What latin word was used to describe the cross used?",
              "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "crux was also applied to objects other than a cross"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there doubt about the Latin word?",
              "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11\u201312. Justin Martyr (100\u2013165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: \"That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.\" Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having \"five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Epistle of Barnabas" }
              ],
              "question": "What Epistle described the cross?",
              "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Justin Martyr" }],
              "question": "Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?",
              "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 619, "text": "a symbol of the suffering" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was that type of cross important?",
              "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1003, "text": "five extremities" }],
              "question": "How many ends did the cross supposedly have?",
              "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1115, "text": "fixed by the nails" }
              ],
              "question": "How is one attached to the cross?",
              "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "three nails" }],
              "question": "How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?",
              "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "14 nails" }],
              "question": "According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?",
              "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "artistic depictions of the crucifixion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?",
              "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "Nails are almost always depicted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?",
              "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "three nails" }],
              "question": "Jesuits claim how many nails were used?",
              "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8faca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the hands, or the wrists" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the nails placed?",
              "id": "572787275951b619008f8c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the Greek" }],
              "question": "Who claims the hands were pierced?",
              "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "without fracturing any bones" }
              ],
              "question": "The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?",
              "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "forearm" }],
              "question": "What other location is offered by the Greek?",
              "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Ropes" }],
              "question": "What other way to affix to the cross is there?",
              "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "a hypopodium" }],
              "question": "What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?",
              "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "the hands may not have been able to support the weight"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was a platform used?",
              "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Rasmus Bartholin" }],
              "question": "Who considered this topic in the 17th century?",
              "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Frederick Zugibe" }],
              "question": "Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?",
              "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "Nazis" }],
              "question": "Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?",
              "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Psalm 22" }],
              "question": "What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?",
              "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What contradiction is found in this Psalm?",
              "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "a proverbial saying in common usage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?",
              "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "theologically correct and reassuring"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?",
              "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "a genuine cry" }],
              "question": "How does the sentence appear to historians?",
              "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written \"with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "a solar eclipse" }],
              "question": "As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?",
              "id": "57279471708984140094e169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "the full moon" }],
              "question": "Why was a solar eclipse impossible?",
              "id": "57279471708984140094e16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Greek historian Phlegon" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?",
              "id": "57279471708984140094e16b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Tiberius Caesar" }],
              "question": "Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?",
              "id": "57279471708984140094e16c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "earthquakes" }],
              "question": "What other event supposedly took place that shook people?",
              "id": "57279471708984140094e16d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: \"This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun.\" Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Thallus" }],
              "question": "Which historian was referenced for the reports?",
              "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "an eclipse of the sun" }
              ],
              "question": "What event did Thallus describe?",
              "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "the 14th day" }],
              "question": "What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?",
              "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 316, "text": "the day before the passover" }
              ],
              "question": "When does the passion of Jesus fall?",
              "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "the Roman archives" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were these events documented?",
              "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "lunar" }],
              "question": "What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?",
              "id": "572795755951b619008f8e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "thirty minutes" }],
              "question": "How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?",
              "id": "572795755951b619008f8e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "a scribe wrongly amending a text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?",
              "id": "572795755951b619008f8e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "David Henige" }],
              "question": "Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?",
              "id": "572795755951b619008f8e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?",
              "id": "572795755951b619008f8e23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. G\u00e9za Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of \"Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord\", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are \"barking up the wrong tree\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "author of the Mark Gospel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the account of Jesus?",
              "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Luke" }],
              "question": "Who amended the account at a later date?",
              "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "the death of kings and other major figures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?",
              "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "Jewish" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?",
              "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "G\u00e9za Vermes" }],
              "question": "Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?",
              "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d928a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Frederick Zugibe" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?",
              "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?",
              "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "carried out a number of experiments over several years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?",
              "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?",
              "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "amount of pull and the corresponding pain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specifics were recorded in his experiments?",
              "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christians believe that Jesus\u2019 death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus\u2019 substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body\u2019s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God\u2019s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?",
              "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "through faith in Jesus\u2019 substitutionary death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are people united with God?",
              "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "eternal life in heaven after the body\u2019s death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specific fact do Christians believe about death?",
              "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "confidence of eternal life" }
              ],
              "question": "Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?",
              "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "joy" }],
              "question": "What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?",
              "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Johannine \"agent Christology\" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: \"The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world\". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the \"lamb slain but standing\" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "agent Christology" }],
              "question": "What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?",
              "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "sake of eventual victory" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.",
              "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "salvific theme" }],
              "question": "What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?",
              "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "lamb slain but standing" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?",
              "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "The Lamb of God" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Jesus given?",
              "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term \"the cross of Christ\" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died \"at the right time\" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul's Christology" }],
              "question": "Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?",
              "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "directly related" }],
              "question": "How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?",
              "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "the cross of Christ" }
              ],
              "question": "What term does Paul use for the Gospels?",
              "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "based on the plan of God" }
              ],
              "question": "Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?",
              "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163977"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "power of the cross" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?",
              "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163978"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Calvin supported the \"agent of God\" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was \"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "successfully argued for his innocence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?",
              "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "obedience to the Father" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?",
              "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "\"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?",
              "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?",
              "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the blood of the lamb?",
              "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "how salvation is granted to humanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?",
              "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "central importance" }
              ],
              "question": "How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?",
              "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Jesus willingly sacrificed himself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?",
              "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "an act of perfect obedience" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?",
              "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 954, "text": "the Roman Catholic church" }
              ],
              "question": "What church is the sacrifice important to?",
              "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that \"Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross\". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Virgin Mary" }],
              "question": "Who was present under the cross?",
              "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d932e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Marian Cross" }],
              "question": "What symbol is popular in Marian Art?",
              "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d932f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?",
              "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "Raphael" }],
              "question": "Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.",
              "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Caravaggio" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the art names \"His Entombment\"?",
              "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9332"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Miami",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "On which coast of Florida is Miami located?",
              "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade County" }],
              "question": "Miami is located in which Florida county?",
              "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?",
              "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Washington, D.C." }],
              "question": "Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?",
              "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "5.5 million" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?",
              "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade" }],
              "question": "Which Florida county is Miami located in?",
              "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "second most populous" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "430,332" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Miami?",
              "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "fourth-largest" }],
              "question": "How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?",
              "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "Which coast is Miami located on?",
              "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "5.5 million" }],
              "question": "What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?",
              "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "southeastern" }],
              "question": "In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?",
              "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade County" }],
              "question": "What county is Miami located in?",
              "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "44th" }],
              "question": "Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?",
              "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "430,332" }],
              "question": "How many people live in Miami?",
              "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Alpha\u2212World City" }
              ],
              "question": "What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?",
              "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "33rd" }],
              "question": "Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?",
              "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "America's Cleanest City" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?",
              "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 795, "text": "Capital of Latin America" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a nickname given to Miami?",
              "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?",
              "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the \"Cruise Capital of the World\", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "international banks" }
              ],
              "question": "What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?",
              "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "passenger" }],
              "question": "Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?",
              "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Port of Miami" }],
              "question": "What is called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\"?",
              "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "two decades" }],
              "question": "How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?",
              "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "research institutes" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?",
              "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is noted as \"the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle\", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as \"Biscayne Bay Country\" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as \"one of the finest building sites in Florida.\" The Great Freeze of 1894\u201395 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as \"the mother of Miami.\" Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Where was Julia Tuttle born?",
              "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Biscayne Bay Country" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?",
              "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "1894\u201395" }],
              "question": "When did the Great Freeze occur?",
              "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "Florida East Coast Railway" }
              ],
              "question": "What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?",
              "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Julia Tuttle" }],
              "question": "Who was \"the mother of Miami\"?",
              "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?",
              "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Avenue J" }],
              "question": "What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?",
              "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Bahamas" }],
              "question": "Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?",
              "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, \"personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "H. Leslie Quigg" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?",
              "id": "572a71897a1753140016af74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Ku Klux Klan" }],
              "question": "To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?",
              "id": "572a71897a1753140016af75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "speaking directly to a white woman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?",
              "id": "572a71897a1753140016af76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "bellboy" }],
              "question": "What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?",
              "id": "572a71897a1753140016af77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?",
              "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Haiti" }],
              "question": "From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?",
              "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Andrew" }],
              "question": "What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?",
              "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "El Paso, Texas" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?",
              "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "Cuban-American" }],
              "question": "Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?",
              "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "east" }],
              "question": "Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?",
              "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?",
              "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Lake Okeechobee" }],
              "question": "What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?",
              "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?",
              "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1.8" }],
              "question": "In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?",
              "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Miami oolite" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Miami limestone?",
              "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?",
              "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Sangamonian" }],
              "question": "What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?",
              "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?",
              "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "Wisconsin glaciation" }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?",
              "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Hialeah" }],
              "question": "Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?",
              "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Florida Bay" }],
              "question": "The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?",
              "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "5 to 6" }],
              "question": "After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "underground construction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is limited by Miami's high water table?",
              "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and Florida's largest and most influential central business district. Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue. Downtown is home to many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. East of Downtown, across Biscayne Bay is South Beach. Just northwest of Downtown, is the Civic Center, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, and the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "South" }],
              "question": "Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?",
              "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?",
              "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Virginia Key" }],
              "question": "Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?",
              "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Brickell Avenue" }],
              "question": "On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?",
              "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "East" }],
              "question": "Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?",
              "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "The Roads" }],
              "question": "Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?",
              "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When was Coral Way constructed?",
              "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?",
              "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?",
              "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Dinner Key" }],
              "question": "What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?",
              "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "Lyric" }],
              "question": "What notable theater is present in Overtown?",
              "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Adrienne Arsht" }],
              "question": "After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?",
              "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "In what part of Miami is Midtown?",
              "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "MiMo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?",
              "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Little Haiti" }],
              "question": "What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?",
              "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January averaging 67.2 \u00b0F (19.6 \u00b0C), winter features mild to warm temperatures; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front, which produces much of the little amount of rainfall during the season. Lows occasionally fall below 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C), but very rarely below 35 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Highs generally range between 70\u201377 \u00b0F (21\u201325 \u00b0C).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Am" }],
              "question": "What is Miami's K\u00f6ppen climate classification?",
              "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "hot and humid" }],
              "question": "What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?",
              "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "19.6" }],
              "question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?",
              "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "70\u201377" }],
              "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami?",
              "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?",
              "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29\u201335 \u00b0C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy. Much of the year's 55.9 inches (1,420 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period. Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 \u00b0F (22.2 \u00b0C) in June to 73.7 \u00b0F (23.2 \u00b0C) in August.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?",
              "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?",
              "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "29\u201335" }],
              "question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?",
              "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "1,420" }],
              "question": "How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?",
              "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "73.7" }],
              "question": "What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?",
              "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "42nd" }],
              "question": "Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?",
              "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Broward" }],
              "question": "Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?",
              "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "5.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?",
              "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "seventh" }],
              "question": "Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US?",
              "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "one-thirteenth" }],
              "question": "What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami?",
              "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1960, non-Hispanic whites represented 80% of Miami-Dade county's population. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black. Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up until the 1980s, as well as by immigration, primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Today, immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction, which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities, such as in Downtown, Brickell, and Edgewater, where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069% increase in population in the 2010 Census. Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic, than it is a melting pot, with residents still maintaining much of, or some of their cultural traits. The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced by its large population of Hispanics and blacks mainly from the Caribbean islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?",
              "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "22.7" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?",
              "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Hispanic" }],
              "question": "What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami?",
              "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "Brickell" }],
              "question": "Along with Downtown and Edgewater, what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities?",
              "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami's population?",
              "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telef\u00f3nica USA, UniM\u00c1S, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century Bank, Vector Group and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "1400" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?",
              "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 767, "text": "proximity to Latin America" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?",
              "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Seabourn" }],
              "question": "Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?",
              "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media. Univisi\u00f3n, Telemundo and UniM\u00c1S have their headquarters in Miami, along with their production studios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo, such as their telenovelas and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami. Miami is also a major music recording center, with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Telemundo" }],
              "question": "Along with UniM\u00c1S and Univisi\u00f3n, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "85" }],
              "question": "As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "Universal Music Latin Entertainment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Telemundo Television Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?",
              "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 2001, Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet (122 m) built or currently under construction in the city. Miami's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S., behind New York City and Chicago, and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design. The city currently has the eight tallest (as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest) skyscrapers in the state of Florida, with the tallest being the 789-foot (240 m) Four Seasons Hotel & Tower.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?",
              "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "New York City and Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?",
              "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "What is Miami's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is?",
              "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?",
              "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Four Seasons Hotel & Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida?",
              "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses. This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast population growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures. In 2011, Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials. In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "When did the Florida land boom occur?",
              "id": "572a797834ae481900deab25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?",
              "id": "572a797834ae481900deab26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?",
              "id": "572a797834ae481900deab27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 704, "text": "high foreclosure rate" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?",
              "id": "572a797834ae481900deab28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?",
              "id": "572a797834ae481900deab29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean. The Port of Miami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida, and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America. Additionally, the city has the largest concentration of international banks in the country, primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell, Miami's financial district. Due to its strength in international business, finance and trade, many international banks have offices in Downtown such as Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, which has its U.S. headquarters in Miami. Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations, and is one of the leading candidates to become the trading bloc's headquarters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Miami International" }],
              "question": "What is Florida's busiest airport?",
              "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb8029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Port of Miami" }],
              "question": "What is the busiest cruise port in the world?",
              "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas?",
              "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Brickell Avenue" }],
              "question": "What street is central to the financial district of Miami?",
              "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "South America" }],
              "question": "Along with the Caribbean, from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA?",
              "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city, from across the country and around the world, spending $17.1 billion. The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "38 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists come to Miami each year?",
              "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "$17.1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?",
              "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "South Beach" }],
              "question": "What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?",
              "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Mercedes-Benz" }],
              "question": "Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?",
              "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "historical buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?",
              "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt, in 2001. However, since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, Miami was ranked as \"America's Cleanest City\" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. In a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?",
              "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "El Paso" }],
              "question": "What was the second poorest US city in 2004?",
              "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Miami" }],
              "question": "In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?",
              "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?",
              "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?",
              "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Festival and Carnaval Miami, Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City, and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera. Within it are the Ziff Ballet Opera House, the center's largest venue, the Knight Concert Hall, the Carnival Studio Theater and the Peacock Rehearsal Studio. The center attracts many large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from around the world and is Florida's grandest performing arts center. Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, Coconut Grove Playhouse, Colony Theatre, Lincoln Theatre, New World Center, Actor's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre, Jackie Gleason Theatre, Manuel Artime Theater, Ring Theatre, Playground Theatre, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, the Fair Expo Center and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater for outdoor music events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Lincoln Center" }],
              "question": "What is the largest performing arts center in the US?",
              "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Florida Grand Opera" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?",
              "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "Ziff Ballet Opera House" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts?",
              "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "Where is Lincoln Center located?",
              "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1085, "text": "Bayfront Park Amphitheater" }
              ],
              "question": "What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music?",
              "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as \"Get Down Tonight\", \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" and \"That's the Way (I Like It)\"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles \"Get Off\" and \"Hot Number\". Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with \"Conga\" and \"Bad Boys\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?",
              "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "In what decade was disco popular?",
              "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What band performed the song \"Conga\"?",
              "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Foxy" }],
              "question": "What group performed the song \"Hot Number\"?",
              "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "TK Records" }],
              "question": "What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?",
              "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is also considered a \"hot spot\" for dance music, Freestyle, a style of dance music popular in the 80's and 90's heavily influenced by Electro, hip-hop, and disco. Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, and Expos\u00e9, originated in Miami. Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city, while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis, electro artist Uffie, and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami, but musically based elsewhere. Also, ska punk band Against All Authority is from Miami, and rock/metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Manson each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale. Cuban American female recording artist, Ana Cristina, was born in Miami in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "hip-hop" }],
              "question": "Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?",
              "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "electro" }],
              "question": "What genre of music does Uffie perform?",
              "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "Fort Lauderdale" }],
              "question": "Where did the band Nonpoint form?",
              "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "Cuban American" }],
              "question": "What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?",
              "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Iron & Wine" }],
              "question": "Along with Cat Power, what indie/folk musician is based in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8037"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like david padilla (who was the resident DJ for both) and radio. The new sound fed back into mainstream clubs across the country. The scene in SoBe, along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables, had a strong democratizing effect, offering amateur, \"bedroom\" DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and producers, regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries. Some of these notable DJs are John Benetiz (better known as JellyBean Benetiz), Danny Tenaglia, and David Padilla.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "david padilla" }],
              "question": "Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?",
              "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 903, "text": "JellyBean Benetiz" }],
              "question": "By what other name is John Benetiz known?",
              "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "SoBe" }],
              "question": "In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?",
              "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Versailles" }],
              "question": "What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?",
              "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "Tony Roma's" }],
              "question": "Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?",
              "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Atlantic" }],
              "question": "What ocean is Miami adjacent to?",
              "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021faff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Biscayne Bay" }],
              "question": "Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?",
              "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fb00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called the \"Miami accent\") which is widely spoken. The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.) It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section below), \"Miami accent\" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). However, this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that \"Miami accent\" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /\u025b/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /d\u0292/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [\u0279] instead of alveolar tap [\u027e] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Miami accent" }],
              "question": "What is another term for Miami's dialect?",
              "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Mid-Atlantic" }],
              "question": "What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?",
              "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?",
              "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Basketball" }],
              "question": "What sport do the Miami Heat play?",
              "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Dolphins" }],
              "question": "What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?",
              "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Florida Panthers" }],
              "question": "What professional hockey team is based in Miami?",
              "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Sony Ericsson" }],
              "question": "At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?",
              "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "Homestead-Miami Speedway" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?",
              "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "How many gardens and parks are in Miami?",
              "id": "572a806734ae481900deab55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Bicentennial" }],
              "question": "In what park is the American Airlines Arena located?",
              "id": "572a806734ae481900deab56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "snorkeling and scuba diving" }
              ],
              "question": "Due to the presence of coral reefs, what activities are popular in Biscayne Bay?",
              "id": "572a806734ae481900deab57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood is Bicentennial Park located?",
              "id": "572a806734ae481900deab58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "tropical weather" }],
              "question": "Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami?",
              "id": "572a806734ae481900deab59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tom\u00e1s Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "mayor-commissioner" }],
              "question": "Under what government system does Miami operate?",
              "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many members are on the city commission?",
              "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Tom\u00e1s Regalado" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Mayor of Miami?",
              "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 626, "text": "3500 Pan American Drive" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the street address of Miami City Hall?",
              "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "Coconut Grove" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located?",
              "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida. Miami has several major newspapers, the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami's and South Florida's main, major and largest newspapers. The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami in 2013. The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami?",
              "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "Doral" }],
              "question": "In what community is the Miami Herald currently located?",
              "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "Among television markets in Florida, where dies Miami rank?",
              "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Miami Herald" }],
              "question": "What is the largest newspaper in Miami?",
              "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb8050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "El Nuevo Herald" }],
              "question": "What is Miami's largest newspaper written in Spanish?",
              "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb8051"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza. Several other student newspapers from the local universities, such as the oldest, the University of Miami's The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, Barry University's The Buccaneer, amongst others. Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspapers such as the Aventura News, Coral Gables Tribune, Biscayne Bay Tribune, and the Palmetto Bay News.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Midtown" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?",
              "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Brickell" }],
              "question": "What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?",
              "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?",
              "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Florida International" }
              ],
              "question": "For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper?",
              "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "The Buccaneer" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?",
              "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisi\u00f3n, Mega TV, Univisi\u00f3n, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisi\u00f3n announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed 'Univisi\u00f3n Studios'. Univisi\u00f3n Studios is currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univisi\u00f3n Communications' television networks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did Univisi\u00f3n announce it was building a production studio in Miami?",
              "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "Univisi\u00f3n Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisi\u00f3n?",
              "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "all of Univisi\u00f3n Communications' television networks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where will the programs made at Univisi\u00f3n Studios be broadcast?",
              "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world, Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines. Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida, and is the United States' second-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, and is the seventh-largest such gateway in the world. The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "35 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?",
              "id": "572a829934ae481900deab5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "American Airlines" }],
              "question": "What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?",
              "id": "572a829934ae481900deab60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States?",
              "id": "572a829934ae481900deab61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "seventy" }],
              "question": "From Miami International Airport, to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop?",
              "id": "572a829934ae481900deab62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\" and the \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas\". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "\"Cruise Capital of the World\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas,\" what is another nickname for PortMiami?",
              "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "3,787,410" }],
              "question": "How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?",
              "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "7.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?",
              "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "Port of South Louisiana" }
              ],
              "question": "What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?",
              "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many square kilometers is PortMiami?",
              "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport, the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Metrorail" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?",
              "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "24.4" }],
              "question": "How many miles long is Metrorail?",
              "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "How many stations does Metrorail have?",
              "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many lines does Metromover have?",
              "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "free" }],
              "question": "How much does it cost to use Metromover?",
              "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?",
              "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?",
              "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "150,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?",
              "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Miami International" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?",
              "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "spring" }],
              "question": "What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?",
              "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012, but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014, again pushed back to early 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Silver Meteor" }],
              "question": "Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?",
              "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?",
              "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Hialeah" }],
              "question": "In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?",
              "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?",
              "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?",
              "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8075"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Tampa" }],
              "question": "Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?",
              "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Rick Scott" }],
              "question": "Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?",
              "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?",
              "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 558, "text": "Orlando International Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?",
              "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Florida East Coast Railway" }
              ],
              "question": "What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?",
              "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami's road system is based along the numerical \"Miami Grid\" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have \"NW\" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the \"NW\" and \"SW\" quadrants are much larger than the \"SE\" and \"NE\" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Burdine's" }],
              "question": "What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?",
              "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "SW 8th St" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Tamiami Trail?",
              "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street?",
              "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Miami Grid" }],
              "question": "What is Miami's street plan called?",
              "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "NW" }],
              "question": "If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street, what will necessarily be in its address?",
              "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways, and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Key Biscayne" }],
              "question": "Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?",
              "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "MacArthur" }],
              "question": "What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?",
              "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Broad" }],
              "question": "Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?",
              "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Rickenbacker" }],
              "question": "What causeway is furthest to the south?",
              "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many major causeways are in Miami?",
              "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts \"Bike Miami\", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest-running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "automobiles" }],
              "question": "What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during \"Bike Miami\"?",
              "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?",
              "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Manny Diaz" }],
              "question": "Who was a recent mayor of Miami?",
              "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Brickell" }],
              "question": "Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?",
              "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "November" }],
              "question": "In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?",
              "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb50"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Supreme_court",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the \"Supreme Court\", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council. On the other hand, in some places the court named the \"Supreme Court\" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Civil law states" }],
              "question": "What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?",
              "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "the High Court of Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?",
              "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "the Privy Council" }],
              "question": "To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?",
              "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?",
              "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f85b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?",
              "id": "5727737f708984140094dddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "the Supreme Court of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?",
              "id": "5727737f708984140094dddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 892,
                  "text": "Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?",
              "id": "5727737f708984140094dddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "a civil law system" }
              ],
              "question": "A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?",
              "id": "5727737f708984140094ddde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "stare decisis" }],
              "question": "What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?",
              "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "civil law jurisdictions" }
              ],
              "question": "What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?",
              "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "the immediate case before it" }
              ],
              "question": "In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?",
              "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "a very strong precedent" }
              ],
              "question": "Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?",
              "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "jurisprudence constante" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?",
              "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title \"Supreme\" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?",
              "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?",
              "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "The court's decisions are final and binding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?",
              "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?",
              "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?",
              "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?",
              "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "London, United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the JCPC located?",
              "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When was the Court of Final Appeal established?",
              "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "Beijing" }],
              "question": "The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?",
              "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "January 28, 1950" }],
              "question": "On what date was India's Supreme Court established?",
              "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Article 141" }],
              "question": "What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?",
              "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?",
              "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "judicial review" }],
              "question": "When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?",
              "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "local bylaws" }],
              "question": "In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?",
              "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Supreme Court" }],
              "question": "What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?",
              "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "the constitution" }],
              "question": "Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?",
              "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "the Chief Justice" }],
              "question": "Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?",
              "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "seven other judges" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?",
              "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 642, "text": "the Four Courts in Dublin" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?",
              "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7; also known by its initials as Bagatz \u05d1\u05d2\"\u05e5), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order \"trial de novo\" (a retrial).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Jerusalem" }],
              "question": "Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?",
              "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "both an appellate court and the high court of justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?",
              "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1183, "text": "the Knesset" }],
              "question": "Israel's legislative body is called what?",
              "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1749,
                  "text": "a panel of three or more justices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?",
              "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2147, "text": "\"trial de novo\"" }
              ],
              "question": "A retrial is also called what?",
              "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?",
              "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "purely appellate" }],
              "question": "What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?",
              "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "Court of Appeal of New Zealand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?",
              "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "the High Court" }],
              "question": "New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?",
              "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8faff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "the District Court" }
              ],
              "question": "Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?",
              "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fb00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the territories within Pakistan?",
              "id": "572788535951b619008f8c8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "appeals only of a constitutional nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?",
              "id": "572788535951b619008f8c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Azad Kashmir" }],
              "question": "What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?",
              "id": "572788535951b619008f8c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "does not apply to it" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?",
              "id": "572788535951b619008f8c92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?",
              "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "the High Court of Justiciary" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?",
              "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?",
              "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "1 October 2009" }],
              "question": "When did this act go into affect?",
              "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "House of Lords" }],
              "question": "What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?",
              "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "titles of state supreme court vary"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?",
              "id": "57278aac708984140094e057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?",
              "id": "57278aac708984140094e058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "Supreme Court of Appeals" }
              ],
              "question": "What is West Virginia's highest court called?",
              "id": "57278aac708984140094e059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?",
              "id": "57278aac708984140094e05a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "trial courts of general jurisdiction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?",
              "id": "57278aac708984140094e05b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), stands at the top of Austria's system of \"ordinary courts\" (ordentliche Gerichte) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "the Austrian Constitution of 1920"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?",
              "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Constitutional Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?",
              "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Verfassungsgerichtshof" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the German word for this constitutional high court?",
              "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?",
              "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)" }
              ],
              "question": "The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?",
              "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases involving members of congress, senators, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic. The Superior Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justi\u00e7a) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) reviews cases involving labour law. The Superior Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) is the court of last resort of electoral law, and also oversees general elections. The Superior Military Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Militar) is the highest court in matters of federal military law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the highest court in Brazil?",
              "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?",
              "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "cases involving members of congress, senators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?",
              "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?",
              "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 667,
                  "text": "The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Brazil's high court for labor law?",
              "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Grundgesetz" }],
              "question": "What is Germany's constitution called?",
              "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Bundesverfassungsgericht" }
              ],
              "question": "What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?",
              "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "Federal Constitutional Court" }
              ],
              "question": "The english translation of this court and its duties is what?",
              "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "the power and authority to outlaw political parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?",
              "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?",
              "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "civil and criminal cases" }
              ],
              "question": "The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?",
              "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Bundessozialgericht" }
              ],
              "question": "What court has supremacy for matters of social security?",
              "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "Bundesarbeitsgericht" }
              ],
              "question": "What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?",
              "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?",
              "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea049"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "arresten" }],
              "question": "Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?",
              "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "legislation against the constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?",
              "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "legislation against some treaties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?",
              "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "administrative law" }
              ],
              "question": "Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?",
              "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "Council of State (Raad van State)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The high court for administrative law is also known as what?",
              "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea064"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "a civil law nation" }],
              "question": "What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?",
              "id": "57279048708984140094e0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "the American Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?",
              "id": "57279048708984140094e0fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 582, "text": "1987 Philippine Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?",
              "id": "57279048708984140094e0fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?",
              "id": "57279048708984140094e0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "en banc" }],
              "question": "When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?",
              "id": "57279048708984140094e0fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "private and public" }],
              "question": "The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?",
              "id": "5727911add62a815002ea09e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "those cases related to human rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?",
              "id": "5727911add62a815002ea09f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the other power of this latter court?",
              "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "binding precedents" }
              ],
              "question": "High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?",
              "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?",
              "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sweden's two high courts are what?",
              "id": "572791fb708984140094e12b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?",
              "id": "572791fb708984140094e12c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "all other cases" }],
              "question": "The Supreme Court hears what?",
              "id": "572791fb708984140094e12d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "appointed by the Government" }
              ],
              "question": "How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?",
              "id": "572791fb708984140094e12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd" }
              ],
              "question": "The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?",
              "id": "572791fb708984140094e12f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1972" }],
              "question": "When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?",
              "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "all lower Courts" }],
              "question": "The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?",
              "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "common-law and civil-law" }
              ],
              "question": "Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?",
              "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "2/3" }],
              "question": "What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?",
              "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "\"two apex\"" }],
              "question": "South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?",
              "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?",
              "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "the Constitutional Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?",
              "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "August 2013" }],
              "question": "When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?",
              "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?",
              "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?",
              "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "cases which have already been decided"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?",
              "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "common law" }],
              "question": "Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?",
              "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Portuguese-based legal system" }
              ],
              "question": "Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?",
              "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Textual_criticism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?",
              "id": "572773f6708984140094dded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the textual critic?",
              "id": "572773f6708984140094ddee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "philology" }],
              "question": "What is the proper name for textual scholarship?",
              "id": "572773f6708984140094ddef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?",
              "id": "572773f6708984140094ddf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "recensions" }],
              "question": "What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?",
              "id": "572773f6708984140094ddf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7\u20138th centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "Qur'an" }],
              "question": "Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?",
              "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?",
              "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?",
              "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 645, "text": "Sana'a manuscripts" }
              ],
              "question": "What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an",
              "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 679,
                  "text": "possibly date back to the 7\u20138th centuries."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?",
              "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism\u2014both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt\u2014a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?",
              "id": "57277778708984140094de55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "Mesopotamia and Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.",
              "id": "57277778708984140094de57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 872, "text": "is, to the devout, taboo." }
              ],
              "question": "Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?",
              "id": "57277778708984140094de58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Bible" }],
              "question": "Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?",
              "id": "57277778708984140094de56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "a period of about five millennia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?",
              "id": "57277778708984140094de59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. \"If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "identification of the first exemplar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?",
              "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "split in the tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?",
              "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "the archetype" }],
              "question": "The exemplar is otherwise known as what?",
              "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "the constitutio" }],
              "question": "The final product of reconstruction is known as what?",
              "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in or accompanies in \"critical edition\"?",
              "id": "572778c3708984140094de8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "presents the author's work in three parts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?",
              "id": "572778c3708984140094de90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "a \"critical edition\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of the textual critic?",
              "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus."
                }
              ],
              "question": "A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?",
              "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?",
              "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?",
              "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?",
              "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "literature was copied by hand" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?",
              "id": "57277a85708984140094debb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are printed editions immune to variation?",
              "id": "57277a85708984140094debc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?",
              "id": "57277a85708984140094debd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 744, "text": "eclectic." }],
              "question": "An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?",
              "id": "57277a85708984140094debe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be un-original, hence establishing a \"critical text\", or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both \"external\" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and \"internal\" or \"physical\" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "witnesses" }],
              "question": "Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?",
              "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "variant readings, or simply variants or readings."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?",
              "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How or why do variations enter a witness text?",
              "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 788, "text": "document variant readings" }
              ],
              "question": "As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?",
              "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 815,
                  "text": "so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?",
              "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The collation of all known variants of a text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a variorum?",
              "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of a variorum?",
              "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Edward Fitzgerald" }],
              "question": "Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.",
              "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.",
              "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions. Although nearly all subsequent manuscripts may have included the addition, textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "an impression of the number of witnesses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often included in an eclectic reading?",
              "id": "57277f03708984140094df2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?",
              "id": "57277f03708984140094df2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?",
              "id": "57277f03708984140094df2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the best witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is external evidence?",
              "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are older manuscripts preferred?",
              "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "geographically diverse" }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?",
              "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?",
              "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder reading is stronger), recognizes the tendency for harmonization\u2014resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. Such cases also include scribes simplifying and smoothing texts they did not fully understand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?",
              "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main principle of lectio brevior?",
              "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "shorter reading" }],
              "question": "Define \"lectio brevior\"",
              "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "the tendency for harmonization\u2014resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?",
              "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "more difficult reading" }
              ],
              "question": "Define \"lectio difficilior\"",
              "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brooke Foss Westcott (1825\u20131901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828\u20131892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.\" They also argued that \"Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses\", and that \"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "They proposed nine critical rules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?",
              "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Bengel's rule?",
              "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "\"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?",
              "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?",
              "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?",
              "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-text editing (a complete rejection of eclecticism) became one extreme. Stemmatics and copy-text editing \u2013 while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources \u2013 sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by \"objective\" criteria.[citation needed] The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?",
              "id": "57278440708984140094dfce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?",
              "id": "57278440708984140094dfcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 807,
                  "text": "the depth of research of the critic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?",
              "id": "57278440708984140094dfd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?",
              "id": "57278440708984140094dfcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793\u20131851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata may refer to \"family trees\". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit with the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. The method works from the principle that \"community of error implies community of origin.\" That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a hyparchetype. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or stemma codicum descended from a single archetype. The process of constructing the stemma is called recension, or the Latin recensio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "a rigorous approach to textual criticism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is stemmatics?",
              "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 504,
                  "text": "The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a cladogram?",
              "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 708,
                  "text": "it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?",
              "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "a common intermediate source" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a hyparchetype?",
              "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 986,
                  "text": "The process of constructing the stemma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is recension?",
              "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "examinatio and emendatio" }
              ],
              "question": "Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?",
              "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "copy text editing" }],
              "question": "What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?",
              "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "eclecticism" }],
              "question": "What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?",
              "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea042"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The critic Joseph B\u00e9dier (1864\u20131938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to \"break the tie\" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Joseph B\u00e9dier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?",
              "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 387,
                  "text": "the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?",
              "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "editors tended to favor trees with two branches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what did Joseph B\u00e9dier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?",
              "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?",
              "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 815,
                  "text": "the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the final implication of Joseph B\u00e9dier's analysis of the stemmatic method?",
              "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as \"conjectural emendation.\" But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "emendatio" }],
              "question": "What is the last step in the stemmatic method?",
              "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?",
              "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": ", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?",
              "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as \"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine.\" McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph B\u00e9dier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "When was the term copy-text introduced?",
              "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the initial definition of copy-text?",
              "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method",
              "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition \u2013 even if it contained authorial corrections \u2013 would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be \"produced by using the earliest \"good\" print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\" But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, \"we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?",
              "id": "572792ee708984140094e147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?",
              "id": "572792ee708984140094e148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 702,
                  "text": "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?",
              "id": "572792ee708984140094e149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?",
              "id": "572792ee708984140094e14a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.\" The \"exactly balanced\" variants are said to be indifferent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?",
              "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?",
              "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "indifferent" }],
              "question": "What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?",
              "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea14a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Stephen Crane. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.\" For works where an author's manuscript survived \u2013 a case Greg had not considered \u2013 Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "The principle is sound without regard for the literary period."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?",
              "id": "57279800708984140094e1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?",
              "id": "57279800708984140094e1ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "English Renaissance drama" }
              ],
              "question": "What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?",
              "id": "57279800708984140094e1bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "works where an author's manuscript survived"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main criticism of Greg's work?",
              "id": "57279800708984140094e1bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers stated similarly that the editor's task is to \"approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy.\" Tanselle notes that, \"Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?",
              "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?",
              "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bower's say about Greg's method?",
              "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?",
              "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"unconstrained authorial intention\" or \"an author's uninfluenced intentions.\" This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former\", not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bowers and Tanselle" }],
              "question": "Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?",
              "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Tanselle" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?",
              "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?",
              "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "unconstrained authorial intention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did Tanselle champion?",
              "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire \u2013 both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?",
              "id": "57279c33708984140094e235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?",
              "id": "57279c33708984140094e236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?",
              "id": "57279c33708984140094e237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "his judgment" }],
              "question": "What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?",
              "id": "57279c33708984140094e238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1896" }],
              "question": "I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?",
              "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d910e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?",
              "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d910f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?",
              "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?",
              "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "1893" }],
              "question": "When was Maggie first published?",
              "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9112"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page, indicating, tacitly, a greater modesty about the \"established\" text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "appendices that are difficult to use,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?",
              "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?",
              "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "notes at the foot of the text page"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?",
              "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "appendices" }],
              "question": "Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?",
              "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\"\u2014which manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biological basis for Cladistics?",
              "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is evolution applied to textual criticism?",
              "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 664,
                  "text": "cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?",
              "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 984,
                  "text": "does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?",
              "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de828"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes, another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end, Stanley R. Larson (a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project \u2013 which he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by Joseph Smith to his scribes) and the Printer\u2019s Manuscript (the copy Oliver Cowdery prepared for the Printer in 1829\u20131830), and compared them with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "the early 1970s" }],
              "question": "When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?",
              "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?",
              "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?",
              "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When did Larson finish his project?",
              "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1092, "text": "Larson" }],
              "question": "Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?",
              "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson\u2019s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Project which published the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work, greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate Grant Hardy, Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson, Professor John W. Welch (the head of FARMS), Professor Royal Skousen, and others too numerous to mention here. However, these were merely preliminary steps to a far more exacting and all-encompassing project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is FARMS?",
              "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Robert F. Smith" }],
              "question": "Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?",
              "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?",
              "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?",
              "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Professor John W. Welch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the head of FARMS?",
              "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments. He also closely examined the Printer\u2019s Manuscript (owned by the Community of Christ\u2014RLDS Church in Independence, Missouri) for differences in types of ink or pencil, in order to determine when and by whom they were made. He also collated the various editions of the Book of Mormon down to the present to see what sorts of changes have been made through time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When was phase one completed?",
              "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Professor Skousen" }],
              "question": "Who took over after the preliminary phase?",
              "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "to obtain fine readings" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?",
              "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "advanced photographic techniques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What process what used to study the gathered fragments?",
              "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 419, "text": "Printer\u2019s Manuscript" }
              ],
              "question": "On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants?",
              "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly insignificant and hardly affect any doctrine. Professor Douglas Stuart states: \"It is fair to say that the verses, chapters, and books of the Bible would read largely the same, and would leave the same impression with the reader, even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "extremely rare" }],
              "question": "How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?",
              "id": "5727a7474b864d1900163988"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "hardly affect any doctrine" }
              ],
              "question": "To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?",
              "id": "5727a7474b864d1900163989"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "Professor Douglas Stuart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?",
              "id": "5727a7474b864d190016398a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "virtually every possible alternative reading"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning?",
              "id": "5727a7474b864d190016398b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible \u2014 both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament \u2014 scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?",
              "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "within 200 years" }],
              "question": "What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?",
              "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "about a millennium after their composition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?",
              "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?",
              "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "if enough creativity/originality is provided"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the criteria for copyright?",
              "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9326"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?",
              "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9327"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?",
              "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9328"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?",
              "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9329"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gramophone_record",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12\", 10\", 7\"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16 2\u20443, 33 1\u20443, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP \u2013 long playing 33 1\u20443 rpm, SP \u2013 78 rpm single, EP \u2013 12-inch single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "long playing" }],
              "question": "What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?",
              "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "12\", 10\", 7\"" }],
              "question": "What are common diameters found in phonograph records?",
              "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "analogue sound storage medium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?",
              "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "near the periphery" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?",
              "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "rpm" }],
              "question": "In what method is the rotational speed measured in?",
              "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record\u2013with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s\u2013by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. From the 1990s to the 2010s, records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale, and were especially used by disc jockeys (DJ)s, released by artists in some genres, and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century \u2013 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "music reproduction" }],
              "question": "What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?",
              "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?",
              "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 628, "text": "disc jockeys (DJ)s" }
              ],
              "question": "From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?",
              "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "9.2 million" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?",
              "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "audiophiles" }],
              "question": "What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?",
              "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The phonautograph, patented by L\u00e9on Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "visual analysis" }],
              "question": "What was the original intent of the phonautograph?",
              "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "2000s" }],
              "question": "In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?",
              "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?",
              "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "L\u00e9on Scott" }],
              "question": "By whom was the phonautograms patented?",
              "id": "572778755951b619008f8aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "1857" }],
              "question": "In what year was phonautograms patented?",
              "id": "572778755951b619008f8abb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a \"telephone repeater\" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a hollow wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device. The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?",
              "id": "57277b12708984140094decb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "capable of both recording and reproducing sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?",
              "id": "57277b12708984140094decc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1078, "text": "reproducing sound" }
              ],
              "question": "What was unique about Einsteins invention?",
              "id": "57277b12708984140094decd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1678, "text": "1880s" }],
              "question": "At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?",
              "id": "57277b12708984140094dece"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the \"gramophone\", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder \"phonograph\" and Columbia's wax cylinder \"graphophone\". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's \"Gramophone\" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "gramophone" }],
              "question": "What is the name of lateral cut disc records?",
              "id": "572789cd708984140094e043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 740, "text": "poor sound quality" }
              ],
              "question": "What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? ",
              "id": "572789cd708984140094e044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where were lateral cut disc records developed?",
              "id": "572789cd708984140094e045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1193, "text": "RCA Victor" }],
              "question": "What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?",
              "id": "572789cd708984140094e046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1250, "text": "Montreal" }],
              "question": "Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?",
              "id": "572789cd708984140094e047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4\u00bd minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 641, "text": "Blue Amberol cylinders" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?",
              "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?",
              "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 962, "text": "digital compact disc" }
              ],
              "question": "What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?",
              "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Amberol cylinder" }],
              "question": "What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?",
              "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "celluloid" }],
              "question": "What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?",
              "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn. Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled (or replaced) by louder wind instruments, such as tubas. Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins, which became popular with recording studios.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Sensitivity and frequency range were poor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two drawback of early recordings?",
              "id": "57278ca1708984140094e099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "face in the recording horn" }
              ],
              "question": "How would one make to early recordings?",
              "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Stroh violins" }],
              "question": "What types of violins worked best with early recordings?",
              "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "Lower-pitched orchestral instruments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What instruments did not record well?",
              "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "very irregular" }],
              "question": "How was the frequency response in early recordings?",
              "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. \"They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad.\" For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "moveable platform" }],
              "question": "What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?",
              "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "farthest away from the collecting horn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?",
              "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "fifteen feet" }],
              "question": "How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?",
              "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "drums could be effectively used"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?",
              "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "collecting horn" }],
              "question": "What was the item called that recorded the sounds?",
              "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovations resulted in a greatly expanded and more even frequency response, creating a dramatically fuller, clearer and more natural-sounding recording. Distant or less strong sounds that were impossible to record by the old methods could now be captured. Volume was now limited only by the groove spacing on the record and the limitations of the intended playback device. Victor and Columbia licensed the new electrical system from Western Electric and began issuing electrically recorded discs in 1925. The first classical recording was of Chopin impromptus and Schubert's Litanei by Alfred Cortot for Victor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "vacuum tubes" }],
              "question": "What was an early took used to amplify sounds?",
              "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Western Electric" }],
              "question": "What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?",
              "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea04f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?",
              "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "microphone" }],
              "question": "What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?",
              "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "fuller, clearer and more natural"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?",
              "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea052"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "high cost" }],
              "question": "What was a drawback of early home recording systems?",
              "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "US$95 to US$300" }],
              "question": "What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?",
              "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?",
              "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "$20" }],
              "question": "What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?",
              "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "cabinetry" }],
              "question": "What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?",
              "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest disc records (1889\u20131894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a \"dirty\" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "hard rubber" }],
              "question": "What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?",
              "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "a shellac-based compound" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the standard material for discs around 1895?",
              "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "Columbia Records" }],
              "question": "What company was known for laminate construction of discs?",
              "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "carbon" }],
              "question": "What material give the vinyl records their known black color?",
              "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "lubricant" }],
              "question": "What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?",
              "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Flexible or so-called \"unbreakable\" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise. In the United States, Columbia Records introduced flexible, fiber-cored \"Marconi Velvet Tone Record\" pressings in 1907, but the advantages and longevity of their relatively noiseless surfaces depended on the scrupulous use of special gold-plated Marconi Needles and the product was not a success. Thin, flexible plastic records such as the German Phonycord and the British Filmophone and Goodson records appeared around 1930 but also did not last long. The contemporary French Path\u00e9 Cellodiscs, made of a very thin black plastic, which uncannily resembles the vinyl \"sound sheet\" magazine inserts of the 1965\u20131985 era, were similarly short-lived. In the US, Hit of the Week records, made of a patented translucent plastic called Durium coated on a heavy brown paper base, were introduced in early 1930. A new issue came out every week and they were sold at newsstands like a weekly magazine. Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first, they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932. Related Durium records continued to be made somewhat later in the UK and elsewhere, and as remarkably late as 1950 in Italy, where the name \"Durium\" survived far into the LP era as a trademark on ordinary vinyl records. Despite all these attempts at innovation, shellac compounds continued to be used for the overwhelming majority of commercial 78 rpm records during the lifetime of the format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1356, "text": "Great Depression" }],
              "question": "What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?",
              "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1407, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?",
              "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1675, "text": "shellac compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "What are most 78 rpm records made of?",
              "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "surface noise" }],
              "question": "What was a common problem found in early flexible records?",
              "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea109"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1105, "text": "Durium" }],
              "question": "What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?",
              "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea10a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce \"unbreakable\" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "vinyl-based Victrolac compound" }
              ],
              "question": "What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?",
              "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fcfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1335, "text": "children's records" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?",
              "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fcff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "What year was the Victrolac compound released?",
              "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?",
              "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "higher cost" }],
              "question": "What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?",
              "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5 cm) were also sold commercially, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Victor, Brunswick and Columbia also issued 12-inch popular medleys, usually spotlighting a Broadway show score. However, other sizes did appear. Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) label became popular for about a decade in Britain, but they cannot be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm cannot play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "10-inch" }],
              "question": "What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?",
              "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea17e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "four to five minutes of music per side"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?",
              "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea17f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "12.5 cm" }],
              "question": "How small were the earliest discs released?",
              "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 897, "text": "modification of the equipment" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?",
              "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "10-inch" }],
              "question": "Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?",
              "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea182"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music, almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52\u20132:59.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "turntable speed and the groove spacing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?",
              "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "two minutes" }],
              "question": "What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?",
              "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "10-inch" }],
              "question": "What was the normal size disc for popular music?",
              "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "three and a half minutes" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?",
              "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: \"Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development.\" The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the extra length: \"Carnegie Drag\" was 3:15; \"Carnegie Jump\", 2:41. But at the second session, on April 30, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: \"Embraceable You\" was 4:05; \"Serenade to a Shylock\", 4:32. Another way around the time limitation was to issue a selection on both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded \"Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean\", written by Irving and Jack Kaufman, as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for Cameo. An obvious workaround for longer recordings was to release a set of records. An early multi-record release was in 1903, when HMV in England made the first complete recording of an opera, Verdi's Ernani, on 40 single-sided discs. In 1940, Commodore released Eddie Condon and his Band's recording of \"A Good Man Is Hard to Find\" in four parts, issued on both sides of two 12-inch 78s. This limitation on the duration of recordings persisted from 1910 until the invention of the LP record, in 1948. In popular music, this time limitation of about 3:30 on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers usually did not release long pieces on record. One exception is Frank Sinatra's recording of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Soliloquy\", from Carousel, made on May 28, 1946. Because it ran 7:57, longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record, it was released on Columbia's Masterwork label (the classical division) as two sides of a 12-inch record. The same was true of John Raitt's performance of the song on the original cast album of Carousel, which had been issued on a 78-rpm album set by American Decca in 1945.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1645, "text": "Columbia's Masterwork label" }
              ],
              "question": "On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?",
              "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1319, "text": "about 3:30" }],
              "question": "What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?",
              "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "release a set of records" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?",
              "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "two sides" }],
              "question": "How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?",
              "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of the opera Carmen in the previous year. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years; however, HMV provided an album, with a pictorial cover, for the 1917 recording of The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?",
              "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?",
              "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "When were albums said to be pioneered?",
              "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the very first albums released?",
              "id": "57279cc0708984140094e240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term \"record album\" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When could record album covers first be found?",
              "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d9118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were early record album covers made of?",
              "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d9119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "10-inch and 12-inch sizes" }
              ],
              "question": "What sizes were record album covers available in?",
              "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "upright" }],
              "question": "How were record album covers intended to be stored?",
              "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "protecting them" }],
              "question": "What was the purpose of record album covers?",
              "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight tunes per album. When the 12-inch vinyl LP era began in 1949, the single record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s, and was still often referred to as an \"album\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When were albums as we currently know them widely released?",
              "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "artwork" }],
              "question": "What is typically found on the front cover of an album?",
              "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "three or four" }],
              "question": "How may records were commonly found in an album?",
              "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?",
              "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "six or eight" }],
              "question": "How many songs did most albums contain?",
              "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s, when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records, which released, in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl (as opposed to traditional 78s, with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves). This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records, hence the label's name (obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s \"hi-fi\" era, when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before). Also in the late 1950s, Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7\" microgrooved records at 78 rpm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "collectable or nostalgia purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?",
              "id": "57279f213acd2414000de811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "higher-quality audio playback" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?",
              "id": "57279f213acd2414000de812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 965, "text": "Bell Records" }],
              "question": "Who released 7\" microgrooved records in the 1950s?",
              "id": "57279f213acd2414000de813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 906, "text": "wider range of audio" }
              ],
              "question": "What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?",
              "id": "57279f213acd2414000de814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Ewing Dunbar Nunn" }],
              "question": "Who founded Audiophile Records?",
              "id": "57279f213acd2414000de815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1968, Reprise planned to release a series of 78 rpm singles from their artists on their label at the time, called the Reprise Speed Series. Only one disc actually saw release, Randy Newman's I Think It's Going to Rain Today, a track from his self-titled debut album (with The Beehive State on the flipside). Reprise did not proceed further with the series due to a lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest in the concept. Guitarist & vocalist Leon Redbone released a promotional 78 rpm record in 1978 featuring two songs (Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone) from his Champagne Charlie album. In 1980 Stiff Records in the United Kingdom issued a 78 by Joe \"King\" Carrasco containing the songs Buena (Spanish for \"good,\" with the alternate spelling \"Bueno\" on the label) and Tuff Enuff. Underground comic cartoonist and 78 rpm record collector Robert Crumb released three discs with his Cheap Suit Serenaders in the 1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?",
              "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "Think It's Going to Rain Today"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?",
              "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format?",
              "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Stiff Records" }],
              "question": "What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?",
              "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl?",
              "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes. This was a disaster because Rhino did not warn customers that their records were made of vinyl, and that the vintage 78 RPM juke boxes were designed with heavy tone arms and steel needles to play the hard shellac records of their time. This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation,[citation needed] as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?",
              "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 478, "text": "they were destroyed" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?",
              "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "lightweight tone arms and jewel needles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?",
              "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "owners of vintage jukeboxes" }
              ],
              "question": "For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?",
              "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "bad reputation" }],
              "question": "How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?",
              "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1\u20443 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Victor's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression. Because of financial hardships that plagued the recording industry during that period (and RCA's own parched revenues), Victor's long-playing records were discontinued by early 1933.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "ten minutes playing time per side"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?",
              "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "commercial failure" }
              ],
              "question": "How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?",
              "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When did RCA Victor release long play discs?",
              "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "RCA Victor" }],
              "question": "Who released the first commercial long play discs?",
              "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "early 1933" }],
              "question": "By when were long play records discontinued?",
              "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1\u20443 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "lower surface noise" }],
              "question": "What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?",
              "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d9308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "vinyl" }],
              "question": "By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?",
              "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d9309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What was a factor in shellac availability?",
              "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "vinyl" }],
              "question": "Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?",
              "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "vinyl" }],
              "question": "What material were most mailed records made of?",
              "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. It took about eight years of study, except when it was suspended because of World War II. Finally, the 12-inch (30 cm) Long Play (LP) 33 1\u20443 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18, 1948.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?",
              "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de903"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "Columbia Record Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who released the 12 inch LP?",
              "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "June 18, 1948" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 12 inch LP released?",
              "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "In what city was the 12 in LP released?",
              "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "about eight years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?",
              "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de907"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "The 45 rpm player" }],
              "question": "What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?",
              "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d924e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "vinyl or polystyrene" }
              ],
              "question": "What materials were 45 rpm records made of?",
              "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d924f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "eight minutes" }],
              "question": "What was the play time of a 45 rpm",
              "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d9250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "7 inches" }],
              "question": "What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?",
              "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d9251"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the rotational speed of the records increased as reproduction progressed. This action is similar (although in reverse) to that on the modern compact disc and the CLV version of its predecessor, the Philips Laser Disc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "World Records" }],
              "question": "Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?",
              "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the constant linear velocity?",
              "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "played from the outside to the inside"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a unique feature of World Records records?",
              "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Philips Laser Disc" }
              ],
              "question": "What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?",
              "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9263"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would \"stand still\" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "46:1" }],
              "question": "What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?",
              "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?",
              "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "3600 rpm" }],
              "question": "How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?",
              "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are these records known as '78s'?",
              "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de982"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as India (where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78), into the 1960s. For example, Columbia Records' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records was an album called Young at Heart, issued November 1, 1954. As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. In the United Kingdom, the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular. The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s, as teenagers became increasingly affluent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "1950s" }],
              "question": "When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm",
              "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "teenagers" }],
              "question": "With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?",
              "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "about 1960" }],
              "question": "At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?",
              "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "November 1, 1954." }],
              "question": "On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?",
              "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?",
              "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Elvis Presley's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45. This is because the majority of those sales in 1954\u201355 were to the \"hillbilly\" market in the South and Southwestern United States, where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time. By the end of 1957, RCA Victor announced that 78s accounted for less than 10% of Presley's singles sales, essentially announcing the death throes of the 78 rpm format. The last Presley single released on 78 in the United States was RCA Victor 20-7410, I Got Stung/One Night (1958), while the last 78 in the UK was RCA 1194, A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend (1960).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "less than 10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Elvis Presley's single sales were of 78s?",
              "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?",
              "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Elvis sales of 78s perform so well in the Southern States?",
              "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Sun Records" }],
              "question": "On which label did Elvis release his early singles?",
              "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "I Got Stung/One Night" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the last Elvis Presley single released on 78?",
              "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard \"78\": the 33 1\u20443 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above). The 33 1\u20443 rpm LP (for \"long-play\") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948. RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in March 1949, each pursuing their own r&d in secret. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with smaller stylus\u2014typically 0.001 inches (25 \u00b5m) wide, compared to 0.003 inches (76 \u00b5m) for a 78\u2014so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred standard, requiring discriminating listeners to use pre-amplifiers with multiple selectable equalization curves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "33 1\u20443 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two formats replaced the 78?",
              "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Columbia Records" }],
              "question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?",
              "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "June 1948" }],
              "question": "When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?",
              "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "March 1949" }],
              "question": "When did RCA release their 45 rpm format?",
              "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "mid-1950s" }],
              "question": "When were RIAA standards established?",
              "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163abc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2\u20443 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1\u20443 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2\u20443 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2\u20443 rpm records. Subsequently, the 16 2\u20443 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "narrated publications" }
              ],
              "question": "What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?",
              "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Peter Goldmark" }],
              "question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?",
              "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "Highway Hi-Fi 16 2\u20443 rpm record"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?",
              "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "poor performance" }],
              "question": "Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?",
              "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 759, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?",
              "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d9500"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the \"War of the Speeds\". (See also format war.) In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "RCA" }],
              "question": "Which company lost the \"War of the Speeds\"?",
              "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "45 rpm" }],
              "question": "What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?",
              "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "1948 to 1950" }],
              "question": "Over which years did the \"War of the Speeds\" last? ",
              "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "200 million" }],
              "question": "By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?",
              "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "RCA Victor and Columbia Records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two companies were involved in the \"War of the Speeds\"?",
              "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1\u20443 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, one each by Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Johnnie Ray, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, and Frankie Laine. The 10-inch LP however had a longer life in the United Kingdom, where important early British rock and roll albums such as Lonnie Donegan's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury's The Sound of Fury were released in that form. The 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc or \"single\" established a significant niche for shorter duration discs, typically containing one item on each side. The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "10-inch" }],
              "question": "What format of LPs was discontinued?",
              "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?",
              "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "United Kingdom" }],
              "question": "In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest?",
              "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "12-inch LP" }],
              "question": "Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side?",
              "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 886, "text": "12-inch LP" }],
              "question": "Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?",
              "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as extended play (EP), which achieved up to 10\u201315 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were cheaper to produce, and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players. LP albums could be purchased 1 EP at a time, with four items per EP, or in a boxed set with 3 EPs or 12 items. The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. EPs were generally discontinued by the late 1950s in the U.S. as three- and four-speed record players replaced the individual 45 players. One indication of the decline of the 45 rpm EP is that the last Columbia Records reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 45 rpm EP records, called Frank Sinatra (Columbia B-2641) was issued on December 7, 1959. The EP lasted considerably longer in Europe, and was a popular format during the 1960s for recordings by artists such as Serge Gainsbourg and the Beatles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "extended play" }],
              "question": "What do the initials EP stand for?",
              "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 528, "text": "The large center hole" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were 45s more popular with jukeboxes?",
              "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "EPs" }],
              "question": "What format was phased out by the end of the 1950s?",
              "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "EP discs were cheaper" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a benefit of EPs over LPs?",
              "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or \"stereo\" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, 33 1\u20443, and sometimes 16 2\u20443 rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing, a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole. The adapter could be a small solid circle that fit onto the bottom of the spindle (meaning only one 45 could be played at a time) or a larger adaptor that fit over the entire spindle, permitting a stack of 45s to be played.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "78, 45, 33 1\u20443" }
              ],
              "question": "What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950's?",
              "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "larger center hole." }
              ],
              "question": "What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos?",
              "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "changer" }],
              "question": "What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records?",
              "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "16 2\u20443 rpm" }],
              "question": "What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos?",
              "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a \"spider\". These inserts, commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison, were prevalent starting in the 1960s, selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday. In countries outside the U.S., 45s often had the smaller album-sized holes, e.g., Australia and New Zealand, or as in the United Kingdom, especially before the 1970s, the disc had a small hole within a circular central section held only by three or four lands so that it could be easily punched out if desired (typically for use in jukeboxes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 635, "text": "for use in jukeboxes" }
              ],
              "question": "Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?",
              "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "spider" }],
              "question": "What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?",
              "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "spider" }],
              "question": "What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce?",
              "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "RCA president David Sarnoff" }
              ],
              "question": "Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by?",
              "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "tens of millions per year" }
              ],
              "question": "How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays?",
              "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"high fidelity\" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing \"perfect\" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the \"hi-fi\" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players. High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "high fidelity" }],
              "question": "What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "High Fidelity and Audio" }
              ],
              "question": "What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?",
              "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?",
              "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1930s and 1940s" }],
              "question": "During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?",
              "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "high fidelity" }],
              "question": "What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?",
              "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stereophonic sound recording, which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane, was the natural extension to monophonic recording, and attracted various alternative engineering attempts. The ultimately dominant \"45/45\" stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 (see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933) although the system was not exploited commercially until much later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "stereophonic record system" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Alan Blumlein event?",
              "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "When did EMI create the first stereo discs?",
              "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "more natural listening experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?",
              "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "What year was stereo sound patented? ",
              "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "was not exploited commercially until much later."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "recorded four separate sound signals."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did quadraphonic recording feature?",
              "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "development of quadraphonic records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?",
              "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "commercially unsuccessful" }
              ],
              "question": "How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?",
              "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "later surround-sound systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?",
              "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?",
              "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "even less successful than the two matrixed formats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? ",
              "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "CD-4" }],
              "question": "What format was less successful than quadraphonic?",
              "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "reduced distortion and greater headroom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?",
              "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "RCA" }],
              "question": "Who created the CD-4 format?",
              "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951. The first record, a Chicago Symphony Orchestra performance of Pictures at an Exhibition, conducted by Rafael Kubelik, was described as \"being in the living presence of the orchestra\" by The New York Times music critic. The series of records was then named Mercury Living Presence. In 1955, Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961, Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35 mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, Wilma Cozart Fine, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Mercury Records" }],
              "question": "For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?",
              "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1009,
                  "text": "prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?",
              "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1121, "text": "Mercury" }],
              "question": "Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?",
              "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "The center" }],
              "question": "Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?",
              "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?",
              "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9536"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, various methods to improve the dynamic range of mass-produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed, to name two, as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. RCA Victor introduced another system to reduce dynamic range and achieve a groove with less surface noise under the commercial name of Dynagroove. Two main elements were combined: another disk material with less surface noise in the groove and dynamic compression for masking background noise. Sometimes this was called \"diaphragming\" the source material and not favoured by some music lovers for its unnatural side effects. Both elements were reflected in the brandname of Dynagroove, described elsewhere in more detail. It also used the earlier advanced method of forward-looking control on groove spacing with respect to volume of sound and position on the disk. Lower recorded volume used closer spacing; higher recorded volume used wider spacing, especially with lower frequencies. Also, the higher track density at lower volumes enabled disk recordings to end farther away from the disk center than usual, helping to reduce endtrack distortion even further.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?",
              "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "RCA Victor" }],
              "question": "Who developed the Dynagroove format?",
              "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 701, "text": "unnatural side effects" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming? ",
              "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 966, "text": "Lower recorded volume" }
              ],
              "question": "What did closer groove spacing result in?",
              "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "wider spacing" }],
              "question": "What would be found with higher recorded volumes?",
              "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original master\" records were released, using expensive state-of-the-art technology. A further late 1970s development was the Disco Eye-Cued system used mainly on Motown 12-inch singles released between 1978 and 1980. The introduction, drum-breaks, or choruses of a track were indicated by widely separated grooves, giving a visual cue to DJs mixing the records. The appearance of these records is similar to an LP, but they only contain one track each side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "visual cue to DJs mixing the records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?",
              "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "only contain one track each side"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?",
              "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "late 1970s" }],
              "question": "When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed?",
              "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "a \"purist\" transcription" }
              ],
              "question": "What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?",
              "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "late 1970s" }],
              "question": "When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released?",
              "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d9670"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB: quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain, via automatic gain control in the playback equipment; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages). A similar and very short-lived scheme involved using the CBS-developed \"CX\" noise reduction encoding/decoding scheme.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "automatic gain control" }
              ],
              "question": "What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?",
              "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "mid-1970s" }],
              "question": "When were DBX recordings released?",
              "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "completely incompatible with" }
              ],
              "question": "How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies?",
              "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 531,
                  "text": "reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings?",
              "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "\"CX\" noise reduction" }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?",
              "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9698"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records, and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs. Various other laser-based turntables were tried during the 1990s, but while a laser reads the groove very accurately, since it does not touch the record, the dust that vinyl attracts due to static electric charge is not mechanically pushed out of the groove, worsening sound quality in casual use compared to conventional stylus playback.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "ELPJ" }],
              "question": "What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?",
              "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "eliminates record wear" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a benedit of laser read discs?",
              "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "degrade the sound" }],
              "question": "What was a drawback of laser read discs?",
              "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "archiving of analog records" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary use of laser read discs?",
              "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "dust" }],
              "question": "What was a major issue for laser read discs?",
              "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself, but cannot read vertically modulated information. This excludes grooved recordings such as cylinders and some radio transcriptions that feature a hill-and-dale format of recording, and stereophonic or quadraphonic grooved recordings, which utilize a combination of the two as well as supersonic encoding for quadraphonic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "scanning machine for disc records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Irene?",
              "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was IRENE developed?",
              "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "retrieve the information" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary use of IRENE?",
              "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "cannot read vertically modulated information"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?",
              "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000dece0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "without touching the medium" }
              ],
              "question": "Does IRENE require the  ability to touch the media?",
              "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000dece1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Terms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes per side, bringing the total playing time of a typical LP recording to about forty-five minutes. Many pre-1952 LPs, however, played for about 15 minutes per side. The 7-inch 45 rpm format normally contains one item per side but a 7-inch EP could achieve recording times of 10 to 15 minutes at the expense of attenuating and compressing the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were generally used to make available tracks not on singles including tracks on LPs albums in a smaller, less expensive format for those who had only 45 rpm players. The large center hole on 7-inch 45 rpm records allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. The term \"album\", originally used to mean a \"book\" with liner notes, holding several 78 rpm records each in its own \"page\" or sleeve, no longer has any relation to the physical format: a single LP record, or nowadays more typically a compact disc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What terms are used for recording with more than one track?",
              "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "forty-five minutes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a typical max playing time of an LP?",
              "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "LPs" }],
              "question": "Which format is cheaper, LP or EP?",
              "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "7-inch EP" }],
              "question": "Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes?",
              "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "22 minutes" }],
              "question": "What was a normal play time per side for LPs?",
              "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: black 47-xxxx popular series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, dark blue 52-xxxx light classics. All colors were soon dropped in favor of black because of production problems. However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952. The first 45 rpm record created for sale was \"PeeWee the Piccolo\" RCA 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant, Indianapolis Dec. 7, 1948, R.O. Price, plant manager.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 667, "text": "yellow and deep red" }
              ],
              "question": "Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?",
              "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "PeeWee the Piccolo was what?",
              "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold?",
              "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "seven colors" }],
              "question": "How many colors were 45s available in when first released?",
              "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1949" }],
              "question": "When did RCA release the 45?",
              "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d9740"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus (needle) placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed. Generally, the outer and inner parts of the groove bear no intended sound (an exception is Split Enz's Mental Notes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "outside edge towards the center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?",
              "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "by fine variations" }
              ],
              "question": "How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?",
              "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "correct speed" }],
              "question": "Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?",
              "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "no" }],
              "question": "Do all grooves bear data?",
              "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Towards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings (for example Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles, Super Trouper by Abba and Atom Heart Mother by Pink Floyd), the sound continues on the lock groove, which gives a strange repeating effect. Automatic turntables rely on the position or angular velocity of the arm, as it reaches the wider spacing in the groove, to trigger a mechanism that lifts the arm off the record. Precisely because of this mechanism, most automatic turntables are incapable of playing any audio in the lock groove, since they will lift the arm before it reaches that groove.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "wide-pitched section" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a 'lead out'?",
              "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "lock groove" }],
              "question": "What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle?",
              "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 744,
                  "text": "most automatic turntables are incapable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do turntables play music on lock grooves?",
              "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 841, "text": "lift the arm" }],
              "question": "What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove?",
              "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9675"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Towards the center, at the end of the groove"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do you find a lead out?",
              "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9676"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack of several records above the turntable itself, dropping them one at a time onto the active turntable to be played in order. Many longer sound recordings, such as complete operas, were interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms, so that the first disk of a three-disk recording would carry sides 1 and 6 of the program, while the second disk would carry sides 2 and 5, and the third, sides 3 and 4, allowing sides 1, 2, and 3 to be played automatically; then the whole stack reversed to play sides 4, 5, and 6.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "reducing the risk of damage" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were records made with raised label areas?",
              "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems?",
              "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do grooves on records touch when stacked?",
              "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do records touch when in auto changers?",
              "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play. 180 g vinyl is more expensive to produce only because it uses more vinyl. Manufacturing processes are identical regardless of weight. In fact, pressing lightweight records requires more care. An exception is the propensity of 200 g pressings to be slightly more prone to non-fill, when the vinyl biscuit does not sufficiently fill a deep groove during pressing (percussion or vocal amplitude changes are the usual locations of these artifacts). This flaw causes a grinding or scratching sound at the non-fill point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases?",
              "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "heavyweight vinyl" }],
              "question": "What is the material preference of collectors?",
              "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "Manufacturing processes are identical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl?",
              "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 783, "text": "grinding or scratching sound" }
              ],
              "question": "Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record?",
              "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "lightweight records requires more care"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail, lightweight or heavyweight?",
              "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal mastering (DMM), the master disc is cut on a copper-coated disc, which can also have a minor \"orange peel\" effect on the disc itself. As this \"orange peel\" originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage, there is no ill effect as there is no physical distortion of the groove.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"orange peel\" effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?",
              "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d975e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "mirror-like" }],
              "question": "What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?",
              "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d975f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "lower frequency range" }
              ],
              "question": "On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?",
              "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "there is no ill effect" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?",
              "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?",
              "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9762"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Original master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, ozokerite, barium sulfate, montan wax, stearin and paraffin, among other ingredients. Cut \"wax\" sound discs would be placed in a vacuum chamber and gold-sputtered to make them electrically conductive for use as mandrels in an electroforming bath, where pressing stamper parts were made. Later, the French company Pyral invented a ready-made blank disc having a thin nitro-cellulose lacquer coating (approximately 7 mils thickness on both sides) that was applied to an aluminum substrate. Lacquer cuts result in an immediately playable, or processable, master record. If vinyl pressings are wanted, the still-unplayed sound disc is used as a mandrel for electroforming nickel records that are used for manufacturing pressing stampers. The electroformed nickel records are mechanically separated from their respective mandrels. This is done with relative ease because no actual \"plating\" of the mandrel occurs in the type of electrodeposition known as electroforming, unlike with electroplating, in which the adhesion of the new phase of metal is chemical and relatively permanent. The one-molecule-thick coating of silver (that was sprayed onto the processed lacquer sound disc in order to make its surface electrically conductive) reverse-plates onto the nickel record's face. This negative impression disc (having ridges in place of grooves) is known as a nickel master, \"matrix\" or \"father.\" The \"father\" is then used as a mandrel to electroform a positive disc known as a \"mother\". Many mothers can be grown on a single \"father\" before ridges deteriorate beyond effective use. The \"mothers\" are then used as mandrels for electroforming more negative discs known as \"sons\". Each \"mother\" can be used to make many \"sons\" before deteriorating. The \"sons\" are then converted into \"stampers\" by center-punching a spindle hole (which was lost from the lacquer sound disc during initial electroforming of the \"father\"), and by custom-forming the target pressing profile. This allows them to be placed in the dies of the target (make and model) record press and, by center-roughing, to facilitate the adhesion of the label, which gets stuck onto the vinyl pressing without any glue. In this way, several million vinyl discs can be produced from a single lacquer sound disc. When only a few hundred discs are required, instead of electroforming a \"son\" (for each side), the \"father\" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper. Production by this latter method, known as the \"two-step-process\" (as it does not entail creation of \"sons\" but does involve creation of \"mothers,\" which are used for test playing and kept as \"safeties\" for electroforming future \"sons\") is limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings. The pressing count can increase if the stamper holds out and the quality of the vinyl is high. The \"sons\" made during a \"three-step\" electroforming make better stampers since they don't require silver removal (which reduces some high fidelity because of etching erasing part of the smallest groove modulations) and also because they have a stronger metal structure than \"fathers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2659,
                  "text": "\"father\" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the two step process?",
              "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d9798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2963,
                  "text": "limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the limitation of the two step process?",
              "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d9799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3126, "text": "three-step" }],
              "question": "Which is preferred the two step or three step process?",
              "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3105, "text": "sons" }],
              "question": "Which have stronger structures the father or son mold?",
              "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3070, "text": "quality of the vinyl is high" }
              ],
              "question": "What can increase the output of a stamper mold?",
              "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Breakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist \"broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not.\" A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye occurs after the adolescent protagonist buys a record for his younger sister but drops it and \"it broke into pieces ... I damn-near cried, it made me feel so terrible.\" A sequence where a school teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed by a group of rebellious students is a key moment in the film Blackboard Jungle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Breakage was very common" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?",
              "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening\" record get broken?",
              "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made?",
              "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backwards, creating a \"locked groove\" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase \"like a broken record\" or \"like a scratched record\", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself. Locked grooves are not uncommon and were even heard occasionally in radio broadcasts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Dust and scratches" }
              ],
              "question": "What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "Dust and scratches" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "locked groove" }],
              "question": "Where does the saying \"Like a broken record\" originate?",
              "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Vinyl records do not break easily"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How easily do vinyl records break?",
              "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "easily scratched." }],
              "question": "What is a common damage to vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes warping in vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?",
              "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method was used to protect a vinyl record?",
              "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Singles" }],
              "question": "What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?",
              "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "A small degree of warp was common,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?",
              "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d990a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200\u2013210 mm of vinyl per second \u2014 less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases.*",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 505,
                  "text": "Distortion towards the end of the side"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?",
              "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Distortion" }],
              "question": "What happens as a record wears?",
              "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a drawback of using gramophones?",
              "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "510 mm" }],
              "question": "How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?",
              "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "ending of the groove" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?",
              "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dominated by tracking effects, which is one form of unwanted rumble (\"tracking noise\") and merges with audible frequencies in the deep bass range up to about 100 Hz. High fidelity sound equipment can reproduce tracking noise and rumble. During a quiet passage, woofer speaker cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking of the stylus, at frequencies as low as just above 0.5 Hz (the frequency at which a 33 1\u20443 rpm record turns on the turntable; 5\u20449 Hz exactly on an ideal turntable). Another reason for very low frequency material can be a warped disk: its undulations produce frequencies of only a few hertz and present day amplifiers have large power bandwidths. For this reason, many stereo receivers contained a switchable subsonic filter. Some subsonic content is directly out of phase in each channel. If played back on a mono subwoofer system, the noise will cancel, significantly reducing the amount of rumble that is reproduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "warped disk" }],
              "question": "What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening?",
              "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1067, "text": "subsonic filter" }],
              "question": "What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises?",
              "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tonearm skating" }],
              "question": "What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional.",
              "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "frequencies below about 20 Hz" }
              ],
              "question": "Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating?",
              "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record?",
              "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record. At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant. These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard. During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced, thus reducing the groove width required, and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased. The playback equipment boosts bass and cuts treble so as to restore the tonal balance in the original signal; this also reduces the high frequency noise. Thus more music will fit on the record, and noise is reduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 286, "text": "limiting the playing time" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?",
              "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "hiss, pops, and ticks" }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?",
              "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "amplitude of low frequencies is reduced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?",
              "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "problems can be reduced" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a benefit of using equalization devices?",
              "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "amplitude at high frequencies is increased"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is done to high frequency  sounds to lessen sound issues?",
              "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the bass as frequency decreased, recording amplitude increased. Therefore, it was necessary to attenuate the bass frequencies below about 250 Hz, the bass turnover point, in the amplified microphone signal fed to the recording head. Otherwise, bass modulation became excessive and overcutting took place into the next record groove. When played back electrically with a magnetic pickup having a smooth response in the bass region, a complementary boost in amplitude at the bass turnover point was necessary. G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records, the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "G. H. Miller" }],
              "question": "Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?",
              "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d999e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 952,
                  "text": "reproduction was more realistic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?",
              "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d999f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "recording amplitude decreased" }
              ],
              "question": "When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?",
              "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d99a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "recording amplitude increased" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?",
              "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d99a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1925 era had a higher amplitude in the midrange region. Brilliance such as this compensated for dullness in many early magnetic pickups having drooping midrange and treble response. As a result, this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 rpm and 33 1\u20443 rpm records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "P. G. A. H. Voigt" }],
              "question": "Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?",
              "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "pre-emphasis in the recording" }
              ],
              "question": "How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?",
              "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "above 1,000 Hz" }],
              "question": "When was a pre-emphasis most useful?",
              "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "78 rpm and 33 1\u20443 rpm" }
              ],
              "question": "On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "1925 era" }],
              "question": "In which Era was this finding most significant?",
              "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250\u2013300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to \u22125 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like \u22128.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "there was no industry standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?",
              "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d988e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "In which country was the treble roll off greater?",
              "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d988f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?",
              "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "there was no industry standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the industry standard on equalization practices?",
              "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "Which country used the most varied equalization practices?",
              "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942\u20131949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary art all the way back to the 1925 Western Electric licensed method used by Columbia and Victor. For example, what Brunswick-Balke-Collender (Brunswick Corporation) did was different from the practices of Victor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?",
              "id": "5727ee154b864d190016403e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "considered a proprietary art" }
              ],
              "question": "How was standardization prior to 1942?",
              "id": "5727ee154b864d190016403f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "1942\u20131949" }],
              "question": "Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings?",
              "id": "5727ee154b864d1900164040"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB). The NAB, among other items, issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "National Association of Broadcasters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the move to standardize recordings?",
              "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When were recording standards officially released?",
              "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions."
                }
              ],
              "question": " Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?",
              "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?",
              "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "National Association of Broadcasters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the NAB?",
              "id": "5727eef54b864d190016405a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system hum and turntable rumble noises. Likewise at the treble end beginning at 1,000 Hz, if audio frequencies were boosted by 16 dB at 10,000 Hz the delicate sibilant sounds of speech and high overtones of musical instruments could survive the noise level of cellulose acetate, lacquer/aluminum, and vinyl disc media. When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve, signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "below 100 Hz" }],
              "question": "What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?",
              "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "using a complementary inverse curve"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped cause the most life like sound?",
              "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "remarkably similar" }],
              "question": "How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?",
              "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 743,
                  "text": "programming sounded more lifelike."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?",
              "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening years. The RCA Victor New Orthophonic curve was within the tolerances for the NAB/NARTB, Columbia LP, and AES curves. It eventually became the technical predecessor to the RIAA curve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "How far back could these recording practices be traced?",
              "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "long-held recording practices" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the recording standards based off from?",
              "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "New Orthophonic curve" }
              ],
              "question": "What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve?",
              "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "RCA Victor" }],
              "question": "Who developed the New Orthophonic curve?",
              "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "R.C. Moyer" }],
              "question": "Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve?",
              "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrapped with tape to help mute these resonances. Even an acoustic recording played back electrically on modern equipment sounds like it was recorded through a horn, notwithstanding a reduction in distortion because of the modern playback. Toward the end of the acoustic era, there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "many fine examples" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?",
              "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "acoustic limitations" }
              ],
              "question": "What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?",
              "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "help mute these resonances" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do photos show take on horns?",
              "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "took a lot of sound energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss?",
              "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "like it was recorded through a horn"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?",
              "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds and overtones cut on the records. This was in spite of some carbon microphones used, which had resonances that colored the recorded tone. The double button carbon microphone with stretched diaphragm was a marked improvement. Alternatively, the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech, but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "Western Electric licensed recording method"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?",
              "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d993e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "At at time was radio gaining popularity?",
              "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d993f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "carbon microphones used," }
              ],
              "question": "What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?",
              "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 658, "text": "brilliant midrange" }
              ],
              "question": "What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?",
              "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "microphones and amplifiers" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a benefit of early radio recordings?",
              "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9942"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type. Also, a folded horn with an exponential taper was constructed inside the cabinet to provide better impedance matching to the air. As a result, playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Victor Orthophonic phonograph" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?",
              "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "folded horn with an exponential taper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?",
              "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What adjustments were made to the orthophonic  to accommodate electric recordings?",
              "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "not unusual" }],
              "question": "Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?",
              "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "sounded like" }],
              "question": "How similar was the sound of a orthodontic  record to a radio?",
              "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonances. Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives. The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932. Both of these high quality microphones became widespread in motion picture, radio, recording, and public address applications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of high quality microphones?",
              "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Magnetic pickups" }],
              "question": "What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?",
              "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "around 1930" }],
              "question": "When would you have first found the moving coil microphone?",
              "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Crystal pickups" }],
              "question": "What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?",
              "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1930s and 1940s" }],
              "question": "In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically?",
              "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems. The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers, though not ideal, demonstrated this quite well with \"home recordings\" readily available in the music stores for the public to buy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "high quality cuts" }],
              "question": "What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?",
              "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?",
              "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?",
              "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "harder to tell the difference" }
              ],
              "question": "How similar were live and recorded versions?",
              "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9991"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback. The recording speed was 33 1\u20443 rpm, originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers' Vitaphone \"talkies\" of 1927.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "early 1930s" }],
              "question": "When was the Western Electric System introduced?",
              "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?",
              "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "Western Electric system" }
              ],
              "question": "What system was used by Warner Brothers?",
              "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "33 1\u20443 rpm" }],
              "question": "What speed was used in the Western Electric System?",
              "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "improve the overall quality" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Western Electric System believed to do?",
              "id": "5727f9a14b864d1900164110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback. Groove cuts in the vertical plane were employed rather than the usual lateral cuts. The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together, resulting in longer playback time. Additionally, the problem of inner groove distortion, which plagued lateral cuts, could be avoided with the vertical cut system. Wax masters were made by flowing heated wax over a hot metal disc thus avoiding the microscopic irregularities of cast blocks of wax and the necessity of planing and polishing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "longer playback time" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?",
              "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "inner groove distortion" }
              ],
              "question": "What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?",
              "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?",
              "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "override noise in playback" }
              ],
              "question": "How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?",
              "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 759,
                  "text": "avoiding the microscopic irregularities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was wax used to improve recordings?",
              "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164138"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels. Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business. These recordings use a bass turnover of 300 Hz and a 10,000 Hz rolloff of \u22128.5 dB.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "master cuts" }],
              "question": "What were used to make vinyl pressings?",
              "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?",
              "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?",
              "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it-yourself market for pickups, turntables, amplifier kits, loudspeaker enclosure plans, and AM/FM radio tuners. The LP record for longer works, 45 rpm for pop music, and FM radio became high fidelity program sources in demand. Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast and this in turn generated more record sales. The industry flourished.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?",
              "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "45 rpm" }],
              "question": "What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?",
              "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "LP record" }],
              "question": "What was used for longer recordings?",
              "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What opened doors for long recordings?",
              "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What aided in records sales in the 1950s?",
              "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turntable rumble obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off. Carrier signals of Quad LPs popular in the 1970s were at 30 kHz to be out of the range of human hearing. The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz. The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "20 Hz" }],
              "question": "What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?",
              "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "vinyl records" }],
              "question": "What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?",
              "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "20,000 Hz" }],
              "question": "What is the higher end of typical human hearing?",
              "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does the hearing range of the human vary?",
              "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164177"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc. A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early versions of these master discs were soft wax, and later a harder lacquer was used. The mastering process was originally something of an art as the operator had to manually allow for the changes in sound which affected how wide the space for the groove needed to be on each rotation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "record cutter" }],
              "question": "Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?",
              "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "soft wax" }],
              "question": "What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "harder lacquer" }],
              "question": "What was used in final recordings of vinyl records?",
              "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the 1950s  what was a typical recording process?",
              "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "master disc" }],
              "question": "Where were sound recordings originally made to?",
              "id": "5727fdec4b864d190016418a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium needs to be kept clean, but alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media, not on 78s.[citation needed] The equipment for playback of certain formats (e.g., 16 and 78 rpm) is manufactured only in small quantities, leading to increased difficulty in finding equipment to play the recordings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?",
              "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "manufactured only in small quantities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is gramophone equipment readily available?",
              "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "transferring them onto other media"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity?",
              "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "gradual degradation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a drawback of gramophone use?",
              "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "on edge" }],
              "question": "How are gramophones best stored?",
              "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Anyone can do this" }
              ],
              "question": "Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?",
              "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 617, "text": "professional archivists" }
              ],
              "question": "What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?",
              "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?",
              "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "without any further damage to the source recording"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?",
              "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "manipulated to remove analog flaws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?",
              "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century\u2014withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991, when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new product if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also deleted many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "major label distributors restricted their return policies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?",
              "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1235,
                  "text": "CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?",
              "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "between 1988 and 1991" }
              ],
              "question": "When did vinyl record sales decline?",
              "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When did compact disc popularity take hold?",
              "id": "572800793acd2414000df1ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "final quarter of the 19th century,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were groove recordings developed?",
              "id": "572800793acd2414000df1eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are records generally out of print as of date?",
              "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "Many popular new albums are given releases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are albums ever reproduced?",
              "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "Old records and out-of-print recordings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?",
              "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "records still have enthusiastic supporters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?",
              "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching originated on turntables. With CDs or compact audio cassettes one normally has only indirect manipulation options, e.g., the play, stop, and pause buttons. With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out, accelerate or decelerate the turntable, or even reverse its direction, provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it. However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "direct manipulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?",
              "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?",
              "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 613,
                  "text": "provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?",
              "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1,
                  "text": "any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?",
              "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?",
              "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, the sale of vinyl records was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year. Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks, digital albums and compact discs have fallen, the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Jack White" }],
              "question": "Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?",
              "id": "572803754b864d1900164224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "compact discs" }],
              "question": "What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?",
              "id": "572803754b864d1900164225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014?",
              "id": "572803754b864d1900164226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Pearl Jam" }],
              "question": "Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994?",
              "id": "572803754b864d1900164227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records?",
              "id": "572803754b864d1900164228"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Turner_Classic_Movies",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library \u2013 which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cin\u00e9ma), Spain (TCM Espa\u00f1a), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?",
              "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "May 1986" }],
              "question": "Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?",
              "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Time Warner" }],
              "question": "What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?",
              "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "TCM Cin\u00e9ma" }],
              "question": "What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?",
              "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "TCM Espa\u00f1a" }],
              "question": "What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?",
              "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGM's library of films released up to May 9, 1986. Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies; Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "$1.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?",
              "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9dae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?",
              "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9daf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Kirk Kerkorian" }],
              "question": "Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?",
              "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Kirk Kerkorian" }],
              "question": "Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?",
              "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "May 9, 1986" }],
              "question": "Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?",
              "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT \u2013 along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "TNT" }],
              "question": "On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?",
              "id": "57277a725951b619008f8add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "The Maltese Falcon" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a notable film that Turner colorized?",
              "id": "57277a725951b619008f8ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "MGM/UA" }],
              "question": "Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?",
              "id": "57277a725951b619008f8adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "May 1986" }],
              "question": "The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?",
              "id": "57277a725951b619008f8ae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC \u2013 which at the time was known as \"American Movie Classics\" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "one million" }],
              "question": "How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?",
              "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "American Movie Classics" }
              ],
              "question": "When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?",
              "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "released prior to 1970" }
              ],
              "question": "What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?",
              "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "By what year was AMC showing commercials?",
              "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Time Warner" }],
              "question": "With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?",
              "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Saul Zaentz" }],
              "question": "Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?",
              "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "March 1999" }],
              "question": "When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?",
              "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work subsequently premiering on the network. As of 2006, films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille, two Lon Chaney films: 1921's The Ace of Hearts and 1928's Laugh, Clown, Laugh, and Greta Garbo's 1926 film The Temptress.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?",
              "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "annual" }],
              "question": "How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?",
              "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "score a restored, feature-length silent film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?",
              "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "1928" }],
              "question": "In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?",
              "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Greta Garbo" }],
              "question": "Who starred in The Temptress?",
              "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?",
              "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "excellence in broadcasting" }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?",
              "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "April 2010" }],
              "question": "When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?",
              "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "Grauman's Egyptian Theater" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?",
              "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Hollywood" }],
              "question": "Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?",
              "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features \u2013 which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects \u2013 from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley \u2013 under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "One Reel Wonders" }],
              "question": "What were TCM Extras previously known as?",
              "id": "57277cf85951b619008f8b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?",
              "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Robert Benchley" }],
              "question": "Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?",
              "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 931, "text": "top of the hour" }],
              "question": "Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?",
              "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films \u2013 particularly those made from the 1960s onward \u2013 sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?",
              "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?",
              "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 764, "text": "TV Parental Guidelines" }
              ],
              "question": "What rating system is often used by TCM?",
              "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible \u2013 widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "31 Days of Oscar" }],
              "question": "What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?",
              "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "When does TCM's programming season begin?",
              "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "letterboxed" }],
              "question": "On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?",
              "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Humphrey Bogart" }],
              "question": "Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?",
              "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "Walt Disney Studios" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?",
              "id": "5727824e708984140094df93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?",
              "id": "5727824e708984140094df94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many films are present in the TCM library?",
              "id": "5727824e708984140094df95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?",
              "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Viacom" }],
              "question": "Who owns Paramount?",
              "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "Trifecta Entertainment & Media"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?",
              "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "The Walt Disney Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns Walt Disney Studios?",
              "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "Disney-ABC Domestic Television"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?",
              "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings \u2013 with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends \u2013 and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the \"Silent Sunday Nights\" and \"TCM Imports\" blocks on Sundays.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Robert Osborne" }],
              "question": "Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?",
              "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "film historian" }],
              "question": "What is Robert Osborne by profession?",
              "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "medical leave" }],
              "question": "Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?",
              "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Ben Mankiewicz" }],
              "question": "Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?",
              "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?",
              "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "TCM regularly airs a \"Star of the Month\" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the \"TCM Guest Programmer\", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Wednesdays" }],
              "question": "On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?",
              "id": "57278768708984140094e009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Robert Osbourne" }],
              "question": "Who hosts the Star of the Month films?",
              "id": "57278768708984140094e00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1052, "text": "February 2011" }],
              "question": "During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?",
              "id": "57278768708984140094e00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?",
              "id": "57278768708984140094e00c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the \"31 Days of Oscar\" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long \"Summer Under the Stars\" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "month preceding the Academy Awards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?",
              "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?",
              "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "Sally Field" }],
              "question": "As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?",
              "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?",
              "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Sunday" }],
              "question": "On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?",
              "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: \"Silent Sunday Nights\", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and \"TCM Imports\" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries. TCM Underground \u2013 which debuted in October 2006 \u2013 is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films, the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 (though as of 2014[update], it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Silent Sunday Nights" }
              ],
              "question": "What movie block shows silent films?",
              "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "TCM Imports" }],
              "question": "What movie block shows foreign films?",
              "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "October 2006" }],
              "question": "When did TCM Underground first appear?",
              "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Friday" }],
              "question": "On what day is TCM Underground shown?",
              "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "Rob Zombie" }],
              "question": "Who was the first host of TCM Underground?",
              "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each August, Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called \"Summer Under the Stars\", which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor, with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day. In the summer of 2007, the channel debuted \"Funday Night at the Movies\", a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny (best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants). This summer block featured classic feature films (such as The Wizard of Oz, Sounder, Bringing Up Baby, Singin' in the Rain, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, The Adventures of Robin Hood and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea) aimed at introducing these movies to new generations of children and their families.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?",
              "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "Tom Kenny" }],
              "question": "Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?",
              "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }
              ],
              "question": "What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?",
              "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?",
              "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Funday Night at the Movies\" was replaced in 2008 by \"Essentials Jr.\", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Essentials Jr." }],
              "question": "What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?",
              "id": "57278bc7708984140094e067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Abigail Breslin" }],
              "question": "Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?",
              "id": "57278bc7708984140094e068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "John Lithgow" }],
              "question": "Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?",
              "id": "57278bc7708984140094e069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Bill Hader" }],
              "question": "Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?",
              "id": "57278bc7708984140094e06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?",
              "id": "57278bc7708984140094e06b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included \"Asian Images on Film\" in 2008, \"Native American Images on Film\" in 2010, \"Black Images on Film\" in 2006 \"Latino Images on Film\" in 2009 and \"Arab Images on Film\" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Screened Out appear?",
              "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?",
              "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 898,
                  "text": "AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What series premiered in 2011?",
              "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?",
              "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 715,
                  "text": "history and depiction of homosexuality in film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the topic of Screened Out?",
              "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1994, TCM debuted \"TCM Remembers\", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive \"TCM Remembers\" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 1994" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?",
              "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "end-of-year compilation" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?",
              "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?",
              "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 974, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?",
              "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "Steve Earle" }],
              "question": "Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?",
              "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleased on DVD or VHS. The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library. The initial batch of DVDs are printed in limited quantities and subsequent batches are made-on-demand (MOD).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Warner Home Video" }],
              "question": "Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?",
              "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "shorts" }],
              "question": "What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?",
              "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "on-demand" }],
              "question": "After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?",
              "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a \"True Grit\" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2015" }],
              "question": "What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?",
              "id": "57279399708984140094e15f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Laithwaite" }],
              "question": "Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?",
              "id": "57279399708984140094e160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Francis Ford Coppola" }
              ],
              "question": "The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?",
              "id": "57279399708984140094e161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "John Wayne" }],
              "question": "Who starred in True Grit?",
              "id": "57279399708984140094e162"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "3 month" }],
              "question": "How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?",
              "id": "57279399708984140094e163"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007. While the schedule for the Canadian feed is generally the same as that of the U.S. network, some films are replaced for broadcast in Canada due to rights issues and other reasons. Other versions of TCM are available in Australia, France, Middle East, South Africa, Cyprus, Spain, Asia, Latin America, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta. The UK version operates two channels, including a spinoff called TCM 2.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Shaw Cable" }],
              "question": "What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?",
              "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?",
              "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?",
              "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 753, "text": "TCM 2" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?",
              "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "February 2007" }],
              "question": "In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?",
              "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Hindu_philosophy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Hindu philosophy refers to a group of dar\u015banas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (\u1e63a\u1e0ddar\u015bana) \u2013 Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called n\u0101stika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. N\u0101stika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, C\u0101rv\u0101ka, \u0100j\u012bvika, and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "ancient India" }],
              "question": "What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?",
              "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Astika" }],
              "question": "What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?",
              "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Vedas" }],
              "question": "What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?",
              "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "n\u0101stika" }],
              "question": "What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?",
              "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within \u0101stika philosophies and with n\u0101stika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as C\u0101rv\u0101ka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "relationship and differences" }
              ],
              "question": "What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?",
              "id": "57277d93708984140094df09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "18th and 19th" }],
              "question": "In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?",
              "id": "57277d93708984140094df0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "distinct" }],
              "question": "What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?",
              "id": "57277d93708984140094df0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 665, "text": "distinct schools" }],
              "question": "What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "57277d93708984140094df0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "limited" }],
              "question": "How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?",
              "id": "57277d93708984140094df0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Ny\u0101ya, the naturalism of the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika, the dualism of the S\u0101\u1e45khya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Examples of such schools include P\u0101\u015bupata \u015aaiva, \u015aaiva siddh\u0101nta, Pratyabhij\u00f1a, Rase\u015bvara and Vai\u1e63\u1e47ava. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The ideas of these sub-schools are found in the Puranas and \u0100gamas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?",
              "id": "572787165951b619008f8c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Ny\u0101ya" }],
              "question": "Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?",
              "id": "572787165951b619008f8c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika" }
              ],
              "question": "What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?",
              "id": "572787165951b619008f8c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "S\u0101\u1e45khya" }],
              "question": "Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?",
              "id": "572787165951b619008f8c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Advaita" }],
              "question": "What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?",
              "id": "572787165951b619008f8c63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pram\u0101\u1e47as as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts) Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school . The various schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. For example, the C\u0101rv\u0101ka n\u0101stika philosophy holds that only one (perception) is an epistemically reliable means of knowledge, the Samkhya school holds three are (perception, inference and testimony), while the M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 and Advaita schools hold all six are epistemically useful and reliable means to knowledge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "pram\u0101\u1e47as" }],
              "question": "What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?",
              "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "pratyak\u1e63a" }],
              "question": "What is the pramanas for perception?",
              "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "anum\u0101\u1e47a" }],
              "question": "What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?",
              "id": "5727889d5951b619008f8c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "\u015babda" }],
              "question": "Which pramanas is understanding of experts?",
              "id": "5727889d5951b619008f8c9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puru\u1e63a (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puru\u1e63a is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi (awareness, intellect) and ahankara (individualized ego consciousness, \u201cI-maker\u201d). The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samkhya" }],
              "question": "Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?",
              "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "two realities" }],
              "question": "How does Samkhya view the universe?",
              "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Puru\u1e63a" }],
              "question": "What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?",
              "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "prakriti" }],
              "question": "What is the Samkhya school word for matter?",
              "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "buddhi" }],
              "question": "What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?",
              "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Sattva" }],
              "question": "Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? ",
              "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Rajas" }],
              "question": "Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?",
              "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Tamas" }],
              "question": "What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?",
              "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 772, "text": "atheist / non-theistic" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?",
              "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six \u0101stika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of \"personal god\", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the S\u0101mkhya school, relies on three of six pr\u0101ma\u1e47as as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference) and \u015babda (\u0101ptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "philosophical schools" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?",
              "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Samkhya" }],
              "question": "To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?",
              "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "personal god" }],
              "question": "What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?",
              "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?",
              "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "theistic" }],
              "question": "Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?",
              "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that j\u00f1\u0101na (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism. Like Advaita Vedanta, the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable, and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "j\u00f1\u0101na" }],
              "question": "What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?",
              "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "knowledge" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of jnana?",
              "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "moksha" }],
              "question": "To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?",
              "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Advaita Vedanta" }],
              "question": "To what school does yoga share central ideas?",
              "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "liberation/freedom" }
              ],
              "question": "What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?",
              "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vai\u015be\u1e63ika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to param\u0101\u1e47u (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vai\u015be\u1e63ika school . The Vai\u015be\u1e63ika dar\u015bana is credited to Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika S\u016btra, opens as follows,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika" }],
              "question": "What philosophy is a naturalist school?",
              "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "atoms" }],
              "question": "What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 587, "text": "first millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?",
              "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 544, "text": "Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?",
              "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "world of experience" }
              ],
              "question": "By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?",
              "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (param\u0101\u1e47u) and composite. An atom is, according to Vai\u015be\u1e63ika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called \u201csmall\u201d (a\u1e47u). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vai\u015be\u1e63ikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their gu\u1e47a (quality), karma (activity), s\u0101m\u0101nya (commonness), vi\u015be\u1e63a (particularity) and amav\u0101ya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?",
              "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "earth, water, air, fire" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?",
              "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "atoms" }],
              "question": "Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?",
              "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "composite" }],
              "question": "According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?",
              "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "invisible" }],
              "question": "What form are atoms in Vaisesika?",
              "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In its metaphysics, Ny\u0101ya school is closer to the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Ny\u0101ya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality. The Ny\u0101ya S\u016btras begin:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Ny\u0101ya" }],
              "question": "What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?",
              "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "mistakes/defects" }],
              "question": "What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?",
              "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Moksha" }],
              "question": "What state is achieved through knowledge?",
              "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "liberation" }],
              "question": "What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "delusion" }],
              "question": "Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?",
              "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Pr\u0101bh\u0101kara subschool of M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). The Kum\u0101rila Bha\u1e6d\u1e6da sub-school of M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 added sixth to its canon of reliable epistemology - anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "several" }],
              "question": "How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?",
              "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?",
              "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "perception" }],
              "question": "How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?",
              "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "anum\u0101\u1e47a" }],
              "question": "What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?",
              "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "upam\u0101\u1e47a" }],
              "question": "What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?",
              "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The metaphysics in M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas held that the Vedas are \"eternal authorless infallible\", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "atheistic and theistic" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?",
              "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "eternal" }],
              "question": "How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?",
              "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "dharma" }],
              "question": "What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?",
              "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "rituals and duties" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?",
              "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "Vedanta school" }],
              "question": "What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?",
              "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d917a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe, develop and derive. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas considered orderly, law-driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school developed and emphasized karmak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (that part of the \u015bruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedas), while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized j\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, the latter parts of the Vedas).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "philology" }],
              "question": "To what study did Mimamsa give rise?",
              "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "proper, correct and right" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?",
              "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Vedantins" }],
              "question": "What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?",
              "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "early parts" }],
              "question": "What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?",
              "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 986, "text": "latter parts" }],
              "question": "What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?",
              "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ved\u0101nta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Each of these have been further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each sub-school of Vedanta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Upanishads and Brahma" }
              ],
              "question": "On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?",
              "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "first millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "In what time did the Vedanta school become active?",
              "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9381"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ved\u0101nta" }],
              "question": "Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?",
              "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "five or six methods" }
              ],
              "question": "How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?",
              "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "sub-school" }],
              "question": "On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?",
              "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9384"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as \u0101tman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "knowledge-centered understanding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d929e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "jnana" }],
              "question": "On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?",
              "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d929f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "ritualism" }],
              "question": "On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?",
              "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "many sub-schools" }],
              "question": "Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?",
              "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "\u0101tman and Brahman" }
              ],
              "question": "What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? ",
              "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Advaita literally means \"not two, sole, unity\". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. Its first great consolidator was the 8th century scholar Adi Shankara, who continued the line of thought of the Upanishadic teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher Gaudapada. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Advaita" }],
              "question": "What means ",
              "id": "5727b1c13acd2414000de9eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of m\u0101y\u0101 and \u0101tman. M\u0101y\u0101 connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore \"transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be\". The concept of \u0101tman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that \u0101tman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of m\u0101y\u0101 as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. J\u012bvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that \u0101tman within is same as \u0101tman in another person and all of Brahman \u2013 the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Brahman" }],
              "question": "According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?",
              "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "m\u0101y\u0101 and \u0101tman" }
              ],
              "question": "What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?",
              "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "always changing" }],
              "question": "How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?",
              "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "soul" }],
              "question": "To what does the concept of atman refer?",
              "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Brahman" }],
              "question": "To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?",
              "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ramanuja (c. 1037\u20131137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita or qualified non-dualism. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the philosophy of dualism?",
              "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ramanuja" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?",
              "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "c. 1037\u20131137" }],
              "question": "When did Ramanuja live?",
              "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Supreme Being" }],
              "question": "For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?",
              "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Vishnu" }],
              "question": "What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman",
              "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9324"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religions. The distinguishing factor of Dvaita philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. Like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta subschool, Dvaita philosophy also embraced Vaishnavism, with the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas identified with Vishnu and the one and only Supreme Being. However, unlike Vishishtadvaita which envisions ultimate qualified nondualism, the dualism of Dvaita was permanent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "two separate realities" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?",
              "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "monotheistic God" }],
              "question": "To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?",
              "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "takes on a personal role" }
              ],
              "question": "How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?",
              "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "permanent" }],
              "question": "As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?",
              "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Vishnu" }],
              "question": "Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?",
              "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dvait\u0101dvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent. Thus soul and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the soul is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed. Also, the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha, attended by thousands of gopis; of the Vrindavan; and devotion consists in self-surrender.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Nimbarka" }],
              "question": "What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?",
              "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "13th-century" }],
              "question": "In what century did Nimbarka live?",
              "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?",
              "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Brahman, soul, and matter" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?",
              "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "Krishna" }],
              "question": "Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?",
              "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the \u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad (400 \u2013 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhed\u0101bheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought\u2014 Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhij\u00f1a (Kashmir Shaivism).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "\u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what text is Shaivism recounted?",
              "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "400 \u2013 200 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the text on Shaivism written?",
              "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Vidyaranya" }],
              "question": "Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?",
              "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?",
              "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Pratyabhij\u00f1a" }],
              "question": "What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?",
              "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest school of Shaivism?",
              "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Lakulish" }],
              "question": "Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?",
              "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "2nd century CE" }],
              "question": "When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? ",
              "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "Vaishnava theology" }
              ],
              "question": "What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?",
              "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "servitude of souls" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?",
              "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d9550"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "P\u0101\u015bupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in P\u0101\u015bupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "P\u0101\u015bupatas" }],
              "question": "What group divided the world into two parts?",
              "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 45, "text": "insentient and the sentient" }
              ],
              "question": "Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?",
              "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "unconscious" }],
              "question": "In what staet was the insentient considered to be?",
              "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "conscious" }],
              "question": "How was the sentient seen as being?",
              "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "through the intellect" }
              ],
              "question": "For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?",
              "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d9460"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (\u015aakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (ni\u1e63kriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (m\u0101y\u0101). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "non-dual" }],
              "question": "What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?",
              "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Universal Consciousness" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?",
              "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "real" }],
              "question": "As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?",
              "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Advaita" }],
              "question": "Which group sees the world as illusion?",
              "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "merge in Shiva" }],
              "question": "According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?",
              "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Political_party",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "Democratic Party and the Republican Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?",
              "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Name a nation that has a one-party political system.",
              "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "the electorate" }],
              "question": "How are political parties elected in democracies? ",
              "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Germany and India" }],
              "question": "What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?",
              "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or \"Cavalier\") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721\u20131742; his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 was Henry Pelham (1743\u20131754).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "late-17th-century England" }
              ],
              "question": "Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?",
              "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Whigs" }],
              "question": "Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?",
              "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "Robert Walpole" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader if the Whigs?",
              "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "1715" }],
              "question": "In what year did the jacobite rising fail?",
              "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9eff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?",
              "id": "57278788708984140094e011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "Locke and Algernon Sidney" }
              ],
              "question": "Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.",
              "id": "57278788708984140094e012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?",
              "id": "57278788708984140094e013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?",
              "id": "57278788708984140094e014"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the \"Opposition Whigs\", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Whigs" }],
              "question": "Who did the Tories oppose?",
              "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "the \"Opposition Whigs\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?",
              "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "1760" }],
              "question": "When did the Tories regain power?",
              "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "half a century" }],
              "question": "For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?",
              "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "ideological gap" }],
              "question": "Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?",
              "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as \"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "the Rockingham Whigs" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?",
              "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "Charles Watson-Wentworth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?",
              "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "\"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?",
              "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "remained out of power as a united opposition to government."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?",
              "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; \u2013 the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "the 'Pittite' Tories" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the modern Conservative party created from?",
              "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Robert Peel" }],
              "question": "Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?",
              "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 700, "text": "the Liberal Party" }],
              "question": "Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?",
              "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "1834" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?",
              "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the two proto-political parties?",
              "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "1816" }],
              "question": "In which year did the period known as the \"Era of Good Feelings\" begin?",
              "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "partisan" }],
              "question": "What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?",
              "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?",
              "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s. In 1882, he changed his party's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure, introducing membership to replace \"ad hoc\" informal groupings. He created a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats, and in 1884 he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party whip and a formal party structure was unique at the time. His party's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties; \u2013 they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Charles Stewart Parnell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?",
              "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Irish Parliamentary Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?",
              "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1028,
                  "text": "they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?",
              "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "A political party is typically led by a party leader"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do political parties have a Party leader?",
              "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "party secretary" }],
              "question": "Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?",
              "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "party treasurer" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? ",
              "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "party chair" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?",
              "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does a party form an official opposition?",
              "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Westminster-based parties" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?",
              "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?",
              "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?",
              "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?",
              "id": "5727950d708984140094e17d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are parties regulated?",
              "id": "5727950d708984140094e17e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?",
              "id": "5727950d708984140094e17f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections \u2013 along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government \u2013 has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?",
              "id": "572798635951b619008f8e51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "far-right, far-left and regionalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?",
              "id": "572798635951b619008f8e52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Cordon Sanitarian" }],
              "question": "What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?",
              "id": "572798635951b619008f8e53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?",
              "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?",
              "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "political parties" }],
              "question": "What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?",
              "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1047, "text": "political parties" }
              ],
              "question": "What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?",
              "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "one-party systems" }],
              "question": "In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?",
              "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are North Korea and China examples of?",
              "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "1934 and 1945" }],
              "question": "When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?",
              "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 550, "text": "dictatorships and tyranny" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one-party system often compared with?",
              "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between dominant and one-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore, the African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia, the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, and the National Liberation Front in Algeria. One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s, in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s, in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "In dominant-party systems" }
              ],
              "question": "When are opposition parties allowed?",
              "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?",
              "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "patronage and sometimes by voting fraud"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?",
              "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of dominant party systems?",
              "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 970, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?",
              "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "two-party system" }],
              "question": "What type of party system is the United States?",
              "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Federalist and Republican" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the first parties in the united States called?",
              "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "two decades" }],
              "question": "For how long did the Whigs survive?",
              "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1618,
                  "text": "tremendous land area and large population of the country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are challenged to an unpopular political party?",
              "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Democratic Party" }],
              "question": "Which party was anti-slavery?",
              "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the UK political system functioned as?",
              "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Conservative Party and the Labour Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two largest political parties in the UK?",
              "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Liberal Party" }],
              "question": "What was the other major party before the Labour party?",
              "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 726,
                  "text": "A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Duveger's Law?",
              "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9235"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna F\u00e1il or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious \u2013 discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "in cases where there are three or more parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?",
              "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?",
              "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?",
              "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 840,
                  "text": "Political change is often easier with a coalition government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is political change easier?",
              "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1313,
                  "text": "post World War II France and Italy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?",
              "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9184"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Political parties" }],
              "question": "What are called factions by some people?",
              "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "organizations, businesses and special interest groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are political parties lobbied by?",
              "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Money and gifts" }],
              "question": "What are traditional sources of funding for parties?",
              "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "Around which time was the mass membership party started?",
              "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?",
              "id": "5727a68c3acd2414000de8df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "second half of the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?",
              "id": "5727a68c3acd2414000de8e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "peerages" }],
              "question": "In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?",
              "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d92fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Lloyd George" }],
              "question": "Who was discovered to be selling peerages?",
              "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d92ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?",
              "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Honours act do?",
              "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "cloaking their contributions as loans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did people attempt to overcome this law?",
              "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two categories of public funding?",
              "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "25%" }],
              "question": "Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?",
              "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "58%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of nations provide direct funding?",
              "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 762,
                  "text": "required to disclose their finances to the Election management body."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are parties required to reveal their funding?",
              "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?",
              "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "funding" }],
              "question": "What can also be provided by foreign aid?",
              "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d9268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "provide financing to political parties in developing countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do international donors do to promote democracy? ",
              "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d9269"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "Developing links between ideologically linked parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? ",
              "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d926a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 975,
                  "text": "to increase support to political parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the overseas development institute want to do?",
              "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d926b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. \"Purple Party\" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic \"peace and love\" party\u2014in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parties is the color green for?",
              "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "royalty" }],
              "question": "What was purple considered the color for?",
              "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "fascist parties" }],
              "question": "What parties is the color black associated with?",
              "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 939, "text": "Nazism" }],
              "question": "Brown is associated with what parties?",
              "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "nationalism" }],
              "question": "What color is orange associated with?",
              "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "right-wing Republican Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the color red associated with?",
              "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "left-wing Democratic Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What political party is the color blue associated with?",
              "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the political parties choose those colors?",
              "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?",
              "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "19th and 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?",
              "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of this?",
              "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 994, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. ",
              "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Maurice Duverger" }],
              "question": "Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?",
              "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are cadre parties?",
              "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are mass parties?",
              "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Socialist parties" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a mass party?",
              "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "cadre parties" }],
              "question": "What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?",
              "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a72"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "A_cappella",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A cappella [a kap\u02c8p\u025blla] (Italian for \"in the manner of the chapel\") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term \"a cappella\" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 39, "text": "in the manner of the chapel" }
              ],
              "question": "What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?",
              "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "alla breve" }],
              "question": "What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?",
              "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?",
              "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is A cappella currently defined?",
              "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?",
              "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella,[citation needed] and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "religious music" }],
              "question": "What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?",
              "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "The madrigal" }],
              "question": "What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?",
              "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "instrumentally-accompanied" }
              ],
              "question": "The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?",
              "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Renaissance" }],
              "question": "In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?",
              "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers' parts and was not independent. By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown that some of the early pieces by Palestrina, such as what was written for the Sistine Chapel was intended to be accompanied by an organ \"doubling\" some or all of the voices. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach, most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor. Other composers that utilized the a cappella style, if only for the occasional piece, were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (A lover's tears at his beloved's grave), which was composed in 1610, and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces, one of which was in the unaccompanied style. Learning from the preceding two composeres, Heinrich Sch\u00fctz utilized the a cappella style in numerous pieces, chief among these were the pieces in the oratorio style, which were traditionally performed during the Easter week and dealt with the religious subject matter of that week, such as Christ's suffering and the Passion. Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style. This was a near requirement for this type of piece, and the parts of the crowd were sung while the solo parts which were the quoted parts from either Christ or the authors were performed in a plainchant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Josquin des Prez" }],
              "question": "Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?",
              "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 885, "text": "Mass in B Minor" }],
              "question": "Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?",
              "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1664, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?",
              "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "1610" }],
              "question": "Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?",
              "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1147, "text": "Andrea Gabrieli" }],
              "question": "Some compositions were found after which composer's death?",
              "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, \"The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found.\" This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Russian musika show up?",
              "id": "572789a1708984140094e03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Venetian-styled" }],
              "question": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef were typically done similar to what pieces?",
              "id": "572789a1708984140094e03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Psalms 150" }],
              "question": "What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?",
              "id": "572789a1708984140094e03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "Nikolai Diletsky" }],
              "question": "Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?",
              "id": "572789a1708984140094e03e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites. Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches (such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service) may be a cappella, a practice remaining from apostolic times. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments. Sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Sacred Harp" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?",
              "id": "57278b02708984140094e061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "apostolic times" }],
              "question": "A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?",
              "id": "57278b02708984140094e062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "Christian religious bodies" }
              ],
              "question": "In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?",
              "id": "57278b02708984140094e063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483\u20131546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509\u20131564) and John Wesley (1703\u20131791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as \"a cow bell in a concert\". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "They were considered a Catholic innovation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?",
              "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "The Heart of Midlothian" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?",
              "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea005"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "Alexander Campbell" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like \"A cow bell in a concert\" ",
              "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Sir Walter Scott" }],
              "question": "Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?",
              "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea007"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments, opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history. There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the first century and a half of Christian churches (33 AD to 180AD). The use of instruments for Christian worship during this period is also undocumented. Toward the end of the 2nd century, Christians began condemning the instruments themselves. Those who oppose instruments today believe these Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church,[citation needed] but there are significant differences between the teachings of these Church Fathers and Christian opposition to instruments today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "an interpretation of history" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?",
              "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "33 AD to 180AD" }],
              "question": "During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?",
              "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "the 2nd century" }],
              "question": "At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?",
              "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?",
              "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25\u201327), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Sabbath" }],
              "question": "On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? ",
              "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "a cappella" }],
              "question": "In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?",
              "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1180, "text": "sefirah music" }],
              "question": "What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?",
              "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 954, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?",
              "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1031, "text": "a time of semi-mourning" }
              ],
              "question": "What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?",
              "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de83b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that \"silent singing\" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Philo" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?",
              "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Jewish scriptures" }],
              "question": "What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?",
              "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "shofar" }],
              "question": "What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?",
              "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Yom Kippur" }],
              "question": "The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?",
              "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "by itself, without any vocal accompaniment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the shofar used?",
              "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?",
              "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "The St. Olaf College Choir" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?",
              "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "other regional conductors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?",
              "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "40 to 80" }],
              "question": "How many singers are typically in the choirs?",
              "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1943, as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios, the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with \"Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer\". In the 1950s several recording groups, notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen, introduced complex jazz harmonies to a cappella performances. The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s. In 1983 an a cappella group known as The Flying Pickets had a Christmas 'number one' in the UK with a cover of Yazoo's (known in the US as Yaz) \"Only You\". A cappella music attained renewed prominence from the late 1980s onward, spurred by the success of Top 40 recordings by artists such as The Manhattan Transfer, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis and the News, All-4-One, The Nylons, Backstreet Boys and Boyz II Men.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "The Song Spinners" }],
              "question": "What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?",
              "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d9358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "US recording studios" }
              ],
              "question": "What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?",
              "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d9359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?",
              "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "\"Only You\"" }],
              "question": "What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?",
              "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "the success of Top 40 recordings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?",
              "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "vocal percussion" }],
              "question": "In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?",
              "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Christian music" }],
              "question": "Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?",
              "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "chordal or polyphonic accompaniment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?",
              "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee. The musical style of the show's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?",
              "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Avenue X" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?",
              "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "What time period was Avenue X set in?",
              "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?",
              "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Ray Leslee" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?",
              "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row\u2019s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "Theatre Row\u2019s Acorn Theatre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?",
              "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Stoneham Theatre" }],
              "question": "Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?",
              "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?",
              "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "October" }],
              "question": "In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?",
              "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "comedy" }],
              "question": "What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?",
              "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical genres (including jazz, hip hop, Latin, rock, and country). In Transit incorporates vocal beat boxing into its contemporary a cappella arrangements through the use of a subway beat boxer character. Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production. According to the show's website, it is scheduled to reopen for an open-ended commercial run in the Fall of 2011. In 2011 the production received four Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Musical, Outer Critics Circle and Drama League nominations, as well as five Drama Desk nominations including Outstanding Musical and won for Outstanding Ensemble Performance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "In Transit" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?",
              "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "the New York City subway system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does most of In Transit take place? ",
              "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "beat boxing" }],
              "question": "What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?",
              "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 766, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?",
              "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Chesney Snow" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?",
              "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A), and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States, and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries. The Barbershop Harmony Society provides a highly organized competition structure for a cappella quartets and choruses singing in the barbershop style.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Barbershop music" }],
              "question": "What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?",
              "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Barbershop Harmony Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?",
              "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "over 22,000" }],
              "question": "How many people currently have membership to the BHS?",
              "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "African Americans" }],
              "question": "What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?",
              "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A" }],
              "question": "What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?",
              "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Sweet Adelines" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?",
              "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?",
              "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "nearly 25,000" }],
              "question": "How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?",
              "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Tulsa, Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?",
              "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1953" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?",
              "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition, an unsusually large proportion of the populations (5% is often cited) regularly sing in choirs, the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world, and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools (music schools) with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day, a system that started with Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Eric Ericson" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?",
              "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d938e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "Adolf Fredrik's Music School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?",
              "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d938f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing?",
              "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d9390"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Richard Sparks" }],
              "question": "Who describes the many reasons for Sweden's heavy involvement in a cappella?",
              "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d9391"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is not clear exactly where collegiate a cappella began. The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (formerly known as the RPI Glee Club), established in 1873 is perhaps the oldest known collegiate a cappella group.[citation needed] However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member. Collegiate a cappella groups grew throughout the 20th century. Some notable historical groups formed along the way include Princeton University's Tigertones (1946), Colgate University's The Colgate 13 (1942), Dartmouth College's Aires (1946), Cornell University's Cayuga's Waiters (1949) and The Hangovers (1968), the University of Maine Maine Steiners (1958), the Columbia University Kingsmen (1949), the Jabberwocks of Brown University (1949), and the University of Rochester YellowJackets (1956). All-women a cappella groups followed shortly, frequently as a parody of the men's groups: the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College (1936), The Shwiffs of Connecticut College (The She-Whiffenpoofs, 1944), and The Chattertocks of Brown University (1951). A cappella groups exploded in popularity beginning in the 1990s, fueled in part by a change in style popularized by the Tufts University Beelzebubs and the Boston University Dear Abbeys. The new style used voices to emulate modern rock instruments, including vocal percussion/\"beatboxing\". Some larger universities now have multiple groups. Groups often join one another in on-campus concerts, such as the Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre, a 3-weekend a cappella festival held each February since 1975, where over a hundred collegiate groups have appeared, as well as International Quartet Champions The Boston Common and the contemporary commercial a cappella group Rockapella. Co-ed groups have produced many up-and-coming and major artists, including John Legend, an alumnus of the Counterparts at the University of Pennsylvania, and Sara Bareilles, an alumna of Awaken A Cappella at University of California, Los Angeles. Mira Sorvino is an alumna of the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones of Harvard College where she had the solo on Only You by Yaz.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "RPI Glee Club" }],
              "question": "What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?",
              "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Cole Porter" }],
              "question": "What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?",
              "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 999,
                  "text": "the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?",
              "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1561,
                  "text": "Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?",
              "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1916, "text": "John Legend" }],
              "question": "What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?",
              "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha, from the University of Maryland, formed in 2001. Also, Dil se, another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley, hosts the \"Anahat\" competition at the University of California, Berkeley annually. Maize Mirchi, the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\", an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Penn Masala" }],
              "question": "Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?",
              "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "South Asians" }],
              "question": "Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?",
              "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Anokha" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?",
              "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Anahat" }],
              "question": "What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?",
              "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Maize Mirchi" }],
              "question": "What group hosts the a capella competition \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\"?",
              "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Harmony Sweepstakes" }
              ],
              "question": "What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?",
              "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?",
              "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "Nota" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?",
              "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Pentatonix" }],
              "question": "Who won The Sing-Off final season?",
              "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Puerto Rico" }],
              "question": "In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?",
              "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally. More recently, \"Twilight Zone\" by 2 Unlimited was sung a cappella to the instrumentation on the comedy television series Tompkins Square. Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel (now ABC Family). Groups such as Vocal Sampling and Undivided emulate Latin rhythms a cappella. In the 1960s, the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music. Vocal artist Bobby McFerrin is famous for his instrumental emulation. A cappella group Naturally Seven recreates entire songs using vocal tones for every instrument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "emulate instrumentation" }
              ],
              "question": "What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?",
              "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "The Mills Brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?",
              "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 819, "text": "Baroque and Classical music" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?",
              "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "The New Addams Family" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?",
              "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", The Beach Boys' \"God Only Knows\" and Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song \"Let Your Love Flow\".[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "nonsense words" }],
              "question": "What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?",
              "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "vocal percussion" }],
              "question": "What is another term for beatboxing?",
              "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "a four-track recorder" }
              ],
              "question": "What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?",
              "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 880, "text": "Toyota" }],
              "question": "What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?",
              "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "YouTube" }],
              "question": "On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?",
              "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dominican_Order",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216\u201327) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this \"mendicant\" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Ordo Praedicatorum" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?",
              "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Pope Honorius III" }],
              "question": "What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?",
              "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "the Dominican Order" }
              ],
              "question": "After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?",
              "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?",
              "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "Saint Dominic de Guzman" }
              ],
              "question": "What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?",
              "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cador\u00e9. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "the Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?",
              "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "to combat heresy" }],
              "question": "What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?",
              "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Master of the Order" }
              ],
              "question": "The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?",
              "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Bruno Cador\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Who is the current Master of the Order?",
              "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "its intellectual tradition" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Order of Preachers known for?",
              "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Men of God" }],
              "question": "During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?",
              "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Francis of Assisi" }],
              "question": "Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?",
              "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "the Friars Preachers" }
              ],
              "question": "Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?",
              "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "the Dominicans and Franciscans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, \"selling\" themselves through persuasive preaching.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Benedictines" }],
              "question": "The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?",
              "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "a preaching order" }],
              "question": "What type of order was the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "farms" }],
              "question": "What did previous religious orders do for a living?",
              "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "by begging" }],
              "question": "How did the Dominican Order earn money?",
              "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163999"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a \"mixed\" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "with loyalty to learning and virtue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Dominic inspire his followers?",
              "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "nuns" }],
              "question": "What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?",
              "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?",
              "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "a \"mixed\" spirituality" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?",
              "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9209"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What subject did Dominic particularly love?",
              "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "to help his neighbors" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Dominic sell his books?",
              "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?",
              "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?",
              "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de910"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "St. Augustine" }],
              "question": "After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?",
              "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de911"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209\u20131229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Prior Diego de Acebo" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?",
              "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9410"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "monarchy of Spain" }],
              "question": "Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?",
              "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9411"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "south of France" }],
              "question": "In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?",
              "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9412"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "1209\u20131229" }],
              "question": "During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?",
              "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?",
              "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9414"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, \"for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?",
              "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "the Cathars" }],
              "question": "Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?",
              "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "in a state of self-sacrifice" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Cathars live?",
              "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "a strong leader" }],
              "question": "In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?",
              "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "the Albigensians" }],
              "question": "Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?",
              "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1206" }],
              "question": "In what year did Dominic establish a convent?",
              "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Albigensian" }],
              "question": "What women did Dominic convert for his convent?",
              "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Dominican nuns" }],
              "question": "What group are older than the Dominican Friars?",
              "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "too poor" }],
              "question": "Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? ",
              "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?",
              "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework\u2014a rule\u2014to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the \"salvation of souls through preaching\". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "Rule of St. Augustine" }
              ],
              "question": "What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?",
              "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1215" }],
              "question": "In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?",
              "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Jordan of Saxony" }],
              "question": "Who was the successor to Dominic?",
              "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "the \"salvation of souls through preaching\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?",
              "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "canons-regular" }],
              "question": "What were the Dominican Brothers?",
              "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Palencia" }],
              "question": "Dominic studied in what city?",
              "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "the Manicheans" }],
              "question": "Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?",
              "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "charity" }],
              "question": "What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In what city did Dominic establish a school?",
              "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Matthew of Paris" }],
              "question": "Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?",
              "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thom\u00e6). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?",
              "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Pope Honorius III" }],
              "question": "Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?",
              "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "its own studium conventuale" }
              ],
              "question": "What was required of each new priory?",
              "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "June 5, 1222" }],
              "question": "When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?",
              "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1300,
                  "text": "the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?",
              "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?",
              "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?",
              "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "paganism" }],
              "question": "What did the Dominican Order fight against?",
              "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" }],
              "question": "What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?",
              "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Pope Gregory IX" }],
              "question": "Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?",
              "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9578"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called \"Dominican mysticism.\") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "German mysticism" }],
              "question": "The term \"Dominican mysticism\" is also knows as what?",
              "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Germany and Italy" }],
              "question": "In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?",
              "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "St. Catherine of Siena" }
              ],
              "question": "What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?",
              "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "the Netherlands" }],
              "question": "Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?",
              "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "Savonarola" }],
              "question": "What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?",
              "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?",
              "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d961e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "pagan tendencies" }],
              "question": "What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?",
              "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d961f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Cologne" }],
              "question": "The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?",
              "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Matteo Bandello" }],
              "question": "What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?",
              "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?",
              "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9622"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "4,472" }],
              "question": "In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?",
              "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "6058" }],
              "question": "How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?",
              "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "917" }],
              "question": "How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?",
              "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802\u20131861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, P\u00e8re Vincent Jandel (1850\u20131872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821\u20131832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?",
              "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What orator was very famous during the revival movement?",
              "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "1850" }],
              "question": "When was the province of France canonically erected?",
              "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "master general" }],
              "question": "What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?",
              "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000decce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by P\u00e8re Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835\u20131836, 1843\u20131851), Jacques Monsabr\u00e9 (1869\u20131870, 1872\u20131890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898\u20131902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. P\u00e8re Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Ann\u00e9e Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem founded in 1890 by P\u00e8re Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855\u20131938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the \u00c9cole Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country has produced a large number of preachers?",
              "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "P\u00e8re Lacordaire" }
              ],
              "question": "What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?",
              "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Thomas Etourneau" }],
              "question": "What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?",
              "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "the \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?",
              "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 935, "text": "Jerusalem Bible" }],
              "question": "What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?",
              "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d95a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Pr\u00e6dicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin Gonz\u00e1lez (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "Biblical school at Jerusalem" }
              ],
              "question": "What school publishes the Revue Biblique?",
              "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?",
              "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many students does the University of Fribourg have?",
              "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?",
              "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier" }
              ],
              "question": "What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?",
              "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise, to bless, to preach. Associates do not take vows, but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members, and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives, families, churches, neighborhoods, workplaces, and cities. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do present day Dominican Order associates do?",
              "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Christian women and men" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?",
              "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "charism" }],
              "question": "What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "to praise, to bless, to preach"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "charity" }],
              "question": "The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?",
              "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "learning" }],
              "question": "What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?",
              "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "charity" }],
              "question": "What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?",
              "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?",
              "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163de1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "relationship with God" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Dominic greatly struggle with?",
              "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d9768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "St. Cecilia" }],
              "question": "Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?",
              "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d9769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "sing" }],
              "question": "What did Dominic enjoy doing?",
              "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "poor sinners" }],
              "question": "Who did Dominic pray for?",
              "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "carry money" }],
              "question": "What did Dominic refuse to do?",
              "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was \"... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "to assist those searching for the truth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?",
              "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "gospel of Christ" }],
              "question": "Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?",
              "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "a man of prayer" }],
              "question": "What type of man was Dominic?",
              "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: \"... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Humbert of Romans" }],
              "question": "Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?",
              "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1254 to 1263" }],
              "question": "What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?",
              "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "the sisters in the order were given official membership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?",
              "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "languages" }],
              "question": "What did subject did Humbert love very much?",
              "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?",
              "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9788"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with \"religious good sense,\" and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, \"[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "uncomplicated language" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000dedd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "miracles" }],
              "question": "What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?",
              "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000dedda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "good will" }],
              "question": "According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?",
              "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000deddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "sad" }],
              "question": "What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?",
              "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000deddc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation \"Great\". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245\u20131274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Albertus Magnus" }],
              "question": "The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?",
              "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Great" }],
              "question": "Albert Magnus was also known as \"Albert the what\"?",
              "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "ecumenist" }],
              "question": "What was a discipline of Albert the Great?",
              "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?",
              "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Thomas Aquinas" }],
              "question": "Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?",
              "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg. Mysticism, for the purposes of this study, refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God's love. This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences, such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him, which is unknowable through the intellect alone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "medieval" }],
              "question": "Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?",
              "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "his study of Dionysus the Areopagite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?",
              "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "a mystical theologian" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Dionysus?",
              "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Mysticism" }],
              "question": "What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?",
              "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "German mysticism" }],
              "question": "Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?",
              "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: \"... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to what He is in Himself. And there is no contradiction between a relative affirmation and an absolute negation. It is not contradictory to say that someone is white-toothed and not white\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "positive knowledge of God is possible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What idea did Albertus champion?",
              "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Dionysus" }],
              "question": "Who influenced Magnus at this time?",
              "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "state what God is not" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it easier to do regarding God?",
              "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "absolutely" }],
              "question": "How do we deny things of God?",
              "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God. According to him, these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative. Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement. It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God, but a spiritual and emotional knowledge as well. Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding. Things that once seemed static and unchanging become full of possibility and perfection. The contemplative then knows that God is, but she does not know what God is. Thus, contemplation forever produces a mystified, imperfect knowledge of God. The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God's creation but it cannot see God Himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "wisdom" }],
              "question": "What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?",
              "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "understanding" }],
              "question": "What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?",
              "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Contemplation" }],
              "question": "How can man obtain understanding of God?",
              "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "imperfect" }],
              "question": "If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?",
              "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "The soul" }],
              "question": "What cannot see God itself?",
              "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d985a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man then directs his path to that One, and the love for, and of, Christ guides man's very nature to become centered on the One, and on his neighbor as well. Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ, both for and by His follower.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Meekness" }],
              "question": "What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?",
              "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "God/Christ" }],
              "question": "According to Christianity, who is the \"One\"?",
              "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "manifestation of the pure love of Christ"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Charity to a Christian?",
              "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "the One" }],
              "question": "What should man's nature be centered on?",
              "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences. Instead, their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely. The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies, and used them to create something unique. Though they are not called mystics, they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to, and in emulation of, Him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "ecstatic mysticism" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?",
              "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?",
              "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "Dartford" }],
              "question": "What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? ",
              "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "mystics" }],
              "question": "The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?",
              "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "a union with the Creator" }
              ],
              "question": "What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?",
              "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers, it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible. In the tradition of Holy Writ, the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif, thus the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20.4-5). As time passed, Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of 'unknowing,' where God's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud. These images arose out of a confusing mass of ambiguous and ambivalent statements regarding the nature of God and man's relationship to Him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Hebrew Bible" }],
              "question": "The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?",
              "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Bible" }],
              "question": "What is the Holy Writ?",
              "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Albertus Magnus" }],
              "question": "Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "Jewish and early Christian writings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?",
              "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "female Dominican houses" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?",
              "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Prouille" }],
              "question": "Where was one female Dominican house located?",
              "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "seventy-four" }],
              "question": "How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?",
              "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "Beguines" }],
              "question": "Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?",
              "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 934, "text": "one hundred and fifty-seven" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?",
              "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "lack of apostolic work" }
              ],
              "question": "How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?",
              "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "chanted the Divine Office" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?",
              "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "government of their own" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the sisters not have?",
              "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "friars" }],
              "question": "Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?",
              "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "teachers" }],
              "question": "What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?",
              "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order, until death. The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular, a leather belt, a black mantle, and a black veil. Candidates to profession were tested to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands. Their intellectual abilities were also tested. Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer, the cloister, the dormitory, and refectory. Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause. Speaking was allowed in the common parlor, but it was subordinate to strict rules, and the prioress, subprioress or other senior nun had to be present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "black" }],
              "question": "What type of veil must the sisters wear?",
              "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "the Constitutions of Montargis Priory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?",
              "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 829, "text": "Speak" }],
              "question": "What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?",
              "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "intellectual abilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the nuns tested on?",
              "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "preach among the people" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "embroidery" }],
              "question": "What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?",
              "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Margarette Reglerin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?",
              "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Nuremberg" }],
              "question": "Where was Margarette Reglerin from?",
              "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?",
              "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9926"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the \"ghoostli\" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "priory of Poissy" }],
              "question": "The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?",
              "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Where was the priory of Poissy located?",
              "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?",
              "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "a religious house founded by a royal house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?",
              "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Englishmen" }],
              "question": "The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?",
              "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "international" }],
              "question": "The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?",
              "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Its direct supervisors were from England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?",
              "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9976"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The \"visitation\" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales\u2014Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Oxford" }],
              "question": "What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?",
              "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "the Blessed Virgin Mary" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?",
              "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 858, "text": "natural philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?",
              "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 932, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What was the most important subject for Dominican students?",
              "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1265" }],
              "question": "By what year was the school in Oxford completed?",
              "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God. This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change, and as the means for reformation of humanity's nature as an image of divinity. This type of mysticism carried with it four elements. First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life. Second, there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ's life and humanity's disposition as images of the divine. Third, English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center. Finally, the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "ecstatic experiences of union with the divine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?",
              "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "English mysticism was composed of how many elements?",
              "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?",
              "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "one's personal relationship with God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?",
              "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For English Dominican mystics, the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God, but in the journey of, or process of, faith. This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity. It is important to understand, however, that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God. They experienced a mystical process that allowed them, in the end, to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "the journey of, or process of, faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was so important to English mystics?",
              "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "knowledge of divinity" }
              ],
              "question": "The process of faith leads one to what?",
              "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "visions and voices" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?",
              "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "faith" }],
              "question": "What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?",
              "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a \"progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical\"\u2014that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "through an imitation of His life"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?",
              "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Christ" }],
              "question": "Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?",
              "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most significant way to know Christ?",
              "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?",
              "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "progressive" }],
              "question": "What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?",
              "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a24"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "the events of Christ's life" }
              ],
              "question": "The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?",
              "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "the stigmata" }],
              "question": "What did the English Order not care about?",
              "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "love" }],
              "question": "The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?",
              "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "the mercy of God" }],
              "question": "What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?",
              "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "spiritual growth" }],
              "question": "What does love lead to according to English mystics?",
              "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the \"image of God\" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "an image of God" }],
              "question": "What is man always seen as?",
              "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9af8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "moral implications of image-bearing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?",
              "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9af9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 191, "text": "The process of Christ's life" }
              ],
              "question": "What amends humanity to God's life?",
              "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "move toward God" }],
              "question": "The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?",
              "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9afb"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Eton_College",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Eton is one of ten English HMC schools, commonly referred to as \"public schools\", regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils live at the school, and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys' public schools in the United Kingdom (the others being Harrow, Radley, and Winchester) to continue this practice. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has been referred to as the chief nurse of England's statesmen. Charging up to \u00a311,478 per term (there are three terms per academic year) in 2014/15, Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?",
              "id": "572784155951b619008f8c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "boarding school" }],
              "question": "Which type of school requires students to live at the school?",
              "id": "572784155951b619008f8c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?",
              "id": "572784155951b619008f8c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "up to \u00a311,478" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does Eton College charge per term?",
              "id": "572784155951b619008f8c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "sixth most expensive" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?",
              "id": "572784155951b619008f8c07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, and has recommended that Eton set up a school in the state sector to help drive up standards. Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham, a deprived area of East London, called the London Academy of Excellence, opened in 2012, which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education. In September 2014, Eton opened, and became the sole educational sponsor for, a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils, Holyport College, in Maidenhead in Berkshire, with construction costing around \u00a315 million, in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes, 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care, and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many British prime ministers attended Eton?",
              "id": "572785035951b619008f8c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "London Academy of Excellence" }
              ],
              "question": "Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?",
              "id": "572785035951b619008f8c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "free of charge" }],
              "question": "How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?",
              "id": "572785035951b619008f8c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "Maidenhead in Berkshire" }
              ],
              "question": "Where will Holyport College be located?",
              "id": "572785035951b619008f8c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "around \u00a315 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?",
              "id": "572785035951b619008f8c2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. The recent Head Master, Tony Little, said that Eton is developing plans to allow any boy to attend the school whatever his parents' income and, in 2011, said that around 250 boys received \"significant\" financial help from the school. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Little said that, in the short term, he wanted to ensure that around 320 pupils per year receive bursaries, and that 70 were educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance would continue to increase. These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Launched in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend state schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent, an area of inner-city deprivation, an intensive one-week residential course, free of charge, designed to help bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level. In 2008, Eton helped found the Eton, Slough, Windsor and Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), with six local state schools. The ISSP's aims are \"to raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools\". Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "How many students receive financial aid at Eton?",
              "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "63" }],
              "question": "How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?",
              "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1643,
                  "text": "raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?",
              "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1801,
                  "text": "choral and English language courses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?",
              "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators. Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public, free of charge, almost all the year round.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "training facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?",
              "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?",
              "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "best 2012 Olympic venue" }
              ],
              "question": "What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?",
              "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "free of charge" }],
              "question": "How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?",
              "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "William Waynflete" }],
              "question": "Who was Eton's first Headmaster?",
              "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "1480s" }],
              "question": "How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?",
              "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "1441 and 1460" }],
              "question": "Between what years was College Hall built?",
              "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "eighteen - or possibly seventeen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?",
              "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many bays does the chapel have today?",
              "id": "572789c15951b619008f8ccb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors. Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517. His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard, perhaps the most famous image of the school. This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber, where most of the 18th century \"leaving portraits\" are kept.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "1517" }],
              "question": "Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?",
              "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fe8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Roger Lupton" }],
              "question": "Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?",
              "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are 18th century \"leaving portraits\" kept at Eton?",
              "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most famous image of Eton College?",
              "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9feb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that \"The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton\". Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there. According to Nevill (citing the historian Sir Edward Creasy), what Wellington said, while passing an Eton cricket match many decades later, was, \"There grows the stuff that won Waterloo\", a remark Nevill construes as a reference to \"the manly character induced by games and sport\" amongst English youth generally, not a comment about Eton specifically. In 1889, Sir William Fraser conflated this uncorroborated remark with the one attributed to him by Count Charles de Montalembert's \"C'est ici qu'a \u00e9t\u00e9 gagn\u00e9 la bataille de Waterloo\" (\"It is here that the Battle of Waterloo was won.\")",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Duke of Wellington" }],
              "question": "Who was incorrctly quoted in saying \"The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton\"?",
              "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1781 to 1784" }],
              "question": "During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?",
              "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "the manly character induced by games and sport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What \"stuff\" won Waterloo, according to Wellington?",
              "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "59 Club" }],
              "question": "Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?",
              "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?",
              "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Eton Manor Boys' Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Eton's rowing club called?",
              "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea073"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?",
              "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "district of Hackney Wick in east London"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?",
              "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea074"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone (1949\u201352) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Etonians who had died in the Boer War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?",
              "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "A bomb" }],
              "question": "What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?",
              "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Evie Hone" }],
              "question": "Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?",
              "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers. In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who \"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "'Jews'" }],
              "question": "What were new students once called by others?",
              "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "applicant's father being British by birth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?",
              "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "\"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?",
              "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "A. J. Ayer" }],
              "question": "Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?",
              "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name \"King's Scholars\" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "King's Scholars" }],
              "question": "The College boarding house is reserved for whom?",
              "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "the school was founded by King Henry VI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do \"King's Scholars\" get their name?",
              "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "seventy" }],
              "question": "How many original Scholars were there in the original School?",
              "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "up to a third" }],
              "question": "How many students receive some form of financial aid?",
              "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the School grew, more students were allowed to attend provided that they paid their own fees and lived in the town, outside the College's original buildings. These students became known as Oppidans, from the Latin word oppidum, meaning town. The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner, and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as \"dames\". They typically contain about fifty boys. Although classes are organised on a School basis, most boys spend a large proportion of their time in their House. Each House has a formal name, mainly used for post and people outside the Eton community. It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master, the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Oppidans" }],
              "question": "What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?",
              "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d930e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "\"dames\"" }],
              "question": "Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?",
              "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d930f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 765,
                  "text": "the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a House Master?",
              "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d9310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "fifty" }],
              "question": "About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?",
              "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d9311"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Oppidan Scholars" }],
              "question": "If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?",
              "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deaaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Oppidan Scholar" }],
              "question": "Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?",
              "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?",
              "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?",
              "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?",
              "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House, Jourdelay's, (both built as such c. 1720), Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows, 1845, when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control), The Hopgarden, South Lawn, Waynflete, Evans's, Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Wotton House, Holland House, Mustians, Angelo's, Manor House, Farrer House, Baldwin's Bec, The Timbralls, and Westbury.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?",
              "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Hawtrey House, Durnford House" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?",
              "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?",
              "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as \"fags\", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, \"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s. Captains of House and Games still sometimes give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail from School Office.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "\"fags\"" }],
              "question": "What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?",
              "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "cleaning, cooking, and running errands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were common duties of younger servant students?",
              "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "\"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?",
              "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "The last boy to arrive" }
              ],
              "question": "Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?",
              "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "What year was \"fagging\" phased out of most houses?",
              "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III is unfounded. \"Eton dress\" has undergone significant changes since its standardisation in the 19th century. Originally (along with a top-hat and walking-cane), Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions, but boys wear it today for classes, which are referred to as \"divisions\", or \"divs\". As stated above, King's Scholars wear a black gown over the top of their tailcoats, and occasionally a surplice in Chapel. Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "mourning for the death of George III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?",
              "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Members of the teaching staff" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Beaks?",
              "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "when teaching" }],
              "question": "When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?",
              "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "\"divisions\", or \"divs\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What are classes at Eaton known as today?",
              "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "more than 100" }],
              "question": "How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?",
              "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "non-curriculum" }],
              "question": "Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?",
              "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "just one" }],
              "question": "How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?",
              "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Classical Greek" }],
              "question": "Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?",
              "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c03"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary responsibility for a boy's studies lies with his House Master, but he is assisted by an additional director of studies, known as a tutor. Classes, colloquially known as \"divs\" (divisions), are organised on a School basis; the classrooms are separate from the houses. New school buildings have appeared for teaching purposes every decade or so since New Schools, designed by Henry Woodyer and built 1861-3. Despite the introduction of modern technology, the external appearance and locations of many of the classrooms have remained unchanged for a long time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "House Master" }],
              "question": "With whom does the primary responsibility for a student's leaning lie?",
              "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Henry Woodyer" }],
              "question": "Who designed the learning buildings at Eton?",
              "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "separate" }],
              "question": "Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined?",
              "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "tutor" }],
              "question": "What other term is given to the director of studies?",
              "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Societies tend to come and go, of course, depending on the special enthusiasms of the masters and boys in the school at the time, but some have been in existence many years. Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton\u2019s (philosophy).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 856, "text": "Wine and Wotton\u2019s" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?",
              "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "Rous" }],
              "question": "Which Eton society is centered around horses?",
              "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9557"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Rock" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?",
              "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9558"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 755, "text": "Rare Books and Manuscripts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?",
              "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9559"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prizes are awarded on the results of trials (internal exams), GCSE and AS-levels. In addition, many subjects and activities have specially endowed prizes, several of which are awarded by visiting experts. The most prestigious is the Newcastle Scholarship, awarded on the strength of an examination, consisting of two papers in philosophical theology, moral theory and applied ethics. Also of note are the Gladstone Memorial Prize and the Coutts Prize, awarded on the results of trials and AS-level examinations in C; and the Huxley Prize, awarded for a project on a scientific subject. Other specialist prizes include the Newcastle Classical Prize; the Rosebery Exhibition for History; the Queen\u2019s Prizes for French and German; the Duke of Newcastle\u2019s Russian Prize; the Beddington Spanish Prize; the Strafford and Bowman Shakespeare Prizes; the Tomline and Russell Prizes in Mathematics; the Sotheby Prize for History of Art; the Waddington Prize for Theology and Philosophy; the Birley Prize for History; The Lower Boy Rosebery Prize and the Wilder Prize for Theology. Prizes are awarded too for excellence in such activities as painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "a project on a scientific subject"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what is the Huxley prize awarded?",
              "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 846, "text": "Tomline and Russell" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics?",
              "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1131,
                  "text": "painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize?",
              "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "internal" }],
              "question": "Are trials considered internal or external exams?",
              "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "individual ventures that show particular initiative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Busk Fund support?",
              "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Marsden Fund" }],
              "question": "Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?",
              "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?",
              "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be \"Sent Up For Good\", storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What action results in something being \"Sent Up For Good?\"",
              "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "a card" }],
              "question": "What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?",
              "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "House Master, tutor and division master"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?",
              "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "College Archives" }],
              "question": "Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?",
              "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The opposite of a Show Up is a \"Rip\". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a \"White Ticket\", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an \"info\", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "a \"Rip\"" }],
              "question": "What is the opposite of a Show Up?",
              "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "the boy's housemaster" }
              ],
              "question": "Who must sign a Rip?",
              "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "all his teachers" }],
              "question": "Who must sign a White Ticket?",
              "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "the boy's housemaster and tutor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who must sign an \"info\"?",
              "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "sign for information" }
              ],
              "question": "What punishment term is \"info\" short for?",
              "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign \"Tardy Book\", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the \"Bill\". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a \"run\" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "a \"run\"" }],
              "question": "What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?",
              "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "School Office" }],
              "question": "Where is the \"Tardy Book\" kept?",
              "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "typically three days" }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?",
              "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "the \"Bill\"" }],
              "question": "When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?",
              "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "suspension" }],
              "question": "What is another term for rustication?",
              "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a \"Pop-Tanning\", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members (or, in earlier times, each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke). The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "caning" }],
              "question": "The birch was abolished and replaced with what?",
              "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "\"Pop-Tanning\"" }],
              "question": "What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?",
              "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 951,
                  "text": "the caning would cut the cloth to shreds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?",
              "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Chenevix-Trench" }],
              "question": "Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?",
              "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Anthony Chenevix-Trench" }
              ],
              "question": "Who administered caning privately in his office?",
              "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The current \"Precentor\" (Head of Music) is Tim Johnson, and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music (performance spaces include the School Hall, the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music, the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall). Many instruments are taught, including obscure ones such as the didgeridoo. The School participates in many national competitions; many pupils are part of the National Youth Orchestra, and the School gives scholarships for dedicated and talented musicians. A former Precentor of the college, Ralph Allwood set up and organised Eton Choral Courses, which run at the School every summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "\"Precentor\"" }],
              "question": "What term is given to the Head of Music?",
              "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "didgeridoo" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton?",
              "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Tim Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who is the current Precentor?",
              "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many organs does Eton house?",
              "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 \"independent\" plays (not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians) and three school plays, one specifically for boys in the first two years, and two open to all years. The School Plays have such good reputations that they are normally fully booked every night. Productions also take place in varying locations around the School, varying from the sports fields to more historic buildings such as Upper School and College Chapel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many people can sit in the audience at Eton's main theatre?",
              "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9646"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Farrer" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Eton's largest theatre?",
              "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "about 8 or 9" }],
              "question": "How many house productions does Eton run each year?",
              "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are \"independent\" theatre productions at Eton?",
              "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "fully booked every night" }
              ],
              "question": "Do the plays sport high attendance rates?",
              "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d964a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent years, the School has put on a musical version of The Bacchae (October 2009) as well as productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (May 2010), The Cherry Orchard (February 2011), Joseph K (October 2011), Cyrano de Bergerac (May 2012), Macbeth (October 2012), London Assurance (May 2013) and Jerusalem (October 2013). Upcoming in May 2014 was a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream . Often girls from surrounding schools, such as St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School, are cast in female roles. Boys from the School are also responsible for the lighting, sound and stage management of all the productions, under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "girls from surrounding schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?",
              "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000deda9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Boys from the School" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?",
              "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Macbeth" }],
              "question": "Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?",
              "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are somefemale schools close to Eton?",
              "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called \"Fourth of June\", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the \"Fourth of June\" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "\"Fourth of June\"" }],
              "question": "What is Eton's best-known holiday?",
              "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "the birthday of King George III"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"Fourth of June\" celebrate?",
              "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "the Wednesday before the first weekend of June"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the Fourth of June celebrated?",
              "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Procession of Boats" }
              ],
              "question": "Which event is held on the Fourth of June?",
              "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedcc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission, and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK. As a charity, it benefits from substantial tax breaks. It was calculated by the late David Jewell, former Master of Haileybury, that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the School about \u00a31,945 per pupil per year, although he had no direct connection with the School. This subsidy has declined since the 2001 abolition by the Labour Government of state-funded scholarships (formerly known as \"assisted places\") to independent schools. However, no child attended Eton on this scheme, meaning that the actual level of state assistance to the School has always been lower. Eton's retiring Head Master, Tony Little, has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge (use of its facilities, etc.) have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status. The fee for the academic year 2010\u20132011 was \u00a329,862 (approximately US$48,600 or \u20ac35,100 as of March 2011), although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "substantial tax breaks" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?",
              "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 990, "text": "use of its facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?",
              "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1153,
                  "text": "\u00a329,862 (approximately US$48,600 or \u20ac35,100"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?",
              "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "\u00a31,945 per pupil per year"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?",
              "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a \u00a34.6m sports complex, to add to Eton's existing facilities of two swimming pools, 30 cricket squares, 24 football, rugby and hockey pitches and a gym. The College paid \u00a3200,000 and contributed 4.5 hectares of land in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only. The UK Sports Council defended the deal on the grounds that the whole community would benefit, while the bursar claimed that Windsor, Slough and Eton Athletic Club was \"deprived\" because local people (who were not pupils at the College) did not have a world-class running track and facilities to train with. Steve Osborn, director of the Safe Neighbourhoods Unit, described the decision as \"staggering\" given the background of a substantial reduction in youth services by councils across the country, a matter over which, however, neither the College nor the UK Sports Council, had any control. The facility, which became the Thames Valley Athletics Centre, opened in April 1999.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "the National Lottery" }
              ],
              "question": "Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995?",
              "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1002, "text": "April 1999" }],
              "question": "When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open?",
              "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land?",
              "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many cricket squares does Eton have?",
              "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many swimming pools are located within Eton?",
              "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 2004, Sarah Forsyth claimed that she had been dismissed unfairly by Eton College and had been bullied by senior staff. She also claimed she was instructed to do some of Prince Harry's coursework to enable him to pass AS Art. As evidence, Forsyth provided secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke. An employment tribunal in July 2005 found that she had been unfairly dismissed and criticised Burke for bullying her and for repeatedly changing his story. It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures and criticised the Head Master for not reviewing the case independently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Sarah Forsyth" }],
              "question": "Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case?",
              "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties?",
              "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": "failing to produce its capability procedures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case?",
              "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "the Head Master" }],
              "question": "Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently?",
              "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9805"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It criticised Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher\u2013student confidentiality and said \"It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate.\" In response to the tribunal's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry, the School issued a statement, saying Forsyth's claims \"were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant.\" A spokesperson from Clarence House said, \"We are delighted that Harry has been totally cleared of cheating.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "unfounded and irrelevant" }
              ],
              "question": "The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?",
              "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?",
              "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "determine whether or not it was legitimate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?",
              "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9852"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by \"regularly and systematically\" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School. Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around \u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another \u00a33m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, \"They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "Jean Scott" }],
              "question": "Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?",
              "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?",
              "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "\u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?",
              "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "a new charitable educational fund"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?",
              "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received \u00a32,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'. The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of \u00a35,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007. Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "\u00a32,652" }],
              "question": "How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?",
              "id": "5727df542ca10214002d9878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Common Agricultural Policy" }
              ],
              "question": "Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?",
              "id": "5727df542ca10214002d9879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "environmental improvements" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?",
              "id": "5727df542ca10214002d987a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?",
              "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 663, "text": "Wellington College" }
              ],
              "question": "Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?",
              "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Labour MP David Lammy" }
              ],
              "question": "Who described outreach events at Eton as \"unfair and indefensible?\"",
              "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "37" }],
              "question": "In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?",
              "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2015, Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students, offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017. The email was intended for nine students, but an IT glitch caused the email to be sent to 400 additional families, who didn't necessarily have a place. In response, the school issued the following statement: \"This error was discovered within minutes and each family was immediately contacted to notify them that it should be disregarded and to apologise. We take this type of incident very seriously indeed and so a thorough investigation, overseen by the headmaster Tony Little and led by the tutor for admissions, is being carried out to find out exactly what went wrong and ensure it cannot happen again. Eton College offers its sincere apologies to those boys concerned and their families. We deeply regret the confusion and upset this must have caused.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 2015" }],
              "question": "When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?",
              "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?",
              "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?",
              "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2016, the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt. The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare, as 'the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off.' A spokesman representing Eton College released the following statement: \"Eton College takes its legal responsibilities extremely seriously and expects all school activities to comply with the law. We are investigating this allegation as a matter of urgency and will be co-operating fully with the relevant authorities.\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "an illegal hare hunt" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Eton's beagle club accused of in January 2016?",
              "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "a video" }],
              "question": "What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt?",
              "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "extremely seriously" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously?",
              "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "Roxbury Latin School" }
              ],
              "question": "Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?",
              "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1202, "text": "Wotton house" }],
              "question": "Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?",
              "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1092, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?",
              "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the G20 School's Group?",
              "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df142"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Besides Prince William and Prince Harry, members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, his eldest son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy, himself an Eton alumnus. Prince William of Gloucester (1942-1972) also attended Eton, as did George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, son of Princess Mary, Princess Royal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Prince Richard" }],
              "question": "Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?",
              "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Ulster" }],
              "question": "Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?",
              "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "George Lascelles" }],
              "question": "Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?",
              "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 646, "text": "Princess Mary, Princess Royal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was George Lascelles' mother?",
              "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, J. B. S. Haldane, Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, John Gurdon; Beau Brummell; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates; politician Alan Clark; entrepreneur, charity organiser and partner of Adele, Simon Konecki; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes; adventurer Bear Grylls; composers Thomas Arne, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter, Frederick Septimus Kelly, Donald Tovey, Thomas Dunhill, Lord Berners, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, and Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine); Hubert Parry, who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "John Gurdon" }],
              "question": "Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?",
              "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Lawrence Oates" }],
              "question": "Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?",
              "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Eton" }],
              "question": "Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?",
              "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df177"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times, Julian Haviland; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor, James Landale, and the BBC Science Editor, David Shukman; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK, Nicholas Coleridge; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter, Ludovic Kennedy; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph, Charles Moore; the former Editor of The Spectator, Ferdinand Mount; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday, Geordie Greig.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "James Landale" }],
              "question": "Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton?",
              "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Charles Moore" }],
              "question": "Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton?",
              "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164245"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "Geordie Greig" }],
              "question": "Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday?",
              "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164246"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Actor Dominic West has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian, saying it \"is a stigma that is slightly above 'paedophile' in the media in a gallery of infamy\", but asked whether he would consider sending his own children there, said \"Yes, I would. It\u2019s an extraordinary place... It has the facilities and the excellence of teaching and it will find what you\u2019re good at and nurture it\", while the actor Tom Hiddleston says there are widespread misconceptions about Eton, and that \"People think it's just full of braying toffs... It isn\u2019t true... It's actually one of the most broadminded places I\u2019ve ever been. The reason it\u2019s a good school is that it encourages people to find the thing they love and to go for it. They champion the talent of the individual and that\u2019s what\u2019s special about it\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Yes, I would." }],
              "question": "According to actor Dominic Wes, would he send his children to Eton?",
              "id": "572805952ca10214002d9bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 746,
                  "text": "They champion the talent of the individual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to actor Tom Hiddleston, that is special about Eton?",
              "id": "572805962ca10214002d9bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Tom Hiddleston" }],
              "question": "Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton?",
              "id": "572805962ca10214002d9bbc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cork_(city)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort, with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery, and perhaps also military aid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Saint Finbarr" }],
              "question": "Who was thought to have founded Cork?",
              "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "6th century" }],
              "question": "When was Cork believed to have been founded?",
              "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "some point between 915 and 922"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?",
              "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "ecclesiastical" }],
              "question": "What kind of settlement was Cork?",
              "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "otherwise unobtainable trade goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?",
              "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted \"Black Rent\" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Prince John" }],
              "question": "Who granted Cork's charter?",
              "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "fully walled" }],
              "question": "What kind of protection did Cork have?",
              "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "some wall sections and gates" }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of Cork's defense remain today?",
              "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Black Rent" }],
              "question": "What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?",
              "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 671,
                  "text": "between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?",
              "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de91b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12\u201315 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe \u2014 in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her Royal visit to the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "12\u201315 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who controlled Cork's municipal government?",
              "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "about 2,100" }],
              "question": "How many citizens were origionally in Cork?",
              "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Black Death" }],
              "question": "What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?",
              "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1349" }],
              "question": "When did the plague hit Cork?",
              "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "Perkin Warbeck" }],
              "question": "Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?",
              "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met \u00c9ireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the weather like in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d934e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Met \u00c9ireann" }],
              "question": "Who keeps a weather station in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d934f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport? ",
              "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "UCC and Clover Hill" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are some weather stations near Cork?",
              "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?",
              "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9352"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temperatures below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) or above 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 \"rainy\" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with \"heavy rain\" (over 5 millimetres (0.20 in)). Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no \"recordable sunshine\", mostly during and around winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much precipitation does Cork usually receive?",
              "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "rain" }],
              "question": "What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?",
              "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "2 days" }],
              "question": "How long does snow hang around in Cork?",
              "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "foggy" }],
              "question": "What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork?",
              "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "average of 97" }],
              "question": "How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?",
              "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame; the Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource;[citation needed] the Triskel Arts Centre (capacity c.90), which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema; dance venue the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240); the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company; and the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee events. The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both play host to dramatic plays throughout the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork?",
              "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Cillian Murphy" }],
              "question": "Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company?",
              "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major dance venue in Cork?",
              "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork?",
              "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 630,
                  "text": "the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork?",
              "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork is home to the RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's.[citation needed] Cork's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?",
              "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d939e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which major opera singers were born in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d939f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 649, "text": "Plugd Records" }],
              "question": "Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main attractions in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet" }
              ],
              "question": "Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?",
              "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork has been culturally diverse for many years, from Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as Gerald Goldberg (several times Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelist) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played notable roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and synagogue. Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English language services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?",
              "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "multi-cultural restaurants and shops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What things show Corks diverse culural background?",
              "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?",
              "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 851,
                  "text": "various Christian churches, as well as a mosque"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of religions can be found in Cork?",
              "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 914,
                  "text": "masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?",
              "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has a number of dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Like standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad. The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity, usually depending on the social-class of the speaker.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents?",
              "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "rhoticity" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork?",
              "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "at home and abroad" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Cork get pieces of its language from?",
              "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "rhoticity" }],
              "question": "What is the pronunciation of the Irish \"r\" called?",
              "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's FM radio band features RT\u00c9 Radio 1, RT\u00c9 2fm, RT\u00c9 lyric fm, RT\u00c9 Raidi\u00f3 na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4fm, Newstalk and the religious station Spirit Radio. There are also local stations such as Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm) and Christian radio station Life 93.1FM. Cork also has a temporary licensed city-wide community station 'Cork FM Community Radio' on 100.5FM, which is currently on-air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small pirates stations remain. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Life 93.1FM" }],
              "question": "Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?",
              "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "South Coast Radio and ERI" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?",
              "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 727,
                  "text": "Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?",
              "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?",
              "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "UCC 98.3FM" }],
              "question": "What did Cork Campus Radio change to?",
              "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Irish Examiner" }],
              "question": "WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?",
              "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Cork Examiner" }],
              "question": "What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?",
              "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the Echo Boys?",
              "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Evening Echo" }],
              "question": "What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?",
              "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "UCC Express and Motley magazine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What publications are put out by the UCC?",
              "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d93a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Medieval to Modern" }],
              "question": "From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?",
              "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "only notable remnant of the Medieval era"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?",
              "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many cathedrals does Cork host?",
              "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "St Mary's Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?",
              "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "North Cathedral" }],
              "question": "What else is St. Mary's known as?",
              "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. Patrick's Street, the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches. The General Post Office, with its limestone fa\u00e7ade, is on Oliver Plunkett Street, on the site of the Theatre Royal which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840. The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in 1850, which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in 1877.  The Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the Allied Irish Bank's which was once an exchange.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. Patrick's Street" }
              ],
              "question": "What is main street Cork?",
              "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "mid-2000s" }],
              "question": "When was St. Patrick's Street remodeled?",
              "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is St. Patrick's Street curved?",
              "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "1840" }],
              "question": "When did the Theatre Royal burn?",
              "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "General Post Office" }
              ],
              "question": "What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal?",
              "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Georgian" }],
              "question": "What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?",
              "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "The Elysian" }],
              "question": "WHat is the tallest building in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the longest building in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Atkins Hall" }],
              "question": "What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?",
              "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "a residential housing complex" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Atkin's Hall?",
              "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city, which contains the Cork Public Museum. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sundays Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "University College Cork" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the college in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "River Lee" }],
              "question": "Which river runs through the university's campus?",
              "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "present building dates from 1786"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How old is the building holding the covered market?",
              "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Popes Quay" }],
              "question": "Where is St Mary's Dominican Church?",
              "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Fitzgerald's Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the Cork Public Museum?",
              "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members), Sinn F\u00e9in (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "local government" }],
              "question": "Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d9528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "six electoral wards" }
              ],
              "question": "How many wards make up Cork?",
              "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d9529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most well represented ward in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Workers' Party" }],
              "question": "Which party has the least amount of members?",
              "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 664,
                  "text": "vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a mayor chosen in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called \"Opera Lane\" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1037,
                  "text": "many retail spaces available for let"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?",
              "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1285,
                  "text": "Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?",
              "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9642"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 807, "text": "2016" }],
              "question": "When will work on the Grand Parade begin?",
              "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9643"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)" }
              ],
              "question": "How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?",
              "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9644"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "pharmaceuticals" }],
              "question": "What is the main industry in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Viagra" }],
              "question": "What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?",
              "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Logitech and EMC Corporation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory. For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork. But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city \u2013 such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Heineken" }],
              "question": "Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?",
              "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?",
              "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Ford Motor Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?",
              "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "Amazon.com" }],
              "question": "What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?",
              "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus \u00c9ireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Bus \u00c9ireann" }],
              "question": "Who runs the public busses in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?",
              "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the routes consist of?",
              "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being a significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?",
              "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?",
              "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?",
              "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 940, "text": "pedestrian focus" }],
              "question": "What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? ",
              "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many rail stations has cork had over the years?",
              "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 336, "text": "the line through Kent" }
              ],
              "question": "What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?",
              "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Dublin Heuston" }],
              "question": "Where does the main rail originate?",
              "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Blackpool" }],
              "question": "Where was the original end of the line?",
              "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Cork" }],
              "question": "What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?",
              "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which \u2013 although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in \u2013 protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many tram systems were in Cork?",
              "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "George Francis Train" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?",
              "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?",
              "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?",
              "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 509,
                  "text": "protruded from the road surface"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?",
              "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (with future stations planned for Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West and Blarney). Little Island Railway Station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs, while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Glounthaune to Midleton" }
              ],
              "question": "Which line was reopened in 2009?",
              "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Carrigtwohill and Midleton" }
              ],
              "question": "What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?",
              "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 442, "text": "Kilbarry Railway Station" }
              ],
              "question": "What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?",
              "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Cork's Eastern Suburbs" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?",
              "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Cork Suburban Rail" }
              ],
              "question": "What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?",
              "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate college in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country.[citation needed] Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The National Maritime College of Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "The Cork College of Commerce" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides vocational training in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Griffith College Cork" }
              ],
              "question": "Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "The Rubicon Centre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "IMERC (Marine Energy)" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "57" }],
              "question": "How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?",
              "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county \u2013 with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh and Nemo Rangers. The main public venues are P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Chaoimh and P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers player Christy Ring). Camogie (hurling for ladies) and women's gaelic football are increasing in popularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hurling and football" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?",
              "id": "5727e9773acd2414000def9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?",
              "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?",
              "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Camogie" }],
              "question": "What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?",
              "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "gaelic football" }],
              "question": "What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?",
              "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomh\u00f3ga Chorca\u00ed is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomh\u00f3ga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The \"Ocean to City\" race has been held annually since 2005, and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Crosshaven into Cork city centre. The decision to move the National Rowing Center to Inniscarra has boosted numbers involved in the sport.[citation needed] Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and \"Cork Week\" is a notable sailing event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "rowing and sailing" }],
              "question": "What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?",
              "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many rowing clubs are in Cork?",
              "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 689,
                  "text": "The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the world's oldest yahct club?",
              "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Cork Week" }],
              "question": "What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?",
              "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "Ocean to City" }],
              "question": "What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?",
              "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d9880"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874. Although located within the Munster jurisdiction, the club plays in the Leinster Senior League. The club plays at the Mardyke, a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947, 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland playing Scotland. The Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the stated aim of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county. Cork's other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, play close to Cork Airport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Cork County Cricket Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "1874" }],
              "question": "When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?",
              "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "Leinster Senior League" }
              ],
              "question": "Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?",
              "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "1947, 1961 and 1973" }
              ],
              "question": "Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?",
              "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Ireland playing Scotland" }
              ],
              "question": "Which teams played in the three first class matches?",
              "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is also the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and south-west suburbs. There are also boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city. Cork Racing, a motorsport team based in Cork, has raced in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams, the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times (in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007). There are also inline roller sports, such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice over the winter season.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Leeside Lions" }],
              "question": "Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?",
              "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?",
              "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?",
              "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 597, "text": "hockey and figure skating" }
              ],
              "question": "Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?",
              "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?",
              "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ae"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Federalism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federalism?",
              "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "a relationship of parity between the two levels of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What features are distinctive of federalism? ",
              "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federlism defined as?",
              "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "Constitution of 1789" }
              ],
              "question": "What document exemplified modern federalist government?",
              "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?",
              "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government? ",
              "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Federalism combines what two types of government?",
              "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federalism? ",
              "id": "572820664b864d19001644f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? ",
              "id": "572820664b864d19001644f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of governments are included in federalism? ",
              "id": "572820664b864d19001644f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "relationship of parity between the two levels of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many governments are apart of federalism?",
              "id": "572820664b864d19001644f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1005,
                  "text": "equality of standing between the two levels of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?",
              "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Civil War" }],
              "question": "What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?",
              "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1569, "text": "European Union" }],
              "question": "What organization is a leading example of a federal union?",
              "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1299,
                  "text": "federal state (or federation)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?",
              "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1131, "text": "two distinct federal forms" }
              ],
              "question": "New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?",
              "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "a division of sovereignty between two levels of government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? ",
              "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible."
                }
              ],
              "question": "After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? ",
              "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was federalism put into place? ",
              "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 983,
                  "text": "the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? ",
              "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1565, "text": "the European Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a federal union? ",
              "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "foedus" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin word for federalism? ",
              "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? ",
              "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? ",
              "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "homogeneous states" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the federalist model work best in? ",
              "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "United States, Germany or Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are homogeneous states? ",
              "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?",
              "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia" }
              ],
              "question": "What countries did the federalist model fail in? ",
              "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Ukraine or Syria" }],
              "question": "What countries dismissed the federalist model? ",
              "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while \"Anti-Federalists\" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of \"federalism\" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that \"federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "belief in a stronger central government."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the United States, what was federalism referred to? ",
              "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "stronger central government" }
              ],
              "question": "When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? ",
              "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "weaker central government" }
              ],
              "question": "What did anti-federalist support? ",
              "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? ",
              "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European \"federalism\" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating \"federalism\" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Who has a greater history of unitary states? ",
              "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does federalism mean in Europe? ",
              "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "judiciary" }],
              "question": "What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? ",
              "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing \"Commonwealth\" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened on January 1st 1901?",
              "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "1788" }],
              "question": "When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?",
              "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "United States of America" }
              ],
              "question": "Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? ",
              "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "six, eventually self-governing, colonies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was established when Australia was colonized? ",
              "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Get\u00falio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?",
              "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?",
              "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "1891" }],
              "question": "When did Brazil adopt federalism? ",
              "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Fonseca system" }],
              "question": "What other system does Brazil use? ",
              "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "regulate interstate trade" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fonseca system? ",
              "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "tiered system" }],
              "question": "What is the government of India based on? ",
              "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a tiered system? ",
              "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "two-tier system of government" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the constitution originally provided for? ",
              "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Panchayats and Municipalities" }
              ],
              "question": "When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? ",
              "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "asymmetric" }],
              "question": "What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?",
              "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Article 370 say?",
              "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Article 371 say?",
              "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with President's Rule?",
              "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best \"insurance\" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?",
              "id": "572833243acd2414000df6cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "United Kingdom, Denmark and France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who opposed the European Federalism? ",
              "id": "572833243acd2414000df6ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? ",
              "id": "572833243acd2414000df6cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a \"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a \"President\" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of \"State Armies,\" while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "When did the federal war end?",
              "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the federal war end? ",
              "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "\"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? ",
              "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "President" }],
              "question": "In this type of federation each country had its own what? ",
              "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, \"Brussels would take an attitude\". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "three components" }],
              "question": "How many components does the Belgian federalism have? ",
              "id": "572834e44b864d1900164720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "Brussels' parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "What passed on July 18, 2007?",
              "id": "572834e44b864d1900164721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?",
              "id": "572834e44b864d1900164722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Belgian Federalism? ",
              "id": "572834e44b864d1900164723"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 313, "text": "Basque Country and Navarre" }
              ],
              "question": "Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? ",
              "id": "572835953acd2414000df704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?",
              "id": "572835953acd2414000df703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Madrid" }],
              "question": "Where are the main taxes taken?",
              "id": "572835953acd2414000df705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or \"governance\"\u2014so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "State" }],
              "question": "What are anarchists against? ",
              "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "not against political organization or \"governance\"\u2014so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are anarchists not against? ",
              "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "federalism or confederalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? ",
              "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "government or legislature" }
              ],
              "question": "Who can elect the members of the upper house? ",
              "id": "5728367e4b864d190016474e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "indirectly" }],
              "question": "Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? ",
              "id": "5728367e4b864d190016474f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "directly" }],
              "question": "Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? ",
              "id": "5728367e4b864d1900164750"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federalism seen as? ",
              "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does federalism allow?",
              "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do scholars think of federalism?",
              "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "changed towards a generally autonomous model"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? ",
              "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "in the aftermath of the Soviet Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?",
              "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Boris Yeltsin" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? ",
              "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Vladimir Putin" }],
              "question": "Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? ",
              "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In \"Federalist No. 46,\" James Madison asserted that the states and national government \"are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.\" Alexander Hamilton, writing in \"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: \"If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.\" (1)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1,
                  "text": "ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federalism in the United States?",
              "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How has the American government evolved?",
              "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "James Madison asserted that the states and national government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Federalist No.46?",
              "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "\"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Federalist No. 28",
              "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers\u2014the reserved powers\u2014are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments\u2014as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Because the states were preexisting political entities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? ",
              "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "enumerated powers" }],
              "question": "What is another word for express powers? ",
              "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "in the Constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can we find express powers?",
              "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 547,
                  "text": "gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? ",
              "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the expressed powers? ",
              "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Democratic-Republicans" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?",
              "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the democratic-republican party believe in?",
              "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 841, "text": "the judicial system of courts" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided the rights in specific cases?",
              "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as \"federalists\" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the \"federalist\" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of federalism?",
              "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of movements are associated with federalism?",
              "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "United States and Australia" }
              ],
              "question": "What countries advocate for a strong central government?",
              "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened between 1938 to 1995?",
              "id": "57283c283acd2414000df773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Commerce Clause" }],
              "question": "What are most actions in the federal government known as?",
              "id": "57283c283acd2414000df774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the court reject in 1995?",
              "id": "57283c283acd2414000df775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the court reject in 1994?",
              "id": "57283c283acd2414000df776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the commerce clause include?",
              "id": "57283c283acd2414000df777"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues\u2014even minor ones\u2014that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "two components" }],
              "question": "How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?",
              "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?",
              "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "third component" }],
              "question": "What component is the Brussel Region?",
              "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "consequently has a number of political issues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with the Brussels special position?",
              "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The US Constitution says what to amendments? ",
              "id": "57283db82ca10214002da15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?",
              "id": "57283db82ca10214002da15f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "would require unanimous consent of the provinces."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?",
              "id": "57283db82ca10214002da160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the German basic law?",
              "id": "57283db82ca10214002da161"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the \"historical communities\" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the \"coffee for everyone\" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the same powers" }],
              "question": "What does every component state of federation possess?",
              "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Asymmetric federalism exist when?",
              "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?",
              "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 967,
                  "text": "Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is Spain apart of federalism?",
              "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "special procedures" }],
              "question": "What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? ",
              "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "federal structure" }],
              "question": "What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?",
              "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?",
              "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "mechanisms to protect the rights of component states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?",
              "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "intrastate federalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?",
              "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is intrastate federalism?",
              "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a bicameral legislature?",
              "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national...\" This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "union of states" }],
              "question": "What does federations often employ?",
              "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is federalist paper no. 39?",
              "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?",
              "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 729,
                  "text": "which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?",
              "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da005"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "two levels" }],
              "question": "When is a federation formed?",
              "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "the central government and the regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two levels equal a federation?",
              "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is Brazil an exception?",
              "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "municipalities" }],
              "question": "What is each state divided into?",
              "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each state have their own of?",
              "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "China is the largest what?",
              "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "decentralization" }],
              "question": "What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?",
              "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is China's government similar to unity structure?",
              "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "centuries" }],
              "question": "How long has China been with centralized power?",
              "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "unitary state" }],
              "question": "What type of state is the Philippines?",
              "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of powers does the Philippines have?",
              "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? ",
              "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 477, "text": "the Consultative Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?",
              "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "unitary state" }],
              "question": "What type of state is Spain?",
              "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of federalism system does Spain have?",
              "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "central government" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government does Spain have?",
              "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da202"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Spain's government accounts for?",
              "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da203"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "unitary state" }],
              "question": "How has United Kingdom been governed?",
              "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da066"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?",
              "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did devolution in the UK begin?",
              "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Ireland Act 1914?",
              "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Irish Free State?",
              "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da06a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies, or chambers, was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "decentralised power once again" }
              ],
              "question": "What has the process of devolution in the UK did?",
              "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da082"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened since 1997?",
              "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da083"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does England have its own Parliament?",
              "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "certain governmental administrative functions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the region of England continue to use?",
              "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da085"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "the doctrine of the church" }
              ],
              "question": "What is ecclesiology?",
              "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in Presbyterian denominations?",
              "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 665, "text": "shared sovereignty" }
              ],
              "question": "In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?",
              "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "authority over its constituent members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does each greater level of assembly have?",
              "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?",
              "id": "572848c23acd2414000df887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "in the New Testament" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the structure that the early Christian church described?",
              "id": "572848c23acd2414000df888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in the council of Jerusalem?",
              "id": "572848c23acd2414000df889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 655,
                  "text": "can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can the elements of federalism can be found?",
              "id": "572848c23acd2414000df88a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?",
              "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "federation would not be a single sovereign state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Per the UN definition, what is federalism?",
              "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the German Empire?",
              "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1243,
                  "text": "powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the libson treaty?",
              "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Galicia_(Spain)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Galicia (English i/\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026asi\u0259/, /\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026a\u0283\u0259/; Galician: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8ja], or [\u0127a\u02c8lisja]; Spanish: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja]; Galician and Portuguese: Galiza, [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8a] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8a] or [\u0127a\u02c8lisa]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula, it comprises the provinces of A Coru\u00f1a, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, being bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and Le\u00f3n and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north. It had a population of 2,765,940 in 2013 and has a total area of 29,574 km2 (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them C\u00edes Islands, Ons, S\u00e1lvora, Cortegada, and\u2014the largest and most populated\u2014A Illa de Arousa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Which country is Galicia in?",
              "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "North-West of the Iberian Peninsula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is its geographic location?",
              "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Which large body of water does Galicia border?",
              "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "Arousa" }],
              "question": "What is its largest island?",
              "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and it takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC, in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga (Portugal) which was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula, taking the Visigoth kingdom, but soon in 740 Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings, but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and personality. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-m\u00f3r, whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century. The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia, a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia, an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia, a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936, and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, currently in force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Middle Paleolithic" }],
              "question": "During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?",
              "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does its name come from?",
              "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?",
              "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1485, "text": "the Cortes or Junta" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?",
              "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1902, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?",
              "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape, although mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of r\u00edas (submerged valleys where the sea penetrates tens of kilometres inland) and cliffs. The climate of Galicia is temperate and rainy, but it is also markedly drier in the summer, being usually classified as Oceanic in the west and north, and Mediterranean in the southeast. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history. With the exception of shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was largely a semi-subsistence farming and fishing economy and did not experience significant industrialization until after the mid-20th century. In 2012, the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity was \u20ac56,000 million, with a nominal GDP per capita of \u20ac20,700. The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas: from Ferrol to A Coru\u00f1a in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest. To a lesser extent, there are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coru\u00f1a. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the most populous municipality with 294,997 (2014), while A Coru\u00f1a is the most populous city with 215.227 (2014).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "2,000 m (6,600 ft)" }],
              "question": "How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?",
              "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163952"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "animal husbandry and farming" }
              ],
              "question": "What have been its two primary sources of wealth?",
              "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "Ferrol to A Coru\u00f1a" }
              ],
              "question": "Name its northwestern coastal area.",
              "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1241, "text": "Santiago de Compostela" }
              ],
              "question": "Name its political capital.",
              "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "A Coru\u00f1a" }],
              "question": "Which province is this capital in?",
              "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name evolved during the Middle Ages from Gallaecia, sometimes written Galletia, to Gallicia. In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, Galicia, which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name. The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century, being still used with some frequency today, although not by the Xunta de Galicia, the local devolved government. The Royal Galician Academy, the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizing it as a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country is Galicia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Galletia" }],
              "question": "What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Galiza" }],
              "question": "Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?",
              "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "15th and 16th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did it get its modern spelling?",
              "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Xunta de Galicia" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the local government?",
              "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "The Royal Galician Academy" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group regulates the Galician language?",
              "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville \u2014who wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\", relating the name to the Greek word for milk\u2014, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kall\u012b- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaik\u00f3i, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Isidore" }],
              "question": "Which author wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\"?",
              "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163990"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "Kallaik\u00f3i" }],
              "question": "Which original ethnic name is \"Galicia\" derived from?",
              "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163991"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "the land of the Galicians" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Galicia's name mean?",
              "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163992"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eir\u00f3s Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, but mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta (dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later fully affected by the Bell Beaker culture. While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic fa\u00e7ade of Western Europe, where a common elite's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Eir\u00f3s Cave" }],
              "question": "Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?",
              "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Triacastela" }],
              "question": "Which municipality is this in?",
              "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Megalithic" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?",
              "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "tin and gold" }],
              "question": "Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?",
              "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people Roman called Gallaeci, which were composed by a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones and Lemavi. They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania, while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Culture of the Castles" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Castro culture's name mean?",
              "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "second half of the first millennium BC."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Castro culture flourish?",
              "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Appian" }],
              "question": "Who mentioned the ancient Galician's \"warlike spirit\"?",
              "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 782, "text": "Pomponius Mela" }],
              "question": "Who was it that described people living on the coast as \"Celtic\"?",
              "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gallaeci lived in castros. These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found, in the seashore, at Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baro\u00f1a and O Neix\u00f3n, and inland at San Cibrao de L\u00e1s, Borneiro, Castromao, and Viladonga. Some other distinctive features, such as temples, baths, reservoirs, warrior statues and decorative carvings have been found associated to this culture, together with rich gold and metalworking traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "castros" }],
              "question": "What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?",
              "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "hills" }],
              "question": "Where were these forts commonly built?",
              "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Borneiro" }],
              "question": "Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?",
              "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "warrior" }],
              "question": "Statues have been made in whose likeness?",
              "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yill\u012bqiya and Gal\u012bsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "711" }],
              "question": "Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?",
              "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Asturias" }],
              "question": "Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?",
              "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?",
              "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Coimbra" }],
              "question": "Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?",
              "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137\u2013136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC \u2013 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be \u2013 sometimes forcibly \u2013 abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and Le\u00f3n.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Decimus Junius Brutus" }
              ],
              "question": "Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?",
              "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Augustus" }],
              "question": "Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?",
              "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "gold" }],
              "question": "Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?",
              "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "latin" }],
              "question": "Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?",
              "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "Tower of Hercules" }],
              "question": "The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?",
              "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi, Vandals and Alani) to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies. So, from 409 Galicia was taken by the Suebi, forming the first medieval kingdom to be created in Europe, in 411, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, being also the first Germanic kingdom to mint coinage in Roman lands. During this period a Briton colony and bishopric (see Mailoc) was established in Northern Galicia (Britonia), probably as foederati and allies of the Suebi. In 585, the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it, bringing it under Visigoth control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "406" }],
              "question": "At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?",
              "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Suebi" }],
              "question": "Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?",
              "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Britonia" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia?",
              "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "Leovigild" }],
              "question": "Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?",
              "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "585" }],
              "question": "In which year did this happen?",
              "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a86"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Cami\u00f1o de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Apostle James" }],
              "question": "Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?",
              "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Santiago de Compostela" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was this cult based in?",
              "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "Way of Saint James" }
              ],
              "question": "Name the road that lead there.",
              "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "Leodemanes or Lordomanes" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Galicians call the Vikings?",
              "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "Towers of Catoira" }],
              "question": "To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?",
              "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of Le\u00f3n under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Ferdinand I" }],
              "question": "Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?",
              "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Garcia II" }],
              "question": "What was the name of this son?",
              "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9305"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Alfonso VI" }],
              "question": "Who was the brother who later took control for himself?",
              "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Kingdom of Le\u00f3n" }
              ],
              "question": "Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?",
              "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Alfonso X" }],
              "question": "Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?",
              "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9308"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja, part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as" }
              ],
              "question": "Social turmoil led to conflict?",
              "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?",
              "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "Jeronimo Zurita" }],
              "question": "The subsequent reforms were coined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\" by who?",
              "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 996,
                  "text": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the local government and tribunal?",
              "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro \u00c1lvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bola\u00f1o, Diego de Andrade or Lope S\u00e1nchez de Moscoso, among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "1480 and 1486" }],
              "question": "Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?",
              "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?",
              "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Isabella I" }],
              "question": "Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?",
              "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500\u2014a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King\u2014implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Santa Hermandad" }],
              "question": "Which government body was formed in 1480?",
              "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which body was formed in 1500?",
              "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?",
              "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 638,
                  "text": "Netherlands, France and England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?",
              "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 753,
                  "text": "sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?",
              "id": "5727bb2a3acd2414000deacf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire, found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589, and the siege of A Coru\u00f1a in 1589 by the English Armada. Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates, but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town of Cangas in 1617. At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; the Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia (the local Cortes or representative assembly) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting the conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Vigo" }],
              "question": "Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?",
              "id": "5727bfe94b864d1900163c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Barbary pirates" }],
              "question": "Who attacked Cangas in 1617?",
              "id": "5727bfe94b864d1900163c71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia, the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension didn't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "Portugal and Catalonia" }
              ],
              "question": "War broke out with which other countries?",
              "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "second half of the 17th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?",
              "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "there were frequent urban mutinies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?",
              "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega (1907\u20131912) modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia. Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement. Vicente Risco and Ram\u00f3n Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazine N\u00f3s ('Us'), founded 1920, its most notable cultural institution, Lois Pe\u00f1a Novo the outstanding political figure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "Solidaridad Gallega" }
              ],
              "question": "Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Solidaritat Catalana" }
              ],
              "question": "Which other movement was it modeled after?",
              "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "Irmandades da Fala" }
              ],
              "question": "Which political group arose in 1916?",
              "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "N\u00f3s" }],
              "question": "Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism?",
              "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist (Franco's army's) hands throughout the war. While there were no pitched battles, there was repression and death: all political parties were abolished, as were all labor unions and Galician nationalist organizations as the Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Galicia's statute of autonomy was annulled (as were those of Catalonia and the Basque provinces once those were conquered). According to Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez Santander, at least 4,200 people were killed either extrajudicially or after summary trials, among them republicans, communists, Galician nationalists, socialists and anarchists. Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces; Juana Capdevielle, the wife of the governor of A Coru\u00f1a; mayors such as \u00c1nxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela, of the Partido Galeguista; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Mart\u00ednez Garrido in Vigo; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbat\u00faa, Jos\u00e9 Mi\u00f1ones, D\u00edaz Villamil, Ignacio Seoane, and former deputy Heraclio Botana); soldiers who had not joined the rebellion, such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola; and the founders of the PG, Alexandre B\u00f3veda and V\u00edctor Casas, as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists, as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana. Many others were forced to escape into exile, or were victims of other reprisals and removed from their jobs and positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Catalonia and the Basque provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Galicia's, which other two province's autonomy was annulled?",
              "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Franco's" }],
              "question": "Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war?",
              "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1483, "text": "Manuel Lustres Rivas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which prominent journalist was victim of the killings?",
              "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1316, "text": "Antonio Azarola" }],
              "question": "Which admiral who hadn't joined the rebellion was also a victim?",
              "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "General Francisco Franco \u2014 himself a Galician from Ferrol \u2014 ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga (\"El Piloto\") and Benigno Andrade (\"Foucellas\"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed. In the 1960s, ministers such as Manuel Fraga Iribarne introduced some reforms allowing technocrats affiliated with Opus Dei to modernize administration in a way that facilitated capitalist economic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration to Venezuela and to various parts of Europe. Fenosa, the monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Ferrol" }],
              "question": "Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?",
              "id": "5727c5172ca10214002d95e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1975" }],
              "question": "When did his reign end?",
              "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "El Piloto" }],
              "question": "What was Guerrilla fighter Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga's nickname?",
              "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Foucellas" }],
              "question": "And what was Benigno Andrade's?",
              "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As part of the transition to democracy upon the death of Franco in 1975, Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, which begins, \"Galicia, historical nationality, is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government, in agreement with the Spanish Constitution and with the present Statute (...)\". Varying degrees of nationalist or independentist sentiment are evident at the political level. The Bloque Nacionalista Galego or BNG, is a conglomerate of left-wing parties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "democracy" }],
              "question": "Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975",
              "id": "5727c607ff5b5019007d94dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Bloque Nacionalista Galego" }
              ],
              "question": "Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?",
              "id": "5727c607ff5b5019007d94dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1990 to 2005, Manuel Fraga, former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictature, presided over the Galician autonomous government, the Xunta de Galicia. Fraga was associated with the Partido Popular ('People's Party', Spain's main national conservative party) since its founding. In 2002, when the oil tanker Prestige sank and covered the Galician coast in oil, Fraga was accused by the grassroots movement Nunca Mais (\"Never again\") of having been unwilling to react. In the 2005 Galician elections, the 'People's Party' lost its absolute majority, though remaining (barely) the largest party in the parliament, with 43% of the total votes. As a result, power passed to a coalition of the Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia (PSdeG) ('Galician Socialists' Party'), a federal sister-party of Spain's main social-democratic party, the Partido Socialista Obrero Espa\u00f1ol (PSOE, 'Spanish Socialist Workers Party') and the nationalist Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG). As the senior partner in the new coalition, the PSdeG nominated its leader, Emilio Perez Touri\u00f1o, to serve as Galicia's new president, with Anxo Quintana, the leader of BNG, as its vice president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Manuel Fraga" }],
              "question": "Which former minister under Franco's rule headed the autonomous government  from 1990 to 2005?",
              "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Partido Popular" }],
              "question": "Which political party did he belong to?",
              "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Prestige" }],
              "question": "The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party's rule?",
              "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1111, "text": "Anxo Quintana" }],
              "question": "Power then passed a political coalition headed by who?",
              "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9523"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43\u00b047\u2032N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41\u00b049\u2032N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s Natural Park. The easternmost longitude is at 6\u00b042\u2032W on the border between the province of Ourense and the Castilian-Leonese province of Zamora) its westernmost at 9\u00b018\u2032W, reached in two places: the A Nave Cape in Fisterra (also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touri\u00f1\u00e1n, both in the province of A Coru\u00f1a.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "29,574" }],
              "question": "What is Galicia's surface area in sq/km?",
              "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Estaca de Bares" }],
              "question": "What is its northernmost point?",
              "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "And its southernmost?",
              "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth-like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. These are called r\u00edas and are divided into the smaller R\u00edas Altas (\"High R\u00edas\"), and the larger R\u00edas Baixas (\"Low R\u00edas\"). The R\u00edas Altas include Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coru\u00f1a, Corme e Laxe and Camari\u00f1as. The R\u00edas Baixas, found south of Fisterra, include Corcubi\u00f3n, Muros e Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra and Vigo. The R\u00edas Altas can sometimes refer only to those east of Estaca de Bares, with the others being called R\u00edas Medias (\"Intermediate R\u00edas\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "r\u00edas" }],
              "question": "What are estuaries called in Galicia?",
              "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "High R\u00edas" }],
              "question": "What does R\u00edas Altas mean?",
              "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Low R\u00edas" }],
              "question": "WWhat does R\u00edas Baixas mean?",
              "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the r\u00edas. These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among the most important of these are the archipelagos of C\u00edes, Ons, and S\u00e1lvora. Together with Cortegada Island, these make up the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park. Other significant islands are Islas Malveiras, Islas Sisargas, and, the largest and holding the largest population, Arousa Island.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "316" }],
              "question": "The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?",
              "id": "5727cb4d4b864d1900163d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Cortegada" }],
              "question": "Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?",
              "id": "5727cb4d4b864d1900163d37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia is quite mountainous, a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leon\u00e9s, located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and Le\u00f3n. Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo), the Serra dos Ancares (on the border with Le\u00f3n and Asturias), O Courel (on the border with Le\u00f3n), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coru\u00f1a), Montemaior (A Coru\u00f1a), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Su\u00eddo, and Faro de Avi\u00f3n (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south, A Peneda, O Xur\u00e9s and O Larouco, all on the border of Ourense and Portugal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Macizo Galaico" }],
              "question": "What is Galicia's main mountain range?",
              "id": "5727cee23acd2414000decf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 885, "text": "Portugal" }],
              "question": "Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?",
              "id": "5727cee23acd2414000decf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia is poetically known as the \"country of the thousand rivers\" (\"o pa\u00eds dos mil r\u00edos\"). The largest and most important of these rivers is the Minho, known as O Pai Mi\u00f1o (Father Minho), 307.5 km (191.1 mi) long and discharging 419 m3 (548 cu yd) per second, with its affluent the Sil, which has created a spectacular canyon. Most of the rivers in the inland are tributaries of this fluvial system, which drains some 17,027 km2 (6,574 sq mi). Other rivers run directly into the Atlantic Ocean as L\u00e9rez or the Cantabrian Sea, most of them having short courses. Only the Navia, Ulla, Tambre, and Limia have courses longer than 100 km (62 mi).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "country of the thousand rivers" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Galicia is poetically known as?",
              "id": "5727cf524b864d1900163daa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Minho" }],
              "question": "What is its longest river?",
              "id": "5727cf524b864d1900163dab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus plantation, began in the Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de Espa\u00f1a (ENCE) in Pontevedra, which wanted it for its pulp. Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "eucalyptus tree" }],
              "question": "Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?",
              "id": "5727d3a53acd2414000ded6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "Hydroelectric" }],
              "question": "What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?",
              "id": "5727d3a53acd2414000ded70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The animals most often thought of as being \"typical\" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. The Galician horse is native to the region, as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the gali\u00f1a de Mos. The latter is an endangered species, although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001. Galicia's woodlands and mountains are home to rabbits, hares, wild boars, and roe deer, all of which are popular with hunters. Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia, and some of the community's relatively few environmentally protected areas are Special Protection Areas (such as on the R\u00eda de Ribadeo) for these birds. From a domestic point of view, Galicia has been credited for author Manuel Rivas as the \"land of one million cows\". Galician Blond and Holstein cattle coexist on meadows and farms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Galician Blond" }],
              "question": "Which cow species is native to Galicia?",
              "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "gali\u00f1a de Mos" }
              ],
              "question": "Which fowl species is native to the area?",
              "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "R\u00eda de Ribadeo" }
              ],
              "question": "One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?",
              "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9664"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Being located on the Atlantic coastline, Galicia has a very mild climate for the latitude and the marine influence affects most of the province to various degrees. In comparison to similar latitudes on the other side of the Atlantic, winters are exceptionally mild, with consistently heavy rainfall. Snow is rare due to temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. The warmest coastal station of Pontevedra has a yearly mean temperature of 14.8 \u00b0C (58.6 \u00b0F). Ourense located somewhat inland is only slightly warmer with 14.9 \u00b0C (58.8 \u00b0F). Due to its exposed north-westerly location, the climate is still very cool by Spanish standards. In coastal areas summers are temperered, averaging around 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) in Vigo. Temperatures are further cooler in A Coru\u00f1a, with a subdued 22.8 \u00b0C (73.0 \u00b0F) normal. Temperatures do however soar in inland areas such as Ourense, where days above 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) are very regular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Pontevedra" }],
              "question": "Where is Galicia's warmest coastal station?",
              "id": "5727dbb1ff5b5019007d9704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Ourense" }],
              "question": "What about inland?",
              "id": "5727dbb1ff5b5019007d9705"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with tendencies to have some summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces of Lugo and A Coru\u00f1a, which are characterized by their Oceanic climate (Cfb), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers. However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical mediterranean climate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Mediterranean" }],
              "question": "What is the southern area's climate classified as?",
              "id": "5727dc4b4b864d1900163eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Oceanic" }],
              "question": "What about the climate of its coastal areas?",
              "id": "5727dc4b4b864d1900163ead"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an example, Santiago de Compostela, the political capital city, has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres (53.6 in) per year (with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months) and 2,101 sunlight hours per year, with just 6 days with frosts per year. But the colder city of Lugo, to the east, has an average of 1,759 sunlight hours per year, 117 days with precipitations (> 1 mm) totalling 901.54 millimetres (35.5 in), and 40 days with frosts per year. The more mountainous parts of the provinces of Ourense and Lugo receive significant snowfall during the winter months. The sunniest city is Pontevedra with 2,223 sunny hours per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Santiago de Compostela" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the political capital city?",
              "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "129" }],
              "question": "How many rainy days does it typically have?",
              "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many days with frosts?",
              "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "A colder city like Lugo has how many days with frosts?",
              "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "2,223" }],
              "question": "Its sunniest city, Pontevedra, gets how may hours of sunlight per year?",
              "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas, 315 municipalities (93 in A Coru\u00f1a, 67 in Lugo, 92 in Ourense, 62 in Pontevedra) and 3,778 parishes. Municipalities are divided into parishes, which may be further divided into aldeas (\"hamlets\") or lugares (\"places\"). This traditional breakdown into such small areas is unusual when compared to the rest of Spain. Roughly half of the named population entities of Spain are in Galicia, which occupies only 5.8 percent of the country's area. It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places, over 40,000 of them being communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?",
              "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "315" }],
              "question": "How many municipalities?",
              "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "3,778" }],
              "question": "How many parishes?",
              "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many of its numerous named locations are communities?",
              "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland \u2014 the provinces of Ourense and Lugo \u2014 is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings called minifundios. However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "fishing" }],
              "question": "Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?",
              "id": "5727de8e3acd2414000dee8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "minifundios" }],
              "question": "What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? ",
              "id": "5727de8e3acd2414000dee8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially the R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2007, 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia, an 8% growth over the previous year, and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector. 85% of tourists who visit Galicia visit Santiago de Compostela. Tourism constitutes 12% of Galician GDP and employs about 12% of the regional workforce.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?",
              "id": "5727df082ca10214002d9868"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "5.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?",
              "id": "5727df082ca10214002d9869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "12%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for?",
              "id": "5727df082ca10214002d986a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo; It is one of the world's leading fishing ports, second only to Tokyo, with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros. In 2007 the port took in 732,951 metric tons (721,375 long tons; 807,940 short tons) of fish and seafood, and about 4,000,000 metric tons (3,900,000 long tons; 4,400,000 short tons) of other cargoes. Other important ports are Ferrol, A Coru\u00f1a, and the smaller ports of Mar\u00edn and Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa, as well as important recreational ports in Pontevedra and Burela. Beyond these, Galicia has 120 other organized ports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Vigo" }],
              "question": "Which port is Galicia's most important?",
              "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Tokyo" }],
              "question": "Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?",
              "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deeae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "120" }],
              "question": "Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?",
              "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deeaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autov\u00eda A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autov\u00eda A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connecting comarcal capitals, such as the aforementioned AG-53, Autov\u00eda AG-55 connecting A Coru\u00f1a to Carballo or AG-41 connecting Pontevedra to Sanxenxo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Xunta de Galicia" }],
              "question": "The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?",
              "id": "5727e08f4b864d1900163f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "AG-41" }],
              "question": "Name another road they responsible for.",
              "id": "5727e08f4b864d1900163f1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coru\u00f1a and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21\u204432 in) Iberian gauge lines operated by Adif and Renfe Operadora connect all the important Galician cities. A 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3\u20448 in) metre gauge line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo. The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line. Several high-speed rail lines are under construction. Among these are the Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail line that opened partly in 2011, and the AVE Atlantic Axis route, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast cities A Coru\u00f1a, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo to Portugal. Another projected AVE line will connect Ourense to Pontevedra and Vigo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?",
              "id": "5727e0f14b864d1900163f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 658,
                  "text": "Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of its only electrified railway?",
              "id": "5727e0f14b864d1900163f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rapid increase of population of A Coru\u00f1a, Vigo and to a lesser degree other major Galician cities, like Ourense, Pontevedra or Santiago de Compostela during the years that followed the Spanish Civil War during the mid-20th century occurred as the rural population declined: many villages and hamlets of the four provinces of Galicia disappeared or nearly disappeared during the same period. Economic development and mechanization of agriculture resulted in the fields being abandoned, and most of the population has moving to find jobs in the main cities. The number of people working in the Tertiary and Quaternary sectors of the economy has increased significantly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Spanish Civil War" }],
              "question": "A rapid population growth after occurred after which war?",
              "id": "5727e2c4ff5b5019007d978a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "Economic development and mechanization of agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two reasons for which Galicia's rural areas have been largely abandoned?",
              "id": "5727e2c4ff5b5019007d978b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spanish was nonetheless the only official language in Galicia for more than four centuries. Over the many centuries of Castilian domination, Galician faded from day-to-day use in urban areas. The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain\u2014in particular since the Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Law of Linguistic Normalization\", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)\u2014represents the first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician (Spanish is also still taught in Galician schools).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "more than four centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?",
              "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?",
              "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Law of Linguistic Normalization\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the law that enacted this?",
              "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "91" }],
              "question": "Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?",
              "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d97fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "68" }],
              "question": "What percentage read it?",
              "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d97ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "57" }],
              "question": "What percentage write it?",
              "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d9800"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of Le\u00f3n to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by the troubadour Mart\u00edn Codax, the priest Airas Nunes, King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso O Sabio (\"Alfonso the Wise\"), the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the Iberian Romance linguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia and, despite the long period of Castilian linguistic domination, these names are again household words.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1228" }],
              "question": "The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?",
              "id": "5727e8484b864d1900163fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "During what era did Galician literature emerge?",
              "id": "5727e8484b864d1900163fc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What is Galicia's most widespread religion?",
              "id": "5727e84aff5b5019007d9816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "73%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?",
              "id": "5727e84aff5b5019007d9817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondo\u00f1edo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil provincial divisions. The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops. Moreover, of five dioceses, Galicia is divided between 163 districts and 3,792 parishes, a few of which are governed by administrators, the remainder by parish priests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Catholic Church" }],
              "question": "Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727e8ddff5b5019007d982e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "one archbishop and four bishops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which five positions are held by church leaders?",
              "id": "5727e8ddff5b5019007d982f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like dolmens, menhirs and megalithics Tumulus were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia, amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, menhirs like the \"Lapa de Garg\u00f1\u00e1ns\". From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of Hill forts, few of them excavated like Baro\u00f1a, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de L\u00e1s and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, castra, city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge of Ponte Vella. It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense. Perhaps the best-known examples are the Roman Walls of Lugo and the Tower of Hercules in A Coru\u00f1a.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Romans" }],
              "question": "Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?",
              "id": "5727e99aff5b5019007d9840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "Lugo and Ourense" }],
              "question": "Name two of these cities.",
              "id": "5727e99aff5b5019007d9841"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater, whose body was discovered \u2013 according to the Catholic tradition \u2013 in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James became an extraordinary centre of pilgrimage and from the 9th century have been kept in the heart of the church \u2013 the modern-day cathedral \u2013 dedicated to him. There are many other Galician and associated saints; some of the best-known are: Saint Ansurius, Saint Rudesind, Saint Mari\u00f1a of Augas Santas, Saint Senorina, Trahamunda and Froilan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Saint James the Greater" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Galicia's patron saint?",
              "id": "5727e9ca4b864d1900163fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "Saint Senorina" }],
              "question": "Name another saint associated with Galicia.",
              "id": "5727e9ca4b864d1900163fdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In northern Galicia, the A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coru\u00f1a in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coru\u00f1a's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coru\u00f1a left all the other Galician cities behind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol" }
              ],
              "question": "Which metro area is largest in terms of population?",
              "id": "5727e9cf2ca10214002d995c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "653,556" }],
              "question": "What was it's total population back in 1900?",
              "id": "5727e9cf2ca10214002d995d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Galicia's inhabitants are known as Galicians (Galician: galegos, Spanish: gallegos). For well over a century Galicia has grown more slowly than the rest of Spain, due largely to emigration to Latin America and to other parts of Spain. Sometimes Galicia has lost population in absolute terms. In 1857, Galicia had Spain's densest population and constituted 11.5% of the national population. As of 2007, only 6.1% of the Spanish population resides in the autonomous community. This is due to an exodus of Galician people since the 19th century, first to South America and later to Central Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "galegos" }],
              "question": "What to Galician's call themselves in their language?",
              "id": "5727e9d04b864d1900163fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Latin America" }],
              "question": "Aside from Spain, where have Galicians emigrated to?",
              "id": "5727e9d04b864d1900163fe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Galician road network includes autopistas and autov\u00edas connecting the major cities, as well as national and secondary roads to the rest of the municipalities. The Autov\u00eda A-6 connects A Coru\u00f1a and Lugo to Madrid, entering Galicia at Pedrafita do Cebreiro. The Autov\u00eda A-52 connects O Porri\u00f1o, Ourense and Benavente, and enters Galicia at A Gudi\u00f1a. Two more autov\u00edas are under construction. Autov\u00eda A-8 enters Galicia on the Cantabrian coast, and ends in Baamonde (Lugo province). Autov\u00eda A-76 enters Galicia in Valdeorras; it is an upgrade of the existing N-120 to Ourense and Vigo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Madrid" }],
              "question": "Which Spanish city does the Autov\u00eda A-6 lead to?",
              "id": "5727e9d12ca10214002d9960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Cantabrian" }],
              "question": "The Autov\u00eda A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?",
              "id": "5727e9d12ca10214002d9961"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Green",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words \"grass\" and \"grow\". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "grene" }],
              "question": "Which old english word does the word \"green\" originate from?",
              "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "grow" }],
              "question": "Other than \"grass\", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?",
              "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "springtime" }],
              "question": "Which season is green most commonly associated with?",
              "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "chlorophyll" }],
              "question": "Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green?",
              "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "emerald" }],
              "question": "What an is an example of a green mineral?",
              "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "chlorophyll" }],
              "question": "What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?",
              "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "camouflage" }],
              "question": "For what do some animals use the color green?",
              "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "chromium" }],
              "question": "What chemical causes emeralds to be green?",
              "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "grene" }],
              "question": "From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?",
              "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa344"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "fertility and happiness" }
              ],
              "question": "What is green a symbol of in China?",
              "id": "572961606aef051400154dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?",
              "id": "572961606aef051400154dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "she is not from a noble family"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?",
              "id": "572961606aef051400154dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1077, "text": "lush vegetation of Paradise" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?",
              "id": "572961606aef051400154dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1220, "text": "its association with nature" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is green the color of the environmental movement?",
              "id": "572961606aef051400154dbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for \"green\". For example, the Slavic zelen\u044a is cognate with Sanskrit hari \"yellow, ochre, golden\". The Turkic languages also have ja\u0161\u0268l \"green\" or \"yellowish green\", compared to a Mongolian word for \"meadow\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "fresh, sprouting vegetation" }
              ],
              "question": "Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for what?",
              "id": "572962eb1d0469140077937f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "independently" }],
              "question": "How were the terms for \"green\" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?",
              "id": "572962eb1d04691400779380"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Turkic" }],
              "question": "Which language has a word for \"green\" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for \"meadow\"?",
              "id": "572962eb1d04691400779381"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character \u9752 (pronounced q\u012bng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of \"\u9752\". In more contemporary terms, they are \u85cd (l\u00e1n, in Mandarin) and \u7da0 (l\u01dc, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, \u7dd1 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru \"to be in leaf, to flourish\" in reference to trees) and \u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3 (guriin, which is derived from the English word \"green\"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, \"aoi\", because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word \"aoi\". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da tr\u1eddi (azure, lit. \"sky blue\"), lam (blue), and l\u1ee5c (green; also xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, lit. \"leaf green\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?",
              "id": "572963d03f37b31900478311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1132, "text": "xanh" }],
              "question": "What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?",
              "id": "572963d03f37b31900478312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "the same colors that other countries have"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?",
              "id": "572963d03f37b31900478313"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Green\" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520\u2013570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450\u2013530 nm (\"blue/green\") and another for ca. 530\u2013590 nm (\"green/yellow\").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote \"green\", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word \u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27 besides meaning \"green\" also means \"rank\" and \"smelly\" and holds other unpleasant associations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "Thai" }],
              "question": "In which language does the word for \"green\" also mean \"rank\" and \"smelly\"?",
              "id": "5729658d1d0469140077939f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "520\u2013570 nm" }],
              "question": "In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?",
              "id": "5729658d1d046914007793a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "the name of a fruit" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the origin of the word \"orange\"?",
              "id": "5729658d1d046914007793a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "subtractive" }],
              "question": "In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?",
              "id": "572966243f37b31900478333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "RGB" }],
              "question": "In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?",
              "id": "572966243f37b31900478334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "magenta" }],
              "question": "What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?",
              "id": "572966243f37b31900478335"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "red" }],
              "question": "What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?",
              "id": "572966243f37b31900478336"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this \"green\" primary is combined with an orangish-red \"red\" primary and a purplish-blue \"blue\" primary to produce any color in between \u2013 the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "A unique green" }],
              "question": "What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?",
              "id": "572966e11d046914007793a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "~550 nm" }],
              "question": "At what wavelength is green on computer displays?",
              "id": "572966e11d046914007793a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "additive" }],
              "question": "What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?",
              "id": "572966e11d046914007793a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm (\"green\"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium\u2013neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?",
              "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "532 nm" }],
              "question": "What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?",
              "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "diode pumped solid state" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?",
              "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1031, "text": "501 nm to 543 nm" }],
              "question": "What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?",
              "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "reflect" }],
              "question": "What do pigments do with the color green?",
              "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "minerals" }],
              "question": "What are green paints and dyes usually made of?",
              "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "chromium" }],
              "question": "What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?",
              "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "Copper" }],
              "question": "What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?",
              "id": "5729693f3f37b31900478350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 788,
                  "text": "small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the source of amazonite's color?",
              "id": "5729693f3f37b31900478351"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Verdigris" }],
              "question": "What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?",
              "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Pliny" }],
              "question": "Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?",
              "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Pompeii" }],
              "question": "In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?",
              "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "ruin" }],
              "question": "What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?",
              "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "Leonardo da Vinci" }],
              "question": "Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?",
              "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Green S (E142)" }],
              "question": "Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?",
              "id": "57296b763f37b31900478379"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Quinoline Yellow" }],
              "question": "What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?",
              "id": "57296b763f37b3190047837a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Chlorophyll" }],
              "question": "What is the most common green chemical found in nature?",
              "id": "57296b763f37b3190047837b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as \"campfire blue\") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "barium salts" }],
              "question": "How do fireworks create green sparks?",
              "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "cupric chloride" }],
              "question": "Which copper salt can produce green glames?",
              "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "75:25" }],
              "question": "What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?",
              "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "chlorophyll" }],
              "question": "Why are many plants green?",
              "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "absorbs" }],
              "question": "What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?",
              "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "organisms living in oceans" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did chlorophyll first arise?",
              "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "camouflage" }],
              "question": "How do animals typically use the color green?",
              "id": "57296da23f37b31900478391"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?",
              "id": "57296da23f37b31900478392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Turacoverdin" }],
              "question": "What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?",
              "id": "57296da23f37b31900478393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1116, "text": "ceruloplasmin" }],
              "question": "What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?",
              "id": "57296da23f37b31900478394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1073, "text": "biliverdin" }],
              "question": "What is the green pigment in bile called?",
              "id": "57296da23f37b31900478395"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "an optical illusion" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?",
              "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Northern and Central Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are green eyes most common?",
              "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?",
              "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?",
              "id": "572a17786aef051400155260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "malachite" }],
              "question": "What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?",
              "id": "572a17786aef051400155261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "saffron" }],
              "question": "How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?",
              "id": "572a17786aef051400155262"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the \"Very Green.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "a growing papyrus sprout" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?",
              "id": "572a18b96aef051400155266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Osiris" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?",
              "id": "572a18b96aef051400155267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "to protect them from evil" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?",
              "id": "572a18b96aef051400155268"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?",
              "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Democritus" }],
              "question": "Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?",
              "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?",
              "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "verdigris" }],
              "question": "What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?",
              "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?",
              "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?",
              "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "they rapidly faded or changed color"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?",
              "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "16th century" }],
              "question": "When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?",
              "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "reseda luteola" }],
              "question": "What was known as yellow-weed?",
              "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "18th and 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?",
              "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?",
              "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Goethe" }],
              "question": "Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?",
              "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "late nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the systematic study of color theory begin?",
              "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Vincent van Gogh" }],
              "question": "Who painted The Night Cafe?",
              "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "complementary" }],
              "question": "What type of colors are red and green?",
              "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?",
              "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "1868" }],
              "question": "When was the first traffic light erected?",
              "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Salt Lake City, Utah" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?",
              "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "high visibility" }],
              "question": "Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?",
              "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa80a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as \"the green fairy\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "the green fairy" }],
              "question": "What was absinthe known as?",
              "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "copper or arsenic" }],
              "question": "Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?",
              "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?",
              "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Libya" }],
              "question": "Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?",
              "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 448, "text": "country's lush vegetation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?",
              "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "steadiness and tolerance" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?",
              "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "Which color is considered sacred in Islam?",
              "id": "572a203e3f37b3190047870a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: B\u00fcndnis 90/Die Gr\u00fcnen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989\u20131990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "Alliance '90/The Greens" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest green party in Europe?",
              "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "environmentalism" }],
              "question": "Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?",
              "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When was the German green party founded in West Germany?",
              "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa839"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "green" }],
              "question": "What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?",
              "id": "572a23651d046914007797d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Pentecost" }],
              "question": "What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?",
              "id": "572a23651d046914007797d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Catholics" }],
              "question": "What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?",
              "id": "572a23651d046914007797d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "green holly and evergreen" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?",
              "id": "572a23651d046914007797d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "evergreens" }],
              "question": "What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?",
              "id": "572a23651d046914007797d3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "USB",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "USB" }],
              "question": "What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?",
              "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d923e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "commonplace" }],
              "question": "USB has become what on other devices?",
              "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d923f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "a variety of earlier interfaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has USB effectively replaced?",
              "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d9240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different \"sizes\" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Type-A or a Type-B" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the different kinds of USB connectors?",
              "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de963"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?",
              "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "the Type-A connector is usually the full size"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Type-A connector is usually what size?",
              "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "the Type-B side can vary as needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What size is the Type-B connector?",
              "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de966"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Counter-intuitively, the \"micro\" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "the \"micro\" size" }],
              "question": "What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?",
              "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "The standard and mini connectors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was designed for less daily connections?",
              "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Improved mini-B connectors" }
              ],
              "question": "What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?",
              "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Micro connectors" }],
              "question": "What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?",
              "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "five data transfer modes" }
              ],
              "question": "USB connections come in what?",
              "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d9298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is High Speed only supported by?",
              "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d9299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "USB 3.0 and newer interfaces" }
              ],
              "question": "SuperSpeed is only supported by?",
              "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d929a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?",
              "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many companies developed USB's?",
              "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal for USB's?",
              "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Ajay Bhatt" }],
              "question": "Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?",
              "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\" and 12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "January 1996" }],
              "question": "When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?",
              "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?",
              "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?",
              "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "USB" }],
              "question": "1.1 was the first widely used version of what?",
              "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "September 1998" }],
              "question": "When was the first widely used version of USB released?",
              "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9428"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The new SuperSpeed bus" }
              ],
              "question": "What provides a fourth transfer mode?",
              "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "5.0 Gbit/s" }],
              "question": "How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?",
              "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Communication" }],
              "question": "What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?",
              "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 \u2013 December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "low-power and high-power" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?",
              "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "150 mA and 900 mA respectively" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the power variants provide?",
              "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 283,
                  "text": "increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Battery Charging Specification do?",
              "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "does not allow concurrent data transmission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?",
              "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9467"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a \"Superspeed+\" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2, "text": "January 2013" }],
              "question": "When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?",
              "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "The group ended up creating a new USB version"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?",
              "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "31 July 2013" }],
              "question": "When was USB 3.1 released?",
              "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?",
              "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two \"sideband use\" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "August 2014" }],
              "question": "When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?",
              "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d9348"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "USB Type-C Specification 1.0" }
              ],
              "question": "What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?",
              "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d9349"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "both hosts and devices" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Type-C connect to?",
              "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d934a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "The 24-pin double-sided connector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What connector provides four power/ground pairs?",
              "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d934b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?",
              "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "active, electronically marked cables"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?",
              "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "(VDMs)" }],
              "question": "What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?",
              "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9398"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub\u2014built into the host controller\u2014is the root hub.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "its topology" }],
              "question": "The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?",
              "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "127 devices" }],
              "question": "How many devices may be connected to a host controller?",
              "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "in series through hubs" }
              ],
              "question": "How are USB devices linked?",
              "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "the root hub" }],
              "question": "What HUB is built into the host controller?",
              "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "topology" }],
              "question": "The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?",
              "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Up to 127 devices" }],
              "question": "How many devices can be connected to a host controller?",
              "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "the root hub" }],
              "question": "What hub is built into the host controller?",
              "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "multiple" }],
              "question": "A USB host may implement how many host controllers?",
              "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "one or more USB ports" }
              ],
              "question": "How many USB ports may a host controller provide?",
              "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "device functions" }],
              "question": "What are logical sub-devices referred to as?",
              "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "built-in microphone" }
              ],
              "question": "A single device can provide an audio device function such as?",
              "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "a webcam" }],
              "question": "A single device can provide a video device function such as?",
              "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called \"enumeration\") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "a connection from the host controller to a logical entity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a pipe?",
              "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "pipes (logical channels)" }
              ],
              "question": "A USB connection is based on what?",
              "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "an endpoint" }],
              "question": "What is a pipe named at?",
              "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9468"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "1-to-1 to endpoints" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do pipes correspond?",
              "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "up to 32 endpoints" }
              ],
              "question": "How many endpoints can a USB device have?",
              "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d946a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "the host sends an IN packet" }
              ],
              "question": "If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?",
              "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 859, "text": "both IN and OUT packets" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?",
              "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "an OUT packet" }],
              "question": "What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?",
              "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "enumeration process" }
              ],
              "question": "What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?",
              "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 220, "text": "the reset signaling" }
              ],
              "question": "What id the data rate determined during?",
              "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "After reset" }],
              "question": "When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?",
              "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "sending a reset signal to the USB device"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the enumeration process start by doing?",
              "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?",
              "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do transaction translators do?",
              "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?",
              "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "transaction translators" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain?",
              "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "storage devices" }],
              "question": "What do USB's implement connections to?",
              "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d9518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?",
              "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d9519"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "extension" }],
              "question": "What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?",
              "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d951a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?",
              "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d951b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "since mid-2004" }],
              "question": "Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?",
              "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "a primary bus for a computer's internal storage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is USB not intended for?",
              "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an important advantage of USB?",
              "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "a computer's internal storage" }
              ],
              "question": "Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?",
              "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9545"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a \"translating device\" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "external portable USB hard disk drives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Several manufacturers offer what?",
              "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "performance comparable to internal drives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?",
              "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "Thunderbolt" }],
              "question": "What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?",
              "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "a \"translating device\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the external drives typically include?",
              "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9635"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Microsoft" }],
              "question": "Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?",
              "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d965e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?",
              "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d965f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "use with portable media players"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was MTP originally designed for?",
              "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d9660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?",
              "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d9661"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?",
              "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?",
              "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "appropriate protocol" }
              ],
              "question": "USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?",
              "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Converters" }],
              "question": "What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?",
              "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "a microcontroller" }],
              "question": "What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?",
              "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug, which \"...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process.\" The specification also shows that the \"recommended\" \"Manufacturer's logo\" (\"engraved\" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, \"The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process.\" However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is \"visible\" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is difficult to do with a USB plug?",
              "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?",
              "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "adjacent" }],
              "question": "How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?",
              "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 610,
                  "text": "to be visible during the mating process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?",
              "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "supply power" }],
              "question": "What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?",
              "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "draw power" }],
              "question": "What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?",
              "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?",
              "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "cyclic networks" }],
              "question": "What networks do USB not support?",
              "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Because USB is hot-pluggable, the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than other connectors. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or breaking. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "robust" }],
              "question": "Standard connectors were designed to be what?",
              "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "the connectors would be used more frequently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?",
              "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Many previous connector designs were fragile"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What as a drawback of previous connectors?",
              "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "by an adjacent plastic tongue" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?",
              "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "by an enclosing metal sheath" }
              ],
              "question": "How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?",
              "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 230,
                  "text": "typically connected to system ground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the external metallic sheet connected?",
              "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "This enclosure design" }
              ],
              "question": "What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?",
              "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 749,
                  "text": "electrically safe hot-swapping."
                }
              ],
              "question": "This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?",
              "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device. However the idea that these changes did in fact make the connector more durable in real world use has been widely disputed, with many contending that they are in fact, much less durable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?",
              "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?",
              "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "on the cable side of the connection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?",
              "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the change made for the USB device?",
              "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "loose tolerances" }],
              "question": "What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?",
              "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?",
              "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?",
              "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?",
              "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called USB On-The-Go (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may \"swap\" ends under program control. This capability is meant for units such as PDAs in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "plugs" }],
              "question": "USB cables and device have only what on their ends?",
              "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "receptacles" }],
              "question": "Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?",
              "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "one or another Type-B variety" }
              ],
              "question": "Devices usually have what type of receptacle?",
              "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "Type-A receptacles" }
              ],
              "question": "Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?",
              "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9829"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Various connectors" }],
              "question": "What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?",
              "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "The mini-B USB connector" }
              ],
              "question": "What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?",
              "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "approximately 3 by 7 mm" }
              ],
              "question": "How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?",
              "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "23 May 2007" }],
              "question": "When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?",
              "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9839"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of micro-A plugs, micro-AB receptacles (which accept both micro-A and micro-B plugs), and micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to micro-A plug adapter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "to reduce the mechanical wear on the device"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the micro connector designed for?",
              "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?",
              "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "10,000 connect-disconnect cycles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the micro-plug rated for?",
              "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its \"energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution,\" and added: \"Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating\u2014\u200b\u200bup to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?",
              "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "22 October 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?",
              "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "micro-USB" }],
              "question": "What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?",
              "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes micro-USB adapters available \u2013 as permitted in the Common EPS MoU \u2013 for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?",
              "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?",
              "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Apple" }],
              "question": "Who was one of the original MoU signers?",
              "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164016"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All current USB On-The-Go (OTG) devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a micro-AB receptacle. Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle, due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line. The micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both micro-A and micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the micro-USB specification. Prior to the development of micro-USB, USB On-The-Go devices were required to use mini-AB receptacles to perform the equivalent job.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "one, and only one, USB connector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?",
              "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "the micro-AB receptacle" }
              ],
              "question": "Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?",
              "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?",
              "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device. If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP) is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "B-device" }],
              "question": "The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?",
              "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "to acting as a B-device" }
              ],
              "question": "What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?",
              "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "powering the USB interface when required"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the A-device responsible for?",
              "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D\u2212 in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D\u2212 signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "a serial bus" }],
              "question": "What is USB?",
              "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "four shielded wires" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?",
              "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?",
              "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 \u03bcs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?",
              "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "26 ns" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?",
              "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?",
              "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0. A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 (500 mA), or six unit loads in USB 3.0 (900 mA). There are two types of devices: low-power and high-power. A low-power device (such as a USB HID) draws at most one-unit load, with minimum operating voltage of 4.4 V in USB 2.0, and 4 V in USB 3.0. A high-power device draws, at most, the maximum number of unit loads the standard permits. Every device functions initially as low-power (including high-power functions during their low-power enumeration phases), but may request high-power, and get it if available on the providing bus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a unit load defined as?",
              "id": "5727f4544b864d1900164098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "150 mA" }],
              "question": "How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?",
              "id": "5727f4544b864d1900164099"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "five unit loads" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?",
              "id": "5727f4544b864d190016409a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "six unit loads" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw?",
              "id": "5727f4544b864d190016409b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some devices, such as high-speed external disk drives, require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port: erratic function, failure to function, or overloading/damaging the port. Such devices may come with an external power source or a Y-shaped cable that has two USB connectors (one for power and data, the other for power only) to plug into a computer. With such a cable, a device can draw power from two USB ports simultaneously. However, USB compliance specification states that \"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral\", meaning that \"if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "high-speed external disk drives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?",
              "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d9948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "may have power issues" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port.",
              "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d9949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "\"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does USB compliance specification prohibit?",
              "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d994a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supply currents between 500 mA and 1.5 A without the digital negotiation. A charging port supplies up to 500 mA at 5 V, up to the rated current at 3.6 V or more, and drops its output voltage if the portable device attempts to draw more than the rated current. The charger port may shut down if the load is too high.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?",
              "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "in 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?",
              "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "the charging port" }],
              "question": "What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?",
              "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "up to 500 mA at 5 V" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a charging port supply?",
              "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two types of charging port exist: the charging downstream port (CDP), supporting data transfers as well, and the dedicated charging port (DCP), without data support. A portable device can recognize the type of USB port; on a dedicated charging port, the D+ and D\u2212 pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms, while charging downstream ports provide additional detection logic so their presence can be determined by attached devices. (see ref pg. 2, Section 1.4.5, & Table 5-3 \"Resistances\"\u2014pg. 29).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two types" }],
              "question": "How many types of charging ports exist?",
              "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the type of USB port" }
              ],
              "question": "What can a portable device recognize?",
              "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df12a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the D+ and D- shortened with?",
              "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df12b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 (released in 2010) makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0. On the other hand, several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A, and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also, revision 1.2 removes support for USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?",
              "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does revision 1.2 remove?",
              "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "in 2010" }],
              "question": "When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?",
              "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery (\"PD\") specification, an extension that specifies using certified \"PD aware\" USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W) to devices with larger power demand. Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts \u2013  up to 2 A at 5 V (for a power consumption of up to 10 W), and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V (36 W or 60 W) or 20 V (60 W or 100 W). In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In July 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?",
              "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can devices request?",
              "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "supported" }],
              "question": "In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what?",
              "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df167"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "USB 3.1" }],
              "question": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?",
              "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?",
              "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Type-C features" }],
              "question": "Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?",
              "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164154"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?",
              "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "USB ports" }],
              "question": "What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?",
              "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports" }
              ],
              "question": "What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?",
              "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB. On some laptops such as Dell and Apple MacBook models, it is possible to plug a device in, close the laptop (putting it into sleep mode) and have the device continue to charge.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops" }
              ],
              "question": "On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?",
              "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "PowerShare" }],
              "question": "What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?",
              "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol?",
              "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its \"energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution,\" and added: \"Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating\u2014up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "17 February 2009" }],
              "question": "When did the GSM Association follow suit?",
              "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "a 4-star or higher efficiency rating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "UCS chargers will also include what?",
              "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "22 April 2009" }],
              "question": "When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?",
              "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2009" }],
              "question": "When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?",
              "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?",
              "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "January 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?",
              "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Some USB devices require what?",
              "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "an external power supply" }
              ],
              "question": "Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?",
              "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "a dual-input USB cable" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?",
              "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?",
              "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "the inrush current" }],
              "question": "What does the USB specification limit?",
              "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "when the device is first connected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?",
              "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are USB devices required to enter?",
              "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Many USB host interfaces do not what?",
              "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called USB decorations.[citation needed] Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature vacuum cleaners, and even miniature lava lamps. In most cases, these items contain no digital circuitry, and thus are not standard compliant USB devices. This may cause problems with some computers, such as drawing too much current and damaging circuitry. Prior to the Battery Charging Specification, the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host, which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some non-standard USB devices use?",
              "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "the 5 V power supply" }
              ],
              "question": "What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?",
              "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification?",
              "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the USB data transmitted?",
              "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the NRZI line coding" }
              ],
              "question": "What does USB use to encode data?",
              "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "bit stuffing" }],
              "question": "To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?",
              "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D\u2212 both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D\u2212 lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a \"bit stuff violation\" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "EOP (end-of-packet)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a USB packet's end called?",
              "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can skew due to hubs add?",
              "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "\"bit stuff violation" }
              ],
              "question": "What can this extra bit result in?",
              "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D\u2212 driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D\u2212 line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D\u2212 and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "a special protocol" }],
              "question": "What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?",
              "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "chirping" }],
              "question": "What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?",
              "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "an FS device (D+ pulled high)" }
              ],
              "question": " A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?",
              "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9af0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25\u201330 MB/s, while read operations are at 30\u201342 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70\u201390 MB/s, while read speed is 90\u2013110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "sustain rates of 25\u201330 MB/s,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?",
              "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "70\u201390 MB/s" }],
              "question": " For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?",
              "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "90\u2013110 MB/s" }],
              "question": "What is the read speed for USB 3.0?",
              "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs bit-stuffing, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. However, trailing 1 bits in the PID may require bit-stuffing within the first few bits of the payload.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "8-bit bytes" }],
              "question": "After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?",
              "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "least-significant bit first" }
              ],
              "question": "How are the bit bytes transmitted?",
              "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "a packet identifier (PID) byte"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first byte is what?",
              "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NAK, indicating that the data cannot be received and should be retried, and STALL, indicating that the device has an error condition and cannot transfer data until some corrective action (such as device initialization) occurs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "PID byte" }],
              "question": "Handshake packets consist of only a single what?",
              "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "in response to data packets" }
              ],
              "question": "When are handshake packets generally sent?",
              "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Error detection" }],
              "question": "What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?",
              "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number (for multifunction devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx packets, or receive the following DATAx packets, respectively. An IN token expects a response from a device. The response may be a NAK or STALL response, or a DATAx frame. In the latter case, the host issues an ACK handshake if appropriate. An OUT token is followed immediately by a DATAx frame. The device responds with ACK, NAK, NYET, or STALL, as appropriate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number"
                }
              ],
              "question": "IN and OUT tokens contain what?",
              "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "a response from a device" }
              ],
              "question": "An IN token expects what?",
              "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "DATAx frame" }],
              "question": "An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?",
              "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "to perform split transactions" }
              ],
              "question": " a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?",
              "id": "572805c04b864d1900164258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth"
                }
              ],
              "question": " Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?",
              "id": "572805c04b864d1900164259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "12 bits" }],
              "question": "How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?",
              "id": "572805c04b864d190016425a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "DATA0 and DATA1" }],
              "question": "There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?",
              "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "an address token" }],
              "question": "A data packet must always be preceded by what?",
              "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a data packet usually followed by?",
              "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "a special PID value, PRE" }
              ],
              "question": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?",
              "id": "572806764b864d190016426e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "four 0 bits" }],
              "question": "All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?",
              "id": "572806764b864d190016426f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents"
                }
              ],
              "question": " Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?",
              "id": "572806764b864d1900164270"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "two buses" }],
              "question": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?",
              "id": "572806d64b864d1900164274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "simplicity and low cost" }
              ],
              "question": "USB was designed for what?",
              "id": "572806d64b864d1900164275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video"
                }
              ],
              "question": "FireWire was designed for what?",
              "id": "572806d64b864d1900164276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "FireWire 400 is faster than what?",
              "id": "572806d64b864d1900164277"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?",
              "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "cheaper" }],
              "question": "Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?",
              "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "the distance is short, and power demand is low."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?",
              "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df299"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "closely associated with a host computer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?",
              "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "the peripheral and host grounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "USB connects what?",
              "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ethernet standards require what?",
              "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "external devices" }],
              "question": "eSATA does not supply power to what?",
              "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "advancing and external drives gradually need less power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?",
              "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?",
              "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0"
                }
              ],
              "question": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?",
              "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?",
              "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum",
              "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c14"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sichuan",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu (\u5df4\u8700), an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Ba-Shu" }],
              "question": "What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?",
              "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "at least the 15th century BC" }
              ],
              "question": "How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?",
              "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "within the Sichuan Basin" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?",
              "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?",
              "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?",
              "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d9370"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (\u675c\u5b87) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally \"advanced\" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "a cuckoo" }],
              "question": "What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?",
              "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1377,
                  "text": "Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the name Shu refer to?",
              "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 805, "text": "a local farmer in 1929" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?",
              "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "the Zhou" }],
              "question": "The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?",
              "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?",
              "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "the Himalayas" }],
              "question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?",
              "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Qin Mountains" }],
              "question": "What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?",
              "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Yangtze" }],
              "question": "What river flows through the Sichuan basin?",
              "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "present-day Gansu and Shaanxi" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Qin dynasty based?",
              "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "mountainous areas of Yunnan" }
              ],
              "question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?",
              "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "316 BC" }],
              "question": "By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?",
              "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "improved agricultural technology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?",
              "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Li Bing" }],
              "question": "Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?",
              "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Yangtze" }],
              "question": "The Min River is a major tributary of what river? ",
              "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "to either provide irrigation or prevent floods."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?",
              "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Tang dynasty" }],
              "question": "During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?",
              "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Du Fu" }],
              "question": "Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?",
              "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "armies" }],
              "question": "What was Chengu known to supply the country with?",
              "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "755-763" }],
              "question": "Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?",
              "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "the Tibetan Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?",
              "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606\u20131646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (\u5927\u897f\u738b\u671d). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Yellow Tiger" }],
              "question": "What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?",
              "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Sichuan" }],
              "question": "Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?",
              "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Daxi Dynasty" }],
              "question": "Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? ",
              "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Huguang Province" }],
              "question": "Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?",
              "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9403"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Chongqing" }],
              "question": "To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? ",
              "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d9408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?",
              "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d9409"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? ",
              "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d940a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?",
              "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d940b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "the Communists" }],
              "question": "What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?",
              "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Chiang Kai-Shek" }],
              "question": "Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?",
              "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "10 December" }],
              "question": "On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?",
              "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "it was one area on the road of the Long March"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?",
              "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Sichuan" }],
              "question": "What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?",
              "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?",
              "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?",
              "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "the Three Gorges Dam project." }
              ],
              "question": "Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?",
              "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "99,730,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?",
              "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 metres (24,790 ft) above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Sichuan basin" }],
              "question": "What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?",
              "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Hengduan Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?",
              "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Daxue Mountains" }],
              "question": "Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?",
              "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "24,790 ft" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?",
              "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Yangtze River" }],
              "question": "Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?",
              "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Min River" }],
              "question": "Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.",
              "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 \u00b0C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 \u00b0C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "humid subtropical climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?",
              "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Sichuan Basin" }],
              "question": "What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?",
              "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "subarctic climate" }],
              "question": "Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?",
              "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1009, "text": "2,000 to 3,500 meters" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?",
              "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1064, "text": "0 to 15 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?",
              "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d931a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sichuan has been historically known as the \"Province of Abundance\". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sichuan" }],
              "question": "What area for the \"Province of Abundance\" refer to?",
              "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "rice and wheat" }],
              "question": "What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "pork" }],
              "question": "What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?",
              "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "93%" }],
              "question": "How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 858,
                  "text": "transported to more developed eastern regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?",
              "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country\u2019s total production in 2000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "coal, energy, iron and steel" }
              ],
              "question": "What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Chengdu and Mianyang" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?",
              "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "21.9%" }],
              "question": "How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?",
              "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Deyang" }],
              "question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?",
              "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "Panzhihua" }],
              "question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?",
              "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases, but others have criticised it for its potentially harmful effects, such as massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Three Gorges Dam" }],
              "question": "What is the largest dam ever built in the world?",
              "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Yangtze River" }],
              "question": "On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?",
              "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam?",
              "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam?",
              "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9353"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce, the province's total foreign trade was US$22.04 billion in 2008, with an annual increase of 53.3 percent. Exports were US$13.1 billion, an annual increase of 52.3 percent, while imports were US$8.93 billion, an annual increase of 54.7 percent. These achievements were accomplished because of significant changes in China's foreign trade policy, acceleration of the yuan's appreciation, increase of commercial incentives and increase in production costs. The 18 cities and counties witnessed a steady rate of increase. Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan all saw an increase of more than 40 percent while Leshan, Neijiang, Luzhou, Meishan, Ziyang, and Yibin saw an increase of more than 20 percent. Foreign trade in Zigong, Panzhihua, Guang'an, Bazhong and Ganzi remained constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "53.3 percent" }],
              "question": "By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?",
              "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "US$13.1 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?",
              "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "US$8.93 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008?",
              "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40% in 2008?",
              "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007. The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan, with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work, effective 26 December 2007. The government also reduced the four-tier minimum wage structure to three. The top tier mandates a minimum of 650 yuan per month, or 7.1 yuan per hour. National law allows each province to set minimum wages independently, but with a floor of 450 yuan per month.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "12.5 percent" }],
              "question": "By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?",
              "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "450 yuan" }],
              "question": "What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?",
              "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "4.9 yuan" }],
              "question": "What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?",
              "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "450 yuan per month" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?",
              "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b j\u012bngj\u00ec j\u00ecsh\u00f9 k\u0101if\u0101 q\u016b) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) and has a planned area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies 13.6 km (8.5 mi) east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine and food processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "February 2000" }],
              "question": "When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?",
              "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "CETDZ" }],
              "question": "What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?",
              "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "8.5 mi" }],
              "question": "How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?",
              "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Chengdu" }],
              "question": "What is the capital city of Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ?",
              "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b G\u0101ox\u012bn J\u00ecsh\u00f9 Ch\u01ceny\u00e8 K\u0101if\u0101 Q\u016b) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in successive assessment activities held by China's Ministry of Science and Technology. It ranks 5th among the 53 national hi-tech development zones in China in terms of comprehensive strength.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?",
              "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d937e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved?",
              "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d937f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone is what rank of 53 in China terms of comprehensive strength?",
              "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d9380"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of software industry. Located on both sides of the \"Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou\" golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting at industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. The West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "South Park and the West Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?",
              "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 758,
                  "text": "electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which industries does West Park give priority to?",
              "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the focus of the South Park?",
              "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deaba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "software industry" }],
              "question": "What industry does South Park give priority to?",
              "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deabc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi). The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu, and is 8 km (5.0 mi) away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan of gross domestic product, fiscal revenue 6.768 billion yuan. There are more than 136 high-tech enterprises in the zone and they accounted for more than 90% of the total industrial output.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "17 sq mi" }],
              "question": "What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?",
              "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "8 km" }],
              "question": "What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport?",
              "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "177.4 billion yuan" }
              ],
              "question": "How much value has Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone  output since inception?",
              "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "136" }],
              "question": "How many high-tech enterprises are present in the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?",
              "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the 36.64 km (22.77 mi) expressway connected Cheng-Nan Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqing. The new expressway is 50 km (31 mi) shorter than the pre-existing road between Chengdu and Chongqing; thus journey time between the two cities was reduced by an hour, now taking two and a half hours. The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four lane overpass with a speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph). The total investment was 1.045 billion yuan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "three years" }],
              "question": "How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway?",
              "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "two and a half hours" }
              ],
              "question": "After the newest expressway was completed, what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing?",
              "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "80 km/h (50 mph)" }],
              "question": "What is the speed limit on the Sui-Yu Expressway?",
              "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "1.045 billion yuan" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the total cost of the Sui-Yu Expressway?",
              "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "four lane" }],
              "question": "How many lanes make up the Sui-Yu Expressway?",
              "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Nakhi people reside in the western portion that are impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environmentally fragile, and impoverished. Sichuan's capital of Chengdu is home to a large community of Tibetans, with 30,000 permanent Tibetan residents and up to 200,000 Tibetan floating population. The Eastern Lipo, included with either the Yi or the Lisu people, as well as the A-Hmao, also are among the ethnic groups of the provinces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Han Chinese" }],
              "question": "What race is the majority of Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Tibetan" }],
              "question": "What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu?",
              "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "far western areas." }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters?",
              "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many permanent Tibetan people live in Chengdu?",
              "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world, after Uttar Pradesh, India and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until 1991, when the Soviet Union was dissolved. It is also one of the only six to ever reach 100 million people (Uttar Pradesh, Russian RSFSR, Maharashtra, Sichuan, Bihar and Punjab). It is currently 10th.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Guangdong, Shandong and Henan" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three most populist provinces in China?",
              "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "21 million" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?",
              "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sichuan" }],
              "question": "What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?",
              "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?",
              "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?",
              "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Garz\u00ea Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages as well. The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language, which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages; Yi is written using the Yi script, a syllabary standardized in 1974. The Southwest University for Nationalities has one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments, and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages. In the minority inhabited regions of Sichuan, there is bi-lingual signage and public school instruction in non-Mandarin minority languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Tibetans and Qiang" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan?",
              "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "Khams and Amdo Tibetan" }
              ],
              "question": "What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak?",
              "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Nuosu" }],
              "question": "What language do the Yi people speak?",
              "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In what year was the language of the Yi people standardized?",
              "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "Southwest University for Nationalities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which University houses one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments?",
              "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d952a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Unicode",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "The Unicode Standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Unicode published as?",
              "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d942e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was unicode developed in conjunction with?",
              "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d942f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Unicode 8.0" }],
              "question": "What is the most recent version of Unicode?",
              "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 974, "text": "Unicode Consortium" }
              ],
              "question": "Who maintains the Unicode Standard? ",
              "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "120,000 characters" }
              ],
              "question": "Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? ",
              "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9432"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 \u00d7 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?",
              "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d9438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? ",
              "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d9439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "UCS-2" }],
              "question": "What does UTF-16 expand? ",
              "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "16-bit code unit" }],
              "question": "What type of code does UCS-2 use?",
              "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "(4 \u00d7 8 bits" }],
              "question": "How are two 16-bit units used? ",
              "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the aim of Unicode?",
              "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d9448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "multilingual computer processing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?",
              "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d9449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "(computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is multilingual computer processing?",
              "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "usually using Latin characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?",
              "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?",
              "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the \"fullwidth forms\" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "ISO-8859-1" }],
              "question": "What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? ",
              "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d933e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "to make it trivial to convert existing western text"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?",
              "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d933f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the \"fullwidth forms\" section of code points encompass?",
              "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d9340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Chinese, Japanese, and Korean" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the CJK languages referenced?",
              "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d9341"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts (e.g., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated as needing encoding. Among the characters not originally intended for Unicode are rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters, many of which are part of personal and place names, making them rarely used, but much more essential than envisioned in the original architecture of Unicode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?",
              "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?",
              "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode? ",
              "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "many of which are part of personal and place names"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some foreign characters rarely used? ",
              "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased? ",
              "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Each code point has a single General Category property. The major categories are: Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other. Within these categories, there are subdivisions. The General Category is not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point. E.g., U+000A <control-000A> Line feed (LF) in ASCII is both a control and a formatting separator; in Unicode the General Category is \"Other, Control\". Often, other properties must be used to specify the characteristics and behaviour of a code point. The possible General Categories are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the General Categories of Unicode?",
              "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of use is the General Category not helpful for?",
              "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "Other, Control" }],
              "question": "What is the General Category in Unicode?",
              "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "a single General Category property"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many General Category properties does each code point have?",
              "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "subdivisions" }],
              "question": "What exists within the main Unicode categories? ",
              "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Code points in the range U+D800\u2013U+DBFF (1,024 code points) are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range U+DC00\u2013U+DFFF (1,024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point (also known as a leading surrogate) followed by a low-surrogate code point (also known as a trailing surrogate) together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP. High and low surrogate code points are not valid by themselves. Thus the range of code points that are available for use as characters is U+0000\u2013U+D7FF and U+E000\u2013U+10FFFF (1,112,064 code points). The value of these code points (i.e., excluding surrogates) is sometimes referred to as the character's scalar value.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "high-surrogate code points" }
              ],
              "question": "What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? ",
              "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "low-surrogate code points" }
              ],
              "question": "What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? ",
              "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "leading surrogate" }],
              "question": "what is another name for a high-surrogate code point? ",
              "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "trailing surrogate" }
              ],
              "question": "what is another name for a low-surrogate code point? ",
              "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deefa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "the range of code points that are available for use as characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is known as a character's scalar value? ",
              "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deefb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters. For example, a Latin small letter \"i\" with an ogonek, a dot above, and an acute accent, which is required in Lithuanian, is represented by the character sequence U+012F, U+0307, U+0301. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "a dot above" }],
              "question": "What is an ogonek? ",
              "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d992e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "associating an abstract character with a particular code point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Unicode encode characters?",
              "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d992f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "a sequence of two or more characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?",
              "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d9930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All graphic, format, and private use characters have a unique and immutable name by which they may be identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy. In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal alias may be defined, and applications are encouraged to use the formal alias in place of the official character name. For example, U+A015 \ua015 YI SYLLABLE WU has the formal alias yi syllable iteration mark, and U+FE18 \ufe18 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET (sic) has the formal alias presentation form for vertical right white lenticular bracket.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Name Stability policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?",
              "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "a formal alias may be defined" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a name is defective or misleading?",
              "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "since Unicode version 2.0" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has this name immutability been guaranteed? ",
              "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9936"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering\u2014in depth\u2014topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "International Organization for Standardization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?",
              "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the Universal Character Set" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?",
              "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "The Unicode Standard" }
              ],
              "question": "What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?",
              "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "slightly different terminology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the two standards differ in? ",
              "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Consortium first published The Unicode Standard (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) in 1991 and continues to develop standards based on that original work. The latest version of the standard, Unicode 8.0, was released in June 2015 and is available from the consortium's website. The last of the major versions (versions x.0) to be published in book form was Unicode 5.0 (ISBN 0-321-48091-0), but since Unicode 6.0 the full text of the standard is no longer being published in book form. In 2012, however, it was announced that only the core specification for Unicode version 6.1 would be made available as a 692-page print-on-demand paperback. Unlike the previous major version printings of the Standard, the print-on-demand core specification does not include any code charts or standard annexes, but the entire standard, including the core specification, will still remain freely available on the Unicode website.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "any code charts or standard annexes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the print on demand, core version not include? ",
              "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the Unicode Standard first published? ",
              "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "June 2015" }],
              "question": "When was the latest version, Unicode 8.0, released?",
              "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Unicode 5.0" }],
              "question": "What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form? ",
              "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form?",
              "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, N\u00fc Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For others scripts, such as Mayan and Rongorongo, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Unicode Roadmap Committee" }
              ],
              "question": "Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?",
              "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? ",
              "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "no proposal has yet been made" }
              ],
              "question": "What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? ",
              "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Unicode Consortium Web site" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?",
              "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value (for UCS encodings). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many mapping methods does Unicode define?",
              "id": "5728027a4b864d1900164208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?",
              "id": "5728027a4b864d1900164209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 336,
                  "text": "the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? ",
              "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "UTF-8 and UTF-16" }],
              "question": "What are the most commonly used encodings? ",
              "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Universal Coded Character Set" }
              ],
              "question": "What does UCS stand for?",
              "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "Unicode Byte Order Mark" }
              ],
              "question": "What does BOM stand for? ",
              "id": "572802e54b864d190016421c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "UCS-2 and UTF-16" }],
              "question": "What specifies the BOM?",
              "id": "572802e54b864d190016421d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "U+FEFF" }],
              "question": "what is the code point of the BOM?",
              "id": "572802e54b864d190016421e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "byte-swapping U+FEFF" }
              ],
              "question": "What is U+UFFE the result of? ",
              "id": "572802e54b864d190016421f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM \"can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked\". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages. However RFC 3629, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "RFC 3629" }],
              "question": "What is the UTF-8 standard? ",
              "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "UTF-8" }],
              "question": "Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? ",
              "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "the large restriction on possible patterns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?",
              "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard \"wide character\" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "internal representation of text in programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is UTF-32 widely used? ",
              "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "Seed7" }],
              "question": "What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? ",
              "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "2.2" }],
              "question": "what version of python can be used with UTF-32? ",
              "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, \u00e9 can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "most letter/diacritic combinations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?",
              "id": "572808464b864d1900164292"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "U+0065" }],
              "question": "How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?",
              "id": "572808464b864d1900164293"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "U+0301" }],
              "question": "How is the accent added to the small latin e? ",
              "id": "572808464b864d1900164294"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "U+00E9" }],
              "question": "What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? ",
              "id": "572808464b864d1900164295"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "radicals" }],
              "question": "The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?",
              "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?",
              "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "greatly reduced the number of required code points"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?",
              "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Arabic Calligraphic Engine" }
              ],
              "question": "What does ACE stand for? ",
              "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "DecoType" }],
              "question": "Who created ACE?",
              "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "When was ACE created? ",
              "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Adobe and Microsoft" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created OpenType?",
              "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "SIL International" }],
              "question": "Who created Graphite? ",
              "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "in fonts" }],
              "question": "where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? ",
              "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Real stacking is impossible" }
              ],
              "question": "Can real stacking be accomplished? ",
              "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "what is a solution to the placement of combining marks? ",
              "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "WGL-4 with 652 characters" }
              ],
              "question": "What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? ",
              "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Multilingual European Subsets" }
              ],
              "question": "What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? ",
              "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "MES-2" }],
              "question": "What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4? ",
              "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "since Windows NT 4.0" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? ",
              "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "Latin scripts only" }
              ],
              "question": "MES-1 uses what scripts only? ",
              "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\" (U+FFFD, \ufffd), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? ",
              "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "U+FFFD" }],
              "question": "What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? ",
              "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Last Resort" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Apple's font? ",
              "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "SIL International" }],
              "question": "What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? ",
              "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? ",
              "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Unicode" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? ",
              "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "Microsoft Layer" }],
              "question": "What is Unicode available through Windows on? ",
              "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "UCS-2" }],
              "question": "What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? ",
              "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Unicode" }],
              "question": "What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? ",
              "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df368"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the \"Subject:\"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? ",
              "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "MIME standards" }],
              "question": "Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? ",
              "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "two different mechanisms" }
              ],
              "question": "How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? ",
              "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts\u2014sometimes described as \"pan-Unicode\" fonts\u2014attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., font substitution. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns for most typefaces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "fewer than a dozen fonts" }
              ],
              "question": "How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? ",
              "id": "572812d44b864d19001643c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "\"pan-Unicode\" fonts" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? ",
              "id": "572812d44b864d19001643c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what? ",
              "id": "572812d44b864d19001643ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "U+2028" }],
              "question": "What is the code for separating lines? ",
              "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "U+2029" }],
              "question": "What is the code for separating paragraphs? ",
              "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Cocoa text system" }],
              "question": "How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? ",
              "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 697,
                  "text": "every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the newliine normallization format work? ",
              "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?",
              "id": "572814a54b864d190016440e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is TRON? ",
              "id": "572814a54b864d190016440f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? ",
              "id": "572814a54b864d1900164410"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Advanced Typographic" }
              ],
              "question": "what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?",
              "id": "572815a04b864d190016443a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "plain text" }],
              "question": "Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? ",
              "id": "572815a04b864d190016443b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Unicode variation sequences" }
              ],
              "question": "How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? ",
              "id": "572815a04b864d190016443c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be na\u00efvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "preexisting character encodings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? ",
              "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "three different encoding forms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?",
              "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "version 3.0" }],
              "question": "Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? ",
              "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '\uff5e' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E \uff5e FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C \u301c WAVE DASH (other vendors).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Injective mappings" }],
              "question": "What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?",
              "id": "572816943acd2414000df433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Shift-JIS or EUC-JP" }
              ],
              "question": "A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?",
              "id": "572816943acd2414000df434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "U+FF5E" }],
              "question": "what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?",
              "id": "572816943acd2414000df435"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "128" }],
              "question": "How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? ",
              "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "conjuncts" }],
              "question": "What is another word for ligatures? ",
              "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "128 code points" }],
              "question": "What is the ISCII standard? ",
              "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164454"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word \u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07  [sa d\u025b\u02d0\u014b] \"perform\" starts with a consonant cluster \"\u0e2a\u0e14\" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant \"\u0e2a\"), the vowel \u0e41-, in spoken order would come after the \u0e14, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the \u0e2a.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "Thai Industrial Standard 620" }
              ],
              "question": "What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? ",
              "id": "572817d93acd2414000df455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "its ordering of Thai characters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? ",
              "id": "572817d93acd2414000df456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "Thai characters. The vowels \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? ",
              "id": "572817d93acd2414000df457"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, \u1e17 (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and e\u0304\u0301 (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are characters with diacritical marks represented? ",
              "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 905,
                  "text": "Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What encoding does Charis SIL use? ",
              "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "often be placed incorrectly" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the issue with underdots and their placement? ",
              "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "diacritical marks" }],
              "question": "Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? ",
              "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "identically" }],
              "question": "How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? ",
              "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d34"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Detroit",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "What city has the biggest population in Michigan?",
              "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Wayne County" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?",
              "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "5.3 million" }],
              "question": "How many people inhabit metro Detroit?",
              "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Detroit River" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?",
              "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "Midwest" }],
              "question": "In what region of the country is Detroit located?",
              "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit\u2013Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada\u2013U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "one-half" }],
              "question": "How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? ",
              "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "5,700,000" }],
              "question": "How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?",
              "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1,337 square miles" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?",
              "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In which census are these numbers coming from?",
              "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9455"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "25" }],
              "question": "By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?",
              "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "auto" }],
              "question": "The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?",
              "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "entertainment" }],
              "question": "What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?",
              "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1095, "text": "abandonment of properties" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Rick Snyder" }],
              "question": "Who is the Governor in Michigan?",
              "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "July 18, 2013" }],
              "question": "On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?",
              "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "$18.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?",
              "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "November 7, 2014" }],
              "question": "On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?",
              "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9495"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Chapter 9" }],
              "question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?",
              "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9496"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du D\u00e9troit, naming it after Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "1,400" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1773?",
              "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "2,144" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1778?",
              "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "800" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1765?",
              "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?",
              "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac" }
              ],
              "question": "Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?",
              "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "fur" }],
              "question": "What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?",
              "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Anglo-American settlers" }
              ],
              "question": "By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?",
              "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Muskrat French" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "War of 1812" }],
              "question": "In which War was Detroit captured by the British?",
              "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9376"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "Battle of Frenchtown" }
              ],
              "question": "In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?",
              "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "1813" }],
              "question": "In which year was Detroit recaptured?",
              "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Monroe County" }],
              "question": "In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?",
              "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9379"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying \"Thank God for Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the \"Wolverines\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1863" }],
              "question": "What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?",
              "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "George Armstrong Custer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Wolverine Brigade?",
              "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Iron Brigade" }],
              "question": "What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?",
              "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "82%" }],
              "question": "How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?",
              "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Paris of the West" }],
              "question": "What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Great Lakes" }],
              "question": "On which waterway is Detroit located?",
              "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 242, "text": "David Whitney House" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Woodward Avenue" }],
              "question": "Which street became known for it's mansions?",
              "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Thomas Edison" }],
              "question": "Who electrified Detroit?",
              "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Jimmy Hoffa" }],
              "question": "Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?",
              "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Walter Reuther" }],
              "question": "Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?",
              "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?",
              "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?",
              "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. \"By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK,\" whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans. The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "The Black Legion" }],
              "question": "What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1217, "text": "49" }],
              "question": "How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?",
              "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "1920s" }],
              "question": "By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9516"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "The Great Migration" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?",
              "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9517"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?",
              "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?",
              "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "Packard plant protest" }
              ],
              "question": "After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?",
              "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Packard" }],
              "question": "What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?",
              "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?",
              "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "60" }],
              "question": "How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?",
              "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "highways" }],
              "question": "What made car travel much easier?",
              "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9548"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his \"I Have a Dream\" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Twelfth Street riot" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?",
              "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "George W. Romney" }],
              "question": "Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?",
              "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "President Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1967?",
              "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?",
              "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods. The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area. The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974. The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "William Milliken" }],
              "question": "Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?",
              "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 821, "text": "Milliken v. Bradley" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?",
              "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?",
              "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period,\" said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. \"Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems.\" John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, \"Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1, "text": "Milliken" }],
              "question": "What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Wayne State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What school does John Mogk teach at?",
              "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "University of Minnesota" }
              ],
              "question": "At which school did Myron Orfield teach?",
              "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department. Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority. But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Coleman Young" }],
              "question": "Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "Detroit People Mover" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?",
              "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "$600 million" }],
              "question": "How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?",
              "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "suburban neighbors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?",
              "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9587"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "gasoline crises" }],
              "question": "What hurt the Auto industry?",
              "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "eminent domain" }],
              "question": "What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?",
              "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "eroding the tax base" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown. Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "The Renaissance Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What group of buildings opened in 1977?",
              "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "high crime rate" }],
              "question": "What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?",
              "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "suburbs" }],
              "question": "What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?",
              "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In which year did Detroit's population peak?",
              "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "1.8 million" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Detroit in 1950?",
              "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?",
              "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "700,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Detroit in 2010?",
              "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "In which year was Campus Martius open?",
              "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "riverfront" }],
              "question": "What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?",
              "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?",
              "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Port Authority Passenger Terminal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What opened in 2011?",
              "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?",
              "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building. Meanwhile, work is underway or set to begin on the historic, vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "$9 billion" }],
              "question": "How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?",
              "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Strathmore" }],
              "question": "Which hotel is set to be renovated?",
              "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "$5.2 billion" }],
              "question": "How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?",
              "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations. While some have estimated 20,000 stray dogs roam the city, studies have shown the true number to be around 1,000-3,000. Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "1,000-3,000" }],
              "question": "How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "$246 million" }],
              "question": "How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?",
              "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "urban decay" }],
              "question": "What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? ",
              "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point. The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Detroit Moraine" }],
              "question": "What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "675 to 680 feet" }],
              "question": "How tall is the tallest point in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "Detroit River" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest point in Detroit along side?",
              "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "clay" }],
              "question": "What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of?",
              "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit\u2013Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Detroit Salt Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company mines salt in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?",
              "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?",
              "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9656"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?",
              "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9657"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Detroit\u2013Windsor Truck Ferry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What it the Ferry to Canada called?",
              "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9658"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 12 days. The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 \u00b0F (\u22123.6 \u00b0C) in January to 73.6 \u00b0F (23.1 \u00b0C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 24, 1934 down to \u221221 \u00b0F (\u221229 \u00b0C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is \u22124 \u00b0F (\u221220 \u00b0C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences. A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Great Lakes" }],
              "question": "What body of water affects Detroit's climate?",
              "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "4.4" }],
              "question": "How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?",
              "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "May to September" }],
              "question": "When is the warm season in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011. Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May), averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881\u221282 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013\u221214. A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover. Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "33.5 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall for summer months?",
              "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "42.5" }],
              "question": "How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?",
              "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "spring and summer" }],
              "question": "When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "27.5" }],
              "question": "How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?",
              "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "post modern Neo-Gothic spires" }
              ],
              "question": "What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?",
              "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Art Deco" }],
              "question": "What style does the Guardian building use?",
              "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "Fox Theatre" }],
              "question": "What is a famous theater in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "Detroit Opera House" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a famous opera house in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 468, "text": "Wayne State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What university is near the New Center?",
              "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Downtown and New Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What areas of Detroit contain high rises?",
              "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Palmer Park" }],
              "question": "What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?",
              "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "historic" }],
              "question": "What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?",
              "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle Park (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Belle Isle Park" }],
              "question": "What is the large island park in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Tri-Centennial State Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Michigan's first urban park?",
              "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163db9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "two-mile" }],
              "question": "How long is the second phase of the riverfront?",
              "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "five miles" }],
              "question": "What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront?",
              "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163dbb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated. Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "78-acre" }],
              "question": "How large is Lafayette Park?",
              "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Southwest Detroit" }],
              "question": "In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?",
              "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What district is Lafayette Park a part of?",
              "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who planned Lafayette Park?",
              "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes. A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied. The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "a quarter" }],
              "question": "How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?",
              "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?",
              "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "9%" }],
              "question": "How many home in Detroit need minor repairs?",
              "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "86%" }],
              "question": "How many of Detroit's home are in good condition?",
              "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "northeast and on the city's fringes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located?",
              "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts. Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan. In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "$300-million" }],
              "question": "How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?",
              "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d9618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "Mayor Bing" }],
              "question": "Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?",
              "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d9619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "Far Eastside Plan" }],
              "question": "What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?",
              "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "1,200" }],
              "question": "How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?",
              "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?",
              "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems. From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098. As of 2010[update] the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, \"Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "$26,098" }],
              "question": "What was the median household income in 2009?",
              "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d963e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "$29,526" }],
              "question": "What was the median household income in 2000?",
              "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d963f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty?",
              "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d9640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Luke Bergmann" }],
              "question": "Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?",
              "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d9641"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oakland County in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of Forbes magazine. But internal county statistical methods \u2013 based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents \u2013 show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009. Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "11th" }],
              "question": "What is Oakland Counties rank in affluence in 2009?",
              "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "What city dominates Wayne County?",
              "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "$62,000" }],
              "question": "What is Oakland Counties average income?",
              "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "$38,000" }],
              "question": "What is Wayne Counties average income?",
              "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e27"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "90.4" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?",
              "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "suburbs" }],
              "question": "Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?",
              "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?",
              "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Great Migration" }],
              "question": "What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?",
              "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "automobile" }],
              "question": "What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?",
              "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs. However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city\u2014through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining). White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Jim Crow" }],
              "question": "Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century?",
              "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "redlining" }],
              "question": "What is an example of economic discrimination?",
              "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "white migration to the suburbs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "health" }],
              "question": "What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class?",
              "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "13 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Michigan's population is Black?",
              "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "82 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Detroit's population is Black?",
              "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?",
              "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1314, "text": "suburbs" }],
              "question": "Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?",
              "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1196, "text": "13.3%" }],
              "question": "What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?",
              "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit has a Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown. The population significantly increased in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase from the number in 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1940s" }],
              "question": "When did Mexicantown start to grow?",
              "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "48,679" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?",
              "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "36,452" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Mexican population?",
              "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?",
              "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e81"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2002 there are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has population of Hmong with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. Many of those residents own small businesses or work in blue collar jobs, and the population in that area is mostly Muslim. The area north of Downtown Detroit; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital, the Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities including an area in the westside adjacent to Dearborn and Redford Township that has a mostly Indian Asian population, and a community of Vietnamese and Laotians in Southwest Detroit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live?",
              "id": "5727da933acd2414000dee1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "transient" }],
              "question": "What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit?",
              "id": "5727da933acd2414000dee1e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and/or startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that\u2019s part of the WSU system. Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Shinola" }],
              "question": "Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?",
              "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Detroit Medical Center" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest employer in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "central business district" }
              ],
              "question": "What district is Midtown north of?",
              "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Corktown" }],
              "question": "Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?",
              "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "New Center" }],
              "question": "Where is TechTown based?",
              "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Compuware" }],
              "question": "What Tech company is based in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Blue Cross Blue Shield" }
              ],
              "question": "What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Quicken Loans" }],
              "question": "Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?",
              "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 772,
                  "text": "Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da613"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment; though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties. Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city. In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium?",
              "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Midtown" }],
              "question": "What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in?",
              "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "historically significant" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction?",
              "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems. Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%. Numerous developments have been recently completely or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Midtown" }],
              "question": "What part of Detroit still has high population density??",
              "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfde9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "David Whitney Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Which building's reconstruction cost $82 million?",
              "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "David Broderick Tower" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use?",
              "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Fort Shelby Hotel" }],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Doubletree?",
              "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 567, "text": "Book Cadillac Hotel" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Westin?",
              "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfded"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.[citation needed] Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project. On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city's Capitol Park district, the Capitol Park Lofts (the former Capitol Park Building) and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold. Those investments are separate from Chase's five-year, $100-million commitment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "JPMorgan Chase" }],
              "question": "Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014?",
              "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "$25 million" }],
              "question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?",
              "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "$12.5 million" }],
              "question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?",
              "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "$32 million" }],
              "question": "How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015?",
              "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da665"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Grosse Pointe and Royal Oak, Detroit. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities. About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Windsor, Ontario" }],
              "question": "Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?",
              "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?",
              "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Walk Score" }],
              "question": "Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?",
              "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Known as the world's automotive center, \"Detroit\" is a metonym for that industry. Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American \"Arsenal of Democracy\" supporting the Allied powers during World War II. It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport; The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song \"Detroit Rock City\"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Arsenal of Democracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What \"Arsenal\" was Detroit a part of ?",
              "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Motown" }],
              "question": "What nickname for Detroit recognizes it's musical history?",
              "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "313" }],
              "question": "What is Detroit's area code?",
              "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Red Wings" }],
              "question": "Which hockey team is based in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "Detroit Rock City" }],
              "question": "What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City?",
              "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood. Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "John Lee Hooker" }],
              "question": "Which artist resided in Delray?",
              "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Donald Byrd" }],
              "question": "Which musician attended Cass Tech?",
              "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Pepper Adams" }],
              "question": "Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?",
              "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 733,
                  "text": "Graystone International Jazz Museum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "blues" }],
              "question": "What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?",
              "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer \u2013 who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Nolan Strong" }],
              "question": "Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?",
              "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Fortune" }],
              "question": "What label operated in Third Avenue?",
              "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Devora Brown" }],
              "question": "Who was Jack Brown's wife?",
              "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "Motown" }],
              "question": "What label became Detroit's most famous?",
              "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Berry Gordy, Jr." }],
              "question": "Who founded Motown records?",
              "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "Paul Justman" }],
              "question": "Who did a documentary on Motown?",
              "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Allan Slutsky" }],
              "question": "Who wrote a book about Motown?",
              "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "hardcore punk rock underground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year did the movie about Kiss come out?",
              "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "1960s and 70s" }],
              "question": "In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Eminem" }],
              "question": "Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?",
              "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Sponge" }],
              "question": "Which band toured with Kid Rock?",
              "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "garage rock" }],
              "question": "What genre does The White Stripes fit into?",
              "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "producer" }],
              "question": "What is J Dilla's occupation?",
              "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, \"Detroit techno\". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as \"Movement\", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Detroit" }],
              "question": "Techno started in which city?",
              "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Detroit techno" }],
              "question": "What genre of music featured robotic themes?",
              "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Movement" }],
              "question": "What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?",
              "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "Memorial Day Weekend" }
              ],
              "question": "When does \"Movement\" occur?",
              "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Hart Plaza" }],
              "question": "Where does \"Movement\" take place?",
              "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Orchestra Hall" }],
              "question": "What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?",
              "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Nederlander" }],
              "question": "What family purchased the Detroit opera House?",
              "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "2,089" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?",
              "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Masonic Temple Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?",
              "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?",
              "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Detroit Institute of Arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?",
              "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Ford Piquette Avenue Plant" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the birthplace of the Model T?",
              "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does MOCAD stand for?",
              "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 743,
                  "text": "Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CAID stand for?",
              "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex. The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "The Henry Ford" }],
              "question": "What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?",
              "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Royal Oak" }],
              "question": "Where is the Detroit Zoo?",
              "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 516, "text": "Cranbrook Art Museum" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?",
              "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What museum is on Belle Isle?",
              "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "G.R. N'Namdi Gallery" }
              ],
              "question": "What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?",
              "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da850"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Eastern Market" }],
              "question": "Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?",
              "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "50,000" }],
              "question": "How big is Midtown's population?",
              "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "Detroit Festival of the Arts" }
              ],
              "question": "Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?",
              "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many casino resorts ore in downtown?",
              "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Saturdays" }],
              "question": "On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?",
              "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest. River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor\u2013Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "Campus Martius Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?",
              "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "America's Thanksgiving Parade" }
              ],
              "question": "Which parade started in 1924?",
              "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "River Days" }],
              "question": "Which festival spans five days?",
              "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "Windsor\u2013Detroit International Freedom Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which festival draws up to 3 million people?",
              "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Hoedown" }],
              "question": "What is the country music festival in Detroit called?",
              "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An important civic sculpture in Detroit is \"The Spirit of Detroit\" by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Marshall Fredericks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "October 16, 1986" }],
              "question": "When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?",
              "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "Sports Illustrated" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?",
              "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Robert Graham" }],
              "question": "Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?",
              "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "24-foot" }],
              "question": "How long is the Joe Louis memorial?",
              "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da8a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname \"Hockeytown\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?",
              "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "The Palace of Auburn Hills" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?",
              "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Comerica Park" }],
              "question": "Where do the Tigers play?",
              "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Ford Field" }],
              "question": "Where do the Lions play?",
              "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Joe Louis Arena" }],
              "question": "Where do the Red Wings play?",
              "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da754"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "Little Caesars Pizza Bowl" }
              ],
              "question": "Which bowl game is held in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Ford Field" }],
              "question": "Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?",
              "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Mid-American Conference" }
              ],
              "question": "Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the \"City of Champions\" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936). In 1932, Eddie \"The Midnight Express\" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "City of Champions" }],
              "question": "What is Detroit's sports related nickname?",
              "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "The Midnight Express" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?",
              "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Joe Louis" }],
              "question": "Who won the boxing title in 1937?",
              "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Red Wings" }],
              "question": "Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?",
              "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "Tigers" }],
              "question": "Who won the World Series in 1935?",
              "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a \"strong mayoral\" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many people are on the city council?",
              "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1974" }],
              "question": "When was Detroit's charter approved?",
              "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "The council" }],
              "question": "Who approves Detroit's budgets?",
              "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Home Rule Charter" }],
              "question": "What is Detroit's charter called?",
              "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Frank Murphy Hall of Justice" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Circuit Court located?",
              "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Coleman A. Young Municipal Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?",
              "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "Thirty-Sixth" }],
              "question": "Which District Court is Detroit home to?",
              "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000. Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the first half of 2015, it was surpassed by St Louis and Baltimore which saw much greater spikes in violence. At year-end 2015, Detroit had 295 criminal homicides, down slightly from 299 in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "43.4 per 100,000" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?",
              "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "58 per 100,000" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?",
              "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "St. Louis" }],
              "question": "What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?",
              "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "299" }],
              "question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?",
              "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "295" }],
              "question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?",
              "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "62.18 per 1,000" }],
              "question": "What is Detroit's rate of property crime?",
              "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "5 per 1,000" }],
              "question": "What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?",
              "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "16.73 per 1,000" }],
              "question": "What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?",
              "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "1802" }],
              "question": "When was Detroit incorporated?",
              "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "74" }],
              "question": "How many mayors has Detroit had?",
              "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Louis Miriani" }],
              "question": "Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?",
              "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Coleman Young" }],
              "question": "Who was Detroit's first black mayor?",
              "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "Supreme Court Justice" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?",
              "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Rick Snyder" }],
              "question": "Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?",
              "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da948"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 999, "text": "Stephen Rhodes" }],
              "question": "What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?",
              "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Chapter 9" }],
              "question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?",
              "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "July 18, 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?",
              "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1038, "text": "$18.5 billion" }],
              "question": "How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?",
              "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "Wayne State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What research university is located in Midtown?",
              "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da80e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "University of Detroit Mercy" }
              ],
              "question": "What Catholic university is in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da80f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "Downtown" }],
              "question": "In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?",
              "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "Society of Jesus" }],
              "question": "Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?",
              "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da811"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary" }
              ],
              "question": "What Seminary is located in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e0039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?",
              "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Michigan State" }],
              "question": "What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?",
              "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "When was the University of Michigan founded?",
              "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 746, "text": "1837" }],
              "question": "When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?",
              "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs. Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "Society of Jesus" }],
              "question": "Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?",
              "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "west" }],
              "question": "On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?",
              "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Detroit Newspaper Partnership" }
              ],
              "question": "Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?",
              "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When was The Metro Times founded?",
              "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?",
              "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0073"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events. The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Michigan Chronicle" }],
              "question": "What newspaper was founded in 1935?",
              "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "11th largest" }],
              "question": "How is Detroit's TV market ranked?",
              "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "weekly" }],
              "question": "How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?",
              "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Ontario" }],
              "question": "What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?",
              "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "over a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many major hospitals are in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "John D. Dingell" }],
              "question": "What is the Detroit VA hospital called?",
              "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?",
              "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many beds does the DMC have?",
              "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "DMC" }],
              "question": "Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "Vanguard Health Systems" }
              ],
              "question": "Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?",
              "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "$1.5 B" }],
              "question": "How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?",
              "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "St. Joseph's" }],
              "question": "What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?",
              "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "$417 M" }],
              "question": "How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?",
              "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "$500 M" }],
              "question": "How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?",
              "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit\u2013Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. \"This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border,\" Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Lisa Raitt" }],
              "question": "Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?",
              "id": "5728df482ca10214002da9fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "$250 million" }],
              "question": "How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?",
              "id": "5728df482ca10214002da9ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "$2.1 billion" }],
              "question": "How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?",
              "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?",
              "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "95 per cent" }],
              "question": "How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?",
              "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north\u2013south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit\u2013Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "I-75" }],
              "question": "Which Interstate is the major north-south route?",
              "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Lake Erie" }],
              "question": "Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?",
              "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many major interstates are serve Detroit?",
              "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east\u2013west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest\u2013southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "Edsel Ford Freeway" }],
              "question": "What is I-94 called?",
              "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Henry Ford" }],
              "question": "Who built I-94?",
              "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "limited-access" }],
              "question": "A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?",
              "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During which conflict was I-94 built?",
              "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "I-275 runs north\u2013south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east\u2013west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "I-375" }],
              "question": "Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?",
              "id": "5728e2104b864d190016500e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Reuther Freeway" }],
              "question": "What is I-696 called?",
              "id": "5728e2104b864d190016500f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "I-696" }],
              "question": "Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?",
              "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "M" }],
              "question": "Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?",
              "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "I-275" }],
              "question": "Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?",
              "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165012"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Culture",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, \"the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.\" Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning\u2014raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "the way of life" }],
              "question": " How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define \"Culture\" in short?",
              "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Terror Management Theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?",
              "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "larger brain" }],
              "question": "What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?",
              "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?",
              "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 921, "text": "kinship, gender and marriage" }
              ],
              "question": "Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.",
              "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1212,
                  "text": "technology, architecture and art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term \"concept material culture\" cover?",
              "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious \u2013 discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 763,
                  "text": "body modification, clothing or jewelry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?",
              "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?",
              "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1057,
                  "text": "as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?",
              "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When used as a count noun \"a culture\", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes \"culture\" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. \"bro culture\"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "a culture" }],
              "question": "What does the term \"Count Noun\" mean?",
              "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "customs, traditions and values of a society or community"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?",
              "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What falls within the term \"cultural anthropology\"?",
              "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern term \"culture\" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or \"cultura animi\", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him \"refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the modern term \"culture\" based on?",
              "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Samuel Pufendorf" }],
              "question": "Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?",
              "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?",
              "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "social dynamics and promoting new cultural models"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? ",
              "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "U.S. feminist movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?",
              "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "ice age" }],
              "question": "Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?",
              "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9916"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce\u2014or inhibit\u2014social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. \"Stimulus diffusion\" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. \"Direct Borrowing\" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "War or competition over resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may impact social dynamics and technical development?",
              "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "fast food" }],
              "question": "In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?",
              "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "the sharing of ideas" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?",
              "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 803, "text": "Diffusion of innovations" }
              ],
              "question": "Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?",
              "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804) has formulated an individualist definition of \"enlightenment\" similar to the concept of bildung: \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.\" He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, \"Dare to be wise!\" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744\u20131803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: \"For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Immanuel Kant" }],
              "question": "Who said the following statement? \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity\".",
              "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Dare to be wise" }],
              "question": "What does the term Sapere aude mean?",
              "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder" }
              ],
              "question": "Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?",
              "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767\u20131835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements\u2014such as the nationalist struggle to create a \"Germany\" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire\u2014developed a more inclusive notion of culture as \"worldview\" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between \"civilized\" and \"primitive\" or \"tribal\" cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Wilhelm von Humboldt" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?",
              "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Romantic era" }],
              "question": "During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?",
              "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Weltanschauung" }],
              "question": "What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?",
              "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826\u20131905) argued for \"the psychic unity of mankind\". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of \"elementary ideas\" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different \"folk ideas\" (V\u00f6lkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858\u20131942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "elementary ideas" }],
              "question": "According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?",
              "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Adolf Bastian" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the person argued for \"The psychic unity of mankind\"?",
              "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Franz Boas" }],
              "question": "Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?",
              "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In practice, culture referred to an \u00e9lite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, \"culture\" was identified with \"civilization\" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a \"culture\" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of \"culture\" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "\u00e9lite ideal" }],
              "question": "What did culture refer to in practice?",
              "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "art, classical music, and haute cuisine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was associated with culture during this German practice?",
              "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "urban life" }],
              "question": "Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?",
              "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "inequalities within European societies."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?",
              "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df13a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matthew Arnold contrasted \"culture\" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted \"culture\" with \"the state of nature\". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between \"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\" According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "anarchy" }],
              "question": "How did Matthew Arnold view \"Culture\" with?",
              "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two philosophers contrasted \"culture\" with the state of nature?",
              "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Native Americans" }],
              "question": "Which race was considered living \"in a state of nature\" by the Europeans?",
              "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "\"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "\"In a state of nature\" was divided into two groups, what where they?",
              "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by \"the folk\", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as \"noble savages\" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "folk music" }],
              "question": "What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?",
              "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "classical music" }],
              "question": "Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?",
              "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "noble savages" }],
              "question": "What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?",
              "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century \"culture\" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Tylor's" }],
              "question": "Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?",
              "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?",
              "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "In which century did \"culture\" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?",
              "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sociology of culture concerns culture\u2014usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society\u2014as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858\u20131918), culture referred to \"the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history\". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Georg Simmel" }],
              "question": "Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?",
              "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?",
              "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "non physical ideas" }
              ],
              "question": "What does non-material culture refer to?",
              "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 902,
                  "text": "archeological and anthropological studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The term material culture is only relevant to what?",
              "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9adf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918\u20131933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then \"reinvented\" in the English-speaking world as a product of the \"cultural turn\" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. \"Culture\" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. \"Cultural sociology\" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Weimar Germany" }],
              "question": "Where did sociology culture stem from?",
              "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Alfred Weber" }],
              "question": "Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?",
              "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "scientific methods" }
              ],
              "question": "What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?",
              "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164236"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Marx, Durkheim, and Weber" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?",
              "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "popular culture, political control, and social class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?",
              "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "qualitative" }],
              "question": "What is most of the research into sociological culture ?",
              "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932\u20132014) and Raymond Williams (1921\u20131988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified \"culture\" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Stuart Hall (1932\u20132014) and Raymond Williams (1921\u20131988)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "consumption goods and leisure activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?",
              "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?",
              "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "saw patterns of consumption and leisure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?",
              "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, \"Cultural Studies\" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as \"Western Civilization\" or as \"Globalism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "popular culture" }],
              "question": "In the U.S what does \"Cultural Studies\" focus largely on in this field?",
              "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Richard Hoggart" }],
              "question": "Who first coined the term \"Cultural Studies\" in the United States?",
              "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?",
              "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Stuart Hall" }],
              "question": "The CCCS has since been associated with who?",
              "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to \"fit in\" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?",
              "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "international intellectual movement."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Stuart and his colleagues create?",
              "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?",
              "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1491,
                  "text": "a process called globalization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Capitalism can be referred to as what process?",
              "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of \"culture\". \"Culture\" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?",
              "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?",
              "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 621,
                  "text": "based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up cooperative cultural studies? ",
              "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as \"capitalist\" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the \"culture industry\" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "late 1970s" }],
              "question": "Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?",
              "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "1950s and 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?",
              "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?",
              "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "the University of Birmingham" }
              ],
              "question": "Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?",
              "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df356"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, \"Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition\". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Lindlof and Taylor" }],
              "question": "Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?",
              "id": "57281099ff5b5019007d9c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1035, "text": "the economic base" }
              ],
              "question": "From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?",
              "id": "57281099ff5b5019007d9c43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "29 ways" }],
              "question": "How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?",
              "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "enlightenment" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?",
              "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "secular society" }],
              "question": "What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?",
              "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sahara",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Sahara (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u200e, a\u1e63-\u1e63a\u1e25r\u0101\u02be al-kubr\u0101\u202f, 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]\u2014including the Libyan Desert\u2014is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the A\u00efr Mountains, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u1e63a\u1e25\u0101r\u0101\u202f [\u02c8s\u02e4\u0251\u0127\u0251\u02d0r\u0251\u02d0]).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sahara" }],
              "question": "What is the third hottest desert in the world?",
              "id": "5727b786ff5b5019007d9346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sahara" }],
              "question": "What is the third largest desert in the world?",
              "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?",
              "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sahara" }],
              "question": "What is the hottest desert in the world?",
              "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "hyperarid" }],
              "question": "What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?",
              "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9666"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Sahara have little to none of?",
              "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9667"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "grassland and desert shrub" }
              ],
              "question": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?",
              "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Sahara have little of?",
              "id": "5727cbd8ff5b5019007d956f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "years" }],
              "question": "How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?",
              "id": "5727cbd8ff5b5019007d9571"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Mediterranean Sea" }],
              "question": "What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?",
              "id": "5727d3f54b864d1900163e0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Sahel" }],
              "question": "What is to the south of the Sahara?",
              "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "dry tropical" }],
              "question": "What kind of climate does the Sahel have?",
              "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "150 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?",
              "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Sahara" }],
              "question": "What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?",
              "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "horse latitudes" }],
              "question": "What ares is the Sahara located in?",
              "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "sinking air" }],
              "question": "What makes it difficult for clouds to form?",
              "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "dissolution of clouds" }
              ],
              "question": "What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?",
              "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "rainfall" }],
              "question": "What weather is virtually non-existent?",
              "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 680,
                  "text": "eastern part of the Great Desert"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the air the strongest?",
              "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?",
              "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "hot and dry" }],
              "question": "What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 299, "text": "North-African desert" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?",
              "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da722"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "air ascent" }],
              "question": "What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?",
              "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Atlas Mountains" }],
              "question": "What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?",
              "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Algeria" }],
              "question": "Where are the Atlas Mountains located?",
              "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "low-pressure systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?",
              "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da733"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the desert have to overcome?",
              "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da734"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "high temperatures year-round" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the temperature like year around in the desert?",
              "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da735"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F) - 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 \u00b0C (116.6 \u00b0F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It's the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 \u00b0C (114.8 \u00b0F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 \u00b0C (110.8 \u00b0F), 46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F), 45.5 (113.9 \u00b0F). Furthermore, 41.9 \u00b0C (107.4 \u00b0F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 \u2013 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 \u2013 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) everywhere and can approach 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 \u00b0C (176 \u00b0F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 \u00b0C (182.3 \u00b0F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 \u00b0C (161.6 \u00b0F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 \u00b0C (167 \u00b0F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it's a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 \u00b0C (55.4 \u00b0F) and 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it's true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "the Great Desert" }],
              "question": "What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?",
              "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2601, "text": "25 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the value temperature of most of the desert?",
              "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "82% of the time" }],
              "question": "What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?",
              "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 572, "text": "around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?",
              "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 2750, "text": "80 \u00b0C (176 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?",
              "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "low pressure systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?",
              "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1156, "text": "less than 1 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1253, "text": "9,000,000 km2 of desert land" }
              ],
              "question": "How much desert land is the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "Intertropical Convergence Zone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?",
              "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "east and west" }],
              "question": "Which directions does the South Saharan run?",
              "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "July and August" }],
              "question": "What months do the summer rains happen?",
              "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "100 to 200 mm" }],
              "question": "What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?",
              "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much land does the ecoregion cover?",
              "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 43, "text": "five hundred species" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "growing lower" }],
              "question": "What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?",
              "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "thick stems" }],
              "question": "Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?",
              "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "long roots that travel horizontally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?",
              "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?",
              "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "April to October" }],
              "question": "What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?",
              "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?",
              "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "human activities" }],
              "question": "What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?",
              "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "irrigated water pumped" }
              ],
              "question": "What underground items have lead to soil degradation?",
              "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "natural resources" }],
              "question": "What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da672"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "ice age" }],
              "question": "When did people start living on the edge of the desert?",
              "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Over 30,000 petroglyphs" }
              ],
              "question": "How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?",
              "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Nile Valley" }],
              "question": "What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?",
              "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da678"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "shifts in the Earth's axis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da679"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the \"agricultural revolution\", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Neolithic Era" }],
              "question": "During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?",
              "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164dde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "cattle and herdsmen" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?",
              "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164ddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Megaliths" }],
              "question": "What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?",
              "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164de0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "cattle" }],
              "question": "What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?",
              "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "6000 BCE" }],
              "question": "By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?",
              "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Metal objects" }],
              "question": "What items replaced previously items made of stone?",
              "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "due west" }],
              "question": "In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?",
              "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "3400 BCE" }],
              "question": "By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?",
              "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "reduced precipitation and higher temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?",
              "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "the Nile Valley" }],
              "question": "What area is known for having the majority of the trade?",
              "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Red Sea" }],
              "question": "Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?",
              "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "the Atlantic coast" }
              ],
              "question": "Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?",
              "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "nomadic Berber" }],
              "question": "Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?",
              "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "500 BCE" }],
              "question": "What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?",
              "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "digging tunnels" }],
              "question": "What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?",
              "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "eight major towns" }],
              "question": "How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?",
              "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 832, "text": "depleted available water" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?",
              "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?",
              "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "mid-7th to early 8th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?",
              "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "6,000 to 7,000 slaves" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?",
              "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?",
              "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "freedom of movement for citizens and goods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?",
              "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What was the local language during this time in Egypt?",
              "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?",
              "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?",
              "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "During what time were good moved through more modern   means?",
              "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family.[citation needed] Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, \"documented a space of intercultural mediation,\" contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?",
              "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?",
              "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?",
              "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e36"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Rule_of_law",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote \"Law should govern\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Samuel Rutherford" }],
              "question": "Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase \"rule of law\"?",
              "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d9358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "A. V. Dicey" }],
              "question": "Which British jurist later made the phrase \"rule of law\" popular in the 1800s?",
              "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d9359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Law should govern" }],
              "question": "What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to \"the rule of law\"?",
              "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "against the divine right of kings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?",
              "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? ",
              "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?",
              "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "every citizen" }],
              "question": "According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?",
              "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "nomocracy" }],
              "question": "What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?",
              "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "decay" }],
              "question": "What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?",
              "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "neglect or ignorance of the law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9388"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that \"Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state.\" More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "rule by the best men" }
              ],
              "question": "On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? ",
              "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deadd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "king" }],
              "question": "According to Plato, who was above the law?",
              "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "benevolent monarchy" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?",
              "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deadf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?",
              "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "slave" }],
              "question": "To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?",
              "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deae1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, \"This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented....\" The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Deuteronomy" }],
              "question": "In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?",
              "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Bishop John Ponet" }],
              "question": "Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?",
              "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "divine right of kings" }
              ],
              "question": "What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?",
              "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Bible" }],
              "question": "What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?",
              "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "horses" }],
              "question": "According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?",
              "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) \"that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.).\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "golden met-wand" }],
              "question": "To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?",
              "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "God and the law" }],
              "question": "According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?",
              "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1607" }],
              "question": "When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?",
              "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "greatly offended" }],
              "question": "How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?",
              "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Chief Justice Sir" }],
              "question": "What was Edward Coke's official title?",
              "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as \"an exceedingly elusive notion\". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or \"thin\" definition, and a substantive or \"thick\" definition; one occasionally encounters a third \"functional\" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the \"justness\" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "formalist" }],
              "question": "What is another word for a thin definition?",
              "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "substantive" }],
              "question": "What is another word for a thick definition?",
              "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "politicians, judges and academics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "specific procedural attributes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?",
              "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9595"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "functional" }],
              "question": "What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9596"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "generality, equality, and certainty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?",
              "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "individual rights" }],
              "question": "According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?",
              "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "democracy" }],
              "question": "What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "content" }],
              "question": "According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?",
              "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "formal and substantive" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"formal\" interpretation is more widespread than the \"substantive\" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of \"rule of law\" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "formal" }],
              "question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?",
              "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "individual rights" }],
              "question": "According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?",
              "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "well-known" }],
              "question": "According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?",
              "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9602"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "no requirements" }],
              "question": "How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?",
              "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9603"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "substantive" }],
              "question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?",
              "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9604"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The functional interpretation of the term \"rule of law\", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the \"rule of law\" with the \"rule of man.\" According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of \"rule of law\", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of \"rule of law\". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?",
              "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d950e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "little" }],
              "question": "What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the \"rule of law\" have?",
              "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d950f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "a great deal" }],
              "question": "What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the \"rule of law\" have?",
              "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "punishment" }],
              "question": "What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9511"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "flexibility" }],
              "question": "What fights against the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9512"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: \"the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence.\" Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a \"nomocracy\", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "more than 200 countries" }
              ],
              "question": "For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?",
              "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "nomocracy" }],
              "question": "What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "nomos" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek word for law?",
              "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "kratos" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek word for power?",
              "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?",
              "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?",
              "id": "5727ccf43acd2414000decbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?",
              "id": "5727ccf43acd2414000decbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "the Constitution" }],
              "question": "What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?",
              "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the rule of any human leader" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?",
              "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "executive branch" }],
              "question": "What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?",
              "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 378, "text": "legislative branch" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?",
              "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "judicial branch" }],
              "question": "Which branch of government has judicial discretion?",
              "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the \"rule of law,\" and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word \"law\" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being \"defined by formal or substantive criteria,\" and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?",
              "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "U.S. Constitution" }],
              "question": "For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "that which is legally binding" }
              ],
              "question": "According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?",
              "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "the framers of the U.S. Constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?",
              "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9749"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: \u201cno man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.\u201d That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed \u201cyou must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.\u201d By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked \"the ordinary legal manner\" of the courts, further review of the facts by \"the ordinary Courts of the land\" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your \"day in commission,\" the rule of law did not require a further \"day in court.\" Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1151, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?",
              "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "administrators" }],
              "question": "Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?",
              "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "individuals" }],
              "question": "Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?",
              "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1008,
                  "text": "a Chief Justice of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Charles Evans Hughes?",
              "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9763"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, \"Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect.\" George Mason agreed that judges \"could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course.\" Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: \"When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When was the Philadelphia Convention?",
              "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "James Wilson" }],
              "question": "Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?",
              "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Chief Justice" }],
              "question": "What was John Marshall's title?",
              "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "declare an unconstitutional law void"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?",
              "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Confucianism" }],
              "question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? ",
              "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Legalism" }],
              "question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?",
              "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "weak or nonexistent" }
              ],
              "question": "How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?",
              "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?",
              "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "China and Vietnam" }],
              "question": "Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "the transition to a market economy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "legal scholars and politicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?",
              "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "foreign investors" }],
              "question": "To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?",
              "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 458, "text": "democracy and human rights" }
              ],
              "question": "What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?",
              "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Thailand" }],
              "question": "Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? ",
              "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "executive branch" }],
              "question": "In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?",
              "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "royalist" }],
              "question": "According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?",
              "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1932" }],
              "question": "When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?",
              "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "Ancient prejudices and political bias"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?",
              "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, \"The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What country has the longest version of a constitution?",
              "id": "5727daee3acd2414000dee21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "In what year was India's constitution drafted?",
              "id": "5727daee3acd2414000dee22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "What country has the longest Constitution?",
              "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d983e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "judicial review" }],
              "question": "In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?",
              "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d9840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "rule of judges" }],
              "question": "What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?",
              "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d9841"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?",
              "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d970e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "185" }],
              "question": "How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?",
              "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d970f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "rule of law" }],
              "question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?",
              "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d9710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "social, economic and cultural" }
              ],
              "question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?",
              "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d9711"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?",
              "id": "5727df564b864d1900163ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "The Security Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization debates the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727df564b864d1900163ef9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 437, "text": "The Peacebuilding Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "human rights education" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?",
              "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?",
              "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The International Development Law Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "emerging economies and middle-income"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?",
              "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "more than 170" }],
              "question": "With how many countries does the IDLO work?",
              "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law\u2019s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "economic development" }
              ],
              "question": "The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?",
              "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Constitutional economics" }
              ],
              "question": "What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?",
              "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "executive branch" }],
              "question": "In what branch of government is corruption examined?",
              "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "the executive" }],
              "question": "In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?",
              "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 762, "text": "corruption by private actors" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for corruption by individuals?",
              "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term \u201crule of law\u201d has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?",
              "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "not yet fully clarified" }
              ],
              "question": "In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?",
              "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "developing and transitional" }
              ],
              "question": "In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?",
              "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other countries have successful democracies?",
              "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "common language" }],
              "question": "What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?",
              "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: \"under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "economist" }],
              "question": "What is F.A. Hayek's profession?",
              "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "confidence in a successful return on investment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?",
              "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "frustrate his efforts" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?",
              "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "pursue his personal ends and desires"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?",
              "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Tibet",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Tibet (i/t\u1d7b\u02c8b\u025bt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0300\u0294]; Chinese: \u897f\u85cf; pinyin: X\u012bz\u00e0ng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Mount Everest" }],
              "question": "What is the highest elevation in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "Which continent contains Tibet?",
              "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "16,000" }],
              "question": "What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?",
              "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "29,029" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?",
              "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?",
              "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When were the current borders of Tibet established?",
              "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Tibetan empire emerge?",
              "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "Sichuan and Qinghai" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?",
              "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Battle of Chamdo" }],
              "question": "Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?",
              "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (\u00dc-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?",
              "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?",
              "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 578, "text": "western and central Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?",
              "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "Battle of Chamdo" }],
              "question": "Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?",
              "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is B\u00f6n, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "subsistence agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?",
              "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "tourism" }],
              "question": "What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Tibetan Buddhism" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant religion in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "yak meat" }],
              "question": "What is a staple food in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deafa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 421, "text": "Chinese and Indian" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?",
              "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deafb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Tibetan name for their land, Bod \u0f56\u0f7c\u0f51\u0f0b, means \"Tibet\" or \"Tibetan Plateau\", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as \u00dc. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8], is transcribed Bh\u00f6 in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, B\u00f6 in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod \"Tibet\" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhau\u1e6d\u1e6da of the Indian geographical tradition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Bod" }],
              "question": "What is the Tibetan name for the area?",
              "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Bautai" }],
              "question": "Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod \"Tibet\"?",
              "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "central region around Lhasa" }
              ],
              "question": "What area did Bod originally refer to?",
              "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: \u85cf\u533a; pinyin: Z\u00e0ngq\u016b), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, \u533a q\u016b, which means \"area, district, region, ward\". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: \u85cf; pinyin: Z\u00e0ng) although the geographical term X\u012bz\u00e0ng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term X\u012bz\u00e0ng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796\u20131820) through the addition of a prefix meaning \"west\" (\u897f x\u012b) to Zang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Zangqu" }],
              "question": "How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?",
              "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Zang" }],
              "question": "How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?",
              "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Qing" }],
              "question": "During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?",
              "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "q\u016b" }],
              "question": "Which Chinese suffix means \"area, district, region, ward\"?",
              "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: \u5410\u8543 also written as \u571f\u8543 or \u571f\u756a; pinyin: T\u01d4b\u014d or T\u01d4f\u0101n). This name first appears in Chinese characters as \u571f\u756a in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as \u5410\u8543 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608\u2013609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, \u571f\u756a was pronounced thux-phjon and \u5410\u8543 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Tubo" }],
              "question": "What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?",
              "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?",
              "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "William H. Baxter" }],
              "question": "Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?",
              "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: \u70cf\u65af\u570b; pinyin: W\u016bs\u012bgu\u00f3; cf. Tibetan dbus, \u00dc, [wy\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8]), Wusizang (Chinese: \u70cf\u65af\u85cf; pinyin: w\u016bs\u012bz\u00e0ng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, \u00dc-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8), and Tanggute (Chinese: \u5510\u53e4\u5fd2; pinyin: T\u00e1ngg\u01d4t\u00e8, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: \u56fe\u4f2f\u7279; traditional Chinese: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Elliot Sperling" }],
              "question": "Who is an American Tibetologist?",
              "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Tubote" }],
              "question": "What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?",
              "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Wusiguo" }],
              "question": "What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?",
              "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "approximately 6 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?",
              "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d957e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 724, "text": "approximately 150,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?",
              "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d957f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "political reasons" }],
              "question": "Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?",
              "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d9580"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Br\u0101hm\u012b script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Classical Tibetan" }],
              "question": "What is written Tibetan base on?",
              "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Tibetan empire" }],
              "question": "What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?",
              "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "ancient Indian Br\u0101hm\u012b script"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?",
              "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9492"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the B\u00f6n religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's B\u00f6n priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songts\u00e4n Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Amdo region" }],
              "question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?",
              "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "western Tibet" }],
              "question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?",
              "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Zhang Zhung" }],
              "question": "What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?",
              "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Drigum Tsenpo" }],
              "question": "Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?",
              "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first factual king of Tibet?",
              "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (604\u2013650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Tibetan Empire?",
              "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Princess Wencheng" }],
              "question": "Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?",
              "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?",
              "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "parts of the Yarlung River Valley"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Songtsan Gampo unite?",
              "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163ce1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "821/822 CE" }],
              "question": "When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?",
              "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Jokhang temple in Lhasa" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?",
              "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "mid-9th century" }],
              "question": "When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?",
              "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Era of Fragmentation" }
              ],
              "question": "What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?",
              "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "political control over Tibet" }
              ],
              "question": "What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?",
              "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Mongol Yuan" }],
              "question": "Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?",
              "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "great administrator" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a dpon-chen?",
              "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "Mongol emperor" }],
              "question": "Who confirmed the dpon-chen?",
              "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Sakya lama" }],
              "question": "Who was the political authority of the region?",
              "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "dpon-chen" }],
              "question": "Who held administrative and military power?",
              "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a \"diarchic structure\" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet" }],
              "question": "Who managed religious and regional political affairs?",
              "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d974e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Mongols" }],
              "question": "Who managed structural and administrative rule?",
              "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d974f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Mongolian prince Khuden" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?",
              "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d9750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Yuan dynasty?",
              "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d9751"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1346 and 1354" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?",
              "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "disciples of Je Tsongkhapa" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Gelug school?",
              "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "minister family Rinpungpa" }
              ],
              "question": "Who dominated politics after 1435?",
              "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "Karma Kagyu" }],
              "question": "What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?",
              "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from G\u00fcshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With G\u00fcshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "5th Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?",
              "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "G\u00fcshi Khan" }],
              "question": "Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?",
              "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Lhasa state" }],
              "question": "What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?",
              "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Ganden Phodrang" }],
              "question": "What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?",
              "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1720" }],
              "question": "When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1724" }],
              "question": "When did Amdo come under Qing control?",
              "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1728" }],
              "question": "When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?",
              "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "Qing" }],
              "question": "Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?",
              "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "Kashag" }],
              "question": "What was the governing councel called?",
              "id": "5727d6112ca10214002d97b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the \"Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet\". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "1792" }],
              "question": "When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?",
              "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "push the invading Nepalese out"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?",
              "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?",
              "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?",
              "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1774" }],
              "question": "When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.",
              "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Jesuits and Capuchins" }
              ],
              "question": "Who came to Tibet from Europe?",
              "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?",
              "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1904" }],
              "question": "When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?",
              "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "13th Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?",
              "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?",
              "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?",
              "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Francis Younghusband" }
              ],
              "question": "Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?",
              "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Xinhai Revolution (1911\u201312) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1911\u201312" }],
              "question": "When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?",
              "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?",
              "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?",
              "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?",
              "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "illegal" }],
              "question": "Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?",
              "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Dharamsala" }],
              "question": "Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?",
              "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "between 200,000 and 1,000,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?",
              "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?",
              "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?",
              "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "north of the McMahon Line" }
              ],
              "question": "To where did Chinese troops withdraw?",
              "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?",
              "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?",
              "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "started an anti-separatist campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the government do when it halted reforms?",
              "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?",
              "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "human rights" }],
              "question": "For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?",
              "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "Nepal" }],
              "question": "On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?",
              "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deeb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "29,029" }],
              "question": "How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?",
              "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deeba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Tibetan Plateau" }],
              "question": "Where is the source of the Yangtze river?",
              "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deebb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "Mount Kailash" }],
              "question": "Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?",
              "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Lord Shiva" }],
              "question": "Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?",
              "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Khang Rinpoche" }],
              "question": "What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?",
              "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Qinghai Lake" }],
              "question": "Which lake is the largest in China?",
              "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "18 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Indian monsoon" }],
              "question": "What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?",
              "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "intense cold" }],
              "question": "What are winters like in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9786"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China\u2019s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "lowest" }],
              "question": "Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?",
              "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?",
              "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "all taxation" }],
              "question": "What is Tibet exempt from?",
              "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "sale of handicrafts" }
              ],
              "question": "From which area does tourism bring the most income?",
              "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From January 18\u201320, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. \"Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?",
              "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "CPC Politburo Standing Committee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Members of which committee attended the conference?",
              "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?",
              "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?",
              "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 706, "text": "about 45.6 billion" }
              ],
              "question": "How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?",
              "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "six red bands in the Tibetan flag"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?",
              "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "ethnic Tibetans" }],
              "question": "What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?",
              "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?",
              "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. B\u00f6n is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted \u2013 although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Religion" }],
              "question": "What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?",
              "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "B\u00f6n" }],
              "question": "What is the ancient religion of Tibet?",
              "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "During China's Cultural Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?",
              "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "Before the 1950s" }],
              "question": "When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?",
              "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Kachee" }],
              "question": "What are Tibetan Muslims known as?",
              "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Persia" }],
              "question": "Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?",
              "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?",
              "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "gya kachee" }],
              "question": "What is the Chinese Muslim community called?",
              "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9835"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father Ant\u00f3nio de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "17th and 18th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?",
              "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1624" }],
              "question": "When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?",
              "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "1626" }],
              "question": "When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?",
              "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9878"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716\u20131721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707\u20131711, 1716\u20131733 and 1741\u20131745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1661" }],
              "question": "When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?",
              "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1716\u20131721" }],
              "question": "When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 482,
                  "text": "counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?",
              "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garz\u00ea Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and \"brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people.\" Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?",
              "id": "5727ebf24b864d1900164038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Beginning in the 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?",
              "id": "5727ebf24b864d1900164039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Famous earlier missionaries" }
              ],
              "question": "How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?",
              "id": "5727ebf24b864d190016403a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "the Dalai Lama" }],
              "question": "Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?",
              "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?",
              "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?",
              "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "former summer residence of the Dalai Lama"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Norbulingka?",
              "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Tibetan or Sanskrit" }
              ],
              "question": "In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?",
              "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "recitations of sacred texts" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the chants often contain?",
              "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Yang" }],
              "question": "What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?",
              "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "classical" }],
              "question": "What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?",
              "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?",
              "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Losar" }],
              "question": "What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?",
              "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Guthuk" }],
              "question": "What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?",
              "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?",
              "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Tsong Khapa" }],
              "question": "Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?",
              "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour\u2014called tsampa\u2014is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "barley" }],
              "question": "What is the most important crop in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "tsampa" }],
              "question": "What is dough made from barley flour called?",
              "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "momos" }],
              "question": "What are steamed dumplings called?",
              "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Butter tea" }],
              "question": "What is a popular drink in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Mustard" }],
              "question": "What seed is cultivated in Tibet?",
              "id": "5727eec64b864d1900164050"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Exhibition_game",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game" }],
              "question": "What is 'a friendly' another term for?",
              "id": "5727b9623acd2414000dea9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game" }],
              "question": "What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?",
              "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game" }],
              "question": "What is 'a demonstration' another term for?",
              "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game" }],
              "question": "What is 'a preseason game' another term for?",
              "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game" }],
              "question": "What is 'a warmup match' another term for?",
              "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world. International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "all-star games" }],
              "question": "What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?",
              "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "a demonstration sport" }
              ],
              "question": "What are exhibition games in the Olympics?",
              "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "charities" }],
              "question": "What can an exhibition game raise money for?",
              "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "a challenge" }],
              "question": "What can an exhibition game settle?",
              "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early days of association football, known simply as football or soccer, friendly matches (or \"friendlies\") were the most common type of match. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments. By the year 2000, national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world, as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams, thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "friendly matches (or \"friendlies\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?",
              "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "1888" }],
              "question": "When did the Football League begin in England?",
              "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?",
              "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "the significance of friendlies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?",
              "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to \"warm up\" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with (such as unlimited substitutions, which allow teams to play younger, less experienced, players, and no cards). Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves, in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club, some teams do compete in short tournaments, such as the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament. Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "before the start of each season"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When do football clubs still play friendlies?",
              "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "friendlies" }],
              "question": "What type of football matches are non-competitive?",
              "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "substitutions" }],
              "question": "What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?",
              "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?",
              "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "prestige" }],
              "question": "What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?",
              "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?",
              "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "national squads" }],
              "question": "Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?",
              "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "club league seasons" }
              ],
              "question": "What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?",
              "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?",
              "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a player's career records. In 2004, FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies, in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "team selection and tactics" }
              ],
              "question": "What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?",
              "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9530"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "suspended from future international matches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?",
              "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9531"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "career" }],
              "question": "What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?",
              "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9532"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?",
              "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 701, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?",
              "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9534"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the UK and Ireland, \"exhibition match\" and \"friendly match\" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the UK and Ireland" }],
              "question": "Where are \"exhibition match\" and \"friendly match\" not synonymous?",
              "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?",
              "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "charity matches" }],
              "question": "What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?",
              "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "testimonial matches" }
              ],
              "question": "What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?",
              "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the 1995\u20132004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colis\u00e9e Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "1995\u20132004" }],
              "question": "When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?",
              "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d941e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d941f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?",
              "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Charlotte" }],
              "question": "Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?",
              "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "Citizens Business Bank Arena" }
              ],
              "question": "What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?",
              "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9422"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Canadian" }],
              "question": "What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?",
              "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d9428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion is the Flying Fathers team?",
              "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d9429"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Les Costello" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Flying Fathers?",
              "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "NHL" }],
              "question": "What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?",
              "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Buffalo" }],
              "question": "Where are the Saores based?",
              "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Major League Baseball's preseason is also known as spring training. All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida. The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League, while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League. Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams. They may also play exhibitions against a local college team or a minor-league team from their farm system. Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up, which are known as \"split-squad\" games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Arizona or Florida" }
              ],
              "question": "Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?",
              "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Cactus League" }],
              "question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?",
              "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Grapefruit League" }],
              "question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?",
              "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "about 30" }],
              "question": "How many preseason games does each MLB team play?",
              "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "\"split-squad\" games" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?",
              "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "regular-season interleague play"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?",
              "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d9448"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "American League" }],
              "question": "What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?",
              "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d9449"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "National League" }],
              "question": "What league are the Montreal Expos in?",
              "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "the Pearson Cup" }],
              "question": "What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?",
              "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?",
              "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?",
              "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Crosstown Classic" }],
              "question": "What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?",
              "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Subway Series" }],
              "question": "What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?",
              "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?",
              "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 693, "text": "home field advantage" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?",
              "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "National Basketball Association teams play eight preseason games per year. Today, NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason, but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who can't usually make a trip to a home team's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota, while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California yearly, the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many preseason games do NBA teams play?",
              "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Minnesota" }],
              "question": "Where are the TImberwolves based?",
              "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Phoenix" }],
              "question": "Where are the Suns based?",
              "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "an outdoor venue" }],
              "question": "The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?",
              "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Indian Wells Tennis Garden" }
              ],
              "question": "What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?",
              "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, from 1971 to 1975, NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams. In the early days of the NBA, league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters, with mixed success. The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia. In the 2006 and 2007 seasons, the NBA and the primary European club competition, the Euroleague, conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year's Euroleague.[citation needed] In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons, teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1971 to 1975" }],
              "question": "When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?",
              "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Harlem Globetrotters" }
              ],
              "question": "What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?",
              "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Europe and Asia" }],
              "question": "On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?",
              "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?",
              "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "the Euroleague" }],
              "question": "What is the main European basketball club?",
              "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d948a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years, and a maximum of ten games in each tour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Marathon Oil" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?",
              "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9496"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Athletes in Action" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a team of former college players?",
              "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?",
              "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?",
              "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 779,
                  "text": "one foreign tour every four years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?",
              "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d949a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Compared to other team sports, the National Football League preseason is very structured. Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year, two at home and two away, with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game, the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. These exhibition games, most of which are held in the month of August, are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players. While the scheduling formula is not as rigid for preseason games as they are for the regular season, there are numerous restrictions and traditions that limit the choices of preseason opponents; teams are also restricted on what days and times they can play these games. Split-squad games, a practice common in baseball and hockey, where a team that is scheduled to play two games on the same day splits their team into two squads, are prohibited. The NFL has played exhibition games in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia (including the American Bowl in 1999) and Mexico to spread the league's popularity (a game of this type was proposed for China but, due to financial and logistical problems, was eventually canceled). The league has tacitly forbidden the playing of non-league opponents, with the last interleague game having come in 1972 and the last game against a team other than an NFL team (the all-NFL rookie College All-Stars) was held in 1976. Exhibition games are quite unpopular with many fans, who resent having to pay regular-season prices for two home exhibition games as part of a season-ticket package. Numerous lawsuits have been brought by fans and classes of fans against the NFL or its member teams regarding this practice, but none have been successful in halting it.[citation needed] The Pro Bowl, traditionally played after the end of the NFL season (since 2011 is played the week prior to the Super Bowl), is also considered an exhibition game.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?",
              "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?",
              "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "August" }],
              "question": "What month are most NFL preseason games in?",
              "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "90" }],
              "question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?",
              "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?",
              "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?",
              "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "indoor American football leagues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?",
              "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "a probational franchise" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?",
              "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "semi-pro" }],
              "question": "Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?",
              "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "opinion polling" }],
              "question": "What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?",
              "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Intramural" }],
              "question": "What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?",
              "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "Football Bowl Subdivision" }
              ],
              "question": "Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?",
              "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools, which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name, though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school. These games also receive the same criticism as NFL exhibition games, but instead it is targeted to schools scheduling low-quality opponents and the simplicity for a team to run up the score against a weak opponent. However, these games are susceptible to backfiring, resulting in damage in poll position and public perception, especially if the higher ranked team loses, although the mere act of scheduling a weak opponent is harmful to a team's overall strength of schedule itself. Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility, and only one game against an FCS team can be counted. With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season, major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?",
              "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?",
              "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?",
              "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1070, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?",
              "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1177, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the College Football Playoff System begin?",
              "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice, but exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances, travel and player injuries, along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September\u2013June academic term. A more common exhibition is the high school football all-star game, which brings together top players from a region. These games are typically played by graduating seniors during the summer or at the end of the season. Many of these games, which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game, are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "September\u2013June" }
              ],
              "question": "When is the usual high school academic term?",
              "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "all-star" }],
              "question": "What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?",
              "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "graduating seniors" }
              ],
              "question": "What year of players are in high school football all-star games?",
              "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of high school football all-star games?",
              "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "colleges" }],
              "question": "What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?",
              "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?",
              "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Daytona International Speedway"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?",
              "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "Charlotte Motor Speedway" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?",
              "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "over USD $1,000,000" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?",
              "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?",
              "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec31"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Strasbourg",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg (/\u02c8str\u00e6zb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/, French pronunciation: \u200b[st\u0281az.bu\u0281, st\u0281as.bu\u0281]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Stra\u00dfburg, [\u02c8\u0283t\u0281a\u02d0sb\u028a\u0250\u032fk]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin d\u00e9partement. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurom\u00e9tropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "768,868" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?",
              "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d9628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 962, "text": "915,000" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?",
              "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d9629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Alemannic" }],
              "question": "What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?",
              "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Stra\u00dfburg" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?",
              "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?",
              "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?",
              "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Alemannic" }],
              "question": "What is the predominant language in Asace?",
              "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What kind of name is Strasbourg?",
              "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande \u00cele (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?",
              "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9584"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "Franco-German" }],
              "question": "What is the culture in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Strasbourg Grand Mosque" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?",
              "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "27 September 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?",
              "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "University of Strasbourg" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest university in France?",
              "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9588"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande \u00cele in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "River Rhine" }],
              "question": "What river is on the border of France and Germany?",
              "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Rhine" }],
              "question": "The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?",
              "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "artificial" }],
              "question": "What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?",
              "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "eastern" }],
              "question": "Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?",
              "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name \"Argentoratum\" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. \"Argentorate\" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "Argentoratum" }],
              "question": "What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?",
              "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "fire" }],
              "question": "What was the Roman camp destroyed by?",
              "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Nero Claudius Drusus" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?",
              "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 810, "text": "year 90" }],
              "question": "After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?",
              "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "six times" }],
              "question": "How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?",
              "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande \u00cele (Cardo: current Rue du D\u00f4me, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman \"castrum\" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of K\u0153nigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in K\u0153nigshoffen were (found in 1911\u201312) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Roman artifacts" }],
              "question": "What has been found along the current Route des Romains? ",
              "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Grande \u00cele" }],
              "question": "Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?",
              "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "Christians" }],
              "question": "Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?",
              "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "1988" }],
              "question": "When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?",
              "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Stra\u00dfburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "Carolingian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What Empire split to create France and Germany?",
              "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d9798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Alsatian" }],
              "question": "What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?",
              "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d9799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Stra\u00dfburg" }],
              "question": "What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?",
              "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Strazburg" }],
              "question": "What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?",
              "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "fifth century" }],
              "question": "In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?",
              "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Gr\u00fcselhorn (see below, Museums, Mus\u00e9e historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1332" }],
              "question": "In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? ",
              "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "1348" }],
              "question": "What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9687"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "over a thousand" }],
              "question": "How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?",
              "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9688"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "10 pm" }],
              "question": "What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?",
              "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "special tax" }],
              "question": "What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?",
              "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d968a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? ",
              "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Martin Bucer" }],
              "question": "Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?",
              "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "John Calvin" }],
              "question": "Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?",
              "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1099, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?",
              "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?",
              "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d9708"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "September 1681" }],
              "question": "When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?",
              "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d9709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "30 September 1681" }],
              "question": "When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?",
              "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d970a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province \u00e0 l'instar de l'\u00e9tranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "annexation" }],
              "question": "What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? ",
              "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "1697" }],
              "question": "When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?",
              "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?",
              "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 894, "text": "Goethe and Herder" }],
              "question": "Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?",
              "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enrag\u00e9s, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "French Revolution" }],
              "question": "What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? ",
              "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "Eulogius Schneider" }],
              "question": "Who ruled the city with an iron hand?",
              "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "statues" }],
              "question": "What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?",
              "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "tin" }],
              "question": "What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?",
              "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "Germans" }],
              "question": "Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?",
              "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df107"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Prussian army" }],
              "question": "Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? ",
              "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "24 and 26 August 1870" }
              ],
              "question": "What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?",
              "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "gothic" }],
              "question": "What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?",
              "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?",
              "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "261" }],
              "question": "How many civilians died during the siege?",
              "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or \"new city\" around the present Place de la R\u00e9publique. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?",
              "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "Treaty of Frankfurt" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Treaty in 1871 called?",
              "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "1567" }],
              "question": "What year was the university founded?",
              "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Rodolphe Reuss" }],
              "question": "What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?",
              "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?",
              "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kl\u00e9ber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Gro\u00dfherzog von Baden (now Fort Fr\u00e8re) in Oberhausbergen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "fortifications" }],
              "question": "What was established around the city?  ",
              "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Mundolsheim" }],
              "question": "Where is Fort Podbielski located?",
              "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Wolfisheim" }],
              "question": "Where is Fort Bismark located?",
              "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Holtzheim" }],
              "question": "Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?",
              "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "Mundolsheim" }],
              "question": "Where is Fort Roon Located?",
              "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164124"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a \"soviet government\" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincar\u00e9 stated that \"the plebiscite is done\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "In what war was the German Empire defeated? ",
              "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "independent" }],
              "question": "What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?",
              "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "11 November 1918" }],
              "question": "What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?",
              "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "French general Henri Gouraud" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the French troops on November 22?",
              "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 751, "text": "Raymond Poincar\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What French President said \"the plebiscite is done\"?",
              "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's \"Fourteen Points\" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called \"les d\u00e9put\u00e9s protestataires\", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "What year was it restituted to France?  ",
              "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Alsatian" }],
              "question": "What autonomists were pro French?",
              "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "In what year did Bismarck fall?",
              "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1078, "text": "Social Democrats" }],
              "question": "Who won the last election at Reichstag?",
              "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1576, "text": "Alsatians" }],
              "question": "Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?",
              "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df191"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to P\u00e9rigueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? ",
              "id": "572800502ca10214002d9b0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were evacuated during the invasion?",
              "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Wehrmacht troops" }],
              "question": "What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?",
              "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "ten months" }],
              "question": "How long was the city completely empty?",
              "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Clermont-Ferrand" }],
              "question": "Where was the University evacuated?",
              "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Fall of France?",
              "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What country was Alsace annexed to? ",
              "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?",
              "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "July 1940" }],
              "question": "When were the first evacuees allowed to return?",
              "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "54-metre" }],
              "question": " How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?",
              "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: \"If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart\". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral. On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Marcel Weinum" }],
              "question": "Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  ",
              "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Gauleiter Robert Wagner" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?",
              "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "beheaded" }],
              "question": "How was Marcel Weinum executed?",
              "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Allied aircraft" }],
              "question": "What was the city attacked by in 1943?",
              "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1016, "text": "23 November 1944" }],
              "question": "On what date was the city liberated?",
              "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgr\u00e9-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to \"volunteer\" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Malgr\u00e9-nous" }],
              "question": "What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? ",
              "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "Germans" }],
              "question": "Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?",
              "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "Algiers" }],
              "question": "Where were the freed soviet captives sent?",
              "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1247, "text": "23 November 1944" }],
              "question": "When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?",
              "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164387"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "Council of Europe" }],
              "question": "What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? ",
              "id": "572812394b864d19001643b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "572812394b864d19001643b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?",
              "id": "572812394b864d19001643b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large \u00c9glise Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played, the Gothic \u00c9glise protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau \u00c9glise Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? ",
              "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Silbermann organ" }],
              "question": "What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?",
              "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "\u00c9glise Saint-Thomas" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Silbermann organ located?",
              "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 763,
                  "text": "Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Neo-Gothic church called?",
              "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several h\u00f4tels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the \"H\u00f4tel de Hanau\" (1736, now the city hall), the H\u00f4tel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the pr\u00e9fet), the H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the H\u00f4tel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the H\u00f4pital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? ",
              "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "H\u00f4tel de Hanau" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the city hall used to be known as?",
              "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 773, "text": "H\u00f4pital civil" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the military governors residence used to be called?",
              "id": "572814623acd2414000df3fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "Place Broglie" }],
              "question": "Where is the Opera House located?",
              "id": "572814623acd2414000df3fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the \u00c9cole internationale des Pontonniers (the former H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the \u00c9cole des Arts d\u00e9coratifs with its lavishly ornate fa\u00e7ade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "eclecticist" }],
              "question": "What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? ",
              "id": "572817474b864d1900164458"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "What war caused severe damage to Germany?",
              "id": "572817474b864d1900164459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "Palais du Rhin" }],
              "question": "What was the former imperial palace called?",
              "id": "572817474b864d190016445a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 857,
                  "text": "H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former girls college called?",
              "id": "572817474b864d190016445b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "seven stories" }],
              "question": "How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?",
              "id": "572817474b864d190016445c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des F\u00eates and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and H\u00f4tel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Europ\u00e9en, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, the Mus\u00e9e d'Art moderne et contemporain and the H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Villa Schutzenberger" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? ",
              "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "Le Corbusier" }],
              "question": "Who lost the architectural contest?",
              "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Richard Rogers" }],
              "question": "Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?",
              "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "Hoenheim-Nord" }],
              "question": "What did Zaha Hadid design?",
              "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "European Court of Human Rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered to be the finest building?",
              "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtal\u00e8s, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the h\u00f4pital civil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? ",
              "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Parc de l'Orangerie" }
              ],
              "question": "What park has a small zoo in it?",
              "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Parc de la Citadelle" }
              ],
              "question": "What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?",
              "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "1881" }],
              "question": "What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?",
              "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 907, "text": "Parc des Contades" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest park in the city?",
              "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 (\"German period\") are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 (\"French period\") are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e des Arts d\u00e9coratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? ",
              "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "Cabinet des estampes et dessins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?",
              "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 675,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?",
              "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the city's photographic library?",
              "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 908,
                  "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?",
              "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "centre of humanism" }],
              "question": "What is Strasbourg known as?",
              "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "1683" }],
              "question": "When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?",
              "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "law" }],
              "question": "What did Montgelas study?",
              "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Holy Roman Empire" }],
              "question": " From what empire did students come from to attend university?",
              "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as \"City Hall\" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out \"...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second largest library in France? ",
              "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "3,000,000" }],
              "question": "How many titles does the library have?",
              "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "German administration" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the library?",
              "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When was the previous library destroyed?",
              "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "City Hall" }],
              "question": "What was the library marked as on the map?",
              "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula\u2014documents printed before 1500\u2014in her library as one of her most precious heritages. After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que de la ville et de la communaut\u00e9 urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Biblioth\u00e8que du Grand S\u00e9minaire, 238 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que protestante, 94 and Biblioth\u00e8que alsatique du Cr\u00e9dit Mutuel, 5.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "documents printed before 1500" }
              ],
              "question": "What are incunabula's? ",
              "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When was the library destroyed?",
              "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "public and institutional libraries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of building holds incunabula's today?",
              "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named V\u00e9lhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? ",
              "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?",
              "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "6" }],
              "question": "How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?",
              "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "55.8 km" }],
              "question": "What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?",
              "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "500 km" }],
              "question": "How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?",
              "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "1682" }],
              "question": "What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? ",
              "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Water tourism" }],
              "question": "What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?",
              "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Rhine" }],
              "question": "What river is Strasbourg by?",
              "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of \"filtered permeability\" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, \"filter out\" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts \u2013 the Fused Grid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "tram" }],
              "question": "What system also complements walking and biking? ",
              "id": "572821043acd2414000df51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "pedestrian" }],
              "question": "What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?",
              "id": "572821043acd2414000df520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "public squares" }],
              "question": "What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?",
              "id": "572821043acd2414000df521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 969, "text": "Fused Grid" }],
              "question": "What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?",
              "id": "572821043acd2414000df522"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, plans to construct a 24 km (15 mi) long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unit\u00e9 urbaine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "A35 autoroute" }],
              "question": "What route parallels the Rhine? ",
              "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?",
              "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "24 km" }],
              "question": "How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?",
              "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "unit\u00e9 urbaine" }
              ],
              "question": "The traffic coming west of the city is from where?",
              "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Oklahoma",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma i/\u02cco\u028akl\u0259\u02c8ho\u028am\u0259/ (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / \u13a0\u13cd\u13a6\u13ef \u13a9\u13a6\u13a8\u13f1; or translated \u13a3\u13a6\u13b3\u13b0\u13b9 (\u00f2\u0261\u00e0l\u00e0homa), Pawnee: Uukuhu\u00fawa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Asgaya gigageyi" }],
              "question": "What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Uukuhu\u00fawa" }],
              "question": "What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "28th" }],
              "question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by population?",
              "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "The Sooner State" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's nickname?",
              "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9568"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Choctaw" }],
              "question": "What language does the name Oklahoma come from?",
              "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "red people" }],
              "question": "What does Oklahoma mean?",
              "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "1866" }],
              "question": "When was the name Oklahoma suggested?",
              "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Choctaw Chief Allen Wright" }
              ],
              "question": "Who suggested the name Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "1890" }],
              "question": "When was the name Oklahoma made official?",
              "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?",
              "id": "5727cc873acd2414000deca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "69,898" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "1,281" }],
              "question": "How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many states are on the Frontier Strip?",
              "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Kansas" }],
              "question": "Which state is north of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The western edge of the Oklahoma panhandle is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line. The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian. In the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east. It was much easier to leave the mistake as it was than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the original surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "2.1 to 2.2 miles" }],
              "question": "How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?",
              "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "1819" }],
              "question": "When was the border between TX and NM first determined?",
              "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "1890s" }],
              "question": "When was Oklahoma's border determined?",
              "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "the 103rd Meridian" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?",
              "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 766, "text": "Oklahoma/New Mexico border" }
              ],
              "question": "Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?",
              "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, OK, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Ozark Plateau" }],
              "question": "What plateau is Oklahoma near?",
              "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Gulf of Mexico" }],
              "question": "What watershed is Oklahoma in?",
              "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Black Mesa" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?",
              "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "4,973" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?",
              "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "289" }],
              "question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?",
              "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?",
              "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "north-central" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?",
              "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Cavanal Hill" }],
              "question": "What is the world's tallest hill?",
              "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "1,999 feet" }],
              "question": "How high is Cavanal Hill?",
              "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Glass Mountains" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a mesa range?",
              "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "southwestern" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?",
              "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "central" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?",
              "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?",
              "id": "5727ce983acd2414000decea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "eastward" }],
              "question": "In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?",
              "id": "5727ce983acd2414000deceb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle. Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and southern live oak.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "24 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?",
              "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "western" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?",
              "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9707"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "sugar maple, bigtooth maple" }
              ],
              "question": "What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9708"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?",
              "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "white-tailed deer, mule deer" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?",
              "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "prairie dog" }],
              "question": "What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?",
              "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Central" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?",
              "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "southeastern" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?",
              "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d971a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "39,000 acres" }],
              "question": "How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?",
              "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "north-central" }],
              "question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?",
              "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "the world" }],
              "question": "The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?",
              "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?",
              "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year\u2014one of the highest rates in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "humid subtropical" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's main climate region?",
              "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Tornado Alley" }],
              "question": "What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?",
              "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 719, "text": "average 62" }],
              "question": "How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?",
              "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?",
              "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Mexico" }],
              "question": "Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?",
              "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time. As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 \u00b0F (28 \u00b0C) in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C) at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date. This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "83 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?",
              "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "17 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?",
              "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "an Arctic cold front" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?",
              "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 850, "text": "one tornado per hour" }
              ],
              "question": "How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?",
              "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "a day" }],
              "question": "How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?",
              "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 \u00b0F (17 \u00b0C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 \u00b0F (14 \u00b0C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "central, southern and eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?",
              "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Gulf of Mexico" }],
              "question": "Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?",
              "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "semi-arid" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's western climate type?",
              "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "Lawton" }],
              "question": "Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?",
              "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "62 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "winter" }],
              "question": "Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "May" }],
              "question": "When does Oklahoma get the most rain?",
              "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Mid-summer" }],
              "question": "When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 611, "text": "1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011" }
              ],
              "question": "What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?",
              "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "well over 100 \u00b0F" }
              ],
              "question": "How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?",
              "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d975a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C), though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches (10 cm) in the south to just over 20 inches (51 cm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman. Oklahoma's highest recorded temperature of 120 \u00b0F (49 \u00b0C) was recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of \u221231 \u00b0F (\u221235 \u00b0C) was recorded at Nowata on February 10, 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "south-central and southeastern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?",
              "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "less than 4 inches" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "over 20 inches" }],
              "question": "What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?",
              "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "Norman" }],
              "question": "Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?",
              "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "120 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?",
              "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163dea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Wichita and Caddo" }],
              "question": "Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Spiro Mounds" }],
              "question": "What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?",
              "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9623"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "between AD 850 and 1450" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Spiro Mounds flourish?",
              "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9624"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?",
              "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1803" }],
              "question": "When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?",
              "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9626"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the \"Oil Capital of the World\" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the \"Father of Route 66\", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "What was the \"Oil Capital of the World\"?",
              "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "oil" }],
              "question": "What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Cyrus Avery" }],
              "question": "Who was the \"Father of Route 66\"?",
              "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where was the Highway 66 Association based?",
              "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "When did Route 66 begin?",
              "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When did the Dust Bowl begin?",
              "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "poor farming practices" }
              ],
              "question": "What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?",
              "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?",
              "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?",
              "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "6.9 percent" }],
              "question": "How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?",
              "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. The two men were convicted of the bombing: McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. McVeigh's army buddy, Michael Fortier, was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison and ordered to pay a $75,000 fine for his role in the bombing plot (i.e. assisting in the sale of guns to raise funds for the bombing, and examining the Murrah Federal building as a possible target before the terrorist attack). His wife, Lori Fortier, who has since died, was granted immunity from prosecution in return for her testimony in the case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "April 19, 1995" }],
              "question": "When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?",
              "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 169,
                  "text": "Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?",
              "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "168" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?",
              "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?",
              "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "June 11, 2001" }],
              "question": "When was McVeigh executed?",
              "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9776"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans\u201492.6% of the resident population five years or older\u2014spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "When did Oklahoma declare an official language?",
              "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "2,977,187" }],
              "question": "How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?",
              "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "92.6%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?",
              "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Cherokee" }],
              "question": "What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?",
              "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "13,444" }],
              "question": "How many Oklahomans speak German?",
              "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "more than 25" }],
              "question": "How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Vietnamese" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?",
              "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "11,330" }],
              "question": "How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?",
              "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e15"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the \"Bible Belt\". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party. Tulsa, the state's second largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the \"buckle of the Bible Belt\". According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents \u2013 85 percent \u2013 are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average \u2013 tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "the \"Bible Belt\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called?",
              "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d978e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "southern and eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?",
              "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d978f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Democratic" }],
              "question": "What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?",
              "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "80 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?",
              "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9792"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?",
              "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "27th" }],
              "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?",
              "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?",
              "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Four" }],
              "question": "How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states producing crude oil?",
              "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d9668"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?",
              "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d9669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?",
              "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "94 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?",
              "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "25 percent" }],
              "question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?",
              "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?",
              "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "ONEOK" }],
              "question": "What is the largest company in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Williams Companies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is ONEOK based?",
              "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "the Five Moons" }],
              "question": "What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?",
              "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "Yvonne Chouteau" }],
              "question": "What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?",
              "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?",
              "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Marjorie and Maria Tallchief" }
              ],
              "question": "Which sisters were in the Five Moons?",
              "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called \"Discoveryland!\" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!, playing the role of \"Curly McClain\" in more than 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the \"Carnegie Hall of Western Swing\", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Sand Springs" }],
              "question": "Where is 'Discoveryland!'?",
              "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Ridge Bond" }],
              "question": "Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?",
              "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "McAlester, Oklahoma" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Ridge Bond from?",
              "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "Curly McClain" }],
              "question": "Who did Ridge Bond play?",
              "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "more than 2,600" }],
              "question": "How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?",
              "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?",
              "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Theatre Tulsa" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?",
              "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is the American Theatre Company based?",
              "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "American Theatre Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is Heller Theatre?",
              "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "more than 300" }],
              "question": "How many museums are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "17th" }],
              "question": "How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?",
              "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is the Philbrook Museum?",
              "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "fine art" }],
              "question": "What kind of museum is the Philbrook?",
              "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?",
              "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles. The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world, and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier. With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?",
              "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Oklahoma City Museum of Art" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?",
              "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "glass sculptures" }],
              "question": "What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?",
              "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?",
              "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?",
              "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When was Oklahoma's centennial year?",
              "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "November 16, 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?",
              "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "American Bus Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?",
              "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "cultural heritage or traditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do ethnic festivals depict?",
              "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow-wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run, and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "10-day" }],
              "question": "How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "roughly one million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?",
              "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "10-day" }],
              "question": "How long is the Tulsa State Fair?",
              "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "over one million" }],
              "question": "How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?",
              "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9724"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's \"largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?",
              "id": "5727df132ca10214002d986e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Norman" }],
              "question": "Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?",
              "id": "5727df132ca10214002d986f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?",
              "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "Duck Pond in Norman" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?",
              "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Reaves Park" }],
              "question": "Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?",
              "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9872"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update]. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year. Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student, Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, 47th in the nation, though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "638,817" }],
              "question": "How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?",
              "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "533" }],
              "question": "How many school districts are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "126,078" }],
              "question": "How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?",
              "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "$7,755" }],
              "question": "What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?",
              "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1,845" }],
              "question": "How many public schools does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "National Institute for Early Education Research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?",
              "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?",
              "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "3.1" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?",
              "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "2.5 percent" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?",
              "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "85.2 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?",
              "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d988a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount. Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many public universities does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?",
              "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9755"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University" }
              ],
              "question": "Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?",
              "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9756"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University" }
              ],
              "question": "What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?",
              "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Langston University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?",
              "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9758"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2007\u20132008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 \u2013 June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "181,973" }],
              "question": "How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?",
              "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d9898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "20,014" }],
              "question": "How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?",
              "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d9899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "4,395" }],
              "question": "How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?",
              "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "18,892" }],
              "question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?",
              "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "5,386" }],
              "question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?",
              "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80% or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. Graduates are fluent speakers of the language. Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Cherokee Nation" }],
              "question": "Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project?",
              "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "80% or more" }],
              "question": "What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?",
              "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "Cherokee Preservation Foundation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?",
              "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "$3 million" }],
              "question": "How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?",
              "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 684, "text": "Tahlequah, Oklahoma" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?",
              "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas\u2013Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "Oklahoma City Thunder" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "National Basketball Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What league is the Thunder in?",
              "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deeda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Tulsa Shock" }],
              "question": "What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?",
              "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "Dallas\u2013Fort Worth" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?",
              "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Dallas Wings" }],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?",
              "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "New Orleans Hornets" }
              ],
              "question": "Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Oklahoma City's Ford Center" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "Hurricane Katrina" }],
              "question": "What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Seattle SuperSonics" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Thunder's previous name?",
              "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "Professional Basketball Club LLC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the Thunder?",
              "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference, one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games. The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football, is a member of The Summit League. In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?",
              "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "over 50,000" }],
              "question": "How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?",
              "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "Bedlam Series" }],
              "question": "What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?",
              "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is Oral Roberts University?",
              "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa. Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001. Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "LPGA" }],
              "question": "What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host?",
              "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is Southern Hills Country Club?",
              "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where is Oak Tree Country Club?",
              "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?",
              "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?",
              "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558. Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English. In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers located in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "The Oklahoman" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?",
              "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "202,690" }],
              "question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?",
              "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "The Tulsa World" }],
              "question": "What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?",
              "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "132,969" }],
              "question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?",
              "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads, and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation. In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars. In 2010, the state had the nation's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "More than 12,000" }],
              "question": "How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Route 66" }],
              "question": "Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?",
              "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Interstate 44" }],
              "question": "What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "5,212" }],
              "question": "How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?",
              "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "235" }],
              "question": "How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?",
              "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008. In total, Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Will Rogers World Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?",
              "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "1.7 million" }],
              "question": "How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?",
              "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "over 150" }],
              "question": "How many public airports does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port handling international cargo in the state, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many ports does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa Port of Catoosa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?",
              "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa" }],
              "question": "Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?",
              "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "over two million" }],
              "question": "How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?",
              "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What connects the two Oklahoma ports?",
              "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many district courts does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many counties does Oklahoma have?",
              "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "the state Supreme Court" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Texas" }],
              "question": "What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?",
              "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "the state Court of Criminal Appeals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is in the executive branch?",
              "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "the Governor" }],
              "question": "Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?",
              "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "the Executive branch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 396, "text": "the Executive branch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?",
              "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?",
              "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many counties are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "Both county and municipal governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "Both county and municipal governments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thirty-nine" }],
              "question": "How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "reservations" }],
              "question": "Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?",
              "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What powers do tribal governments have?",
              "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "the United States Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who can overrule the tribal governments?",
              "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 757, "text": "the United States Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "Who must approve tribal constitutions?",
              "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?",
              "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "1964" }],
              "question": "What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?",
              "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Al Gore" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011\u20132013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?",
              "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?",
              "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?",
              "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?",
              "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Republicans" }],
              "question": "What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?",
              "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "598" }],
              "question": "How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e7812ca10214002d9924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?",
              "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9925"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9926"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?",
              "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "937,478" }],
              "question": "How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?",
              "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9928"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, \u22120.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Oklahoma City" }],
              "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest city?",
              "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "14.6%" }],
              "question": "How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?",
              "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "96,867" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?",
              "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "45,688" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?",
              "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Fort Smith" }],
              "question": "What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?",
              "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from \"Labor Omnia Vincit\" to \"Oklahoma-In God We Trust!\" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "HCR 1024" }],
              "question": "What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?",
              "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "Labor Omnia Vincit" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?",
              "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?",
              "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "History_of_India",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the \u015arama\u1e47a movement; the decline of \u015arauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "Indian subcontinent" }
              ],
              "question": "In what geographic area was the country of India established?",
              "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Vedic Civilization" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?",
              "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "Indian cultures and traditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Of what is Hinduism a combination?",
              "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "two millennia" }],
              "question": "How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 798, "text": "independence movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?",
              "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "75,000 years" }],
              "question": "For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "500,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "c. 3200 to 1300 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Indus Valley Civilization" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first major civilization in South Asia?",
              "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "2600 to 1900 BCE" }],
              "question": "What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?",
              "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or \"Golden Age of India\". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Maurya Empire" }],
              "question": "What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?",
              "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Prakrit and Pali" }],
              "question": "After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?",
              "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Wootz steel" }],
              "question": "What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?",
              "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "Golden Age of India" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?",
              "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Gupta" }],
              "question": "What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? ",
              "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "7th and 11th" }],
              "question": "Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?",
              "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "two centuries" }],
              "question": "How long did the Tripartite struggle last?",
              "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "seventh century" }],
              "question": "When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?",
              "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Chola dynasty" }],
              "question": "What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?",
              "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "Hindu numerals" }],
              "question": "What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?",
              "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "Central Asian Turks" }
              ],
              "question": "What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?",
              "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "late 14th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?",
              "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "Sikhism" }],
              "question": "What belief system began in the 15th century?",
              "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Mughal Empire" }],
              "question": "What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?",
              "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 624, "text": "early 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "During what century did the Mughal empire decline?",
              "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "British East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?",
              "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Indian Rebellion" }],
              "question": "What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?",
              "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "British Crown" }],
              "question": "After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?",
              "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "infrastructure" }],
              "question": "The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?",
              "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "Indian National Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?",
              "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to \"ruling dynasties and foreign invasions\", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on \"significant social and economic changes\", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Romila Thapar" }],
              "question": "Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?",
              "id": "572835bb4b864d1900164738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "social-economic" }],
              "question": "What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?",
              "id": "572835bb4b864d1900164739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "strong continuity" }],
              "question": "What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?",
              "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Muslim conquests" }],
              "question": "What type of conquests were gradual in nature?",
              "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "south" }],
              "question": "What part of India was never completely conquered?",
              "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Middle Pleistocene" }
              ],
              "question": "By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?",
              "id": "572837574b864d1900164766"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Homo erectus" }],
              "question": "What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?",
              "id": "572837574b864d1900164767"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "two million years" }],
              "question": "From how long ago do tools date in India?",
              "id": "572837574b864d1900164768"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "Soan River valley" }],
              "question": "Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?",
              "id": "572837574b864d1900164769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 543, "text": "palaeolithic hominid" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?",
              "id": "572837574b864d190016476a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000\u20139000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Neolithic" }],
              "question": "What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?",
              "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "extensive settlement" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in India during the Neolithic period?",
              "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "12,000 years" }],
              "question": "How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?",
              "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "9,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?",
              "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "7000\u20139000 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?",
              "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "2600 to 1900 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? ",
              "id": "572840ee4b864d190016480e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "urban" }],
              "question": "What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?",
              "id": "572840ee4b864d190016480f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "municipal" }],
              "question": "What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?",
              "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "brick" }],
              "question": "Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?",
              "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "multistoreyed" }],
              "question": "How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?",
              "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164812"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Indo-Aryan" }],
              "question": "For what culture is the Vedic period named?",
              "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "north-west India" }],
              "question": "Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?",
              "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Vedic Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?",
              "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "The Vedas" }],
              "question": "What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?",
              "id": "572842553acd2414000df7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "1750 to 500 BCE" }],
              "question": "What was the duration of the Vedic culture?",
              "id": "572842553acd2414000df7eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Rigvedic period" }],
              "question": "When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?",
              "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "western Ganges plain" }
              ],
              "question": "Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?",
              "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "varnas" }],
              "question": "What were the Aryan social classes called?",
              "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "occupations" }],
              "question": "What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?",
              "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "small tribal units" }
              ],
              "question": "What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?",
              "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 \u2013 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as \u015by\u0101ma ayas, literally \"black metal\"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Kuru kingdom" }],
              "question": "What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?",
              "id": "572845efff5b5019007da094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "1200 \u2013 800 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?",
              "id": "572845efff5b5019007da095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Iron Age" }],
              "question": "At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?",
              "id": "572845efff5b5019007da096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Atharvaveda" }],
              "question": "What is the first Indian text to mention iron?",
              "id": "572845efff5b5019007da097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "Panchala" }],
              "question": "When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?",
              "id": "572845efff5b5019007da098"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an \"epic age\" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually \"transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets\". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Vedas" }],
              "question": "What were the principle texts of Hinduism?",
              "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da232"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "In what language were the Vedas ?",
              "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "Ramayana and Mahabharata" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the core epics of the Vedas?",
              "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Mahabharata" }],
              "question": "Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?",
              "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "small-scale conflict" }
              ],
              "question": "On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?",
              "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da236"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called \"Second urbanization\" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called \"Second urbanization\".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It \"was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar\". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Shramana-movement" }],
              "question": "What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?",
              "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Jainism and Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the origins of the Shramana movement?",
              "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "between 800 and 200 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "During what time were the first Upanishads written?",
              "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Second urbanization" }
              ],
              "question": "What period started after 500 BCE?",
              "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Central Ganges Plain" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?",
              "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and \"republics\" known as the Mahajanapadas\u2014Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja\u2014stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "later Vedic Age" }],
              "question": "By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?",
              "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "sixteen monarchies" }
              ],
              "question": "How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?",
              "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Mahajanapadas" }],
              "question": "What were the sixteen kingdoms called?",
              "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "urbanism" }],
              "question": "What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?",
              "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "Indus Valley Civilisation" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first major urbanization in India?",
              "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early \"republics\" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha. The Life of Gautam Budhha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Vaishali" }],
              "question": "Where was the Vajji confederation located?",
              "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "6th century BCE" }],
              "question": "How early did the small republic states exist in India?",
              "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "4th century CE" }],
              "question": "Until what century did the republic states endure in India?",
              "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "In what language did the educated Indian speak?",
              "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Prakrits" }],
              "question": "What was the general population's common language ?",
              "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "7th and 6th centuries BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the earliest Upanishads composed?",
              "id": "57284e224b864d190016490a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?",
              "id": "57284e224b864d190016490b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Vedanta" }],
              "question": "What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?",
              "id": "57284e224b864d190016490c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "ritual" }],
              "question": "What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?",
              "id": "57284e224b864d190016490d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Self" }],
              "question": "What worship system is central to Hinduism?",
              "id": "57284e224b864d190016490e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549\u2013477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "orthodoxy of rituals" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the shramana movements challenge?",
              "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Mahavira" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of Jainism?",
              "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da289"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Buddha" }],
              "question": "What prominent icon founded Buddhism? ",
              "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Middle Way" }],
              "question": "What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?",
              "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Shramana" }],
              "question": "What belief system taught the idea of samsara?",
              "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Magadha (Sanskrit: \u092e\u0917\u0927) formed one of the sixteen Mah\u0101-Janapadas (Sanskrit: \"Great Countries\") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Mah\u0101-Janapadas" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?",
              "id": "572851feff5b5019007da176"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Great Countries" }],
              "question": "How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?",
              "id": "572851feff5b5019007da177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Bihar" }],
              "question": "Where was the center of Magadha?",
              "id": "572851feff5b5019007da178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "Vedic texts" }],
              "question": "Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?",
              "id": "572851feff5b5019007da179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "600 BC." }],
              "question": "What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?",
              "id": "572851feff5b5019007da17a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian \"Golden Age\". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Atharva-Veda" }],
              "question": "Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?",
              "id": "57285a053acd2414000df93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Jainism and Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?",
              "id": "57285a053acd2414000df940"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Magadha" }],
              "question": "Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?",
              "id": "57285a053acd2414000df941"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Golden Age" }],
              "question": "Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?",
              "id": "57285a053acd2414000df942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Gramakas" }],
              "question": "What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?",
              "id": "57285a053acd2414000df943"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "Cyrus the Great" }],
              "question": "What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?",
              "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df949"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Persian Achaemenid Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Darius I of Persia" }
              ],
              "question": "What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?",
              "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "two centuries" }],
              "question": "How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?",
              "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "mercenaries" }],
              "question": "What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?",
              "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "326 BC" }],
              "question": "When did Alexander the Great reach India?",
              "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "King Porus" }],
              "question": "Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?",
              "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Battle of the Hydaspes" }
              ],
              "question": "At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?",
              "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "Hyphasis" }],
              "question": "Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?",
              "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Nanda Empire" }],
              "question": "The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?",
              "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Maurya Empire (322\u2013185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Maurya Empire" }],
              "question": "What was the first empire to unify India?",
              "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "322\u2013185 BCE" }],
              "question": "What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?",
              "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Chandragupta Maurya" }
              ],
              "question": "Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?",
              "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Nanda Dynasty" }],
              "question": "What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?",
              "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "297 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?",
              "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df969"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?",
              "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "Northern Black Polished Ware" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?",
              "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Wootz steel" }],
              "question": "What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?",
              "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "China and Arabia" }],
              "question": "To where was wootz steel exported?",
              "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "government" }],
              "question": "What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? ",
              "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Sangam period" }],
              "question": "During what period did Tamil literature thrive?",
              "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?",
              "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the extent of the Sangam period?",
              "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "southern India" }],
              "question": "In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?",
              "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "non-Brahmins" }],
              "question": "How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?",
              "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. S\u0101tav\u0101hanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The S\u0101tav\u0101hanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna S\u0101takarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "\u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?",
              "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism" }
              ],
              "question": "Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?",
              "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "coins" }],
              "question": "What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?",
              "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1278, "text": "3rd century CE" }],
              "question": "When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?",
              "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "foreign invaders" }],
              "question": "From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?",
              "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164984"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "187 to 78 BCE" }],
              "question": "What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?",
              "id": "572866e54b864d1900164994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Pushyamitra Shunga" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?",
              "id": "572866e54b864d1900164995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "36 years" }],
              "question": "How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?",
              "id": "572866e54b864d1900164996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "Brahmi" }],
              "question": "What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?",
              "id": "572866e54b864d1900164997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 981,
                  "text": "sponsorship of learning and art"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?",
              "id": "572866e54b864d1900164998"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the reign of Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a, the Chedi dynasty of Ka\u1e37inga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Ka\u1e37inga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Ka\u1e37ingan military might was reinstated by Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a: under Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a's generalship, the Ka\u1e37inga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a" }
              ],
              "question": "What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?",
              "id": "572868892ca10214002da30e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Ashoka" }],
              "question": "What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? ",
              "id": "572868892ca10214002da30f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "maritime" }],
              "question": "In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?",
              "id": "572868892ca10214002da310"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "trade routes" }],
              "question": "What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?",
              "id": "572868892ca10214002da311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a" }
              ],
              "question": "What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?",
              "id": "572868892ca10214002da312"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "From what area did the Kushan Empire come?",
              "id": "57286a254b864d19001649b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Kujula Kadphises" }],
              "question": "Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?",
              "id": "57286a254b864d19001649b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "1st century CE" }],
              "question": "In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?",
              "id": "57286a254b864d19001649ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Indo-European" }],
              "question": "What was the language base of the Kushans?",
              "id": "57286a254b864d19001649bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "northern India" }],
              "question": "What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka",
              "id": "57286a254b864d19001649bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320\u2013550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Classical India" }],
              "question": "By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?",
              "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "c. 320\u2013550 CE" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?",
              "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Golden Age of India" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?",
              "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "Hindu culture" }],
              "question": "What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?",
              "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Hindu-Arabic" }],
              "question": "What numeral system originated in India?",
              "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers \u2013 Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Indian culture" }],
              "question": "What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?",
              "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?",
              "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "first three rulers" }
              ],
              "question": "What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?",
              "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 709, "text": "Strong trade ties" }],
              "question": "What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?",
              "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 827, "text": "nearby kingdoms" }],
              "question": "What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?",
              "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kadamba (345 \u2013 525 CE) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state. The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires, for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties known as the Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Hangal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "345 \u2013 525 CE" }],
              "question": "During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?",
              "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Karnataka, India" }],
              "question": "Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?",
              "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "King Kakushtavarma" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?",
              "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Mayurasharma" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?",
              "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Gupta Dynasty" }],
              "question": "What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?",
              "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "nomadic confederation" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of trib were the Hephthalites?",
              "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Central Asia" }],
              "question": "Where did the White Huns roam?",
              "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Afghanistan" }],
              "question": "In what country did the White Huns settle?",
              "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da253"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Pakistan and North India" }
              ],
              "question": "What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? ",
              "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da254"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old. Harsha belonged to Kanojia. He brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a center of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favorable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "middle of the 6th century" }
              ],
              "question": "In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?",
              "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "small" }],
              "question": "To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?",
              "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Maharaja" }],
              "question": "After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?",
              "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "April 606" }],
              "question": "When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?",
              "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Buddhism" }],
              "question": "To what religion had Harsha been converted?",
              "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the fifth century to the thirteenth, \u015arauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "\u015arauta sacrifices" }
              ],
              "question": "What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries",
              "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?",
              "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "7th century" }],
              "question": "In what century was Harsha's rule? ",
              "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "collapsed" }],
              "question": "What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?",
              "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "northern India" }],
              "question": "What area did Harsha unite during his reign?",
              "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods \"replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship\". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Vishnu and Shiva" }],
              "question": "What cults weakened Buddhism in India?",
              "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "Hindu gods" }],
              "question": "What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?",
              "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "monumental" }],
              "question": "What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?",
              "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "elaborate" }],
              "question": "What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?",
              "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "eighth" }],
              "question": "By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?",
              "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE\u2013760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karko\u1e6da dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?",
              "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "6th century" }],
              "question": "When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?",
              "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "Prithvi Raj Chauhan" }
              ],
              "question": "What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?",
              "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "11th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?",
              "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 803, "text": "Lalitaditya Muktapida" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?",
              "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf\u0cb0\u0cc1 [t\u0283a\u02d0\u026dukj\u0259]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the \"Badami Chalukyas\", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called \"Chalukyan architecture\". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "6th and the 12th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Chalukya Empire rule?",
              "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "southern and central" }
              ],
              "question": "What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?",
              "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1078, "text": "Chalukyan architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? ",
              "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1199, "text": "550 and 750" }],
              "question": "When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?",
              "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1248, "text": "970 and 1190" }],
              "question": "When was the second reign of Chalukyans?",
              "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mah\u0101v\u012bra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhra\u1e43\u015bas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "753" }],
              "question": "When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?",
              "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Manyakheta" }],
              "question": "In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?",
              "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?",
              "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da404"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Jainism" }],
              "question": "By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?",
              "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Amoghavarsha" }],
              "question": "What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?",
              "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da406"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pala Empire (Bengali: \u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af Pal Samrajy\u00f4) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750\u20131174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning \"protector\", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "750\u20131174 CE" }],
              "question": "During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?",
              "id": "572883f82ca10214002da434"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Buddhist" }],
              "question": "What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?",
              "id": "572883f82ca10214002da435"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "golden era of Bengal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?",
              "id": "572883f82ca10214002da436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "Nalanda" }],
              "question": "What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?",
              "id": "572883f82ca10214002da437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Gopala I" }],
              "question": "What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?",
              "id": "572883f82ca10214002da438"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "South India" }],
              "question": "What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?",
              "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "military, economic and cultural"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?",
              "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1337, "text": "whole of Southern India" }
              ],
              "question": "In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?",
              "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1652, "text": "Monumental" }],
              "question": "In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? ",
              "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1409, "text": "sea power" }],
              "question": "From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? ",
              "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Western Chalukya Empire (Kannada:\u0caa\u0cb6\u0ccd\u0c9a\u0cbf\u0cae \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf \u0cb8\u0cbe\u0cae\u0ccd\u0cb0\u0cbe\u0c9c\u0ccd\u0caf) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. Vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukya control. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuri, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century. The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada, and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bh\u0101skara II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "10th and 12th" }],
              "question": "During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?",
              "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "transitional" }],
              "question": "What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?",
              "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 852, "text": "central Karnataka" }],
              "question": "Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?",
              "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1199, "text": "native language" }],
              "question": "What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?",
              "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1231, "text": "Sanskrit" }],
              "question": "Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?",
              "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Muslims" }],
              "question": "What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?",
              "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Arab Umayyad Caliphate" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?",
              "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Raja Dahir" }],
              "question": "Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?",
              "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "Muhammad bin Qasim" }
              ],
              "question": "What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?",
              "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfac0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "difficult" }],
              "question": "How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? ",
              "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfac1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the \"As-Sindh\" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "712" }],
              "question": "In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?",
              "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Hindu kings" }],
              "question": "Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?",
              "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Sindh in Pakistan" }],
              "question": "In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?",
              "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "early 8th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Arab invasion repulsed?",
              "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Al-Mansurah" }],
              "question": "Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?",
              "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish \"permanent dominion\" in those areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Afghanistan and Pakistan" }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?",
              "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "trading communities" }
              ],
              "question": "What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? ",
              "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "western coast" }],
              "question": "Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?",
              "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Arabian peninsula" }],
              "question": "From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?",
              "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 627, "text": "Judaism and Christianity" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?",
              "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "9th century" }],
              "question": "Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?",
              "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Kushan" }],
              "question": "The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?",
              "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many eras are the Shahis divided into?",
              "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "870" }],
              "question": "When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?",
              "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "Kabul Shahan" }],
              "question": "What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?",
              "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da304"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "consolidation of the Ghaznavids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?",
              "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da482"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Ghazni" }],
              "question": "What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?",
              "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da483"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Sebuk Tigin" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?",
              "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "Kabul Valley and Indus River" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the area did Jayapala lose?",
              "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "defaulted" }],
              "question": "What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?",
              "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da486"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "1001" }],
              "question": "In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?",
              "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "Battle of Peshawar" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?",
              "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "committed suicide" }],
              "question": "What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?",
              "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Shahi dynasty" }],
              "question": "Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?",
              "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Mahmud of Ghazni" }],
              "question": "Who was the ruler of Ghazni?",
              "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Central Asia" }],
              "question": "From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?",
              "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Muslim intrusions" }],
              "question": "After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?",
              "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "assimilated" }],
              "question": "Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?",
              "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Islamic identity" }],
              "question": "What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?",
              "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1161, "text": "mixed" }],
              "question": "What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?",
              "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting \"Indo-Muslim\" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning \"horde\" or \"camp\" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236\u20131240).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Slave dynasty of Delhi" }
              ],
              "question": "What conquered large areas of northern India?",
              "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Khilji dynasty" }],
              "question": "What dynasty captured most of central India?",
              "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "Urdu" }],
              "question": "What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? ",
              "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "Razia Sultana" }],
              "question": "Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?",
              "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Indo-Muslim" }],
              "question": "By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?",
              "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the \"other Muslims\" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Timur" }],
              "question": "What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?",
              "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "17 December 1398" }],
              "question": "On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?",
              "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "in ruins" }],
              "question": "In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?",
              "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?",
              "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "sayyids" }],
              "question": "What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?",
              "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jye\u1e63\u1e6dhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "1336" }],
              "question": "In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?",
              "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Hampi" }],
              "question": "At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?",
              "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 926, "text": "Madhava of Sangamagrama" }
              ],
              "question": "What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? ",
              "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1019, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Kerala school established?",
              "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1573, "text": "Hinduism" }],
              "question": "What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?",
              "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164af0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Delhi Sultanate" }],
              "question": "From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?",
              "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Vijayanagar Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?",
              "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Rajputs" }],
              "question": "What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?",
              "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1167, "text": "six centuries" }],
              "question": "Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?",
              "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "Vijayanagara Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?",
              "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ahom Kingdom (1228\u20131826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ahom Kingdom" }],
              "question": "What kingdom came to power in Assam?",
              "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1228\u20131826" }],
              "question": "What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?",
              "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "British rule" }],
              "question": "What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?",
              "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "With what religion did the Ahom merge?",
              "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Muslim rulers of Delhi" }
              ],
              "question": "What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?",
              "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Mughal Empire" }],
              "question": "What empire did Babur found in northern India?",
              "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Sher Shah Suri" }],
              "question": "Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?",
              "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Afghan" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?",
              "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "Second Battle of Panipat" }
              ],
              "question": "At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?",
              "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Khyber Pass" }],
              "question": "By what route did Babur enter India?",
              "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, \"All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost.\" The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: \"The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "1600" }],
              "question": "By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?",
              "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Taj Mahal" }],
              "question": "What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?",
              "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Mughal architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?",
              "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "Maratha military resurgence" }
              ],
              "question": "What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?",
              "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Aurangzeb" }],
              "question": "During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?",
              "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da536"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Marathas and Afghans" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?",
              "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "Maratha general Bajirao" }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?",
              "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "Nizam-ul-mulk" }],
              "question": "Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?",
              "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "Bhopal" }],
              "question": "What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?",
              "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1164, "text": "1857 War of Independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?",
              "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states \u2013 including the Maratha Empire \u2013 which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared \"Amari\" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Mughals" }],
              "question": "What was the richest of all the dynasties?",
              "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 397,
                  "text": "integration with Indian culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? ",
              "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "emperor Akbar" }],
              "question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?",
              "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 862, "text": "Aurangazeb" }],
              "question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?",
              "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1292, "text": "ancient Indian" }],
              "question": "With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?",
              "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as \"the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced\". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Maratha suzerainty" }],
              "question": "The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?",
              "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Maratha confederacy" }
              ],
              "question": "What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?",
              "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "Chatrapati Shivaji" }
              ],
              "question": "Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?",
              "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 555, "text": "great constructive genius" }
              ],
              "question": "What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?",
              "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Peshwa Bajirao I" }],
              "question": "Who made the Marathas a strong power?",
              "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "early 18th century" }],
              "question": "By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?",
              "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da48e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Peshwas" }],
              "question": "Who ruled the Maratha Empire?",
              "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da48f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "prime ministers" }],
              "question": "What were Peshwas?",
              "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1120, "text": "1760" }],
              "question": "By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?",
              "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1436, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?",
              "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da492"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780\u20131839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Sikh religion" }],
              "question": "Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?",
              "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1799 to 1849" }],
              "question": "What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?",
              "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Punjabis? ",
              "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Sikh army" }],
              "question": "On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? ",
              "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1091, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?",
              "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Marathas" }],
              "question": "To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?",
              "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Wodeyar" }],
              "question": "What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?",
              "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 494, "text": "British and Marathas" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?",
              "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "the French" }],
              "question": "What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?",
              "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Hyder Ali" }],
              "question": "Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?",
              "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Ceylon" }],
              "question": "In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?",
              "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "port of Surat" }],
              "question": "Where did the British initially establish a trading base?",
              "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What was the third European country to establish trading with India?",
              "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "internal conflicts" }
              ],
              "question": "What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?",
              "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?",
              "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondich\u00e9ry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah" }
              ],
              "question": "What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?",
              "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "East India Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?",
              "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Robert Clive" }],
              "question": "Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?",
              "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1143, "text": "feudal" }],
              "question": "What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?",
              "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1020, "text": "monopolized" }],
              "question": "How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?",
              "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766\u20131799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772\u20131818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814\u201316 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Carnatic" }],
              "question": "What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?",
              "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "1766\u20131799" }],
              "question": "During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?",
              "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "1772\u20131818" }],
              "question": "When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?",
              "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 638, "text": "Dogra Dynasty of Jammu" }
              ],
              "question": "To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?",
              "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "princely state" }],
              "question": "After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?",
              "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Company's rule" }],
              "question": "What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?",
              "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "brutally suppressed" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?",
              "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "British government" }
              ],
              "question": "What force took control of the company and the situation?",
              "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "full control" }],
              "question": "What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?",
              "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "grievances" }],
              "question": "What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?",
              "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947\u201348.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "British Crown" }],
              "question": "To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?",
              "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "provinces" }],
              "question": "How did Britain govern the vast area of India?",
              "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "Company's lands" }],
              "question": "Over what did Britain have direct control?",
              "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 231, "text": "indirect influence" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?",
              "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "565" }],
              "question": "How many princely states were there in India in 1947?",
              "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "infrastructure" }],
              "question": "What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?",
              "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Indian Penal Code" }],
              "question": "What new law was created?",
              "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "Thomas Babington Macaulay" }
              ],
              "question": "Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?",
              "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?",
              "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "infrastructure" }],
              "question": "In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?",
              "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and \"Eastern Bengal and Assam\", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent \"divide and rule\" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a \"cultural\" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Lord Curzon" }],
              "question": "What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?",
              "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?",
              "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?",
              "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "anti-colonial" }],
              "question": "What movement did the division of Bengal start?",
              "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1555, "text": "Indian National Congress" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?",
              "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772\u20131833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861\u20131941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Bengali Renaissance" }],
              "question": "What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?",
              "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "English educated Bengali Hindus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?",
              "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "Raja Ram Mohan Roy" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?",
              "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "Rabindranath Tagore" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom was it said the the movement ended?",
              "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 731, "text": "medieval' to the 'modern" }
              ],
              "question": "From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?",
              "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 98, "text": "Renaissance in Europe" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?",
              "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "existing orthodoxies" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Movement question?",
              "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "Young Bengal" }],
              "question": "What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?",
              "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "rationalism and atheism" }
              ],
              "question": "What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?",
              "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 660, "text": "minds and intellect" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?",
              "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876\u201378 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899\u20131900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "famines" }],
              "question": "What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?",
              "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "6.1 million to 10.3 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?",
              "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1876\u201378" }],
              "question": "When did the Great Famine happen?",
              "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "1.25 to 10 million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?",
              "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Third Plague Pandemic" }
              ],
              "question": "What killed 10 million people in India?",
              "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first \"self-rule\" and later \"complete independence\". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a \"clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests\", \"racial discriminations\", \"the revelation of India's past\", \"inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions\", and Indians coming in close contact with \"European education\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Indian nationalism" }],
              "question": "What movement rose in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "self-rule" }],
              "question": "What did Indian first want as government?",
              "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "complete independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Indians finally begin to demand?",
              "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "causes" }],
              "question": "What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?",
              "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Probable reasons" }],
              "question": "What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?",
              "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "councillors" }],
              "question": "What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?",
              "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?",
              "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "Provincial Councils" }
              ],
              "question": "What more local councils were set up?",
              "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?",
              "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "minority groups" }],
              "question": "What were the troops in the British Indian Army?",
              "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence \"Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it\" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces \u2013 Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak" }],
              "question": "What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?",
              "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "three big provinces" }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?",
              "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "two factions" }],
              "question": "How was the Congress split in 1907?",
              "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "The radicals" }],
              "question": "Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?",
              "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "The moderates" }],
              "question": "Which faction wanted reform within British rule?",
              "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Mahatma Gandhi" }],
              "question": "What leader started a mass movement against British rule?",
              "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da826"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "peaceful" }],
              "question": "What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?",
              "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 457, "text": "Indian National Army" }
              ],
              "question": "What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?",
              "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "15 August 1947" }],
              "question": "On what date did India gain its independence?",
              "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "Government of India Act 1935" }
              ],
              "question": "What action did the movements combine to produce?",
              "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da82a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "minority" }],
              "question": "What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?",
              "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Hindu rule" }],
              "question": "What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?",
              "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 575, "text": "interim government" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?",
              "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 930, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?",
              "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1050, "text": "12 million" }],
              "question": "How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?",
              "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Gamal_Abdel_Nasser",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u200e, IPA: [\u0261\u00e6\u02c8m\u00e6\u02d0l \u0295\u00e6bden\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0s\u02e4e\u027e \u0127e\u02c8se\u02d0n]; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "second" }],
              "question": "What number president of Egypt was Nasser?",
              "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?",
              "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nasser become president?",
              "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nasser die?",
              "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "monarchy" }],
              "question": "What type of government did Nasser overthrow?",
              "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958\u20131961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1185, "text": "five million" }],
              "question": "How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?",
              "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Suez Canal" }],
              "question": "What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?",
              "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "United Arab Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Nasser create with Syria?",
              "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 560, "text": "North Yemen Civil War" }
              ],
              "question": "What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?",
              "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "1965" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?",
              "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164028"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "Aswan Dam and Helwan City" }
              ],
              "question": "Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.",
              "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000defef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "What century did Nasser rule in?",
              "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "anti-imperialist" }],
              "question": "What was nasser's position toward imperialism?",
              "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "human rights violations" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?",
              "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "postal worker" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's father's occupation?",
              "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d9898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Alexandria" }],
              "question": "In what city was Nasser raised?",
              "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d9899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "What year was Nasser born?",
              "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "Glory of the Arabs" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?",
              "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "two more boys" }],
              "question": "What siblings did Nasser have?",
              "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Attarin" }],
              "question": "What elementary school did Nasser attend?",
              "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "Helwan" }],
              "question": "Where did Nasser go to boarding school?",
              "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Ras el-Tin" }],
              "question": "What secondary school did Nasser attend?",
              "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Manshia Square" }],
              "question": "Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?",
              "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "Young Egypt Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?",
              "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled \"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom\". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "al-Nahda al-Masria" }],
              "question": "What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?",
              "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?",
              "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "British rule" }],
              "question": "What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?",
              "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?",
              "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 838, "text": "constitution" }],
              "question": "What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?",
              "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?",
              "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 283, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty did Nasser object to?",
              "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 353, "text": "British military bases" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?",
              "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "declined significantly" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?",
              "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "al-Nahda" }],
              "question": "From where did Nasser graduate?",
              "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df019"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "reading" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser do in his spare time?",
              "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "National Library of Egypt" }
              ],
              "question": "What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?",
              "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Egyptian society's class divisions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?",
              "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "well below the wealthy Egyptian elite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?",
              "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "nationalist leaders" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of biographies did Nasser read?",
              "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a \"man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective\". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "Egyptian nationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What political theory fascinated Nasser?",
              "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Mustafa Kamel" }],
              "question": "What politician did Nasser admire?",
              "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Ahmed Shawqi" }],
              "question": "What poet did Nasser read?",
              "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "Return of the Spirit" }
              ],
              "question": "What novel influenced Nasser greatly?",
              "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "Royal Military Academy" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?",
              "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of \"dignity, glory, and freedom\" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "a military career" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's goal?",
              "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Royal Military Academy" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Nasser apply in 1937?",
              "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "record of anti-government protest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?",
              "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "King Fuad University" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Nasser attend law school?",
              "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df036"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "one semester" }],
              "question": "How long did Nasser attend law school?",
              "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df037"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his \"energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement\", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "wasta" }],
              "question": "What's another term for influential intermediary?",
              "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Khairy Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?",
              "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Sadat and Amer" }],
              "question": "What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?",
              "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 827, "text": "widespread corruption" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?",
              "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df04a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "monarchy" }],
              "question": "What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?",
              "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df04b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, \"I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack\", and wished for \"calamity\" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?",
              "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "instructor" }],
              "question": "Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?",
              "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "British Ambassador Miles Lampson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "nationalist" }],
              "question": "What political group was Nasser associated with?",
              "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 879, "text": "Amer" }],
              "question": "Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?",
              "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying \"our soldiers were dashed against fortifications\". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, \"including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes\" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Palestine" }],
              "question": "Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?",
              "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "6th Infantry Battalion" }
              ],
              "question": "In what unit did Nasser serve?",
              "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "lightly" }],
              "question": "How badly was Nasser wounded?",
              "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Israeli" }],
              "question": "What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?",
              "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Faluja" }],
              "question": "What territory was given to Israel?",
              "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Umm Kulthum" }],
              "question": "What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?",
              "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Philosophy of the Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What book did Nasser start writing?",
              "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "royal government" }],
              "question": "What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?",
              "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "British" }],
              "question": "Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?",
              "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "monarchy" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?",
              "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "instructor at the Royal Military Academy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser do after the war ended?",
              "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?",
              "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "religious agenda" }],
              "question": "What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?",
              "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "humiliating" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?",
              "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "Eilat" }],
              "question": "What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?",
              "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'\u00e9tat. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Syrian" }],
              "question": "What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?",
              "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who questioned Nasser?",
              "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "convincingly denied the allegations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?",
              "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 661,
                  "text": "speed up his group's activities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?",
              "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory\u2014mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections\u2014and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, \"nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser\". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What group boycotted the 1950 elections?",
              "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Wafd" }],
              "question": "What party advanced in the 1950 elections?",
              "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "corruption" }],
              "question": "What were Wafd members accused of?",
              "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Free Officers" }],
              "question": "What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?",
              "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 751, "text": "nearly two years" }],
              "question": "How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?",
              "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage \"a large scale assassination campaign\". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails \"haunted\" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?",
              "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Hussein Sirri Amer" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?",
              "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "Hassan Ibrahim" }],
              "question": "Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?",
              "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "royalist" }],
              "question": "What was general Amer's political affiliation?",
              "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "an innocent female passerby" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?",
              "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club\u2014normally a ceremonial office\u2014with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sirri Amer" }],
              "question": "Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?",
              "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "Muhammad Naguib" }],
              "question": "Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?",
              "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many times was Naguib wounded?",
              "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 601, "text": "al-Misri" }],
              "question": "What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?",
              "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Palestine War" }],
              "question": "In what war was Naguib wounded?",
              "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Y\u016bsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? ",
              "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Ismailia" }],
              "question": "Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?",
              "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "76" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?",
              "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?",
              "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "feudalism" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?",
              "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his \"boss\" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "parliamentary democracy" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?",
              "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df11f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "General Naguib" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?",
              "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 982, "text": "exile" }],
              "question": "What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?",
              "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "civilian clothing" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser wear during the coup?",
              "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "22 July" }],
              "question": "What day did the revolution begin?",
              "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the \"guardians of the people's interests\" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes\u2014agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties\u2014as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Naguib" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?",
              "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "civilians" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?",
              "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Ali Maher" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 523, "text": "Revolutionary Command Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What new name did the Free Officers take?",
              "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 976, "text": "Agrarian Reform Law" }
              ],
              "question": "What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?",
              "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "communist" }],
              "question": "What group rioted at the textile factories?",
              "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many people died in the textile factory riots?",
              "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What group supported the RCC?",
              "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?",
              "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "opposed" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?",
              "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "secretary-general" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?",
              "id": "5727fbf84b864d1900164158"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "all political parties" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?",
              "id": "5727fbf84b864d1900164159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "parliamentary elections" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser alone in supporting?",
              "id": "5727fbf84b864d190016415a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "British withdrawal from the Suez Canal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?",
              "id": "5727fbf84b864d190016415b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces\u2014a position formerly occupied by Naguib.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Naguib" }],
              "question": "Who resigned in 1954?",
              "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "RCC chairman and prime minister"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two positions did Nasser assume?",
              "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 734, "text": "Brotherhood" }],
              "question": "What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?",
              "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 787, "text": "imprisonment" }],
              "question": "What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?",
              "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1033, "text": "Amer" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?",
              "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the \"impulse of the street.\" Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "transport workers" }],
              "question": "What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?",
              "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Free Officers" }],
              "question": "What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?",
              "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "Who was sent to Switzerland?",
              "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 947, "text": "Saudi Arabia" }],
              "question": "What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?",
              "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "assassination attempt" }
              ],
              "question": "What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?",
              "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Brotherhood" }],
              "question": "To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?",
              "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Sayyid Qutb" }],
              "question": "Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?",
              "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "house arrest" }],
              "question": "Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?",
              "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "Nasser" }],
              "question": "Who assumed total control of Egypt?",
              "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent \"sedition\". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such \"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954\u201355, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab \"peoples\" or the \"Arab region\". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "street following" }],
              "question": "What was too small to keep Nasser in power?",
              "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "press" }],
              "question": "What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?",
              "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "\"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?",
              "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "singers" }],
              "question": "Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?",
              "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "1955" }],
              "question": "In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?",
              "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?",
              "id": "572800063acd2414000df1cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "Gaza Strip" }],
              "question": "What territory did Israel attack in 1955?",
              "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "did not retaliate militarily" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?",
              "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "a blow to his growing popularity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?",
              "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "blockade on Israeli shipping" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?",
              "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and \"perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism\". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Baghdad Pact" }],
              "question": "What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?",
              "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "modern weaponry" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?",
              "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "Czechoslovakia" }],
              "question": "From what country did Nasser buy arms?",
              "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 657, "text": "US$320,000,000" }],
              "question": "How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?",
              "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "equalized" }],
              "question": "How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?",
              "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9ac0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the \"Final Communique\" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Final Communique" }],
              "question": "What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?",
              "id": "572801f13acd2414000df205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?",
              "id": "572801f13acd2414000df206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "right of return" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?",
              "id": "572801f13acd2414000df207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "UN" }],
              "question": "What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?",
              "id": "572801f13acd2414000df208"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the \"positive neutralism\" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "positive neutralism" }
              ],
              "question": "What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?",
              "id": "572802a93acd2414000df217"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?",
              "id": "572802a93acd2414000df218"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "welcomed by large crowds" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?",
              "id": "572802a93acd2414000df219"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "heralded" }],
              "question": "How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?",
              "id": "572802a93acd2414000df21a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the \"cadre through which we will realize our revolution\". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?",
              "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "single-party system" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?",
              "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "National Union" }],
              "question": "What was the dominant political party? ",
              "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Liberation Rally" }],
              "question": "From what group did the National Union originate?",
              "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "citizens" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?",
              "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Nasser" }],
              "question": "Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?",
              "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "women" }],
              "question": "Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?",
              "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "RCC" }],
              "question": "What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?",
              "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "sidelining" }],
              "question": "Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? ",
              "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "high-ranking positions in the cabinet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?",
              "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "UK and France" }],
              "question": "With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?",
              "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "Aswan Dam" }],
              "question": "What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?",
              "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?",
              "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Algerian" }],
              "question": "France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?",
              "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Baghdad Pact" }],
              "question": "The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?",
              "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser was informed of the British\u2013American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "took great offense" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?",
              "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Suez Canal" }],
              "question": "What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? ",
              "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "unaware" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?",
              "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "When did the last British troops leave Egypt?",
              "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164269"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British\u2013American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since \"120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)\" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "fund the Aswan Dam" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?",
              "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "120,000" }],
              "question": "How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?",
              "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 596, "text": "existing stockholders" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?",
              "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?",
              "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, \"I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies.\" Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the \"charismatic leader\" and \"spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World\". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and \"soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria\". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "support" }],
              "question": "How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?",
              "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1088, "text": "Israeli" }],
              "question": "What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?",
              "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Henry A. Byroade" }],
              "question": "What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?",
              "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?",
              "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as \"impossible\". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, \"Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent\". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "France and the UK" }],
              "question": "What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?",
              "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "Israel" }],
              "question": "What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?",
              "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 546, "text": "UN Security Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?",
              "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "topple" }],
              "question": "What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?",
              "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "1956" }],
              "question": "In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?",
              "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Egyptian airfields in the canal zone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the British and French air forces bomb?",
              "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Port Said" }],
              "question": "What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?",
              "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Amer" }],
              "question": "Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?",
              "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "blockage" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser do to the canal?",
              "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, \"Nobody is going to surrender.\" Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?",
              "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "5,000" }],
              "question": "How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?",
              "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 676, "text": "civilian volunteers" }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?",
              "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Salah Salem" }],
              "question": "Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?",
              "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "undamaged" }],
              "question": "What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?",
              "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as \"shattered\" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5\u20136 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 919, "text": "Between 750 and 1,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?",
              "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "Port Said" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?",
              "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "shattered" }],
              "question": "In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?",
              "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "British-French forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?",
              "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the \"greatest and most decisive role\" in stopping the \"tripartite conspiracy\". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S." }],
              "question": "What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?",
              "id": "572812604b864d19001643b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Eisenhower" }],
              "question": "What leader did Nasser applaud?",
              "id": "572812604b864d19001643b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "United Nations Emergency Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What military force was brought in to calm the situation?",
              "id": "572812604b864d19001643ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "rigorous requirements for residency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?",
              "id": "572812604b864d19001643bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his \"charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis\". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, \"Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio.\" Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut\u2014the press center of the Arab world\u2014bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves \"Nasserites\", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term \"Arab nationalists\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Voice of the Arabs" }
              ],
              "question": "What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?",
              "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 887, "text": "Nasserites" }],
              "question": "What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?",
              "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 835, "text": "structure and organization" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the admirers of Nasser lack?",
              "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Eugene Rogan" }],
              "question": "Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?",
              "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 964, "text": "Arab nationalists" }],
              "question": "What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?",
              "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "Eisenhower Doctrine" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?",
              "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "1957" }],
              "question": "When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?",
              "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "King Saud" }],
              "question": "What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?",
              "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Jordan" }],
              "question": "What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?",
              "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "pan-Arabism" }],
              "question": "Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?",
              "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him\u2014although Nasser's involvement was never established\u2014and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being \"a tool of the imperialists\". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "King Hussein" }],
              "question": "What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?",
              "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "a tool of the imperialists" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser call King Hussein?",
              "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "King Saud" }],
              "question": "What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?",
              "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "citizens" }],
              "question": "Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?",
              "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "British and French" }],
              "question": "What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?",
              "id": "572815794b864d1900164430"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?",
              "id": "572815794b864d1900164431"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Helwan steelworks" }],
              "question": "What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?",
              "id": "572815794b864d1900164432"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?",
              "id": "572815794b864d1900164433"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "Aswan Dam" }],
              "question": "What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?",
              "id": "572815794b864d1900164434"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in \"stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria.\" Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Syria" }],
              "question": "What country wanted to join with Egypt?",
              "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 963, "text": "communists" }],
              "question": "What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?",
              "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 756, "text": "United Arab Republic" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?",
              "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "What year was the UAR formed?",
              "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "King Saud" }],
              "question": "Who tried to assassinate Nasser?",
              "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "shoot down Nasser's plane" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?",
              "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "King Faisal" }],
              "question": "Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?",
              "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "opponent" }],
              "question": "What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?",
              "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "How many members were in the National Assembly?",
              "id": "57281f1a2ca10214002d9e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "400" }],
              "question": "How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?",
              "id": "57281f1a2ca10214002d9e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Khrushchev" }],
              "question": "What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?",
              "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Communist Party" }],
              "question": "What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?",
              "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "Boghdadi and Amer" }],
              "question": "Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?",
              "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training\u2014short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a \"special case\", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Camille Chamoun" }],
              "question": "Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?",
              "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "to unite with the UAR" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?",
              "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "a second presidential term" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?",
              "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Sarraj" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?",
              "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "limited" }],
              "question": "What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?",
              "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that \"any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR\". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?",
              "id": "572820a64b864d19001644fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Nuri al-Said" }],
              "question": "What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?",
              "id": "572820a64b864d19001644ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "Lebanon" }],
              "question": "Where did US Marines land?",
              "id": "572820a64b864d1900164500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?",
              "id": "572820a64b864d1900164501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "unblocked" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?",
              "id": "572820a64b864d1900164502"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese\u2013Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Sarraj" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?",
              "id": "572821723acd2414000df527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "police state" }],
              "question": "What was Syria like under Sarraj?",
              "id": "572821723acd2414000df528"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Fuad Chehab" }],
              "question": "Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?",
              "id": "572821723acd2414000df529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "improved considerably" }
              ],
              "question": "How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?",
              "id": "572821723acd2414000df52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "1959" }],
              "question": "In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?",
              "id": "572821723acd2414000df52b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Qasim" }],
              "question": "What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?",
              "id": "572821f44b864d1900164524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "suppressed a rebellion in Mosul"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?",
              "id": "572821f44b864d1900164525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "Egyptian communist activity" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser suppress as a result?",
              "id": "572821f44b864d1900164526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Khaled Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "What old ally did Nasser turn against?",
              "id": "572821f44b864d1900164527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were \"foreign to him\". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "elites" }],
              "question": "What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?",
              "id": "572822d04b864d1900164536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "worsening" }],
              "question": "How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?",
              "id": "572822d04b864d1900164537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?",
              "id": "572822d04b864d1900164538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "dismissed" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?",
              "id": "572822d04b864d1900164539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 687, "text": "press" }],
              "question": "What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?",
              "id": "572822d04b864d190016453a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "secessionist army units" }
              ],
              "question": "What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?",
              "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year did Syria leave the UAR?",
              "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Latakia" }],
              "question": "Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?",
              "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "nervous breakdown" }],
              "question": "What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?",
              "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "his health began to deteriorate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?",
              "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ec0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a \"miscalculation\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "North Yemen" }],
              "question": "What country experienced a coup in 1962?",
              "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Saudi Arabia" }],
              "question": "What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?",
              "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "the new government" }
              ],
              "question": "Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?",
              "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "1967" }],
              "question": "In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?",
              "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "miscalculation" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?",
              "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist\u2013Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for \"facilitating\" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the \"leader of the Arabs\". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as \"fascists\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Ba'athist\u2013Nasserist alliance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups completed a coup in Iraq?",
              "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df599"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "Abdel Salam Aref" }],
              "question": "Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?",
              "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the agreement to fail?",
              "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 888, "text": "fascists" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?",
              "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed \"the disastrous situation\". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Jordan River" }],
              "question": "What river did the Israelis want to divert?",
              "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "act of war" }],
              "question": "How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?",
              "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "King Hussein" }],
              "question": "What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?",
              "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 704,
                  "text": "Palestine Liberation Organization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization was formed as a result of the talks?",
              "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "Ahmad Shukeiri" }],
              "question": "Who was set to lead the PLO?",
              "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?",
              "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Nasser" }],
              "question": "Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?",
              "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Cold War" }],
              "question": "What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?",
              "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "African" }],
              "question": "What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?",
              "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "anti-colonial leaders from several African countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Nasser give asylum to?",
              "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "anti-colonial propaganda" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?",
              "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Organisation of African Unity" }
              ],
              "question": "What African group did Nasser help to form?",
              "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "1963" }],
              "question": "What year was the OAU formed?",
              "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Egypt" }],
              "question": "What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?",
              "id": "572827734b864d19001645ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "Islamic and socialist" }
              ],
              "question": "What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?",
              "id": "572827734b864d19001645eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "al-Azhar" }],
              "question": "What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?",
              "id": "572827734b864d19001645ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?",
              "id": "572827734b864d19001645ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "Presidential Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?",
              "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "merit" }],
              "question": "As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?",
              "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?",
              "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Amer" }],
              "question": "What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?",
              "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "approve all senior military appointments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Presidential Council meant to do?",
              "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Amer" }],
              "question": "From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?",
              "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Nasser" }],
              "question": "Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?",
              "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "directly confronting Nasser" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?",
              "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "painkillers" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?",
              "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "diabetes" }],
              "question": "From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?",
              "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "socialism" }],
              "question": "What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?",
              "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "National Charter" }],
              "question": "What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?",
              "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "widening the Suez Canal" }
              ],
              "question": "What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?",
              "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "1962" }],
              "question": "What year was the National Charter released?",
              "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "universal" }],
              "question": "What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?",
              "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "51" }],
              "question": "What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?",
              "id": "57282b433acd2414000df605"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "Arab Socialist Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new name for the National Union?",
              "id": "57282b433acd2414000df606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "repression" }],
              "question": "What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?",
              "id": "57282b433acd2414000df607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "Islamists" }],
              "question": "What group was targeted with imprisonment?",
              "id": "57282b433acd2414000df608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 820,
                  "text": "submit their resignations in protest"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?",
              "id": "57282b433acd2414000df609"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "He was the only candidate" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?",
              "id": "57282c383acd2414000df633"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 356, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood" }
              ],
              "question": "The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?",
              "id": "57282c383acd2414000df634"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "executed" }],
              "question": "What was Qutb's sentence?",
              "id": "57282c383acd2414000df635"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "private sector" }],
              "question": "What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?",
              "id": "57282c383acd2414000df636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 826,
                  "text": "from sluggishness to the verge of collapse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?",
              "id": "57282c383acd2414000df637"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be \"baseless\". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?",
              "id": "57282d253acd2414000df659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "dispatch troops to Sinai" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?",
              "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "Israeli-American" }],
              "question": "What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?",
              "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "West Bank" }],
              "question": "What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?",
              "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?",
              "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although \"Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on\". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Straits of Tiran" }],
              "question": "What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?",
              "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "Who was Nassir's vice president?",
              "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 818, "text": "diplomacy towards a ceasefire" }
              ],
              "question": "How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?",
              "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1180, "text": "Jordan" }],
              "question": "What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?",
              "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164663"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into \"a nonstop shouting match\". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser\u2013Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Sharm el-Sheikh" }],
              "question": "What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?",
              "id": "57282e774b864d190016467a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Nasser\u2013Amer" }],
              "question": "What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?",
              "id": "57282e774b864d190016467b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 788, "text": "rational analysis" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser dismiss during the war?",
              "id": "57282e774b864d190016467c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "imminent Arab victory" }
              ],
              "question": "What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?",
              "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "9 June" }],
              "question": "What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?",
              "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "announced his resignation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser do about his position as President?",
              "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?",
              "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 662, "text": "retracted his decision" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?",
              "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing \"the person closest to [him]\". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Mohamed Fawzi" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?",
              "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "suicide" }],
              "question": "How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?",
              "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 735,
                  "text": "depoliticizing the armed forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?",
              "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 822, "text": "figures loyal to Amer" }
              ],
              "question": "What loyalists did Nasser target?",
              "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164697"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of \"playing the superpowers against each other\" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Khartoum" }],
              "question": "Where was the Arab League summit held?",
              "id": "572830693acd2414000df69d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "King Faisal" }],
              "question": "What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?",
              "id": "572830693acd2414000df69e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "Khartoum Resolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?",
              "id": "572830693acd2414000df69f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "What nation granted military aid to Egypt?",
              "id": "572830693acd2414000df6a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "UN Resolution 242" }],
              "question": "What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?",
              "id": "572830693acd2414000df6a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the \"fall of the mukhabarat state\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new positions did Nasser give himself ?",
              "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ebe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "When did students protest for political reforms?",
              "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ebf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Arab Socialist Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?",
              "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ec0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "external" }],
              "question": "What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?",
              "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ec1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "ASU" }],
              "question": "What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?",
              "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "liberalization" }],
              "question": "What trend was Nasser trying to cause?",
              "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "unfulfilled" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?",
              "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "independence" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?",
              "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da057"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the \"Palestine issue\" to Arafat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "War of Attrition" }],
              "question": "What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?",
              "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "In what year did the War of Attrition begin?",
              "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Yasser Arafat" }],
              "question": "Who led the Fatah movement?",
              "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Battle of Karameh" }],
              "question": "In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?",
              "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "Arafat" }],
              "question": "To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?",
              "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "build a network of internal defenses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?",
              "id": "572832e92ca10214002da07e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "March 1969" }],
              "question": "When did the war start up again?",
              "id": "572832e92ca10214002da07f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "PLO and the Lebanese military" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?",
              "id": "572832e92ca10214002da080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Palestinian guerrillas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?",
              "id": "572832e92ca10214002da081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Rogers Plan" }],
              "question": "What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?",
              "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "recapturing the Suez Canal" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?",
              "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?",
              "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "surrender" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?",
              "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "SAM missiles" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser move to the canal zone?",
              "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "28 September 1970" }],
              "question": "When did Nasser die?",
              "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "heart attack" }],
              "question": "How did Nasser die?",
              "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was with Nasser when he died?",
              "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "heart attacks" }],
              "question": "What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?",
              "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "in their fifties" }],
              "question": "How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?",
              "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "at least five million" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people attended Nasser's funeral?",
              "id": "572835783acd2414000df6f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "the old RCC headquarters" }
              ],
              "question": "At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?",
              "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Saudi King Faisal" }],
              "question": "Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?",
              "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi" }],
              "question": "What leader twice fainted during the funeral?",
              "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 684, "text": "Alexei Kosygin" }],
              "question": "Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?",
              "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, \"men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets\" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, \"Nasser will never die.\" As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, \"One hundred million human beings\u2014the Arabs\u2014are orphans.\" Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that \"Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Over a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?",
              "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "75,000" }],
              "question": "How many people marched in Jerusalem?",
              "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "Sherif Hetata" }],
              "question": "Who said, \"The world will never again see five million people crying together?\"",
              "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "orphans" }],
              "question": "What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?",
              "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "British influence" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?",
              "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "social justice" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?",
              "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "improved considerably" }
              ],
              "question": "How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?",
              "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "war effort" }],
              "question": "What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?",
              "id": "572836cd3acd2414000df720"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a \"golden age\" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "agrarian" }],
              "question": "What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?",
              "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?",
              "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "golden age" }],
              "question": "How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?",
              "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Suez Canal" }],
              "question": "What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?",
              "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df732"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Nasserist" }],
              "question": "What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?",
              "id": "572838114b864d190016477a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Arab Democratic Nasserist Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Nasserist political party?",
              "id": "572838114b864d190016477b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Sabahi" }],
              "question": "What party came in third in the 2013 election?",
              "id": "572838114b864d190016477c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 678, "text": "United Nasserist Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?",
              "id": "572838114b864d190016477d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was \"his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat\". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile\u2014more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "availability to the public" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?",
              "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "1,359" }],
              "question": "How many speeches did Nasser give?",
              "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Nasser" }],
              "question": "Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?",
              "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "press" }],
              "question": "What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?",
              "id": "572838912ca10214002da0ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, \"nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today\". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Egyptian intellectuals" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?",
              "id": "572839254b864d1900164792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Six-Day War" }],
              "question": "What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?",
              "id": "572839254b864d1900164793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Mubarak" }],
              "question": "During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?",
              "id": "572839254b864d1900164794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?",
              "id": "572839254b864d1900164795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a \"confused Sultan\" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "dictator" }],
              "question": "Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?",
              "id": "5728408d4b864d1900164808"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "dissidents" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?",
              "id": "5728408d4b864d1900164809"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "confused Sultan" }],
              "question": "What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?",
              "id": "5728408d4b864d190016480a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "New Wafd Party" }],
              "question": "What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?",
              "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "Alaa al-Din Desouki" }
              ],
              "question": "Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?",
              "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "successful manipulation and demagoguery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?",
              "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people \"rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary\". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a \"guarantee of instability\" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "intermediaries" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?",
              "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "strong political institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?",
              "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "Abd al-Azim Ramadan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?",
              "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "Miles Copeland, Jr" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?",
              "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game \"but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces\" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. \"All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin" }],
              "question": "Who was Nasser's vice president?",
              "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "bluffing" }],
              "question": "What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?",
              "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "gradually changed" }],
              "question": "What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?",
              "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "diabetes" }],
              "question": "What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?",
              "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries\u2014an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "seek good relations with Egypt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?",
              "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da040"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "several nationalist revolutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?",
              "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "communicated directly with the public masses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?",
              "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the popular Arab will" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nasser symbolize?",
              "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da043"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as \"leader of the Arabs\". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the \"parochialism\" of successive Arab leaders \"transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "Ben Bella" }],
              "question": "Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?",
              "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Abdullah al-Sallal" }
              ],
              "question": "What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?",
              "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi" }],
              "question": "Which leader considered Nasser his hero?",
              "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 604, "text": "Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry" }
              ],
              "question": "What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?",
              "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 676, "text": "Arab Nationalist Movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?",
              "id": "572844272ca10214002da1fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine (\"Saladin The Victorious\"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "El Nasser Salah El Dine" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?",
              "id": "572844e12ca10214002da208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Nasser 56" }],
              "question": "What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?",
              "id": "572844e12ca10214002da209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Suez Crisis" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser 56 about?",
              "id": "572844e12ca10214002da20a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the famous biopic about Nasser?",
              "id": "572844e12ca10214002da20b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Tahia Kazem" }],
              "question": "Who did Nasser marry in 1944?",
              "id": "572845633acd2414000df827"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Abdel Hamid Kazim" }],
              "question": "Who introduced Nasser and his wife?",
              "id": "572845633acd2414000df828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Manshiyat al-Bakri" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?",
              "id": "572845633acd2414000df829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "officer corps" }],
              "question": "What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?",
              "id": "572845633acd2414000df82a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "chain smoking" }],
              "question": "What was Nasser's principle vice?",
              "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "18-hour" }],
              "question": "How long was a typical workday for Nasser?",
              "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "diabetes" }],
              "question": "What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?",
              "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "What year did Nasser die?",
              "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 576, "text": "influenza" }],
              "question": "What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?",
              "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pope_John_XXIII",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [\u02c8and\u0292elo d\u0292u\u02c8z\u025bppe ro\u014b\u02c8kalli]; 25 November 1881 \u2013 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?",
              "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "25 November 1881" }],
              "question": "When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?",
              "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "3 June 1963" }],
              "question": "When did Pope Saint XXIII die?",
              "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "28 October 1958 to his death in 1963"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long did he reign as Pope?",
              "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "10 August 1904" }],
              "question": "When was he ordained to the priesthood?",
              "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962\u201365), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, \"We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike.\" John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: \"Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "76" }],
              "question": "How old was Roncalli when elected pope?",
              "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "28 October 1958" }],
              "question": "When was Roncalli elected pope?",
              "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "500 years" }],
              "question": "He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in how long?",
              "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 505, "text": "Second Vatican Council" }
              ],
              "question": "Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?",
              "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "11 October 1962" }],
              "question": "When did he call the Second Vatican Council?",
              "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis \u2013 bypassing the traditionally required second miracle \u2013 declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the \"Good Pope\" and in Italian, \"il Papa buono\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "3 June 1963" }],
              "question": "When did the pope die?",
              "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "stomach cancer" }],
              "question": "What did the pope die of?",
              "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was he buried?",
              "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "3 September 2000" }],
              "question": "When was he beatified?",
              "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1268, "text": "the \"Good Pope\"" }
              ],
              "question": "He is still known today as what?",
              "id": "5727fa0b4b864d190016411a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "11 October" }],
              "question": "When is his feast day celebrated?",
              "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d99fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is October 11?",
              "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d99ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "11 September 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?",
              "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "by the Evangelical Lutheran Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?",
              "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?",
              "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925\u201335). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax (\"Obedience and Peace\"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1925" }],
              "question": "When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?",
              "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Pietro Gasparri" }],
              "question": "Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?",
              "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "1925\u201335" }],
              "question": "When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?",
              "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "19 March" }],
              "question": "When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?",
              "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "Giovanni Tacci Porcelli" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was he consecrated by?",
              "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as \"the Turcophile Pope,\" by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "30 November 1934" }],
              "question": "When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?",
              "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 104, "text": "Mesembria, Bulgaria" }
              ],
              "question": "He was appointed titular archbishop of where?",
              "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "the Turcophile Pope" }
              ],
              "question": "What ws he known by in the Turkish community?",
              "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1935" }],
              "question": "When did he take that position?",
              "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Pope Pius XI" }],
              "question": "Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?",
              "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1939" }],
              "question": "When did he hear that his mother was dying?",
              "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "10 February 1939" }],
              "question": "When did Pope Pius XI die?",
              "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "20 February 1939" }],
              "question": "When did his mother die?",
              "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli" }
              ],
              "question": "Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?",
              "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "2 March 1939" }],
              "question": "When was Pope Pius XII elected?",
              "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "12 January 1953" }],
              "question": "When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?",
              "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?",
              "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "23 February 1953" }],
              "question": "When did he leave France for Venice?",
              "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "15 March 1953" }],
              "question": "When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?",
              "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Vincent Auriol" }],
              "question": "Who was the President of France in 1953?",
              "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the early 1950s" }],
              "question": "When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?",
              "id": "572801344b864d19001641dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "8 November 1953" }],
              "question": "When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?",
              "id": "572801344b864d19001641dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "11 November 1953" }],
              "question": "When did Ancilla die?",
              "id": "572801344b864d19001641de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did he want to be buried?",
              "id": "572801344b864d19001641df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "9 October 1958" }],
              "question": "When did Pope Pius XII die?",
              "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "11 October" }],
              "question": "When was his last full day in Venice?",
              "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 264, "text": "for the conclave in Rome" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Roncalli leave Venice?",
              "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "eleven ballots" }],
              "question": "He was elected pope after how many ballots?",
              "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b43"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible \u2013 under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected \u2013 the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "Giovanni Battista Montini" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Archbishop of Milan?",
              "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?",
              "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "1958" }],
              "question": "When was Montini absent from the conclave?",
              "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who \u2013 it was presumed because of his advanced age \u2013 would be a short-term or \"stop-gap\" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose \"John\" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were \"I will be called John\". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "4:00 pm" }],
              "question": "When was the final ballot of the conclave?",
              "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df21f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "38 votes" }],
              "question": "How many votes did he have?",
              "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "John" }],
              "question": "What name did Roncalli choose?",
              "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "over 500 years" }],
              "question": "John had not been a chosen name in how long?",
              "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 796, "text": "Antipope John XXIII" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the last to choose the name John?",
              "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df223"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Far from being a mere \"stopgap\" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that \"this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up\". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "an ecumenical council" }
              ],
              "question": "What did John XXIII call for?",
              "id": "572803713acd2414000df233"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "29 January 1959" }],
              "question": "When was the decision made for this council?",
              "id": "572803713acd2414000df234"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the decision made for this council?",
              "id": "572803713acd2414000df235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Pope Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?",
              "id": "572803713acd2414000df236"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, \"Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "human rights" }],
              "question": "John XXIII was an advocate for what?",
              "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "his Pacem in terris" }
              ],
              "question": "What did he write about human rights in?",
              "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the unborn and the elderly" }
              ],
              "question": "His advocacy from human rights included whom?",
              "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the Roman liturgy" }],
              "question": "John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?",
              "id": "572804594b864d190016423a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1962 Roman Missal" }
              ],
              "question": "He published changes that resulted in what?",
              "id": "572804594b864d190016423b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "the Tridentine Mass" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?",
              "id": "572804594b864d190016423c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?",
              "id": "572804594b864d190016423d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When was the Roman Rite created?",
              "id": "572804594b864d190016423e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "in the Vatican" }],
              "question": "Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?",
              "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "11 October 1962" }],
              "question": "When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?",
              "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech" }
              ],
              "question": "What speech did he give?",
              "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?",
              "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June \u2013 this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: \"I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "8 December 1962" }],
              "question": "A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?",
              "id": "572805304b864d1900164250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "1963 from 12 May to 29 June" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the next session scheduled?",
              "id": "572805304b864d1900164251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "12 November 1962" }],
              "question": "When was the next session announced?",
              "id": "572805304b864d1900164252"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Pope Pius IX" }],
              "question": "Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?",
              "id": "572805304b864d1900164253"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev"
                }
              ],
              "question": "John XXIII offered to mediate between who?",
              "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "October 1962" }],
              "question": "When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?",
              "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev" }],
              "question": "Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?",
              "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?",
              "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Francis" }],
              "question": "Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'",
              "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Balzan Prize" }],
              "question": "John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?",
              "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "10 May 1963" }],
              "question": "When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?",
              "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "Italian President Antonio Segni"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?",
              "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "the Quirinal Palace" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?",
              "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII \u2013 it had left him confined to his bed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "haemorrhage" }],
              "question": "What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?",
              "id": "572806953acd2414000df287"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Loris F. Capovilla" }
              ],
              "question": "Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?",
              "id": "572806953acd2414000df288"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "31 May" }],
              "question": "When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?",
              "id": "572806953acd2414000df289"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: \"I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint.\"[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was at the dying pope's bedside?",
              "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?",
              "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "11 am" }],
              "question": "When did the pope bid farewell?",
              "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9bea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "peritonitis" }],
              "question": "What did John XXIII die of?",
              "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "3 June 1963" }],
              "question": "What day did he die?",
              "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "81" }],
              "question": "How old was John XXIII upon his death?",
              "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Luigi Traglia" }],
              "question": "Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?",
              "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "6 June" }],
              "question": "What day was he buried?",
              "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: \"I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "US President Lyndon B. Johnson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
              "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "3 December 1963" }],
              "question": "When did President Johnson award him?",
              "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "the United States' highest civilian award"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?",
              "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "6 December 1963" }],
              "question": "When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?",
              "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Good Pope John" }],
              "question": "What was he also known as?",
              "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Pope Paul VI" }],
              "question": "Who opened his cause for canonization?",
              "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "3 September 2000" }],
              "question": "When was Pope John XXIII considered \"blessed?\"",
              "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Pope John Paul II" }],
              "question": "Who declared him \"blessed?\"",
              "id": "572808403acd2414000df2ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Pope Pius X" }],
              "question": "Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?",
              "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "3 June 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the 50th anniversary of his death?",
              "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Pope Francis" }],
              "question": "Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?",
              "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Bergamo" }],
              "question": "Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?",
              "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "5 July 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?",
              "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "Sunday, 27 April 2014" }
              ],
              "question": "On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?",
              "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c22"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Time",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include \"time is what clocks measure\", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and \"time is what keeps everything from happening at once\", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "religion, philosophy, and science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?",
              "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "time" }],
              "question": "Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?",
              "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "time is what clocks measure" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a simple definition of time?",
              "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9906"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe\u2014a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of \"container\" that events and objects \"move through\", nor to any entity that \"flows\", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "the universe" }],
              "question": "According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?",
              "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Newtonian time" }],
              "question": "The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?",
              "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "a fundamental intellectual structure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?",
              "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities\u2014such as velocity\u2014so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?",
              "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "the International System of Units and International System of Quantities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?",
              "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "velocity" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?",
              "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 813,
                  "text": "a single continuum called spacetime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?",
              "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (\"time is money\") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Temporal measurement" }
              ],
              "question": "What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?",
              "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "Periodic events and periodic motion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?",
              "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "the second" }],
              "question": "What is the current international unit of time?",
              "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "caesium atoms" }],
              "question": "The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?",
              "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "each day and in human life spans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?",
              "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Temporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch\u2014a central reference point.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "the calendar" }],
              "question": "What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?",
              "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "the clock" }],
              "question": "What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?",
              "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "the clock" }],
              "question": "Which tool is used in day to day life?",
              "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "the calendar" }],
              "question": "Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?",
              "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "by counting from a fiducial epoch\u2014a central reference point"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?",
              "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years. Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica, particularly in ancient Mayan civilization. These calendars were religiously and astronomically based, with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "the Paleolithic" }],
              "question": "Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?",
              "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Lunar calendars" }],
              "question": "Which calendars were among the first to appear?",
              "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long were the original lunar calendars?",
              "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "Mesoamerica" }],
              "question": "Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?",
              "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 836, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?",
              "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525\u20131504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the water clock, or clepsydra" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?",
              "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep" }
              ],
              "question": "A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?",
              "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "Arab inventors" }],
              "question": "Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?",
              "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "the 11th century" }],
              "question": "When were the first mechanical clocks created?",
              "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292\u20131336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The hourglass" }],
              "question": "Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?",
              "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?",
              "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Incense sticks and candles" }
              ],
              "question": "What method did temples and churches use to measure time?",
              "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "Richard of Wallingford" }
              ],
              "question": "Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?",
              "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Jost Burgi." }],
              "question": "Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?",
              "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is caesium, most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms. SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "atomic clocks" }],
              "question": "Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?",
              "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?",
              "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "the International System of Measurements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?",
              "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Since 1967" }],
              "question": "How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?",
              "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace \"Greenwich Mean Time\" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT\u2014in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms \"GMT\" and \"Greenwich Mean Time\" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Greenwich Mean Time" }],
              "question": "Which standard of time started with British Railways?",
              "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1847" }],
              "question": "When was GMT adopted by British Railways?",
              "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "telescopes" }],
              "question": "GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?",
              "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?",
              "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df19a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 849, "text": "UT or UTC" }],
              "question": "The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?",
              "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df19b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects \"move through\", nor to any entity that \"flows\", but that it is instead an intellectual concept (together with space and number) that enables humans to sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that space and time \"do not exist in and of themselves, but ... are the product of the way we represent things\", because we can know objects only as they appear to us.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?",
              "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "the universe" }],
              "question": "The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?",
              "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "Newtonian time" }],
              "question": "The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?",
              "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "to sequence and compare events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?",
              "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time. Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. Aristotle, in Book IV of his Physica defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Vedas" }],
              "question": "What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?",
              "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "back to the late 2nd millennium BC"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?",
              "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 262, "text": "4,320 million years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?",
              "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Parmenides and Heraclitus" }
              ],
              "question": "Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?",
              "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Book IV of his Physica" }
              ],
              "question": "Aristotle defined time as \"number of movement in respect of the before and after\" in which book?",
              "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions. However, Augustine ends up calling time a \u201cdistention\u201d of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "St. Augustine of Hippo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?",
              "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "by what it is not rather than what it is"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?",
              "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "a \u201cdistention\u201d of the mind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?",
              "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that \"flows,\" that objects \"move through,\" or that is a \"container\" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 18, "text": "the Critique of Pure Reason" }
              ],
              "question": "In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?",
              "id": "572804792ca10214002d9b9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "both are elements of a systematic mental framework"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kant portray space and time to be?",
              "id": "572804792ca10214002d9b9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "an abstract conceptual framework"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?",
              "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 833, "text": "temporal measurements" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?",
              "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 742, "text": "Spatial measurements" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?",
              "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes \"being ahead of oneself\" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended. We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future\u2014we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence; we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Martin Heidegger" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?",
              "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "a potential possibility, task, or engagement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?",
              "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "The present" }],
              "question": "What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?",
              "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 955,
                  "text": "step out of (ecstasis) sequential time."
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?",
              "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164285"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "a single dimension of time" }
              ],
              "question": "Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?",
              "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "by how long light takes to travel that distance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?",
              "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "by an invariant interval" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?",
              "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1068,
                  "text": "of the observer (and his velocity)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The invariant interval between events is independent of what?",
              "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "space-like, light-like, or time-like"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?",
              "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?",
              "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "the late nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?",
              "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "the behavior of electricity and magnetism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Which famous scientist resolved these issues?",
              "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "space" }],
              "question": "Historically, time has been closely related with what?",
              "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "special relativity and general relativity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?",
              "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?",
              "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "in the speed of time on board their vessel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?",
              "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 794,
                  "text": "the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?",
              "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?",
              "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "time" }],
              "question": "The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?",
              "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "hundreds of years" }],
              "question": "What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?",
              "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "causality" }],
              "question": "What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?",
              "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many subatomic particles exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but some that travel close to the speed of light can be measured to travel farther and survive much longer than expected (a muon is one example). According to the special theory of relativity, in the high-speed particle's frame of reference, it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime, and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to \"slow down\" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or \"warped\") by high-speed motion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?",
              "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?",
              "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "a fixed fraction of a second" }
              ],
              "question": "How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?",
              "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1109,
                  "text": "both temporal and spatial dimensions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?",
              "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Time appears to have a direction\u2014the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed, where there is no \"proper time\": the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase over time (see Entropy); the cosmological arrow of time, which points away from the Big Bang, CPT symmetry, and the radiative arrow of time, caused by light only traveling forwards in time (see light cone). In particle physics, the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above. The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric (see Measurement in quantum mechanics).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 156, "text": "the laws of physics" }
              ],
              "question": "What laws do not specify an arrow of time?",
              "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 998, "text": "time asymmetric" }],
              "question": "The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?",
              "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "arbitrary" }],
              "question": "The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?",
              "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "the Second law of thermodynamics,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which law states that entropy must increase over time?",
              "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "CP symmetry" }],
              "question": "The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?",
              "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame. Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless. This less-nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "A Brief History of Time" }
              ],
              "question": "In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?",
              "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "the Big Bang" }],
              "question": "Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?",
              "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "time" }],
              "question": "What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?",
              "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "meaningless" }],
              "question": "Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?",
              "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 646,
                  "text": "Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?",
              "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "cosmology" }],
              "question": "The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?",
              "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "i" }],
              "question": "How much is known about the early states of the universe?",
              "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?",
              "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "general relativity" }
              ],
              "question": "These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?",
              "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "before the universe reaches the Planck temperature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?",
              "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal \"flow\" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) \"persist\" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "since the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?",
              "id": "572810763acd2414000df38d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "backwards" }],
              "question": "Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?",
              "id": "572810763acd2414000df38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "to achieve time travel" }
              ],
              "question": "A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?",
              "id": "572810763acd2414000df38f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child (your parent) was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveler would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveler moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?",
              "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "free will" }],
              "question": "In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?",
              "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "the grandfather paradox" }
              ],
              "question": "What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?",
              "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 753,
                  "text": "the Novikov self-consistency principle."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What principle elaborates more on the view described?",
              "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Psychoactive drugs" }],
              "question": "What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?",
              "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "time intervals" }],
              "question": "Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?",
              "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "depressants" }],
              "question": "What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?",
              "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?",
              "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?",
              "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20\u201330 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "human behavior, education, and travel behavior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The use of time is important in understanding what?",
              "id": "572814644b864d19001643fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Time-use research" }],
              "question": "What is a developing field of time related study?",
              "id": "572814644b864d19001643fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "technology" }],
              "question": "Time use is always changing with advances in what?",
              "id": "572814644b864d19001643fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "20\u201330 minutes one-way" }
              ],
              "question": "Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?",
              "id": "572814644b864d19001643ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "a timestamp" }],
              "question": "What may the description of events include?",
              "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "effect" }],
              "question": "What never precedes cause because of causality?",
              "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "a world line" }],
              "question": "A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?",
              "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "in text, tables, charts, or timelines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?",
              "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 145, "text": "chronological order" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another way of phrasing \"time order\"?",
              "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Uses of sequences of events include what?",
              "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9d9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "processes in science, technology, and medicine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may a sequence of events be used to describe?",
              "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9d9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 590, "text": "a sequence of events" }
              ],
              "question": "The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?",
              "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9da0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 882,
                  "text": "the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a specific example of a sequence of events?",
              "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9da1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "European_Central_Bank",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002\u20132005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Mario Draghi" }],
              "question": "What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?",
              "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Central Bank" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official, central bank for the euro?",
              "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Eurozone?",
              "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "the central banks of all 28 EU member states"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?",
              "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "The Treaty of Amsterdam" }
              ],
              "question": "What established The European Central Bank?",
              "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main mission of the ECB?",
              "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "Article 16 of its Statute" }
              ],
              "question": "What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?",
              "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 750,
                  "text": "the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can a member state use euro coins?",
              "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?",
              "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Article 3 of the Statute" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?",
              "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Wim Duisenberg" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the ECB?",
              "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?",
              "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "Jean-Claude Trichet" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?",
              "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the French want a French bank president?",
              "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 667,
                  "text": "Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?",
              "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164194"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, \u201ca year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%\u201d and added that price stability \u201dwas to be maintained over the medium term\u201d. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "inflation of under 2%" }
              ],
              "question": "What is price stability defined as?",
              "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "over the medium term" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?",
              "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "October 1998" }],
              "question": "When did the Governing Council define price stability?",
              "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary goal of the ECB?",
              "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?",
              "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "increase in liquidity in the economy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?",
              "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "contrary effect" }],
              "question": "What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?",
              "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 648,
                  "text": "more money has been put into the economy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when members increase their deposits?",
              "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "increase in deposits in member banks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a good way to boost the economy?",
              "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are contracts recorded?",
              "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?",
              "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?",
              "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should all assets offered up as collateral be?",
              "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "sovereign debt" }],
              "question": "What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?",
              "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Const\u00e2ncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed \"from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB\". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Executive Board" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?",
              "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Mario Draghi" }],
              "question": "Who is the current president of the ECB?",
              "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Vitor Const\u00e2ncio" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?",
              "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?",
              "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "non-renewable terms of eight years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?",
              "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Spanish want to take Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's seat on the board?",
              "id": "572807653acd2414000df29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "Luxembourg's Yves Mersch" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was ulitmately named as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement?",
              "id": "572807653acd2414000df29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "June 2012" }],
              "question": "When was Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?",
              "id": "572807653acd2414000df29f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "June 2004" }],
              "question": "When did Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo take his seat on the Executive Board?",
              "id": "572807653acd2414000df2a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "ECB veteran who heads its legal department"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Spanish think that Vicu\u00f1a would be a suitable replacement for Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo?",
              "id": "572807653acd2414000df2a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB\u2019s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "discuss, plan and carry out the ECB\u2019s supervisory tasks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?",
              "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "appointed for a non-renewable term of five years"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?",
              "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?",
              "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?",
              "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?",
              "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "European law" }],
              "question": "What governs the ECB?",
              "id": "572809d54b864d19001642b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "shareholders and stock capital"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the ECB mimic a corporation?",
              "id": "572809d54b864d19001642b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "five billion euros" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does the ECB have as capital?",
              "id": "572809d54b864d19001642ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "the national central banks of the member states as shareholders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds the ECB's capital?",
              "id": "572809d54b864d19001642bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "the basis of the states' population and GDP"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determined the ECB's initial capital?",
              "id": "572809d54b864d19001642bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language does the ECB generally use?",
              "id": "57280b503acd2414000df307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "normally in their respective language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?",
              "id": "57280b503acd2414000df308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What language is the ECB website run in?",
              "id": "57280b503acd2414000df309"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "the official languages of the EU"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the languages of official documents handled?",
              "id": "57280b503acd2414000df30a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "independence" }],
              "question": "WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?",
              "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "The European Parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?",
              "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "bound by the treaties" }
              ],
              "question": "Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?",
              "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?",
              "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did the European debt Crisis begin?",
              "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 954,
                  "text": "the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?",
              "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Greece" }],
              "question": "Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?",
              "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "new elected government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?",
              "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "its true indebtedness and budget deficit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had Greece's previous government been hiding?",
              "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "financially stable eurozone states like Germany"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.",
              "id": "572815b63acd2414000df423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?",
              "id": "572815b63acd2414000df424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?",
              "id": "572815b63acd2414000df425"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called \"Grexit\", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "Grexit" }],
              "question": "What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?",
              "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?",
              "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 539, "text": "never pushed those exits" }
              ],
              "question": "As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?",
              "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Greece" }],
              "question": "Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?",
              "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would cause the private banking system to weaken?",
              "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "wealthy member countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?",
              "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when the private banking system is weakened?",
              "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?",
              "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 613, "text": "is politically controversial" }
              ],
              "question": "Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?",
              "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "ECB" }],
              "question": "Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?",
              "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "refinancing facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?",
              "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?",
              "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "the Fed" }],
              "question": "Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?",
              "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "Spanish and Italian" }
              ],
              "question": "What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?",
              "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "a deteriorating balance sheet" }
              ],
              "question": "What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?",
              "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?",
              "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?",
              "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?",
              "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "long-term collateral" }
              ],
              "question": "What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?",
              "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?",
              "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent \u20ac212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "\u20ac212.1bn" }],
              "question": "By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?",
              "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "Outright Monetary Transactions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?",
              "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "no ex-ante time or size limit" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?",
              "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "6 September 2012" }],
              "question": "When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?",
              "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "temporary" }],
              "question": "How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?",
              "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion (and potential inflation) to save the weak member countries. Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced. This preference has typically led the ECB to argue that the weaker member countries must:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "temporarily moving bad or weak assets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?",
              "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "the balance sheets of the European Central Bank"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?",
              "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "monetisation" }],
              "question": "What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?",
              "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "inflationary threat" }
              ],
              "question": "What is monetisation usually viewed as?",
              "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "move weak assets off their balance sheets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?",
              "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ed0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that \"the sickness of the euro\" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "the sickness of the euro" }
              ],
              "question": "What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?",
              "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "the German government" }
              ],
              "question": "Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?",
              "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Central Bank" }
              ],
              "question": "Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?",
              "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?",
              "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "the crisis of 2010" }],
              "question": "Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?",
              "id": "5728283a4b864d1900164600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system. In December 2007, the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "loaned billions of euros to banks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?",
              "id": "57282bdbff5b5019007d9e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "to stabilise the financial system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?",
              "id": "57282bdbff5b5019007d9e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "Federal Reserve System" }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?",
              "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?",
              "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "December 2007" }],
              "question": "When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?",
              "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "it can make as much money as it deems needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a perk of the central bank?",
              "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "bonds issued by the Federal government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?",
              "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "commercial paper" }],
              "question": "What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?",
              "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?",
              "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Moody's and S&P" }],
              "question": "Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?",
              "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When was Basel II adopted?",
              "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "the Basel II recommendations" }
              ],
              "question": "What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?",
              "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?",
              "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft) tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main. The main construction began in October 2008, and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe. While it was designed to accommodate double the number of staff who operate in the former Eurotower, that building has been retained since the ECB took responsibility for banking supervision and more space was hence required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Frankfurt" }],
              "question": "Where is the European Central bank located?",
              "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Amsterdam Treaty" }],
              "question": "What decided where the bank was to be located?",
              "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?",
              "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "the former wholesale market" }
              ],
              "question": "What previously stood where the bank is now?",
              "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "October 2008" }],
              "question": "When did construction of the new bank begin?",
              "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 21 December 2011 the bank instituted a programme of making low-interest loans with a term of three years (36 months) and 1% interest to European banks accepting loans from the portfolio of the banks as collateral. Loans totalling \u20ac489.2 bn (US$640 bn) were announced. The loans were not offered to European states, but government securities issued by European states would be acceptable collateral as would mortgage-backed securities and other commercial paper that can be demonstrated to be secure. The programme was announced on 8 December 2011 but observers were surprised by the volume of the loans made when it was implemented. Under its LTRO it loaned \u20ac489bn to 523 banks for an exceptionally long period of three years at a rate of just one percent. The by far biggest amount of \u20ac325bn was tapped by banks in Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain. This way the ECB tried to make sure that banks have enough cash to pay off \u20ac200bn of their own maturing debts in the first three months of 2012, and at the same time keep operating and loaning to businesses so that a credit crunch does not choke off economic growth. It also hoped that banks would use some of the money to buy government bonds, effectively easing the debt crisis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 819,
                  "text": "Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?",
              "id": "572834212ca10214002da0aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1210, "text": "easing the debt crisis" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?",
              "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 928, "text": "\u20ac200bn" }],
              "question": "How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?",
              "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1019,
                  "text": "keep operating and loaning to businesses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?",
              "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. The \u20ac25 billion auction drew bids amounting to \u20ac103.1 billion, from 177 banks. Another six-month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of \u20ac25 billion. The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "longer-term refinancing operation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an LTRO?",
              "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "six-month" }],
              "question": "How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?",
              "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "March 2008" }],
              "question": "When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?",
              "id": "572835132ca10214002da0be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "three months" }],
              "question": "How long had the time to maturity been previously?",
              "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 568, "text": "close to 1100 bidders" }
              ],
              "question": "How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?",
              "id": "572835132ca10214002da0c0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "St. John's (/\u02ccse\u026ant\u02c8d\u0292\u0252nz/, local /\u02ccse\u026ant\u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0nz/) is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's was incorporated as a city in 1888, yet is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. With a population of 214,285 as of July 1, 2015, the St. John's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is one of the world's top ten oceanside destinations, according to National Geographic Magazine. Its name has been attributed to the feast day of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497, and also to a Basque fishing town with the same name.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "In what country is St. John's located?",
              "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?",
              "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?",
              "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "eastern tip" }],
              "question": "Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?",
              "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df14a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?",
              "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df14b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?",
              "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "1630" }],
              "question": "Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?",
              "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "1610" }],
              "question": "When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?",
              "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "1618" }],
              "question": " What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?",
              "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "British government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?",
              "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that the St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the exact locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief that the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is also called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sebastian" }],
              "question": "What was John Cabot's sons first name?",
              "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9ada"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "explorer" }],
              "question": "What was the occupation of John Cabot?",
              "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9adb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Avalon Peninsula" }],
              "question": "Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?",
              "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "Basque Country" }],
              "question": "Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?",
              "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?",
              "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9ade"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest record of the location appears as S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in Jo\u00e3o Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious \u2013 discuss]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1527" }],
              "question": "What year did John Rut visit St. John's?",
              "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "John Rut" }],
              "question": "Who sent the first known letter from North America?",
              "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "Norman, Breton and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?",
              "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "King Henry" }],
              "question": "Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?",
              "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's \"the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country\". The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675. The population would grow in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St. John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "William Payne" }],
              "question": "Who referred St. John's as St. \"the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country\" ? ",
              "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "1675" }],
              "question": "When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?",
              "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "1680" }],
              "question": "When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?",
              "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "population" }],
              "question": "What grew during the summers in St. John's?",
              "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "fishermen" }],
              "question": "Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?",
              "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The town's first significant defences were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants were able to fend off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when this time it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only twenty-three men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications (Fort William) in around 1689, but actual construction didn't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign (1696). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697 they found nothing but rubble where the town and fortifications had stood.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Michiel de Ruyter" }],
              "question": "Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?",
              "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "1673" }],
              "question": "In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?",
              "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "twenty-three" }],
              "question": "How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?",
              "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "Pierre Le Moyne" }],
              "question": "Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?",
              "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?",
              "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland. In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the city).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Alcock and Brown" }],
              "question": "Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?",
              "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "Vickers Vimy IV bomber" }
              ],
              "question": "What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? ",
              "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Lester's Field" }],
              "question": "Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?",
              "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Steve Fossett" }],
              "question": "Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?",
              "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "replica Vickers Vimy" }
              ],
              "question": "What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?",
              "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the Northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years. After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation, the city's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields has led to an economic boom that has spurred population growth and commercial development. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about half of the province's economic output.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "When did the Northern cod fishery collapse?",
              "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led to an economic boom in St. John's?",
              "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "hundreds of years" }],
              "question": "For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?",
              "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "decade" }],
              "question": "How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?",
              "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9ca1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "Near what body of water is St. John's located by?",
              "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "172.22" }],
              "question": "How many Square miles is St. John's?",
              "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Alberta" }],
              "question": "In what providence is Edmonton located?",
              "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "Halifax" }],
              "question": "What is the largest Atlantic Province city?",
              "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfb), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. However, despite this maritime moderation, average January high temperatures are actually slightly colder in St. John's than it is in Kelowna, British Columbia, which is an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from \u22124.9 \u00b0C (23.2 \u00b0F) in February to 16.1 \u00b0C (61.0 \u00b0F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "humid" }],
              "question": "How is the climate in St. John's?",
              "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "British Columbia" }],
              "question": "In which province is Kelowna located?",
              "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "British Columbia" }],
              "question": "Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?",
              "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "Atlantic Ocean" }],
              "question": "What body of water is to the east of St. John?",
              "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?",
              "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d0a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days), windiest (24.3 km/h (15.1 mph) average speed), and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine). St. John's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities, and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia. Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is quite unusual for humid continental climates, which most commonly have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern U.S.). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation (commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong winds. In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can transition to heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend deeply into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain (called \"silver thaws\"), the worst of which paralyzed the city over a three-day period in April 1984.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What is the foggiest Canadian city?",
              "id": "572818b93acd2414000df475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "15.1 mph" }],
              "question": "What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?",
              "id": "572818b93acd2414000df476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "British Columbia" }],
              "question": "What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?",
              "id": "572818b93acd2414000df477"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "summer" }],
              "question": "What is the driest season on average in St. John's?",
              "id": "572818b93acd2414000df478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1844, "text": "silver thaws" }],
              "question": "What is another word for freezing rain?",
              "id": "572818b93acd2414000df479"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew in width and height. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "wood" }],
              "question": "What are wharves in St. John's constructed out of?",
              "id": "572819473acd2414000df485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "1892" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Great Fire?",
              "id": "572819473acd2414000df486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "downtown core" }],
              "question": "What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?",
              "id": "572819473acd2414000df487"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours. The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings. These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue that the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "What US city is St. John's often compared to?",
              "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 271, "text": "height of buildings" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?",
              "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "controversy" }],
              "question": "What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?",
              "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "hotel rooms and office space" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?",
              "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the \"Commercial Central Retail \u2013 West Zone\". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "heritage regulations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?",
              "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "15 metres" }],
              "question": "What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?",
              "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "47-metre" }],
              "question": "How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?",
              "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove and Bauline. The population of the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's?",
              "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many communities does the CMA include?",
              "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "192,326" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the CMA in 2010?",
              "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city?",
              "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John's was once divided along sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John's. St. John's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's, and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001\u20132011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9% to 11.1%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What is the largest religion in St. John's?",
              "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "sectarianism" }],
              "question": "What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?",
              "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What sects declined from 2001-2011?",
              "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. The provincial government is the largest employer in the city, followed by Memorial University. With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it \u2013 oil and gas \u2013 as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, is expected to be producing oil by 2017.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "civil service" }],
              "question": "What is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments?",
              "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "The provincial government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the largest employer in the city?",
              "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Memorial University" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the second largest employer in the city?",
              "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "1990s" }],
              "question": "What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?",
              "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1137, "text": "2017" }],
              "question": "What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John's?",
              "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economy has been growing quickly in recent years. In both 2010 and 2011, the metro area's gross domestic product (GDP) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country, according to the Conference Board of Canada, recording growth of 6.6 per cent and 5.8 per cent respectively. At $52,000 the city's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities. Economic forecasts suggest that the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the \"oceanic\" industries mentioned above, but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow. In May 2011, the city's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent, the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "economy" }],
              "question": "What has been growing in the recent years?",
              "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 615, "text": "May 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent?",
              "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "5.6 per cent" }],
              "question": "What was the city's unemployment rate in May 2011?",
              "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "$52,000" }],
              "question": "What is the city's per capita GDP?",
              "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The \"Hall\" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The LSPU Hall" }],
              "question": "Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?",
              "id": "572820f34b864d1900164508"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "1000" }],
              "question": "How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?",
              "id": "572820f34b864d1900164509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?",
              "id": "572820f34b864d190016450a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "Where is Rick Mercer from?",
              "id": "572820f34b864d190016450b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city; with over 3,400 acres (14 km2) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "east end" }],
              "question": "Where is Pippy Park located in the city?",
              "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "3,400" }],
              "question": "About how many acres is Pippy Park?",
              "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?",
              "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "skiing" }],
              "question": "What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?",
              "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pippy Park" }],
              "question": "Where is the Fluvarium located?",
              "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "downtown" }],
              "question": "What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?",
              "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "1891" }],
              "question": "What year was Bannerman Park opened?",
              "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Sir Alexander Bannerman" }
              ],
              "question": "who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?",
              "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bannerman Park" }],
              "question": "Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?",
              "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Sir Alexander Bannerman" }
              ],
              "question": "Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?",
              "id": "5728229d4b864d1900164530"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901. Today, Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists and locals alike; 97% of all tourists to St. John's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What city does Signal Hill overlook?",
              "id": "572823804b864d190016454c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Signal Hill" }],
              "question": "Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?",
              "id": "572823804b864d190016454d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "What year was Cabot Tower built?",
              "id": "572823804b864d190016454e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1897" }],
              "question": "In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?",
              "id": "572823804b864d190016454f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Guglielmo Marconi" }],
              "question": " Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?",
              "id": "572823804b864d1900164550"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56\u20137 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 130, "text": "Swilers Rugby Park" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do The Rock play their home games at?",
              "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Newfoundland Rock" }],
              "question": "Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?",
              "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?",
              "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did Canada beat USA 56\u20137 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?",
              "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?",
              "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city. The Confederation Building, located on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers. The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and three that belong to the Liberal Party. Lorraine Michael, leader of the NDP since 2006, represents the district of Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "What was Canada's  tenth province?",
              "id": "572827804b864d19001645f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "In what year did Newfoundland become a province?",
              "id": "572827804b864d19001645f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?",
              "id": "572827804b864d19001645f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "The Confederation Building" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the House of Assembly?",
              "id": "572827804b864d19001645f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Lorraine Michael" }],
              "question": "Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?",
              "id": "572827804b864d19001645f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live; however, in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased. While nationally crime decreased by 4% in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John's saw an increase of 4%. During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6%, compared to a 1% decrease nationally. In 2010 the total crime severity index for the city was 101.9, an increase of 10% from 2009 and 19.2% above the national average. The violent crime severity index was 90.1, an increase of 29% from 2009 and 1.2% above the national average. St. John's had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth-highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "4%" }],
              "question": "By how much did crime in St. John's increase in 2009?",
              "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010?",
              "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "4%" }],
              "question": "How much did crime in the country drop in 2009?",
              "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core. In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume. Regular destinations include Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, as well as destinations throughout the province. International locations include Dublin, London, New York City, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Glasgow and Varadero. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "10 minutes" }],
              "question": "How far is St. John's International Airport from the downtown core?",
              "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "1,400,000" }],
              "question": "About how many passengers travelled through St. John's International Airport in 2011?",
              "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "YYT" }],
              "question": "What is the airport code for St. John's International Airport?",
              "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "St. John's International" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core?",
              "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, one of the longest national highways in the world. The divided highway, also known as \"Outer Ring Road\" in the city, runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?",
              "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "The divided highway" }
              ],
              "question": "Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?",
              "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164641"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "relatively easy access to neighbourhoods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the divided highway provide?",
              "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164642"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region. Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073. Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many routes does the Metrobus have?",
              "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "53" }],
              "question": "How many buses does the region have for public transit?",
              "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many hospitals does the city have?",
              "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Metrobus" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for public transit in the region?",
              "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. John's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest school district in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population. There are currently 36 primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including three private schools. St. John's also includes one school that is part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It also contains two private schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent. Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is located in St. John's. MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees in several fields and its historical strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine, make MUN one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada. The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MI) or simply Marine Institute, is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN also offers the lowest tuition in Canada ($2,644, per Academic Year)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many private schools are in St. John's?",
              "id": "57282d193acd2414000df64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "36" }],
              "question": "How many primary schools are in St. John's?",
              "id": "57282d193acd2414000df650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district?",
              "id": "57282d193acd2414000df651"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 854,
                  "text": "Memorial University of Newfoundland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada?",
              "id": "57282d193acd2414000df652"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1100, "text": "$2,644" }],
              "question": "What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?",
              "id": "57282d193acd2414000df653"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CJON-DT, known on air as \"NTV\", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "St. John's" }],
              "question": "Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters?",
              "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "CBNT-DT" }],
              "question": "What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?",
              "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164673"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Rogers TV" }],
              "question": "What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?",
              "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164674"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "University Avenue" }],
              "question": "Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?",
              "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164675"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is home to 15 am and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations. St. John's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call letters do not all begin with the letter C. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949, and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial radio stations in St. John's which went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes (CF\u2013CK) currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM-FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that already bore that callsign. VO also remains in use in amateur radio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many radio station does the city have?",
              "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many French-language stations does the city have?",
              "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "When did the province join the Canadian Confederation?",
              "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df687"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "PlayStation_3",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social gaming service, PlayStation Network, and its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita, being able to remote control the console from the devices. In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released, being lighter and thinner than the original version, which notably featured a redesigned logo and marketing design, as well as a minor start-up change in software. A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012, further refining and redesigning the console. As of March 2016, PlayStation 3 has sold 85 million units worldwide. Its successor, the PlayStation 4, was released later in November 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "What year was the PlayStation 3 released?",
              "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "PlayStation Network" }
              ],
              "question": "What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Slim" }],
              "question": "What was the thinner version of the PS3 called?",
              "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 752, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?",
              "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "85 million" }],
              "question": "How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016?",
              "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, although demonstrations (such as Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots) were held at both events on software development kits and comparable personal computer hardware. Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown (notably a Final Fantasy VII tech demo).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "boomerang" }],
              "question": "What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in?",
              "id": "572805603acd2414000df277"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "E3 2005" }],
              "question": "What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling?",
              "id": "572805603acd2414000df278"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Final Fantasy VII" }],
              "question": "What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows?",
              "id": "572805603acd2414000df279"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Tokyo Game Show" }],
              "question": "What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3?",
              "id": "572805603acd2414000df27a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one game Sony debuted on a modified PC so gamers could get a look?",
              "id": "572805603acd2414000df27b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at US$499 (\u20ac499) and US$599 (\u20ac599), respectively. The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11, 2006, for Japan and November 17, 2006, for North America and Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?",
              "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?",
              "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "to cut costs" }],
              "question": "Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?",
              "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "60 GB" }],
              "question": "In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?",
              "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "silver" }],
              "question": "What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?",
              "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 6, 2006, Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive. At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22, 2006, Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system, but a chrome trim, flash card readers, silver logo and Wi-Fi would not be included. Also, the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%, and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan. During the event, Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "PAL" }],
              "question": "Which region experience a setback that pushed back the release of the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Blu-ray drive" }],
              "question": "What part of the system was Sony having trouble getting supplies for?",
              "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "20 GB model" }],
              "question": "Which Japanese PS3 model got a 20%-plus price cut before hitting the market?",
              "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme?",
              "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many playable games did the PlayStation 3 by the time it arrived at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show?",
              "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The console was originally planned for a global release through November, but at the start of September the release in Europe and the rest of the world was delayed until March. With it being a somewhat last-minute delay, some companies had taken deposits for pre-orders, at which Sony informed customers that they were eligible for full refunds or could continue the pre-order. On January 24, 2007, Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23, 2007, in Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand. The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days. On March 7, 2007, the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S$799. The console was launched in South Korea on June 16, 2007, as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "March" }],
              "question": "Instead of November, for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled?",
              "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "South Korea" }],
              "question": "What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3?",
              "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "80 GB" }],
              "question": "How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version?",
              "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "S$799" }],
              "question": "What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3?",
              "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "March 23, 2007" }],
              "question": "On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa?",
              "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df301"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following speculation that Sony was working on a 'slim' model, Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH-2000 model on August 18, 2009, at the Sony Gamescom press conference. New features included a slimmer form factor, decreased power consumption, and a quieter cooling system. It was released in major territories by September 2009. As part of the release for the slim model, the console logo ceased using the \"Spider-Man font\" (the same font used for the title of Sony's Spider-Man 3) and the capitalized PLAYSTATION 3. It instead reverted to a more traditional PlayStation- and PlayStation 2-like 'PlayStation 3' logo with \"PS3\" imprinted on the console. Along with the redesigning of the console and logo, the boot screen of all consoles changed from \"Sony Computer Entertainment\" to \"PS3 PlayStation 3\", with a new chime and the game start splash screen being dropped. The cover art and packaging of games was also changed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "CECH-2000" }],
              "question": "What was the model number of the slim version of the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "Spider-Man font" }],
              "question": "What font was discontinued with the release of the slim model?",
              "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "quieter" }],
              "question": "What would customers notice about the sound of the new, improved cooling system?",
              "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 753,
                  "text": "\"Sony Computer Entertainment\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the boot screen on the game consoles read before Sony changed it to \"PS3 PlayStation 3\"?",
              "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "cover art" }],
              "question": "What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009?",
              "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced that a new, slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive. Three versions Super Slim model were revealed: one with a 500 GB hard drive, a second with a 250 GB hard drive which is not available in PAL regions, and a third with a 12 GB flash storage that was only available in PAL regions. The storage of 12 GB model is upgradable with an official standalone 250 GB hard drive. A vertical stand was also released for the model. In the United Kingdom, the 500 GB model was released on September 28, 2012; and the 12 GB model was released on October 12, 2012. In the United States, the PS3 Super Slim was first released as a bundled console. The 250 GB was model was bundled with Game of the Year edition of Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception and released on September 25, 2012; and the 500 GB model was bundled with Assassin's Creed III and released on October 30, 2012. In Japan, the black colored Super Slim model was released on October 4, 2012; and the white colored Super Slim model was released on November 22, 2012. The Super Slim model is 20 percent smaller and 25 percent lighter than the Slim model and features a manual sliding disc cover instead of a motorized slot-loading disc cover of the Slim model. The white colored Super Slim model was released in the United States on January 27, 2013 as part of the Instant Game Collection Bundle. The Garnet Red and Azurite Blue colored models were launched in Japan on February 28, 2013. The Garnet Red version was released in North America on March 12, 2013 as part of the God of War: Ascension bundle with 500 GB storage and contained God of War: Ascension as well as the God of War Saga. The Azurite Blue model was released as a GameStop exclusive with 250GB storage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Tokyo Game Show" }],
              "question": "At what event did Sony tell everyone about the CECH-4000?",
              "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "500 GB" }],
              "question": "What size was the largest hard drive available on the Super Slim PS3?",
              "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many versions of the CECH-4000 were made?",
              "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164352"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "October 12, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date was the 12 GB version of the Super Slim released in the UK?",
              "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1591, "text": "Garnet Red" }],
              "question": "What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War: Ascension bundle in the States?",
              "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164354"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles, with another three being released before the end of 2006. After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance: Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top-selling launch game in North America. The game was heavily praised by numerous video game websites, including GameSpot and IGN, both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 Game of the Year award for 2006. Some titles missed the launch window and were delayed until early 2007, such as The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, F.E.A.R. and Sonic the Hedgehog. During the Japanese launch, Ridge Racer 7 was the top-selling game, while Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire also fared well in sales, both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai Games. PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles, including ones that were not offered in North American and Japanese launches, such as Formula One Championship Edition, MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5. Resistance: Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007, and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many games could you buy to go with your PS3 when it launched in North America?",
              "id": "572810633acd2414000df383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Resistance: Fall of Man" }
              ],
              "question": "What game won GameSpot's Game of the Year title for 2006?",
              "id": "572810633acd2414000df384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 737, "text": "Namco Bandai Games" }
              ],
              "question": "What company developed the game Ridge Racer 7?",
              "id": "572810633acd2414000df385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1116, "text": "MotorStorm: Pacific Rift" }
              ],
              "question": "What's the name of the sequel game to MotorStorm?",
              "id": "572810633acd2414000df386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many titles did the PS3 launch with in Europe?",
              "id": "572810633acd2414000df387"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At E3 2007, Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3, including Heavenly Sword, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Warhawk and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009; most notably Killzone 2, Infamous, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation. A number of third-party exclusives were also shown, including the highly anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Assassin's Creed, Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5. Two other important titles for PlayStation 3, Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII, were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007?",
              "id": "572814c34b864d190016441e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "572814c34b864d190016441f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "TGS 2007" }],
              "question": "At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market?",
              "id": "572814c34b864d1900164420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" }
              ],
              "question": "What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?",
              "id": "572814c34b864d1900164421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "Devil May Cry 4" }],
              "question": "Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007?",
              "id": "572814c34b864d1900164422"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the Greatest Hits range in North America, the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan. Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance: Fall of Man, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drakes Fortune, Rainbow Six: Vegas, Call Of Duty 3, Assassin's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma. As of October 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Devil May Cry 4, Army of Two, Battlefield: Bad Company and Midnight Club: Los Angeles have also joined the list.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "The Best" }],
              "question": "What's Sony's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan?",
              "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164440"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Platinum" }],
              "question": "If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?",
              "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Greatest Hits" }],
              "question": "What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price?",
              "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164444"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "Call Of Duty 3" }],
              "question": "Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range?",
              "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3?",
              "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164443"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 2008, the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology. This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future. Firmware update 3.30 officially allowed PS3 titles to be played in 3D, requiring a compatible display for use. System software update 3.50 prepared it for 3D films. While the game itself must be programmed to take advantage of the 3D technology, titles may be patched to add in the functionality retroactively. Titles with such patches include Wipeout HD, Pain, and Super Stardust HD.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Blitz Games" }],
              "question": "What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3?",
              "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009?",
              "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "3.30" }],
              "question": "What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? ",
              "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "patched" }],
              "question": "What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed?",
              "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "3D films" }],
              "question": "What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50?",
              "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Yellow Dog Linux" }],
              "question": "What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "57281a634b864d1900164488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Terra Soft Solutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?",
              "id": "57281a634b864d1900164489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Intel" }],
              "question": "What company bought RapidMind in 2009?",
              "id": "57281a634b864d190016448a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?",
              "id": "57281a634b864d190016448b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "the U.S. military" }],
              "question": "Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?",
              "id": "57281a634b864d190016448c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor, designed by Sony, Toshiba and IBM, as its CPU, which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based \"Power Processing Element\" (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs). The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields. Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the console's operating system. Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', which can produce resolutions from 480i/576i SD up to 1080p HD. PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of XDR DRAM main memory and 256 MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Cell" }],
              "question": "What type of microprocessor is in a PS3?",
              "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Power Processing Element" }
              ],
              "question": "What does PPE stand for?",
              "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 393, "text": "Graphics processing" }
              ],
              "question": "What function is the NVIDIA RSX responsible for in a PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many Synergistic Processing Elements are in a PS3's CPU?",
              "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "256 MB" }],
              "question": "How much XDR DRAM is on board a PS3?",
              "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced DualShock 3 (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis, but with vibration capability included. Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller and capable of vibration forces comparable to DualShock 2. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2007; in North America on April 5, 2008; in Australia on April 24, 2008; in New Zealand on May 9, 2008; in mainland Europe on July 2, 2008, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4, 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "DualShock 3" }],
              "question": "What did Sony name their vibrating PS3 controller?",
              "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "press conference" }],
              "question": "At what event at the Tokyo Game Show was the DualShock 3 first announced?",
              "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "heavier" }],
              "question": "What did many people who handled the DualShock 3 say it was compared to the Sixaxis?",
              "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores?",
              "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "April 24, 2008" }],
              "question": "On what date was the DualShock three released in Australia?",
              "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced Cross Media Bar, or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, TV/Video Services, Game, Network, PlayStation Network and Friends (similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar). TheTV/Video Services category is for services like Netflix and/or if PlayTV or torne is installed; the first category in this section is \"My Channels\", which lets users download various streaming services, including Sony's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue. By default, the What's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up. PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show, play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached data storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video) or an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a web browser supporting compatible-file download function. Additionally, UPnP media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a compatible media server or DLNA server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam. The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "XMB" }],
              "question": "How is \"XrossMediaBar\" abbreviated?",
              "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?",
              "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Crackle" }],
              "question": "One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?",
              "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "What's New" }],
              "question": "When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?",
              "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1311, "text": "Friends" }],
              "question": "What menu would you use to set up a video chat?",
              "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3's that have been activated using a user's PlayStation Network ID. PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video \"may not restore correctly\" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Network Digital Rights Management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the abbreviation \"NDRM\" represent?",
              "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many different PS3s can one user access?",
              "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "PlayStation Network ID" }
              ],
              "question": "What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "copy protected" }],
              "question": "PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?",
              "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Photo Gallery" }],
              "question": "What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?",
              "id": "572823083acd2414000df569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "2.60" }],
              "question": "What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?",
              "id": "572823083acd2414000df56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Facebook" }],
              "question": "After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?",
              "id": "572823083acd2414000df56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "separately" }],
              "question": "Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?",
              "id": "572823083acd2414000df56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "facial expressions" }
              ],
              "question": "Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?",
              "id": "572823083acd2414000df56d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since June 2009 VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In October 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment and Netflix announced that the Netflix streaming service would also be available on PlayStation 3 in the United States. A paid Netflix subscription was required for the service. The service became available in November 2009. Initially users had to use a free Blu-ray disc to access the service; however, in October 2010 the requirement to use a disc to gain access was removed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries?",
              "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "paid Netflix subscription" }
              ],
              "question": "What do you have to agree to with Netflix before you can use their service on PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "What year did the announcement come about Netflix becoming available on PS3 in the U.S.?",
              "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Blu-ray" }],
              "question": "What type of disc was initially used to connect access to Netflix for PS3?",
              "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "October 2010" }],
              "question": "When were users able to discard the disc and access Netflix directly through their PS3s?",
              "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9dea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 'OtherOS' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models, and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1, 2010; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale. The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network. The removal caused some controversy; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products, and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "'OtherOS'" }],
              "question": "What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?",
              "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "security concerns" }],
              "question": "What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?",
              "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "mandatory" }],
              "question": "Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?",
              "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "PS Slim" }],
              "question": "Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?",
              "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "class action lawsuits" }
              ],
              "question": "What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?",
              "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 1, 2010 (UTC), many of the original \"fat\" PlayStation 3 models worldwide were experiencing errors related to their internal system clock. The error had many symptoms. Initially, the main problem seemed to be the inability to connect to the PlayStation Network. However, the root cause of the problem was unrelated to the PlayStation Network, since even users who had never been online also had problems playing installed offline games (which queried the system timer as part of startup) and using system themes. At the same time many users noted that the console's clock had gone back to December 31, 1999. The event was nicknamed the ApocalyPS3, a play on the word apocalypse and PS3, the abbreviation for the PlayStation 3 console.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "internal system clock" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the original model PS3s starting causing problems in March of 2010?",
              "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "PlayStation Network" }
              ],
              "question": "What essential network were some users unable to connect to because of the error?",
              "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "December 31, 1999" }],
              "question": "What erroneous date did some users start seeing on their consoles?",
              "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "ApocalyPS3" }],
              "question": "What humorous nickname was given to the situation with the console system clock errors?",
              "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "apocalypse" }],
              "question": "The name \"ApocalyPS3\" combines \"PS3\" with what other word?",
              "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sony confirmed that there was an error and stated that they were narrowing down the issue and were continuing to work to restore service. By March 2 (UTC), 2010, owners of original PS3 models could connect to PSN successfully and the clock no longer showed December 31, 1999. Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a leap year, because of a bug in the BCD method of storing the date. However, for some users, the hardware's operating system clock (mainly updated from the internet and not associated with the internal clock) needed to be updated manually or by re-syncing it via the internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "March 2 (UTC), 2010" }
              ],
              "question": "By what date did Sony correct the issue with the system clock?",
              "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "a leap year" }],
              "question": "What were the broken models mistakenly classifying 2010 as?",
              "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "BCD" }],
              "question": "What storage system for dates led to the system clock error?",
              "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 453, "text": "operating system clock" }
              ],
              "question": "What clock unrelated to the error in the PS3 had to be updated in some cases in order to fix the bug?",
              "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, Formula One Championship Edition, a racing game, was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror. In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself. It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Formula One Championship Edition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror?",
              "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "racing" }],
              "question": "What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition?",
              "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "PlayStation Store" }],
              "question": "If users want to download original PlayStation games, where do they go online?",
              "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "PSP" }],
              "question": "Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device?",
              "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Remote Play" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you?",
              "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation Network is the unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable, announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo. The service is always connected, free, and includes multiplayer support. The network enables online gaming, the PlayStation Store, PlayStation Home and other services. PlayStation Network uses real currency and PlayStation Network Cards as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Tokyo" }],
              "question": "In what city did Sony hold their 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing?",
              "id": "57282b823acd2414000df60f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "real" }],
              "question": "Does PlayStation Network use artificial or real currency for purchases?",
              "id": "57282b823acd2414000df610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "multiplayer support" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with being free and providing constant connectivity, what other feature does PS Network offer users?",
              "id": "57282b823acd2414000df611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "PlayStation Portable" }
              ],
              "question": "PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device?",
              "id": "57282b823acd2414000df612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation Plus (commonly abbreviated PS+ and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus) is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton, President and CEO of SCEA. Rumors of such service had been in speculation since Kaz Hirai's announcement at TGS 2009 of a possible paid service for PSN but with the current PSN service still available. Launched alongside PS3 firmware 3.40 and PSP firmware 6.30 on June 29, 2010, the paid-for subscription service provides users with enhanced services on the PlayStation Network, on top of the current PSN service which is still available with all of its features. These enhancements include the ability to have demos, game and system software updates download automatically to PlayStation 3. Subscribers also get early or exclusive access to some betas, game demos, premium downloadable content and other PlayStation Store items. North American users also get a free subscription to Qore. Users may choose to purchase either a one-year or a three-month subscription to PlayStation Plus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "PlayStation Plus" }],
              "question": "What's the name of Sony's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?",
              "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "PS+" }],
              "question": "How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated?",
              "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Jack Tretton" }],
              "question": "Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010?",
              "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "June 29, 2010" }],
              "question": "On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch?",
              "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1023, "text": "one-year" }],
              "question": "Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either three months or what period of time?",
              "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The PlayStation Store is an online virtual market available to users of Sony's PlayStation 3 (PS3) and PlayStation Portable (PSP) game consoles via the PlayStation Network. The Store offers a range of downloadable content both for purchase and available free of charge. Available content includes full games, add-on content, playable demos, themes and game and movie trailers. The service is accessible through an icon on the XMB on PS3 and PSP. The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3. The PSP store is also available via the PC application, Media Go. As of September 24, 2009, there have been over 600 million downloads from the PlayStation Store worldwide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The PlayStation Store" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3?",
              "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164680"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "an icon" }],
              "question": "What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store?",
              "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164681"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Remote Play" }],
              "question": "What connection would you go through to go to the PS3 store from a PSP?",
              "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164682"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "over 600 million" }],
              "question": "How many unique downloads had there been from the PlayStation Store by late 2009?",
              "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Media Go" }],
              "question": "From a PC, what application can you use to visit the PlayStation Store?",
              "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164684"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1, 2009, with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0. The feature was to replace the existing [Information Board], which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user's region. The concept was developed further into a major PlayStation Network feature, which interacts with the [Status Indicator] to display a ticker of all content, excluding recently played content (currently in North America and Japan only).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "What's New" }],
              "question": "What new feature for PS3 was released in September of 2009?",
              "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Gamescom" }],
              "question": "At what event did Sony announce What's New?",
              "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Information Board" }],
              "question": "What did What's New replace?",
              "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "news" }],
              "question": "What type of information is disseminated through What's New?",
              "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "region" }],
              "question": "What's geographical area does What's New tailor information to for each user?",
              "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: \"Our Pick\", \"Recently Played\", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. \"Recently Played\" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many  different sections does What's New have?",
              "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "\"Recently Played\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?",
              "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Video" }],
              "question": "Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?",
              "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "\"Recently Played\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What section of What's New can't show links to websites?",
              "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Games" }],
              "question": "Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?",
              "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation Home is a virtual 3D social networking service for the PlayStation Network. Home allows users to create a custom avatar, which can be groomed realistically. Users can edit and decorate their personal apartments, avatars or club houses with free, premium or won content. Users can shop for new items or win prizes from PS3 games, or Home activities. Users interact and connect with friends and customise content in a virtual world. Home also acts as a meeting place for users that want to play multiplayer games with others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "PlayStation Home" }],
              "question": "What does Sony call their social network?",
              "id": "572833d64b864d190016470c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "avatar" }],
              "question": "What is the customizable representation of a user in PS Home called?",
              "id": "572833d64b864d190016470d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "premium" }],
              "question": "Home has free, won, and what third type of content?",
              "id": "572833d64b864d190016470e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "apartments" }],
              "question": "Users employ the content to decorate club houses, their avatars, or what virtual dwelling space?",
              "id": "572833d64b864d190016470f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "multiplayer" }],
              "question": "What type of games can users find participants for in Home?",
              "id": "572833d64b864d1900164710"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Life with PlayStation, released on September 18, 2008 to succeed Folding@home, was retired November 6, 2012. Life with PlayStation used virtual globe data to display news and information by city. Along with Folding@home functionality, the application provided access to three other information \"channels\", the first being the Live Channel offering news headlines and weather which were provided by Google News, The Weather Channel, the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Space Science and Engineering Center, among other sources. The second channel was the World Heritage channel which offered historical information about historical sites. The third channel was the United Village channel. United Village was designed to share information about communities and cultures worldwide. An update allowed video and photo viewing in the application. The fourth channel was the USA exclusive PlayStation Network Game Trailers Channel for direct streaming of game trailers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "city" }],
              "question": "Life was able to personalize information for users by what location division?",
              "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "November 6, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date was Life with PlayStation shut down?",
              "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "World Heritage" }],
              "question": "What's was Life's channel that delivered information about history topics?",
              "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "Live Channel" }],
              "question": "For weather updates from The Weather Channel, which of Life's channels would you have visited?",
              "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 20, 2011, Sony shut down the PlayStation Network and Qriocity for a prolonged interval, revealing on April 23 that this was due to \"an external intrusion on our system\". Sony later revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken, including: names; addresses; countries; email addresses; birthdates; PSN/Qriocity logins, passwords and handles/PSN online IDs. They also stated that it was possible that users' profile data, including purchase history and billing address, and PlayStation Network/Qriocity password security answers may have been obtained. There was no evidence that any credit card data had been taken, but the possibility could not be ruled out, and Sony advised customers that their credit card data may have been obtained. Additionally, the credit card numbers were encrypted and Sony never collected the three digit CVC or CSC number from the back of the credit cards which is required for authenticating some transactions. In response to the incident, Sony announced a \"Welcome Back\" program, 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members, two free downloadable PS3 games, and a free one-year enrollment in an identity theft protection program.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 20, 2011" }],
              "question": "What was the date Sony shut down the PS Network because of a security breach?",
              "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "77 million" }],
              "question": "How many users did Sony say might have been affected by the intrusion?",
              "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1030, "text": "\"Welcome Back\"" }],
              "question": "What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach?",
              "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1054, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer?",
              "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1119, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many free game downloads were included in the \"Welcome Back\" program?",
              "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f3a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although its PlayStation predecessors had been very dominant against the competition and were hugely profitable for Sony, PlayStation 3 had an inauspicious start, and Sony chairman and CEO Sir Howard Stringer initially could not convince investors of a turnaround in its fortunes. The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation's most successful console in terms of units sold. Furthermore, PS3 had to compete directly with Xbox 360 which had a market head start, and as a result the platform no longer had exclusive titles that the PS2 enjoyed such as the Grand Theft Auto and Final Fantasy series (regarding cross-platform games, Xbox 360 versions were generally considered superior in 2006, although by 2008 the PS3 versions had reached parity or surpassed), and it took longer than expected for PS3 to enjoy strong sales and close the gap with Xbox 360. Sony also continued to lose money on each PS3 sold through 2010, although the redesigned \"slim\" PS3 has cut these losses since then.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Wii" }],
              "question": "What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?",
              "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "unique gameplay" }],
              "question": "What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?",
              "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "Xbox 360 versions" }],
              "question": "In 2006, did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games?",
              "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold?",
              "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "Wii" }],
              "question": "Which cost less in stores: PS3 or Wii?",
              "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PlayStation 3's initial production cost is estimated by iSuppli to have been US$805.85 for the 20 GB model and US$840.35 for the 60 GB model. However, they were priced at US$499 and US$599 respectively, meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $306 or $241 depending on model, if the cost estimates were correct, and thus may have contributed to Sony's games division posting an operating loss of \u00a5232.3 billion (US$1.97 billion) in the fiscal year ending March 2007. In April 2007, soon after these results were published, Ken Kutaragi, President of Sony Computer Entertainment, announced plans to retire. Various news agencies, including The Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that this was due to poor sales, while SCEI maintains that Kutaragi had been planning his retirement for six months prior to the announcement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "US$805.85" }],
              "question": "How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3?",
              "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "US$499" }],
              "question": "In contrast to the production cost, what was the retail price for a 20 GB PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "$306" }],
              "question": "Assuming iSuppli got the numbers right, how much of a loss did Sony take for every 20 GB PS3 sold in the U.S.?",
              "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Ken Kutaragi" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Sony's President who announced his retirement amid rumors in April 2007?",
              "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da125"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "US$1.97 billion" }],
              "question": "In U.S. dollars, how much was the enormous loss Sony reported the month before Kutaragi's retirement announcement?",
              "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da126"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2008, Kaz Hirai, CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009, stating that, \"the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing\" and that \"[profitability] is not a definite commitment, but that is what I would like to try to shoot for\". However, market analysts Nikko Citigroup have predicted that PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008. In a July 2008 interview, Hirai stated that his objective is for PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year, surpassing PlayStation 2's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market. In January 2009 Sony announced that their gaming division was profitable in Q3 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Kaz Hirai" }],
              "question": "Who was Sony's CEO at the start of 2008?",
              "id": "57283c272ca10214002da142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "early 2009" }],
              "question": "When did Hirai think the PS3 might start making the company some money?",
              "id": "57283c272ca10214002da143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "Nikko Citigroup" }],
              "question": "What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008?",
              "id": "57283c272ca10214002da144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "150 million" }],
              "question": "How many PS3 did Hirai set a public goal to sell by the time the product was nine?",
              "id": "57283c272ca10214002da145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "PlayStation 2" }],
              "question": "What other Sony gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat?",
              "id": "57283c272ca10214002da146"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the system's launch, production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs. The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process, and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture. As of January 2008, each unit cost around $400 to manufacture; by August 2009, Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70%, meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "Emotion Engine chip" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?",
              "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Cell" }],
              "question": "What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?",
              "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "diodes" }],
              "question": "What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?",
              "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "$240" }],
              "question": "As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?",
              "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?",
              "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Critical and commercial reception to PS3 improved over time, after a series of price revisions, Blu-ray's victory over HD DVD, and the release of several well received titles. Ars Technica's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6/10, but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9/10. In September 2009, IGN named PlayStation 3 the 15th best gaming console of all time, behind both of its competitors: Wii (10th) and Xbox 360 (6th). However, PS3 has won IGN's \"Console Showdown\"\u2014based on which console offers the best selection of games released during each year\u2014in three of the four years since it began (2008, 2009 and 2011, with Xbox winning in 2010). IGN judged PlayStation 3 to have the best game line-up of 2008, based on their review scores in comparison to those of Wii and Xbox 360. In a comparison piece by PC mag's Will Greenwald in June 2012, PS3 was selected as an overall better console compared to Xbox 360. Pocket-lint said of the console \"The PS3 has always been a brilliant games console,\" and that \"For now, this is just about the best media device for the money.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "6/10" }],
              "question": "What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Xbox" }],
              "question": "What PS3 competitor won IGN's \"Console Showdown\" in 2010?",
              "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 840, "text": "Will Greenwald" }],
              "question": "What PC Mag. staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June, 2012? ",
              "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "Pocket-lint" }],
              "question": "Which publication called the PlayStation 3 \"a brilliant games console\"?",
              "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?",
              "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\", where it was criticized for being \"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to \"take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and \u2014 within the space of a year \u2014 turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet\", but added that despite its problems the system has \"untapped potential\". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was \"more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "\"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?",
              "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "GamesRadar" }],
              "question": "What gaming website called PS3 \"a hate object reviled by the entire internet\"?",
              "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "\"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?",
              "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "a year" }],
              "question": "How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?",
              "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Developers also found the machine difficult to program for. In 2007, Gabe Newell of Valve said \"The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels, I think it's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted\". He continued \"I'd say, even at this late date, they should just cancel it and do a do over. Just say, 'This was a horrible disaster and we're sorry and we're going to stop selling this and stop trying to convince people to develop for it'\". Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that they are interested in developing for the console and are looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects. He later restated Valve's position, \"Until we have the ability to get a PS3 team together, until we find the people who want to come to Valve or who are at Valve who want to work on that, I don't really see us moving to that platform\". At Sony's E3 2010 press conference, Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements, citing Sony's move to make the system more developer friendly, and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system. He also claimed that the inclusion of Steamworks (Valve's system to automatically update their software independently) would help to make the PS3 version of Portal 2 the best console version on the market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 \"a total disaster\"?",
              "id": "572844763acd2414000df815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Doug Lombardi" }],
              "question": "Who is Valve's VP of Marketing who says they want to hire programmers for a PS3 team?",
              "id": "572844763acd2414000df816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Newell show up at Sony's EC3 press conference to take back what he said about PS3?",
              "id": "572844763acd2414000df817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1107, "text": "Portal 2" }],
              "question": "What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console?",
              "id": "572844763acd2414000df818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1170, "text": "Steamworks" }],
              "question": "What's the name of Valve's software update system?",
              "id": "572844763acd2414000df819"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated \"I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform.\" He continued, \"It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation.\" Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. \"[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony.\" Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as \"silly.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "developers" }],
              "question": "What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?",
              "id": "572845f13acd2414000df839"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "return on invested capital" }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"ROIC\" stand for?",
              "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Activision Blizzard" }],
              "question": "What company is Kotick the CEO of?",
              "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "The Times" }],
              "question": "What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform?",
              "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 977, "text": "Bioware" }],
              "question": "What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?",
              "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the initial negative press, several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware. CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying, \"the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...] the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag.\" CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one \"must-have\" gadget, praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games. In addition, both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews, stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "8.8" }],
              "question": "What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten?",
              "id": "572847804b864d19001648a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Blu-ray playback" }],
              "question": "What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?",
              "id": "572847804b864d19001648a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "hardware" }],
              "question": "Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently?",
              "id": "572847804b864d19001648aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "Ultimate AV" }],
              "question": "What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player?",
              "id": "572847804b864d19001648ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "CNET United Kingdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What website said the PlayStation 3 \"lives up to the hype\"? ",
              "id": "572847804b864d19001648ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption. This is in stark contrast to the original PS3's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\" list.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Amazon.com" }],
              "question": "With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?",
              "id": "572849443acd2414000df897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "fifteen" }],
              "question": "For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?",
              "id": "572849443acd2414000df898"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "90 out of 100" }],
              "question": "What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?",
              "id": "572849443acd2414000df899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "PS3" }],
              "question": "PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?",
              "id": "572849443acd2414000df89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "repackaging" }],
              "question": "Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?",
              "id": "572849443acd2414000df89b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities, 120 GB hard drive, free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point, but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games. TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating \"Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit. It's amazing that something so small can do so much\". However, they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "backward compatibility" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?",
              "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?",
              "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "four and a half" }],
              "question": "How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?",
              "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "exterior" }],
              "question": "What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?",
              "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da111"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Super Slim model of PS3 has received positive reviews. Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim's quietness, stating \"The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc, such as when starting to load a game, and this occurs infrequently.\" They added that the fans are quieter than that of Slim, and went on to praise the new smaller, lighter size. Criticism was placed on the new disc loader, stating: \"The cover can be moved by hand if you wish, there's also an eject button to do the work for you, but there is no software eject from the triangle button menus in the Xross Media Bar (XMB) interface. In addition, you have to close the cover by hand, which can be a bit fiddly if it's upright, and the PS3 won't start reading a disc unless you do [close the cover].\" They also said there is no real drop in retail price.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "quietness" }],
              "question": "What quality of the PS3 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about?",
              "id": "57284b802ca10214002da266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 361, "text": "smaller, lighter size" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to quieter fans and drive, what change from the other models did Spong praise?",
              "id": "57284b802ca10214002da267"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "disc loader" }],
              "question": "What piece of the PS3 Super Slim's hardware did Spong say was too \"fiddly\"?",
              "id": "57284b802ca10214002da268"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "close the cover" }],
              "question": "What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc?",
              "id": "57284b802ca10214002da269"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars (\"Excellent\"), saying \"The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors: a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services [...]\", whilst also criticising the \"cheap\" design and disc-loader, stating: \"Sometimes [the cover] doesn't catch and you feel like you're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines. In short, it feels cheap. You don't realize how convenient autoloading disc trays are until they're gone. Whether it was to cut costs or save space, this move is ultimately a step back.\" The criticism also was due to price, stating the cheapest Super Slim model was still more expensive than the cheapest Slim model, and that the smaller size and bigger hard drive shouldn't be considered an upgrade when the hard drive on a Slim model is easily removed and replaced. They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is \"the easiest yet. Simply sliding off the side panel reveals the drive bay, which can quickly be unscrewed.\" They also stated that whilst the Super Slim model is not in any way an upgrade, it could be an indicator as to what's to come. \"It may not be revolutionary, but the Super Slim PS3 is the same impressive machine in a much smaller package. There doesn't seem to be any reason for existing PS3 owners to upgrade, but for the prospective PS3 buyer, the Super Slim is probably the way to go if you can deal with not having a slot-loading disc drive.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "CNET" }],
              "question": "What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars?",
              "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "\"cheap\"" }],
              "question": "What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?",
              "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "hard drive" }],
              "question": "What component of the Super Slim did CNET call \"the easiest yet\"?",
              "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "disc-loader" }],
              "question": "What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with, even comparing it to an old credit card reader?",
              "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "more expensive" }],
              "question": "Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models?",
              "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review, stating the console is almost \"nostalgic\" in the design similarities to the original \"fat\" model, \"While we don\u2019t know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet, the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3, minus the considerable excess weight. Immediately we would be concerned about the durability of the top loading tray that feels like it could be yanked straight out off the console, but ultimately it all feels like Sony's nostalgic way of signing off the current generation console in anticipation for the PS4.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "T3" }],
              "question": "What magazine described the Super Slim as \"nostalgic\"?",
              "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "the original PS3" }],
              "question": "What PlayStation 3 model did T3 feel the Super Slim's design was paying homage to?",
              "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "weight" }],
              "question": "According to T3, what was the main differentiator between the \"fat\" PS3 and the Super Slim?",
              "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "the top loading tray" }
              ],
              "question": "What hardware element did T3 feel might have issues with durability? ",
              "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "the PS4" }],
              "question": "T3 felt Sony was saying goodbye to past models in preparation for what next-generation console?",
              "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da14a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Royal_assent",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "House of Lords" }],
              "question": "When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?",
              "id": "572803c04b864d190016422e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Palace of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?",
              "id": "572803c04b864d190016422f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "written declaration" }
              ],
              "question": "Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?",
              "id": "572803c04b864d1900164230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "elaborate ceremonies" }
              ],
              "question": "With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?",
              "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Palace of Westminster" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?",
              "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "letters patent" }],
              "question": "With what method is royal assent generally granted?",
              "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "the governor-general merely signs the bill"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is royal assent granted within Australia?",
              "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "constitutional monarch" }
              ],
              "question": "Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?",
              "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?",
              "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 774, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?",
              "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?",
              "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?",
              "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 675, "text": "exceedingly rare" }],
              "question": "Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?",
              "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "ministers" }],
              "question": "Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?",
              "id": "572804d43acd2414000df25f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "reserve powers" }],
              "question": "In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?",
              "id": "572804d43acd2414000df260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 77, "text": "his or her ministers" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose advice does a sovereign follow?",
              "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "ministers" }],
              "question": "Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?",
              "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "improbable" }],
              "question": "Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?",
              "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause \"Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...\". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Royal Council" }],
              "question": "What is another name for \"Curia Regis\"?",
              "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Earl of Leicester" }],
              "question": "Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?",
              "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "House of Lords" }],
              "question": "As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?",
              "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "House of Commons" }],
              "question": "Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?",
              "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "Curia Regis, or Royal Council" }
              ],
              "question": "From what did parliament evolve?",
              "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "bishops, abbots, earls, and barons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What positions were contained within the House of Lords?",
              "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "House of Commons" }],
              "question": "Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?",
              "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 890, "text": "the sovereign" }],
              "question": "A bill could not become a law without whose assent?",
              "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 930, "text": "the sovereign" }],
              "question": "Who is considered the enactor of laws?",
              "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill \"for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days,\" suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Charles I" }],
              "question": "Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?",
              "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "raising taxes" }],
              "question": "What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?",
              "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "English Civil War" }],
              "question": "After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?",
              "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "Anne" }],
              "question": "Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?",
              "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Charles I" }],
              "question": "Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?",
              "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 854, "text": "her ministers" }],
              "question": "Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?",
              "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "restrict his arbitrary exercise of power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?",
              "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 822, "text": "11 March 1708" }],
              "question": "When was the last time royal assent was enacted?",
              "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "Anne" }],
              "question": "Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?",
              "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Hanoverian dynasty" }],
              "question": "During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?",
              "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "George I" }],
              "question": "Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?",
              "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Catholic Emancipation" }
              ],
              "question": "In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?",
              "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "George I" }],
              "question": "Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?",
              "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Catholic Emancipation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did George III and George IV both oppose?",
              "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "Coronation Oath" }],
              "question": "What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?",
              "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "George IV" }],
              "question": "Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?",
              "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?",
              "id": "572809073acd2414000df2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 852,
                  "text": "London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?",
              "id": "572809073acd2414000df2e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "28, 32, and 33" }],
              "question": "Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?",
              "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "four-week period" }],
              "question": "How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?",
              "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "review of its legality" }
              ],
              "question": "For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?",
              "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Measures" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?",
              "id": "572809b32ca10214002d9c40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "572809b32ca10214002d9c41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were \"measures\" in Wales?",
              "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "2006 and 2011" }],
              "question": "During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?",
              "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?",
              "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Order in Council" }],
              "question": "The sovereign grants assent by which order?",
              "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Chancellor" }],
              "question": "Who advises the sovereign in this decision?",
              "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Chief Pleas of Sark" }
              ],
              "question": "Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?",
              "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Chancellor" }],
              "question": "Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?",
              "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 620, "text": "13 July 2011" }],
              "question": "When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?",
              "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?",
              "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?",
              "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Tynwald Hill at St John's" }
              ],
              "question": "Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?",
              "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Manx" }],
              "question": "Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?",
              "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 710, "text": "summary of the long title" }
              ],
              "question": "Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?",
              "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "only the short title and a summary of the long title"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?",
              "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "(24 June)" }],
              "question": "On what day does St John's Day occur?",
              "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Tynwald Hill at St John's" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?",
              "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision \"with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island\". If approved by Tynwald, a measure \"shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald\". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod" }
              ],
              "question": "Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?",
              "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Church of England in the Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?",
              "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Order in Council" }],
              "question": "Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?",
              "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 605, "text": "lieutenant governor" }
              ],
              "question": "Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?",
              "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?",
              "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "the lieutenant governor" }
              ],
              "question": "Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?",
              "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "Between 1979 and 1993" }
              ],
              "question": "During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?",
              "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada\u2014the Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the Governor General of Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?",
              "id": "572812fa3acd2414000df3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?",
              "id": "572812fa3acd2414000df3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada\u2014the Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?",
              "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Two" }],
              "question": "How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?",
              "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "both houses must be notified on the same day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?",
              "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 825,
                  "text": "publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?",
              "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 936,
                  "text": "governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?",
              "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III \"has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.\" Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1708" }],
              "question": "Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?",
              "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "George III" }],
              "question": "The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?",
              "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 277, "text": "refused his Assent to Laws" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?",
              "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "1708" }],
              "question": "In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?",
              "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 724, "text": "the British government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?",
              "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?",
              "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "Governor-General" }],
              "question": "The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?",
              "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did this occur?",
              "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "revoked the first assent" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?",
              "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?",
              "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?",
              "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?",
              "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "it had not been passed by each house"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?",
              "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?",
              "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbe1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Tynwald" }],
              "question": "What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?",
              "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "1765" }],
              "question": "In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?",
              "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term the Revestment refer to?",
              "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?",
              "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Order in Council" }],
              "question": "How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?",
              "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "the governor-general" }
              ],
              "question": "In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?",
              "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "lieutenant governors of the provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who grants royal assent in Canada?",
              "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?",
              "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?",
              "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?",
              "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "John C. Bowen" }],
              "question": "Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?",
              "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 830,
                  "text": "force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?",
              "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1000,
                  "text": "Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?",
              "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "House of Commons and the House of Lords"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?",
              "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?",
              "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?",
              "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French, indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words \"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult\", translated as \"The Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so.\" For other public or private bills, the formula is simply \"La Reyne le veult\" (\"the Queen wills it\"). For personal bills, the phrase is \"Soit fait comme il est d\u00e9sir\u00e9\" (\"let it be as it is desired\"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic \"La Reyne s'avisera\" (\"the Queen will consider it\"). When the sovereign is male, Le Roy is substituted for La Reyne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "Anglo-Norman Law French" }
              ],
              "question": "In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?",
              "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "\"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?",
              "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 465, "text": "\"La Reyne le veult\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?",
              "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "\"La Reyne s'avisera\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?",
              "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb8100"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court\u2014a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "The Clerk of the Crown" }
              ],
              "question": "When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?",
              "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 803,
                  "text": "stating the appropriate Norman French formula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?",
              "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Henry VIII" }],
              "question": "Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?",
              "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "the annual State Opening of Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?",
              "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "right" }],
              "question": "On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?",
              "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that \"the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime\" in his presence \"might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom\". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners \"is and ever was and ever shall be, as good\" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 168, "text": "committing adultery" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?",
              "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "listening to the entire text" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?",
              "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?",
              "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 902, "text": "Queen Victoria" }],
              "question": "Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?",
              "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, \"My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?",
              "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "scarlet parliamentary robes" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?",
              "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "the senior" }],
              "question": "Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?",
              "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 317, "text": "The Lords Reading Clerk" }
              ],
              "question": "Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?",
              "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, \"there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused.\" The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?",
              "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does assention by commission occur today?",
              "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?",
              "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Royal Assent Act 1967" }
              ],
              "question": "What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?",
              "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act (\"... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "does not require both houses to meet jointly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?",
              "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?",
              "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which document formats the letters patent?",
              "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?",
              "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8136"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed, assent is considered granted when the presiding officers of both houses, having received the letters patent from the king or queen signifying the assent, have notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent. Thus, if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time (for instance because one house is not sitting on a certain date), assent is regarded as effective when the second announcement is made. This is important because, under British Law, unless there is any provision to the contrary, an act takes effect on the date on which it receives royal assent and that date is not regarded as being the date when the letters patent are signed, or when they are delivered to the presiding officers of each house, but the date on which both houses have been formally acquainted of the assent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?",
              "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?",
              "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "when the second announcement is made"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?",
              "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Clerk of the Parliaments" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?",
              "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is omitted when an act is published?",
              "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Clerk of the Parliaments" }
              ],
              "question": "Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?",
              "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8145"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Australia, the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century. Now, the bill is sent to the governor-general's residence by the house in which it originated. The governor-general then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective houses of the governor-general's action. A similar practice is followed in New Zealand, where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 566, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?",
              "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?",
              "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada\u201485 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified\u2014by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "the 21st century" }],
              "question": "When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?",
              "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?",
              "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "Royal Assent Act 2002" }
              ],
              "question": "With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?",
              "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills.\" If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "House of Commons" }],
              "question": "From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?",
              "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8177"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1651,
                  "text": "The governor general or his or her deputy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?",
              "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8178"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1033, "text": "Clerk of the Senate" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?",
              "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8179"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1337, "text": "governor general" }],
              "question": "Which position nods their head to signify assention?",
              "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb817a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned\u2014as any other act of the monarch\u2014by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers \"on behalf of the Belgian People\". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "sanction royale" }],
              "question": "What is royal assent called in Belgium?",
              "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "Council of Ministers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?",
              "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "King Baudouin" }],
              "question": "Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?",
              "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1044, "text": "both houses of parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?",
              "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "six months" }],
              "question": "How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?",
              "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb8189"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "two-thirds" }],
              "question": "What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?",
              "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb818a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": ", it becomes law without his signature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?",
              "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb818b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text \"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber\", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text \"The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.\" If the upper house then approves the law, it sends it back to the government with the text \"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "\"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?",
              "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?",
              "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "\"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?",
              "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that \"The King assents to the proposal.\" It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that \"The King will keep the proposal under advisement.\" A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "the State Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are laws published after receiving assent?",
              "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 672,
                  "text": "in the archives of the King's Offices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the original law text stored?",
              "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that \"The King will keep the proposal under advisement.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?",
              "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Articles 77\u201379 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: \"If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Articles 77\u201379" }],
              "question": "Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?",
              "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Article 79" }],
              "question": "Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?",
              "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?",
              "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Article 92" }],
              "question": "Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?",
              "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Article 91" }],
              "question": "Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?",
              "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Title III, The Cortes Generales"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?",
              "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 194, "text": "Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills" }
              ],
              "question": "What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?",
              "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered \"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\" (\"I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium\")\u2014a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "\"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?",
              "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 744,
                  "text": "a law permitting abortion on demand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?",
              "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "3 July 2005" }],
              "question": "When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?",
              "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac7b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "the next person of age in the line of succession"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?",
              "id": "572ab969111d821400f38cf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "not be possible under the current constitution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?",
              "id": "572ab969111d821400f38cf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, Lord Tu\u02bbivakan\u014d, voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "41 and 68" }],
              "question": "Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?",
              "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?",
              "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?",
              "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?",
              "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81f0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Group_(mathematics)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but the abstract formalization of the group axioms, detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation, applies much more widely. It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects. The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "a group" }],
              "question": "What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?",
              "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df281"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "group axioms" }],
              "question": "What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?",
              "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "abstract formalization of the group axioms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?",
              "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df283"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincar\u00e9 groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "symmetry" }],
              "question": "What shares an essential relationship to groups?",
              "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "Lie groups" }],
              "question": "What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?",
              "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Point groups" }],
              "question": "What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? ",
              "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 488, "text": "Poincar\u00e9 groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?",
              "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with \u00c9variste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory\u2014an active mathematical discipline\u2014studies groups in their own right.a[\u203a] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[\u203a] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "the study of polynomial equations,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the idea of a group come from?",
              "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?",
              "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?",
              "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 872, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?",
              "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c3b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The set G is called the underlying set of the group (G, \u2022). Often the group's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group (G, \u2022). Along the same lines, shorthand expressions such as \"a subset of the group G\" or \"an element of group G\" are used when what is actually meant is \"a subset of the underlying set G of the group (G, \u2022)\" or \"an element of the underlying set G of the group (G, \u2022)\". Usually, it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The set" }],
              "question": "What is known as underlying set of the group?",
              "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "the group's underlying set" }
              ],
              "question": "What is often utilized as a short name for the group?",
              "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "shorthand expressions" }
              ],
              "question": "What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?",
              "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90\u00b0 clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "functions" }],
              "question": "What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? ",
              "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Composing two of these symmetry functions"
                }
              ],
              "question": " What gives another symmetry function?",
              "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "the dihedral group" }
              ],
              "question": "What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?",
              "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician \u00c9variste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation \u03b8n = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "\u00c9variste Galois" }
              ],
              "question": " Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?",
              "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "group theory" }],
              "question": "The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?",
              "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "Arthur Cayley" }],
              "question": " Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?",
              "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "abstract group" }],
              "question": "What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?",
              "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? ",
              "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Walther von Dyck" }],
              "question": "Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?",
              "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "The theory of Lie groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?",
              "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 841, "text": "Claude Chevalley" }],
              "question": "Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?",
              "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Chicago's 1960\u201361 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, classified all finite simple groups in 1982. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields.a[\u203a]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the group of theorists first meet?",
              "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "1960\u201361" }],
              "question": "What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?",
              "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "all finite simple groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?",
              "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "length of proof and number of researchers."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors describe the large size of the project?",
              "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[\u203a] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being \"structureless\", do not have), constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation. This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways. For example, groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms. By the mentioned principle, they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense. The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups. The principle of \"preserving structures\"\u2014a recurring topic in mathematics throughout\u2014is an instance of working in a category, in this case the category of groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "structural concepts" }
              ],
              "question": "What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?",
              "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "constructions related to groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has to be compatible with the group operation?",
              "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "group homomorphisms" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?",
              "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a: G \u2192 H and b: H \u2192 G, such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is, a(b(h)) = h and b(a(g)) = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view, isomorphic groups carry the same information. For example, proving that g \u2022 g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a(g) \u2217 a(g) = 1H, because applying a to the first equality yields the second, and applying b to the second gives back the first.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "isomorphic" }],
              "question": "What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?",
              "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "isomorphic groups" }],
              "question": "What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?",
              "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "applying a to the first equality yields the second"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?",
              "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270\u00b0 for 90\u00b0, 180\u00b0 for 180\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 for 270\u00b0 (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g\u22121h \u2208 H for all elements g, h \u2208 H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[\u203a]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "a rotation" }],
              "question": "What is composed of two rotations?",
              "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "inverse" }],
              "question": "What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?",
              "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "The subgroup test" }],
              "question": "What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?",
              "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e88"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed. Cosets are used to formalize this insight: a subgroup H defines left and right cosets, which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g. In symbolic terms, the left and right cosets of H containing g are",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?",
              "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "rotation operations" }
              ],
              "question": "What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?",
              "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Cosets" }],
              "question": "What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?",
              "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) \u2022 (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G \u2192 G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)\u22121 = (g\u22121)N.e[\u203a]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "coset addition" }],
              "question": "What is another term for coset multiplication?",
              "id": "572823544b864d1900164546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "coset multiplication" }
              ],
              "question": "What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?",
              "id": "572823544b864d1900164547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "quotient group" }],
              "question": "What group does the inverse of gN include?",
              "id": "572823544b864d1900164548"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the right rotation and f = fv the vertical (or any other) reflection), which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses. Together with the relations",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups can be combined to describe every group?",
              "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "any group" }],
              "question": "What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?",
              "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "every symmetry of the square" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?",
              "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H \u2192 G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G \u2192 G / N.y[\u203a] Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction. In general, homomorphisms are neither injective nor surjective. Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "injective map" }],
              "question": "What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?",
              "id": "5728250a4b864d1900164588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "surjective maps" }],
              "question": "What are the opposites of injective maps?",
              "id": "5728250a4b864d1900164589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "canonical map" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a surjective map?",
              "id": "5728250a4b864d190016458a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "the first isomorphism theorem" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?",
              "id": "5728250a4b864d190016458b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincar\u00e9 founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. By means of this connection, topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups.i[\u203a] For example, elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops. The second image at the right shows some loops in a plane minus a point. The blue loop is considered null-homotopic (and thus irrelevant), because it can be continuously shrunk to a point. The presence of the hole prevents the orange loop from being shrunk to a point. The fundamental group of the plane with a point deleted turns out to be infinite cyclic, generated by the orange loop (or any other loop winding once around the hole). This way, the fundamental group detects the hole.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Mathematical objects" }
              ],
              "question": "What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?",
              "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Henri Poincar\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who founded algebraic topology?",
              "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the fundamental group" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Henri Poincar\u00e9 introduce when he established algebraic topology?",
              "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "proximity and continuity" }
              ],
              "question": "What topological properties translate into properties of groups?",
              "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "loops" }],
              "question": "What represents elements of the fundamental group?",
              "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In modular arithmetic, two integers are added and then the sum is divided by a positive integer called the modulus. The result of modular addition is the remainder of that division. For any modulus, n, the set of integers from 0 to n \u2212 1 forms a group under modular addition: the inverse of any element a is n \u2212 a, and 0 is the identity element. This is familiar from the addition of hours on the face of a clock: if the hour hand is on 9 and is advanced 4 hours, it ends up on 1, as shown at the right. This is expressed by saying that 9 + 4 equals 1 \"modulo 12\" or, in symbols,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "the modulus" }],
              "question": "What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?",
              "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "the remainder of that division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results from modular addition?",
              "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "a clock" }],
              "question": "What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition?",
              "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p \u2212 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, there are four group elements 1, 2, 3, 4. In this group, 4 \u00b7 4 = 1, because the usual product 16 is equivalent to 1, which divided by 5 yields a remainder of 1. for 5 divides 16 \u2212 1 = 15, denoted",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "modulo p" }],
              "question": "What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?",
              "id": "572827c73acd2414000df5b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1 to p \u2212 1" }],
              "question": "What integers are included in modulo p?",
              "id": "572827c73acd2414000df5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "four group elements" }
              ],
              "question": "How many group elements exist if p=5?",
              "id": "572827c83acd2414000df5b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by complex numbers z satisfying zn = 1. These numbers can be visualized as the vertices on a regular n-gon, as shown in blue at the right for n = 6. The group operation is multiplication of complex numbers. In the picture, multiplying with z corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation by 60\u00b0. Using some field theory, the group Fp\u00d7 can be shown to be cyclic: for example, if p = 5, 3 is a generator since 31 = 3, 32 = 9 \u2261 4, 33 \u2261 2, and 34 \u2261 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "cyclic" }],
              "question": "What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?",
              "id": "572829024b864d1900164612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "Any cyclic group with n elements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?",
              "id": "572829024b864d1900164613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "the group of n-th complex roots of unity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?",
              "id": "572829024b864d1900164614"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects\u2014be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[\u203a] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Symmetry groups" }],
              "question": "What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?",
              "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "geometric nature" }],
              "question": "What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?",
              "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "group theory" }],
              "question": "What can regarded as the study of symmetry?",
              "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "group law" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?",
              "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "group action" }],
              "question": "The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?",
              "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "group theory" }],
              "question": "What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?",
              "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "phase transition" }],
              "question": "What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?",
              "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Curie temperature" }],
              "question": "What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?",
              "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "soft phonon mode" }],
              "question": "What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?",
              "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[\u203a] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Mathieu groups" }],
              "question": "What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?",
              "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df70f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "coding theory" }],
              "question": "What is used for error correction of transferred data?",
              "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "differential Galois theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?",
              "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "invariant theory" }],
              "question": "What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?",
              "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Matrix groups" }],
              "question": "What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?",
              "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "The general linear group" }
              ],
              "question": "What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?",
              "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "matrix groups" }],
              "question": "What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?",
              "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "the special orthogonal group SO(n)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?",
              "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Euler angles" }],
              "question": "Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?",
              "id": "5728372a4b864d1900164760"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Exchanging \"+\" and \"\u2212\" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "degree 5 and higher" }
              ],
              "question": "What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?",
              "id": "572838983acd2414000df749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "Abstract properties of Galois groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?",
              "id": "572838983acd2414000df74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "radicals" }],
              "question": "What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?",
              "id": "572838983acd2414000df74b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC, i.e. contains the elements ABC, ACB, ..., up to CBA, in total 6 (or 3 factorial) elements. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N (Cayley's theorem). Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above, S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "a finite number of elements" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a finite group include?",
              "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the order of the group" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the number of elements in a group named?",
              "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "fundamental" }],
              "question": "What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?",
              "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "S3" }],
              "question": "What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?",
              "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da113"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[\u203a] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[\u203a] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[\u203a] The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group\u2014the \"monster group\"\u2014and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "complete classification" }
              ],
              "question": "What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? ",
              "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df75f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "finite groups" }],
              "question": "What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?",
              "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Lagrange's theorem" }
              ],
              "question": "What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?",
              "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "Computer algebra systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?",
              "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df762"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?",
              "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df763"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some topological spaces may be endowed with a group law. In order for the group law and the topology to interweave well, the group operations must be continuous functions, that is, g \u2022 h, and g\u22121 must not vary wildly if g and h vary only little. Such groups are called topological groups, and they are the group objects in the category of topological spaces. The most basic examples are the reals R under addition, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), and similarly with any other topological field such as the complex numbers or p-adic numbers. All of these groups are locally compact, so they have Haar measures and can be studied via harmonic analysis. The former offer an abstract formalism of invariant integrals. Invariance means, in the case of real numbers for example:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "continuous functions" }
              ],
              "question": "What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?",
              "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "reals R under addition, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7),"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most simple example of topological groups?",
              "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Haar measures" }],
              "question": "What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis?",
              "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the \u00e9tale fundamental group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "adele rings and adelic algebraic groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What concepts are fundamental to number theory?",
              "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "the absolute Galois group" }
              ],
              "question": "What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?",
              "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Krull topology" }],
              "question": "What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?",
              "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "the \u00e9tale fundamental group"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?",
              "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models\u2014imposing, say, axial symmetry on a situation will typically lead to significant simplification in the equations one needs to solve to provide a physical description.v[\u203a] Another example are the Lorentz transformations, which relate measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other. They can be deduced in a purely group-theoretical way, by expressing the transformations as a rotational symmetry of Minkowski space. The latter serves\u2014in the absence of significant gravitation\u2014as a model of space time in special relativity. The full symmetry group of Minkowski space, i.e. including translations, is known as the Poincar\u00e9 group. By the above, it plays a pivotal role in special relativity and, by implication, for quantum field theories. Symmetries that vary with location are central to the modern description of physical interactions with the help of gauge theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lie groups" }],
              "question": "What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?",
              "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Noether's theorem" }],
              "question": "What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?",
              "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Rotation" }],
              "question": "What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?",
              "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 483, "text": "Lorentz transformations" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?",
              "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 937, "text": "Poincar\u00e9 group" }
              ],
              "question": "What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?",
              "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fdc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the nonzero integers under multiplication (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), see above. There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any (abelian) monoid, much the same way as (Q \u2216 {0}, \u00b7) is derived from (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), known as the Grothendieck group. Groupoids are similar to groups except that the composition a \u2022 b need not be defined for all a and b. They arise in the study of more complicated forms of symmetry, often in topological and analytical structures, such as the fundamental groupoid or stacks. Finally, it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one (i.e. an operation taking n arguments). With the proper generalization of the group axioms this gives rise to an n-ary group. The table gives a list of several structures generalizing groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "monoid" }],
              "question": "What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?",
              "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "natural numbers N (including 0)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?",
              "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "the Grothendieck group" }
              ],
              "question": "What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?",
              "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 896, "text": "the binary operation" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?",
              "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Central_African_Republic",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: K\u00f6d\u00f6r\u00f6s\u00ease t\u00ee B\u00eaafr\u00eeka; French: R\u00e9publique centrafricaine  pronounced: [\u0281epyblik s\u0251\u0303t\u0281af\u0281ik\u025bn], or Centrafrique [s\u0251\u0303t\u0280af\u0281ik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2014[update].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Central Africa" }],
              "question": "Where is the Central African Republic located?",
              "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Chad" }],
              "question": "What country borders CAR in the North?",
              "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "the Republic of the Congo" }
              ],
              "question": "What Country borders CAR in the South?",
              "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Cameroon" }],
              "question": "What Country borders CAR in the West?",
              "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "4.7 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of CAR approximately?",
              "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the country's current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders; by the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 became president, but was later removed by General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 in the 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, fighting broke out between various factions in December 2012, leading to ethnic and religious cleansing of the Muslim minority and massive population displacement in 2013 and 2014.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Who established CAR's borders?",
              "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "What country ruled CAR as a colony?",
              "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "in 1960" }],
              "question": "When did CAR become independent?",
              "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first democratically elected President?",
              "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "Muslim minority" }],
              "question": "What religion is a minority in CAR?",
              "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution. Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations. Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages.[when?] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a \"Fish-stew Revolution\", in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region's inhabitants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Approximately 10,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How long ago did people start living in the area?",
              "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "farming" }],
              "question": "What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?",
              "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "African oil palm" }],
              "question": "What vegetation helped populations expand?",
              "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Bananas" }],
              "question": "What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?",
              "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Fish" }],
              "question": "What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?",
              "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "16th and 17th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?",
              "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "What is one area where captive slaves were sent?",
              "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "Bobangi people" }],
              "question": "Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?",
              "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "the Americas" }],
              "question": "Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?",
              "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "Ubangi River" }],
              "question": "What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?",
              "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville. During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation, a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity. New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Many of these forced laborers died of exhaustion, illness, or the poor conditions which claimed between 20% and 25% of the 127,000 workers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1920" }],
              "question": "When was Equatorial Africa established?",
              "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Brazzaville" }],
              "question": "Where was Equatorial African ran from?",
              "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "cotton" }],
              "question": "What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?",
              "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "a network of roads" }
              ],
              "question": "What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s.",
              "id": "57280b994b864d19001642ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "What religion was spread through CAR?",
              "id": "57280b994b864d1900164300"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui. In 1946 Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative for CAR in the French government. Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to CAR to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN) in 1950.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Second World War" }],
              "question": "During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR?",
              "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164320"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?",
              "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "9,000 votes" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Boganda get?",
              "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "political stance against racism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bogandas platform that he ran for?",
              "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "disheartened with the French political system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Boganda to leave his elected post?",
              "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164324"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country's first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d'\u00e9volution d\u00e9mocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?",
              "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "every legislative seat" }
              ],
              "question": "How many seats did MESAN win?",
              "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Boganda" }],
              "question": "Who was elected president of the Grand Council?",
              "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "a plane crash" }],
              "question": "How did Boganda die?",
              "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "his cousin, David Dacko" }
              ],
              "question": "Who took over after Boganda died?",
              "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9be0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings. In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and \"restored\" Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the name of the country to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General Andr\u00e9 Kolingba on 1 September 1981.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "young students protested against Bokassa's decree"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a violent uprising?",
              "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 218, "text": "100 children and teenagers" }
              ],
              "question": "How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?",
              "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "France" }],
              "question": "Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident?",
              "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Dacko" }],
              "question": "Who did France restore into power?",
              "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "General Andr\u00e9 Kolingba" }
              ],
              "question": "Who eventually overthrew Dacko?",
              "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a \"Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la R\u00e9publique\" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a \"Mixed Electoral Commission\", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "a pro-democracy movement" }
              ],
              "question": "What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?",
              "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "the United States" }],
              "question": "What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?",
              "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9ced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "October 1992" }],
              "question": "When were free elections held?",
              "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "UN Office of Electoral Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped with the Free Elections?",
              "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "alleged irregularities" }
              ],
              "question": "What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?",
              "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patass\u00e9's party, the Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patass\u00e9's party required coalition partners.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "in 1993" }],
              "question": "When was a second democratic election held?",
              "id": "572811614b864d1900164396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Who became the first democratically elected president?",
              "id": "572811614b864d1900164397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "53% of the vote" }],
              "question": "What percentage did Patasse win with?",
              "id": "572811614b864d1900164398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the winning party?",
              "id": "572811614b864d1900164399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "gained a simple but not an absolute majority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?",
              "id": "572811614b864d190016439a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patass\u00e9 purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patass\u00e9's government of conducting a \"witch hunt\" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996\u20131997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government's erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patass\u00e9's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "28 December 1994" }],
              "question": "When was the new constitution for CAR approved?",
              "id": "572812164b864d19001643a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "In 1996\u20131997" }],
              "question": "When did a mutiny form against Patasse?",
              "id": "572812164b864d19001643a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "widespread destruction of property"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The mutinies caused what effects on the country?",
              "id": "572812164b864d19001643aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "The Bangui Agreements" }
              ],
              "question": "What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?",
              "id": "572812164b864d19001643ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Cameroon" }],
              "question": "Where did the peace corps evacuate to?",
              "id": "572812164b864d19001643ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patass\u00e9 sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patass\u00e9 came to suspect that General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Boziz\u00e9 to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Boziz\u00e9 launched a surprise attack against Patass\u00e9, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Boziz\u00e9's forces succeeded in overthrowing Patass\u00e9.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "murder of many political opponents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The failed coup caused what effects?",
              "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which General was involved in another coup?",
              "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Chad" }],
              "question": "Where did General Bozize flee to escape?",
              "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "March 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?",
              "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Boziz\u00e9's forces" }
              ],
              "question": "Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?",
              "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004 the Central African Republic Bush War began as forces opposed to Boziz\u00e9 took up arms against his government. In May 2005 Boziz\u00e9 won a presidential election that excluded Patass\u00e9 and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels. In November 2006, Boziz\u00e9's government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country's northern regions. Though the initially public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, the French assistance eventually included strikes by Mirage jets against rebel positions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Bush War" }],
              "question": "What war started in 2004?",
              "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Boziz\u00e9 won a presidential election"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?",
              "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "November 2006" }],
              "question": "When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels?",
              "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "strikes by Mirage jets" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the French assist against the rebels?",
              "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "towns in the country's northern regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rebels take over?",
              "id": "572817492ca10214002d9daa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Syrte Agreement" }],
              "question": "What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?",
              "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "the liberation of political prisoners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?",
              "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "CPJP" }],
              "question": "What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately?",
              "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "25 August 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement?",
              "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "April 2007" }],
              "question": "When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?",
              "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Boziz\u00e9 was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. The security situation did not improve during June\u2013August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between S\u00e9l\u00e9ka and Boziz\u00e9 supporters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Michel Djotodia" }],
              "question": "Who became president in 2013?",
              "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "crimes against humanity" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bozize indicted for?",
              "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "genocide" }],
              "question": "What mass murder did Bozize commit?",
              "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were displaced in the unrests?",
              "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "S\u00e9l\u00e9ka" }],
              "question": "What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists?",
              "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of CAR. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "Dzanga-Sangha National Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What national part is located in the South West?",
              "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "forest elephants" }],
              "question": "What large animals reside in the national park?",
              "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "lowland gorillas" }],
              "question": "Which Primate can be found in the national park?",
              "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Manovo-Gounda St Floris" }
              ],
              "question": "What National Park can be found in the North?",
              "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 429, "text": "the activities of poachers" }
              ],
              "question": "What has threatened the wildlife in this park?",
              "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002\u20133, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "missionary groups" }],
              "question": "What religious groups operate in CAR?",
              "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where do most of the missionaries come from?",
              "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country?",
              "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from?",
              "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "2002\u20133" }],
              "question": "When did fighting break out in CAR?",
              "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas were identified: first, the reform of the security sector; second, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law; and third, the revitalization of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "risk of starvation" }],
              "question": "Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?",
              "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "United Nations" }],
              "question": "Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?",
              "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon" }
              ],
              "question": "Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR?",
              "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "12 June 2008" }],
              "question": "When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war?",
              "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "UN Peacebuilding Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "Who assisted CAR in avoiding war?",
              "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of S\u00e9l\u00e9ka and representatives of the opposition to Boziz\u00e9, one pro-Boziz\u00e9 individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "31 March 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the new Government seated in CAR?",
              "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "boycott the government" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the former opposition parties declare?",
              "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Djotodia" }],
              "question": "Who was refused as new president?",
              "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "a transitional parliament" }
              ],
              "question": "Who would rule the country temporarily?",
              "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 641, "text": "18 months" }],
              "question": "How long did the parliament have until the next election?",
              "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. For most Central Africans, the informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy.[citation needed] Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the country's landlocked position.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "$400 a year" }],
              "question": "What is the per capita income in CAR?",
              "id": "572820623acd2414000df50d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "one of the lowest" }],
              "question": "How is the per capita income compared to the world?",
              "id": "572820623acd2414000df50e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "diamonds" }],
              "question": "What gemstone comes from the CAR?",
              "id": "572820623acd2414000df50f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "ivory" }],
              "question": "Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?",
              "id": "572820623acd2414000df510"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "country's landlocked position" }
              ],
              "question": "What hinders export?",
              "id": "572820623acd2414000df511"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.[citation needed] Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "food crops" }],
              "question": "What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR?",
              "id": "572821484b864d190016451a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "3%" }],
              "question": "The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?",
              "id": "572821484b864d190016451b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "200,000 and 300,000" }
              ],
              "question": "How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?",
              "id": "572821484b864d190016451c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "cotton" }],
              "question": "What product is produced that is exported?",
              "id": "572821484b864d190016451d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 905, "text": "tsetse fly" }],
              "question": "Which insect hinders livestock development?",
              "id": "572821484b864d190016451e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Socatel" }],
              "question": "What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?",
              "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which body regulated communications?",
              "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "internet service" }],
              "question": "What type of access is available?",
              "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "ITU Telecommunication Development Sector"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who assists CAR with telecommunications?",
              "id": "572823b93acd2414000df580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "improve infrastructure" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?",
              "id": "572823b93acd2414000df581"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers' rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "poor" }],
              "question": "How are the human rights in the CAR?",
              "id": "5728249e4b864d190016457e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "government abuses" }],
              "question": "What concerns are there regarding to human rights?",
              "id": "5728249e4b864d190016457f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "extrajudicial executions" }
              ],
              "question": "What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?",
              "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164580"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "harsh and life-threatening conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the prison quality in the CAR?",
              "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164581"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?",
              "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164582"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Asthma",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "genetic and environmental factors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two factors cause asthma?",
              "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "exposure to air pollution and allergens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two enviromental factors?",
              "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "aspirin and beta blockers" }
              ],
              "question": "What medications can also trigger asthma?",
              "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?",
              "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is asthma classified?",
              "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "There is no cure for asthma" }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a cure for asthma?",
              "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can symptoms be prevented?",
              "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?",
              "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens in very severe cases of asthma?",
              "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the characteristics of asthma?",
              "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 333,
                  "text": "at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?",
              "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Sputum" }],
              "question": "What is produced in the lungs by coughing?",
              "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "worse at night" }],
              "question": "Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?",
              "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 407,
                  "text": "Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?",
              "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16\u201352% and mood disorders in 14\u201341%. However, it is not known if asthma causes psychological problems or if psychological problems lead to asthma. Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "more frequently" }],
              "question": "Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?",
              "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?",
              "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Psychological disorders" }
              ],
              "question": "What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?",
              "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "radiocontrast reactions" }
              ],
              "question": "What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? ",
              "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. Also, phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?",
              "id": "57280e8c4b864d190016433e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?",
              "id": "57280e8c4b864d190016433f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?",
              "id": "57280e8c4b864d1900164340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 434,
                  "text": "indoor volatile organic compounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?",
              "id": "57280e8c4b864d1900164341"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The hygiene hypothesis" }
              ],
              "question": "What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?",
              "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?",
              "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?",
              "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What could prevent asthma?",
              "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?",
              "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Family history" }],
              "question": "What else is a risk factor for asthma?",
              "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "approximately 25%" }],
              "question": "If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?",
              "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "25 genes" }],
              "question": "How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?",
              "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "over 100 genes" }],
              "question": "How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?",
              "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "the immune system or modulating inflammation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else are these genes closely related to?",
              "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is asthma the result of?",
              "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "the bronchi and bronchioles" }
              ],
              "question": "What two airways are most effected by asthma?",
              "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways do airways change?",
              "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 694,
                  "text": "T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?",
              "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 821,
                  "text": "cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other components of the immune systems are included?",
              "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "there is not one universal agreed upon definition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a universal definition of astham?",
              "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "many cells and cellular elements play a role"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What main components play a role in asthma?",
              "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "airway hyper-responsiveness" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the inflamation a result of?",
              "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?",
              "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 597,
                  "text": "spontaneously or with treatment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?",
              "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "There is currently no precise test"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?",
              "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is diagnosis based on typically?",
              "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When should you suspect asthma?",
              "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Spirometry" }],
              "question": "What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?",
              "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "children under the age of six" }
              ],
              "question": "What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?",
              "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da590"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Spirometry" }],
              "question": "What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?",
              "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da45e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "It is the single best test for asthma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?",
              "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da45f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helps support the evidence of asthma?",
              "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da460"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "caffeine" }],
              "question": "What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?",
              "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da461"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "Single-breath diffusing capacity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?",
              "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da462"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other supportive evidence includes: a \u226520% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a \u226520% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a \u226520% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry, however, and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis. It may be useful for daily self-monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "\u226520%" }],
              "question": "What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?",
              "id": "5728bffb3acd2414000dfda3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": ". Testing peak expiratory flow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?",
              "id": "5728bffb3acd2414000dfda4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is asthma clinically classified?",
              "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da776"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How else is asthma classified?",
              "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da777"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "atopic" }],
              "question": "When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? ",
              "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da778"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "severity" }],
              "question": "What  is asthma usually classified based on?",
              "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da779"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 466,
                  "text": "Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a important goal of asthma research?",
              "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da77a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "a chronic obstructive condition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of condition is asthma?",
              "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?",
              "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "asthma is usually reversible" }
              ],
              "question": "Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?",
              "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "alveoli" }],
              "question": "What part of the airway does emphysema affect?",
              "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "the bronchi" }],
              "question": "What part of the airway does asthma affect?",
              "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "professional athletes" }
              ],
              "question": "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?",
              "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?",
              "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "when it is dry and cold" }
              ],
              "question": "What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?",
              "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Inhaled beta2-agonists" }
              ],
              "question": "What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?",
              "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5\u201325% of asthma cases in adults are work\u2013related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "occupational disease" }
              ],
              "question": "Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?",
              "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "It is estimated that 5\u201325%"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?",
              "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the most common agents?",
              "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?",
              "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "allergic rhinitis and sinusitis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?",
              "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some other causes of airway obstruction?",
              "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "Bronchiolitis and other viral infections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other conditions can cause wheezing?",
              "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?",
              "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a complication of chronic asthma?",
              "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "asthma and COPD" }],
              "question": "If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?",
              "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is COPD differentiated?",
              "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?",
              "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?",
              "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?",
              "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?",
              "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?",
              "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 924,
                  "text": "effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are smoking bans in place?",
              "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 880, "text": "World Health Organization" }
              ],
              "question": "Who recoomends immunizations?",
              "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da864"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Avoidance of triggers" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?",
              "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the more common triggers?",
              "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?",
              "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da720"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did law that limit smoking accomplish? ",
              "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "Yoga" }],
              "question": "What type of exercise can provide small improvements?",
              "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da722"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?",
              "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?",
              "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "it appears to decrease the subsequent rate."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?",
              "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 415, "text": "sublingual immunotherapy" }
              ],
              "question": "What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?",
              "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "generally good" }],
              "question": "What is the prognosis for asthma? ",
              "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "due to better recognition and improvement in care"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?",
              "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "19.4 million people as of 2004"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?",
              "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?",
              "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da775"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2011, 235\u2013330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000\u2013345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "235\u2013330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?",
              "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "250,000\u2013345,000 people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people die per year from asthma?",
              "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "It is more common in developed than developing countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What countries is asthma more commonly seen?",
              "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "The reason for these differences is not well known"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are different countries effected differently?",
              "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18\u201344 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "about $3,600" }],
              "question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??",
              "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "from $5,200 to $6,600" }
              ],
              "question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?",
              "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "Medicaid" }],
              "question": "Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?",
              "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "the lowest income communities" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?",
              "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1873" }],
              "question": "When was the first paper written about asthma?",
              "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was first used as a cure for asthma?",
              "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "pilocarpin" }],
              "question": "In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?",
              "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "in the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? ",
              "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f65"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "LaserDisc",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "higher-quality" }],
              "question": "Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?",
              "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?",
              "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "videophiles and film enthusiasts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?",
              "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "Hong Kong" }],
              "question": "In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?",
              "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply \"DiscoVision\") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as \"Video Long Play\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Atlanta, Georgia" }],
              "question": "Where was LaserDisc first available?",
              "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "two years" }],
              "question": "How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?",
              "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "MCA DiscoVision" }],
              "question": "Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?",
              "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "\"Video Long Play\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the first viewers refer to the media?",
              "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as \"Laser Videodisc\". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pioneer Electronics" }],
              "question": "Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?",
              "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "unofficially" }],
              "question": "Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as \"Laser Videodisc\"?",
              "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "discs" }],
              "question": "Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?",
              "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?",
              "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?",
              "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9d00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "DVD" }],
              "question": "What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?",
              "id": "57281a754b864d1900164492"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?",
              "id": "57281a754b864d1900164493"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the BBC Domesday Project?",
              "id": "57281a754b864d1900164494"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?",
              "id": "57281a754b864d1900164495"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "30 cm (12 in) in diameter" }
              ],
              "question": "How large was a standard LaserDisc?",
              "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "1s and 0s" }],
              "question": "What numbers are used in Binary information coding?",
              "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 909, "text": "analog" }],
              "question": "Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?",
              "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "55 minutes 5 seconds" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?",
              "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?",
              "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "60 minutes 5 seconds" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?",
              "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 988,
                  "text": "There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?",
              "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d77"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sound could be stored in either analog or digital format and in a variety of surround sound formats; NTSC discs could carry two analog audio tracks, plus two uncompressed PCM digital audio tracks, which were (EFM, CIRC, 16-bit and 44.056 kHz sample rate). PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks, either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD; in the UK, the term \"LaserVision\" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while \"LaserDisc\" is used for those with digital audio. The digital sound signal in both formats are EFM-encoded as in CD. Dolby Digital (also called AC-3) and DTS\u2014which are now common on DVD titles\u2014first became available on LaserDisc, and Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace (1999) which was released on LaserDisc in Japan, is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround. Unlike DVDs, which carry Dolby Digital audio in digital form, LaserDiscs store Dolby Digital in a frequency modulated form within a track normally used for analog audio. Extracting Dolby Digital from a LaserDisc required a player equipped with a special \"AC-3 RF\" output and an external demodulator in addition to an AC-3 decoder. The demodulator was necessary to convert the 2.88 MHz modulated AC-3 information on the disc into a 384 kbit/s signal that the decoder could handle. DTS audio, when available on a disc, replaced the digital audio tracks; hearing DTS sound required only an S/PDIF compliant digital connection to a DTS decoder.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "\"LaserVision\" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while \"LaserDisc\" is used for those with digital audio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?",
              "id": "572826224b864d19001645a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 864,
                  "text": "6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?",
              "id": "572826224b864d19001645a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 928,
                  "text": "Dolby Digital audio in digital form"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sound formatting do DVDs use?",
              "id": "572826224b864d19001645a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "DVD's growing popularity" }
              ],
              "question": "What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?",
              "id": "572828724b864d1900164606"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "higher-end" }],
              "question": "Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?",
              "id": "572828724b864d1900164607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 790, "text": "6-channel analog audio" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?",
              "id": "572828724b864d1900164608"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned, the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape, but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and, sometimes, the player. Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks, making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts. Early DiscoVision and LaserDisc titles lacked the digital audio option, but many of those movies received digital sound in later re-issues by Universal, and the quality of analog audio tracks generally got far better as time went on. Many discs that had originally carried old analog stereo tracks received new Dolby Stereo and Dolby Surround tracks instead, often in addition to digital tracks, helping boost sound quality. Later analog discs also applied CX Noise Reduction, which improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "varied greatly" }],
              "question": "Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?",
              "id": "57282cbd4b864d1900164658"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "digital" }],
              "question": "Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?",
              "id": "57282cbd4b864d1900164659"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 934,
                  "text": "improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?",
              "id": "57282cbd4b864d190016465a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "Universal" }],
              "question": "Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?",
              "id": "57282cbd4b864d190016465b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive playback option would be the digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks. The reason for this is the RF signal needs to bypass the audio circuitry in order to be properly processed by the demodulator. If either the player did not support digital audio tracks (common in older players), or the disc did not include digital audio tracks at all (uncommon for a disc which is mastered with an AC-3 track), the only remaining option was to fall back to a monophonic presentation of the left analog audio track. However, many older analog-only players not only failed to output AC-3 streams correctly, but were not even aware of their potential existence. Such a player will happily play the analog audio tracks verbatim, resulting in garbage (static) output in the right channel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "right analog audio channel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?",
              "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 350,
                  "text": "digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?",
              "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1052, "text": "garbage (static) output" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?",
              "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc player that is capable of playing digital tracks, has a digital optical output for digital PCM and DTS audio, is aware of AC-3 audio tracks, and has an AC-3 coaxial output; an external or internal AC-3 RF demodulator and AC-3 decoder; and a DTS decoder. Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "rare" }],
              "question": "Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?",
              "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Only one" }],
              "question": "How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "DTS" }],
              "question": "What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?",
              "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an \"AC-3 RF\" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "PAL LaserDiscs" }],
              "question": "Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?",
              "id": "572831634b864d19001646d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?",
              "id": "572831634b864d19001646d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "572831634b864d19001646d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadequate dropout compensator, was made only in limited quantities. After Pioneer released the LD-700, gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players, despite their advantages, although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "LD-700" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?",
              "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "first LD player to load from the front and not the top"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?",
              "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1984" }],
              "question": "When did Pioneer release the LD-700?",
              "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Philips" }],
              "question": "Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?",
              "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9edb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During its development, MCA, which co-owned the technology, referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\", depending on the document; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision (without the hyphen), which became the official spelling. Technical documents and brochures produced by MCA Disco-Vision during the early and mid-'70s also used the term \"Disco-Vision Records\" to refer to the pressed discs. MCA owned the rights to the largest catalog of films in the world during this time, and they manufactured and distributed the DiscoVision releases of those films under the \"MCA DiscoVision\" software and manufacturing label; consumer sale of those titles began on December 15, 1978, with the aforementioned Jaws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?",
              "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "Disco-Vision" }],
              "question": "To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?",
              "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?",
              "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "MCA" }],
              "question": "Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?",
              "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "Jaws" }],
              "question": "Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?",
              "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philips' preferred name for the format was \"VLP\", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat (\"Video long-play disc\"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called \"ALP\", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no \"official\" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as \"LaserVision\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "Video Long-Play" }],
              "question": "What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?",
              "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Magnavox VH-8000" }],
              "question": "What was the first consumer VLP player?",
              "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 547, "text": "The LaserVision Association" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group officially chose the name \"Laservision\"?",
              "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?",
              "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a \"laser disc player\", although the \"LaserDisc\" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, \"LaserDisc\" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was \"LaserVision\" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term \"Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player\". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pioneer Electronics" }],
              "question": "Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?",
              "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df74f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?",
              "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df750"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "the VP-1000" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?",
              "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "Ray Charles" }],
              "question": "Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?",
              "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df752"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the early years, MCA also manufactured discs for other companies including Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros. Some of them added their own names to the disc jacket to signify that the movie was not owned by MCA. After Discovision Associates shut down in early 1982, Universal Studio's videodisc software label, called MCA Videodisc until 1984, began reissuing many DiscoVision titles. Unfortunately, quite a few, such as Battlestar Galactica and Jaws, were time-compressed versions of their CAV or CLV Disco Vision originals. The time-compressed CLV re-issue of Jaws no longer had the original soundtrack, having had incidental background music replaced for the video disc version due to licensing cost (the music would not be available until the THX LaserDisc box set was released in 1995). One Universal/Columbia co-production issued by MCA Disco Vision in both CAV and CLV versions, The Electric Horseman, is still not available in any other home video format with its original score intact; even the most recent DVD release has had substantial music replacements of both instrumental score and Willie Nelson's songs. An MCA release of Universal's Howard the Duck, sees only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film. For many years this was the only disc-based release of the film, until widescreen DVD formats were released with extras. Also, the LaserDisc release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is the only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster telling off Elliott for letting the frogs free in the biology class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?",
              "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1180,
                  "text": "only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?",
              "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1458,
                  "text": "only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?",
              "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 893, "text": "The Electric Horseman" }
              ],
              "question": "Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?",
              "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df75a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS. It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs, while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC. It could handle analog and digital audio where VHS was mostly analog only (VHS can have PCM audio in professional applications but is uncommon), and the NTSC discs could store multiple audio tracks. This allowed for extras like director's commentary tracks and other features to be added onto a film, creating \"Special Edition\" releases that would not have been possible with VHS. Disc access was random and chapter based, like the DVD format, meaning that one could jump to any point on a given disc very quickly. By comparison, VHS would require tedious rewinding and fast-forwarding to get to specific points.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "425" }],
              "question": "How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?",
              "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc" }],
              "question": "Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?",
              "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc" }],
              "question": "Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?",
              "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "cheaper" }],
              "question": "Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?",
              "id": "57283f892ca10214002da182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "at least 14" }],
              "question": "How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?",
              "id": "57283f892ca10214002da183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 573, "text": "$5.00 per two-sided disc" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?",
              "id": "57283f892ca10214002da184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 828, "text": "as little as $1.00" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?",
              "id": "57283f892ca10214002da185"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDiscs" }],
              "question": "Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?",
              "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "progressive wear with each use"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?",
              "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "magnetic coating" }],
              "question": "Where do VHS tapes store their information?",
              "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "digital blocks which make up each independent frame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is data stored on DVDs?",
              "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "the receiver" }],
              "question": "What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 688,
                  "text": "low-contrast details like skin tones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?",
              "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da03b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 732,
                  "text": "comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?",
              "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da03a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "LaserDiscs" }],
              "question": "Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?",
              "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "entirely" }],
              "question": "Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?",
              "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da071"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "subtle visible lines in gradient areas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is contrast banding?",
              "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da072"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "MPEG-2 encoding process" }
              ],
              "question": "What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?",
              "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da073"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process. Unlike many DVD players, the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user: pause, fast-forward, and fast-reverse commands are always accepted (barring, of course, malfunctions). There were no \"User Prohibited Options\" where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part (such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings). (Some DVD players, particularly higher-end units, do have the ability to ignore the blocking code and play the video without restrictions, but this feature is not common in the usual consumer market.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?",
              "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are \"User Protected Options\" on DVDs?",
              "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "copyright warnings" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?",
              "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc" }],
              "question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?",
              "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound. The success of this feature depends upon the amount of damage. LaserDisc players, when working in full analog, recover from such errors faster than DVD players. Direct comparison here is almost impossible due to the sheer size differences between the two media. A 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a LaserDisc, but a fingerprint taking up 1% of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1% of the surface of a LaserDisc.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?",
              "id": "572847713acd2414000df863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "DVD" }],
              "question": "Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?",
              "id": "572847713acd2414000df864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "DVD" }],
              "question": "Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?",
              "id": "572847713acd2414000df865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a \"smoother\", more \"film-like\", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial. Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems, lending additional support to such claims at the time. However, the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs, making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "LaserDisc" }],
              "question": "Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?",
              "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "DVDs" }],
              "question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?",
              "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?",
              "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players, so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all. There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share. The industry simply decided to engineer it into the DVD specification.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "internal timing" }],
              "question": "What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?",
              "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "relatively small market share" }
              ],
              "question": "Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?",
              "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Macrovision's Copyguard protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?",
              "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for \"Special Edition\" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first \"Special Edition\" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "\"Special Edition\"" }
              ],
              "question": "LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?",
              "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first \"Special Edition\" film to be released to home video?",
              "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What bonus features were available on the first home video \"Special Edition\"?",
              "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "support for multiple audio tracks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?",
              "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie, and some titles fill two or more discs. Many players, especially units built after the mid-1980s, can \"flip\" discs automatically by rotating the optical pickup to the other side of the disc, but this is accompanied by a pause in the movie during the side change. If the movie is longer than what could be stored on two sides of a single disc, manually swapping to a second disc is necessary at some point during the film. One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1, which features two disc platters. In addition, perfect still frames and random access to individual still frames is limited only to the more expensive CAV discs, which only had a playing time of approximately 30 minutes per side. In later years, Pioneer and other manufacturers overcame this limitation by incorporating a digital memory buffer, which \"grabbed\" a single frame from a CLV disc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?",
              "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 784, "text": "Pioneer LD-W1" }],
              "question": "Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?",
              "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da137"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "line count" }],
              "question": "What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?",
              "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "CLV" }],
              "question": "Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?",
              "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da139"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. In contrast, the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?",
              "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da26e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "digital MPEG-2" }],
              "question": "Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?",
              "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da26f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "analog" }],
              "question": "What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?",
              "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da270"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as \"crosstalk\". The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped, but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc, depending on electrical and mechanical alignment problems. In these instances, the issue arose due to the fact that CLV discs require subtle changes in rotating speed at various points during playback. During a change in speed, the optical pickup inside the player might read video information from a track adjacent to the intended one, causing data from the two tracks to \"cross\"; the extra video information picked up from that second track shows up as distortion in the picture which looks reminiscent of swirling \"barber poles\" or rolling lines of static.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does \"crosstalk\" occur?",
              "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "\"crosstalk\"" }],
              "question": "What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment?",
              "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 827,
                  "text": "swirling \"barber poles\" or rolling lines of static"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does \"crosstalk\" appear to the viewer?",
              "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accuracy can occur. One such problem is \"laser lock\", where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "CAV" }],
              "question": "In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?",
              "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da282"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "the rotational speed never varies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?",
              "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens during \"laser lock\"?",
              "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da284"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another significant issue unique to LaserDisc is one involving the inconsistency of playback quality between different makers and models of player. On most televisions, a given DVD player will produce a picture that is visually indistinguishable from other units. Differences in image quality between players only becomes easily apparent on large televisions and substantial leaps in image quality are generally only obtained with expensive, high-end players that allow for post-processing of the MPEG-2 stream during playback. In contrast, LaserDisc playback quality is highly dependent on hardware quality. Major variances in picture quality appear between different makers and models of LD players, even when tested on a low to mid-range television. The obvious benefits of using high quality equipment has helped keep demand for some players high, thus also keeping pricing for those units comparably high. In the 1990s, notable players sold for anywhere from US$200 to well over $1,000, while older and less desirable players could be purchased in working condition for as little as $25.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "inconsistency" }],
              "question": "Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? ",
              "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "hardware quality" }],
              "question": "What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?",
              "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1088, "text": "$25" }],
              "question": "How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?",
              "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 964, "text": "US$200 to well over $1,000" }
              ],
              "question": "What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s?",
              "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxidize and lose its reflective characteristics. This was a problem that was termed \"laser rot\" among LD enthusiasts, also called \"color flash\" internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants. Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise. But, for the most part, rotted discs could actually appear perfectly fine to the naked eye.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "adhesive" }],
              "question": "What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused \"laser rot\"?",
              "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "\"color flash\"" }],
              "question": "What was the internal name for \"laser rot\" within LD processing plants?",
              "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What problems could occur with laser rot?",
              "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "LaserDisc did not have high market penetration in North America due to the high cost of the players and discs, which were far more expensive than VHS players and tapes, and due to marketplace confusion with the technologically inferior CED, which also went by the name Videodisc. While the format was not widely adopted by North American consumers, it was well received among videophiles due to the superior audio and video quality compared to VHS and Betamax tapes, finding a place in nearly one million American homes by the end of 1990. The format was more popular in Japan than in North America because prices were kept low to ensure adoption, resulting in minimal price differences between VHS tapes and the higher quality LaserDiscs, helping ensure that it quickly became the dominant consumer video format in Japan. Anime collectors in every country the LD format was released, which includes both North America and Japan, also quickly became familiar with this format, and sought the higher video and sound quality of LaserDisc and the availability of numerous titles not available on VHS. LaserDiscs were also popular alternatives to videocassettes among movie enthusiasts in the more affluent regions of South East Asia, such as Singapore, due to their high integration with the Japanese export market and the disc-based media's superior longevity compared to videocassette, especially in the humid conditions endemic to that area of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "high cost of the players and discs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?",
              "id": "572853173acd2414000df915"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "nearly one million" }
              ],
              "question": "By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?",
              "id": "572853173acd2414000df916"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "prices were kept low to ensure adoption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?",
              "id": "572853173acd2414000df917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1098, "text": "LaserDiscs" }],
              "question": "Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?",
              "id": "572853173acd2414000df918"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integration with the Japanese export market, NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market, in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast (This anomaly also exists for DVD). This created a market for multi-system TVs and multi-system VCRs which could display or play both PAL and NTSC materials in addition to SECAM materials (which were never popular in Hong Kong). Some LD players could convert NTSC signals to PAL so that most TVs used in Hong Kong could display the LD materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "USD100" }],
              "question": "How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?",
              "id": "572853c14b864d1900164950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "PAL standard" }],
              "question": "Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?",
              "id": "572853c14b864d1900164951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "NTSC" }],
              "question": "In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?",
              "id": "572853c14b864d1900164952"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only available on LD and many other LD releases contain supplemental material not available on subsequent DVD versions of those films. Until the end of 2001, many titles were released on VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "late 1990s" }],
              "question": "By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?",
              "id": "572854802ca10214002da29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "movie enthusiasts" }],
              "question": "Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?",
              "id": "572854802ca10214002da29d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?",
              "id": "572854802ca10214002da29e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?",
              "id": "572854802ca10214002da29f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1980s, Philips produced a LaserDisc player model adapted for a computer interface, dubbed \"professional\". In 1985, Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper. When connected to a PC this combination could be used to display images or information for educational or archival purposes, for example thousands of scanned medieval manuscripts. This strange device could be considered a very early equivalent of a CD-ROM.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "early 1980s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did Philips produce a \"professional\" LD model for computer?",
              "id": "572855143acd2414000df91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "In what year were LD jukeboxes created?",
              "id": "572855143acd2414000df91e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 128, "text": "Jasmine Multimedia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?",
              "id": "572855143acd2414000df91f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985?",
              "id": "572855143acd2414000df920"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements into 20-minute film segments. These were then mastered onto single-sided blank LaserDiscs, just as a DVD would be burnt at home today, allowing for much easier selection and preparation of an Edit Decision List. In the days before video assist was available in cinematography, this was the only other way a film crew could see their work. The EDL went to the negative cutter who then cut the camera negative accordingly and assembled the finished film. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built, even though the ideas and technology are still in use today. Later EditDroid experiments borrowed from hard-drive technology of having multiple discs on the same spindle and added numerous playback heads and numerous electronics to the basic jukebox design so that any point on each of the discs would be accessible within seconds. This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many EditDroid systems were ever built?",
              "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1256, "text": "single-sided" }],
              "question": "Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?",
              "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df930"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "Lucasfilm" }],
              "question": "Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?",
              "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df931"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1986, a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer was used for the BBC Domesday Project. The player was referred as an LV-ROM (LaserVision Read Only Memory) as the discs contained the driving software as well as the video frames. The discs used the CAV format, and encoded data as a binary signal represented by the analog audio recording. These discs could contain in each CAV frame video/audio or video/binary data, but not both. \"Data\" frames would appear blank when played as video. It was typical for each disc to start with the disc catalog (a few blank frames) then the video introduction before the rest of the data. Because the format (based on the ADFS hard disc format) used a starting sector for each file, the data layout effectively skipped over any video frames. If all 54,000 frames are used for data storage an LV-ROM disc can contain 324 MB of data per side. The Domesday Project systems also included a genlock, allowing video frames, clips and audio to be mixed with graphics originated from the BBC Master; this was used to great effect for displaying high resolution photographs and maps, which could then be zoomed into.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Doomsday project occur?",
              "id": "572868002ca10214002da306"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project?",
              "id": "572868002ca10214002da307"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "LaserVision Read Only Memory" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LV-ROM stand for?",
              "id": "572868002ca10214002da308"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "CAV" }],
              "question": "The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting?",
              "id": "572868002ca10214002da309"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apple's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides, animation, video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks. User-created \"stacks\" were shared and were especially popular in education where teacher-generated stacks were used to access discs ranging from art collections to basic biological processes. Commercially available stacks were also popular with the Voyager company being possibly the most successful distributor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "HyperCard" }],
              "question": "Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "play specific content from the disc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?",
              "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "in education" }],
              "question": "Where were \"stacks\" created with the LaserStack software used?",
              "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Voyager" }],
              "question": "Which commercial company was LaserStack's most successful distributor?",
              "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "the U.S. Military" }],
              "question": "A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?",
              "id": "572869712ca10214002da318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "43 lb (20 kg)" }],
              "question": "How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?",
              "id": "572869712ca10214002da319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 654,
                  "text": "removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?",
              "id": "572869712ca10214002da31a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "instant-access capability" }
              ],
              "question": "What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?",
              "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 229, "text": "Sega's Astron Belt" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?",
              "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE \"Hi-Vision\" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "5:3" }],
              "question": "With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?",
              "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 839,
                  "text": "capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?",
              "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 986, "text": "Crosstalk" }],
              "question": "In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?",
              "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "almost 15 years" }],
              "question": "How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?",
              "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "US$10,000" }],
              "question": "What was the price for early HDTVs?",
              "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164adc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "tiny" }],
              "question": "Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?",
              "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?",
              "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164ade"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic \"squeezed\" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were \"Squeeze LDs\"?",
              "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "16:9-ratio widescreen" }
              ],
              "question": "With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?",
              "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 848,
                  "text": "very few people owned 16:9 displays"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?",
              "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "distorted" }],
              "question": "Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?",
              "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "33%" }],
              "question": "What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?",
              "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner \"SQUEEZE LD\" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "Terminator 2" }],
              "question": "Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?",
              "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "THX certified" }],
              "question": "What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?",
              "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?",
              "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?",
              "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "Recordable LaserVision disc" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym RLV stand for?",
              "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 231,
                  "text": "Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?",
              "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164aff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1984." }],
              "question": "In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?",
              "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164b00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?",
              "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da34e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?",
              "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da34f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what purpose were RLVs popular?",
              "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da350"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "silver mirror" }],
              "question": "What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?",
              "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da351"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) \"single\"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: \"John, I'm Only Dancing\", \"Changes\", and \"The Supermen\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "12 cm (4.7 in)" }],
              "question": "In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?",
              "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were CD size \"single\"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?",
              "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?",
              "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "music video" }],
              "question": "What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?",
              "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "David Bowie" }],
              "question": "Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?",
              "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "audio CD tracks" }],
              "question": "What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?",
              "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "only in Japan and other parts of Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?",
              "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "VSDs" }],
              "question": "Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?",
              "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b10"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Annelid",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a \"super-phylum\" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "bilateral" }],
              "question": "What kind of symmetry do annelids have?",
              "id": "572822da3acd2414000df55f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "parapodia" }],
              "question": "What do annelids use to move?",
              "id": "572822da3acd2414000df560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "polychaetes" }],
              "question": "Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?",
              "id": "572822da3acd2414000df561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?",
              "id": "572822da3acd2414000df562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?",
              "id": "572822da3acd2414000df563"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis (\"ripples\" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques \u2013 some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Septa" }],
              "question": "What separates many annelids' segments?",
              "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Echiura and Sipuncula" }
              ],
              "question": "Which annelids show no segmentation?",
              "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "front" }],
              "question": "What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?",
              "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 662, "text": "peristalsis" }],
              "question": "What is movement by ripples called?",
              "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 972,
                  "text": "turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?",
              "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164564"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "sexual reproduction" }
              ],
              "question": "How do annelids normally reproduce?",
              "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "regenerate after severe injuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?",
              "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "trochophore" }],
              "question": "What larvae live like plankton?",
              "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "What annelids are hermaphrodites?",
              "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "Oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?",
              "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164578"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "aeration and enriching" }
              ],
              "question": "How do earthworms help the soil they live in?",
              "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "up to a third" }],
              "question": "How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?",
              "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?",
              "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "Ragworms" }],
              "question": "What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?",
              "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 643, "text": "they have been over-harvested" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are some leeches endangered?",
              "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare \u2013 mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "annelids are soft-bodied" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are annelid fossils rare?",
              "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fossil signs of annelids are found?",
              "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 267, "text": "518 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "How old is the earliest annelid fossil?",
              "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "modern mobile polychaete groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?",
              "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "the mid Ordovician" }
              ],
              "question": "What period started around 472 million years ago?",
              "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt \u2013 on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid \u03b1-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What externally divides annelids' segments?",
              "id": "572826494b864d19001645b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "septa (\"partitions\")" }
              ],
              "question": "What divides annelids' segments internally?",
              "id": "572826494b864d19001645b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the segments of an annelid share?",
              "id": "572826494b864d19001645b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "a cuticle" }],
              "question": "What covers an annelid's exterior?",
              "id": "572826494b864d19001645b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "collagen" }],
              "question": "What is an annelid's cuticle made of?",
              "id": "572826494b864d19001645b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf- meaning \"in front of\" and \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 meaning \"mouth\") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek \u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, meaning \"little tail\") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9- meaning \"around\" and \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 meaning \"mouth\"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?",
              "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "hair" }],
              "question": "What does 'chaetae' mean?",
              "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "the frontmost and rearmost sections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?",
              "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language does 'prostomium' come from?",
              "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "little tail" }],
              "question": "What does 'pygidium' mean?",
              "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "spiral in alternating directions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?",
              "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "collagen fibers" }],
              "question": "What are annelids' cuticles made out of?",
              "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?",
              "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "the dermis" }],
              "question": "What layer is under the epidermis?",
              "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "(body cavity" }],
              "question": "What does 'coelom' mean?",
              "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips \u2013 for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible \u03b2-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast (\"hair-forming\") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae (\"bristles\") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid \u03b1-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "limbs" }],
              "question": "What are parapodia?",
              "id": "572827843acd2414000df5ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "hair-forming" }],
              "question": "What do chetoblast cells do?",
              "id": "572827843acd2414000df5ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "microvilli" }],
              "question": "What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?",
              "id": "572827843acd2414000df5af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "bristles" }],
              "question": "What are setae?",
              "id": "572827843acd2414000df5b0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 615, "text": "fused bundles of cilia" }
              ],
              "question": "What are cirri?",
              "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?",
              "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "polychaetes" }],
              "question": "What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?",
              "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "unjointed paired extensions of the body wall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are parapodia?",
              "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally \"ladder-like\", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "local control centers" }
              ],
              "question": "What are ganglia?",
              "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "the pharynx" }],
              "question": "What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?",
              "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "throat" }],
              "question": "What is a pharynx?",
              "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are clitellates' brains?",
              "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "in the prostomium" }],
              "question": "Where are polychaetes' brains?",
              "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "arthropods" }],
              "question": "What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?",
              "id": "5728293c4b864d1900164618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "the output signal lines of nerve cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are giant axons?",
              "id": "5728293c4b864d1900164619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 548, "text": "shortening their bodies" }
              ],
              "question": "How do annelids withdraw from danger?",
              "id": "5728293c4b864d190016461a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli (\"little eyes\") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as \"feelers\", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as \"feelers\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?",
              "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "on the neck" }],
              "question": "What does 'nuchal' mean?",
              "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "polychaetes" }],
              "question": "What type of annelids have nuchal organs?",
              "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "chemosensors" }],
              "question": "What are the nuchal organs thought to do?",
              "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "ocelli" }],
              "question": "What term means 'little eyes'?",
              "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "body cavities" }],
              "question": "What are coelomata?",
              "id": "57282a944b864d1900164638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "septa" }],
              "question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?",
              "id": "57282a944b864d1900164639"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "vertical mesenteries" }
              ],
              "question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?",
              "id": "57282a944b864d190016463a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "modified epitheliomuscular cells"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mesothelium made of?",
              "id": "57282a944b864d190016463b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled \"balloon\". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia \u2013 for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does peristalsis work?",
              "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?",
              "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 644, "text": "throats" }],
              "question": "What are phrynges?",
              "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 576, "text": "fine muscle-powered hairs" }
              ],
              "question": "What are cilia?",
              "id": "57282af73acd2414000df600"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment \u2013 red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) \u2013 and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "parasites and infections" }
              ],
              "question": "What can coelomocyte cells defend against?",
              "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "Respiratory" }],
              "question": "What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?",
              "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "blood vessels" }],
              "question": "What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa?",
              "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1158,
                  "text": "circulation within the coelom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation?",
              "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df61a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "leeches and their closest relatives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of annelids are very different from others?",
              "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "connective tissue layer of the body wall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?",
              "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many coelomata do leeches have?",
              "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "mesothelium" }],
              "question": "What lines the coelomata of leeches?",
              "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "suckers at their front and rear ends"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do leeches use to move?",
              "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fe0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use \"crowns\" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "turned inside out to extend" }
              ],
              "question": "What does 'everted' mean?",
              "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "pharynx" }],
              "question": "What part of a polychaete can be everted?",
              "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of annelids have evolved jaws?",
              "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do annelids use jaws for?",
              "id": "57282c833acd2414000df640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 859, "text": "palps covered in cilia" }
              ],
              "question": "What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?",
              "id": "57282c833acd2414000df641"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter \u2013 such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps \u2013 to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Siboglinidae" }],
              "question": "What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?",
              "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "a swollen lining" }],
              "question": "What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?",
              "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?",
              "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What gases come from hydrothermal vents?",
              "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "methane" }],
              "question": "What gases come from seeps?",
              "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e92"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first \u2013 in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "soluble waste products" }
              ],
              "question": "What do metanephridia remove?",
              "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df663"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "protonephridia" }],
              "question": "What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?",
              "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df664"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?",
              "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df665"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "protonephridia" }],
              "question": "What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?",
              "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df666"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many sexes of annelids were there originally?",
              "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "nephridia" }],
              "question": "What releases sperm from annelids?",
              "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "trochophore larvae" }
              ],
              "question": "What do annelid eggs become?",
              "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "plankton" }],
              "question": "What do annelids' larvae live like?",
              "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 371, "text": "the prostomium (head)" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?",
              "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch \u2013 some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "about 25%" }],
              "question": "How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?",
              "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da010"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "14%" }],
              "question": "What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?",
              "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?",
              "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "jelly" }],
              "question": "What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?",
              "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da013"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "change sex" }],
              "question": "What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?",
              "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "permanent gonads" }],
              "question": "What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?",
              "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?",
              "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da01a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sperm stores\") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "clitellates" }],
              "question": "What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?",
              "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "hermaphrodites" }],
              "question": "What type of sex are most earthworms?",
              "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "in the ovaries" }],
              "question": "Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?",
              "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "the cocoon" }],
              "question": "Where do leeches move their eggs to?",
              "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "clitellates" }],
              "question": "What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?",
              "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df697"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Darwin" }],
              "question": "Who published a book about worms in 1881?",
              "id": "572830622ca10214002da032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?",
              "id": "572830622ca10214002da033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "generally in moist leaf litter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?",
              "id": "572830622ca10214002da034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "oxygen and water can penetrate it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?",
              "id": "572830622ca10214002da035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "storks" }],
              "question": "What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?",
              "id": "572830622ca10214002da036"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia. Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "glaciated areas of North America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?",
              "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?",
              "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "Northern hardwood forests" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?",
              "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Palolo worm" }],
              "question": "What type of annelid tunnels through coral?",
              "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Palolo worm" }],
              "question": "What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?",
              "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "spawning modules" }],
              "question": "What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?",
              "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "molluscs" }],
              "question": "What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?",
              "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Ragworms" }],
              "question": "What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?",
              "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "30 AD" }],
              "question": "When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?",
              "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?",
              "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "50 AD" }],
              "question": "When did Rome begin using leeches?",
              "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "200 AD" }],
              "question": "When did India begin using leeches?",
              "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "IUCN and CITES" }],
              "question": "Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?",
              "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da060"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes  , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "549 to 542 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Cloudina exist?",
              "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "cnidarian" }],
              "question": "What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?",
              "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 714, "text": "505 million years" }],
              "question": "How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?",
              "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "early Cambrian" }],
              "question": "What era was underway 505 million years ago?",
              "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 779, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Where was Myoscolex found?",
              "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "65 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Tertiary period begin?",
              "id": "572833674b864d1900164704"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "early Cretaceous" }],
              "question": "What era did oligochaetes evolve in?",
              "id": "572833674b864d1900164705"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?",
              "id": "572833674b864d1900164706"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 511, "text": "472 to 461 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the earliest annelid fossils found?",
              "id": "572833674b864d1900164707"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a \"first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour\", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "polychaetes and clitellates" }
              ],
              "question": "What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?",
              "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?",
              "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "hirudinomorphs" }],
              "question": "What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?",
              "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "approximately 80" }],
              "question": "How many polychaete families are there?",
              "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?",
              "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 8, "text": "Torsten Struck and colleagues" }
              ],
              "question": "Who compared annelid genes in 2007?",
              "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?",
              "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?",
              "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?",
              "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 892, "text": "oligochaetes" }],
              "question": "What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?",
              "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "3" }],
              "question": "How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?",
              "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "Polychaetes" }],
              "question": "What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?",
              "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 385, "text": "echiurans and sipunculan" }
              ],
              "question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?",
              "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "pogonophores" }],
              "question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?",
              "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 673, "text": "ladder-like" }],
              "question": "What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?",
              "id": "572835282ca10214002da0ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals \u2013 the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata (\"jointed animals\"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa (\"animals that molt\"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "protostomes" }],
              "question": "What superphylum are annelids in?",
              "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "deuterostomes" }],
              "question": "What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?",
              "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "deuterostomes" }],
              "question": "What superphylum are vertebrates in?",
              "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "jointed animals" }],
              "question": "What does 'Articulata' mean?",
              "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 847, "text": "fan-like feeding structures" }
              ],
              "question": "What are lophophores?",
              "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"Lophotrochozoa\" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the \"fates\" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as \"spiral determinate cleavage\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?",
              "id": "572836213acd2414000df709"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?",
              "id": "572836213acd2414000df70a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "spiral determinate cleavage" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?",
              "id": "572836213acd2414000df70b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "God",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give \"Him\" the metaphorical name of \"Father\". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "unlimited power" }],
              "question": "What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?",
              "id": "572837113acd2414000df725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "omnipresence" }],
              "question": "What is the feeling of God being everywhere?",
              "id": "572837113acd2414000df726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "infinite knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the extent of God's knowledge?",
              "id": "572837113acd2414000df727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "omniscience" }],
              "question": "What is infinite knowledge classified as?",
              "id": "572837113acd2414000df728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "omnibenevolence" }],
              "question": "What is the benevolence of God called?",
              "id": "572837113acd2414000df729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "without any human biological gender"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does God have a gender?",
              "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 779,
                  "text": "a man (sometimes old and bearded)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?",
              "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Supreme Being and principal object of faith"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a God in monotheism?",
              "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the \"greatest conceivable existent\". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "theism" }],
              "question": "In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?",
              "id": "572837da4b864d1900164770"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "the creator, but not the sustainer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?",
              "id": "572837da4b864d1900164771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "pantheism" }],
              "question": "Which belief is that God is the universe?",
              "id": "572837da4b864d1900164772"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "atheism" }],
              "question": "Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?",
              "id": "572837da4b864d1900164773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "agnosticism" }],
              "question": "Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?",
              "id": "572837da4b864d1900164774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "creator and sustainer of the universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is God in theism?",
              "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "belief in the existence of one God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is monotheism?",
              "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "God is the universe itself" }
              ],
              "question": "What is pantheism?",
              "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "God is not believed to exist" }
              ],
              "question": "What is atheism?",
              "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "the creator" }],
              "question": "What is God in deism?",
              "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Yahweh and Jehovah" }
              ],
              "question": "What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?",
              "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Holy Trinity?",
              "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Aten" }],
              "question": "In the time of Atenism, what was God called?",
              "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "Allah" }],
              "question": "What is the Islamic name for God?",
              "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1066, "text": "Baha" }],
              "question": "What do members of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith call God?",
              "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Atenism" }],
              "question": "What was the first monotheistic religion?",
              "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "YHWH" }],
              "question": "What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?",
              "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 450, "text": "Yahweh and Jehovah" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Christian God called?",
              "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Elohim or Adonai" }],
              "question": "What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?",
              "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "Aten" }],
              "question": "Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?",
              "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * \u01f5hu-t\u00f3-m was likely based on the root * \u01f5hau(\u0259)-, which meant either \"to call\" or \"to invoke\". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter\u2014applying to both genders\u2014but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "the Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the English word God derived from?",
              "id": "572839b44b864d190016479a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "neuter\u2014applying to both genders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?",
              "id": "572839b44b864d190016479b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "Christianization of the Germanic peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?",
              "id": "572839b44b864d190016479c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Germanic paganism" }],
              "question": "What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?",
              "id": "572839b44b864d190016479d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "\"to call\" or \"to invoke\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?",
              "id": "572839b44b864d190016479e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Codex Argenteus" }],
              "question": "Where does the word God come from originally?",
              "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What language does the English word God come from?",
              "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "neuter" }],
              "question": "What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?",
              "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic \"God\" and \"gods\" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "the capitalized form of God" }
              ],
              "question": "What differentiates God from gods?",
              "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "polytheism" }],
              "question": "What belief has many gods?",
              "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?",
              "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH" }],
              "question": "What is the tetragrammaton gor God?",
              "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?",
              "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "gods" }],
              "question": "What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?",
              "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH" }],
              "question": "What is the name of God in Judaism?",
              "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH" }],
              "question": "What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?",
              "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly \u015aakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "trinitarian" }],
              "question": "What type of view do Christians take on God?",
              "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "region, sect, and caste" }
              ],
              "question": "How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?",
              "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does hinduism only believe in a single god?",
              "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "monotheistic" }],
              "question": "What view does the Jewish community take on God?",
              "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da135"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "dharmic" }],
              "question": "What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?",
              "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da136"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "monotheistic" }],
              "question": "What type of religion is Judaism?",
              "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "trinitarian" }],
              "question": "What type of religion is Christianity?",
              "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many gods do the Hindu's have?",
              "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning \"oneness\" or \"uniqueness\"). God is described in the Quran as: \"Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.\" Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "polytheism" }],
              "question": "What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?",
              "id": "57283f072ca10214002da170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 936, "text": "iconodules" }],
              "question": "Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?",
              "id": "57283f072ca10214002da171"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "tawhid" }],
              "question": "What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?",
              "id": "57283f072ca10214002da172"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "Quran" }],
              "question": "What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?",
              "id": "57283f072ca10214002da173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "\"oneness\" or \"uniqueness\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?",
              "id": "57283f072ca10214002da174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "Hinduism and Sikhism" }
              ],
              "question": "What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?",
              "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "one God in three persons" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the trinity in Christianity?",
              "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "one god" }],
              "question": "What do monotheists believe?",
              "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 780, "text": "comparing it to polytheism" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Muslims think of Christianity?",
              "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basis behind Catholic theology?",
              "id": "572842d74b864d1900164834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "religious experience and the prayers of humans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ways can God interact with the universe?",
              "id": "572842d74b864d1900164835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?",
              "id": "572842d74b864d1900164836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1140,
                  "text": "used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the suffix theism used for?",
              "id": "572842d74b864d1900164837"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1203, "text": "monotheism or polytheism" }
              ],
              "question": "What are examples of different types of theism?",
              "id": "572842d74b864d1900164838"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three points do most theists agree on?",
              "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?",
              "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1172, "text": "belief in a god or gods" }
              ],
              "question": "What does theism mean in general?",
              "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a deistic view of God?",
              "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does a deistic God feel about us?",
              "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "why God would create a universe and then abandon it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Pandeism?",
              "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "neither answers prayers nor produces miracles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a deistic God not do?",
              "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Deism" }],
              "question": "What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?",
              "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "God has no interest in humanity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is deism?",
              "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "God is not anthropomorphic" }
              ],
              "question": "In deism is God represented in human form?",
              "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "neither answers prayers" }
              ],
              "question": "In deism, does God answer prayers?",
              "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God\u2014which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov\u2014but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "God is the universe and the universe is God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Pantheism?",
              "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "WHat is Panentheism?",
              "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Jewish mysticism" }],
              "question": "WHat is Kabbalah?",
              "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "The Baal Shem Tov" }],
              "question": "Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?",
              "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "God is the universe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is pantheism?",
              "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "The Baal Shem Tov" }],
              "question": "Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?",
              "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Panentheism?",
              "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "Vaishnavism" }],
              "question": "What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?",
              "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Kabbalah" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Jewish mysticism?",
              "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "God is the universe" }
              ],
              "question": "What is pantheism?",
              "id": "572c0112dfb02c14005c6b45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say \"There is no God\", because \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called \"non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "a symbol of human values and aspirations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some non-theists view God as?",
              "id": "572859253acd2414000df935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Charles Bradlaugh" }],
              "question": "Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"?",
              "id": "572859253acd2414000df936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "non-overlapping magisteria" }
              ],
              "question": "What is NOMA?",
              "id": "572859253acd2414000df937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 776, "text": "science" }],
              "question": "In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?",
              "id": "572859253acd2414000df938"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?",
              "id": "572859253acd2414000df939"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Charles Bradlaugh" }],
              "question": "Name the nineteenth century English atheist?",
              "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 564,
                  "text": "non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?",
              "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 866, "text": "theology" }],
              "question": "What category does NOMA fall under?",
              "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that \"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\" Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "the discovery that the universe is infinitely old"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?",
              "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "\"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?",
              "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 224, "text": "a scientific difference" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?",
              "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Richard Dawkins" }],
              "question": "Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?",
              "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Carl Sagan" }],
              "question": "Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?",
              "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "the universe is infinitely old."
                }
              ],
              "question": "How could science discover if there was not a creator?",
              "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "who created God" }],
              "question": "What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that \"Is there a God\"?",
              "id": "57285c604b864d1900164956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote The Grand Design?",
              "id": "57285c604b864d1900164957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "Neuroscientist" }],
              "question": "What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?",
              "id": "57285c604b864d1900164958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "purely within the realm of science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?",
              "id": "57285c604b864d1900164959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "The Grand Design" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?",
              "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Leonard Mlodinow" }],
              "question": "Who was Hawking's co-author?",
              "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 412, "text": "Michael Nikoletseas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?",
              "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 707,
                  "text": "it makes those aspects more familiar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?",
              "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "The construction of gods and spirits like persons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?",
              "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 779,
                  "text": "god concepts are projections of one's father"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Frued believe about the belief in God?",
              "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "much like people" }],
              "question": "How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?",
              "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pascal Boyer" }],
              "question": "Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?",
              "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "much like people" }],
              "question": "How do supernatural entities act?",
              "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Greek mythology" }],
              "question": "Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?",
              "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Sigmund Freud" }],
              "question": "Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?",
              "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Likewise, \u00c9mile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "gossip or reputation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are ways that small social groups can force morality?",
              "id": "572864644b864d190016496e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Matt Rossano" }],
              "question": "Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?",
              "id": "572864644b864d190016496f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did \u00c9mile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?",
              "id": "572864644b864d1900164970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "a means of enforcing morality" }
              ],
              "question": "Why would humans have begun to create gods?",
              "id": "572864644b864d1900164971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "Matt Rossano" }],
              "question": "Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?",
              "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "morality" }],
              "question": "Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?",
              "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 647, "text": "more cooperative groups" }
              ],
              "question": "Omniprestent gods helped build what?",
              "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b69"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: \"By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence.\" For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "\"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?",
              "id": "572867304b864d190016499e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Baruch Spinoza" }],
              "question": "Who said that God is \"a substance consisting of infinite attributes\"?",
              "id": "572867304b864d190016499f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 492,
                  "text": "a variation of the Ontological argument"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?",
              "id": "572867304b864d19001649a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?",
              "id": "572867304b864d19001649a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "St. Anselm" }],
              "question": "Who defined god as \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\"?",
              "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Baruch Spinoza" }],
              "question": "Name a famous pantheist?",
              "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "infinite" }],
              "question": "What was Spinoza's concept of God?",
              "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?",
              "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner. Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "a lack of evidence for the material existence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?",
              "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "an imaginary entity only" }
              ],
              "question": "What do atheists believe of God?",
              "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "trans-generational" }
              ],
              "question": "How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?",
              "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God.",
              "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who believes God isn't real?",
              "id": "572c07642babe914003c2982"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can\u2019t. If he can\u2019t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there is also something that he cannot do, namely lift the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. Either way, then, God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God, according to many theological models. Such a God, therefore, does not exist. Several answers to this paradox have been proposed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Omnipotence paradox?",
              "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Paradox of the Stone" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?",
              "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?",
              "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "there is something that he cannot do"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?",
              "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "omnipotent" }],
              "question": "What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?",
              "id": "57286e382ca10214002da340"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Paradox of the Stone" }
              ],
              "question": "What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?",
              "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "he is not omnipotent" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?",
              "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "is not God" }],
              "question": "What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?",
              "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Several" }],
              "question": "Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?",
              "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "similarities arising from their common roots"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do religions share across their belief structures?",
              "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?",
              "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who does Christianity share roots with?",
              "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?",
              "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three religions share similar parts?",
              "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three religions share similar beginnings?",
              "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What attributes do religions all roughly share?",
              "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2986"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form. Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?",
              "id": "572871812ca10214002da364"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?",
              "id": "572871812ca10214002da365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "begetter" }],
              "question": "What is God's role in the creation of the world?",
              "id": "572871812ca10214002da366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "literal or an allegorical aspect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?",
              "id": "572871812ca10214002da367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "gender" }],
              "question": "What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?",
              "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 653,
                  "text": "the active (as opposed to the receptive) role"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?",
              "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "monotheistic" }],
              "question": "In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?",
              "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a \"personal god\" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. \"To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "to worship God" }],
              "question": "What is a muslims life purpose?",
              "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "a personal God" }],
              "question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?",
              "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "a \"personal god\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?",
              "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "forgiveness" }],
              "question": "What does prayer usually include in Islam?",
              "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "forgiving" }],
              "question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?",
              "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "exclusivists" }],
              "question": "Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?",
              "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "exclusivists" }],
              "question": "Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?",
              "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "pluralism" }],
              "question": "What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?",
              "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "supersessionism" }],
              "question": "What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?",
              "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "universalism" }],
              "question": "What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?",
              "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "God may not be omniscient." }
              ],
              "question": "What does it mean if God can't predict the future?",
              "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "medieval philosophers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who posited the existence of God?",
              "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "God's omniscience" }],
              "question": "What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?",
              "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is \"properly basic\", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position. Some theists agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know.\" A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "\"properly basic\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?",
              "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "Pascal" }],
              "question": "Who stated \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know\"?",
              "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Richard Swinburne" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?",
              "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?",
              "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298d"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "War_on_Terror",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, \"This crusade \u2013 this war on terrorism \u2013 is going to take a while, ... \" Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, \"(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "16 September 2001" }],
              "question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?",
              "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "crusade" }],
              "question": "Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?",
              "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "20 September 2001" }],
              "question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?",
              "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "with al-Qaeda" }],
              "question": "Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?",
              "id": "572840513acd2414000df7ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 579,
                  "text": "every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?",
              "id": "572840513acd2414000df7cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated \"Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.\" In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from \"Global War on Terror\" to \"Overseas Contingency Operation\" (OCO). In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using \"Overseas Contingency Operation\". Basic objectives of the Bush administration \"war on terror\", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been \"effectively destroyed\", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law. In May 2013, Obama stated that the goal is \"to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America\"; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from \"Overseas Contingency Operations\" to \"Countering Violent Extremism\" in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "a far-reaching network of violence and hatred"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?",
              "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "Overseas Contingency Operation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the \"Global War on Terror\" officially renamed to in March 2009?",
              "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "war on terror" }],
              "question": "What term did Obama want the government to stop using?",
              "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Jeh Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?",
              "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1279, "text": "Countering Violent Extremism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the  \"Overseas Contingency Operations\" renamed to in 2010?",
              "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the actions involved in the \"war on terrorism\" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that \"the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices\u2014wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions\u2014and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives\u2014it is an entire language or discourse.\" Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that \"the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage\". Administration officials also described \"terrorists\" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Richard Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?",
              "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "John Ashcroft" }],
              "question": "Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?",
              "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "terrorists" }],
              "question": "What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?",
              "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 760, "text": "Americans" }],
              "question": "What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?",
              "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da02b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Soviet war in Afghanistan" }
              ],
              "question": "Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?",
              "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "February 1989" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?",
              "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?",
              "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Soviets" }],
              "question": "Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?",
              "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group later became al-Qaeda?",
              "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 August 1998" }],
              "question": "When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?",
              "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "224" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?",
              "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "12" }],
              "question": "How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?",
              "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Operation Infinite Reach" }
              ],
              "question": "What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?",
              "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "around 50%" }],
              "question": "How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?",
              "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met \u2013 no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers \u2013 members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell \u2013 intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?",
              "id": "572843933acd2414000df804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Hamburg" }],
              "question": "Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?",
              "id": "572843933acd2414000df806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "California" }],
              "question": "Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?",
              "id": "572843933acd2414000df805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "19" }],
              "question": "How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?",
              "id": "572843933acd2414000df803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "within two hours" }],
              "question": "How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?",
              "id": "572843933acd2414000df807"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or \"AUMF\" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?",
              "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?",
              "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 735,
                  "text": "section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?",
              "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "1973" }],
              "question": "When was the War Powers Resolution passed?",
              "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164865"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "October 2001" }],
              "question": "When did the US invade Afghanistan?",
              "id": "572844774b864d190016486a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "UK and coalition allies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?",
              "id": "572844774b864d190016486b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "oust the Taliban regime" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?",
              "id": "572844774b864d190016486c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "7 October 2001" }],
              "question": "When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?",
              "id": "572844774b864d190016486d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?",
              "id": "572844774b864d190016486e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "western Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?",
              "id": "572844f92ca10214002da210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "southern and eastern" }
              ],
              "question": "In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?",
              "id": "572844f92ca10214002da211"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "Operation Moshtarak" }
              ],
              "question": "What operation began in Feb 2010?",
              "id": "572844f92ca10214002da212"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "southern Afghanistan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?",
              "id": "572844f92ca10214002da213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 661, "text": "September 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?",
              "id": "572844f92ca10214002da214"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called \"Operation Smiles\". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a \"Hearts and Minds\" program. Joint Special Operations Task Force \u2013 Philippines disbanded in June 2014, ending a 14-year mission. After JSOTF-P disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name \"PACOM Augmentation Team\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Philippines" }],
              "question": "Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?",
              "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "combating Filipino Islamist groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?",
              "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Abu Sayyaf" }],
              "question": "What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?",
              "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Operation Smiles" }],
              "question": "What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?",
              "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 471,
                  "text": "provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?",
              "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 September 2009, U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has confirmed the death of \"sheik commander\" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants. Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?",
              "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da09e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "near the Somali village of Baarawe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?",
              "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da09f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "French" }],
              "question": "What country's ships did some witnesses say were involved in the Baarawe attack?",
              "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Al-Shabaab" }],
              "question": "What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda?",
              "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "Kenyan" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan?",
              "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "January 2012" }],
              "question": "When did a Mali conflict begin?",
              "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df853"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "al-Qaeda" }],
              "question": "What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?",
              "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df854"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "January 2013" }],
              "question": "When did France provide troops in Mali?",
              "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Operation Serval" }],
              "question": "What did France call its Mali operation?",
              "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Operation Serval's goal?",
              "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df857"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population\u2014both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War\u2014in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of \"unconditional cooperation\" in weapons inspections.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When did the first Gulf War begin?",
              "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the first Gulf War end?",
              "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164895"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?",
              "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "northern" }],
              "question": "Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?",
              "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?",
              "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164898"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "21 March 2003" }],
              "question": "When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?",
              "id": "572847174b864d190016489e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "British, American and Polish" }
              ],
              "question": "Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?",
              "id": "572847174b864d190016489f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "April 2003" }],
              "question": "When did the US capture Baghdad?",
              "id": "572847174b864d19001648a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "1 May 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?",
              "id": "572847174b864d19001648a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "Ba'ath" }],
              "question": "What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?",
              "id": "572847174b864d19001648a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict. Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization. Many analysts[who?] believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Syrian" }],
              "question": "Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?",
              "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?",
              "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "western" }],
              "question": "What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?",
              "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 565, "text": "Al Qaeda's core organization" }
              ],
              "question": "Who denounced ISIS?",
              "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 798, "text": "competition" }],
              "question": "What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?",
              "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress. The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated \"Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy\". Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria. On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "10 August 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?",
              "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?",
              "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "10 September 2014" }],
              "question": "When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?",
              "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 865,
                  "text": "the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?",
              "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 969, "text": "Syria" }],
              "question": "Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?",
              "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df877"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had \"war-gamed\" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "Pervez Musharraf" }],
              "question": "Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?",
              "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?",
              "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "Operation Enduring Freedom" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?",
              "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Colin Powell" }],
              "question": "Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001?",
              "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "Musharraf" }],
              "question": "Who said he had 'war-gamed' the US?",
              "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, \"the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "12 January 2002" }],
              "question": "When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?",
              "id": "572849242ca10214002da246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Musharraf say he'd combat?",
              "id": "572849242ca10214002da247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "militant organizations" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Musharraf ban?",
              "id": "572849242ca10214002da248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "foreign influence" }],
              "question": "What did Musharraf say his ban wasn't influenced by?",
              "id": "572849242ca10214002da249"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January. Later that year, the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?",
              "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da24e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "Jaish-e-Mohammed" }],
              "question": "What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?",
              "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da24f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "Lashkar-e-Taiba" }],
              "question": "What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?",
              "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da250"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Saudi" }],
              "question": "What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah?",
              "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da251"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 822, "text": "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" }
              ],
              "question": "Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured?",
              "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da252"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "drones" }],
              "question": "What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?",
              "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "the Central Intelligence Agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?",
              "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?",
              "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Global War on Terror" }
              ],
              "question": "Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?",
              "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Osama bin Laden" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?",
              "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Donald Rumsfeld" }],
              "question": "Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?",
              "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Al-Qaeda" }],
              "question": "Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?",
              "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "Special Air Service and Delta Force"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?",
              "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 934, "text": "Fazlur Rehman Khalil" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?",
              "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da108"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda. Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda. On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "Ilyas Kashmiri" }],
              "question": "Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?",
              "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?",
              "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 372, "text": "Kashmiri militants" }
              ],
              "question": "After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?",
              "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "Hizbul Mujahideen" }],
              "question": "What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from?",
              "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012?",
              "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, \"EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.\" NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?",
              "id": "57284b682ca10214002da25e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "22 November 2002" }],
              "question": "When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?",
              "id": "57284b682ca10214002da25f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "the Mediterranean Sea" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002?",
              "id": "57284b682ca10214002da260"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 619, "text": "Operation Active Endeavour" }
              ],
              "question": "What was NATO's operation in the Mediterranean called?",
              "id": "57284b682ca10214002da261"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the \"coalition of the willing\" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "the \"coalition of the willing\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?",
              "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Which country disavowed the Taliban?",
              "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "tens of thousands" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?",
              "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "North-West" }],
              "question": "Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?",
              "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "northern tribal areas" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?",
              "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da120"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?",
              "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "Australia, Canada and the Netherlands"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?",
              "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Canada send initially?",
              "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 306, "text": "240" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Australia send initially?",
              "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "1,400" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?",
              "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "Department of Homeland Security"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?",
              "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da12e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "November 2002" }],
              "question": "When was the DHS created?",
              "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da12f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "the Department of Defense" }
              ],
              "question": "What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?",
              "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da130"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "domestic efforts to prevent future attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the DHS focus on?",
              "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da131"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "October 2001" }],
              "question": "When was the Patriot Act passed?",
              "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?",
              "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?",
              "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 618, "text": "to include domestic terrorism" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?",
              "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 908, "text": "The New York Times" }
              ],
              "question": "Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?",
              "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "30 July 2003" }],
              "question": "When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?",
              "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da13e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?",
              "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da13f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "a person's business, bookstore, and library records"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?",
              "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 693,
                  "text": "governing bodies in a number of communities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?",
              "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name \"National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism\", which stated that it constituted the \"comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Resolution 1624" }],
              "question": "What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?",
              "id": "57284e682ca10214002da274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "the United States and Israel" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?",
              "id": "57284e682ca10214002da275"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What plan did the DoD release in 2005?",
              "id": "57284e682ca10214002da276"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "international human rights laws"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?",
              "id": "57284e682ca10214002da277"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a \"war\" against \"terrorism\" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "War on Terror" }],
              "question": "What phrase has been called a misnomer?",
              "id": "57284ec24b864d190016491e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?",
              "id": "57284ec24b864d190016491f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "War on Drugs" }],
              "question": "Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?",
              "id": "57284ec24b864d1900164920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?",
              "id": "57284ec24b864d1900164921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that \"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a \"war on terror\", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West. There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "\"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?",
              "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?",
              "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Shirley Williams" }],
              "question": "Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?",
              "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "media" }],
              "question": "What fed US hysteria about terrorism?",
              "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "damaged" }],
              "question": "What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?",
              "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ed"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Labour_Party_(UK)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Carwyn Jones" }],
              "question": "Who runs the Welsh Assembly?",
              "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "The Labour Party" }],
              "question": "What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?",
              "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "twenty" }],
              "question": "How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?",
              "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?",
              "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib\u2013Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "late 19th century" }],
              "question": "About when did the Labour Parry start?",
              "id": "572840802ca10214002da194"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "1870" }],
              "question": "when was george odger elected?",
              "id": "572840802ca10214002da195"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations \u2014 trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1899" }],
              "question": "What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?",
              "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Doncaster" }],
              "question": "Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?",
              "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "Memorial Hall" }],
              "question": "WHere was the proposed conference held?",
              "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish \"a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour.\" This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 \"Khaki election\" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to \u00a333. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "129" }],
              "question": "How many delegates passed the motion?",
              "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Ramsay MacDonald" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Secretary?",
              "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 889, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?",
              "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay \u00a323,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Taff Vale Case" }],
              "question": "What boosted support in 1901?",
              "id": "572849043acd2414000df88f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "a dispute between strikers and a railway company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Taft Vale Case?",
              "id": "572849043acd2414000df890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "made strikes illegal" }
              ],
              "question": "From this case, what happened?",
              "id": "572849043acd2414000df891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "\u00a323,000" }],
              "question": "How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?",
              "id": "572849043acd2414000df892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name \"The Labour Party\" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Liberal Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?",
              "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Keir Hardie" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?",
              "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "one vote" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?",
              "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "David Shackleton" }],
              "question": "Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?",
              "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "42" }],
              "question": "How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?",
              "id": "572852394b864d1900164942"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "Trade Disputes Act" }
              ],
              "question": "Who passed the Osborne judgment?",
              "id": "572852394b864d1900164943"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?",
              "id": "572852394b864d1900164944"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "between 1921 and 1923" }
              ],
              "question": "WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?",
              "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "142" }],
              "question": "HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?",
              "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "Ramsay MacDonald" }],
              "question": "Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?",
              "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?",
              "id": "572863cb3acd2414000df98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "191" }],
              "question": "How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?",
              "id": "572863cb3acd2414000df990"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote\u2014which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "When was the Zinoviev letter published?",
              "id": "572867b23acd2414000df9ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "nine months" }],
              "question": "After how long did the government collapse?",
              "id": "572867b23acd2414000df9ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a \"National Government\" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?",
              "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "he and his supporters were promptly expelled"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?",
              "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 712, "text": "National Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who won the 1931 election?",
              "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?",
              "id": "57286d4b4b864d19001649dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "a single vote" }],
              "question": "How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?",
              "id": "57286d4b4b864d19001649dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978\u201379 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the \"Winter of Discontent\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?",
              "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "lorry drivers" }],
              "question": "Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?",
              "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "higher pay" }],
              "question": "Why were they striking?",
              "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 563, "text": "Winter of Discontent" }
              ],
              "question": "What was this strike called?",
              "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When was the Labout party defeated?",
              "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1980" }],
              "question": "What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?",
              "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "Social Democratic Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?",
              "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 826, "text": "widen the voting franchise" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the electoral college introduced?",
              "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984\u201385 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Neil Kinnock" }],
              "question": "Who was Foot replaced by?",
              "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Roy Hattersley" }],
              "question": "Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?",
              "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1984\u201385" }],
              "question": "What years were the miners strike?",
              "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Arthur Scargill" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?",
              "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party. However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government. On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "258" }],
              "question": "How many seats did Labour win in 2010?",
              "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "307" }],
              "question": "How many seats did the Conservatives win?",
              "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "10 May 2010" }],
              "question": "WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?",
              "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a \"cash for peerages\" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over \u00a33 million in donations and were \u00a317 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' \u00a36 million in donations and \u00a312 million in debt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "\u00a33 million" }],
              "question": "How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?",
              "id": "572875602ca10214002da388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "\u00a317 million" }],
              "question": "How far was the party in debt for the same time period?",
              "id": "572875602ca10214002da389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "\u00a312 million" }],
              "question": "How far was the Conservative party in debt?",
              "id": "572875602ca10214002da38a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?",
              "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da38e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "Liberal Democrats" }],
              "question": "What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?",
              "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da38f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "activists and the two MPs who supported the group."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the NEC expel ",
              "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da390"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The \"yo yo\" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme \"It's Time for a Change\", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 \"Poll of Polls\" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "What year did Kinnock call for a general election?",
              "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "\"It's Time for a Change\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kinnocks party theme?",
              "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What was the original Tory lead percentage?",
              "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 674, "text": "8%" }],
              "question": "What did the percentage fall to?",
              "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as \"modernisers\", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called \"OMOV\" \u2014 but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "John Smith" }],
              "question": "Who replaced Kinnock?",
              "id": "572876a82ca10214002da394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "When did Smith change the party's rules?",
              "id": "572876a82ca10214002da395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "one member, one vote" }
              ],
              "question": "What does OMOV stand for?",
              "id": "572876a82ca10214002da396"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "September 1992" }],
              "question": "WHen was Black Wednesday?",
              "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "economic disaster" }],
              "question": "What was Black Wednesday?",
              "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "April 1993" }],
              "question": "When was the recession declared over?",
              "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "May 1994" }],
              "question": "When did Smith die?",
              "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "a heart attack" }],
              "question": "What did Smith die of?",
              "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"New Labour\" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. \"New Labour\" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as \"Old Labour\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "\"New Labour\"" }],
              "question": "What was the other name for the Labout Party?",
              "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da264"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was this branding first used?",
              "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da265"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?",
              "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da266"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "New Labour, New Life For Britain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was this manifesto called?",
              "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da267"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "President George W. Bush" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Tony Blair side with?",
              "id": "572878562ca10214002da39a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "the Iraq War" }],
              "question": "Why did Blair side with Bush?",
              "id": "572878562ca10214002da39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "Sir John Chilcot" }],
              "question": "Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?",
              "id": "572878562ca10214002da39c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "deeply unpopular" }],
              "question": "Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?",
              "id": "572878562ca10214002da39d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "September 2006" }],
              "question": "When did Blair announce he was quitting?",
              "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "May 2007" }],
              "question": "When were the next elections?",
              "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "Scottish National Party" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Labour lose power in the election to?",
              "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "his Chancellor, Gordon Brown" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Blair replaced by?",
              "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1003, "text": "156,205" }],
              "question": "What was the party membership at the end of 2009?",
              "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ae"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Estonia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Estonia (i/\u025b\u02c8sto\u028ani\u0259/; Estonian: Eesti [\u02c8e\u02d0sti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Republic of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the official name for Estonia?",
              "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "the Baltic region" }],
              "question": "Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?",
              "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "the Gulf of Finland" }
              ],
              "question": "What borders the north of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "the Baltic Sea" }],
              "question": "What body of water borders Estonia on the west?",
              "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da017"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Latvia" }],
              "question": "What country borders south Estonia?",
              "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da018"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "the period of national awakening"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?",
              "id": "572842434b864d1900164823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "the Russian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in control during the national awakening?",
              "id": "572842434b864d1900164824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "Danish, Swedish and German rule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?",
              "id": "572842434b864d1900164822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "What year was the Republic of Estonia established?",
              "id": "572842434b864d1900164825"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "World War I" }],
              "question": "What war ended as Estonia was born?",
              "id": "572842434b864d1900164826"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "high-income economy and high living standards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?",
              "id": "572843282ca10214002da1d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 112, "text": "the Human Development Index" }
              ],
              "question": "What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?",
              "id": "572843282ca10214002da1d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Estonia" }],
              "question": "What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?",
              "id": "572843282ca10214002da1da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?",
              "id": "572843282ca10214002da1db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "the Nordic Investment Bank" }
              ],
              "question": "What financial institution is associated with Estonia?",
              "id": "572843282ca10214002da1dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, L\u00e4\u00e4nemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, M\u00f5hu, Nurmekund, J\u00e4rvamaa and Virumaa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "first centuries AD" }],
              "question": "When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "kihelkond" }],
              "question": "What subdivision was associated with the province?",
              "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "maakond" }],
              "question": "What subdivision was associated with the land?",
              "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "fortress" }],
              "question": "What type of structure did most provinces have?",
              "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da055"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "The king or other highest administrative official elder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the defense of an area?",
              "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da056"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: \u00d8sel; German: \u00d6sel; Swedish: \u00d6sel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as V\u00edkingr fr\u00e1 Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oeselians" }],
              "question": "Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?",
              "id": "572844b64b864d1900164874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "the Baltic Sea" }],
              "question": "Where is Saaremaa located?",
              "id": "572844b64b864d1900164875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "Ptolemy's Geography III" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?",
              "id": "572844b64b864d1900164876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 473, "text": "Henry of Latvia" }],
              "question": "Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?",
              "id": "572844b64b864d1900164877"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "1187" }],
              "question": "What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?",
              "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 86, "text": "the Swedish town of Sigtuna" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?",
              "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 199, "text": "Swedish archbishop Johannes" }
              ],
              "question": "What important figure was killed in the raid?",
              "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 472, "text": "the piratica and the liburna" }
              ],
              "question": "What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?",
              "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "merchant ship" }],
              "question": "What type of ship was the liburna?",
              "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df833"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, help!\"/\"Thor, help!\" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or \"Taara keeper\"/\"Thor keeper\" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 \u00b1 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Tharapita" }],
              "question": "What god did the Oeselians worship?",
              "id": "572846033acd2414000df843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Henry of Latvia" }],
              "question": "Who described Tharapita?",
              "id": "572846033acd2414000df844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "on a forested mountain in Virumaa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?",
              "id": "572846033acd2414000df845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Thor" }],
              "question": "What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?",
              "id": "572846033acd2414000df846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "meteor disaster" }],
              "question": "What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?",
              "id": "572846033acd2414000df847"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugd\u00f8mmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted L\u00fcbeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Reval" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of Danish Estonia?",
              "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "the invasion of 1219" }
              ],
              "question": "What event preceded the founding of the capital?",
              "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da225"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "the fortress of Castrum Danorum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What structure was built at Toompea Hill?",
              "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da226"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 378, "text": "1248" }],
              "question": "What year was Reval granted with L\u00fcbeck city rights?",
              "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da227"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On St. George's Night (Estonian: J\u00fcri\u00f6\u00f6 \u00fclest\u00f5us) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of \u00d6sel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 K\u00f6ln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "23 April 1343" }],
              "question": "What is the date of St. George's Night?",
              "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "St. George's Night" }],
              "question": "When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?",
              "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "the non-indigenous Christian religion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? ",
              "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "the invasion of the Teutonic Order."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event ended the uprising?",
              "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 696, "text": "1 November 1346" }],
              "question": "What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?",
              "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "2 February 1207" }],
              "question": "When was Terra Mariana established?",
              "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "1237" }],
              "question": "What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?",
              "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "1346" }],
              "question": "What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?",
              "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "German rule" }],
              "question": "Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?",
              "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558\u201382). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250\u2013300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120\u2013140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "1410" }],
              "question": "When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?",
              "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "the Battle of Grunwald" }
              ],
              "question": "What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?",
              "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "the Livonian Order" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?",
              "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1 September 1435" }],
              "question": "What is date of the Battle of Swienta?",
              "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "4 December 1435" }],
              "question": "When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?",
              "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483\u20131546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (P\u00e4rnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "1517" }],
              "question": "When did the The Reformation in Europe start?",
              "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "Martin Luther" }],
              "question": "Who led the The Reformation in Europe?",
              "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "1546" }],
              "question": "What was the year of Martin Luther's death?",
              "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "Language, education, religion and politics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of society did the Reformation change?",
              "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "What was the previous language of the church?",
              "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "serfdom" }],
              "question": "What form of servitude was eliminated?",
              "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?",
              "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 397, "text": "the Age of Awakening" }
              ],
              "question": "The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?",
              "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 458,
                  "text": "Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?",
              "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. On 16 June, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on 17 June 1940 to avoid bloodshed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?",
              "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "14 June" }],
              "question": "When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?",
              "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Kaleva" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Helsinki" }],
              "question": "Where was the destination of Kaleva?",
              "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei M\u00e4nnikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the Estonian government" }
              ],
              "question": "Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?",
              "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "the Red Army" }],
              "question": "Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?",
              "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?",
              "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "21 June" }],
              "question": "When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month. Additionally those who had failed to do their \"political duty\" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals. The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940\u20131941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "6 August 1940" }],
              "question": "What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "the Soviet Union" }],
              "question": "Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?",
              "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "the Estonian constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?",
              "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "elections" }],
              "question": "What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the P\u00e4rnu River \u2013 Emaj\u00f5gi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "22 June 1941" }],
              "question": "What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da59e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "7 July" }],
              "question": "When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da59f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the P\u00e4rnu River" }
              ],
              "question": "What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?",
              "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da5a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "12 July" }],
              "question": "When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?",
              "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da5a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "22 June 1941" }],
              "question": "When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?",
              "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "7 July" }],
              "question": "When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "the Estonian Forest Brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "liberators" }],
              "question": "What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?",
              "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "the USSR" }],
              "question": "Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?",
              "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "the country's independence" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?",
              "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 272, "text": "Estonia's resources" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?",
              "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the Finnish Army" }],
              "question": "Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?",
              "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "the Nazis" }],
              "question": "Who was the Finnish Army allied with?",
              "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Estonian volunteers in Finland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?",
              "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?",
              "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree \"on the expulsion and deportation\" from Baltic states of \"all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists\", and others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "tens of thousands" }],
              "question": "How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?",
              "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Finland or Sweden" }],
              "question": "Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?",
              "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "the SS Walnut" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?",
              "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "12 January 1949" }],
              "question": "What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?",
              "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c4b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940\u201341 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians. This conflict continued into the early 1950s. Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighbouring Finland and Sweden.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Half the deported perished" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?",
              "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "the early 1960s" }],
              "question": "When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?",
              "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Stalin's death" }],
              "question": "What event led to the return of Estonians back home?",
              "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the Forest Brothers" }
              ],
              "question": "Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared \"border zones\". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Militarization" }],
              "question": "What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?",
              "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 210, "text": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa" }
              ],
              "question": "What sea islands were declared border zones?",
              "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "permit" }],
              "question": "What document did people need to travel to the border zones?",
              "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "A notable closed military installation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was established in the city of Paldiski?",
              "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987\u20131989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 83, "text": "the annexation of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?",
              "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da620"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "diplomatic relations" }
              ],
              "question": "What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da621"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "the Estonian SSR" }],
              "question": "What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?",
              "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da622"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "1980s" }],
              "question": "What decade started the push for Estonian independence?",
              "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da623"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year did the Singing Revolution occur?",
              "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "independence" }],
              "question": "What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?",
              "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da629"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "more than two million people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?",
              "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da62a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "the Baltic Way" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the human chain?",
              "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da62b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to some 2,300 square kilometres (888 sq mi), was incorporated into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II. For this reason the borders between Estonia and Russia are still not defined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "267 kilometers" }],
              "question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?",
              "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "290 kilometers" }],
              "question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?",
              "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3\u00b0 and 59.5\u00b0 N and 21.5\u00b0 and 28.1\u00b0 E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munam\u00e4gi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "the Baltic Sea" }],
              "question": "What body of water borders Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 253, "text": "50 metres (164 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average elevation of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "the Suur Munam\u00e4gi" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Estonia's highest mountain point?",
              "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "318 metres (1,043 ft)" }
              ],
              "question": "How tall is the the Suur Munam\u00e4gi?",
              "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 \u00b0C (64.6 \u00b0F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from \u22123.5 \u00b0C (25.7 \u00b0F) on the Baltic islands to \u22127.6 \u00b0C (18.3 \u00b0F) inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 \u00b0C (41.4 \u00b0F). The average precipitation in 1961\u20131990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm (21.1 to 28.6 in) per year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "northern part" }],
              "question": "What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?",
              "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da53e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "near-equal length" }],
              "question": "What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?",
              "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da53f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?",
              "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "What is the warmest month in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da541"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of V\u00f5ru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "A maakond" }],
              "question": "What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Maavalitsus" }],
              "question": "What is the county government in Estonia called?",
              "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "county governor" }],
              "question": "A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "Maavanem" }],
              "question": "Who represents the national government on a local level?",
              "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi R\u00f5ivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "the Prime Minister of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the leader of Estonia's government?",
              "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "a multi-party system" }
              ],
              "question": "What political structure aids the Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Northern Europe" }],
              "question": "The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?",
              "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Andrus Ansip" }],
              "question": "Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Parliament of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?",
              "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "1992" }],
              "question": "What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?",
              "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "101 members" }],
              "question": "How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?",
              "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "ratify and denounce international treaties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?",
              "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Riigikogu" }],
              "question": "Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "the Riigikogu" }],
              "question": "Who does the government have to explain their actions to?",
              "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "activities of the executive power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?",
              "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio \u2014 they don't have a ministry to control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "the Prime Minister of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "parliament" }],
              "question": "Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?",
              "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da593"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "twelve" }],
              "question": "How many ministers serve in the government?",
              "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da594"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "The Prime Minister" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has the ability to assign other ministers?",
              "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da595"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?",
              "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "the cabinet" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the governing body of ministers?",
              "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "domestic and foreign policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What strategy does the cabinet execute?",
              "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "everything occurring within the authority of executive power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?",
              "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Internet voting" }],
              "question": "What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?",
              "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?",
              "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?",
              "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "30,275" }],
              "question": "In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?",
              "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "the Constitution of Estonia" }
              ],
              "question": "What document declares supreme power for the people?",
              "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "the Supreme Court or Riigikohus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "nineteen" }],
              "question": "How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?",
              "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many years does the Chief justice serve?",
              "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "22 September 1921" }],
              "question": "What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?",
              "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "17 September 1991" }],
              "question": "What date did Estonia join the United Nations?",
              "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "29 March 2004" }],
              "question": "What date did Estonia join NATO?",
              "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "1 May 2004" }],
              "question": "What date did Estonia join the European Union?",
              "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "close co-operation" }],
              "question": "What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?",
              "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "accession into NATO and the European Union"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the most important foreign policy priorities?",
              "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "deterioration in relations with Russia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?",
              "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and P\u00e4rnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Latvia and Lithuania" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?",
              "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "The Baltic Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?",
              "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Nordic-Baltic Eight" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?",
              "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?",
              "id": "5728be824b864d1900164d41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled \"Estonia as a Nordic Country\" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called \"Estonia: Nordic with a Twist\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "closer ties with the Nordic countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?",
              "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "December 1999" }],
              "question": "When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?",
              "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "Toomas Hendrik Ilves" }
              ],
              "question": "Who expressed a speech called \"Estonia as a Nordic Country\"?",
              "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?",
              "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the Nordic countries and their Nordic model, and indeed from many other European countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?",
              "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "the Nordic Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?",
              "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "92%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?",
              "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "42%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?",
              "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsev\u00e4gi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maav\u00e4gi (Army), Merev\u00e4gi (Navy), \u00d5huv\u00e4gi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Maav\u00e4gi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Army?",
              "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "Merev\u00e4gi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Navy?",
              "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da702"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "\u00d5huv\u00e4gi" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?",
              "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da703"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "the Estonian Defence Forces" }
              ],
              "question": "What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?",
              "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da700"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "Latvia and Lithuania" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?",
              "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "the Baltic Defence College" }
              ],
              "question": "What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?",
              "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "Tartu" }],
              "question": "Where is the Baltic Defence College located?",
              "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "January 2011" }],
              "question": "When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?",
              "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfdaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?",
              "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?",
              "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "massive cyberattacks" }
              ],
              "question": "What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?",
              "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?",
              "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "the World Bank" }],
              "question": "What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?",
              "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "$28,781" }],
              "question": "What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?",
              "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "Slovak Republic and Lithuania" }
              ],
              "question": "What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?",
              "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?",
              "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "75%" }],
              "question": "How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?",
              "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "about 85%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?",
              "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "wood, peat, and biomass" }
              ],
              "question": "What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?",
              "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?",
              "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did the global economic recession start?",
              "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "global economic recession" }
              ],
              "question": "What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?",
              "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Riigikogu" }],
              "question": "Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?",
              "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?",
              "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1\u20132.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "the gateway between East and West"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?",
              "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?",
              "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Milton Friedman" }],
              "question": "Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?",
              "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "a uniform rate of 26%" }
              ],
              "question": "What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?",
              "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1999" }],
              "question": "What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?",
              "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?",
              "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "the 1998 Russian financial crisis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?",
              "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "November 1999" }],
              "question": "When did Estonia unite with the WTO?",
              "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da783"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?",
              "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "renewable energy sources" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?",
              "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "wind power" }],
              "question": "What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "nearly 60 MW" }],
              "question": "What is total amount of energy production from wind power?",
              "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Eastern" }],
              "question": "In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?",
              "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "Scandinavian markets" }
              ],
              "question": "Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?",
              "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "highly skilled" }],
              "question": "What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?",
              "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Tallinn" }],
              "question": "What is the largest city in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?",
              "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "export-generating industries" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?",
              "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 559, "text": "200 million kilowatt hours" }
              ],
              "question": "How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?",
              "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "1.562 billion kilowatt hours" }
              ],
              "question": "How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?",
              "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?",
              "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?",
              "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?",
              "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1945 and 1989" }
              ],
              "question": "What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?",
              "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?",
              "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Joseph Stalin" }],
              "question": "Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?",
              "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "1989" }],
              "question": "What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?",
              "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia \u2013 administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "a national catastrophe" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?",
              "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 470, "text": "Russian military bases" }
              ],
              "question": "What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?",
              "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "69%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?",
              "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Thirteen" }],
              "question": "What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?",
              "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many counties are in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Hiiumaa" }],
              "question": "Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?",
              "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "98.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?",
              "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "25.6%" }],
              "question": "What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?",
              "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "1925" }],
              "question": "What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?",
              "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?",
              "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "more than 3,000 people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?",
              "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Germans and Jewish minorities" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?",
              "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called \"extremely credible\" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity \u2013 more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\"? ",
              "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?",
              "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "more than half" }],
              "question": "What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?",
              "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da72a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonia's constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?",
              "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da738"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "separation of church and state" }
              ],
              "question": "Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?",
              "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "belief and religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?",
              "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da73a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "75.7%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?",
              "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da73b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Russian minority" }],
              "question": "What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?",
              "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "the Russian Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?",
              "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?",
              "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Germanic" }],
              "question": "What language does Estonian share similar words with?",
              "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "nearly one third" }],
              "question": "What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?",
              "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "High German" }],
              "question": "What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?",
              "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "about 15 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?",
              "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?",
              "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "autonomy" }],
              "question": "What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?",
              "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 965, "text": "Estonian Business School" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest private university in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main science institution in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?",
              "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "the late 1950s" }],
              "question": "What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Tartu and Tallinn" }],
              "question": "What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?",
              "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "liberty and liberalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?",
              "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "free education" }],
              "question": "What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?",
              "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 599, "text": "closeness to nature" }
              ],
              "question": "What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?",
              "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Estonian Academy of Arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What institute provides education in art, design, and media?",
              "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What institute promotes awareness of native culture?",
              "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?",
              "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "245" }],
              "question": "How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?",
              "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluv\u00e4ljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Laulupidu" }],
              "question": "What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?",
              "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "1869" }],
              "question": "What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?",
              "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "about 100,000 people" }
              ],
              "question": "How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?",
              "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Laulupidu usually take place?",
              "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "every five years in July" }
              ],
              "question": "When does Laulupidu occur?",
              "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song \"Everybody\" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. \"R\u00e4ndajad\" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "2001" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?",
              "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da904"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?",
              "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da906"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "Tanel Padar and Dave Benton" }
              ],
              "question": "Who performed the song \"Everybody\"?",
              "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da905"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Maarja-Liis Ilus" }],
              "question": "What performer has represented Estonia two different times?",
              "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "\"R\u00e4ndajad\" by Urban Symphony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?",
              "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da908"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "the Northern Crusades" }
              ],
              "question": "What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?",
              "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "Germany, Sweden, and Russia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?",
              "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "the 13th century" }],
              "question": "What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?",
              "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 476, "text": "The Liber Census Daniae" }
              ],
              "question": "What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?",
              "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are T\u00f5nu \u00d5nnepalu and Andrus Kivir\u00e4hk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oskar Luts" }],
              "question": "Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?",
              "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Kevade" }],
              "question": "What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?",
              "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Truth and Justice" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?",
              "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 166, "text": "Anton Hansen Tammsaare" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?",
              "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f47"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Tallinn" }],
              "question": "Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?",
              "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "pre-Christian times" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?",
              "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "castles and churches" }
              ],
              "question": "What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?",
              "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh \u2013 berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "seasons and simple peasant food"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?",
              "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most common foods in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "berries, herbs, vegetables" }
              ],
              "question": "What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?",
              "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Hunting and fishing" }
              ],
              "question": "What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?",
              "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sport" }],
              "question": "What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?",
              "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da96e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?",
              "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da96f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "the 1920 Summer Olympics" }
              ],
              "question": "What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?",
              "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "1940" }],
              "question": "What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?",
              "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da971"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Tallinn" }],
              "question": "What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?",
              "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da972"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu \u00dclikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics",
              "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?",
              "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "BC Kalev/Cramo" }],
              "question": "Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?",
              "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "Tartu \u00dclikool/Rock" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?",
              "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Six" }],
              "question": "How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?",
              "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da990"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as \"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", or according to region, \"Bosnian\", \"Serbian\" and \"Croatian\", the latter often in combination with \"Slavonian\" or \"Dalmatian\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?",
              "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "population migrations" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?",
              "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "western Balkans" }],
              "question": "In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?",
              "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 472, "text": "religion" }],
              "question": "What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?",
              "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "language" }],
              "question": "What is \"Illyrian?\"",
              "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "\"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", or according to region, \"Bosnian\", \"Serbian\" and \"Croatian\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?",
              "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?",
              "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "population migrations" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? ",
              "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called \"Serbo-Croato-Slovenian\"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "mid-19th-century" }],
              "question": "In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?",
              "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Vienna Literary Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 337, "text": "Eastern Herzegovinian" }
              ],
              "question": "What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?",
              "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?",
              "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "Bosnian" }],
              "question": "Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df881"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?",
              "id": "572976773f37b3190047843b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "Serbo-Croatian" }],
              "question": "Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?",
              "id": "572976773f37b3190047843c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 988,
                  "text": "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?",
              "id": "572976773f37b3190047843d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject\u2013verb\u2013object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "simple" }],
              "question": "What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?",
              "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?",
              "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?",
              "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "pro-drop" }],
              "question": "What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "Serbian Cyrillic" }],
              "question": "Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?",
              "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?",
              "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478451"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "twenty-five" }],
              "question": "How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?",
              "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478452"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Common Slavic" }],
              "question": "From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?",
              "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?",
              "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478454"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called \"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, \"Bosnian\", \"Croatian\", and \"Serbian\" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozovi\u0107 advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (\u2018Bosnian\u2019 and \u2018Montenegrin\u2019). Today, use of the term \"Serbo-Croatian\" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "1824" }],
              "question": "When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?",
              "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Jernej Kopitar" }],
              "question": "Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "Austrian" }],
              "question": "Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?",
              "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 983, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as \"Bosnian\"?",
              "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1760, "text": "Hague War Crimes tribunal" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?",
              "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "independently" }],
              "question": "Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?",
              "id": "572985b41d0469140077950b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "\"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?",
              "id": "572985b41d0469140077950c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Jacob Grimm" }],
              "question": "Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?",
              "id": "572985b41d0469140077950d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1525,
                  "text": "prejudice that nation and language must match"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason is the term \"Serbo-Croatian\" controversial today?",
              "id": "572985b41d0469140077950e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and \u0110uro Dani\u010di\u0107), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karad\u017ei\u0107 standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Dani\u010di\u0107 standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called \"Serbo-Croatian\" or \"Serbian or Croatian\" and the Croats \"Croato-Serbian\", or \"Croatian or Serbian\". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or \"Croatian or Serbian\" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called \"Bosnian\" until the death of administrator von K\u00e1llay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to \"Serbo-Croatian\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Shtokavian" }],
              "question": "Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?",
              "id": "57298de23f37b31900478487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "most widespread dialect" }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?",
              "id": "57298de23f37b31900478488"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "Vienna Literary Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?",
              "id": "57298de23f37b31900478489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1287,
                  "text": "administrator von K\u00e1llay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After whose death in 1907 was the \"Bosnian\" name changed to \"Serbo-Creation\"?",
              "id": "57298de23f37b3190047848a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army\u2019s other activities\u2014however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: \"the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1191, "text": "pravopis" }],
              "question": "What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?",
              "id": "572994856aef051400154fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1336, "text": "Serbo-Croatian" }],
              "question": "Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?",
              "id": "572994856aef051400154fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1496, "text": "Serbian" }],
              "question": "Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?",
              "id": "572994856aef051400154fe4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike Russian and, in part, the \u010cakavian dialect). They also have two numbers: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (paucal or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related Slovene) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (\u010detiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "masculine, feminine, and neuter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?",
              "id": "57299518af94a219006aa533"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 706,
                  "text": "in front of the noun they modify"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?",
              "id": "57299518af94a219006aa534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "one [jedan]" }],
              "question": "Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?",
              "id": "57299518af94a219006aa535"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called \"Neoshtokavian retraction\"), but the quality of this new accent was different \u2013 its melody still \"gravitated\" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "\"Neoshtokavian retraction\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?",
              "id": "572996166aef051400154ff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 626,
                  "text": "Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?",
              "id": "572996166aef051400154ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Comparative and historical linguistics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?",
              "id": "572996166aef051400154ff4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs \"lj\", \"nj\" and \"d\u017e\". These digraphs are represented as \"\u013c, \u0144 and \u01f5\" respectively in the \"Rje\u010dnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika\", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "Latin and Cyrillic" }
              ],
              "question": "Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?",
              "id": "572996956aef051400154ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?",
              "id": "572996956aef051400154ff9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?",
              "id": "572996956aef051400154ffa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a dialect continuum?",
              "id": "572996e06aef051400155006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?",
              "id": "572996e06aef051400155007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 432, "text": "urbanization and wars" }
              ],
              "question": "Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?",
              "id": "572996e06aef051400155008"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by \u0160tokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koin\u00e9isation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, \u0160tokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 844, "text": "\u0160tokavian" }],
              "question": "Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?",
              "id": "572997743f37b319004784c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "tense system" }],
              "question": "What is morphology to a language?",
              "id": "572997743f37b319004784c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?",
              "id": "572997743f37b319004784c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107 concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers \"exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish\". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?",
              "id": "572998533f37b319004784cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina."
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?",
              "id": "572998533f37b319004784ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107" }
              ],
              "question": "Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?",
              "id": "572998533f37b319004784cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Enisa Kafadar" }],
              "question": "Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?",
              "id": "572998533f37b319004784d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107 has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Knji\u017eevna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandi\u0107 states: \"During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (\u2026) in 21st-century Croatian culture\". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "majority" }],
              "question": "Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?",
              "id": "572999813f37b319004784e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "Igor Mandi\u0107" }],
              "question": "Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the \"longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?\"",
              "id": "572999813f37b319004784e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "Croatian linguist Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?",
              "id": "572999813f37b319004784e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Italian or Slavic" }],
              "question": "Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?",
              "id": "572a0b606aef0514001551fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "Old Croatian" }],
              "question": "Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?",
              "id": "572a0b606aef0514001551ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 327,
                  "text": "two languages were not distinguished by most speakers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?",
              "id": "572a0b606aef051400155200"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the \u0160tokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as \"Slovin\" and \"Illyrian\" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat \u2013 these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagi\u0107 pointed out in 1864:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "Catholic Christendom" }
              ],
              "question": "To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?",
              "id": "572a0e246aef05140015520e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "Croatian" }],
              "question": "After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?",
              "id": "572a0e246aef05140015520f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 925, "text": "Macedonian or Greek" }
              ],
              "question": "Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?",
              "id": "572a0e246aef051400155210"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the \"Missal of Duke Novak\" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), \"Evangel from Reims\" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "572a0e601d04691400779711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "the town of its final destination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what was \"Evangel from Reims\" named?",
              "id": "572a0e601d04691400779712"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "(1483)" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?",
              "id": "572a0e601d04691400779713"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: \"Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)\". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babi\u0107 complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet\u2014 which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babi\u0107 further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rje\u010dnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication\u2019s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Novi Sad Agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?",
              "id": "572a0efb3f37b31900478679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "equal status" }],
              "question": "On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?",
              "id": "572a0efb3f37b3190047867a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?",
              "id": "572a0efb3f37b3190047867b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some \u0160tokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in \u010cakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects \"compensate\" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "imperfective" }],
              "question": "Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?",
              "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "perfective or imperfective" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?",
              "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?",
              "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix pr\u011b- (\"trans-, over-\") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- (\"approach, come close to\"). For verbs that had -\u011bti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -\u011bl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neo\u0161tokavian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "-io" }],
              "question": "To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?",
              "id": "572a0fec3f37b31900478689"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "prije" }],
              "question": "What is the western equivalent of the prefix \"pre\"?",
              "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "due to potential ambiguity with pri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled \"pre\"?",
              "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 387, "text": "approach, come close to" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of \"pri\"?",
              "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the other hand, the opinion of Jagi\u0107 from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagi\u0107 says \"Croatian\", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Re\u0161etar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: \"The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "(Illyrian)" }],
              "question": "All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?",
              "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa797"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "Milan Re\u0161etar" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?",
              "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Dubrovnik" }],
              "question": "Where was Milan Resetar born?",
              "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 737, "text": "Serbian" }],
              "question": "Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?",
              "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa79a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow \"borrowed\" their standard languages from them.[citation needed] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have \"appropriated\" the Bosnian language, since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 preferred the Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the \u0160tokavian dialect is theirs and the \u010cakavian Croats'\u2014 in more extreme formulations Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language from the Serbs.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?",
              "id": "572a10fe3f37b31900478691"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?",
              "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian" }
              ],
              "question": "Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?",
              "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?",
              "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 818,
                  "text": "Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?",
              "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sand\u017eak, but the \"official recognition\" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as \"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki) rather than \"Bosnian\" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Vojvodina" }],
              "question": "In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?",
              "id": "572a12b41d04691400779735"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "\"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what should the language be referred to instead of \"Bosnian\"?",
              "id": "572a12b41d04691400779736"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "1st and 2nd" }],
              "question": "In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?",
              "id": "572a12b41d04691400779737"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alaska",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Alaska (i/\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6sk\u0259/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "738,432" }],
              "question": "What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?",
              "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Approximately half" }
              ],
              "question": "How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?",
              "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 734, "text": "fishing, natural gas, and oil" }
              ],
              "question": "Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?",
              "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "largest state in the United States by area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?",
              "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "3rd least populous" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?",
              "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "\"the Lower 48\"" }],
              "question": "What are the contiguous states sometimes called?",
              "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "Juneau" }],
              "question": "What is Alaska's capital city?",
              "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "500" }],
              "question": "How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?",
              "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Aleutian Islands" }],
              "question": "Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?",
              "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "Tongass National Forest" }
              ],
              "question": "Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?",
              "id": "57285c163acd2414000df953"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Sitka" }],
              "question": "Which city was Alaska's former capital?",
              "id": "57285c163acd2414000df954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Panhandle or Inside Passage" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the area closest to the continental US called?",
              "id": "57285c163acd2414000df955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Panhandle or Inside Passage" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?",
              "id": "57285c163acd2414000df956"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve\u2013Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The North Slope" }],
              "question": "Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?",
              "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Barrow" }],
              "question": "What is the northernmost city in the US?",
              "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "massive reserves of crude oil" }
              ],
              "question": "What resource is the North Slope known for?",
              "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "nearly 34,000 miles" }
              ],
              "question": "How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?",
              "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Unimak Island" }],
              "question": "On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?",
              "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 746,
                  "text": "actively undergoing continent building"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?",
              "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "most perfect volcanic cone on Earth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?",
              "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "10,000 feet (3,048 m)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?",
              "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?",
              "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?",
              "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "87 million" }],
              "question": "How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?",
              "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "23.8%" }],
              "question": "How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?",
              "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 382,
                  "text": "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?",
              "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities. These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "101 million acres" }],
              "question": "How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?",
              "id": "572861923acd2414000df97f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "101 million acres (41 million hectares)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?",
              "id": "572861923acd2414000df980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "remote and roadless locations" }
              ],
              "question": "Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?",
              "id": "572861923acd2414000df981"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Doyon, Limited" }],
              "question": "Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?",
              "id": "572862bf4b864d1900164968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "hold title (including subsurface title in many cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?",
              "id": "572862bf4b864d1900164969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "repealed before they could take effect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?",
              "id": "572862bf4b864d190016496a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "over 50 in" }],
              "question": "How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?",
              "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "Southeast" }],
              "question": "In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?",
              "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?",
              "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 440, "text": "over 150 in (380 cm)" }
              ],
              "question": "How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?",
              "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?",
              "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "tremendous amount of variety" }
              ],
              "question": "Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?",
              "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "the region around Kotzebue Sound"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?",
              "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?",
              "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Grover Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?",
              "id": "572866543acd2414000df993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 857, "text": "smallpox" }],
              "question": "What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?",
              "id": "572866543acd2414000df995"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "1887" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?",
              "id": "572866543acd2414000df994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "the Haida" }],
              "question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?",
              "id": "572866543acd2414000df996"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?",
              "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "The North Slope and Little Diomede Island"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?",
              "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Aleut" }],
              "question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?",
              "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764\u20131765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by \"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Semyon Dezhnyov" }],
              "question": "Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?",
              "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "\"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?",
              "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "1764\u20131765" }],
              "question": "During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?",
              "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "gold rushes" }],
              "question": "What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?",
              "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "1912" }],
              "question": "What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?",
              "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "1906" }],
              "question": "In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?",
              "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 496, "text": "fishing and logging" }
              ],
              "question": "Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?",
              "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Norway and Sweden" }],
              "question": "From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "January 3, 1959" }],
              "question": "On what day was Alaska officially named a state?",
              "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?",
              "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Statehood for Alaska" }
              ],
              "question": "What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?",
              "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?",
              "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "July 7, 1958" }],
              "question": "On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?",
              "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbbf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 31, "text": "Good Friday earthquake" }
              ],
              "question": "What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?",
              "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "resultant tsunamis and landslides"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?",
              "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?",
              "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?",
              "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "over one thousand times more powerful"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?",
              "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "at least 20" }],
              "question": "At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?",
              "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two main native Alaskan language families?",
              "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "nearly all" }],
              "question": "How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?",
              "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "2014" }],
              "question": "A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?",
              "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc4a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "34%" }],
              "question": "According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?",
              "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Evangelical Protestants" }
              ],
              "question": "Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 780,
                  "text": "least religious states of the USA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?",
              "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 744, "text": "Washington and Oregon" }
              ],
              "question": "Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?",
              "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "First Russian Orthodox Church" }
              ],
              "question": "Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?",
              "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?",
              "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "Quaker population" }],
              "question": "Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?",
              "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "observance of halakha" }
              ],
              "question": "What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?",
              "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "$40,042" }],
              "question": "What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?",
              "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da596"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "15th in the nation" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?",
              "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da597"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "80%" }],
              "question": "How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?",
              "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da598"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?",
              "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da599"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?",
              "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da87e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Federal subsidies" }],
              "question": "What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?",
              "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da87f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 390,
                  "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of Alaska's industrial products?",
              "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "supporting local lodging" }
              ],
              "question": "How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Texas, North Dakota, and California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?",
              "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da740"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?",
              "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da741"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Prudhoe Bay" }],
              "question": "Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?",
              "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da742"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 500, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?",
              "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "North Dakota's Bakken Formation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?",
              "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da744"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "up to 2.1 million barrels" }
              ],
              "question": "How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?",
              "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 347, "text": "85.4 trillion cubic feet" }
              ],
              "question": "How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?",
              "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 637, "text": "wind and geothermal energy" }
              ],
              "question": "Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?",
              "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "hydroelectric" }],
              "question": "Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?",
              "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30\u201360\u00a2 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?",
              "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da784"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "30\u201360\u00a2 higher" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?",
              "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da785"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?",
              "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da786"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "diesel fuel" }],
              "question": "What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?",
              "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "heating, transportation, electric power and light"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da788"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?",
              "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?",
              "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?",
              "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 296, "text": "Governor Keith Miller" }
              ],
              "question": "Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?",
              "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?",
              "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "discourage" }],
              "question": "Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?",
              "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffa9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?",
              "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "outside Alaska" }],
              "question": "Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?",
              "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "$734,000" }],
              "question": "How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?",
              "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "$50 billion" }],
              "question": "How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?",
              "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 \"Resource Rebate\"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "minimum of 12 months" }
              ],
              "question": "How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?",
              "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?",
              "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?",
              "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "$1,000" }],
              "question": "How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?",
              "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "barley and hay" }],
              "question": "Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?",
              "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 516,
                  "text": "restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?",
              "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Delta Junction area" }
              ],
              "question": "Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?",
              "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from \"Outside\", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as 50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20\u201330\u00a2 higher than the continental United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "shipping costs" }],
              "question": "What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?",
              "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg)" }
              ],
              "question": "How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?",
              "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 979, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?",
              "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 806, "text": "$3.50" }],
              "question": "How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?",
              "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "Juneau, is not accessible by road"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?",
              "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "western part" }],
              "question": "Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?",
              "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "few" }],
              "question": "Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?",
              "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as \"The Railbelt\". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "around 1915" }],
              "question": "What year was the Alaska Railroad built?",
              "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "region served by ARR tracks" }
              ],
              "question": "To what does \"The Railbelt\" refer?",
              "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Alaska Railroad (ARR)" }
              ],
              "question": "Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?",
              "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "cabooses" }],
              "question": "The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?",
              "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "some gravel trains" }
              ],
              "question": "When are cabooses still used occasionally?",
              "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1970s" }],
              "question": "When was the Parks Highway constructed?",
              "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "the Alaska Marine Highway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?",
              "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "The Inter-Island Ferry Authority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?",
              "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9eae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?",
              "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9eaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services\u2014an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two cities are served by major airlines?",
              "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "air travel" }],
              "question": "What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?",
              "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "almost 2 million" }],
              "question": "How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?",
              "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Essential Air Service program" }
              ],
              "question": "Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728fc476aef051400154946"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "Alaska Airlines" }],
              "question": "Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?",
              "id": "5728fc476aef051400154947"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some Alaskan regional hubs?",
              "id": "5728fc476aef051400154948"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?",
              "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Cessna Caravan" }],
              "question": "What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?",
              "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?",
              "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "bush seaplane" }],
              "question": "Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?",
              "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Lake Hood" }],
              "question": "Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?",
              "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Alaska" }],
              "question": "Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?",
              "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?",
              "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The \"Serum Run\" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "dogsled" }],
              "question": "Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?",
              "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race" }
              ],
              "question": "Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?",
              "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "the famous 1925 serum run to Nome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?",
              "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "all other means of transportation had failed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?",
              "id": "57293b9f3f37b31900478140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "\"Serum Run\"" }],
              "question": "Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?",
              "id": "57293b9f3f37b31900478141"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has \"two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 124, "text": "GCI and Alaska Communications" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?",
              "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?",
              "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "$350 million" }],
              "question": "How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?",
              "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "GCI" }],
              "question": "Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?",
              "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "petroleum revenues and federal subsidies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does Alaska finance its state government operations?",
              "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478165"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many states in the US do not have sales tax?",
              "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?",
              "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Alaska" }],
              "question": "Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?",
              "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478168"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Republicans" }],
              "question": "Which political party does Alaska generally support?",
              "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478173"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?",
              "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }],
              "question": "Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?",
              "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 554, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?",
              "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478176"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen \"Non-Partisan\" or \"Undeclared\" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "University of Alaska Fairbanks" }
              ],
              "question": "The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?",
              "id": "57293e123f37b31900478185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?",
              "id": "57293e123f37b31900478186"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "well over half" }],
              "question": "As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?",
              "id": "57293e123f37b31900478187"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?",
              "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478195"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?",
              "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478196"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?",
              "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478197"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city\u2013county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as \"The Bush\" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 97, "text": "census-designated places" }
              ],
              "question": "What are CDPs?",
              "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "355" }],
              "question": "How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?",
              "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "unconnected" }],
              "question": "Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?",
              "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 332, "text": "\"The Bush\"" }],
              "question": "In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?",
              "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since. The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "2.88%" }],
              "question": "In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?",
              "id": "5729436b1d04691400779213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?",
              "id": "5729436b1d04691400779214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?",
              "id": "5729436b1d04691400779215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on \"Public Safety Officers\" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "1941" }],
              "question": "In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?",
              "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "have police training but do not carry firearms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is different about a \"Public Safety Officer\" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?",
              "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 567,
                  "text": "hunting and fishing regulations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do wildlife enforcers regulate?",
              "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 678,
                  "text": "a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?",
              "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa216"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "Anchorage Symphony Orchestra" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?",
              "id": "572945531d04691400779229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "The Anchorage Opera" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?",
              "id": "572945531d0469140077922a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?",
              "id": "572945531d0469140077922b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as \"The Biggest Picture Ever Made.\" Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up \"Camp Hollywood\" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Ray Mala" }],
              "question": "Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?",
              "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "\"Camp Hollywood\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?",
              "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Northwest" }],
              "question": "In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?",
              "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?",
              "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa23a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Karl_Popper",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, \"the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "inductivist" }],
              "question": "Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?",
              "id": "57288c842ca10214002da464"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Popper" }],
              "question": "Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?",
              "id": "57288c842ca10214002da465"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "decisive experiments" }
              ],
              "question": "What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?",
              "id": "57288c842ca10214002da466"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 554, "text": "classical justificationist" }
              ],
              "question": "Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?",
              "id": "57288c842ca10214002da467"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 626, "text": "critical rationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?",
              "id": "57288c842ca10214002da468"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl and, after Gr\u00fcbl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Gr\u00fcbl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Gr\u00fcbl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000\u201314,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "In which city was Karl Popper born?",
              "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Lutheranism" }],
              "question": "What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?",
              "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 699, "text": "Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?",
              "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1031, "text": "12,000\u201314,000" }
              ],
              "question": "What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?",
              "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1011, "text": "bibliophile" }],
              "question": "What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?",
              "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the H\u00f6rlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the \"pseudo-scientific\" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "At which age did Popper first attend university?",
              "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Marxism" }],
              "question": "What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?",
              "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?",
              "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "street battle in the H\u00f6rlgasse"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?",
              "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "social liberalism" }],
              "question": "To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?",
              "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfaff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded P\u00e4dagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "cabinetmaker" }],
              "question": "What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?",
              "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "daycare" }],
              "question": "What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?",
              "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Alfred Adler" }],
              "question": "In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?",
              "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?",
              "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "elementary teacher" }
              ],
              "question": "For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?",
              "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl B\u00fchler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906\u20131985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Karl B\u00fchler" }],
              "question": "Who supervised Popper's doctorate?",
              "id": "572891182ca10214002da478"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "The question of method in cognitive psychology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?",
              "id": "572891182ca10214002da479"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "mathematics and physics" }
              ],
              "question": "What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?",
              "id": "572891182ca10214002da47a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Nazism" }],
              "question": "Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?",
              "id": "572891182ca10214002da47b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 871,
                  "text": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?",
              "id": "572891182ca10214002da47c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Where did Popper move in 1937?",
              "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?",
              "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "John Carew Eccles" }],
              "question": "Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?",
              "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "logic and scientific method" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?",
              "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1008,
                  "text": "Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?",
              "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called \u2018Hennie\u2019) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "92" }],
              "question": "How old was Popper when he died?",
              "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Lainzer" }],
              "question": "Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?",
              "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da315"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "Hoover Institution at Stanford University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?",
              "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da316"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 680, "text": "Klagenfurt University" }
              ],
              "question": "Which university has the contents of Popper's library?",
              "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 355, "text": "Josefine Anna Popper" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Popper's wife's name?",
              "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da318"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College, Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit, and the peace class of the Order Pour le M\u00e9rite. He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He was invested with the Insignia of a Companion of Honour in 1982.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Lippincott Award" }],
              "question": "Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?",
              "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da35e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?",
              "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da35f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "International Academy of Humanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?",
              "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 746, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II" }
              ],
              "question": "Which English monarch knighted Popper?",
              "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da361"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Charles University, Prague" }
              ],
              "question": "Which central European university made Popper a fellow?",
              "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da362"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for \"symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century\" and for his \"enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?",
              "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Vienna" }],
              "question": "Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?",
              "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?",
              "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?",
              "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxism, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He came to realise that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Marxism" }],
              "question": "What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?",
              "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "1919" }],
              "question": "For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?",
              "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "teenage years" }],
              "question": "At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?",
              "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "disillusioned" }],
              "question": "How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?",
              "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of social science\u2014The Poverty of Historicism (1944) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)\u2014were inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent totalitarian ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "fascism" }],
              "question": "What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?",
              "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "the Anschluss" }],
              "question": "What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?",
              "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "democratic liberalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?",
              "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 815, "text": "totalitarianism" }],
              "question": "What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?",
              "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "the annexation of Austria by the German Reich"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Anschluss?",
              "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b70"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly \"risky\", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodies\u2014confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Freud and Adler" }],
              "question": "Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?",
              "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?",
              "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "risky" }],
              "question": "What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?",
              "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 842, "text": "primitive myths" }],
              "question": "What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?",
              "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 652, "text": "falsify" }],
              "question": "What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?",
              "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "falsification" }],
              "question": "According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?",
              "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "criticism or experiment" }
              ],
              "question": "What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?",
              "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "weaknesses" }],
              "question": "How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?",
              "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da552"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "critical rationalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What term did Popper use for his philosophy?",
              "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "the classical observationalist-inductivist account"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?",
              "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "rejection" }],
              "question": "What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?",
              "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 381, "text": "indirectly" }],
              "question": "According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?",
              "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc52"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory) -- [call it \"T\"] -- is \"falsifiable\" does not mean that \"T\" is false. Rather, it means that, if \"T\" is false, then (in principle), \"T\" could be shown to be false, by observation or by experiment. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "verification and falsifiability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?",
              "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "falsifiability" }],
              "question": "What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?",
              "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 927, "text": "Marxism" }],
              "question": "What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?",
              "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 895, "text": "psychoanalysis" }],
              "question": "What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?",
              "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da417"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge \u2013 that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. Again, in this context the word \"falsified\" does not refer to something being \"fake\"; rather, that something can be (i.e., is capable of being) shown to be false by observation or experiment. Some things simply do not lend themselves to being shown to be false, and therefore, are not falsifiable. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "All Life is Problem Solving" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?",
              "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "evolutionary" }],
              "question": "Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?",
              "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "truth content" }],
              "question": "What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?",
              "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more \"fit\"\u2014in other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "error elimination" }],
              "question": "What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?",
              "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "more \"fit\"" }],
              "question": "What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than \"more true?\"",
              "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1085, "text": "conjectures" }],
              "question": "What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? ",
              "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 979,
                  "text": "more and more interesting problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?",
              "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "induction" }],
              "question": "Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?",
              "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 644, "text": "additional conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?",
              "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Popper" }],
              "question": "Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?",
              "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "ad-hoc-measures" }],
              "question": "Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?",
              "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "W.W. Bartley III" }],
              "question": "Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?",
              "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "empirical" }],
              "question": "What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?",
              "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification, but to eliminate errors in them. He writes, \"there are no such things as good positive reasons; nor do we need such things [...] But [philosophers] obviously cannot quite bring [themselves] to believe that this is my opinion, let alone that it is right\" (The Philosophy of Karl Popper, p. 1043)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "lack of justification" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?",
              "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da524"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 91, "text": "principle of sufficient reason" }
              ],
              "question": "What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?",
              "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "eliminate errors" }],
              "question": "What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?",
              "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "good positive reasons" }
              ],
              "question": "What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?",
              "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since \"no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge\", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "historicism" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?",
              "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da647"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "authoritarianism and totalitarianism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?",
              "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da648"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 565, "text": "the growth of human knowledge" }
              ],
              "question": "What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?",
              "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da649"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "The Poverty of Historicism" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?",
              "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da646"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933. Popper writes of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to truth as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Alfred Tarski" }],
              "question": "Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?",
              "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "semantic theory of truth" }
              ],
              "question": "What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?",
              "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "truth as correspondence" }
              ],
              "question": "Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?",
              "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "metaphysical" }],
              "question": "What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?",
              "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which \"is true\" is replaced with \"corresponds to the facts\". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a \"metalinguistic predicate\" and distinguishes the following cases:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "deflationary" }],
              "question": "What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?",
              "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "\"corresponds to the facts\"" }
              ],
              "question": "With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate \"is true?\"",
              "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "metalanguage" }],
              "question": "What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?",
              "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "assertions and the facts to which they refer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?",
              "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with \"subjective probabilities\" or other merely \"epistemic\" considerations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "truthlikeness" }],
              "question": "What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?",
              "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "subjective" }],
              "question": "Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?",
              "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da815"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "epistemic" }],
              "question": "What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?",
              "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "probability" }],
              "question": "What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?",
              "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da817"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "knowledge" }],
              "question": "What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?",
              "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?",
              "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 324, "text": "the physical world" }
              ],
              "question": "What constituted World One in Popper's theory?",
              "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 741, "text": "individual human beings" }
              ],
              "question": "Who produced the contents of World Three?",
              "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1375, "text": "World Three" }],
              "question": "Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?",
              "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The creation\u2013evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiability (see Daubert standard). In this context, passages written by Popper are frequently quoted in which he speaks about such issues himself. For example, he famously stated \"Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program\u2014a possible framework for testable scientific theories.\" He continued:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "criterion of falsifiability" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?",
              "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "metaphysical" }],
              "question": "What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?",
              "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "possible framework" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?",
              "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "creation\u2013evolution" }
              ],
              "question": "Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?",
              "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain. He said that evolution must, as the creationists say, work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "goal-directed" }],
              "question": "Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?",
              "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da896"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "god" }],
              "question": "Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?",
              "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da897"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "creative" }],
              "question": "What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?",
              "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da898"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution\u2014it is the \"spearhead of evolution\". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "spearhead" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?",
              "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "genetic pluralism" }],
              "question": "Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?",
              "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "goals" }],
              "question": "What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?",
              "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "Mutations" }],
              "question": "Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?",
              "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as \"evolution from within\" or \"active Darwinism\" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic \"evolution from without\" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "hopeful monster" }],
              "question": "Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?",
              "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "behaviour" }],
              "question": "Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?",
              "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "hopeful behavioural monster" }
              ],
              "question": "How does Popper describe the \"monsters\" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?",
              "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "active" }],
              "question": "What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?",
              "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164f01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious belief\" with a footnote to the effect that \"[he] agree[s] with Professor C.E. Raven when, in his Science, Religion, and the Future, 1943, he calls this conflict \"a storm in a Victorian tea-cup\"; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup\u2014to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy, produced by Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, and others.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "C.E. Raven" }],
              "question": "Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as \"a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?\"",
              "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "creation-evolution" }],
              "question": "What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?",
              "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "1943" }],
              "question": "In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?",
              "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "metaphysical" }],
              "question": "What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?",
              "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism\u2014to admit that we don't know and to search\u2014is all right. ... When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God.\" He objected to organised religion, saying \"it tends to use the name of God in vain\", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: \"The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian and Egyptian myths not be true?\" In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: \"Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "1969" }],
              "question": "In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?",
              "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da922"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "agnosticism" }],
              "question": "Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?",
              "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da923"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "myths" }],
              "question": "What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?",
              "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da924"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "tolerant" }],
              "question": "Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:",
              "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da925"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position,:1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "philosophy of science" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?",
              "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?",
              "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da805"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?",
              "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da806"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 593, "text": "repudiated it entirely" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?",
              "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da807"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "London School of Economics" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?",
              "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da808"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, \"...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Friedrich Hayek" }],
              "question": "Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?",
              "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da978"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Economics" }],
              "question": "What was Hayek's academic field?",
              "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da979"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?",
              "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Alfred Tarski" }],
              "question": "Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?",
              "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?",
              "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative to how well the system or community enacts the method). It has been suggested that Popper's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as logical positivism, the followers of which mistook his aims for their own.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 551, "text": "logical positivism" }
              ],
              "question": "What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?",
              "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 109, "text": "any particular scientist" }
              ],
              "question": "Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?",
              "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 241, "text": "system or community" }
              ],
              "question": "At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?",
              "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "slow but steady" }],
              "question": "What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?",
              "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory \"There are seven planets in the solar system\" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of na\u00efve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific \"the solar system has seven planets\".[dubious \u2013 discuss]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Quine-Duhem" }],
              "question": "What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?",
              "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?",
              "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Neptune" }],
              "question": "The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?",
              "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 873, "text": "more generally applicable" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?",
              "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da875"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (But Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism.) Also, in his collection Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes, \"Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Logic of Discovery" }],
              "question": "Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?",
              "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "relativism" }],
              "question": "What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?",
              "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "the critical discussion of myths"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?",
              "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 874, "text": "a critical attitude" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?",
              "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "statistical" }],
              "question": "What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?",
              "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 309, "text": "flaws in the evidence" }
              ],
              "question": "What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?",
              "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "the collective judgment of scientists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?",
              "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like \"for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt.\" The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance, atomic theory implies that all metals melt at some temperature.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "Science Versus Crime" }
              ],
              "question": "Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?",
              "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "Carl Gustav Hempel" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?",
              "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0112"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Houck" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?",
              "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0113"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism, which forced him to quit his work in 1933, and the prohibition of referring to Selz' work. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato, Hegel and Marx.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Otto Selz" }],
              "question": "Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?",
              "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Michel ter Hark" }],
              "question": "Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?",
              "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "the rise of Nazism" }
              ],
              "question": "What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?",
              "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?",
              "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 549, "text": "Plato, Hegel and Marx" }
              ],
              "question": "Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?",
              "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth.\" When they were first advanced, Gray claims, each of them was \"at odds with some available evidence; only later did evidence become available that gave them crucial support.\" Against this, Gray seeks to establish the irrationalist thesis that \"the progress of science comes from acting against reason.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "Darwin and Einstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?",
              "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e015f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Straw Dogs" }],
              "question": "Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?",
              "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 389, "text": "available evidence" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?",
              "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "irrationalist" }],
              "question": "What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?",
              "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0162"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton's upon its initial conception; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence. Moreover, since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory, general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account. Indeed, Popper wrote, several decades before Gray's criticism, in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "inductivist" }],
              "question": "Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?",
              "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165060"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "Imre Lakatos" }],
              "question": "A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?",
              "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 480,
                  "text": "explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?",
              "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "Einstein's theory" }],
              "question": "In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?",
              "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165063"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "simplest" }],
              "question": "Which type of theory is most falsifiable?",
              "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da91e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "positivism" }],
              "question": "What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?",
              "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da91f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "impossible" }],
              "question": "For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?",
              "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "its falsity" }],
              "question": "What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?",
              "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to B\u00e9la Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Communists" }],
              "question": "Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?",
              "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "a coup" }],
              "question": "The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?",
              "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "historicism" }],
              "question": "Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?",
              "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "B\u00e9la Kun" }],
              "question": "Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?",
              "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "class struggle" }],
              "question": "What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?",
              "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da938"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Mandolin",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mando\u02c8li\u02d0no]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Italian" }],
              "question": "What country did the mandolin originate from?",
              "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "small mandola" }],
              "question": "What does mandolin translate to? ",
              "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "lute family" }],
              "question": "What musical family does the mandolin come from?",
              "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the mandolin usually played?",
              "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? ",
              "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da334"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and an arched top\u2014both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music. Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four common styles of mandolins?",
              "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "strips of wood, glued together into a bowl"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the round-back mandolin made of? ",
              "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "round-back" }],
              "question": "Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?",
              "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 634,
                  "text": "European classical music and traditional music."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? ",
              "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 682, "text": "Carved-top instruments" }
              ],
              "question": "Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?",
              "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder\u2014using four courses of metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes\u2014but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic F (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "soundboard (the top)" }
              ],
              "question": "What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?",
              "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164ac8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "quiet instruments" }],
              "question": "Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? ",
              "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164ac9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "four courses of metal strings,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are modern mandolins' strings made of? ",
              "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164aca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 501,
                  "text": "generally round or teardrop-shaped"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common soundboard shape?",
              "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 749,
                  "text": "bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the sound holes covered with? ",
              "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164acc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "the Moors" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the lute to Spain?",
              "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Sicily" }],
              "question": "What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? ",
              "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who brought the lute to Sicily?",
              "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "Palermo" }],
              "question": "What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?",
              "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? ",
              "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759, which resides at the University of Edinburgh. Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1893, is also at the University of Edinburgh. The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Antonio's son, Gaetano Vinaccia. It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is there currently confusion over? ",
              "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is said to have ran the first shop? ",
              "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "University of Edinburgh" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?",
              "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "University of Edinburgh" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?",
              "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?",
              "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a folk instrument; \"the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten\". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was \"out of date.\" Salvador L\u00e9onardi mentioned this decline in his 1921 book, M\u00e9thode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, saying that the mandolin had been declining in popularity from previous times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "1744" }],
              "question": "What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? ",
              "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 416,
                  "text": "After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?",
              "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "1815" }],
              "question": "What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?",
              "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the energy and awareness created by the day's hit sensation, a wave of Italian mandolinists travelled Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and in the United States by the mid-1880s, playing and teaching their instrument. The instrument's popularity continued to increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in \"early years of the 20th century.\" Thousands were taking up the instrument as a pastime, and it became an instrument of society, taken up by young men and women. Mandolin orchestras were formed worldwide, incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments, but also guitars, double basses and zithers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?",
              "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Spanish Students)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? ",
              "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "early years of the 20th century."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? ",
              "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "bandurria" }],
              "question": "What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? ",
              "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 801, "text": "Mandolin orchestras" }
              ],
              "question": "What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?",
              "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "early 20th century," }
              ],
              "question": "When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?",
              "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?",
              "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Luthiers" }],
              "question": "Who created the rasonator mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?",
              "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?",
              "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique: the plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "decay to silence" }],
              "question": "What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? ",
              "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "faster" }],
              "question": "Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?",
              "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is tremolo?",
              "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "paired strings" }],
              "question": "What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?",
              "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "pick" }],
              "question": "What is a plectrum?",
              "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da510"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs, while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch scale instead of the 13.876 common on archtop Mandolins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?",
              "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da394"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?",
              "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da395"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "metal strings" }],
              "question": "What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?",
              "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da396"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 249, "text": "hardwood fingerboard" }
              ],
              "question": "What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da397"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "13-inch scale" }],
              "question": "How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? ",
              "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da398"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d\" g\". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "Milan and Lombardy" }],
              "question": "Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?",
              "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 101, "text": "mandolino or mandore" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?",
              "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "They are shorter and wider" }
              ],
              "question": "What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "6 strings" }],
              "question": "How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?",
              "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da523"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "Antonio Monzino" }],
              "question": "Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da524"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings \"do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samuel Adelstein" }],
              "question": "Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "4" }],
              "question": "How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?",
              "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "C, D, A, E, B, G." }],
              "question": "What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?",
              "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 329, "text": "20 frets" }],
              "question": "How many frets did the Lombardi have?",
              "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "three octaves" }],
              "question": "How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?",
              "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a \"less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone\" as compared to the gut string's \"softer, full-singing tone.\" He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?",
              "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?",
              "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "four single-strings" }
              ],
              "question": "How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?",
              "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "uncomfortable to play" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? ",
              "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? ",
              "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the \"Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited\" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "end of the 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?",
              "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "violin family instruments" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?",
              "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "European-style bowl-back" }
              ],
              "question": "What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?",
              "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Orville Gibson" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? ",
              "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? ",
              "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 141, "text": "directly under the strings" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the soundholes located?",
              "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins" }
              ],
              "question": "What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?",
              "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "A-style" }],
              "question": "What style is associate with other types of music?",
              "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 569, "text": "complicated woodwork" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?",
              "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Gibson F-5" }],
              "question": "What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?",
              "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "early 1920s" }],
              "question": "When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?",
              "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? ",
              "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the other makers from the Loar period? ",
              "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? ",
              "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a \"fad\" instrument in the early 20th century. This \"mandolin craze\" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "violin" }],
              "question": "What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?  ",
              "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the mandolin primarily used? ",
              "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "early 20th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the mandolin considered a fad?",
              "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? ",
              "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 839, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "When did the mandolin craze end?",
              "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Phil Skinner" }],
              "question": "Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? ",
              "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?",
              "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? ",
              "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "Harry Skinner" }],
              "question": "What was Phil Skinner's birth name? ",
              "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? ",
              "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164bea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross. He has performed and recorded these works with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. As well, Paul Hooper has had many solo works dedicated to him by Australian composers e.g., Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky and Michael Smetanin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Adrian Hooper" }],
              "question": "Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?",
              "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da400"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "over 200 works" }],
              "question": "How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?",
              "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da401"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Compact Disks" }],
              "question": "On what media was most of these work released?",
              "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da402"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "ABC and MBS networks" }
              ],
              "question": "What radio stations can they be heard on? ",
              "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da403"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper" }
              ],
              "question": "Who has had many Concertos written for him? ",
              "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da404"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belgium. She is also mandolin teacher and gives lessons in the music academies of Lier, Wijnegem and Brasschaat. She is now also professor mandolin at the music high school \u201cKoninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen\u201d. She also gives various concerts each year in different ensembles. She is in close contact to the Brasschaat mandolin Orchestra. Her site is www.gevoeligesnaar.be",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "mandolin orchestras" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an Etsudiantinas? ",
              "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": "Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?",
              "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups remain today? ",
              "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da426"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "Belgium" }],
              "question": "Where is Gerda Abts well know in? ",
              "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 490,
                  "text": "Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?",
              "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da428"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of \"estudiantina\" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, \u00c9cole de la mandolie.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Golden Age of Mandolins" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?",
              "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da436"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where in France did the mandolinists play?",
              "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da437"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "Napoleonic Wars." }],
              "question": "When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?",
              "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da438"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the players and composers during this time?",
              "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da439"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1880s-1920s" }],
              "question": "What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?",
              "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da43a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the \"mantola,\" were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "island of Crete" }],
              "question": "What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? ",
              "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "around the time of the Venetian rule of the island."
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the mandolin appears on Crete?",
              "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 255, "text": "mantola" }],
              "question": "What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?",
              "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "Stelios Foustalierakis" }
              ],
              "question": "Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? ",
              "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "woman" }],
              "question": "The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? ",
              "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Indian Carnatic" }],
              "question": "Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? ",
              "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "E-B-E-B." }],
              "question": "What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?",
              "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "absolute pitch" }],
              "question": "There is no concept of what in Indian music? ",
              "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "C-G-C-G" }],
              "question": "What is another popular madonlin tuning? ",
              "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Bhangra" }],
              "question": "These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? ",
              "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. The f-hole mandolin, however, does come into its own in a traditional session, where its brighter tone cuts through the sonic clutter of a pub. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped \"Irish-style\" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of instruments do irish player prefer?",
              "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da484"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "too soft-toned" }],
              "question": "Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session? ",
              "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da485"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "the carved-top mandolins with f-holes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?",
              "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da486"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 714,
                  "text": "flat-topped \"Irish-style\" mandolins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings? ",
              "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da487"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 770,
                  "text": "WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?",
              "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da488"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners, are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. The instruments used are either flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above (made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars), or carved-top, oval hole instruments with arched back (made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland). The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song \"Going To My Hometown.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Andy Irvine" }],
              "question": "Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?",
              "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?",
              "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "The Dubliners," }],
              "question": "What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?",
              "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?",
              "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "Rory Gallagher" }],
              "question": "What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?",
              "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Antonio Vivaldi" }],
              "question": "Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?",
              "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who placed it in his 1787 work? ",
              "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "Don Giovanni and Beethoven" }
              ],
              "question": "What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?",
              "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Antonio Maria Bononcini" }
              ],
              "question": "Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?",
              "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "1748" }],
              "question": "When was Alexander Balus composed? ",
              "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Japan" }],
              "question": "What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?",
              "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "40 or 50 members" }],
              "question": "How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?",
              "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?",
              "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Japan hold and extensive collection of what? ",
              "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Morishige Takei." }],
              "question": "Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? ",
              "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The bandolim (Portuguese for \"mandolin\") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas. The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "Portuguese for \"mandolin\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does bandolim mean?",
              "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?",
              "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "traditional and folk culture" }
              ],
              "question": "Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal? ",
              "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "Madeira Island" }],
              "question": "Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located? ",
              "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "over 17" }],
              "question": "How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have? ",
              "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations. Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents. The instrument has also found its way into British rock music. The mandolin was played by Mike Oldfield (and introduced by Vivian Stanshall) on Oldfield's album Tubular Bells, as well as on a number of his subsequent albums (particularly prominently on Hergest Ridge (1974) and Ommadawn (1975)). It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne, who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose \"Fog on the Tyne\" was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. The instrument was also used extensively in the UK folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s with bands such as Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span taking it on as the lead instrument in many of their songs. Maggie May by Rod Stewart, which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. It has also been used by other British rock musicians. Led Zeppelin's bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including Going to California and That's the Way; the mandolin part on The Battle of Evermore is played by Jimmy Page, who composed the song. Other Led Zeppelin songs featuring mandolin are Hey Hey What Can I Do, and Black Country Woman. Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track Mike Post Theme, along with many other tracks on Endless Wire. McGuinness Flint, for whom Graham Lyle played the mandolin on their most successful single, When I'm Dead And Gone, is another example. Lyle was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance, and played mandolin on their hit How Come. One of the more prominent early mandolin players in popular music was Robin Williamson in The Incredible String Band. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is a highly accomplished mandolin player (beautiful track Pussy Willow), as is his guitarist Martin Barre. The popular song Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr. More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters featured the mandolin, played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as Fight, Start to End, and Medicine. British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. The mandolin has also featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse. It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney's 2007 hit \"Dance Tonight.\" That was not the first time a Beatle played a mandolin, however; that distinction goes to George Harrison on Gone Troppo, the title cut from the 1982 album of the same name. The mandolin is taught in Lanarkshire by the Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association to over 100 people. Also more recently hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures have been playing a song based primarily using a mandolin. This song was left off their debut album, and features former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "Simon Mayor" }],
              "question": "Who is a famous British player?",
              "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Simon mayer produce? ",
              "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "Mike Oldfield" }],
              "question": "Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells? ",
              "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "\"Fog on the Tyne" }],
              "question": "What was UK's biggest selling album? ",
              "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "Maggie May" }],
              "question": "What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin? ",
              "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the \"Spanish Students.\" The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the \"Original Spanish Students,\" counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 134, "text": "Estudiantina Figaro" }
              ],
              "question": "What group in the US was popular?",
              "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "January 2, 1880" }],
              "question": "When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?",
              "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "Boston and New York" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? ",
              "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "Original Spanish Students" }
              ],
              "question": "What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? ",
              "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 851,
                  "text": "the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? ",
              "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a \"peculiar shape\" and \"crude construction,\" and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were \"superior\" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1880s" }],
              "question": "When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?",
              "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "1883 or 1884" }],
              "question": "When was the first madolin made in the US?",
              "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Joseph Bohm" }],
              "question": "Who made the first US mandolin?",
              "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Chicago" }],
              "question": "Where was Joseph Bohmann from? ",
              "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "French-made mandolin" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of madolin was Partee using ?",
              "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "The Music Man" }],
              "question": "What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? ",
              "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 151, "text": "mandolin orchestras" }
              ],
              "question": "What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? ",
              "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "4-50 musicians" }],
              "question": "How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? ",
              "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Samuel Siegel" }],
              "question": "Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? ",
              "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 871, "text": "composer James Reese Europe." }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the famous African American musican and director? ",
              "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The \"Loar\" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "ensemble setting" }],
              "question": "The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? ",
              "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "bluegrass" }],
              "question": "Where did the mandolins find a new home? ",
              "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?",
              "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Loar" }],
              "question": "What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?",
              "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "F-5 S/N 73987" }],
              "question": "What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? ",
              "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "mandolin-based guitar programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?",
              "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da63e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are two of the popular public school groups? ",
              "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da63f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "Norman Levine" }],
              "question": "Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?",
              "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da640"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 816,
                  "text": "Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are modern mandolinists and composers?",
              "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da641"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin. By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a \"parlor\" sound typical of brother duets to the modern \"bluegrass\" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 5, "text": "Cowan Powers and his family" }
              ],
              "question": "What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?",
              "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Orpha Powers" }],
              "question": "Who was the earliest known southern music artist?",
              "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da547"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "single mandolins" }],
              "question": "What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? ",
              "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da548"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "Bill Monroe" }],
              "question": "Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?",
              "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "Blue Grass Boys" }],
              "question": "What was Bill Monroe's group called? ",
              "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da54a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as \"the chop\" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "the chop" }],
              "question": "What chording sound was Monroe popular for?",
              "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "B and E" }],
              "question": "What keys was Monroe popular for? ",
              "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da551"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Frank Wakefield" }],
              "question": "Who was Monroe's most influential follower?",
              "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da552"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 614, "text": "Moore of the Texas Playboys" }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?",
              "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 725, "text": "Western Swing music" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?",
              "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da554"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking\u2014and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Jesse McReynolds" }],
              "question": "Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?",
              "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Jim and Jesse" }],
              "question": "What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?",
              "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "crosspicking" }],
              "question": "What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?",
              "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "syncopated banjo-roll-like style"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is crosspicking?",
              "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Ronnie McCoury" }],
              "question": "Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? ",
              "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da566"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?",
              "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "jazz mandolinist" }],
              "question": "What type of music did Jethro Burns play? ",
              "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Tiny Moore" }],
              "question": "Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?",
              "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "Chris Thile of California is" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?",
              "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 892,
                  "text": "Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are othe rwell know players? ",
              "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny \"Man\" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with, with band makeup including \"mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos. And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle.\" Other blues players from the era's string bands include Willie Black (Whistler And His Jug Band), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Dallas String Band), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy (1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, and Herb Quinn.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Howard Armstrong," }],
              "question": "Who got his start with his father's mandolin? ",
              "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Ry Cooder" }],
              "question": "Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?",
              "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "ukulele in there and a bass fiddle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? ",
              "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Willie Black" }],
              "question": "Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? ",
              "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da579"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "psychedelic era of the late 1960s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?",
              "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Levon Helm" }],
              "question": "Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?",
              "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Maggie May" }],
              "question": "What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?",
              "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "David Grisman" }],
              "question": "What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?",
              "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1012, "text": "Boat on the River" }
              ],
              "question": "Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?",
              "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164cea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit \"Losing My Religion\" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song \"Locust Street.\" Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song \"Dream of the Archer\" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song \"The Battle of Evermore.\" \"Show Me Heaven\" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "single-stringed electric" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? ",
              "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Dropkick Murphys" }],
              "question": "Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?",
              "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da589"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "Losing My Religion" }
              ],
              "question": "What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?",
              "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 944, "text": "System of A Down" }],
              "question": "What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? ",
              "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1632, "text": "Days of Thunder" }],
              "question": "What film's theme song uses a mandolin?",
              "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malague\u00f1as. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Venezuela" }],
              "question": "What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?  ",
              "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 511,
                  "text": "regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? ",
              "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 932,
                  "text": "Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? ",
              "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd57"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of music has mandolins played? ",
              "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "Japan and Germany" }],
              "question": "Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? ",
              "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "first and second mandolins," }
              ],
              "question": "What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?",
              "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 871,
                  "text": "two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are smalled ensambles composed of? ",
              "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "cello" }],
              "question": "What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? ",
              "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6b0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Insect",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd [\u00e9ntomon], \"cut into sections\") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "arthropod" }],
              "question": "In what phylum are insects classified? ",
              "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 182, "text": "three-part" }],
              "question": "How many parts comprise the body of an insect?",
              "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "thorax" }],
              "question": "In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?",
              "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "chitinous" }],
              "question": "What type of exoskeleton do insects have?",
              "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?",
              "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "cut into sections" }],
              "question": "What does insect mean in latin?",
              "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa009"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "insectum" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin word for insect?",
              "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "invertebrates" }],
              "question": "Insects are a class of what?",
              "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "chitinous exoskeleton" }
              ],
              "question": "Insects have what kind of skeleton?",
              "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "head" }],
              "question": "An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?",
              "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22\u201328 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "hatch from eggs" }],
              "question": "How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?",
              "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "inelastic exoskeleton" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?",
              "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "pupal stage" }],
              "question": "What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?",
              "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "nymphal" }],
              "question": "What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?",
              "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "Paleozoic" }],
              "question": "What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? ",
              "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "eggs" }],
              "question": "Insects hatch from what?",
              "id": "57291034af94a219006aa013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "the inelastic exoskeleton" }
              ],
              "question": "Insects growth is constrained by what?",
              "id": "57291034af94a219006aa014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "molts" }],
              "question": "An insects developement involves a series of what?",
              "id": "57291034af94a219006aa015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "4-stage" }],
              "question": "How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?",
              "id": "57291034af94a219006aa016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "flowering plants" }],
              "question": "The most diverse insects coevolved with what?",
              "id": "57291034af94a219006aa017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "tripedal" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?",
              "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164baa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "gills" }],
              "question": "What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?",
              "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "water striders" }],
              "question": "What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?",
              "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "stridulate" }],
              "question": "What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?",
              "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1065, "text": "Lampyridae" }],
              "question": "What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?",
              "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "swimming" }],
              "question": "Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?",
              "id": "572911821d04691400779011"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Adult" }],
              "question": "Which insects walk, fly, and swim?",
              "id": "572911821d04691400779012"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "triangles" }],
              "question": "Insects walk the ground in alternating what?",
              "id": "572911821d04691400779013"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "tripedal gait" }],
              "question": "Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?",
              "id": "572911821d04691400779014"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "communicate" }],
              "question": "What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?",
              "id": "572911821d04691400779015"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "insecticides" }],
              "question": "By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?",
              "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "terrestrial" }],
              "question": "What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?",
              "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Silkworms" }],
              "question": "What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?",
              "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "blow-flies" }],
              "question": "What insect is known to consume carrion?",
              "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "pests" }],
              "question": "Humans consider most insects as what?",
              "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "insecticides" }],
              "question": "Humans can control insects using what?",
              "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "crops" }],
              "question": "Insects have the potential to damage what?",
              "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa029"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "leaves" }],
              "question": "Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?",
              "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa02a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 785, "text": "silk" }],
              "question": "Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?",
              "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa02b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word \"insect\" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning \"with a notched or divided body\", or literally \"cut into\", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, \"to cut into, to cut up\", from in- \"into\" and secare \"to cut\"; because insects appear \"cut into\" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e9ntomos) or \"insect\" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their \"notched\" bodies. \"Insect\" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for \"insect\" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu \"to cut\" and mil, \"animal\"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, \"to cut\"), Russian (\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0435 nasekomoje, from se\u010d'/-sekat', \"to cut\"), etc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "insectum" }],
              "question": "What is the Latin term for insect?",
              "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Pliny the Elder" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?",
              "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?",
              "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?",
              "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "1601" }],
              "question": "In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?",
              "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "body" }],
              "question": "Insect means to have a notched or divided what?",
              "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa041"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "three sections" }],
              "question": "Insects are cut into how many sections?",
              "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa042"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Who gave this class of life the name \"insect\"?",
              "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "1601" }],
              "question": "In what year did the word \"insect\" appear in a document?",
              "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Pliny the Elder" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the Latin version of the word \"insect\"?",
              "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa045"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Carboniferous" }],
              "question": "From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?",
              "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti" }
              ],
              "question": "What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?",
              "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?",
              "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "dicondylic" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?",
              "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "winged" }],
              "question": "With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?",
              "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "phylogeny" }],
              "question": "What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?",
              "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "arthropods" }],
              "question": "The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?",
              "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "full-body" }],
              "question": "What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?",
              "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "insect" }],
              "question": "A University discovered a primitive flying what?",
              "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "300 million-year-old" }
              ],
              "question": "How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?",
              "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Early Permian" }],
              "question": "In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?",
              "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "55 to 70" }],
              "question": "To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?",
              "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "oxygen" }],
              "question": "Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? ",
              "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "270" }],
              "question": "How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? ",
              "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "Permian-Triassic" }],
              "question": "The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?",
              "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "insect orders" }],
              "question": "Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?",
              "id": "572923666aef051400154a92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "extant groups" }],
              "question": "The insect orders include both of what?",
              "id": "572923666aef051400154a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Paleozoic groups" }],
              "question": "The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?",
              "id": "572923666aef051400154a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "dragonfly-like forms" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?",
              "id": "572923666aef051400154a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "55 to 70 cm" }],
              "question": "How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?",
              "id": "572923666aef051400154a96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "chemical" }],
              "question": "What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?",
              "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "herbivores" }],
              "question": "What is the term for a plant-eating insect?",
              "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "plant toxins" }],
              "question": "What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?",
              "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "colors" }],
              "question": "How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?",
              "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "pollination" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?",
              "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "herbivores" }],
              "question": "Insects are considered terrestrial what?",
              "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "plants" }],
              "question": "What were insects the major selection agents of?",
              "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "chemical defenses" }],
              "question": "What did plants eventually form against insects?",
              "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "plant toxins" }],
              "question": "Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?",
              "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "warning colors" }],
              "question": "Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?",
              "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Pterygota" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the class of insects with wings?",
              "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Apterygota" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the class of insects without wings? ",
              "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Archaeognatha" }],
              "question": "What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?",
              "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Dicondylia" }],
              "question": "What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?",
              "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "two groups" }],
              "question": "Insects are historically divided into how many groups?",
              "id": "572927373f37b3190047808b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Pterygota" }],
              "question": "Insects with wings are known as what?",
              "id": "572927373f37b3190047808c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "wingless" }],
              "question": "Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?",
              "id": "572927373f37b3190047808d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "silverfish" }],
              "question": "What is a Thysanura?",
              "id": "572927373f37b3190047808e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "Dicondylia" }],
              "question": "Thysanura and Pterygota are what?",
              "id": "572927373f37b3190047808f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "systematics" }],
              "question": "Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?",
              "id": "572925ca6aef051400154aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "superclass" }],
              "question": "What class is the Hexapoda ranked?",
              "id": "572925ca6aef051400154aaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "four groups" }],
              "question": "How many groups are defined in the superclass?",
              "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "Collembola" }],
              "question": "Springtails are also known as what?",
              "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Entognatha" }],
              "question": "Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?",
              "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "winged" }],
              "question": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? ",
              "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "sclerites" }],
              "question": "An insects hard body parts are called what?",
              "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "abdomen" }],
              "question": "Insect's wings fold flat over their what?",
              "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "metamorphosis-based" }
              ],
              "question": "Neoptera can be divided into what kind of \"based\" group?",
              "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "related" }],
              "question": "Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?",
              "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs \u2013 a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Exopterygota" }],
              "question": "What are likely to be paraphyletic?",
              "id": "57292fb81d04691400779131"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Matters" }],
              "question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?",
              "id": "57292fb81d04691400779132"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "Halteria" }],
              "question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?",
              "id": "57292fb81d04691400779133"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "the entomological community" }
              ],
              "question": "A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?",
              "id": "57292fb81d04691400779134"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "The Neuropterida" }],
              "question": "What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?",
              "id": "57292fb81d04691400779135"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6\u20137.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000\u20131,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9\u20132.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "uncertain" }],
              "question": "The true diversity within the insect species remains what?",
              "id": "572931841d04691400779145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 87, "text": "2.6\u20137.8 million species" }
              ],
              "question": "How many insect species are estimated to exist?",
              "id": "572931841d04691400779146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "20,000" }],
              "question": "How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?",
              "id": "572931841d04691400779147"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "less than 20%" }],
              "question": "Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?",
              "id": "572931841d04691400779148"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "undescribed" }],
              "question": "For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?",
              "id": "572931841d04691400779149"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs\u2014one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax\u2014and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22\u201348 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "segmented bodies" }],
              "question": "What kind of bodies to insects have?",
              "id": "572932821d0469140077914f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "exoskeletons" }],
              "question": "Insects bodies are supported by what?",
              "id": "572932821d04691400779150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "hard" }],
              "question": "Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?",
              "id": "572932821d04691400779151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "interconnected" }],
              "question": "An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?",
              "id": "572932821d04691400779152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "tagmata" }],
              "question": "What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?",
              "id": "572932821d04691400779153"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90\u00b0 to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "head" }],
              "question": "What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?",
              "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "epicranium" }],
              "question": "What is another word for head capsule?",
              "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Orthoptera" }],
              "question": "What displays the most features on an insect?",
              "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "apex" }],
              "question": "What is the vertex also known as?",
              "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "compound" }],
              "question": "The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?",
              "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "three sections" }],
              "question": "The throax has how many sections?",
              "id": "572938fe3f37b3190047811f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "thorax" }],
              "question": "Another term for tagma is?",
              "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "head" }],
              "question": "The anterior section is closest to the what?",
              "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "anterior" }],
              "question": "The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?",
              "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?",
              "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11\u201312 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "abdomen" }],
              "question": "What is the largest tagma of an insect?",
              "id": "572939f06aef051400154b94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "11\u201312 segments" }
              ],
              "question": "How many segments make up an insects abdomen?",
              "id": "572939f06aef051400154b95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "head" }],
              "question": "The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?",
              "id": "572939f06aef051400154b96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "sternum" }],
              "question": "An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?",
              "id": "572939f06aef051400154b97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "Spiracles" }],
              "question": "The pleural area holds what?",
              "id": "572939f06aef051400154b98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22\u201324 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "the cuticle" }],
              "question": "Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?",
              "id": "57293aba3f37b31900478129"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "The cuticle has how many layers?",
              "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "the epicuticle" }],
              "question": "Which cuticle later is like wax?",
              "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "chitin" }],
              "question": "The epicuticle does not consist of what?",
              "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "thicker" }],
              "question": "Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?",
              "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "invertebrates" }],
              "question": "Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?",
              "id": "57293c016aef051400154bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "flight" }],
              "question": "Insects have developed what kind of active capability?",
              "id": "57293c016aef051400154baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "important" }],
              "question": "Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?",
              "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "multiple" }],
              "question": "How many times are insects muscles able to contract?",
              "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "exoskeletons" }],
              "question": "Insects muscles are attached to their what?",
              "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "ganglion" }],
              "question": "What is on each side of a thoracic segment?",
              "id": "57293d721d046914007791c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "one" }],
              "question": "How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?",
              "id": "57293d721d046914007791c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "a pair" }],
              "question": "Ganglia are connected into a what?",
              "id": "57293d721d046914007791c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "one pair" }],
              "question": "How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?",
              "id": "57293d721d046914007791c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "abdomen" }],
              "question": "What other location on an insect are ganglia located?",
              "id": "57293d721d046914007791c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe. Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is no consensus that insects feel pain consciously",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "a few" }],
              "question": "How many insects have nociceptors?",
              "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "nociceptors" }],
              "question": "Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?",
              "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When were nociceptors discovered?",
              "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "fruitfly Drosophila" }
              ],
              "question": "Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?",
              "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "the heated probe" }],
              "question": "Which probe did the larvae react to?",
              "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source.:31 The gut is where almost all of insects' digestion takes place. It can be divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "salivary glands" }],
              "question": "What produces saliva in an insects mouth?",
              "id": "572952a31d0469140077929f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "salivary ducts" }],
              "question": "What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?",
              "id": "572952a31d046914007792a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "salivarium" }],
              "question": "What is an opening through the head called?",
              "id": "572952a31d046914007792a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "behind the hypopharynx" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the salivarium located?",
              "id": "572952a31d046914007792a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 731, "text": "The gut" }],
              "question": "Where does an insect's digestion happen?",
              "id": "572952a31d046914007792a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.:32",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "midgut" }],
              "question": "What is another name for mesenteron?",
              "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "the crop" }],
              "question": "Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?",
              "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "the mesenteron" }],
              "question": "The majority of an insects digestion happens where?",
              "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Microscopic" }],
              "question": "What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?",
              "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "microvilli" }],
              "question": "What are microscopic projections called?",
              "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71\u201372, 78\u201380",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "the hindgut" }],
              "question": "What is a proctodaeum?",
              "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "undigested" }],
              "question": "What kind of food particles have uric acid?",
              "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "uric acid" }],
              "question": "What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?",
              "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "An insects rectum absorbs how much water?",
              "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "the anus" }],
              "question": "Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?",
              "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by the number of ovarioles with the rate that eggs can be develop being also influenced by ovariole design. Female insects are able make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance, transport and fertilization, as well as for protection of eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae. Spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized.:880",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "ovaries" }],
              "question": "Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?",
              "id": "572955523f37b31900478271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "accessory glands" }],
              "question": "What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?",
              "id": "572955523f37b31900478272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "ducts" }],
              "question": "What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?",
              "id": "572955523f37b31900478273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "ovaries" }],
              "question": "Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?",
              "id": "572955523f37b31900478274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "ovarioles" }],
              "question": "What are egg tubes called?",
              "id": "572955523f37b31900478275"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "testis" }],
              "question": "What is the male reproductive system called? ",
              "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "the body cavity" }],
              "question": "Where is tracheae located?",
              "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "testes" }],
              "question": "Most make insects contain a pair of what?",
              "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "sperm tubes" }],
              "question": "What are inside male testes?",
              "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "the vas deferens" }],
              "question": "Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?",
              "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61\u201365 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "lungs" }],
              "question": "Respiration for insects happens without what?",
              "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "internal tubes" }],
              "question": "Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?",
              "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "gases" }],
              "question": "What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?",
              "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "oxygen" }],
              "question": "What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?",
              "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "circulatory system" }
              ],
              "question": "Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?",
              "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65\u201368 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle. In discontinuous gas exchange, however, the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest. Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen. Some species of insect that are submerged also have adaptations to aid in respiration. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "gas exchange" }],
              "question": "What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?",
              "id": "572959251d046914007792ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 158, "text": "diffusive ventilation" }
              ],
              "question": "Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?",
              "id": "572959251d046914007792ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 225, "text": "continuous gas exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?",
              "id": "572959251d046914007792ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "discontinuous gas exchange" }
              ],
              "question": "What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?",
              "id": "572959251d046914007792f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "diffusion" }],
              "question": "Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?",
              "id": "572959251d046914007792f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive.:129, 131, 134\u2013135 Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos.:136\u2013137 Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "eggs." }],
              "question": "Where are insects hatched from?",
              "id": "57295a501d046914007792f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "inside the egg" }],
              "question": "Fertilization happens where?",
              "id": "57295a501d046914007792f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "development" }],
              "question": "Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?",
              "id": "57295a501d046914007792f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "shell" }],
              "question": "Chorion is another word for what?",
              "id": "57295a501d046914007792fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1249, "text": "generations" }],
              "question": "Broods is another term for what word?",
              "id": "57295a501d046914007792fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "variations" }],
              "question": "Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?",
              "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 227, "text": "sex-determination system" }
              ],
              "question": "Haplodiploidy is what type of system?",
              "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "sex" }],
              "question": "The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?",
              "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "bees and wasps" }],
              "question": "The sex-determination system is found in which insects?",
              "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "morphs" }],
              "question": "Polymophism species have different forms or what else?",
              "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Some" }],
              "question": "How many insects use parthenogenesis?",
              "id": "57295d3e1d04691400779329"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "parthenogenesis" }],
              "question": "GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?",
              "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "aphids" }],
              "question": "What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?",
              "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "reproduction" }],
              "question": "Aphis have asexual and sexual what?",
              "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "parthenogenetic" }],
              "question": "Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?",
              "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hemimetabolous" }],
              "question": "Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?",
              "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "incomplete" }],
              "question": "What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?",
              "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "gradually" }],
              "question": "Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?",
              "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "molts" }],
              "question": "Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?",
              "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "exoskeleton" }],
              "question": "Insect's molt when they outgrow what?",
              "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Holometabolism" }],
              "question": "What is a complete metamorphosis called?",
              "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "four stages" }],
              "question": "How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?",
              "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "embryo" }],
              "question": "What is another word for egg?",
              "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "the adult" }],
              "question": "What is an imago?",
              "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "Butterflies" }],
              "question": "Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?",
              "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many insects possess very sensitive and, or specialized organs of perception. Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths, or detect polarized light, while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers. The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6\u00b12.1 Hz (n=190). These wagging movements can signal the arrival of new material into the nest and aggression between workers can be used to stimulate others to increase foraging expeditions. There is a pronounced tendency for there to be a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. There are a variety of different mechanisms by which insects perceive sound, while the patterns are not universal, insects can generally hear sound if they can produce it. Different insect species can have varying hearing, though most insects can hear only a narrow range of frequencies related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes have been found to hear up to 2 kHz., and some grasshoppers can hear up to 50 kHz. Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. For instance, some nocturnal moths can perceive the ultrasonic emissions of bats, which helps them avoid predation.:87\u201394 Insects that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "perception" }],
              "question": "Insects have specialized organs of what kind?",
              "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "specialized" }],
              "question": "Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?",
              "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "bees" }],
              "question": "What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?",
              "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "polarized light" }],
              "question": "Bees can detect what kind of light?",
              "id": "572984bc1d046914007794fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "yellow paper wasp" }],
              "question": "What is a Polistes versicolor?",
              "id": "572984bc1d046914007794fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and others as high as twenty-four caterpillars per cell. The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva. The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female, so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "rudimentary" }],
              "question": "Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?",
              "id": "572985e83f37b31900478473"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "solitary wasps" }],
              "question": "Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?",
              "id": "572985e83f37b31900478474"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "single" }],
              "question": "What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?",
              "id": "572985e83f37b31900478475"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "caterpillars" }],
              "question": "What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?",
              "id": "572985e83f37b31900478476"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "smaller" }],
              "question": "Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?",
              "id": "572985e83f37b31900478477"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk. Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Onychiuridae" }],
              "question": "What is another name for Colleobola?",
              "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Diptera" }],
              "question": "Mycetophilldae is another name for what?",
              "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "beetle" }],
              "question": "Phengodidae is party of what insect family?",
              "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "bioluminescent" }],
              "question": "Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?",
              "id": "5729873f3f37b31900478480"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 602, "text": "fireflies" }],
              "question": "What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?",
              "id": "5729873f3f37b31900478481"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the visible light wavelengths. Color vision has been demonstrated in many species and phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-blue trichromacy existed from at least the Devonian period between 416 and 359 million years ago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "light" }],
              "question": "Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?",
              "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "cave crickets" }],
              "question": "What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?",
              "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "acute" }],
              "question": "Most insects have what kind of vision?",
              "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "minute" }],
              "question": "Insects notice what type of movement?",
              "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 290, "text": "infrared" }],
              "question": "Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?",
              "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Insects" }],
              "question": "What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?",
              "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "sounds" }],
              "question": "Insects can sense what?",
              "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "mechanical" }],
              "question": "Insect sounds come from what kind of action?",
              "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "appendages" }],
              "question": "The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?",
              "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 640, "text": "ultrasonic" }],
              "question": "Moths create what kind of click sounds?",
              "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "low" }],
              "question": "What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?",
              "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "movement" }],
              "question": "Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?",
              "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "microscopic stridulatory structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Low insect sounds can be heard through what?",
              "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "communicate" }],
              "question": "Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?",
              "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "underwater" }],
              "question": "Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?",
              "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "vibrations" }],
              "question": "What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?",
              "id": "57298d496aef051400154fca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "different species" }],
              "question": "Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?",
              "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Nezara viridula" }],
              "question": "Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?",
              "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "gossamer-winged butterfly" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a lycaenid caterpillar? ",
              "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "myrmecophilous" }],
              "question": "Living in association with ants is called what?",
              "id": "57298d496aef051400154fce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chemical" }],
              "question": "Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?",
              "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Chemoreception" }],
              "question": "What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?",
              "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "a cell" }],
              "question": "Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?",
              "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa503"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "semiochemical" }],
              "question": "What is a message-carrying chemical called?",
              "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa504"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 391, "text": "semiochemicals" }],
              "question": "Kairomones are a type of what?",
              "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa505"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, are used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregating conspecific individuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals. Allomonea benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver. Kairomones benefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well known to have developed in social insects.:96\u2013105",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "chemical means" }],
              "question": "Insects use sound and what other means for communication?",
              "id": "572990451d04691400779537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "semiochemicals" }],
              "question": "The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?",
              "id": "572990451d04691400779538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 185, "text": "plant metabolites" }],
              "question": "Semiochemicals come from where?",
              "id": "572990451d04691400779539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "repel" }],
              "question": "Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?",
              "id": "572990451d0469140077953a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 677, "text": "Synomones" }],
              "question": "What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?",
              "id": "572990451d0469140077953b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309\u2013311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Social" }],
              "question": "Termites are considered what type of insect?",
              "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478497"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "ants" }],
              "question": "Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?",
              "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478498"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "eusocial animal" }],
              "question": "What is another term for social insect?",
              "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478499"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "colonies" }],
              "question": "Social insects live in well organized what?",
              "id": "5729913b3f37b3190047849a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "dance language" }],
              "question": "The method that a bee dances is called what?",
              "id": "5729913b3f37b3190047849b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the Monarch butterfly).:14",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "nests" }],
              "question": "Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?",
              "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa51f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "homing" }],
              "question": "Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?",
              "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa520"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?",
              "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa521"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "philopatry" }],
              "question": "An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?",
              "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa522"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "hibernate" }],
              "question": "An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?",
              "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa523"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "full-time" }],
              "question": "Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?",
              "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa529"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "eggs" }],
              "question": "What do eusocial insects guard?",
              "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "nest" }],
              "question": "What do eusocial insects build?",
              "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "short" }],
              "question": "Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?",
              "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "growing offspring" }],
              "question": "An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?",
              "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "flight" }],
              "question": "Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?",
              "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa539"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "wings" }],
              "question": "What part of the insect has been up for debate?",
              "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "paranotal theory" }],
              "question": "Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?",
              "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 318, "text": "pleural origin" }],
              "question": "Wings from modified gills is from what origin?",
              "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "epicoxal exites" }],
              "question": "The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?",
              "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many legs do adult insects contain?",
              "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa543"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "tripedal" }],
              "question": "Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?",
              "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa544"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "rapid" }],
              "question": "The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?",
              "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa545"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "a variety" }],
              "question": "Insects can adopt how many gaits?",
              "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa546"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 983, "text": "limbs" }],
              "question": "Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?",
              "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa547"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks (Phasmatodea). A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water, especially members of the Gerridae family, commonly known as water striders. A few species of ocean-skaters in the genus Halobates even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "sedate" }],
              "question": "What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?",
              "id": "572997463f37b319004784bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Phasmatodea" }],
              "question": "What is another name for walking stick insects?",
              "id": "572997463f37b319004784be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "water" }],
              "question": "Some insects can walk on top of what?",
              "id": "572997463f37b319004784bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "water striders" }],
              "question": "What insect can walk on the surface of water?",
              "id": "572997463f37b319004784c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Gerridae" }],
              "question": "Water striders are part of what insect family?",
              "id": "572997463f37b319004784c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "paddle-like" }],
              "question": "Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?",
              "id": "572998921d04691400779565"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "jet" }],
              "question": "Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?",
              "id": "572998921d04691400779566"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 225, "text": "rectal chamber" }],
              "question": "Dragonflys shoot water from where?",
              "id": "572998921d04691400779567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "recessed" }],
              "question": "Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?",
              "id": "572998921d04691400779568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "pygidial" }],
              "question": "Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?",
              "id": "572998921d04691400779569"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218\u2013228",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Insect ecology" }],
              "question": "Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?",
              "id": "572999816aef05140015500c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "ecosystem" }],
              "question": "Another term for surrounding environment is what?",
              "id": "572999816aef05140015500d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "important" }],
              "question": "What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?",
              "id": "572999816aef05140015500e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "dung" }],
              "question": "What type of burial do insects engage in?",
              "id": "572999816aef05140015500f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "scavengers" }],
              "question": "Beetles are also known as what?",
              "id": "572999816aef051400155010"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) or weevils. In some of these species, sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects. Many of those that live in sandy environments blend in with the coloration of the substrate. Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves, and the bodies of some species (such as O. macklotti and Palophus centaurus) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise. Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift (B. scabrinota, T. californica). In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis, a number of species have been noted to perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side that is thought to reflect the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze. Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by feigning death (catalepsy), where the insect enters a motionless state that can be maintained for a long period. The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also aids Phasmatodea in remaining concealed from predators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Camouflage" }],
              "question": "What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?",
              "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "blend" }],
              "question": "What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?",
              "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "beetle" }],
              "question": "Protective coloring is common in what insect family?",
              "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "leaf beetles" }],
              "question": "What is Chrysomelidae?",
              "id": "57299a913f37b319004784f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "bird dung" }],
              "question": "A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?",
              "id": "57299a913f37b319004784f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and M\u00fcllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of M\u00fcllerian mimicry. In M\u00fcllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known M\u00fcllerian complexes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "defense" }],
              "question": "Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?",
              "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa561"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "deceive" }],
              "question": "Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?",
              "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa562"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "wasps" }],
              "question": "Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?",
              "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa563"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "in Lepidoptera" }],
              "question": "Mimicry complexes are usually found where?",
              "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa564"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1037, "text": "Taxa" }],
              "question": "What is a well known Mullerian complex?",
              "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa565"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of M\u00fcllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Chemical" }],
              "question": "What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?",
              "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "bright colors" }],
              "question": "What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?",
              "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "sequestering" }],
              "question": "Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?",
              "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Lepidoptera" }],
              "question": "Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?",
              "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 723, "text": "chemicals" }],
              "question": "Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?",
              "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pollination" }],
              "question": "Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?",
              "id": "57299e233f37b319004784ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "an animal" }],
              "question": "What is required to transport pollen?",
              "id": "57299e233f37b31900478500"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "insects" }],
              "question": "Most pollination is completed by what?",
              "id": "57299e233f37b31900478501"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "energy rich nectar" }
              ],
              "question": "What do insects receive in return for pollination?",
              "id": "57299e233f37b31900478502"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 566, "text": "pollination syndromes" }
              ],
              "question": "Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?",
              "id": "57299e233f37b31900478503"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control, as in research for companies to produce insecticides, but increasingly rely on methods of biological pest control, or biocontrol. Biocontrol uses one organism to reduce the population density of another organism \u2014 the pest \u2014 and is considered a key element of integrated pest management.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "pests" }],
              "question": "Humans consider insects as what?",
              "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "parasitic" }],
              "question": "Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?",
              "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "mosquitoes" }],
              "question": "Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?",
              "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "termites" }],
              "question": "What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?",
              "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "agricultural goods" }
              ],
              "question": "Locusts destroy what?",
              "id": "57299ef46aef051400155040"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the same species, they also spread pollen from plants on which they have previously fed. This greatly increases plants' ability to cross-pollinate, which maintains and possibly even improves their evolutionary fitness. This ultimately affects humans since ensuring healthy crops is critical to agriculture. As well as pollination ants help with seed distribution of plants. This helps to spread the plants which increases plant diversity. This leads to an overall better environment. A serious environmental problem is the decline of populations of pollinator insects, and a number of species of insects are now cultured primarily for pollination management in order to have sufficient pollinators in the field, orchard or greenhouse at bloom time.:240\u2013243 Another solution, as shown in Delaware, has been to raise native plants to help support native pollinators like L. vierecki. Insects also produce useful substances such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history, as silk-driven trade established relationships between China and the rest of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "pest insects" }],
              "question": "What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?",
              "id": "57299ff56aef051400155046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "beneficial" }],
              "question": "Many insects are what to the environment?",
              "id": "57299ff56aef051400155047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "pollinate" }],
              "question": "What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?",
              "id": "57299ff56aef051400155048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "nectar" }],
              "question": "What do insects gather from plants?",
              "id": "57299ff56aef051400155049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "serious" }],
              "question": "What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?",
              "id": "57299ff56aef05140015504a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly reduce pest aphid populations. While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects, insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Ants also help control animal populations by consuming small vertebrates. Without predators to keep them in check, insects can undergo almost unstoppable population explosions.:328\u2013348:400",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Insectivorous" }],
              "question": "What insects feed on other insects?",
              "id": "5729a1066aef051400155050"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "beneficial" }],
              "question": "Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?",
              "id": "5729a1066aef051400155051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "ladybugs" }],
              "question": "What insect feeds on aphids?",
              "id": "5729a1066aef051400155052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "birds" }],
              "question": "What are the most visible predators of insects?",
              "id": "5729a1066aef051400155053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "insects themselves" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest consumer of insects?",
              "id": "5729a1066aef051400155054"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles like genetic linkage, interactions between genes, chromosomal genetics, development, behavior and evolution. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or transcription in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans. The genome of D. melanogaster was sequenced in 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to the human genome, supporting the evolution theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "biological research" }
              ],
              "question": "Insects play prominent roles in what?",
              "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common insect used for research purposes?",
              "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "70%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome",
              "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "genetic" }],
              "question": "Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?",
              "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "eukaryotes" }],
              "question": "Genetic systems are conserved among what?",
              "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10\u201313 In most first-world countries, however, entomophagy (the eating of insects), is taboo. Since it is impossible to entirely eliminate pest insects from the human food chain, insects are inadvertently present in many foods, especially grains. Food safety laws in many countries do not prohibit insect parts in food, but rather limit their quantity. According to cultural materialist anthropologist Marvin Harris, the eating of insects is taboo in cultures that have other protein sources such as fish or livestock.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "delicacies" }],
              "question": "Insects are considered as what in some cultures?",
              "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155074"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "cicadas" }],
              "question": "What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?",
              "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "high" }],
              "question": "Insects have what kind of protein content?",
              "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "entomophagy" }],
              "question": "What is the term for eating insects?",
              "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 304, "text": "first-world countries" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is eating insects considered taboo?",
              "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups, honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems. In the case of the 'San' bush-men of the Kalahari, it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting.:9",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Scarab beetles" }],
              "question": "What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?",
              "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Chinese" }],
              "question": "Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?",
              "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 574, "text": "creation" }],
              "question": "The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?",
              "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?",
              "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "honey ants" }],
              "question": "What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?",
              "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Race_(human_categorization)",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "the same species" }],
              "question": "What do all living humans belong to?",
              "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 617, "text": "Homo sapiens" }],
              "question": "What species are all humans?",
              "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "humans" }],
              "question": "Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?",
              "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "fuzzy" }],
              "question": "What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?",
              "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "in widely differing ways" }
              ],
              "question": "How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?",
              "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What type of group can't be biologically defined?",
              "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?",
              "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "biological traits" }],
              "question": "What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?",
              "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "human" }],
              "question": "Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?",
              "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "no current consensus" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? ",
              "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "define and talk about a particular conception of race"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?",
              "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "races" }],
              "question": "What can be said to be a social construct?",
              "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "legal, economic, and sociopolitical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?",
              "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "major social situations" }
              ],
              "question": "Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?",
              "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "real material" }],
              "question": "What effect does race have in the lives of people?",
              "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "considerable suffering" }
              ],
              "question": "Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?",
              "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "racist mindsets" }],
              "question": "What is discrimination often paired with?",
              "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "inferior" }],
              "question": "What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?",
              "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 435, "text": "excluded or oppressed" }
              ],
              "question": "What do groups with less power often find themselves?",
              "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Racism" }],
              "question": "What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?",
              "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable. As sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions, self-identities, and social institutions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?",
              "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? ",
              "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "use of racial categories" }
              ],
              "question": "What promotes stereotypes?",
              "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "social scientists" }],
              "question": "Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?",
              "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 413, "text": "sociological factors" }
              ],
              "question": "What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? ",
              "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents, and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "distinct" }],
              "question": "What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?",
              "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "exploration and conquest" }
              ],
              "question": "During which process did our current idea of race come about?",
              "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0003"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "different continents" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?",
              "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0004"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 147, "text": "natural, immutable and global" }
              ],
              "question": "What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?",
              "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0002"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "classification and typology" }
              ],
              "question": "What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?",
              "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0005"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions. As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. The rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. Drawing on Classical sources and upon their own internal interactions \u2014 for example, the hostility between the English and Irish powerfully influenced early European thinking about the differences between people \u2014 Europeans began to sort themselves and others into groups based on physical appearance, and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups behaviors and capacities which were claimed to be deeply ingrained. A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. Similar ideas can be found in other cultures, for example in China, where a concept often translated as \"race\" was associated with supposed common descent from the Yellow Emperor, and used to stress the unity of ethnic groups in China. Brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout history and across the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "time of the scientific revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did many of the ideas associated with the term \"race\" arise?",
              "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "colonization" }],
              "question": "What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?",
              "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Europeans" }],
              "question": "Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?",
              "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "African slaves" }],
              "question": "Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?",
              "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da967"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1602, "text": "ethnic" }],
              "question": "What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?",
              "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da968"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be Fran\u00e7ois Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les diff\u00e9rents esp\u00e8ces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Bernier" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?",
              "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?",
              "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "White" }],
              "question": "What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?",
              "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1030,
                  "text": "active, acute, and adventurous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?",
              "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1103, "text": "crafty, lazy, and careless" }
              ],
              "question": "What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?",
              "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f90"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races. Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that \"one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "1775" }],
              "question": "What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?",
              "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?",
              "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "graded" }],
              "question": "What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?",
              "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0056"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "limits" }],
              "question": "What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?",
              "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "Ethiopian" }],
              "question": "What race was later renamed to Negroid?",
              "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0055"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups. Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified \"Negros\" as inferior to Europeans. In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential. He saw Africans as inferior to Whites especially in regards to their intellect, and imbued with unnatural sexual appetites, but described Native Americans as equals to whites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "an \"ideology of race\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?",
              "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da842"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "primordial, natural, enduring and distinct"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?",
              "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da843"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "mixture between formerly distinct populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?",
              "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da844"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "Negros" }],
              "question": "What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?",
              "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "Thomas Jefferson" }],
              "question": "Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?",
              "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da846"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey. In the US, Samuel George Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz promoted this theory in the mid-nineteenth century. Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century, culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London (1863) during the period of the American Civil War, in opposition to the Ethnological Society, which had abolitionist sympathies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "polygenism" }],
              "question": "What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?",
              "id": "572903331d04691400778f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "England" }],
              "question": "What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?",
              "id": "572903331d04691400778f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "ethnographers" }],
              "question": "What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?",
              "id": "572903331d04691400778f6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "In what century was polygenism most widespread?",
              "id": "572903331d04691400778f6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "abolitionist" }],
              "question": "The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?",
              "id": "572903331d04691400778f6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. Homo erectus is theorized to have evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that Archaic Homo sapiens (A group including the possible species H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. neanderthalensis) evolved out of African Homo erectus ((sensu lato) or Homo ergaster).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Homo sapiens" }],
              "question": "What species do all living humans today belong to?",
              "id": "572904223f37b31900477f83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "2 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?",
              "id": "572904223f37b31900477f84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 461, "text": "1.5" }],
              "question": "How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?",
              "id": "572904223f37b31900477f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "Homo habilis" }],
              "question": "Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?",
              "id": "572904223f37b31900477f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 709, "text": "African Homo erectus" }
              ],
              "question": "What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?",
              "id": "572904223f37b31900477f87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After the Nazi eugenics program, racial essentialism lost widespread popularity. Race anthropologists were pressured to acknowledge findings coming from studies of culture and population genetics, and to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation. A significant number of modern anthropologists and biologists in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 27, "text": "many anthropologists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?",
              "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "scientific racism" }],
              "question": "What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?",
              "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 368, "text": "lost widespread popularity" }
              ],
              "question": "What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? ",
              "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "sources of phenotypic variation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?",
              "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "invalid" }],
              "question": "What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?",
              "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as \"a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time\" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Population" }],
              "question": "What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?",
              "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "biologists" }],
              "question": "What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?",
              "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 423, "text": "qualitative descriptions" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most definitions of population rely on?",
              "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "definitions for populations" }
              ],
              "question": "What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?",
              "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "paradigm" }],
              "question": "What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?",
              "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. Therefore, any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies, even to the level of a local population. As a result, Templeton has argued that it is necessary to impose a threshold on the level of difference that is required for a population to be designated a subspecies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "subspecies" }],
              "question": "What are traditionally geographically isolated?",
              "id": "572907263f37b31900477f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "microevolutionary divergence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is \"subspecies\" used to indicate an objective degree of?",
              "id": "572907263f37b31900477f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 278, "text": "degree of differentiation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?",
              "id": "572907263f37b31900477f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "biologically different" }
              ],
              "question": "What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?",
              "id": "572907263f37b31900477f9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 542, "text": "level of difference" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?",
              "id": "572907263f37b31900477f9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters. The seventy-five percent rule still has defenders but other scholars argue that it should be replaced with ninety or ninety-five percent rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "difference" }],
              "question": "What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?",
              "id": "572908426aef0514001549d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Dean Amadon" }],
              "question": "Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?",
              "id": "572908426aef0514001549d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "1949" }],
              "question": "What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?",
              "id": "572908426aef0514001549d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "99%" }],
              "question": "The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?",
              "id": "572908426aef0514001549d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 410, "text": "The seventy-five percent rule" }
              ],
              "question": "Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?",
              "id": "572908426aef0514001549d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained anthropologist to classify an array of Englishmen, West Africans, and Chinese with 100% accuracy by features, skin color, and type of hair despite so much variability within each of these groups that every individual can easily be distinguished from every other. However, it is customary to use the term race rather than subspecies for the major subdivisions of the human species as well as for minor ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?",
              "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 144, "text": "different subspecies" }
              ],
              "question": "How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?",
              "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "inspection" }],
              "question": "What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?",
              "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "individual" }],
              "question": "What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?",
              "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 625, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?",
              "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonomy of living organisms based on anatomical similarities and differences, cladistics seeks to establish a taxonomy\u2014the phylogenetic tree\u2014based on genetic similarities and differences and tracing the process of acquisition of multiple characteristics by single organisms. Some researchers have tried to clarify the idea of race by equating it to the biological idea of the clade. Often mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths. These single-locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are inherited from a single parent. Individuals from the various continental groups tend to be more similar to one another than to people from other continents, and tracing either mitochondrial DNA or non-recombinant Y-chromosome DNA explains how people in one place may be largely derived from people in some remote location.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "classification" }],
              "question": "What is cladistics a method of?",
              "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "organisms" }],
              "question": "What is a clade a taxonomic group of?",
              "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "single" }],
              "question": "How many common ancestors does a clade have?",
              "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "taxonomy" }],
              "question": "What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?",
              "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 724, "text": "Y" }],
              "question": "Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?",
              "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded. This would make a subspecies, evolutionarily speaking, a clade \u2013 a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population. The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic (cleanly divided), as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations. Rachel Caspari (2003) have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups (a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor) and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic, none of those groups can be clades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "phylogenetic" }],
              "question": "What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?",
              "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "geographically" }],
              "question": "How are allopatric populations separated? ",
              "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "a clade" }],
              "question": "What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?",
              "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "monophyletic" }],
              "question": "What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means \"cleanly divided\"?",
              "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "Rachel Caspari" }],
              "question": "Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?",
              "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that \"the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples\". For example, the large and highly diverse macroethnic groups of East Indians, North Africans, and Europeans are presumptively grouped as Caucasians prior to the analysis of their DNA variation. This is claimed to limit and skew interpretations, obscure other lineage relationships, deemphasize the impact of more immediate clinal environmental factors on genomic diversity, and can cloud our understanding of the true patterns of affinity. They argue that however significant the empirical research, these studies use the term race in conceptually imprecise and careless ways. They suggest that the authors of these studies find support for racial distinctions only because they began by assuming the validity of race. \"For empirical reasons we prefer to place emphasis on clinal variation, which recognizes the existence of adaptive human hereditary variation and simultaneously stresses that such variation is not found in packages that can be labeled races.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?",
              "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Caucasians" }],
              "question": "What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?",
              "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "interpretations" }],
              "question": "Cladistics can limit and skew what?",
              "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1246, "text": "packages" }],
              "question": "What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?",
              "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 856,
                  "text": "conceptually imprecise and careless"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?",
              "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolation by distance. This point called attention to a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races (for example, those based on hair texture and skin color): they ignore a host of other similarities and differences (for example, blood type) that do not correlate highly with the markers for race. Thus, anthropologist Frank Livingstone's conclusion, that since clines cross racial boundaries, \"there are no races, only clines\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "distributed along geographic gradations or clines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?",
              "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "isolation by distance" }
              ],
              "question": "Why are variations distributed along clines?",
              "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "they ignore a host of other similarities and differences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?",
              "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "anthropologist" }],
              "question": "What is Frank Livingstone's profession?",
              "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 721,
                  "text": "there are no races, only clines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?",
              "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: \"I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vice versa, then the explanation is invalid.\" He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between \"race differences\" and \"the race concept.\" The former refers to any distinction in gene frequencies between populations; the latter is \"a matter of judgment.\" He further observed that even when there is clinal variation, \"Race differences are objectively ascertainable biological phenomena\u2026 but it does not follow that racially distinct populations must be given racial (or subspecific) labels.\" In short, Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people, and how the race concept is used, is a matter of social convention. They differ on whether the race concept remains a meaningful and useful social convention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "how the term is being used" }
              ],
              "question": "What must one be attentive to when talking about race?",
              "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?",
              "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 466, "text": "\"the race concept.\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is merely \"a matter of judgement\"?",
              "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 830, "text": "labels" }],
              "question": "While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?",
              "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1122,
                  "text": "a meaningful and useful social convention"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?",
              "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly\u2014for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa. As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, \"Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did two biologists point out in 1964?",
              "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "melanin" }],
              "question": "What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?",
              "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "radiate" }],
              "question": "What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?",
              "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "anthropologists" }],
              "question": "To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?",
              "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "Discordant" }],
              "question": "What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?",
              "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans (people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe) which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago. The East Asians owe their relatively light skin to different mutations. On the other hand, the greater the number of traits (or alleles) considered, the more subdivisions of humanity are detected, since traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to the same geographical location. Or as Ossorio & Duster (2005) put it:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?",
              "id": "57290f651d04691400778ffd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "mutation" }],
              "question": "What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?",
              "id": "57290f651d04691400778fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "skin-lighting" }],
              "question": "What mutation did scientists discover?",
              "id": "57290f651d04691400778ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 564, "text": "different mutations" }
              ],
              "question": "What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?",
              "id": "57290f651d04691400779000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 781, "text": "geographical" }],
              "question": "Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?",
              "id": "57290f651d04691400779001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coop et al. (2009) found \"a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "a selected allele" }],
              "question": "What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?",
              "id": "572910671d04691400779007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?",
              "id": "572910671d04691400779008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?",
              "id": "572910671d0469140077900a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 525, "text": "major geographic patterns" }
              ],
              "question": "What are sweeps?",
              "id": "572910671d0469140077900b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "absent" }],
              "question": "Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?",
              "id": "572910671d04691400779009"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: \"A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses. It is an arbitrary matter which, and how many, gene loci we choose to consider as a significant 'constellation'\". Leonard Lieberman and Rodney Kirk have pointed out that \"the paramount weakness of this statement is that if one gene can distinguish races then the number of races is as numerous as the number of human couples reproducing.\" Moreover, the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless. The Human Genome Project states \"People who have lived in the same geographic region for many generations may have some alleles in common, but no allele will be found in all members of one population and in no members of any other.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "genetic differences" }
              ],
              "question": "What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?",
              "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "mid-20th-century anthropologist"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was William C. Boyd?",
              "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "genes" }],
              "question": "Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?",
              "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "number of human couples reproducing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?",
              "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa020"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 978, "text": "alleles" }],
              "question": "What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?",
              "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa021"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and between populations for individual genes, or for many genes simultaneously. It is often stated that the fixation index for humans is about 0.15. This translates to an estimated 85% of the variation measured in the overall human population is found within individuals of the same population, and about 15% of the variation occurs between populations. These estimates imply that any two individuals from different populations are almost as likely to be more similar to each other than either is to a member of their own group. Richard Lewontin, who affirmed these ratios, thus concluded neither \"race\" nor \"subspecies\" were appropriate or useful ways to describe human populations. However, others have noticed that group variation was relatively similar to the variation observed in other mammalian species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "genetic differences between populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?",
              "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "the Fixation index" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Wright's method known as?",
              "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "0.15" }],
              "question": "What is the often stated FST for humans?",
              "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "human populations" }],
              "question": "Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?",
              "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1108, "text": "mammalian" }],
              "question": "Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?",
              "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa079"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15\u20130.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly lower) have been found in some studies, suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation. Graves (1996) has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status, as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations, although see also Wright (1978).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "genetic variation" }],
              "question": "FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?",
              "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?",
              "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478024"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "0.1" }],
              "question": "FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?",
              "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Graves" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?",
              "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "populations" }],
              "question": "FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?",
              "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478027"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper \"Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races\". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity. They claim that this does not correctly reflect human population history, because it treats all human groups as independent. A more realistic portrayal of the way human groups are related is to understand that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups. For example, under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive, but more than that, non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population. This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups (probably east Africans) than they are to others, and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck, with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups. This view produces a version of human population movements that do not result in all human populations being independent; but rather, produces a series of dilutions of diversity the further from Africa any population lives, each founding event representing a genetic subset of its parental population. Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human diversity exists in a single African population, whereas only about 70% of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea. Long and Kittles argued that this still produces a global human population that is genetically homogeneous compared to other mammalian populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles" }
              ],
              "question": "What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?",
              "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "misleading" }],
              "question": "What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?",
              "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 940, "text": "non-representative" }
              ],
              "question": "Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?",
              "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1208, "text": "genetic" }],
              "question": "What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?",
              "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1749, "text": "100%" }],
              "question": "How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?",
              "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his 2003 paper, \"Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy\", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: \"Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "characteristic genetic patterns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?",
              "id": "57291d851d0469140077906b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "phenotypic variations between groups"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?",
              "id": "57291d851d0469140077906c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 797, "text": "poorly" }],
              "question": "How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?",
              "id": "57291d851d0469140077906d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1061, "text": "imperfect" }],
              "question": "Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?",
              "id": "57291d851d0469140077906e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1140, "text": "utility" }],
              "question": "Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?",
              "id": "57291d851d0469140077906f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize the probability of finding cluster patterns unique to each group. In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration (and correspondingly, human gene flow) on a global scale, further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups. One such study looked at a large multiethnic population in the United States, and \"detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity\u2014as opposed to current residence\u2014is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population.\" (Tang et al. (2005))",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 84, "text": "ancestral population" }
              ],
              "question": "What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?",
              "id": "572920491d0469140077907d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 122, "text": "extreme geographic distances" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?",
              "id": "572920491d0469140077907e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "large geographic distances" }
              ],
              "question": "What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?",
              "id": "572920491d0469140077907f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "migration" }],
              "question": "What human activity has only recently accelerated?",
              "id": "572920491d04691400779080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "gene" }],
              "question": "Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?",
              "id": "572920491d04691400779081"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question \"How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations?\" to be \"never\". This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian). The entire world population is much more complex and studying an increasing number of groups would require an increasing number of markers for the same answer. The authors conclude that \"caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes.\" Witherspoon, et al. concluded that, \"The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our \ufb01nding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "cluster" }],
              "question": "Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?",
              "id": "5729225a1d04691400779091"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "thousands" }],
              "question": "How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?",
              "id": "5729225a1d04691400779092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "markers" }],
              "question": "Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?",
              "id": "5729225a1d04691400779093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "caution" }],
              "question": "What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?",
              "id": "5729225a1d04691400779094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1430, "text": "other populations" }
              ],
              "question": "People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?",
              "id": "5729225a1d04691400779095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as \"continental races\", this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations. The cluster structure of the genetic data is therefore dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled. When one samples continental groups, the clusters become continental; if one had chosen other sampling patterns, the clustering would be different. Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials. Kaplan and Winther therefore argue that, seen in this way, both Lewontin and Edwards are right in their arguments. They conclude that while racial groups are characterized by different allele frequencies, this does not mean that racial classification is a natural taxonomy of the human species, because multiple other genetic patterns can be found in human populations that crosscut racial distinctions. Moreover, the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e., splitters) or a continuum (i.e., lumpers). Under Kaplan and Winther's view, racial groupings are objective social constructions (see Mills 1998 ) that have conventional biological reality only insofar as the categories are chosen and constructed for pragmatic scientific reasons. In earlier work, Winther had identified \"diversity partitioning\" and \"clustering analysis\" as two separate methodologies, with distinct questions, assumptions, and protocols. Each is also associated with opposing ontological consequences vis-a-vis the metaphysics of race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 464, "text": "hypotheses" }],
              "question": "Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?",
              "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "continental" }],
              "question": "If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?",
              "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1156, "text": "racial classification" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?",
              "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1496, "text": "racial groupings" }],
              "question": "What are objective social constructions?",
              "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1807, "text": "methodologies" }],
              "question": "What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?",
              "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word \"ethnicity\" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with \"race\", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide. This questioning gained momentum in the 1960s during the U.S. civil rights movement and the emergence of numerous anti-colonial movements worldwide. They thus came to believe that race itself is a social construct, a concept that was believed to correspond to an objective reality but which was believed in because of its social functions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "ethnicity" }],
              "question": "What word do many social scientists instead of race?",
              "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "beliefs about race" }
              ],
              "question": "What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?",
              "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "the 1960s" }],
              "question": "When did the civil rights movement take place?",
              "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "anti-colonial" }],
              "question": "What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?",
              "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "objective" }],
              "question": "What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?",
              "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1\u20133% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, \"Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet.\" \"When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "the National Institute of Health"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?",
              "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "2000" }],
              "question": "What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?",
              "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "notion of genetically defined races"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?",
              "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Race" }],
              "question": "What is a social concept, not a scientific one?",
              "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 675, "text": "it all falls apart" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?",
              "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies\". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: \"we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Stanford" }],
              "question": "Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?",
              "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "the American Journal of Human Genetics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?",
              "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "self" }],
              "question": "Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?",
              "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "sex" }],
              "question": "What is a problematic category in addition to race?",
              "id": "57292674af94a219006aa110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "biology" }],
              "question": "What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?",
              "id": "57292674af94a219006aa111"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Basically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "What country was race \"Biologized\" in?",
              "id": "572927316aef051400154ad4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 204, "text": "rigid descent rule" }
              ],
              "question": "What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?",
              "id": "572927316aef051400154ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?",
              "id": "572927316aef051400154ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 501, "text": "different racial groups" }
              ],
              "question": "What may full siblings belong to?",
              "id": "572927316aef051400154ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "ancestry" }],
              "question": "What determines genotype?",
              "id": "572927316aef051400154ad8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color and traits: a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black, and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry. The complexity of racial classifications in Brazil reflects the extent of miscegenation in Brazilian society, a society that remains highly, but not strictly, stratified along color lines. These socioeconomic factors are also significant to the limits of racial lines, because a minority of pardos, or brown people, are likely to start declaring themselves white or black if socially upward, and being seen as relatively \"whiter\" as their perceived social status increases (much as in other regions of Latin America).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Over a dozen" }],
              "question": "How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?",
              "id": "572928253f37b31900478095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "like the colors of the spectrum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?",
              "id": "572928253f37b31900478096"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "appearance" }],
              "question": "What did race refer to instead of heredity?",
              "id": "572928253f37b31900478097"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "ancestry" }],
              "question": "What is appearance a poor indication of?",
              "id": "572928253f37b31900478098"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "Brazil" }],
              "question": "Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?",
              "id": "572928253f37b31900478099"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos, a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly, for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo. In several genetic tests, people with less than 60-65% of European descent and 5-10% of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians (as reported by the individuals), or 6.9% of the population, and those with about 45% or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so (in average, Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50% Subsaharan African, 37% European and 13% Amerindian).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What categories have an aspect of fluidity?",
              "id": "5729295d1d046914007790e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "caboclos" }],
              "question": "What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?",
              "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "hillbilly" }],
              "question": "What's a rough translation of \"pardos\"?",
              "id": "5729295d1d046914007790eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "Afro-Brazilians" }],
              "question": "What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?",
              "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?",
              "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed), more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil (47.7% and 42.4% of the population as of 2010, respectively), because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80% of autosomal European ancestry, in average (also >35% of European mt-DNA and >95% of European Y-DNA).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "white" }],
              "question": "What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?",
              "id": "57292a336aef051400154b12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "mixed" }],
              "question": "What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?",
              "id": "57292a336aef051400154b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "65 and 80%" }],
              "question": "Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?",
              "id": "57292a336aef051400154b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "42.4%" }],
              "question": "How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?",
              "id": "57292a336aef051400154b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "95%" }],
              "question": "Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?",
              "id": "57292a336aef051400154b16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves. From the last decades of the Empire until the 1950s, the proportion of the white population increased significantly while Brazil welcomed 5.5 million immigrants between 1821 and 1932, not much behind its neighbor Argentina with 6.4 million, and it received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States. Between 1500 and 1760, 700.000 Europeans settled in Brazil, while 530.000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given time. Thus, the historical construction of race in Brazilian society dealt primarily with gradations between persons of majoritarily European ancestry and little minority groups with otherwise lower quantity therefrom in recent times.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "3.5 million" }],
              "question": "What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?",
              "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 168, "text": "miserable" }],
              "question": "What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?",
              "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "relations between white masters and female slaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?",
              "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "1821 and 1932" }],
              "question": "Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?",
              "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "700.000" }],
              "question": "Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?",
              "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa145"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney L\u00f3pez warns that using \"race\" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with \"race\". In European context, historical resonance of \"race\" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that \"the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Union" }],
              "question": "Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? ",
              "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "its existence" }],
              "question": "What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?",
              "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "European" }],
              "question": "In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?",
              "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 720, "text": "Fascist" }],
              "question": "Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?",
              "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "1996" }],
              "question": "In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove \"race\" from all official texts?",
              "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the existence of different \"races\". However, in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to \"another race\" are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation. The law claims to reject the existence of \"race\", yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The concept of racial origin" }
              ],
              "question": "What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?",
              "id": "57292cb21d04691400779115"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "scientific" }],
              "question": "What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?",
              "id": "57292cb21d04691400779116"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "all human beings belong to the same species"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?",
              "id": "57292cb21d04691400779117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?",
              "id": "57292cb21d04691400779118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?",
              "id": "57292cb21d04691400779119"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28\u201337%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Demographics of the United States). Nevertheless, it amounts to at least three million people, and has forced the issues of ethnic diversity onto the French policy agenda. France has developed an approach to dealing with ethnic problems that stands in contrast to that of many advanced, industrialized countries. Unlike the United States, Britain, or even the Netherlands, France maintains a \"color-blind\" model of public policy. This means that it targets virtually no policies directly at racial or ethnic groups. Instead, it uses geographic or class criteria to address issues of social inequalities. It has, however, developed an extensive anti-racist policy repertoire since the early 1970s. Until recently, French policies focused primarily on issues of hate speech\u2014going much further than their American counterparts\u2014and relatively less on issues of discrimination in jobs, housing, and in provision of goods and services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Second World War" }],
              "question": "France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?",
              "id": "57292d7f1d0469140077911f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 95, "text": "approximately five percent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of the French population today is non-European?",
              "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779120"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 256, "text": "roughly 28\u201337%" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States?",
              "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "ethnic diversity" }],
              "question": "What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas?",
              "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "color-blind" }],
              "question": "What type of model of public policy does France maintain?",
              "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779123"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African\u2013Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During Reconstruction, increasing numbers of Americans began to consider anyone with \"one drop\" of known \"Black blood\" to be Black, regardless of appearance.3 By the early 20th century, this notion was made statutory in many states.4 Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of \"Indian blood\" (called blood quantum). To be White one had to have perceived \"pure\" White ancestry. The one-drop rule or hypodescent rule refers to the convention of defining a person as racially black if he or she has any known African ancestry. This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black. The one-drop rule is specific to not only those with African ancestry but to the United States, making it a particularly African-American experience.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "early" }],
              "question": "Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?",
              "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "a proliferation of categories" }
              ],
              "question": "What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?",
              "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 314, "text": "in the late 19th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?",
              "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "During Reconstruction" }
              ],
              "question": "When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of \"Black blood\" to be Black?",
              "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 997, "text": "The one-drop rule" }],
              "question": "What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?",
              "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to \"Latino\" or \"Hispanic\", \"Anglo\" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "the 20th century" }],
              "question": "When did the term \"Hispanic\" begin being used?",
              "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Hispanic" }],
              "question": "What is the word \"Latino\" often used as a synonym for?",
              "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "non-race specific" }],
              "question": "How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?",
              "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa169"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "races" }],
              "question": "What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?",
              "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa16a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 789, "text": "of English descent" }
              ],
              "question": "Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?",
              "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa16b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wang, \u0160trkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 review paper, \u0160trkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China, whereas \"race\" is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories, whereas in China they are encouraged to use them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Acta Anthropologica Sinica" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?",
              "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "Chinese anthropologists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the race concept widely used by?",
              "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "social cohesion" }],
              "question": "What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?",
              "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "sensitive issue" }],
              "question": "Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?",
              "id": "5729307f6aef051400154b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "racial categories" }],
              "question": "What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?",
              "id": "5729307f6aef051400154b58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002\u20132003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physical anthropologists, and middle-aged persons rejected race more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe, people in other branches of science, and those from both younger and older generations.\" The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically (ideologically) influenced and highly dependent on education.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "2002\u20132003" }],
              "question": "What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?",
              "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Three" }],
              "question": "How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?",
              "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe?",
              "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "ideologically" }],
              "question": "How are views on race influenced?",
              "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "education" }],
              "question": "What are views on race highly dependent on?",
              "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "consensus" }],
              "question": "What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?",
              "id": "572931f26aef051400154b64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "taxonomic" }],
              "question": "What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?",
              "id": "572931f26aef051400154b65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "race" }],
              "question": "What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?",
              "id": "572931f26aef051400154b66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 451, "text": "the concept of race" }
              ],
              "question": "What do some eschew altogether? ",
              "id": "572931f26aef051400154b67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "concept of population" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a less problematic unit of analysis?",
              "id": "572931f26aef051400154b68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo.\"  The types of practices that take place under this new color-blind racism is subtle, institutionalized, and supposedly not racial. Color-blind racism thrives on the idea that race is no longer an issue in the United States. There are contradictions between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a color-coded system of inequality.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Duke University" }],
              "question": "Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?",
              "id": "572932863f37b319004780ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "group power" }],
              "question": "What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?",
              "id": "572932863f37b319004780ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "whites" }],
              "question": "Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group?",
              "id": "572932863f37b319004780ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "that race is no longer an issue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What idea does color-blind racism thrive on?",
              "id": "572932863f37b319004780f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "contradictions" }],
              "question": "What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality?",
              "id": "572932863f37b319004780f1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept: from 1932 to 1976, only seven out of thirty-two rejected race; from 1975 to 1984, thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race; from 1985 to 1993, thirteen out of nineteen rejected race. According to one academic journal entry, where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "biological race" }],
              "question": "What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?",
              "id": "572933831d04691400779159"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "physical anthropologists" }
              ],
              "question": "The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?",
              "id": "572933831d0469140077915a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "college" }],
              "question": "What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?",
              "id": "572933831d0469140077915b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?",
              "id": "572933831d0469140077915c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 802, "text": "28 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?",
              "id": "572933831d0469140077915d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep \"is simply not true, as any experienced forensic anthropologist will affirm\" and \"Many morphological features tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones. This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose, cheekbones, etc. (For example, more prominent noses humidify air better.)\" While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence \"seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all\". He also states that many biological anthropologists see races as real yet \"not one introductory textbook of physical anthropology even presents that perspective as a possibility. In a case as flagrant as this, we are not dealing with science but rather with blatant, politically motivated censorship\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "forensic" }],
              "question": "What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?",
              "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa18f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "simply not true" }],
              "question": "What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?",
              "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 521, "text": "selective forces of climate" }
              ],
              "question": "What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?",
              "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 918, "text": "socio-political motivation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?",
              "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1237,
                  "text": "politically motivated censorship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?",
              "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa193"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry. He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa, categorizing that skeletal as being \"black\" is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States, and which is not itself scientifically valid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "forensic" }],
              "question": "What type of anthropology is \"race\" sometimes still used within?",
              "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "regional ancestry" }],
              "question": "What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?",
              "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "specific region" }],
              "question": "What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?",
              "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 591, "text": "particular context" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Brace feel the term \"black\" in meaningful in?",
              "id": "5729355b1d04691400779170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "is not itself scientifically valid"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?",
              "id": "5729355b1d04691400779171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether. The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications, instead of discussing them, and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept \"subspecies\". The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama's 1986 \"Evolutionary Biology\" had abandoned the race concept, \"The concept of race, masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions, is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well (pp. 5 18-5 19).\" (Lieberman et al. 1992, pp. 316\u201317)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "77" }],
              "question": "How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?",
              "id": "57293627af94a219006aa199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "the 1970s" }],
              "question": "Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?",
              "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 354, "text": "their discussion of race" }
              ],
              "question": "What did biology textbooks drop altogether?",
              "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "racial classifications" }
              ],
              "question": "What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?",
              "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 992, "text": "biologically indefensible" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?",
              "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983\u201392 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and brief discussions of race in the context of medical disorders have increased from none to 93% of textbooks. In general, the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history. The study argues that the textbooks' fundamental message about the existence of races has changed little.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "similar pattern" }],
              "question": "What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?",
              "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "35%" }],
              "question": "How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?",
              "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "43%" }],
              "question": "After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?",
              "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "93%" }],
              "question": "What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?",
              "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 584, "text": "changed little" }],
              "question": "What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?",
              "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doctors have noted that some medical conditions are more prevalent in certain racial or ethnic groups than in others, without being sure of the cause of those differences. Recent interest in race-based medicine, or race-targeted pharmacogenomics, has been fueled by the proliferation of human genetic data which followed the decoding of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century. There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research. Proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine argue that continued use of racial categorizations in biomedical research and clinical practice makes possible the application of new genetic findings, and provides a clue to diagnosis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "federal government" }],
              "question": "Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?",
              "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "medical conditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?",
              "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "more prevalent" }],
              "question": "What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?",
              "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "proliferation of human genetic data"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?",
              "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 972,
                  "text": "application of new genetic findings,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?",
              "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "genetic causation of the difference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?",
              "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "the individual" }],
              "question": "What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?",
              "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "reinforcing stereotypes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?",
              "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "living conditions" }],
              "question": "What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for \"race specific\" diseases?",
              "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "racial categorization" }
              ],
              "question": "What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?",
              "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term \"race\" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend. From the perspective of law enforcement officers, it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means. Thus, in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category, such a description will include: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "job of law enforcement officers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?",
              "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "general appearance" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?",
              "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "apprehend" }],
              "question": "What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?",
              "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 438, "text": "arrive at a description" }
              ],
              "question": "What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?",
              "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 713,
                  "text": "height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?",
              "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010. One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group: W1 (White-British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Any other white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any other mixed background); A1 (Asian-Indian), A2 (Asian-Pakistani), A3 (Asian-Bangladeshi), A9 (Any other Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any other black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any other). The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group, e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest: White \u2013 North European (IC1), White \u2013 South European (IC2), Black (IC3), Asian (IC4), Chinese, Japanese, or South East Asian (IC5), Middle Eastern (IC6), and Unknown (IC0). \"IC\" stands for \"Identification Code;\" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications. Officers are instructed to \"record the response that has been given\" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of \"Not Stated.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "at least two" }],
              "question": "How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?",
              "id": "572941bb1d04691400779203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "the 2001 Census" }],
              "question": "When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?",
              "id": "572941bb1d04691400779204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 710, "text": "visually" }],
              "question": "How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?",
              "id": "572941bb1d04691400779205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1011, "text": "Identification Code" }
              ],
              "question": "What does IC stand for?",
              "id": "572941bb1d04691400779206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1563, "text": "Not Stated" }],
              "question": "What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?",
              "id": "572941bb1d04691400779207"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement. The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?",
              "id": "572942763f37b319004781b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "racial profiling" }],
              "question": "What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?",
              "id": "572942763f37b319004781b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "de facto racial profiling" }
              ],
              "question": "What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?",
              "id": "572942763f37b319004781b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "adversely" }],
              "question": "How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?",
              "id": "572942763f37b319004781ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "misuse of racial categories" }
              ],
              "question": "What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?",
              "id": "572942763f37b319004781bb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, \"the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison.\" She defines it further as \"a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls\", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mass incarceration" }],
              "question": "What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?",
              "id": "572944df6aef051400154c24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 108, "text": "Michelle Alexander" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the author of \"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness\"?",
              "id": "572944df6aef051400154c25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "virtual" }],
              "question": "What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?",
              "id": "572944df6aef051400154c26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "people of color" }],
              "question": "Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?",
              "id": "572944df6aef051400154c27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 819, "text": "racial" }],
              "question": "What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?",
              "id": "572944df6aef051400154c28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, \"If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?\" He concluded:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "highly heritable" }],
              "question": "What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?",
              "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "cranial" }],
              "question": "What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?",
              "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Norman Sauer" }],
              "question": "Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?",
              "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 452, "text": "forensic anthropologists" }
              ],
              "question": "What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?",
              "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "races" }],
              "question": "What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?",
              "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa231"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates \"the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity.\"[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations. Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated, and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci. They focused on the non-recombining Y-chromosome to \"circumvent some of the complications associated with selection\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "culture" }],
              "question": "What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?",
              "id": "572946336aef051400154c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "neighbouring non-Jewish populations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?",
              "id": "572946336aef051400154c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "the degree of genetic similarity among Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What shifted depending on the locus investigated?",
              "id": "572946336aef051400154c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "natural selection acting on particular loci"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?",
              "id": "572946336aef051400154c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "Y" }],
              "question": "What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?",
              "id": "572946336aef051400154c46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new \"race science\" calls attention to the importance of \"ancestry\" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this \"race science\", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Y" }],
              "question": "Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?",
              "id": "572947453f37b319004781f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "ancestry" }],
              "question": "What does the new \"race science\" call attention to the importance of?",
              "id": "572947453f37b319004781fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 498, "text": "their claims about ancestry" }
              ],
              "question": "What do people desire to use science to confirm?",
              "id": "572947453f37b319004781fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "race science" }],
              "question": "What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?",
              "id": "572947453f37b319004781fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "to explain differences in human behaviour or social status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were older notions of race used?",
              "id": "572947453f37b319004781fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "admixture" }],
              "question": "What is a problem with racial assignments? ",
              "id": "572947f33f37b31900478203"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Many" }],
              "question": "How many people have a varied ancestry?",
              "id": "572947f33f37b31900478204"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "colonial and early federal history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572947f33f37b31900478205"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "African" }],
              "question": "Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?",
              "id": "572947f33f37b31900478206"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "10%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?",
              "id": "572947f33f37b31900478207"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Paris",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km\u00b2 (4,638 mi\u00b2), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "10,550,350" }],
              "question": "What is the aggregate population of Paris?",
              "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "2012 census" }],
              "question": "From what census is this information from?",
              "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "12,341,418" }],
              "question": "What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?",
              "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "12,012 km\u00b2" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?",
              "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "12 million" }],
              "question": "As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?",
              "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes \u00e9coles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Lib\u00e9ration.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Louvre" }],
              "question": "What is the most visited art museum in the world?",
              "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "French Impressionist art" }
              ],
              "question": "what is the Musee de Orsay known for?",
              "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?",
              "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "22.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?",
              "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?",
              "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Fran\u00e7ais. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "Paris Saint-Germain" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the football club in Paris?",
              "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 92, "text": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?",
              "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "80,000" }],
              "question": "How many seats are in Stade de France?",
              "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "In what year did Paris host the World Cup?",
              "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "July" }],
              "question": "In what month is the Tour de France?",
              "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the \"Mountain of Martyrs\" (Mons Martyrum), eventually \"Montmartre\". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "Parisius" }],
              "question": "What was Paris known as in Latin?",
              "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da534"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "3rd" }],
              "question": "In what century was Christianity introduced?",
              "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "Saint Denis" }],
              "question": "Who brought Christianity to Paris?",
              "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "Basilica of Saint-Denis" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?",
              "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "Mountain of Martyrs" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Saint Denis beheaded?",
              "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da538"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the \u00cele-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance\u2014with its bridges preventing ships from passing\u2014was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885\u201386). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Clovis the Frank" }],
              "question": "who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?",
              "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "987" }],
              "question": "In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?",
              "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 374, "text": "bridges" }],
              "question": "What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?",
              "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "Gaul" }],
              "question": "The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?",
              "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?",
              "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Maurice de Sully" }],
              "question": "Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?",
              "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "The Left Bank" }],
              "question": "Where was the University of Paris located?",
              "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "Louis VII" }],
              "question": "Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?",
              "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a Mass\"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "1420 until 1436" }],
              "question": "In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?",
              "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Joan of Arc" }],
              "question": "Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?",
              "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "24 August 1572" }],
              "question": "What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?",
              "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "1610" }],
              "question": "In what year was Henri IV assassinated?",
              "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "Henry IV" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's",
              "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "1682" }],
              "question": "In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?",
              "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 468,
                  "text": "Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?",
              "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "To show that the city was safe against attack"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?",
              "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In what city was the French Academy of Science founded",
              "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5fb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'\u00e9tat du 18 brumaire), when Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "Tuileries Palace" }],
              "question": "Where did Louis XVI and his family live?",
              "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "9 November 1799" }],
              "question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?",
              "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da601"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "16,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?",
              "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da602"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "1848" }],
              "question": "In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?",
              "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?",
              "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 160, "text": "Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?",
              "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris M\u00e9tro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (\u00c9mile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Impressionism" }],
              "question": "What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?",
              "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "to mark the centennial of the French Revolution"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?",
              "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "1889 Universal Exposition" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?",
              "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da61a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "Symbolism" }],
              "question": "What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?",
              "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da61b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Ann\u00e9es Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?",
              "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 348, "text": "Les Ann\u00e9es Folles" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the years after the war commonly known as?",
              "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?",
              "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an \"open city\". On 16\u201317 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (V\u00e9lodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the H\u00f4tel de Ville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "14 June 1940" }],
              "question": "On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?",
              "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "12,884" }],
              "question": "How many Jews were arrested following German orders?",
              "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Vel d'Hiv" }],
              "question": "Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?",
              "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "None" }],
              "question": "How many children came back from Auschwitz?",
              "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "25 August 1944" }],
              "question": "On what date was the city liberated?",
              "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "11" }],
              "question": "How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?",
              "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "curfew on Muslims of Algeria" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of the police officer killing?",
              "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "at least 40" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?",
              "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 545,
                  "text": "Organisation de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?",
              "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?",
              "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 207, "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?",
              "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?",
              "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?",
              "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Jacques Chirac have built?",
              "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delano\u00eb became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the V\u00e9lib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delano\u00eb also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "2.25 million" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Paris in 2011?",
              "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 173, "text": "Bertrand Delano\u00eb" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?",
              "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "V\u00e9lib'" }],
              "question": "What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?",
              "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "June 2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?",
              "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da795"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris\u2013along with international political leaders\u2013to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech. Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured. Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis. President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month state of emergency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "7 January 2015" }],
              "question": "On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?",
              "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "thirteen" }],
              "question": "How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?",
              "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?",
              "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 580, "text": "ISIL" }],
              "question": "Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?",
              "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "setting off their explosive vests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the attackers kill themselves?",
              "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the \u00cele Saint-Louis and the larger \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, \"Martyr's mound\", in 250.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "northern central" }],
              "question": "Where in France is Paris located?",
              "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "450" }],
              "question": "How many kilometers is it away from London?",
              "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Seine" }],
              "question": "What major river is located in Paris?",
              "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest island in Paris?",
              "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "Montmartre" }],
              "question": "What is the largest hill in Paris?",
              "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e10"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What road encircles Paris?",
              "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 693, "text": "2,300 km2" }],
              "question": "How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?",
              "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1860" }],
              "question": "In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?",
              "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 324, "text": "20" }],
              "question": "How many arrondissements are there?",
              "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "1929" }],
              "question": "In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? ",
              "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb\u202f) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 \u00b0C (59 and 77 \u00b0F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) for weeks, surged up to 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 \u00b0C (63.7 \u00b0F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 \u00b0C (55.2 \u00b0F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 \u00b0C (74.7 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "North Atlantic Current" }
              ],
              "question": "Which current affects Paris' weather?",
              "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "mild and moderately wet" }
              ],
              "question": "How is Paris' climate categorized?",
              "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 285, "text": "between 15 and 25 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the average temperatures for summer?",
              "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 725, "text": "17.6 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What was the average temperature for July 2011?",
              "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F). Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below \u22125 \u00b0C (23 \u00b0F) for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "7 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the average temperature during winter?",
              "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "sometimes sees light snow or flurries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Does Paris see snow?",
              "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "a few days a year" }],
              "question": "How often does the temperature drop below -5 C",
              "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delano\u00eb (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "163" }],
              "question": "How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?",
              "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 661, "text": "majority of council members" }
              ],
              "question": "How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected",
              "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "once a month" }],
              "question": "How often does the council meet?",
              "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "2001-2014" }],
              "question": "What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?",
              "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The budget of the city for 2013 was \u20ac7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while \u20ac2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by the state budget); 5 percent for parks and gardens; and 4 percent for culture. The main source of income for the city is direct taxes (35 percent), supplemented by a 13-percent real estate tax; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "\u20ac7.6 billion" }],
              "question": "What was the budget of the city in 2013",
              "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "5.4 billion" }],
              "question": "How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?",
              "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "38" }],
              "question": "What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?",
              "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "taxes" }],
              "question": "What is the main source of income for Paris?",
              "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "8" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?",
              "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "January 1, 2016" }],
              "question": "When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?",
              "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "814 square kilometers" }
              ],
              "question": "How large is the Metropole?",
              "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 607, "text": "6.945 million" }],
              "question": "What is the population of the metropole?",
              "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?",
              "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?",
              "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "210" }],
              "question": "How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?",
              "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Patrick Ollier" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?",
              "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Rueil-Malmaison" }],
              "question": "What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?",
              "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?",
              "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "65 million Euros" }],
              "question": "What is the budget for Metropole?",
              "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Region of \u00cele de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. In 2016, the new regional council will have 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "7th" }],
              "question": "In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?",
              "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "seventeen" }],
              "question": "For how many years did the socialists governed the region?",
              "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "121" }],
              "question": "How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?",
              "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse" }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Union of the Right?",
              "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff16"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, while the Conseil d'\u00c9tat, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where are France's highest courts located?",
              "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da714"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "Court of Cassation" }],
              "question": "What is the highest court in the judicial order?",
              "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da715"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the Constitutional Council meet?",
              "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da716"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Palais de Justice" }],
              "question": "Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?",
              "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Palais-Royal" }],
              "question": "Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?",
              "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da718"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?",
              "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?",
              "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?",
              "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis L\u00e9pine on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9. There are 30,200 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters. In addition to traditional police duties, the local police monitors the number of discount sales held by large stores (no more than two a year are allowed) and verify that, during summer holidays, at least one bakery is open in every neighbourhood. The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies R\u00e9publicaines de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 (CRS), a unit formed in 1944 right after the liberation of France. Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Prefecture of Police of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is responsible for the security of Paris?",
              "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da72e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 367,
                  "text": "Place Louis L\u00e9pine on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?",
              "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da72f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "30,200" }],
              "question": "How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris?",
              "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1005, "text": "1944" }],
              "question": "When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed?",
              "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many vehicles are in the fleet?",
              "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da732"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war. In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map.[citation needed] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed around several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine; of those, two remain today: the \u00eele Saint-Louis, the \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9; a third one is the 1827 artificially created \u00eele aux Cygnes. Modern Paris owes much to its late 19th century Second Empire remodelling by the Baron Haussmann: many of modern Paris' busiest streets, avenues and boulevards today are a result of that city renovation. Paris also owes its style to its aligned street-fronts, distinctive cream-grey \"Paris stone\" building ornamentation, aligned top-floor balconies, and tree-lined boulevards. The high residential population of its city centre makes it much different from most other western global cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "Baron Haussmann" }],
              "question": "Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?",
              "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "\u00eele Saint-Louis, the \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two islands remain in Paris today?",
              "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "1827" }],
              "question": "When was ile aux Cygnes created?",
              "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121 ft) was raised to 50 m (160 ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590 ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. The 210 metres (690 ft) Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France's tallest building until 1973, but this record has been held by the La D\u00e9fense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. A new project for La Defense, called Hermitage Plaza, launched in 2009, proposes to build two towers, 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high, which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union, just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower. They were scheduled for completion in 2019 or 2020, but as of January 2015 construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "50 m" }],
              "question": "What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?",
              "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Montparnasse" }],
              "question": "Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?",
              "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 733, "text": "Hermitage Plaza" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?",
              "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 762, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?",
              "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many towers were planned to be built?",
              "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parisian examples of European architecture date back more than a millennium; including the Romanesque church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s (1014-1163); the early Gothic Architecture of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1144), the Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345), the Flamboyant Gothic of Saint Chapelle (1239-1248), the Baroque churches of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627-1641) and Les Invalides (1670-1708). The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine (1808-1842); the Palais Garnier Opera House (1875); the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (1875-1919), and the exuberant Belle \u00c9poque modernism of the Eiffel Tower (1889). Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1977), and the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei (1989). Contemporary architecture includes the Mus\u00e9e du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel (2006) and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "1808-1842" }],
              "question": "When was La Madeleine built?",
              "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?",
              "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 645, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "When was the Eiffel Tower built?",
              "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "Frank Gehry" }],
              "question": "Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?",
              "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 803, "text": "I.M. Pei" }],
              "question": "Who built the Louvre Pyramid?",
              "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'h\u00e9bergement et de r\u00e9insertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "28,800" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?",
              "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?",
              "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da919"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "43" }],
              "question": "What percentage of homeless people are women?",
              "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "sixty" }],
              "question": "How many homeless shelters are in Paris?",
              "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "the city" }],
              "question": "Who funds these homeless shelters?",
              "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine d\u00e9partement had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent \"District de la r\u00e9gion parisienne\" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed \"\u00cele-de-France\" in 1977, but the \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris came into existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?",
              "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1790" }],
              "question": "When was the Siene department created?",
              "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1968" }],
              "question": "WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?",
              "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "\"\u00cele-de-France\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Paris region renamed to?",
              "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da937"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "January 1, 2016" }],
              "question": "When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?",
              "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da938"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs m\u00e9sentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles (\"new cities\") and the RER commuter train network. Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: these districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s). Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "1961" }],
              "question": "When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?",
              "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0015"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "lack of suburban transportation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?",
              "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0016"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?",
              "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0017"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These areas, quartiers sensibles (\"sensitive quarters\"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in \u00c9vry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 64, "text": "northern and eastern Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are the quartiers sensibles located?",
              "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Goutte d'Or and Belleville" }
              ],
              "question": "What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?",
              "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 495,
                  "text": "Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were these neighborhoods created?",
              "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls \"urban audit core cities\". The Paris Urban Area, or \"unit\u00e9 urbaine\", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "2,241,346" }],
              "question": "In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?",
              "id": "5728da082ca10214002da982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "fifth" }],
              "question": "Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?",
              "id": "5728da082ca10214002da983"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?",
              "id": "5728da082ca10214002da984"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "INSEE" }],
              "question": "Who created The Paris Urban Area?",
              "id": "5728da082ca10214002da985"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 708, "text": "10,550,350" }],
              "question": "According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?",
              "id": "5728da082ca10214002da986"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "2.9 million" }],
              "question": "What is Paris' peak population?",
              "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "1921" }],
              "question": "When was Paris' population peak?",
              "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "What year was the first population increase since 1954?",
              "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "2,234,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population in 2009?",
              "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Commune of Paris" }],
              "question": "What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?",
              "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164faa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "21,616" }],
              "question": "How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?",
              "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164fab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k?",
              "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164fac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "135,853" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?",
              "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165006"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "112,369" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?",
              "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165007"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "70,852" }],
              "question": "How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?",
              "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165008"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "91,297" }],
              "question": "How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?",
              "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165009"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "59.5" }],
              "question": "What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?",
              "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?",
              "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "0.2" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people worked in agriculture?",
              "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "5.9" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?",
              "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 p\u00f4les d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th and 18th arrondissements. In 2010 it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about thirty percent of the salaried employees in Paris and ten percent of those in the \u00cele-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "5.4 million" }],
              "question": "How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?",
              "id": "5728e29bff5b5019007da8cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La D\u00e9fense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "La D\u00e9fense" }],
              "question": "Who is the second largest business district employer?",
              "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "144,600" }],
              "question": "How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?",
              "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 237, "text": "finance and insurance" }
              ],
              "question": "What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?",
              "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people worked in business support?",
              "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district?",
              "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "\u20ac624 billion" }],
              "question": "What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?",
              "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?",
              "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region's GDP?",
              "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La D\u00e9fense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense and the Val de Seine. While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and \"eco\" industries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "high-value-added service industries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?",
              "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e014f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "industry" }],
              "question": "Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?",
              "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e0150"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "west of the city, in a triangle between the Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense and the Val de Seine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Paris economic Centre located?",
              "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e0151"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals. Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La D\u00e9fense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600, and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "8th, 16th and 17th" }
              ],
              "question": "In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?",
              "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "8th and 9th arrondissement" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?",
              "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165047"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "department store" }],
              "question": "What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?",
              "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165048"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Fourteen" }],
              "question": "What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants? ",
              "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165049"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 984, "text": "144,600" }],
              "question": "How many peole work in the La Defense district?",
              "id": "5728e5624b864d190016504a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the Yvelines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroen plants (this department alone employs 33,000), but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen assembly plant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "transportation" }],
              "question": "What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?",
              "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165051"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "64" }],
              "question": "How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?",
              "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165052"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?",
              "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165053"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 889, "text": "Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen" }
              ],
              "question": "The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?",
              "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165054"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "75,000" }],
              "question": "How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?",
              "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165050"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself, its metropolitan area employed 246,639, in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "science and technology" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?",
              "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daaba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "food processing and beverages" }
              ],
              "question": "What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?",
              "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "56,927" }],
              "question": "How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?",
              "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "246,639" }],
              "question": "How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?",
              "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was \u20ac36,085 for 2011. It ranged from \u20ac22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to \u20ac82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around \u20ac25,000 in Paris and \u20ac22,200 for \u00cele-de-France. Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[citation needed] Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the city of Paris and 8.8 percent in the \u00cele-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015. It ranged from 7.6 percent in the wealthy Essonne department to 13.1 percent in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, where many recent immigrants live.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 105, "text": "\u20ac36,085" }],
              "question": "What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?",
              "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "\u20ac22,095" }],
              "question": "What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?",
              "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "\u20ac82,449" }],
              "question": "What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?",
              "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "8.2" }],
              "question": "What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?",
              "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "13.1" }],
              "question": "What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?",
              "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than \u20ac977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; 24 percent in the 18th, 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th. In the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?",
              "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "7" }],
              "question": "What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?",
              "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Twenty-five" }],
              "question": "WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line?",
              "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "72.1 million" }],
              "question": "How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?",
              "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0235"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Notre Dame Cathedral" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Paris' top tourist attraction?",
              "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0236"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "9.2 million" }],
              "question": "How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?",
              "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "Disneyland Paris" }],
              "question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?",
              "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0238"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'I\u00e9na have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historic axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La D\u00e9fense.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "centre of Paris" }],
              "question": "Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?",
              "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 172, "text": "the tomb of Napoleon" }
              ],
              "question": "What is housed at Les Invalides?",
              "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?",
              "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2013 the City of Paris had 1,570 hotels with 70,034 rooms, of which 55 were rated five-star, mostly belonging to international chains and mostly located close to the centre and the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Paris has long been famous for its grand hotels. The Hotel Meurice, opened for British travellers in 1817, was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris. The arrival of the railroads and the Paris Exposition of 1855 brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels; the H\u00f4tel du Louvre (now an antiques marketplace) in 1855; the Grand Hotel (now the Intercontinental LeGrand) in 1862; and the H\u00f4tel Continental in 1878. The H\u00f4tel Ritz on Place Vend\u00f4me opened in 1898, followed by the H\u00f4tel Crillon in an 18th-century building on the Place de la Concorde in 1909; the Hotel Bristol on rue de Fabourg Saint-Honor\u00e9 in 1925; and the Hotel George V in 1928.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "1,570" }],
              "question": "How many hotels are in the City of Paris?",
              "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1817" }],
              "question": "When did  The Hotel Meurice open?",
              "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "1855" }],
              "question": "When was the Hotel du Louvre opened?",
              "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 187, "text": "Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es" }
              ],
              "question": "Along what major road are most hotels located?",
              "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the \"City of Art\". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Acad\u00e9mie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "sculpture and reliefs" }
              ],
              "question": "What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?",
              "id": "5728f1da6aef05140015488e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "Pierre Mignard" }],
              "question": "Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?",
              "id": "5728f1da6aef05140015488f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 811, "text": "1648" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?",
              "id": "5728f1da6aef051400154890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1032, "text": "1793" }],
              "question": "Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?",
              "id": "5728f1da6aef051400154891"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Manet, Monet, Berthe Morisot, Gauguin, Renoir and others. The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gericault. Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. Picasso, living in Montmartre, painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between 1905 and 1907. Montmartre and Montparnasse became centres for artistic production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Romanticism" }],
              "question": "What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault?",
              "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 982, "text": "Montmartre" }],
              "question": "In what town did Picasso live?",
              "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1094, "text": "Montmartre and Montparnasse" }
              ],
              "question": "What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production?",
              "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1079, "text": "1905 and 1907" }],
              "question": "Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?",
              "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e2a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The inventor Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of \u00c9tienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eug\u00e8ne Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'h\u00f4tel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Ch\u00e9ret, Eug\u00e8ne Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "1825" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?",
              "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the first permanent photograph?",
              "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 521, "text": "street scenes" }],
              "question": "What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?",
              "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "Marcel Bovis" }],
              "question": "Who was knows for photographing night scenes?",
              "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 873, "text": "late nineteenth century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did poster art become an important art form?",
              "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Louvre was the world's most visited art museum in 2014, with 9.3 million visitors. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the second-most visited art museum in Paris, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, in the former Orsay railway station, was the third-most visited museum in the city in 2014; it displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. The original building - a railway station - was constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1900. The Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly was the fourth-most visited national museum in Paris in 2014; it displays art objects from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. The Mus\u00e9e national du Moyen \u00c2ge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art, including the famous tapestry cycle of The Lady and the Unicorn. The Guimet Museum, or Mus\u00e9e national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Picasso Museum the Rodin Museum, and the Mus\u00e9e national Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Louvre" }],
              "question": "What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?",
              "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Louvre" }],
              "question": "Where is the Mona Lisa housed?",
              "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "Centre Georges Pompidou" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?",
              "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 687, "text": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly" }
              ],
              "question": "What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?",
              "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1059, "text": "collections of Asian art" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?",
              "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cit\u00e9 des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to World War II, is vividly presented by displays at the Mus\u00e9e de l'Arm\u00e9e at Les Invalides, near the tomb of Napoleon. In addition to the national museums, run by the French Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris; Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Palais de Tokyo; the House of Victor Hugo and House of Balzac, and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums; The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "The National Museum of Natural History"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?",
              "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 884, "text": "October 2014" }],
              "question": "When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?",
              "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 411, "text": "the tomb of Napoleon" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?",
              "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "How many museums does the city of Paris operate?",
              "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Op\u00e9ra Garnier (historical Paris Op\u00e9ra) and modern Op\u00e9ra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Op\u00e9ra-Comique (which still exists), Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Italien, and Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ville). Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "January 2015" }],
              "question": "When did Philharmonie de Paris open?",
              "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "Op\u00e9ra Garnier (historical Paris Op\u00e9ra) and modern Op\u00e9ra Bastille;"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two largest opera houses in Paris?",
              "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "classic ballets and operas" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Opera Garnier specialize in?",
              "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 715, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballet Russes?",
              "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where di the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballets Russes take place?",
              "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "1680" }],
              "question": "When was the oldest Paris theater founded?",
              "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?",
              "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "French government" }],
              "question": "Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?",
              "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "the Louvre" }],
              "question": "What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?",
              "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and \u00c9dith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Berg\u00e8re, Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, and the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?",
              "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "French Cancan" }],
              "question": "What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?",
              "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "1951" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?",
              "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 883, "text": "The Olympia Paris" }],
              "question": "Where did Grateful Dead play?",
              "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first book printed in France, Epistolae (\"Letters\"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Moli\u00e8re, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the caf\u00e9s and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Epistolae" }],
              "question": "What was the title of the first book printed in France?",
              "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 60, "text": "Gasparinus de Bergamo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Epistolae?",
              "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1470" }],
              "question": "When was Epistolae published?",
              "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Latin" }],
              "question": "In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?",
              "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, \u00c9mile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honor\u00e9 de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris. Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Mis\u00e9rables, written while he was in exile outside France during the Second Empire, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s. One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 287, "text": "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" }
              ],
              "question": "What book inspired the renovation of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5728f8c16aef0514001548fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "Victor Hugo" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5728f8c16aef0514001548ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 484, "text": "Second Empire" }],
              "question": "During what period of time was Victor Hugo exiled from France?",
              "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Jules Verne work during the day?",
              "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154901"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 743, "text": "National Library" }],
              "question": "Where did Jules Verne do research for his stories?",
              "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154902"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by Colette, Andr\u00e9 Gide, Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, Andr\u00e9 Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre; Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, and, in the 1970s, Milan Kundera. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano\u2013who lives in Paris\u2013, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Patrick Modiano" }],
              "question": "Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?",
              "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "20th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?",
              "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "In what city does Patrick Modiano live?",
              "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 508, "text": "World War II" }],
              "question": "During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?",
              "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas. It is also a city of small bookstores; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "80" }],
              "question": "What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s?",
              "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154912"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement?",
              "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154913"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "250" }],
              "question": "How many bookstalls are located along the Seine?",
              "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154914"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 593, "text": "five percent" }],
              "question": "What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted?",
              "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154915"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouv\u00e8res, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and Fran\u00e7ois Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (Samson et Delilah), L\u00e9o Delibes (Lakm\u00e9) and Jules Massenet (Tha\u00efs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Bol\u00e9ro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Pall\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?",
              "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 653, "text": "1795" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?",
              "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Francois I" }],
              "question": "Under whos reign did the lute become popular?",
              "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 958, "text": "Georges Bizet's" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Carmen?",
              "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1489, "text": "Poland" }],
              "question": "Where was Frederic Chopin from?",
              "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. Patrons danced the bourr\u00e9e to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a \"musette\") and often the vielle \u00e0 roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the caf\u00e9s and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and caf\u00e9s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bal-musette" }],
              "question": "What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?",
              "id": "5728fb086aef051400154934"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fb086aef051400154935"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "musette" }],
              "question": "What is a cabrette known as locally?",
              "id": "5728fb086aef051400154936"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "Auvergnat" }],
              "question": "What type of bars were accordions often played in?",
              "id": "5728fb086aef051400154937"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did most of the jazz clubs close down?",
              "id": "5728fb541d04691400778eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the jazz clubs close down?",
              "id": "5728fb541d04691400778ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "cellars" }],
              "question": "Where were most jazz clubs located?",
              "id": "5728fb541d04691400778ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumi\u00e8re projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Caf\u00e9 on 28 December 1895. Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris' largest cinema room today is in Le Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.\nBig multiplex movie theaters have been built since the 1990s. UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Biblioth\u00e8que with 20 screens and UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Grand Caf\u00e9" }],
              "question": "Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "28 December 1895" }],
              "question": "What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd?",
              "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477efe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "1930s" }],
              "question": "In what decade did movie theaters become popular?",
              "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Le Grand Rex" }],
              "question": "What is the largest cinema room today in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477f00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (r\u00e9alisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Philippe Binant" }],
              "question": "Who realied the first digital cinema projection in Europe?",
              "id": "5728fc371d04691400778eff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "Texas Instruments" }],
              "question": "Who developed the technology for the digital cinema projection?",
              "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "Hollywood-generated" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of films are most popular in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "2 February 2000" }],
              "question": "When was the first digital cinema projection in Europe?",
              "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f02"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand V\u00e9four in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Caf\u00e9 de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Caf\u00e9 Anglais, Maison Dor\u00e9e and the Caf\u00e9 Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and \u00c9mile Zola. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Epoque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "La Taverne Anglaise" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?",
              "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "When did La Taverne Angaise open?",
              "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century was Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened?",
              "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "theatres" }],
              "question": "Near what were most restaurants opened?",
              "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, thanks to Paris' cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants. The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2015, of the 29 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, nine are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick All\u00e9no and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "9,000" }],
              "question": "How many restaurants are there today in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "When was the Michelin guide created?",
              "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in Paris in 2015?",
              "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "29" }],
              "question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in France in 2015?",
              "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9ef0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The caf\u00e9 arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian caf\u00e9s were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Cafe Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the caf\u00e9s of the Left Bank, especially Caf\u00e9 de la Rotonde and Le D\u00f4me Caf\u00e9 in Montparnasse and Caf\u00e9 de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Its name is said to have come in 1814 from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; \"bistro\" means \"quickly\" in Russian, and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer. Now brasseries, like caf\u00e9s, serve food and drinks throughout the day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "When was the first cafe opened in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fed96aef051400154954"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "Cafe Procope" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest cafe in Paris?",
              "id": "5728fed96aef051400154955"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "bistro" }],
              "question": "What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant?",
              "id": "5728fed96aef051400154956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1275, "text": "Paris Exposition of 1867" }
              ],
              "question": "When was the brasserie made popular?",
              "id": "5728fed96aef051400154957"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture, clothing hand-made to order for private clients. It is home of some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, and of many well-known fashion designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Or\u00e9al, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Herm\u00e9s and Cartier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "haute couture" }],
              "question": "What is clothing made to order for private clients called?",
              "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Dior is from which city?",
              "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Paris become largely into fashion?",
              "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 683, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al" }],
              "question": "What is the world's largest cosmetic company?",
              "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes \u00e9coles \u2013 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands \u00e9tablissements. Most of the grandes \u00e9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the Paris Institute of Technology which comprises several colleges such as \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, and \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. There are also many business schools, including HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly and Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "55" }],
              "question": "How many centres of higher education are in Paris?",
              "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154964"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "1960s and 1970s" }],
              "question": "During which time frame were most grandes ecoles relocated?",
              "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154965"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 901, "text": "Strasbourg," }],
              "question": "Where is ENA located?",
              "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154966"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1203, "text": "Neuilly-sur-Seine" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is CESLA located?",
              "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154967"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Op\u00e9ra Library, and Arsenal Library. There are three public libraries in the 4th arrondissement. The Forney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Biblioth\u00e8que historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve Library is in 5th arrondissement; designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, it contains a rare book and manuscript division. Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, in the 6th arrondissement, is the oldest public library in France. The M\u00e9diath\u00e8que Musicale Mahler in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Tr\u00e8s Grande Biblioth\u00e8que) in the 13th arrondissement was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates the public libraries in Paris?",
              "id": "572900181d04691400778f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "decorative arts" }],
              "question": "What is the Forney Library dedicated to?",
              "id": "572900181d04691400778f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "mid-1800s" }],
              "question": "When was the Sainte Genevieve Library built?",
              "id": "572900181d04691400778f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 715, "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest public library in France?",
              "id": "572900181d04691400778f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 921,
                  "text": "The Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which library contains four glass towers?",
              "id": "572900181d04691400778f49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques. Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the Ren\u00e9 Descartes University Library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Sorbonne Library" }],
              "question": "What is the largest university library?",
              "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Outside of France, where are the other three branches of the Sorbonne library located?",
              "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "5th" }],
              "question": "In what arrondissement is the Sorbonne library in Paris located?",
              "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. According to 2011 statistics, there are 106 parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes for Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics. There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city, as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What is the most predominant religion in France?",
              "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "106" }],
              "question": "How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?",
              "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "110" }],
              "question": "How many catholic schools are in Paris?",
              "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "75,000" }],
              "question": "How many students attend catholic schools?",
              "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f64"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris, with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations, including 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. There are several important churches for the English-speaking community: the American Church in Paris, founded in 1814, was the first American church outside the United States; the current church was finished in 1931. The Saint George's Anglican Church in the 16th arrondissement is the principal Anglican church in the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "74" }],
              "question": "How many evangelical churches are there in Paris?",
              "id": "572901346aef051400154980"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris?",
              "id": "572901346aef051400154981"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "1814" }],
              "question": "When was the American Church in Paris founded?",
              "id": "572901346aef051400154982"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "Saint George's Anglican Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the principal Anglican church in Paris?",
              "id": "572901356aef051400154983"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages, Paris was a center of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecution, alternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution. Although 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II, half the city's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps, while some others fled abroad. A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s, and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today. There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard, is a Paris landmark.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 861, "text": "Hector Guimard" }],
              "question": "Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?",
              "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "1913" }],
              "question": "When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?",
              "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "1960s" }],
              "question": "When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?",
              "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?",
              "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f73"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple, near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes, is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition. It hosts several different schools of Buddhism, and does not have a single leader. It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe, more than nine metres high. There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement. A Hindu temple, dedicated to Ganesh, on Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement, opened in 1985.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the former Cameroon pavilion?",
              "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?",
              "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open?",
              "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "more than nine metres high" }
              ],
              "question": "How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?",
              "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Fran\u00e7ais. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Fran\u00e7ais rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Fran\u00e7ais Paris.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "80,000" }],
              "question": "How many seats are in the State de France?",
              "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "1998 FIFA World Cup" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the State de France built for?",
              "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "Paris Saint-Germain F.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most popular football club in Paris?",
              "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the rugby club in Paris?",
              "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the M\u00e9tro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "The Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who oversees the transit network in Paris?",
              "id": "572903196aef051400154992"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "347" }],
              "question": "How many bus lines does the STIF oversee?",
              "id": "572903196aef051400154994"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Syndicat des transports parisiens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the STIF formerly known as?",
              "id": "572903196aef051400154993"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "1,176" }],
              "question": "How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage?",
              "id": "572903196aef051400154995"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle, line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles, line T6 runs from Ch\u00e2tillon to Velizy, line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons, line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to \u00c9pinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse, all of which are operated by the R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens, and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF. Five new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does line T1 run from?",
              "id": "572903876aef05140015499a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does line T2 run?",
              "id": "572903876aef05140015499b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many lines are in the rail network?",
              "id": "572903876aef05140015499c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "where does T5 run?",
              "id": "572903876aef05140015499d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who operates these lines?",
              "id": "572903876aef05140015499e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 4th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three commercial international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly and Beauvais-Till\u00e9. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers in 2014. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris-Le Bourget, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris" }],
              "question": "Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world?",
              "id": "572903de1d04691400778f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "96.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers did Paris see in 2014?",
              "id": "572903de1d04691400778f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "Paris-Le Bourget" }],
              "question": "What is the oldest air port in Paris?",
              "id": "572903de1d04691400778f75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. Today it is the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic, and is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.  Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris' city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 439, "text": "Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What airport does Ryanair use?",
              "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Charles de Gaulle Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the hub for Air France?",
              "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "Charles de Gaulle Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the busiest airport in Paris?",
              "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "southern suburbs of Paris" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Orly airport located?",
              "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bi\u00e8vre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "1809" }],
              "question": "WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?",
              "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Napoleon III" }],
              "question": "Who was Eugene Belgrand under?",
              "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "2,400" }],
              "question": "How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?",
              "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 223, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand" }
              ],
              "question": "Who created Paris' reservoir system?",
              "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace, and redone by Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the French Senate. The Jardin des Plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "421" }],
              "question": "How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have?",
              "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1564" }],
              "question": "When was the Tuileries Garden created?",
              "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 260, "text": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre" }
              ],
              "question": "Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?",
              "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Marie de' Medici" }],
              "question": "Who was the Luxembourg palace built for?",
              "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Guy de La Brosse" }],
              "question": "Who created the Jarden des Plantes?",
              "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1853 and 1870, the Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris' quarters. Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc Andr\u00e9 Citro\u00ebn (1992), and Parc de Bercy (1997). One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the Left Bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, has floating gardens and gives a view of the city's landmarks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 100, "text": "Jean-Charles Alphand" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Paris' first director of parks and gardens?",
              "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "166" }],
              "question": "How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977?",
              "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "WHen was the Parc de la Villette created?",
              "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Promenade des Berges de la Seine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What park has floating gardens?",
              "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 568, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built?",
              "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Paris' Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the Left Bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris' growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, les Innocents, were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' stone mines outside the \"Porte d'Enfer\" city gate, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement. The process of moving bones from Cimeti\u00e8re des Innocents to the catacombs took place between 1786 and 1814; part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "les Innocents" }],
              "question": "What is Paris' largest cemetary?",
              "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "1786" }],
              "question": "When were inner city burials banned?",
              "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 755, "text": "1786 and 1814" }],
              "question": "During what years were the bones moved from Cimetiere des Innocents to the catacombs?",
              "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 837,
                  "text": "the official tour of the catacombs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where can view the network of tunnels to the catacombs?",
              "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of P\u00e8re Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin (also known as Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Bagneux).[citation needed] Some of the most famous people in the world are buried in Parisian cemeteries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Prefect Nicholas Frochot under?",
              "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9f9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "1804" }],
              "question": "When were the 3 new cemeteries open?",
              "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9fa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 596,
                  "text": "Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest of the cemeteries created in the 20th centuries?",
              "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9fa1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 196, "text": "90,000" }],
              "question": "How many people are employed at AP-HP?",
              "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "44" }],
              "question": "How many hospitals are in Paris?",
              "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "5.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many patients visit the hospitals annually?",
              "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "Assistance publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris?",
              "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Lib\u00e9ration, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les \u00c9chos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), R\u00e9seaux & T\u00e9l\u00e9coms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Le Monde and Le Figaro" }
              ],
              "question": "What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?",
              "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Agence" }],
              "question": "What is France's oldest operating news agency?",
              "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "When did Agence open in Paris?",
              "id": "57290895af94a219006a9faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 666, "text": "France 24" }],
              "question": "What television station is operated by the French government?",
              "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt; France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Cha\u00eene parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris' 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "TF1" }],
              "question": "What is the most viewed television network in France?",
              "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Boulogne-Billancourt" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is TF1 located?",
              "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 271, "text": "Radio France" }],
              "question": "What is France's public radio broadcaster?",
              "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "La Poste" }],
              "question": "What is the name of France's national postal carrier?",
              "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Apollo",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apoll\u014dn (GEN \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2); Doric: \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apell\u014dn; Arcadocypriot: \u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apeil\u014dn; Aeolic: \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, Aploun; Latin: Apoll\u014d) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "kouros" }],
              "question": "What is the word for a beardless, athletic youth?",
              "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "What is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion?",
              "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Zeus and Leto" }],
              "question": "Who are the parents of Apollo?",
              "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "Who is Apollo's twin sister?",
              "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 637, "text": "Apulu" }],
              "question": "What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?",
              "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c54"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god\u2014the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (Apollon Musegetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?",
              "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Asclepius" }],
              "question": "What is the name of Apollo's son?",
              "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Hermes" }],
              "question": "Who created the lyre for Apollo?",
              "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 707, "text": "paeans" }],
              "question": "What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?",
              "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Hellenistic times, especially during the 3rd century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, Titan god of the sun, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene, Titan goddess of the moon. In Latin texts, on the other hand, Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century, not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in Aeneid XII (161\u2013215). Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Selene" }],
              "question": "Who was the Titan goddess of the moon?",
              "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "Helios" }],
              "question": "In Hellenestic times, Greeks identified Apollo Helios as what name?",
              "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Apollo's sister?",
              "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (pronounced [a.p\u00f3l.l\u0254\u02d0n] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bbj\u03c9\u03bd. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (\u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2), and the offerings apellaia (\u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9). According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1), which originally meant \"wall,\" \"fence for animals\" and later \"assembly within the limits of the square.\" Apella (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Apella" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?",
              "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Apellaios" }],
              "question": "Apellon is derived from what Doric month?",
              "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "apellaia" }],
              "question": "What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?",
              "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "apella" }],
              "question": "What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?",
              "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c85"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 (apollymi), \"to destroy\". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolysis), \"redemption\", with \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolousis), \"purification\", and with \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd ([h]aploun), \"simple\", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, and finally with \u1f08\u03b5\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (aeiballon), \"ever-shooting\". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (apella), which means \"assembly\", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (sekos), \"fold\", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (pella) means \"stone,\" and some toponyms may be derived from this word: \u03a0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (Pella, the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 (Pell\u0113n\u0113/Pallene).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 527, "text": "apella" }],
              "question": "What Doric word means assembly?",
              "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "pella" }],
              "question": "What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?",
              "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "apollymi" }],
              "question": "What is the Greek word for \"to destroy?\"",
              "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da632"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-a\u0161) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, perhaps related to Hurrian (and certainly the Etruscan) Aplu, a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply \"the son of Enlil\", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun. The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus (\"mouse Apollo\") by Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks (the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic, meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Aplu" }],
              "question": "Who is a god of plague?",
              "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da636"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 295, "text": "the son of Enlil" }],
              "question": "What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil?",
              "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 259, "text": "Akkadian Aplu Enlil" }
              ],
              "question": "What title was given to the god Nergal?",
              "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "Chryses" }],
              "question": "Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo?",
              "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As sun-god and god of light, Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes (/\u0259\u02c8\u0261li\u02d0ti\u02d0z/ \u0259-GLEE-teez; \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03bb\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Aigl\u0113t\u0113s, from \u03b1\u1f34\u03b3\u03bb\u03b7, \"light of the sun\"), Helius (/\u02c8hi\u02d0li\u0259s/ HEE-lee-\u0259s; \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Helios, literally \"sun\"), Phanaeus (/f\u0259\u02c8ni\u02d0\u0259s/ f\u0259-NEE-\u0259s; \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2, Phanaios, literally \"giving or bringing light\"), and Lyceus (/la\u026a\u02c8si\u02d0\u0259s/ ly-SEE-\u0259s; \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Lykeios, from Proto-Greek *\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7, \"light\"). The meaning of the epithet \"Lyceus\" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia (\u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u03b1) and who was identified with the wolf (\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2), earning him the epithets Lycegenes (/la\u026a\u02c8s\u025bd\u0292\u0259ni\u02d0z/ ly-SEJ-\u0259-neez; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, Luk\u0113gen\u0113s, literally \"born of a wolf\" or \"born of Lycia\") and Lycoctonus (/la\u026a\u02c8k\u0252kt\u0259n\u0259s/ ly-KOK-t\u0259-n\u0259s; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, Lykoktonos, from \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \"wolf\", and \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to kill\"). As god of the sun, Apollo was called Sol (/\u02c8s\u0252l/ SOL, literally \"sun\" in Latin) by the Romans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who was the god of light?",
              "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Leto" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?",
              "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "Leto" }],
              "question": "Who was the patron goddess of Lycia?",
              "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 652, "text": "Luk\u0113gen\u0113s" }
              ],
              "question": "What word literally means \"born of a wolf?\"",
              "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 863, "text": "Sol" }],
              "question": "Since Apollo was known as god of the sun, what was another name for Apollo?",
              "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da570"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus (/\u00e6k\u02c8ta\u026a.\u0259k\u0259s/ ak-TY-\u0259-k\u0259s; \u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Aktiakos, literally \"Actian\"), Delphinius (/d\u025bl\u02c8f\u026ani\u0259s/ del-FIN-ee-\u0259s; \u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Delphinios, literally \"Delphic\"), and Pythius (/\u02c8p\u026a\u03b8i\u0259s/ PITH-ee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Puthios, from \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce, Pyth\u014d, the area around Delphi), after Actium (\u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) and Delphi (\u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03af) respectively, two of his principal places of worship. An etiology in the Homeric hymns associated the epithet \"Delphinius\" with dolphins. He was worshipped as Acraephius (/\u0259\u02c8kri\u02d0fi\u0259s/ \u0259-KREE-fee-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2,[clarification needed] Akraiphios, literally \"Acraephian\") or Acraephiaeus (/\u0259\u02cckri\u02d0fi\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259s/ \u0259-KREE-fee-EE-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, Akraiphiaios, literally \"Acraephian\") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia (\u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03af\u03b1), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus; and as Smintheus (/\u02c8sm\u026an\u03b8ju\u02d0s/ SMIN-thews; \u03a3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Smintheus, \"Sminthian\"\u2014that is, \"of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe\") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus. The epithet \"Smintheus\" has historically been confused with \u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \"mouse\", in association with Apollo's role as a god of disease. For this he was also known as Parnopius (/p\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8no\u028api\u0259s/ par-NOH-pee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Parnopios, from \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8, \"locust\") and to the Romans as Culicarius (/\u02cckju\u02d0l\u1d7b\u02c8k\u00e6ri\u0259s/ KEW-li-KARR-ee-\u0259s; from Latin culic\u0101rius, \"of midges\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "dolphins" }],
              "question": "The epithet Delphinius is associated with what animal?",
              "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da676"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 770, "text": "Acraepheus" }],
              "question": "Who is Apollo's son?",
              "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da677"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 952, "text": "Smintheus" }],
              "question": "What epithet has historically been confused with \"mouse?\"",
              "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da678"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Apollo's role as a healer, his appellations included Acesius (/\u0259\u02c8si\u02d0\u0292\u0259s/ \u0259-SEE-zh\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Akesios, from \u1f04\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \"healing\"), Acestor (/\u0259\u02c8s\u025bst\u0259r/ \u0259-SES-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Akest\u014dr, literally \"healer\"), Paean (/\u02c8pi\u02d0\u0259n/ PEE-\u0259n; \u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd, Pai\u0101n, from \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to touch\"),[citation needed] and Iatrus (/a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6tr\u0259s/ eye-AT-r\u0259s; \u1f38\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, I\u0101tros, literally \"physician\"). Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora. The Romans referred to Apollo as Medicus (/\u02c8m\u025bd\u1d7bk\u0259s/ MED-i-k\u0259s; literally \"physician\" in Latin) in this respect. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "physician" }],
              "question": "What is the literal word for latrus?",
              "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da692"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Elis" }],
              "question": "Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora?",
              "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da693"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus?",
              "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da694"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 201, "text": "Paean" }],
              "question": "What is the literal meaning of \"healer?\"",
              "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da695"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a protector and founder, Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus (/\u0259\u02ccl\u025bks\u1d7b\u02c8ke\u026ak\u0259s/ \u0259-LEK-si-KAY-k\u0259s; \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, Alexikakos, literally \"warding off evil\"), Apotropaeus (/\u0259\u02ccp\u0252tr\u0259\u02c8pi\u02d0\u0259s/ \u0259-POT-r\u0259-PEE-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Apotropaios, from \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to avert\"), and Epicurius (/\u02cc\u025bp\u1d7b\u02c8kj\u028ari\u0259s/ EP-i-KEWR-ee-\u0259s; \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Epikourios, from \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to aid\"), and Archegetes (/\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8k\u025bd\u0292\u0259ti\u02d0z/ ar-KEJ-\u0259-teez; \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Arkh\u0113get\u0113s, literally \"founder\"), Clarius (/\u02c8kl\u00e6ri\u0259s/ KLARR-ee-\u0259s; \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Kl\u0101rios, from Doric \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"allotted lot\"), and Genetor (/\u02c8d\u0292\u025bn\u1d7bt\u0259r/ JEN-i-t\u0259r; \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Genet\u014dr, literally \"ancestor\"). To the Romans, he was known in this capacity as Averruncus (/\u02cc\u00e6v\u0259\u02c8r\u028c\u014bk\u0259s/ AV-\u0259r-RUNG-k\u0259s; from Latin \u0101verruncare, \"to avert\"). He was also called Agyieus (/\u0259\u02c8d\u0292a\u026a.\u1d7bju\u02d0s/ \u0259-GWEE-ews; \u1f08\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Agu\u012beus, from \u1f04\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1, \"street\") for his role in protecting roads and homes; and Nomius (/\u02c8no\u028ami\u0259s/ NOH-mee-\u0259s; \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Nomios, literally \"pastoral\") and Nymphegetes (/n\u026am\u02c8f\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ nim-FEJ-i-teez; \u039d\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Numph\u0113get\u0113s, from \u039d\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7, \"Nymph\", and \u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \"leader\") for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Alexicacus" }],
              "question": "What word literally means \"warding off evil?\"",
              "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Archegetes" }],
              "question": "What world literally means \"founder?\"",
              "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "Genetor" }],
              "question": "What word literally mens \"ancestor?\"",
              "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "Agyieus" }],
              "question": "What word means \"to avert?\"",
              "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/\u02c8m\u00e6nt\u1d7bk\u0259s/ MAN-ti-k\u0259s; \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Mantikos, literally \"prophetic\"), Leschenorius (/\u02ccl\u025bsk\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0254\u0259ri\u0259s/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-\u0259s; \u039b\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Leskh\u0113norios, from \u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1, \"converser\"), and Loxias (/\u02c8l\u0252ksi\u0259s/ LOK-see-\u0259s; \u039b\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Loxias, from \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to say\"). The epithet \"Loxias\" has historically been associated with \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c2, \"ambiguous\". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/\u02c8s\u025bl\u1d7bsp\u025bks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, \"sky\", and specere, \"to look at\"). The epithet Iatromantis (/a\u026a\u02cc\u00e6tr\u0259\u02c8m\u00e6nt\u026as/ eye-AT-r\u0259-MAN-tis; \u1f38\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, I\u0101tromantis, from \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \"physician\", and \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"prophet\") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mju\u02d0\u02c8s\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, Mous\u0101get\u0101s) or Musegetes (/mju\u02d0\u02c8s\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Mous\u0113get\u0113s, from \u039c\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1, \"Muse\", and \u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \"leader\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Loxias" }],
              "question": "Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?",
              "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 780, "text": "Musagetes" }],
              "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?",
              "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Manticus" }],
              "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?",
              "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Iatromantis" }],
              "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?",
              "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d5b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor (/\u0259\u02c8fi\u02d0t\u0259r/ \u0259-FEE-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Aph\u0113t\u014dr, from \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \"to let loose\") or Aphetorus (/\u0259\u02c8f\u025bt\u0259r\u0259s/ \u0259-FET-\u0259r-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, Aph\u0113toros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus (/\u02cc\u0251\u02d0rd\u0292\u1d7br\u0259\u02c8t\u0252ks\u0259s/ AR-ji-r\u0259-TOK-s\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c2, Argyrotoxos, literally \"with silver bow\"), Heca\u00ebrgus (/\u02cch\u025bki\u02c8\u025c\u02d0r\u0261\u0259s/ HEK-ee-UR-g\u0259s; \u1f19\u03ba\u03ac\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, Hekaergos, literally \"far-shooting\"), and Hecebolus (/h\u1d7b\u02c8s\u025bb\u0259l\u0259s/ hi-SEB-\u0259-l\u0259s; \u1f19\u03ba\u03b7\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, Hek\u0113bolos, literally \"far-shooting\"). The Romans referred to Apollo as Articenens (/\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8t\u026as\u1d7bn\u0259nz/ ar-TISS-i-n\u0259nz; \"bow-carrying\"). Apollo was called Ismenius (/\u026az\u02c8mi\u02d0ni\u0259s/ iz-MEE-nee-\u0259s; \u1f38\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2, Ism\u0113nios, literally \"of Ismenus\") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "Aphetor" }],
              "question": "As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?",
              "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "Heca\u00ebrgus" }],
              "question": "What name literally means \"far-shooting?\"",
              "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Ismenius" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe?",
              "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "Ismenius" }],
              "question": "Who struck his parents with an arrow?",
              "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE. The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis, Apollo's twin sister. At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho. For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods. In archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with \"healing\". In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil. Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed \"a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's twin sister?",
              "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?",
              "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Walter Burkert" }],
              "question": "Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship?",
              "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da728"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina\" (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 : semeia kai terata), and of the observation of the omens of the days. The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia. The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning. The Greeks created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony. Apollo became the god of shining youth, the protector of music, spiritual-life, moderation and perceptible order. The improvement of the old Anatolian god, and his elevation to an intellectual sphere, may be considered an achievement of the Greek people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina?\"",
              "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Anatolia" }],
              "question": "The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?",
              "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "The Greeks" }],
              "question": "Which group created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony?",
              "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The function of Apollo as a \"healer\" is connected with Paean (\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd-\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ae\u03c9\u03bd), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion. Pae\u03bfn is probably connected with the Mycenean pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: \ud800\udc1e\ud800\udc0a\ud800\udc0d\ud800\udc1a), but this is not certain. He did not have a separate cult, but he was the personification of the holy magic-song sung by the magicians that was supposed to cure disease. Later the Greeks knew the original meaning of the relevant song \"paean\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd). The magicians were also called \"seer-doctors\" (\u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2), and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "seer-doctors" }],
              "question": "What were magicians also called?",
              "id": "5728c3643acd2414000dfdcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Paean" }],
              "question": "Who is the physician of the Gods in the Iliad?",
              "id": "5728c3643acd2414000dfdd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are \"paion\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, literally \"healer\" or \"helper\") \"epikourios\" (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce, \"help\"), \"oulios\" (\u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u03ae, \"healed wound\", also a \"scar\" ) and \"loimios\" (\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \"plague\"). In classical times, his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil, and was therefore called \"apotropaios\" (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \"divert\", \"deter\", \"avert\") and \"alexikakos\" (from v. \u1f00\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 + n. \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \"defend from evil\"). In later writers, the word, usually spelled \"Paean\", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "paion" }],
              "question": "What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer?",
              "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "keep away evil," }],
              "question": "In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?",
              "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 376, "text": "alexikakos" }],
              "question": "What is a word for \"defent from evil?\"",
              "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Homer illustrated Paeon the god, and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph.[citation needed] Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo, and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "Asclepius" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's son?",
              "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "paean" }],
              "question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?",
              "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "to implore protection against disease and misfortune"
                }
              ],
              "question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?",
              "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da746"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai[clarification needed] is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word \"pella\" (Pella), stone. Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos). The \"Homeric hymn\" represents Apollo as a Northern intruder. His arrival must have occurred during the \"Dark Ages\" that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, and his conflict with Gaia (Mother Earth) was represented by the legend of his slaying her daughter the serpent Python.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "stone" }],
              "question": "What does the word Pella mean?",
              "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da654"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Homeric hymn" }],
              "question": "What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder?",
              "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da655"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "Stones" }],
              "question": "What played an important part in the cult of the god?",
              "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da656"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earth deity had power over the ghostly world, and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle. The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated. A female dragon named Delphyne (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cd\u03c2, \"womb\"), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon (\u03c4\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to smoke\"), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python. Python was the good daemon (\u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion, but she was represented as a dragon, as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Typhon" }],
              "question": "Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy?",
              "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Typhon" }],
              "question": "Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton?",
              "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "Python" }],
              "question": "Who was represented as a dragon?",
              "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows. The conception that diseases and death come from invisible shots sent by supernatural beings, or magicians is common in Germanic and Norse mythology. In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader (\u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \"hegemon\") of the nymphs, who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves. The \"elf-shot\" originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves, but it was later attested denoting stone arrow-heads which were used by witches to harm people, and also for healing rituals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "Who is Apollo's sister?",
              "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "It was believed that this woman could bring death with her arrows.",
              "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "In Greek mythology, who was the leader of the nymphs?",
              "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da892"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times, the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden, \"the double-axe men\", which indicates Minoan origin. The double-axe, labrys, was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth. The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne (\"womb\").[citation needed] Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan \"Mistress of the animals\". In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the \"Mister of the animals\", a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute. His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin \"Mistress of the Animals\", becoming her brother.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Labryaden" }],
              "question": "What was the name for \"the double-axe men?\"",
              "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "labrys" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the double-axe?",
              "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "Britomartis" }],
              "question": "Who was the Minoan \"Mistres of the animals?\"",
              "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "Artemis" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's sister?",
              "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself. However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Pythia" }],
              "question": "Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?",
              "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Sibyl" }],
              "question": "Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?",
              "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?",
              "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women, obsessed by \"mania\" (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \"frenzy\"), a Greek word he connected with mantis (\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"prophet\"). Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC. Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC, there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages. It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Plato" }],
              "question": "Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?",
              "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Delphi and Dodona" }],
              "question": "What two women were said to be obsessed by \"mania?\"",
              "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "mania" }],
              "question": "What Greek word is connected with mantis?",
              "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship. The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor. The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines. Omens, symbols, purifications, and exorcisms appear in old Assyro-Babylonian texts, and these rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites. In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain \"purification\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Leto" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?",
              "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "Lydian" }],
              "question": "What origin was Leto?",
              "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "Asia Minor" }],
              "question": "Where was Leto worshipped?",
              "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Anatolia" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of Sibyl?",
              "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch. He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia, and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece, and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "Epimenides" }],
              "question": "Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?",
              "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Plutarch" }],
              "question": "Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?",
              "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "Epimenides" }],
              "question": "What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?",
              "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo. The Greeks gave to him the name \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil, and his symbol was a tapered stone or column. However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon, all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (sibutu) indicates a Babylonian origin.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Appaliunas" }],
              "question": "Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?",
              "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "at the full moon" }],
              "question": "When were Greek festivals celebrated?",
              "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 669, "text": "seventh day of the month" }
              ],
              "question": "When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated?",
              "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years. Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash. Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god (\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2) who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods. In Iliad, his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats. All these functions, including the function of the healer-god Paean, who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Late Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?",
              "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffe9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Hittite and Hurrian Aplu" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was a god of plague?",
              "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "Apollo Smintheus" }],
              "question": "Who is the mouse God?",
              "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Aplu" }],
              "question": "What word means \"the son of?\"",
              "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called \"theological oracles\", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. \"In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Delos and Delphi" }],
              "question": "which two cult sites had widespread infuence?",
              "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 889, "text": "Julian the Apostate" }
              ],
              "question": "Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?",
              "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 721, "text": "theological oracles" }
              ],
              "question": "In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?",
              "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A lot of temples dedicated to Apollo were built in Greece and in the Greek colonies, and they show the spread of the cult of Apollo, and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form, and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, don't belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types, because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve the esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed, some mathematical relations became necessary, in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "peripteral temples" }
              ],
              "question": "What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?",
              "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1070,
                  "text": "in order to keep the original forms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did mathematical relations become necessary?",
              "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 973, "text": "to hold the roof" }],
              "question": "Why were the first buildings narrow?",
              "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1157, "text": "Pythagoras" }],
              "question": "Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?",
              "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace, nine yards (8 m) long, of amber. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day (\u1f11\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion \u2014according to Delian tradition\u2014or of the month Bysios\u2014according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Hera" }],
              "question": "Who kidnapped Eileithyia?",
              "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0025"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Eileithyia" }],
              "question": "Who was the goddess of childbirth?",
              "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0026"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "nine yards" }],
              "question": "How long was the necklace offered to Hera?",
              "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0027"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "amber" }],
              "question": "What was the necklace made of?",
              "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0028"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "The seventh" }],
              "question": "What was the day of the new moon?",
              "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0029"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Python" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the chthonic dragon?",
              "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da81e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Castalian Spring" }],
              "question": "which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?",
              "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da81f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "Leto" }],
              "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?",
              "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da820"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Apollo kill Python?",
              "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "Gaia" }],
              "question": "Who was a parent of Python?",
              "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da822"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Asclepius" }],
              "question": "Who is Apollo's son?",
              "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da828"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?",
              "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "one year of hard labor" }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?",
              "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da82b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with \u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7 (daphn\u0113), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Daphne" }],
              "question": "Who was the daughter of Peneus?",
              "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "Peneus" }],
              "question": "Who is Daphne's father?",
              "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "Cupid" }],
              "question": "Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?",
              "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia. She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, either heliotrope or sunflower, which follows the sun every day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Orchamus" }],
              "question": "Who was Leucothea's mother?",
              "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Clytia" }],
              "question": "Who is Leucothea's sister?",
              "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Leucothea" }],
              "question": "Who did Leucothea fall in love with?",
              "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Orchamus" }],
              "question": "Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive?",
              "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Coronis" }],
              "question": "Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?",
              "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "Phlegyas" }],
              "question": "Who owas King of the Lapiths?",
              "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "A crow" }],
              "question": "How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?",
              "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Ischys" }],
              "question": "Who was the son of Elatus?",
              "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da859"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief: out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection \u03b1\u1f30\u03b1\u1fd6, meaning alas. The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Hyacinthus" }],
              "question": "Who was one of Apollo's male lovers?",
              "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "discus" }],
              "question": "What hit Hyacinthus in the head, killing him?",
              "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "Zephyrus" }],
              "question": "Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus?",
              "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "flower" }],
              "question": "What item did Apollo create and name after his lover?",
              "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo and the Furies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argued about whether the matricide was justified?",
              "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "Erinyes" }],
              "question": "Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage?",
              "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred?",
              "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Orestes" }],
              "question": "Who was accused of matricide?",
              "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the kithara, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Pan" }],
              "question": "Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill?",
              "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Midas" }],
              "question": "Who was a faithful follower of Pan?",
              "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Tmolus" }],
              "question": "Who was the mountain-god?",
              "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Tmolus" }],
              "question": "Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill?",
              "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this, as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then nailed Marsyas' shaggy skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "lyre" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Apolo play?",
              "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "flute" }],
              "question": "What instrument did Marsyas know how to play?",
              "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 156, "text": "Marsyas" }],
              "question": "Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute?",
              "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Marsyas' blood" }],
              "question": "What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas?",
              "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the \"Apollinare\". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares (\"Apollonian Games\") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Flaminian fields" }],
              "question": "Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?",
              "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "212 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the Second Punic war?",
              "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "Apollonian Games" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?",
              "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750\u2013550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as \"born in Lycia\", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who was god of colonization?",
              "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "750\u2013550 BCE" }],
              "question": "When was the height of colonization?",
              "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "born in Lycia" }],
              "question": "What does Lykegenes mean?",
              "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason\u2014characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder. The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian. However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus. This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Dionysus" }],
              "question": "Who was the god of wine?",
              "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "In literary contexts, who represents harmony, order and reason?",
              "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "Hyperborea" }],
              "question": "Where did Apollo go in winter?",
              "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0119"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles" }],
              "question": "Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?",
              "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles" }],
              "question": "In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?",
              "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles" }],
              "question": "Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?",
              "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, \"ideas\"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1, \"(I) know\") and eidos (\u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \"species\") have the same root as the word idea (\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Anaxagoras" }],
              "question": "Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?",
              "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Plato" }],
              "question": "Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?",
              "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "eidos" }],
              "question": "What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?",
              "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kouros (male youth) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece. This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. The first statues are certainly still and formal. The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent, but it was accepted for a good reason. The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is, and embodied the archaic smile of good manners, the firm and springy step, the balance of the body, dignity, and youthful happiness. When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men, it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods. The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented. These forms expressed immortality. Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order. His shrine in Delphi, that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions: \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (gn\u014dthi seaut\u00f3n=\"know thyself\") and \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd (m\u0113d\u00e9n \u00e1gan, \"nothing in excess\"), and \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4'\u1f04\u03c4\u03b7 (egg\u00fda p\u00e1ra d'at\u0113, \"make a pledge and mischief is nigh\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kouros" }],
              "question": "What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece?",
              "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kouros" }],
              "question": "What is another word for male youth?",
              "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1089, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who was the immortal god of ideal balance?",
              "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period (640\u2013580 BC), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life. The Greeks maintained, until late in their civilization, an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive. This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself. A fine example is the statue of the Sacred gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens (Dipylon Kouros). The statue is the \"thing in itself\", and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity. According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus, and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body, giving the impression that the statues could move. It is considered that he created also the New York kouros, which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type, and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "early archaic period" }
              ],
              "question": "The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?",
              "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Daedalus" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Dipylon master?",
              "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 748, "text": "Daedalus" }],
              "question": "Who created the New York kouros?",
              "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 183, "text": "Daedalus" }],
              "question": "Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?",
              "id": "5728e9944b864d190016507e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Minoan period" }],
              "question": "During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?",
              "id": "5728e9944b864d190016507f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 438, "text": "marble" }],
              "question": "These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?",
              "id": "5728e9944b864d1900165080"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520\u2013485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "late archaic period" }
              ],
              "question": "What period ran from 520-485 BC?",
              "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "Piraeus" }],
              "question": "What was the harbour of Athens?",
              "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "the bow" }],
              "question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?",
              "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "a cup of pouring libation" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?",
              "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the next century which is the beginning of the Classical period, it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else, consisted of symmetry and proportions. The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment (Myron), which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element. Anatomy and geometry are fused in one, and each does something to the other. The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions, just as they sought some reality behind appearances. Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements (materials), but of the parts, that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras. The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm. The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic. The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm, of which in the Louvre example, a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "Polykleitos" }],
              "question": "Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements?",
              "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da950"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 861,
                  "text": "Apollo Citharoedus statue type"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm?",
              "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da951"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 972,
                  "text": "neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE.",
              "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da952"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the proportions were always important in Greek art, the appeal of the Greek sculptures eludes any explanation by proportion alone. The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence, and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period, and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze-age. Just as the Greeks saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings, so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form, and the form of a work of art. Spiritual life is incorporated in matter, when it is given artistic form. Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances, so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same. Artists and sculptors tried to find this ideal order in relation with mathematics, but they believed that this ideal order revealed itself not so much to the dispassionate intellect, as to the whole sentient self. Things as we see them, and as they really are, are one, that each stresses the nature of the other in a single unity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence?",
              "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da986"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Minoan" }],
              "question": "Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period?",
              "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da987"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "Greeks" }],
              "question": "What people saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings?",
              "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da988"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "The artists" }],
              "question": "Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?",
              "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "These representations" }
              ],
              "question": "What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?",
              "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "the general sequence to which it belongs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?",
              "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Apollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types). The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century. The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo" }],
              "question": "Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand?",
              "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da996"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "The Apollo Belvedere" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century?",
              "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da997"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Leochares" }],
              "question": "Who made the Apollo Belvedere?",
              "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da998"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 509, "text": "between 350 and 325 BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?",
              "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da999"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "United_States_presidential_election,_2004",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many States renounced their preferred political party?",
              "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfeda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "New Hampshire" }],
              "question": "Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?",
              "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "252" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?",
              "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "the smallest ever" }],
              "question": "How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes? ",
              "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bush" }],
              "question": "Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?",
              "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfed9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?",
              "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "eight months" }],
              "question": "How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?",
              "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 159, "text": "surged to near 90%" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?",
              "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Within a month" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?",
              "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "December" }],
              "question": "By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?",
              "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed, and believed to still maintain. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the U.N. sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force. Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a \"coalition of the willing\" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces, however, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Traces of former materials and weapons labs were reported to have been located, but no \"smoking guns\". Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of \"major combat operations\" in the Iraq War. Bush's approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN\u2013USA Today\u2013Gallup poll. However, Bush's high approval ratings did not last. First, while the war itself was popular in the U.S., the reconstruction and attempted \"democratization\" of Iraq lost some support as months passed and casualty figures increased, with no decrease in violence nor progress toward stability or reconstruction. Second, as investigators combed through the country, they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles, which led to debate over the rationale for the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "Saddam Hussein" }],
              "question": "Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?",
              "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "weapons of mass destruction" }
              ],
              "question": "What does WMD stand for?",
              "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 846, "text": "November 2002" }],
              "question": "When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?",
              "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 973, "text": "without UN authorization" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?",
              "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2201,
                  "text": "they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?",
              "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 10, 2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. Bush accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. (In New York, the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State.) During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "March 10, 2004" }],
              "question": "By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?",
              "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e002f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "September 2, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?",
              "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0030"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Dick Cheney" }],
              "question": "Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?",
              "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "terrorism and building an ownership society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?",
              "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Conservative Party" }
              ],
              "question": "In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?",
              "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who became known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the Bush administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. Senator Lieberman, a liberal on domestic issues but a hawk on the War on Terror, failed to gain traction with liberal Democratic primary voters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "Howard Dean" }],
              "question": "Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?",
              "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "a fund raiser" }],
              "question": "Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?",
              "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "Deaniacs" }],
              "question": "What did Dean's backers become known as?",
              "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "governor" }],
              "question": "What government position has Howard Dean previously held?",
              "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 622, "text": "the 2003 invasion of Iraq" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?",
              "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In September 2003, retired four-star general Wesley Clark announced his intention to run in the presidential primary election for the Democratic Party nomination. His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography. His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals. This weakness was apparent in his first few debates, although he soon presented a range of position papers, including a major tax-relief plan. Nevertheless, the Democrats did not flock to support his campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Wesley Clark" }],
              "question": "Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race, in the fall of 2003?",
              "id": "572909171d04691400778fa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "biography" }],
              "question": "What did Wesley Clark's initial campaign ads depend upon?",
              "id": "572909171d04691400778fa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "leadership and patriotism" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Wesley Clarks's core issues?",
              "id": "572909171d04691400778fa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "few detailed policy proposals" }
              ],
              "question": "What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?",
              "id": "572909171d04691400778fa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "did not flock to support his campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing?",
              "id": "572909171d04691400778fa5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the \"magical\" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "Kerry" }],
              "question": "Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?",
              "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "New Hampshire" }],
              "question": "Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?",
              "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?",
              "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 728, "text": "Mary Beth Cahill" }],
              "question": "Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?",
              "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 792,
                  "text": "mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?",
              "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "Lyndon LaRouche" }],
              "question": "Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?",
              "id": "57291e601d04691400779075"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "John Kerry" }],
              "question": "Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?",
              "id": "57291e601d04691400779076"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Gephardt" }],
              "question": "Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?",
              "id": "57291e601d04691400779077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "Federal Election Commission" }
              ],
              "question": "What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?",
              "id": "57291e601d04691400779078"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?",
              "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?",
              "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Dean" }],
              "question": "Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?",
              "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "Dean and Gephardt" }],
              "question": "Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?",
              "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Bob Graham" }],
              "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?",
              "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the \"Dean Scream\" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous \"scream\" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Gephardt" }],
              "question": "Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?",
              "id": "572935886aef051400154b6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Howard Dean" }],
              "question": "Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?",
              "id": "572935886aef051400154b6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "whether Dean was the victim of media bias"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?",
              "id": "572935886aef051400154b70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "\"Dean Scream\"" }],
              "question": "What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?",
              "id": "572935886aef051400154b71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 927, "text": "they were not aware" }
              ],
              "question": "Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the \"Dean Scream\"?",
              "id": "572935886aef051400154b72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The following week, John Edwards won the South Carolina primary and finished a strong second in Oklahoma to Clark. Lieberman dropped out of the campaign the following day. Kerry dominated throughout February and his support quickly snowballed as he won caucuses and primaries, taking in a string of wins in Michigan, Washington, Maine, Tennessee, Washington, D.C., Nevada, Wisconsin, Utah, Hawaii, and Idaho. Clark and Dean dropped out during this time, leaving Edwards as the only real threat to Kerry. Kucinich and Sharpton continued to run despite poor results at the polls.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "John Edwards" }],
              "question": "Which candidate went on to win the South Carolina primary?",
              "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Clark" }],
              "question": "Which candidate won the Oklahoma primary?",
              "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Lieberman" }],
              "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, following losing the Oklahoma primary?",
              "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Kerry" }],
              "question": "Which candidate received heighted support after winning caucuses and primaries in many states?",
              "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Edwards" }],
              "question": "After Clark and Dean dropped out, which candidate was considered to be the only real contender against Kerry?",
              "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In March's Super Tuesday, Kerry won decisive victories in the California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Rhode Island primaries and the Minnesota caucuses. Dean, despite having withdrawn from the race two weeks earlier, won his home state of Vermont. Edwards finished only slightly behind Kerry in Georgia, but, failing to win a single state other than South Carolina, chose to withdraw from the presidential race. Sharpton followed suit a couple weeks later. Kuninch did not leave the race officially until July.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Kerry" }],
              "question": "Which candidate was the fore-runner after definitively winning in the primaries and Minnesota caucuses?",
              "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Dean" }],
              "question": "Which candidate won his state primary, despite having already dropped out of his race?",
              "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "Edwards" }],
              "question": "Which candidate finished in second place in the Georgia primary?",
              "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "South Carolina" }],
              "question": "Besides Georgia, what other state primary did Edwards win?",
              "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Sharpton" }],
              "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, next after Edwards?",
              "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 6, John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, held later that month. Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate, Kerry gave a short list of three candidates: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, and Gov Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan\u2014a promise to make America \"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\" Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the prominent theme of the convention. In accepting the nomination, he began his speech with, \"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\" He later delivered what may have been the speech's most memorable line when he said, \"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\", a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "John Edwards" }],
              "question": "Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President?",
              "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many candidates did John Kerry name as potential prospects to be his running mate?",
              "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "\"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Kerry/Edwards slogan that was released prior to the start of the convention in Boston?",
              "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "\"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of Kerry's Boston speech made reference to his military experience?",
              "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 734,
                  "text": "\"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which famous line from Kerry's speech was later featured in one of his later television ad campaigns?",
              "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bush focused his campaign on national security, presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a \"flip-flopper.\" This strategy was designed to convey to American voters the idea that Bush could be trusted to be tough on terrorism while Kerry would be \"uncertain in the face of danger.\" Bush (just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election) also sought to portray Kerry as a \"Massachusetts liberal\" who was out of touch with mainstream Americans. One of Kerry's slogans was \"Stronger at home, respected in the world.\" This advanced the suggestion that Kerry would pay more attention to domestic concerns; it also encapsulated Kerry's contention that Bush had alienated American allies by his foreign policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "national security" }],
              "question": "What was the primary focus of Bush's campaign?",
              "id": "57293f201d046914007791e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a \"flip-flopper.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Bush try to convey that he was the stronger, tougher candidate?",
              "id": "57293f201d046914007791ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "\"Stronger at home, respected in the world.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America?",
              "id": "57293f201d046914007791eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "his foreign policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Kerry feel Bush aliented the American people with?",
              "id": "57293f201d046914007791ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The stategy that Bush used against Kerry was compared to what other similar strategy in the past?",
              "id": "57293f201d046914007791ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During August and September 2004, there was an intense focus on events that occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in the Texas Air National Guard. However, the focus quickly shifted to the conduct of CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday introducing what became known as the Killian documents. Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged, leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Bush" }],
              "question": "Who was accused on not fulfilling their military service, during the fall of 2004?",
              "id": "5729464d1d04691400779237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "a segment on 60 Minutes" }
              ],
              "question": "What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush's controvery regarding his required service?",
              "id": "5729464d1d04691400779238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "CBS News" }],
              "question": "Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer?",
              "id": "5729464d1d04691400779239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 88, "text": "the late 1960s and early 1970s" }
              ],
              "question": "Which time period came into the spotlight, during the fall of 2004?",
              "id": "5729464d1d0469140077923a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "Killian documents" }],
              "question": "What did the documents that were aired during the 60 Minutes segment come to be known as?",
              "id": "5729464d1d0469140077923b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, \"Well, actually, he forgot Poland.\" Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 49, "text": "University of Miami" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?",
              "id": "572956463f37b31900478283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Kerry" }],
              "question": "Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?",
              "id": "572956463f37b31900478284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Jim Lehrer" }],
              "question": "Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?",
              "id": "572956463f37b31900478285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "foreign policy" }],
              "question": "What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?",
              "id": "572956463f37b31900478286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?",
              "id": "572956463f37b31900478287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 8, moderated by Charles Gibson of ABC. Conducted in a town meeting format, less formal than the first presidential debate, this debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience. Bush attempted to deflect criticism of what was described as his scowling demeanor during the first debate, joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, \"That answer made me want to scowl.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the second debate for presidency held?",
              "id": "572959656aef051400154d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "town meeting format, less formal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was the second debate held in a rigid, formalistic manner?",
              "id": "572959656aef051400154d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there a specific topic as the main focus for the second debate?",
              "id": "572959656aef051400154d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "Charles Gibson" }],
              "question": "Who was the moderator of the second debate, held at the Washington University?",
              "id": "572959656aef051400154d37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, \"That answer made me want to scowl.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Bush try to make light of himself after being made fun of for his demeanor during the first debate?",
              "id": "572959656aef051400154d38"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate at Arizona State University on October 13. 51 million viewers watched the debate which was moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS News. However, at the time of the ASU debate, there were 15.2 million viewers tuned in to watch the Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously. After Kerry, responding to a question about gay rights, reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney's daughter was a lesbian, Cheney responded with a statement calling himself \"a pretty angry father\" due to Kerry using Cheney's daughter's sexual orientation for his political purposes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "How many debates were there in total, between Kerry and Bush?",
              "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Arizona State University" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the final debate, between Kerry and Bush held?",
              "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the next biggest competitor for television viewers, next to the debate?",
              "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "Vice President Cheney's daughter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kerry publicize as a lesbian while discussing gay rights, some time after the debate?",
              "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 513, "text": "\"a pretty angry father\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Cheney refer to him as, after hearing Kerry's comments about his daughter?",
              "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of \"John Ewards\"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "John Edwards" }],
              "question": "Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?",
              "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 417,
                  "text": "This was the first time in U.S. history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?",
              "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?",
              "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa333"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 633,
                  "text": "under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?",
              "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa334"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 878,
                  "text": "it violated Electoral College rules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?",
              "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa335"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was there tension the day after the election?",
              "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on, what was thought to be a concern?",
              "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How would it be determined who would win, in the event of an electoral tie?",
              "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 918,
                  "text": "the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which state became the most important to secure Bush's presidential election?",
              "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1603, "text": "Al Gore" }],
              "question": "Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency?",
              "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, election law mandated that each house retire to debate and vote on the motion. In the House of Representatives, the motion was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats. Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker, Senator Boxer, with 74 Senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to \"shed the light of truth on these irregularities.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio?",
              "id": "5729649b6aef051400154dee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 690,
                  "text": "During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes, after each House finalized their debates?",
              "id": "5729649b6aef051400154def"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "Senator Boxer" }],
              "question": "Who was the lone supporter of the motion, from the Senate?",
              "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 815,
                  "text": "Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to \"shed the light of truth on these irregularities.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did?",
              "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote?",
              "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry would later state that \"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\" In the same article, Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said \"I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "\"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry say affected the ability to know if the results of the Ohio vote was unbiased?",
              "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Howard Dean" }],
              "question": "Which Democratic official supported Kerry's theory about the Ohio votes?",
              "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "the machines were not reliable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was said about the devices used to collect the votes, in Ohio?",
              "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was targeted for defrauding the electoral process, in Ohio?",
              "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the invitation of the United States government, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004. It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past. In September 2004 the OSCE issued a report on U.S. electoral processes and the election final report. The report reads: \"The November 2, 2004 elections in the United States mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document. They were conducted in an environment that reflects a long-standing democratic tradition, including institutions governed by the rule of law, free and generally professional media, and a civil society intensively engaged in the election process. There was exceptional public interest in the two leading presidential candidates and the issues raised by their respective campaigns, as well as in the election process itself.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was called in to watch over the presidential election in 2004?",
              "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Was this the only occasion the OSCE was invited to preside over a presidential election?",
              "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the findings of the OSCE team?",
              "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 614,
                  "text": "long-standing democratic tradition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of values did the OSCE determine were adhered to during the election process?",
              "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain\u2013Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate). Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. Many such groups were active throughout the campaign season. (There was some similar activity, although on a much lesser scale, during the 2000 campaign.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What finance act affected the 2004 election?",
              "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "its sponsors in the United States Senate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?",
              "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the 527 groups come up with their title?",
              "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?",
              "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "MoveOn.org" }],
              "question": "What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?",
              "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning, political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement. Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement, \"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.\" Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement, \"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement\", and from September 3 (60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name. Previously, television advertisements only required a written \"paid for by\" disclaimer on the screen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??",
              "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 530,
                  "text": "60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?",
              "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478388"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 293,
                  "text": "\"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?",
              "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "\"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?",
              "id": "57296d5a3f37b3190047838a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "Previously, television advertisements only required a written \"paid for by\" disclaimer on the screen."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the tag line requirement before?",
              "id": "57296d5a3f37b3190047838b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2,
                  "text": "ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?",
              "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa413"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?",
              "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa414"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?",
              "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa415"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?",
              "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa416"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "the amendment ultimately failed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did Amendment 36 get passed?",
              "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa417"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "IBM",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original name of IBM?",
              "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "International Business Machines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does IBM stand for?",
              "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year was CTR created?",
              "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Big Blue" }],
              "question": "What was the unofficial name given to IBM by analysts?",
              "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Thomas J. Watson" }],
              "question": "Who created the IBM name?",
              "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da878"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1911" }],
              "question": "In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?",
              "id": "5729b3f46aef05140015507e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?",
              "id": "5729b3f46aef05140015507f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "In what year did IBM get its name?",
              "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155080"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 453, "text": "Big Blue" }],
              "question": "What nickname was given to IBM?",
              "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155081"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "Computing Scale Company" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?",
              "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155082"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "435,000 worldwide" }],
              "question": "How many employees did IBM have in 2012?",
              "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "fourth largest" }],
              "question": "What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?",
              "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "31st largest" }],
              "question": "In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?",
              "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "\u21162" }],
              "question": "At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?",
              "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "second largest" }],
              "question": "In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?",
              "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "IBM Research" }],
              "question": "Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?",
              "id": "5729b65c6aef051400155088"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "12 research laboratories worldwide"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many research labs does IBM have world wide?",
              "id": "5729b65c6aef051400155089"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "22 consecutive years" }
              ],
              "question": "In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?",
              "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "five Nobel Prizes" }],
              "question": "How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?",
              "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "Universal Product Code" }
              ],
              "question": "This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?",
              "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "16.8%" }],
              "question": "What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?",
              "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "9.0%" }],
              "question": "What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?",
              "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "2013" }],
              "question": "IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?",
              "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "24.3%" }],
              "question": "IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?",
              "id": "5729b7991d046914007795ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 114, "text": "exiting commoditizing markets" }
              ],
              "question": "IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?",
              "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go \"fabless\" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale. This transition had progressed as of early 2015[update].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?",
              "id": "5729b86a3f37b3190047853f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "SPSS" }],
              "question": "IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.",
              "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478540"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Lexmark" }],
              "question": "IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?",
              "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478541"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "personal computer and x86 server"
                }
              ],
              "question": "IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.",
              "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478542"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "GlobalFoundries" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?",
              "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478543"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On June 16, 1911, their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). CTR's business office was in Endicott. The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated. The four companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "June 16, 1911" }],
              "question": "On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?",
              "id": "5729b9ce3f37b31900478549"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 78, "text": "Charles Ranlett Flint" }
              ],
              "question": "Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.",
              "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "1933" }],
              "question": "In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?",
              "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "Endicott" }],
              "question": "Where was the CTR Business office?",
              "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "1,300 employees" }],
              "question": "In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?",
              "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered CTR. Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies. He implemented sales conventions, \"generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker\". His favorite slogan, \"THINK\", became a mantra for each company's employees. During Watson's first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. \"Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR\" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title \"International Business Machines\". First as a name for a 1917 Canadian subsidiary, then as a line in advertisements. For example, the McClures magazine, v53, May 1921, has a full page ad with, at the bottom:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?",
              "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "National Cash Register Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?",
              "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "THINK" }],
              "question": "What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?",
              "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "more than doubled to $9 million"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?",
              "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1043, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?",
              "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Dehomag" }],
              "question": "What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?",
              "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "26 million" }],
              "question": "Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?",
              "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 474, "text": "translation services" }
              ],
              "question": "What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?",
              "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?",
              "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "Saudi Business Machines" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?",
              "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but \"learn\" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?",
              "id": "5729bca26aef051400155092"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "artificial intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?",
              "id": "5729bca26aef051400155093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "an IBM 704" }],
              "question": "What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?",
              "id": "5729bca26aef051400155094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 399, "text": "FORmula TRANslation" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?",
              "id": "5729bca26aef051400155095"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "Albert L. Williams" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1961 who became the president of IBM?",
              "id": "5729bca26aef051400155096"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: \"Dedication to every client's success\", \"Innovation that matters\u2014for our company and for the world\", and \"Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships\". Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "PwC consulting" }],
              "question": "One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?",
              "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "50,000 employees" }],
              "question": "In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?",
              "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "Jam technology" }],
              "question": "What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?",
              "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "eClassifier" }],
              "question": "What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?",
              "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "52,000 employees" }],
              "question": "How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?",
              "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc. Later in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which was exhibited on Jeopardy! where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. As of 2012[update], IBM had been the top annual recipient of U.S. patents for 20 consecutive years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Lenovo" }],
              "question": "IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?",
              "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?",
              "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "Secure Blue" }],
              "question": "What was the design for low cost data encryption named?",
              "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "2009" }],
              "question": "SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?",
              "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Blue Gene" }],
              "question": "This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.",
              "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company\u2014a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps. The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions. The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself, which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data. The sale closed on January 29, 2016 ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "The Weather Company" }
              ],
              "question": "IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.",
              "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa607"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Watson" }],
              "question": "What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?",
              "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa608"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "January 29, 2016" }],
              "question": "When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?",
              "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa609"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "long-term licensing agreement" }
              ],
              "question": "The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?",
              "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa60a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "The Weather Company" }
              ],
              "question": "Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?",
              "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa60b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?",
              "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Cathie Black's" }],
              "question": "What board member resigned in November 2010?",
              "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa612"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "'07" }],
              "question": "What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?",
              "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa613"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "American Express" }],
              "question": "Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?",
              "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa614"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Andrew N. Liveris" }],
              "question": "Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?",
              "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa615"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 new data centers. After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches. Said Rometty, \u201cWe\u2019ve got to reinvent ourselves like we\u2019ve done in prior generations.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "5% drop" }],
              "question": "How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?",
              "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 21, 2014" }],
              "question": "What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?",
              "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 217, "text": "$1.2bn" }],
              "question": "IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?",
              "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?",
              "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Virginia Rometty" }],
              "question": "Who is the chief executive of IBM?",
              "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478557"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex. The company's contributions to architecture and design, which include works by Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and I.M. Pei, have been recognized. Van der Rohe's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago, the original center of the company's research division post-World War II, was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "330 North Wabash building in Chicago"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?",
              "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "center of the company's research division"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?",
              "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 656, "text": "1990 Honor Award" }],
              "question": "The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?",
              "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta" }
              ],
              "question": "IBM has towers in which cities?",
              "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "Eero Saarinen" }],
              "question": "IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.",
              "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "Thomas J. Watson" }],
              "question": "Who was the CEO in 1914?",
              "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "1924" }],
              "question": "The Quarter Century Club began in this year.",
              "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "Business Machines" }],
              "question": "What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?",
              "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 583, "text": "Hundred Percent Club" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.",
              "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "IBM salesmen who meet their quotas"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?",
              "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa629"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1934" }],
              "question": "In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?",
              "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 244, "text": "IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott" }
              ],
              "question": "IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?",
              "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Think" }],
              "question": "IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?",
              "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "program to train and employ disabled people"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What program did IBM launch in 1942?",
              "id": "5729cb183f37b31900478560"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?",
              "id": "5729cb183f37b31900478561"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Thomas J. Watson, Jr" }
              ],
              "question": "Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?",
              "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478567"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?",
              "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478568"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "sex, national origin, and age" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?",
              "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478569"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 478, "text": "IBM Fellows" }],
              "question": "Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.",
              "id": "5729cc793f37b3190047856b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "34" }],
              "question": "How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?",
              "id": "5729cc793f37b3190047856a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build \"separate-but-equal\" workplaces. In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "September 21, 1953" }],
              "question": "What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?",
              "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "the U.S. South" }],
              "question": "IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?",
              "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478572"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 422, "text": "separate-but-equal" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?",
              "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478573"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 473, "text": "sexual orientation" }
              ],
              "question": "IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?",
              "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478574"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?",
              "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478575"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "Linux" }],
              "question": "IBM began supporting this in 1998.",
              "id": "5729d0391d046914007795fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "the IBM Linux Technology Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "300 Linux kernel developers work here.",
              "id": "5729d0391d046914007795fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 387, "text": "Eclipse" }],
              "question": "IBM created the software framework known as?",
              "id": "5729d0391d046914007795ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 680, "text": "SCO v. IBM" }],
              "question": "What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?",
              "id": "5729d0391d04691400779600"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": "relational database management system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does RDBMS refer to?",
              "id": "5729d0391d04691400779601"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "DeveloperWorks" }],
              "question": "IBM runs what website for software developers?",
              "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?",
              "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "Linux" }],
              "question": "DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?",
              "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?",
              "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?",
              "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 127, "text": "PowerPC tri-core processor" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?",
              "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 197, "text": "less than 24 months" }
              ],
              "question": "How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?",
              "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 252, "text": "Cell BE microprocessor" }
              ],
              "question": "Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?",
              "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Toshiba, and Sony" }],
              "question": "Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?",
              "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa650"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?",
              "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa651"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM announced it will launch its new software, called \"Open Client Offering\" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that \"Open Client Offering\" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor \u2013 the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will Open Client Offering run on?",
              "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 650, "text": "Open Document Format software" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?",
              "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 982, "text": "5%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?",
              "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1096,
                  "text": "Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?",
              "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 917, "text": "Mozilla Firefox" }],
              "question": "What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?",
              "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478589"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM\u2019s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet. On Aug 18, 2011, as part of its effort in cognitive computing, IBM has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses. These microprocessors do not use von Neumann architecture, and they consume less memory and power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "Project Big Green" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?",
              "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "Secure Blue was launched in what year?",
              "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "encryption hardware" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of hardware is Secure Blue?",
              "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "Sam Palmisano" }],
              "question": "Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?",
              "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Smarter Computing framework" }
              ],
              "question": "What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?",
              "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "SmartCamp" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?",
              "id": "5729d8061d04691400779625"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "17" }],
              "question": "How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?",
              "id": "5729d8061d04691400779626"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Pennies" }],
              "question": "Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?",
              "id": "5729d8061d04691400779627"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "UK" }],
              "question": "Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?",
              "id": "5729d8061d04691400779628"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Pennies" }],
              "question": "What company is known for the electronic charity box?",
              "id": "5729d8061d04691400779629"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott\u2019s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Endicott" }],
              "question": "What location is the birthplace of IBM?",
              "id": "5729d8b71d0469140077962f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "4,100 gallons" }],
              "question": "How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?",
              "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779630"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "more than two decades" }
              ],
              "question": "How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?",
              "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779631"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 525, "text": "78,000 gallons" }],
              "question": "Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?",
              "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779632"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 732,
                  "text": "Department of Environmental Conservation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?",
              "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779633"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Liberal_Party_of_Australia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "New Right" }],
              "question": "What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?",
              "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "anti-socialist" }],
              "question": "Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?",
              "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Robert Menzies" }],
              "question": "Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?",
              "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Robert Menzies" }],
              "question": "Who founded Australia's liberal party?",
              "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called \"The forgotten people\"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[citation needed] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well in recent years among socially conservative working-class voters.[citation needed]However the Liberal Party's key support base remains the upper-middle classes; 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates are held by the Liberals, most of which are safe seats. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "the middle class" }],
              "question": "Whom are referred to as \"The forgoten people?\"",
              "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "1977" }],
              "question": "In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?",
              "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "Don Chipp" }],
              "question": "Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?",
              "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the \"National Party\"), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the \"New Right\" \u2013 a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "generally maintain" }
              ],
              "question": "Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?",
              "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "the Country Party" }],
              "question": "Which group is currently known as the \"National Party\"?",
              "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 685,
                  "text": "a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the \"New Right\"?",
              "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "publicly" }],
              "question": "Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?",
              "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "United Australia Party (UAP)" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?",
              "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da816"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?",
              "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "Nationalist Party of Australia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?",
              "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?",
              "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da819"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "the Great Depression" }
              ],
              "question": "What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?",
              "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?",
              "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 697, "text": "Lyons' death in 1939" }
              ],
              "question": "What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 824, "text": "1939 to 1941" }],
              "question": "What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0046"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of \"The Forgotten People\" radio talks\u2013similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\" of the 1930s\u2013in which he spoke of the middle class as the \"backbone of Australia\" but as nevertheless having been \"taken for granted\" by political parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what are Menzies' \"Forgotten People\" radio talks compared to?",
              "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "\"backbone of Australia\"" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?",
              "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "opposed" }],
              "question": "Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?",
              "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "Albury, New South Wales" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?",
              "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name \"Liberal\" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Sydney Town Hall" }],
              "question": "Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?",
              "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0077"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the name \"Liberal\" come from?",
              "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0078"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "Young Liberals" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?",
              "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0079"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 630, "text": "more than 90,000" }],
              "question": "How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?",
              "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e007a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years\u2014still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949\u20131966) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "a record 23 years" }],
              "question": "How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?",
              "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0093"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?",
              "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0094"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949\u20131966)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?",
              "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0095"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Anti-communism" }],
              "question": "What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?",
              "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da884"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?",
              "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 624,
                  "text": "concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Over what did the Labor party divide?",
              "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da886"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "ANZUS Treaty" }],
              "question": "Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?",
              "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?",
              "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the acronym SEATO stand for?",
              "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which group is a counterpart to NATO?",
              "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "San Francisco" }],
              "question": "Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?",
              "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "economic and skills criteria" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?",
              "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?",
              "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "Dame Enid Lyons" }],
              "question": "Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?",
              "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census \u2013 the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Holt" }],
              "question": "Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?",
              "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "commitment to the growing War in Vietnam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?",
              "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "1967 Referendum" }],
              "question": "Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?",
              "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 864, "text": "90%" }],
              "question": "What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?",
              "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Gorton Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?",
              "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "The Gorton Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government established equal pay for men and women?",
              "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "end of 1970" }],
              "question": "What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?",
              "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8ac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was \"not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister\". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Asia" }],
              "question": "Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?",
              "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?",
              "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "he resigned" }],
              "question": "Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?",
              "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 42, "text": "United States and Britain" }
              ],
              "question": "Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?",
              "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Neville Bonner" }],
              "question": "Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?",
              "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "12 years" }],
              "question": "How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?",
              "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165001"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Bonner appointed his position?",
              "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165002"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 1974\u201375 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "11 November 1975" }],
              "question": "On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?",
              "id": "5728e2be4b864d1900165018"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?",
              "id": "5728e2be4b864d1900165019"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Fraser" }],
              "question": "Who won the 1975 election by large margin?",
              "id": "5728e2be4b864d190016501a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed \"inalienable\" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted \"states' rights\" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?",
              "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 727, "text": "a severe drought" }],
              "question": "What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?",
              "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 995, "text": "Australian Democrats" }
              ],
              "question": "Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?",
              "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1120, "text": "Bob Hawke" }],
              "question": "Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?",
              "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Howard different from Paul Keating?",
              "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?",
              "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0184"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 512, "text": "The Howard Government" }
              ],
              "question": "Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?",
              "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0185"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "the ANZUS treaty" }],
              "question": "Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?",
              "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0186"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "the Liberal and National parties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?",
              "id": "5728e78b4b864d1900165068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "the new Liberal National Party of Queensland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?",
              "id": "5728e78b4b864d1900165069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?",
              "id": "5728e78b4b864d190016506a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "42 votes to 41" }],
              "question": "How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?",
              "id": "5728e8124b864d190016506e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Dr Brendan Nelson" }],
              "question": "Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?",
              "id": "5728e8124b864d190016506f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Malcolm Turnbull" }],
              "question": "To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?",
              "id": "5728e8124b864d1900165070"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Malcolm Turnbull" }],
              "question": "Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?",
              "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Tony Abbott" }],
              "question": "Who was Turnbull elected to replace?",
              "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Julie Bishop" }],
              "question": "Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?",
              "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 404, "text": "the Abbott Government" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?",
              "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed \"small-l liberalism\" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable \"socially liberal\" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 647, "text": "Ken Wyatt" }],
              "question": "Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?",
              "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da92e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 740, "text": "2010" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?",
              "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da92f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "1971" }],
              "question": "In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?",
              "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da930"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?",
              "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Menzies" }],
              "question": "Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?",
              "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who makes party policy?",
              "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 \u2013 their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "strongly against" }],
              "question": "Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?",
              "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da93e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?",
              "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da93f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1145, "text": "26 January 1966" }],
              "question": "When did Menzies resign from Parliament?",
              "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da940"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document \u2212 a radical collection of \"dry\", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises \u2212 representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST \u2212 leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?",
              "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da944"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "11.4%" }],
              "question": "What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?",
              "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da945"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1772,
                  "text": "the infamous birthday cake interview"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?",
              "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da946"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "from the 1933 election to the 1965 election"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How long was Tom Playford in political power?",
              "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 874, "text": "a record five" }],
              "question": "How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?",
              "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "1968 election to the 1970 election"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?",
              "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94c"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Samurai",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [bu.\u0255i]) or buke (\u6b66\u5bb6?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: \"In Chinese, the character \u4f8d was originally a verb meaning \"to wait upon\" or \"accompany persons\" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean \"those who serve in close attendance to the nobility\", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word \"samurai\" appears in the Kokin Wakash\u016b (905\u2013914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "translator" }],
              "question": "What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?",
              "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165084"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [bu.\u0255i]) or buke (\u6b66\u5bb6?)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are samurai usually called in Japanse?",
              "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "Kokin Wakash\u016b" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?",
              "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 571, "text": "905\u2013914" }],
              "question": "When is the first known use of 'samurai'?",
              "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165087"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushid\u014d. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "bushi" }],
              "question": "What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?",
              "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "a clan" }],
              "question": "What were samurai affiliated with?",
              "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "less than 10%" }],
              "question": "How much of Japan were samurais?",
              "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where do samurais' teachings live on?",
              "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "middle and upper echelons of the warrior class"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What class were samurais?",
              "id": "5728eae64b864d1900165090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no \u014ce (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taih\u014d Code, of 702 AD, and the later Y\u014dr\u014d Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3\u20134 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called \"Gundan-Sei\" (\u8ecd\u56e3\u5236) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "663 AD" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?",
              "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "Tang China and Silla" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?",
              "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?",
              "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Prince Naka no \u014ce (Emperor Tenji)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led the Taika Reform?",
              "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "646 AD" }],
              "question": "When was the Taika Reform?",
              "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honsh\u016b, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taish\u014dgun (\u5f81\u5937\u5927\u5c06\u8ecd) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (ky\u016bd\u014d), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the \"Shogun\" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "early Heian period" }],
              "question": "In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?",
              "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "the late 8th and early 9th centuries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the early Heian?",
              "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Emishi" }],
              "question": "Who did Kammu fail to conquer?",
              "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 319, "text": "sei'i-taish\u014dgun" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the full title for Shogun?",
              "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da959"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Emperor Kammu" }],
              "question": "Who introduced the Shogun concept?",
              "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da95a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "late 12th century" }],
              "question": "When was the Genpei war?",
              "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Minamoto no Yoritomo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was given the right to appoint shugo?",
              "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "clan leader" }],
              "question": "What was Minamoto's position?",
              "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 508, "text": "Minamoto no Yoritomo" }
              ],
              "question": "Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?",
              "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "1192" }],
              "question": "When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?",
              "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the H\u014dgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1022, "text": "Heiji Rebellion" }],
              "question": "What rebellion happened in 1160?",
              "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 961,
                  "text": "the rival Minamoto and Taira clans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?",
              "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "four-year" }],
              "question": "How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?",
              "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da976"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?",
              "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da977"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Taira no Kiyomori" }],
              "question": "Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?",
              "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "Taira no Kiyomori" }],
              "question": "Who established the first samurai-led administration?",
              "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "the Minamoto" }],
              "question": "Who succeeded the Taira clan?",
              "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "figurehead" }],
              "question": "What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?",
              "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "had its women marry Emperors" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Taira clan expand power?",
              "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taish\u014dgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. \"Bakufu\" means \"tent government\", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "1180" }],
              "question": "When did the Gempei War begin?",
              "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1185" }],
              "question": "When did the Gempei War end?",
              "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Taira and the Minamoto" }
              ],
              "question": "Which clans fought in the Gempei War?",
              "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 189, "text": "Honshu and Kyushu" }],
              "question": "What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?",
              "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 349, "text": "1192" }],
              "question": "When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?",
              "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Yuan" }],
              "question": "Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?",
              "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?",
              "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "900" }],
              "question": "How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?",
              "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Yuan invade Japan?",
              "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "10,000" }],
              "question": "How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?",
              "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "a great stone barrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What was built around Hakata Bay?",
              "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "1276" }],
              "question": "When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?",
              "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "1277" }],
              "question": "When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?",
              "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "20 kilometers" }],
              "question": "How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?",
              "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "executed" }],
              "question": "What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?",
              "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (\u5510\u5165\u308a) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Ch\u014dsen-seibatsu (\u671d\u9bae\u5f81\u4f10?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku period, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. Kato Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day Manchuria) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into Manchuria, but withdrew after retaliatory attacks from the Jurchens there, as it was clear he had outpaced the rest of the Japanese invasion force. A few of the more famous samurai generals of this war were Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, and Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and, despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598, near the conclusion of the campaigns. Yoshihiro was feared as Oni-Shimazu (\"Shimazu ogre\") and his nickname spread across not only Korea but to Ming Dynasty China. In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, ultimately the two expeditions failed (though they did devastate the Korean landmass) from factors such as Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders (in the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed; they were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more-experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces - in the second campaign of 1597, Korean and Ming forces proved to be a far more difficult challenge and, with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, limited Japanese gains to parts southeastern Korea), and wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders (established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1592" }],
              "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?",
              "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "1597" }],
              "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?",
              "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "160,000" }],
              "question": "How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?",
              "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 937, "text": "1598" }],
              "question": "When was the Battle of Sacheon?",
              "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 2215, "text": "1598" }],
              "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?",
              "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force. Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army, while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son (a notable exception to this trend was Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army) were largely committed to the Western Army; the two opposing sides (so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders' domains) would later clash, most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces, paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Tokugawa Ieyasu" }],
              "question": "Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?",
              "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Eastern Army" }],
              "question": "What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?",
              "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa" }
              ],
              "question": "Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?",
              "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 859, "text": "Battle of Sekigahara" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?",
              "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 922, "text": "Eastern Forces" }],
              "question": "Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?",
              "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries. Attacking from the \"sanctuary\" of Buddhist temples, they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the Emperor who tried to control their actions. He died in 1582 when one of his generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, turned upon him with his army.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oda Nobunaga" }],
              "question": "Who used arquebuses a lot?",
              "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da99e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "innovation" }],
              "question": "What did Oda Nobunaga value?",
              "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da99f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oda Nobunaga" }],
              "question": "Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?",
              "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "1582" }],
              "question": "When did Oda Nobunaga die?",
              "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Akechi Mitsuhide" }],
              "question": "Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?",
              "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi) becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect kiri-sute gomen (\u65ac\u308a\u6368\u3066\u5fa1\u514d?), but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to cut the size of their armies, unemployed r\u014dnin became a social problem.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "During the Tokugawa shogunate" }
              ],
              "question": "When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?",
              "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 146, "text": "the early 17th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When had samurai last been used in battle?",
              "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "the Edo period" }],
              "question": "What was another name for the Tokugawa era?",
              "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "katana" }],
              "question": "What was the samurai's long sword called?",
              "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "wakizashi" }],
              "question": "What was the samurai's short sword called?",
              "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period. Bushido was an ideal, and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century \u2014 the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "daimyo" }],
              "question": "Who were most samurais' lords?",
              "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "Confucius and Mencius" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose teachings did all samurai read?",
              "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 486,
                  "text": "social class, time and geographic location"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Bushido transcend?",
              "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "before the Edo Period" }
              ],
              "question": "When was Bushido formalized?",
              "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 291,
                  "text": "several influential leaders and families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who formalized Bushido?",
              "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "U.S. Navy" }],
              "question": "Which force invaded Japan in 1853?",
              "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daaf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Commodore Matthew Perry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?",
              "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daaf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "force Japan to open its borders to trade"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Perry's goal in Japan?",
              "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daafa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "arquebus" }],
              "question": "What technology helped the downfall of samurai?",
              "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daafb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiy\u014d Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "1854" }],
              "question": "When was the samurai military modernized?",
              "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "Nagasaki" }],
              "question": "Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?",
              "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "Naval" }],
              "question": "What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?",
              "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "tradition" }],
              "question": "What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?",
              "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 465, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?",
              "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (\u58eb\u65cf) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Emperor Meiji" }],
              "question": "Who established a western-style army in Japan?",
              "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1873" }],
              "question": "When was a western-style army established in Japan?",
              "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Shizoku" }],
              "question": "What did samurai become in 1873?",
              "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "commoners who paid them disrespect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who had samurai been allowed to kill?",
              "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 850, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century were the Meiji reforms?",
              "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab04"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatar\u014d, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Samurai" }],
              "question": "What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?",
              "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165102"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Iwasaki Yatar\u014d" }
              ],
              "question": "Who started Mitsubishi?",
              "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165103"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "great-grandson of a samurai" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?",
              "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165104"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "private schools for higher educations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of schools did samurai start?",
              "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 326, "text": "newspaper companies" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did samurai write for?",
              "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165106"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship\u2014the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?",
              "id": "5728f3026aef05140015489e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Zen" }],
              "question": "What type of meditation did samurai do?",
              "id": "5728f3026aef05140015489f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused some samurai to stop fighting?",
              "id": "5728f3026aef0514001548a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?",
              "id": "5728f3026aef0514001548a1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 13th century, H\u014dj\u014d Shigetoki (1198\u20131261 AD) wrote: \"When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master.\" Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) \"portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man\". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350\u20131410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: \"It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1198" }],
              "question": "When was Hojo Shigetoki born?",
              "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1261" }],
              "question": "When did Hojo Shigetoki die?",
              "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "13th and 14th century warrior writings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were gunki?",
              "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "1350" }],
              "question": "When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?",
              "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "1410" }],
              "question": "When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?",
              "id": "5728f34c4b864d1900165110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "battle" }],
              "question": "What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?",
              "id": "5728f3a54b864d190016511e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What debt should samurai not forget?",
              "id": "5728f3a54b864d190016511f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 327, "text": "loyalty and filial piety" }
              ],
              "question": "What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?",
              "id": "5728f3a54b864d1900165120"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592\u20131598). In a handbook he addressed to \"all samurai, regardless of rank\" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: \"If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "the Sengoku Era" }],
              "question": "When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?",
              "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "1592" }],
              "question": "When did Japan begin invading Korea?",
              "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "1598" }],
              "question": "When did Japan finish invading Korea?",
              "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?",
              "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "Bushido" }],
              "question": "What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?",
              "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Torii Mototada (1539\u20131600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Tokugawa Ieyasu" }],
              "question": "Who did Torii Mototada serve?",
              "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1539" }],
              "question": "When was Torii Mototada born?",
              "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1600" }],
              "question": "When did Torii Mototada die?",
              "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "40,000" }],
              "question": "How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?",
              "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 506, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?",
              "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521\u20131573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530\u20131578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the \"way of the warrior as death\". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: \"Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Uesugi Kenshin" }],
              "question": "Who was Takeda's rival?",
              "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "the \"way of the warrior as death\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Uesugi encourage?",
              "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Japanese historian" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?",
              "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1521" }],
              "question": "When was Takeda born?",
              "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "1530" }],
              "question": "When was Uesugi born?",
              "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548be"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506\u20131552): \"There is no nation in the world which fears death less.\" Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: \"I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger.\" Xavier spent the years 1549\u20131551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: \"The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "Jesuit" }],
              "question": "What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?",
              "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "1506" }],
              "question": "When was St. Francis Xavier born?",
              "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "1552" }],
              "question": "When did St. Francis Xavier die?",
              "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "1549\u20131551" }],
              "question": "When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?",
              "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?",
              "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled \"Yajiro\"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Malaysia" }],
              "question": "Where was Malacca?",
              "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where was Goa?",
              "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "Anjiro" }],
              "question": "Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?",
              "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?",
              "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "en masse" }],
              "question": "How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?",
              "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his book \"Ideals of the Samurai\" translator William Scott Wilson states: \"The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity.\" Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "William Scott Wilson" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?",
              "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the models for future generations of samurai?",
              "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "the Heike Monogatari" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?",
              "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200\u20131600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Mus\u014d Soseki (1275\u20131351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304\u201358). Mus\u014d, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Mus\u014d was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "samurai" }],
              "question": "Whose culture included tea ceremonies?",
              "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "monochrome ink" }],
              "question": "What kind of painting did samurai do?",
              "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 333, "text": "Chinese arts" }],
              "question": "What was Japanese culture influenced by?",
              "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 347, "text": "Zen monks" }],
              "question": "Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?",
              "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "1275" }],
              "question": "When was Muso Soseki born?",
              "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be \"Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga\" (\u7e54\u7530\u4e0a\u7dcf\u4ecb\u4e09\u90ce\u4fe1\u9577), in which \"Oda\" is a clan or family name, \"Kazusanosuke\" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, \"Saburo\" is a formal nickname (yobina), and \"Nobunaga\" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nobunaga mean?",
              "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kazusanosuke mean?",
              "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 216, "text": "a formal nickname (yobina)" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Saburo mean?",
              "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "a clan or family name" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Oda mean?",
              "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?",
              "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "akin to a marriage" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the samurai treat concubines?",
              "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 219, "text": "shameful, if not criminal" }
              ],
              "question": "How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?",
              "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 481, "text": "many wealthy merchants" }
              ],
              "question": "Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?",
              "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "her family's money erased the samurai's debts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?",
              "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 829,
                  "text": "the son could inherit his father's social status"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?",
              "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e89"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "rare" }],
              "question": "How common was divorce for samurai?",
              "id": "5728f7df4b864d1900165138"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "adoption of a male heir" }
              ],
              "question": "What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?",
              "id": "5728f7df4b864d1900165139"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?",
              "id": "5728f7df4b864d190016513a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What financial concern prevented divorce?",
              "id": "5728f7df4b864d190016513b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Maintaining the household" }
              ],
              "question": "What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?",
              "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165140"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "one who remains in the home" }
              ],
              "question": "What did okugatasama mean?",
              "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165141"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 272,
                  "text": "manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?",
              "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165142"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "a polearm" }],
              "question": "What was a naginata?",
              "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165143"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 541, "text": "the skill of the knife" }
              ],
              "question": "What was tantojutsu?",
              "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165144"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?",
              "id": "5728f95d6aef051400154908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "the children (and perhaps servants, too)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did samurai wives have to teach?",
              "id": "5728f95d6aef051400154909"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did samurai wives have to take care of?",
              "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "her husband" }],
              "question": "Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?",
              "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Confucian law" }],
              "question": "What defined the samurais' code?",
              "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as \"Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo\") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?",
              "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Hino Tomiko" }],
              "question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?",
              "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "lost interest in politics" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?",
              "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Nene?",
              "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?",
              "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "Tokugawa" }],
              "question": "In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?",
              "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "intelligence and education as desirable attributes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?",
              "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "philosophical and literary classics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?",
              "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "the end of the Tokugawa period"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When had most samurai wives learned to read?",
              "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564\u20131620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (\u4e09\u6d66\u6309\u91dd), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: \"For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living\" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (\u9038\u898b) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, \"with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants\" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote \"God hath provided for me after my great misery\", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "William Adams" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Western samurai?",
              "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu" }
              ],
              "question": "Who made William Adams a samurai?",
              "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Anjin Miura" }],
              "question": "What was William Adams's Japanese name?",
              "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "bannerman" }],
              "question": "What did hatamoto mean?",
              "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 711, "text": "eighty or ninety" }],
              "question": "How many servants did William Adams have?",
              "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?\u20131623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (\u516b\u91cd\u6d32). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (\u8036\u694a\u5b50). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (\u6731\u5370\u8239) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Dutch" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?",
              "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "1556" }],
              "question": "Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?",
              "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Yayousu" }],
              "question": "What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?",
              "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "a Red Seal Ship" }],
              "question": "What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?",
              "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "drowned after his ship ran aground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?",
              "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (\u5e73\u677e\u6b66\u5175\u885b), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Prussian" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Edward Schnell?",
              "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "military instructor and procurer of weapons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What duties did Edward Schnell have?",
              "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "the Aizu domain" }],
              "question": "Who did Edward Schnell work for?",
              "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Hiramatsu Buhei" }],
              "question": "What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?",
              "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Wakamatsu" }],
              "question": "Where did Edward Schnell live?",
              "id": "5728fb8a6aef051400154940"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or d\u014d).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "a form of lamellar armor" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?",
              "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "yoroi" }],
              "question": "What was the first samurai armor called?",
              "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "kozane" }],
              "question": "What were the small scales in yoroi called?",
              "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "iron or leather" }],
              "question": "What were kozane made of?",
              "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "dou" }],
              "question": "What was a full chest armor called?",
              "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (d\u014d), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?",
              "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "kozane dou" }],
              "question": "What type of armor was replaced?",
              "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "plate armor" }],
              "question": "What new type of armor replaced the old?",
              "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f09"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "Tosei-gusoku" }],
              "question": "What was the new armor called?",
              "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "1877" }],
              "question": "When was samurai armor last used?",
              "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f0b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term samurai originally meant \"those who serve in close attendance to nobility\", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu (\"to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend\"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu \u5b88\u3089\u3075) of the verb moru (\u5b88\u308b, \"to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward\"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3075, \"to serve, to attend\"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3072, \"servant, attendant\") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3072) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinsh\u016b (\u53e4\u4eca\u96c6, early 10th century):",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "those who serve in close attendance to nobility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did 'samurai' mean at first?",
              "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did 'samorapu' mean?",
              "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 639, "text": "to serve, to attend" }
              ],
              "question": "What did 'saburahu' mean?",
              "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 706, "text": "servant, attendant" }
              ],
              "question": "What did 'saburahi' mean?",
              "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "the Edo period" }],
              "question": "When was the word 'samurahi' used?",
              "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushid\u014d, the \"way of the warrior\", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the bushi class?",
              "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "mainly in the north of Japan" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the bushi live?",
              "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Kyoto" }],
              "question": "Where did the imperial family live?",
              "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "the \"way of the warrior\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bushido mean?",
              "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9ede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "the mansion of a warrior" }
              ],
              "question": "What was a bukeyashiki?",
              "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (\u5207\u8179, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (\u6b66\u58eb\u9053, Bushid\u014d?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Bud\u014d indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "hara kiri" }],
              "question": "What was a synonym for seppuku?",
              "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason for seppuku?",
              "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How idealistic were samurai?",
              "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "romanticized" }],
              "question": "How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?",
              "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (\u8c4a\u81e3\u79c0\u5409) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Akechi Mitsuhide" }],
              "question": "Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?",
              "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Kusunoki Masashige)" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?",
              "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "Tokugawa" }],
              "question": "Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?",
              "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 645,
                  "text": "loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?",
              "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan\u2019s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas\u2019 Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas\u2019 Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "historical drama" }],
              "question": "What is Jidaigeki?",
              "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "One of Japan\u2019s most renowned directors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Akira Kurosawa? ",
              "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "Akira Kurosawa" }],
              "question": "Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?",
              "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Seven Samurai" }],
              "question": "What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?",
              "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 844, "text": "The Magnificent Seven" }
              ],
              "question": "What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?",
              "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?",
              "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?",
              "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "manga" }],
              "question": "What are Japanese comic books called?",
              "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "anime" }],
              "question": "What are Japanese animation called?",
              "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. \u201cHyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits\u201d (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "Moscardi, N.D." }],
              "question": "Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?",
              "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "hack-and-slash" }],
              "question": "What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?",
              "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "gritty urban" }],
              "question": "What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?",
              "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which \u201cembodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, \u201cAfro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father\u201d (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Takashi Okazaki" }],
              "question": "Who created Afro Samurai?",
              "id": "572900303f37b31900477f51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Studio Gonzo" }],
              "question": "Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?",
              "id": "572900303f37b31900477f52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "2007" }],
              "question": "When did Afro Samurai first air?",
              "id": "572900303f37b31900477f53"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "Spike TV" }],
              "question": "On what channel did Afro Samurai air?",
              "id": "572900303f37b31900477f54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "Samuel L. Jackson" }],
              "question": "Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?",
              "id": "572900303f37b31900477f55"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is \u201cClad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana\u201d (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold\u2019s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise\u2019s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, \u201cNathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers\u201d.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. \u201cBy the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality\u201d. (Manion, 2006)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Marvel" }],
              "question": "In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?",
              "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "an energy charged katana" }
              ],
              "question": "What is Silver Samurai's weapon?",
              "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "over 350" }],
              "question": "How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?",
              "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Tom Cruise" }],
              "question": "Who starred in The Last Samurai?",
              "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1209,
                  "text": "US Army Captain Nathan Algren"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?",
              "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f11"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Software_testing",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 331, "text": "finding software bugs" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of testing software?",
              "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "tests for even simple software components is practically infinite"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?",
              "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can come from one bug being fixed?",
              "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles\u2014principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "all the defects" }],
              "question": "What can testing not completely find?",
              "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "furnishes a criticism or comparison"
                }
              ],
              "question": "While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?",
              "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "oracles\u2014principles or mechanisms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the software compare during testing against?",
              "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What make up the oracle during testing?",
              "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "to detect software failures" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primamry reason for testing software?",
              "id": "572910176aef051400154a0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can testing software not fully completely establish?",
              "id": "572910176aef051400154a0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "examination of code as well as execution of that code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the scope of testing the software also look at?",
              "id": "572910176aef051400154a10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "testing organization may be separate from the development team"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?",
              "id": "572910176aef051400154a11"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "programmer makes an error" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first step that leads to a software failure?",
              "id": "572911636aef051400154a20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "defect (fault, bug)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?",
              "id": "572911636aef051400154a21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "run on a new computer hardware platform"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can software defects in dead code cause problems?",
              "id": "572911636aef051400154a22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)\u2014usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability\u2014can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary issue with running software testing?",
              "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa031"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "defects that occur infrequently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?",
              "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?",
              "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa033"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that \"coverage\", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "use combinatorial test design" }
              ],
              "question": "Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? ",
              "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "get greater test coverage with fewer tests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?",
              "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 280, "text": "speed or test depth" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?",
              "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found, the cheaper it is to fix it. The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found. For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10\u2013100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review. With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services, the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "the earlier a defect is found" }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the cost of fixing a bug?",
              "id": "572914a26aef051400154a40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 275, "text": "10\u2013100 times more" }
              ],
              "question": "Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?",
              "id": "572914a26aef051400154a41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "cloud-based services" }
              ],
              "question": "What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?",
              "id": "572914a26aef051400154a42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?",
              "id": "572915f36aef051400154a4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 222, "text": "dynamic testing" }],
              "question": "What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?",
              "id": "572915f36aef051400154a4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "before the program is 100% complete"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When can dynamic testing occur?",
              "id": "572915f36aef051400154a50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?",
              "id": "572915f36aef051400154a51"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "clear box testing" }],
              "question": "What is another term used for White-box testing?",
              "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa06f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 119, "text": "by seeing the source code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is involved with White-box testing?",
              "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa070"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?",
              "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa071"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Black-box testing treats the software as a \"black box\", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "seeing the source code" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?",
              "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "aware of what the software is supposed to do"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the software testers aware of?",
              "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??",
              "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either \"is\" or \"is not\" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and designs to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Specification-based testing" }
              ],
              "question": "What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?",
              "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 396,
                  "text": "specifications and requirements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the test cases built around?",
              "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "functional" }],
              "question": "When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?",
              "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be \"like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.\" Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "no programming knowledge is required"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?",
              "id": "572921606aef051400154a72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?",
              "id": "572921606aef051400154a73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?",
              "id": "572921606aef051400154a74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the \"black box\" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does grey-box testing involve?",
              "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "not required to have full access to the software's source code"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?",
              "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "Manipulating input data and formatting output"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does not qualify as grey-box testing?",
              "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "intelligent test scenarios" }
              ],
              "question": "What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?",
              "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 209,
                  "text": "an isolated testing environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?",
              "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "SQL statements" }],
              "question": "What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?",
              "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the four recognized levels of testing software?",
              "id": "57292a631d04691400779105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?",
              "id": "57292a631d04691400779106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "unit-, integration-, and system testing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?",
              "id": "57292a631d04691400779107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 514, "text": "the testing objective" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the other levels classified by?",
              "id": "57292a631d04691400779108"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "reduce software development risks, time, and costs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? ",
              "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "software developer or engineer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who performs the Unit testing phase?",
              "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "construction errors" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Unit testing look to eliminate?",
              "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "increase the quality of the resulting software"
                }
              ],
              "question": "By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?",
              "id": "57292bf71d04691400779110"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "component interface testing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called to check data passed between units?",
              "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "message packets" }],
              "question": "What is it called when data is being passed?",
              "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "keep a separate log file of data items being passed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?",
              "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 829, "text": "Component interface testing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a variation of black-box testing?",
              "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment. Hence, it is also known as operational readiness testing (ORT) or Operations readiness and assurance (OR&A) testing. Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Operational Acceptance" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?",
              "id": "572938f31d04691400779187"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "operational readiness of the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Operational Acceptance focus on?",
              "id": "572938f31d04691400779188"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?",
              "id": "572938f31d04691400779189"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "compatibility with other application software"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common reason for software failure?",
              "id": "57293bee1d046914007791a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "lack of backward compatibility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?",
              "id": "57293bee1d046914007791a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "lack of its compatibility with other application software"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common cause for software failure?",
              "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "a lack of backward compatibility"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?",
              "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "test software only on the latest version of the target environment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?",
              "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test-cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, or be very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk. Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development, due to checking numerous details in prior software features, and even new software can be developed while using some old test-cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Regression testing" }],
              "question": "Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?",
              "id": "572940641d046914007791f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "stops working as intended" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??",
              "id": "572940641d046914007791fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 546,
                  "text": "re-running previous sets of test-cases"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a common method used during regression testing?",
              "id": "572940641d046914007791fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "phase in the release process and the risk of the added features"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?",
              "id": "572940641d046914007791fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 995,
                  "text": "typically the largest test effort in commercial software development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? ",
              "id": "572940641d046914007791fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Beta testing" }],
              "question": "What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?",
              "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "limited audience outside of the programming"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To whom is the beta testing released to?",
              "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "perpetual beta" }],
              "question": "What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?",
              "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c06"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of failure testing. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Destructive testing" }],
              "question": "What method is used to cause a system to fail?",
              "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 97,
                  "text": "software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Destructive testing verify?",
              "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 281, "text": "Software fault injection" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one example of failure testing?",
              "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Load testing" }],
              "question": "What method is used to test software under a specific load?",
              "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "data or a large number of users"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?",
              "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "Volume testing" }],
              "question": "What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?",
              "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "endurance testing" }],
              "question": "What is Stable testing also called?",
              "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Stress testing" }],
              "question": "What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?",
              "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Development Testing" }],
              "question": "What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?",
              "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa27f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "construction phase of the software development lifecycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When is development testing used?",
              "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa280"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 444, "text": "construction errors" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Development testing look to eliminate?",
              "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa281"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a \"test-driven software development\" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.  ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "extreme programming and the agile software development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two current movements adhere to the \"test-driven software development\"?",
              "id": "57295082af94a219006aa295"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 192, "text": "unit tests are written first" }
              ],
              "question": "Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?",
              "id": "57295082af94a219006aa296"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 902,
                  "text": "achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the goal of Unit testing?",
              "id": "57295082af94a219006aa297"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "modules, procedures, and functions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?",
              "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "the testing of higher level components"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?",
              "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 648,
                  "text": "makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?",
              "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of states belongs to Class I (and all subsequent classes). However, if the number of states is not known, then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on. If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace (and its continuations), and its number of states is unknown, then it only belongs to classes from Class III on. Testing temporal machines where transitions are triggered if inputs are produced within some real-bounded interval only belongs to classes from Class IV on, whereas testing many non-deterministic systems only belongs to Class V (but not all, and some even belong to Class I). The inclusion into Class I does not require the simplicity of the assumed computation model, as some testing cases involving implementations written in any programming language, and testing implementations defined as machines depending on continuous magnitudes, have been proved to be in Class I. Other elaborated cases, such as the testing framework by Matthew Hennessy under must semantics, and temporal machines with rational timeouts, belong to Class II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Class II" }],
              "question": "If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?",
              "id": "572954a83f37b31900478261"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "each class is strictly included into the next"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?",
              "id": "572954a83f37b31900478262"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "Class III" }],
              "question": "If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?",
              "id": "572954a83f37b31900478263"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "requires the applicant to show their ability to test software"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?",
              "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "testing field is not ready for certification"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?",
              "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What four traits can a certification not measure?",
              "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2cf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called \"defect rate\". What constitutes an \"acceptable defect rate\" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Software testing" }],
              "question": "What makes up part of the SQA?",
              "id": "572958236aef051400154d24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 152, "text": "software development process" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?",
              "id": "572958236aef051400154d25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "video game" }],
              "question": "What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?",
              "id": "572958236aef051400154d26"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Glass",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "metallic salts" }],
              "question": "What ingredient makes glass colorful?",
              "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1178, "text": "organic polymer plastic" }
              ],
              "question": "What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?",
              "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "transparency" }],
              "question": "What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?",
              "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 310, "text": "optical fibers" }],
              "question": "What type of glass products can be used for sending information?",
              "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1100, "text": "thermal insulating material" }
              ],
              "question": "In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?",
              "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "Iron" }],
              "question": "What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?",
              "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa037"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "increases the refractive index"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does barium affect glass?",
              "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa038"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "radioactivity" }],
              "question": "What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?",
              "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa039"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "flint glass" }],
              "question": "What is another name for lead glass?",
              "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa03a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "low dispersion" }],
              "question": "What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?",
              "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa03b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 \u00b0C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, \"soda\"), which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide [CaO], generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 417, "text": "soda" }],
              "question": "What causes glass to dissolve in water?",
              "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 631, "text": "better chemical durability" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is lime often added to glass?",
              "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "70 to 74" }],
              "question": "What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?",
              "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "excellent thermal shock characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a benefit of fused quartz?",
              "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "high melting-temperature" }
              ],
              "question": "What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?",
              "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles), the glass is formed. Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process, developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers, who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity. The top surface of the glass is subjected to nitrogen under pressure to obtain a polished finish. Container glass for common bottles and jars is formed by blowing and pressing methods. This glass is often slightly modified chemically (with more alumina and calcium oxide) for greater water resistance. Further glass forming techniques are summarized in the table Glass forming techniques.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "removal of bubbles" }
              ],
              "question": "What happens during refining?",
              "id": "572923981d046914007790af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 417, "text": "float glass process" }
              ],
              "question": "What method is used for making windows?",
              "id": "572923981d046914007790b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 739, "text": "nitrogen" }],
              "question": "What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?",
              "id": "572923981d046914007790b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 939, "text": "alumina and calcium oxide" }
              ],
              "question": "What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance?",
              "id": "572923981d046914007790b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the inventors of the float glass process?",
              "id": "572923981d046914007790b3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as \"crystal\" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "boron" }],
              "question": "What can be used to make glass less refractive?",
              "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1.5" }],
              "question": "What is the refraction index of typical glass?",
              "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "lead oxide" }],
              "question": "What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?",
              "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "crystal" }],
              "question": "What are high-index glasses erroneously called?",
              "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 683,
                  "text": "for their diamond-like optical properties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are high-index glasses valued?",
              "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are \"silicate glasses\" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica, but the high melting point and very narrow glass transition of quartz make glassblowing and hot working difficult. In glasses like soda lime, the compounds added to quartz are used to lower the melting temperature and improve workability, at a cost in the toughness, thermal stability, and optical transmittance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "silicate glasses" }],
              "question": "Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?",
              "id": "572925d76aef051400154ab8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 460, "text": "soda-lime glass" }],
              "question": "What kind of glass are containers made from?",
              "id": "572925d76aef051400154ab9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "silica" }],
              "question": "What is sand mostly made of?",
              "id": "572925d76aef051400154aba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "pure silica" }],
              "question": "What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?",
              "id": "572925d76aef051400154abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "silicate glasses" }],
              "question": "What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?",
              "id": "572925d76aef051400154abc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in diffuse reflection. Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline material. The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the molecules of the supercooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal geometries and can follow surface tension, which imposes a microscopically smooth surface. These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbing\u2014i.e., colored.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "internal subdivisions" }
              ],
              "question": "What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?",
              "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 698, "text": "surface tension" }],
              "question": "What force gives glass its surface texture?",
              "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 131, "text": "polycrystalline materials" }
              ],
              "question": "What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through?",
              "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "colored" }],
              "question": "What type of glass absorbs some light?",
              "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa11a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "obsidian" }],
              "question": "What kind of glass exists in nature?",
              "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "volcanic" }],
              "question": "Obsidian is what type of glass?",
              "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "cutting tools" }],
              "question": "What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?",
              "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "mid third millennium BCE" }
              ],
              "question": "When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?",
              "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "faience" }],
              "question": "What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing?",
              "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790ff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt% produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere. Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide. When used in art glass or studio glass is colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures and 'cook' times. Most colored glass used in the art market is manufactured in volume by vendors who serve this market although there are some glassmakers with the ability to make their own color from raw materials.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "iron(II) oxide" }],
              "question": "What can give glass a faint green tinge?",
              "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 757, "text": "Manganese dioxide" }],
              "question": "What can prevent a green color in glass?",
              "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "reducing combustion atmosphere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?",
              "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "iron polysulfides" }],
              "question": "What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?",
              "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Color" }],
              "question": "Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?",
              "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and metal work. The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier, now in modern Germany, that the late-Latin term glesum originated, probably from a Germanic word for a transparent, lustrous substance. Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "glesum" }],
              "question": "What word does \"glass\" come from?",
              "id": "57293c473f37b31900478151"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Where did glasswork begin relatively late?",
              "id": "57293c473f37b31900478152"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "1730 BCE" }],
              "question": "In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?",
              "id": "57293c473f37b31900478153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 422, "text": "Trier" }],
              "question": "What city was a center of glass production for the Romans?",
              "id": "57293c473f37b31900478154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "In what current country is Trier located?",
              "id": "57293c473f37b31900478155"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. From the 10th-century onwards, glass was employed in stained glass windows of churches and cathedrals, with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint Denis. By the 14th-century, architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, (1203\u20131248) and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral. Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th-century. With the Renaissance, and a change in architectural style, the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent. The use of domestic stained glass increased until most substantial houses had glass windows. These were initially small panes leaded together, but with the changes in technology, glass could be manufactured relatively cheaply in increasingly larger sheets. This led to larger window panes, and, in the 20th-century, to much larger windows in ordinary domestic and commercial buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 742, "text": "19th-century" }],
              "question": "When did stained glass make a big comeback?",
              "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "10th-century" }],
              "question": "When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship?",
              "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 761, "text": "the Renaissance" }],
              "question": "When did big windows of stained glass become less common?",
              "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 590, "text": "Sainte-Chapelle" }],
              "question": "What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls?",
              "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1201, "text": "larger windows" }],
              "question": "What did technological changes allow regular homes to have?",
              "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated glass has been widely applied to vehicles for windscreens. While glass containers have always been used for storage and are valued for their hygienic properties, glass has been utilized increasingly in industry. Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late Middle Ages. The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient, aiding astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science. Glass is also employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "laminated" }],
              "question": "What type of glass is used in cars?",
              "id": "572946226aef051400154c38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "late Middle Ages" }],
              "question": "When did eyeglasses originate?",
              "id": "572946226aef051400154c39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "glass" }],
              "question": "The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?",
              "id": "572946226aef051400154c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "solar" }],
              "question": "What type of power systems use glass?",
              "id": "572946226aef051400154c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "astronomers" }],
              "question": "What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?",
              "id": "572946226aef051400154c3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with Ren\u00e9 Lalique, \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using luster techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine arts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 420, "text": "Louis Comfort Tiffany" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous lampmaker used glass?",
              "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "1960" }],
              "question": "When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?",
              "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa248"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "cameo glass" }],
              "question": "What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?",
              "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa249"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 537, "text": "early 20th-century" }
              ],
              "question": "When did mass production of glass art begin?",
              "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa24a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "What early civilization made cameo glass?",
              "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa24b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Addition of lead(II) oxide lowers melting point, lowers viscosity of the melt, and increases refractive index. Lead oxide also facilitates solubility of other metal oxides and is used in colored glasses. The viscosity decrease of lead glass melt is very significant (roughly 100 times in comparison with soda glasses); this allows easier removal of bubbles and working at lower temperatures, hence its frequent use as an additive in vitreous enamels and glass solders. The high ionic radius of the Pb2+ ion renders it highly immobile in the matrix and hinders the movement of other ions; lead glasses therefore have high electrical resistance, about two orders of magnitude higher than soda-lime glass (108.5 vs 106.5 Ohm\u00b7cm, DC at 250 \u00b0C). For more details, see lead glass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "lead(II) oxide" }],
              "question": "What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?",
              "id": "572964476aef051400154de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 275, "text": "100 times" }],
              "question": "How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?",
              "id": "572964476aef051400154de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 616, "text": "high electrical resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "Pb2+ causes lead glass to have what?",
              "id": "572964476aef051400154de8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "other metal oxides" }
              ],
              "question": "Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what?",
              "id": "572964476aef051400154de9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds. The intermediates (titanium, aluminium, zirconium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc) can act as both network formers and modifiers, according to the glass composition. The modifiers (calcium, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium) alter the network structure; they are usually present as ions, compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms, bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby. Some elements can play multiple roles; e.g. lead can act both as a network former (Pb4+ replacing Si4+), or as a modifier.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "silicon, boron, germanium" }
              ],
              "question": "What components of glass for networks?",
              "id": "57296639af94a219006aa389"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "modifiers" }],
              "question": "What type of components change the network's shape?",
              "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "intermediates" }],
              "question": "What type of component can both make and change networks?",
              "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "covalent bond" }],
              "question": "What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network?",
              "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and also hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkalis. The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds. Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "alkali metal ions" }],
              "question": "What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?",
              "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 729, "text": "dealkalization" }],
              "question": "How can glass be prevented from corroding?",
              "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "alkali and alkaline earth ions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of ions does typical glass have?",
              "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 817, "text": "sulfur or fluorine compounds" }
              ],
              "question": "Reaction with what causes dealkalization?",
              "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "loss tangent" }],
              "question": "What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?",
              "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals are used. Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides, or boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition). Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e.g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2. Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively inert ones, such as Al(OH)3 over Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material. Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture (glass batch), by stirring the melt, and by crushing and re-melting the first melt. The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 688, "text": "sodium selenite" }],
              "question": "What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?",
              "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 904, "text": "platinum crucibles" }
              ],
              "question": "What containers are used for melting?",
              "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "the cost factor has a low priority"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?",
              "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 981, "text": "homogeneity" }],
              "question": "What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?",
              "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478346"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1170, "text": "to prevent breakage" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is glass annealed?",
              "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478347"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed \"splat cooling\" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become \"locked into\" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "W. Klement" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"splat cooling\"?",
              "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 687, "text": "bulk metallic glasses" }
              ],
              "question": "What are thick alloys made in layers called?",
              "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 758, "text": "zirconium" }],
              "question": "What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?",
              "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 791, "text": "amorphous steel" }],
              "question": "What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?",
              "id": "57296ab01d046914007793ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Caltech" }],
              "question": "At what university was Klement a student?",
              "id": "57296ab01d046914007793eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed \"q-glass\") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or \"primary phase,\" to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "NIST researchers" }],
              "question": "Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?",
              "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 610, "text": "nucleation barrier" }
              ],
              "question": "What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?",
              "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is q-glass?",
              "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 345, "text": "Transmission electron" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?",
              "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "vitreous" }],
              "question": "What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?",
              "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "heat treatment" }],
              "question": "What hardens glass-ceramics?",
              "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?",
              "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478407"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 \u00b0C.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "1000 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?",
              "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 298, "text": "countertop cooking" }
              ],
              "question": "Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?",
              "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f49"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "impervious to thermal shock" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?",
              "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "lithium and aluminosilicates" }
              ],
              "question": "What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?",
              "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "~70%" }],
              "question": "What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?",
              "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as \"bull's-eyes\") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "bull's-eyes" }],
              "question": "What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?",
              "id": "572977e11d046914007794c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "the center" }],
              "question": "In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?",
              "id": "572977e11d046914007794c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "float glass" }],
              "question": "Currently window glass is made as what?",
              "id": "572977e11d046914007794c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 459, "text": "for decorative effect" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the bull's-eye used?",
              "id": "572977e11d046914007794c4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 881, "text": "stability" }],
              "question": "What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?",
              "id": "572979896aef051400154f7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "glassblowers" }],
              "question": "Who used to make window panes?",
              "id": "572979896aef051400154f7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "crown glass process" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?",
              "id": "572979896aef051400154f80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "liquid" }],
              "question": "The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?",
              "id": "572979896aef051400154f81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "once solidified" }],
              "question": "When does glass stop moving like a liquid?",
              "id": "572979896aef051400154f82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "a solid formed by rapid melt quenching"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is \"glass\" defined in physics?",
              "id": "572982021d046914007794ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "glass-forming ability" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?",
              "id": "572982021d046914007794f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "cooling" }],
              "question": "What must happen quickly for glass to form?",
              "id": "572982021d046914007794f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "rigidity theory" }],
              "question": "What predicts glass-forming ability?",
              "id": "572982021d046914007794f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "first-order phase transition" }
              ],
              "question": "What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?",
              "id": "572984596aef051400154f9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "equilibrium theory of phase transformations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory isn't completely valid for glass?",
              "id": "572984596aef051400154f9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "a second-order phase transition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Transition in glass is comparable to what?",
              "id": "572984596aef051400154f9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "a supercooled liquid" }
              ],
              "question": "Atomically, glass is similar to what?",
              "id": "572988531d04691400779513"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 177, "text": "A supercooled liquid" }
              ],
              "question": "What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?",
              "id": "572988531d04691400779514"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "a solid" }],
              "question": "Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?",
              "id": "572988531d04691400779515"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "rotational and translational" }
              ],
              "question": "In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?",
              "id": "572988531d04691400779516"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Renewable_energy_commercialization",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Public policy and political leadership helps to \"level the playing field\" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the \"Energiewende\" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Public policy and political leadership"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?",
              "id": "57293ad06aef051400154ba8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "2050" }],
              "question": "Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?",
              "id": "57293ad06aef051400154ba9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "144" }],
              "question": "How many countries now have renewable energy policies?",
              "id": "57293ad06aef051400154baa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "$244 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?",
              "id": "57293b691d0469140077918d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "dramatically lower solar prices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?",
              "id": "57293b691d0469140077918e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?",
              "id": "57293b691d0469140077918f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target \"to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020\". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was \"about right\" and 16 percent thought it was \"too modest.\" In comparison, 19 percent said it was \"too ambitious\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "EU member countries" }],
              "question": "Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?",
              "id": "57293c241d046914007791a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Eurobarometer" }],
              "question": "What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?",
              "id": "57293c241d046914007791aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 228, "text": "2020" }],
              "question": "The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?",
              "id": "57293c241d046914007791ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "1,360 GW" }],
              "question": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?",
              "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "19 percent" }],
              "question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?",
              "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "22 percent" }],
              "question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?",
              "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10\u201360 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: \"The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach.\" He added: \"Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "Achim Steiner" }],
              "question": "Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?",
              "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "2004 through 2009" }],
              "question": "Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?",
              "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "UN under-secretary general" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Achim Steiner?",
              "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: \"Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 \u2013 and half of all energy needs \u2013 with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation\". \"Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "International Energy Agency" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?",
              "id": "572941266aef051400154c0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "2060" }],
              "question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?",
              "id": "572941266aef051400154c0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "half" }],
              "question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?",
              "id": "572941266aef051400154c0c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China's renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity. Since 2005, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?",
              "id": "572942721d0469140077920d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?",
              "id": "572942721d0469140077920e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "market expansion" }],
              "question": "What is the main driver of reduced costs?",
              "id": "572942721d0469140077920f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: \"A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support,\" and added that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue.\" As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Renewable energy technologies" }
              ],
              "question": "What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?",
              "id": "572943176aef051400154c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "2011" }],
              "question": "As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?",
              "id": "572943176aef051400154c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "IEA" }],
              "question": "What group stated that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?\"",
              "id": "572943176aef051400154c20"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where \"oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today\". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Renewable energy" }],
              "question": "What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?",
              "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "the cost of renewable power falls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?",
              "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 209, "text": "Renewable technologies" }
              ],
              "question": "What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?",
              "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one problem with biomass?",
              "id": "572944eb1d04691400779223"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "First-generation biomass technologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?",
              "id": "572944eb1d04691400779224"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Biomass for heat and power" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?",
              "id": "572944eb1d04691400779225"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation \u2013 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity" }],
              "question": "What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?",
              "id": "57294646af94a219006aa23f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity" }],
              "question": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?",
              "id": "57294646af94a219006aa240"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity" }],
              "question": "Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?",
              "id": "57294646af94a219006aa241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 390, "text": "3.1%" }],
              "question": "Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?",
              "id": "57294646af94a219006aa242"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "150" }],
              "question": "Hydropower is produced in how many countries?",
              "id": "572947721d04691400779241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "China" }],
              "question": "Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?",
              "id": "572947721d04691400779242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?",
              "id": "572947721d04691400779244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 291, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?",
              "id": "572947721d04691400779243"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1 GW" }],
              "question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?",
              "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478213"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "10 GW" }],
              "question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?",
              "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478214"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "17 percent" }],
              "question": "In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?",
              "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478215"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?",
              "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa271"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where is Charanka Solar Park?",
              "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "USA" }],
              "question": "Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?",
              "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa272"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Riverside County, California" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?",
              "id": "57294e063f37b3190047821f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "San Luis Obispo County, California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?",
              "id": "57294e063f37b31900478220"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 542, "text": "SunPower" }],
              "question": "Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?",
              "id": "57294e063f37b31900478221"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling \u20ac47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002\u20132011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "35,800 MW" }],
              "question": "Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?",
              "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "42,300 MW" }],
              "question": "China has how much wind power installed?",
              "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "19%" }],
              "question": "In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?",
              "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 790, "text": "9%" }],
              "question": "In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?",
              "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 820, "text": "6%" }],
              "question": "In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?",
              "id": "57294f546aef051400154ca0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "by using taller wind turbines with longer blades"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?",
              "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "300 feet to 400 feet above the ground"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?",
              "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "conventional fossil fuels like coal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?",
              "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "4 cents per kilowatt-hour" }
              ],
              "question": "Prices have fallen as low as what price?",
              "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "California's Mojave Desert" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?",
              "id": "572952116aef051400154cd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 333, "text": "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?",
              "id": "572952116aef051400154cd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Spain" }],
              "question": "Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?",
              "id": "572952116aef051400154cd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "10 percent" }],
              "question": "Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?",
              "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 540, "text": "The Energy Policy Act of 2005" }
              ],
              "question": "What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?",
              "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "GM" }],
              "question": "Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?",
              "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 196, "text": "Cellulosic ethanol" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?",
              "id": "572955386aef051400154d06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Crop residues" }],
              "question": "What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?",
              "id": "572955386aef051400154d07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "Dedicated energy crops" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?",
              "id": "572955386aef051400154d08"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than \"traditional\" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?",
              "id": "572956196aef051400154d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "Enhanced Geothermal Systems" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?",
              "id": "572956196aef051400154d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "Demonstration EGS projects" }
              ],
              "question": "What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?",
              "id": "572956196aef051400154d0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "2008" }],
              "question": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?",
              "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 607, "text": "technological advancements" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?",
              "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "$1.00/W installed cost" }
              ],
              "question": "What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?",
              "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that \"some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?",
              "id": "572961001d04691400779353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?",
              "id": "572961001d04691400779354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "Benjamin K. Sovacool" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?",
              "id": "572961001d04691400779355"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lester Brown states that the market \"does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems\". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?",
              "id": "572965381d04691400779399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Lester Brown" }],
              "question": "Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?",
              "id": "572965381d0469140077939a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 352, "text": "Tax and subsidy shifting" }
              ],
              "question": "What can help over come the problems with the market?",
              "id": "572965381d0469140077939b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tax shifting" }],
              "question": "What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?",
              "id": "57296618af94a219006aa383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "environmental tax reform" }
              ],
              "question": "Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?",
              "id": "57296618af94a219006aa384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "to create a more responsive market"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of tax shifting?",
              "id": "57296618af94a219006aa385"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "subsidy shifting" }],
              "question": "Besides tax shifting, what is another need?",
              "id": "572967616aef051400154e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "the Internet" }],
              "question": "What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?",
              "id": "572967616aef051400154e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 563,
                  "text": "federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped create the modern wind power industry?",
              "id": "572967616aef051400154e26"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 721, "text": "renewable energy" }],
              "question": "As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?",
              "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Renewable energy commercialization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?",
              "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "wind power" }],
              "question": "Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.",
              "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lester Brown has argued that \"a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.\" The International Solar Energy Society advocates \"leveling the playing field\" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "International Solar Energy Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group advocates leveling the playing field?",
              "id": "57296a386aef051400154e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?",
              "id": "57296a386aef051400154e41"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "development of climate-benign energy sources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?",
              "id": "57296a386aef051400154e42"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What country is reducing its coal subsidy?",
              "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?",
              "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "coal" }],
              "question": "Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?",
              "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "renewable energy policy" }
              ],
              "question": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?",
              "id": "57296daa1d04691400779427"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "12 per cent of the total EU energy mix"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?",
              "id": "57296daa1d04691400779428"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 558, "text": "Australia" }],
              "question": "Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?",
              "id": "57296daa1d04691400779429"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy\u2014thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Public policy" }],
              "question": "What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?",
              "id": "572970003f37b319004783b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Energy regulators" }],
              "question": "Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?",
              "id": "572970003f37b319004783b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1363,
                  "text": "Since policies are not self-implementing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?",
              "id": "572970003f37b319004783b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a \"guarantee of origin\" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 75,
                  "text": "liberalized electricity markets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?",
              "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "RES Directive" }],
              "question": "What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?",
              "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Green-e program" }],
              "question": "In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?",
              "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Stern Review" }],
              "question": "What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?",
              "id": "572971b83f37b319004783d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?",
              "id": "572971b83f37b319004783da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?",
              "id": "572971b83f37b319004783db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "New government spending, regulation, and policies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?",
              "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa441"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "commercialization of clean energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?",
              "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa442"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "Solyndra" }],
              "question": "Which company became invovled in a political controversy?",
              "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa443"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 783, "text": "Solyndra" }],
              "question": "What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?",
              "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa444"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "renewable energy" }],
              "question": "What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?",
              "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Renewables" }],
              "question": "What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?",
              "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 195, "text": "renewable energy technologies" }
              ],
              "question": "As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?",
              "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that \"renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity\". In October 2011, he \"announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Ban Ki-moon" }],
              "question": "Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?",
              "id": "572974506aef051400154f1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "renewable energy" }],
              "question": "Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?",
              "id": "572974506aef051400154f1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "Kandeh Yumkella" }],
              "question": "Who is chair of UN Energy?",
              "id": "572974506aef051400154f1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Charles Holliday" }],
              "question": "Who is chairman of Bank of America?",
              "id": "572974506aef051400154f1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "58 percent" }],
              "question": "In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?",
              "id": "572975046aef051400154f24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "18.1 percent" }],
              "question": "Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?",
              "id": "572975046aef051400154f25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "$140.4 billion" }],
              "question": "How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?",
              "id": "572975046aef051400154f26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 763, "text": "2030" }],
              "question": "Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?",
              "id": "572975046aef051400154f27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?",
              "id": "572975046aef051400154f28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of \"stabilization wedges\" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and \"renewable energy sources,\" in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their \"wedges.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "global warming" }],
              "question": "What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?",
              "id": "572975b16aef051400154f42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 796, "text": "at least 30 nations" }
              ],
              "question": "How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?",
              "id": "572975b16aef051400154f43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 914,
                  "text": "Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?",
              "id": "572975b16aef051400154f44"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be \"primarily social and political, not technological or economic\". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mark Z. Jacobson" }],
              "question": "Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?",
              "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "social and political" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?",
              "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Mark Z. Jacobson" }],
              "question": "Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?",
              "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "2030" }],
              "question": "Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?",
              "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that \"sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs \u2026 Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand.\" .",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is renewable energy an attractive option?",
              "id": "572977183f37b31900478459"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "In what country is the National Research Council located?",
              "id": "572977183f37b3190047845a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?",
              "id": "572977183f37b3190047845b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Palermo",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Palermo (Italian: [pa\u02c8l\u025brmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Panormos, Arabic: \u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u200e, Balarm; Phoenician: \u05d6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d6, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "history, culture, architecture and gastronomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what is Palermo known?",
              "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 410, "text": "2,700 years old" }],
              "question": "How old is the city of Palermo?",
              "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Sicily" }],
              "question": "On what island is Palermo located?",
              "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "734 BC" }],
              "question": "In what year was Palermo founded?",
              "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Ziz" }],
              "question": "What name was Palermo originally founded as?",
              "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "the Phoenicians" }],
              "question": "What group of people founded Palermo?",
              "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "Panormus" }],
              "question": "What did the Greeks name Palermo?",
              "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "831 to 1072" }],
              "question": "During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?",
              "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?",
              "id": "572948523f37b3190047820d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Palermo" }],
              "question": "Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?",
              "id": "572948523f37b3190047820e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "tourism, services, commerce and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?",
              "id": "572948523f37b3190047820f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as \"The most beautiful promontory in the world\", in his essay \"Italian Journey\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "mountains" }],
              "question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?",
              "id": "57295328af94a219006aa2a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "mountains" }],
              "question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?",
              "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe," }
              ],
              "question": "Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as \"The most beautiful promontory in the world?\"",
              "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 305, "text": "La Pizzuta" }],
              "question": "Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?",
              "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?",
              "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "the streets that were built on them follow their shapes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can former rivers be recognised presently?",
              "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Oreto river" }],
              "question": "What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?",
              "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 15, "text": "Papireto river and the Kemonia" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?",
              "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement \"Ziz.\" It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "\"Ziz.\"" }],
              "question": "What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?",
              "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "Motya and Soluntum" }
              ],
              "question": "Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians",
              "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?",
              "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "Corso Calatifimi" }],
              "question": "What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?",
              "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa314"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), the Ancient Greek world for \"old city\", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (\u039d\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), \"new city\". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?",
              "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "prevent attacks from foreign threats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?",
              "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "Cassaro" }],
              "question": "Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?",
              "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Carthage was Palermo\u2019s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) from which the current name is derived, meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 236, "text": "Sicilian Wars" }],
              "question": "In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?",
              "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Sicilian Wars end?",
              "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 975, "text": "Pyrrhus of Epirus" }],
              "question": "Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?",
              "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?",
              "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d99"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?",
              "id": "57295fc51d04691400779343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "Ostrogoths" }],
              "question": "Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?",
              "id": "57295fc51d04691400779344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Theodoric supported Roman culture and government"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?",
              "id": "57295fc51d04691400779345"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 671, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?",
              "id": "57295fc51d04691400779346"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed.[page needed] Palermo (Balarm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital city of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete with C\u00f3rdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor. For more than one hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing emirate. The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "120 years" }],
              "question": "How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?",
              "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "agricultural crops" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?",
              "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "reduced into near slavery" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?",
              "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Robert Guiscard" }],
              "question": "Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?",
              "id": "572961c26aef051400154dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "Hautevilles" }],
              "question": "What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?",
              "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "Palazzo dei Normanni" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?",
              "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "one of the wealthiest states in Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?",
              "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266\u20131282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718\u20131720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1194" }],
              "question": "What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?",
              "id": "572962d53f37b319004782ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 143, "text": "emigrated or were expelled" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?",
              "id": "572962d53f37b31900478300"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "51,000" }],
              "question": "What was Palermos population in 1330?",
              "id": "572962d53f37b31900478301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 605, "text": "1720 and 1734" }],
              "question": "During what years did Austria rule Palermo?",
              "id": "572962d53f37b31900478302"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the Savoia, but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, by now Palermo was now just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' son Ferdinand, though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after the French Revolution in 1798. His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded, the original capital city was Palermo (1816) but a year later moved to Naples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 10, "text": "Treaty of Utrecht (1713)" }
              ],
              "question": "After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?",
              "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478317"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "his coronation" }],
              "question": "For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?",
              "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478318"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Naples" }],
              "question": "Where did the Royal Court reside?",
              "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478319"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "Naples" }],
              "question": "Where did the capital city move in 1817?",
              "id": "572963fb3f37b3190047831a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Charles III" }],
              "question": "Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?",
              "id": "572963fb3f37b3190047831b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the \u201cThousands\u201d) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Giuseppe La Masa" }],
              "question": "Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?",
              "id": "5729651f6aef051400154df8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Ruggero Settimo" }],
              "question": "Who was the first president of Palermo?",
              "id": "5729651f6aef051400154df9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "The Bourbons" }],
              "question": "Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?",
              "id": "5729651f6aef051400154dfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Kingdom of Italy" }],
              "question": "Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?",
              "id": "5729651f6aef051400154dfb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoia kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed after Martial law was declared. The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies. A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the early twentieth century Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale della Libert\u00e0. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the famous architect Ernesto Basile. The Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, and built by the Rutelli & Mach\u00ec building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?",
              "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?",
              "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 793, "text": "Art Nouveau" }],
              "question": "In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?",
              "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1013, "text": "Teatro Massimo" }],
              "question": "Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?",
              "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The so-called \"Sack of Palermo\" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": "speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "To what does the term \"Sack of Palermo\" refer?",
              "id": "572967351d046914007793ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?",
              "id": "572967351d046914007793ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Palermo expansion lack?",
              "id": "572967351d046914007793ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 \u00b0C (65.3 \u00b0F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F); from 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F) in February to 26 \u00b0C (79 \u00b0F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "hot-summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Csa)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Palermo's climate classification?",
              "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 213,
                  "text": "one of the warmest cities in Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?",
              "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "eleven" }],
              "question": "How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?",
              "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "2,530 hours" }],
              "question": "How much sun does Palermo see each year?",
              "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?",
              "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Via Vittorio Emanuele" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?",
              "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Via Roma" }],
              "question": "On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?",
              "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 404,
                  "text": "to protect the port at La Cala"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?",
              "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "A huge chain" }],
              "question": "What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?",
              "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "medieval" }],
              "question": "During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?",
              "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cathedral has a heliometer (solar \"observatory\") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 32, "text": "solar \"observatory\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a heliometer?",
              "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "la Meridiana" }],
              "question": "What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?",
              "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "precisely N/S" }],
              "question": "Which direction does la Meridiana run?",
              "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "the sun" }],
              "question": "What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?",
              "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "1.2 million" }],
              "question": "How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?",
              "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "52.6%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?",
              "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "40.4" }],
              "question": "What is the average age of a Palermo resident?",
              "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "population flight to the suburbs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?",
              "id": "57296dbf1d04691400779430"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On what does Palermo's economy rely?",
              "id": "57296e256aef051400154e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "the Sicilian Mafia" }
              ],
              "question": "Palermo is the home of what mafia?",
              "id": "57296e256aef051400154e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 664, "text": "gone down dramatically" }
              ],
              "question": "Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?",
              "id": "57296e256aef051400154e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What negative qualities does Palermo carry?",
              "id": "57296e256aef051400154e75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefal\u00f9 in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as \"tourist marina\" for sailing yachts and catamarans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The port of Palermo" }],
              "question": "Which port is Sicily's primary port?",
              "id": "57296e83af94a219006aa3ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "2 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?",
              "id": "57296e83af94a219006aa3f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "2 million" }],
              "question": "How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?",
              "id": "57296fea6aef051400154eac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 598, "text": "sailing yachts and catamarans" }
              ],
              "question": "For what is the \"tourist marina\" dedicated?",
              "id": "57296fea6aef051400154ead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?",
              "id": "57296fea6aef051400154eae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "Santa Rosalia" }],
              "question": "Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?",
              "id": "572970446aef051400154eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "14 July" }],
              "question": "When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?",
              "id": "572970446aef051400154eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 292, "text": "Santa Rosalia" }],
              "question": "Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?",
              "id": "572970446aef051400154eb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is The Festino?",
              "id": "572970446aef051400154eb5"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Zinc",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Zn" }],
              "question": "What is the symbol for Zinc?",
              "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "What is the atomic number for Zinc?",
              "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e85"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "magnesium" }],
              "question": "What is zinc chemically close to?",
              "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "+2" }],
              "question": "What is the oxidation state for zinc?",
              "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many stable isotopes does zinc have?",
              "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Zn" }],
              "question": "What is the symbol for zinc?",
              "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8301"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "30" }],
              "question": "What is zinc's atomic number?",
              "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "magnesium" }],
              "question": "What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?",
              "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "sphalerite" }],
              "question": "What is the most common zinc ore?",
              "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "electricity" }],
              "question": "What is used to extract zinc during the production process?",
              "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8305"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called \"philosopher's wool\" or \"white snow\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "copper and zinc" }],
              "question": "What two metals are mixed to create Brass?",
              "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "10th" }],
              "question": "When was brass first used?",
              "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "India" }],
              "question": "Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?",
              "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "end of the 16th century" }
              ],
              "question": "When was zinc introduced to Europe?",
              "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Zawar" }],
              "question": "Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?",
              "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "copper and zinc" }],
              "question": "Brass is an alloy of what two elements?",
              "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Judea" }],
              "question": "The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?",
              "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "Rajasthan" }],
              "question": "We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?",
              "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "distillation process" }
              ],
              "question": "What early process was used to make zinc?",
              "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "\"philosopher's wool\" or \"white snow\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?",
              "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Paracelsus" }],
              "question": "Who named the element zinc?",
              "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "Zinke" }],
              "question": "What was zinc named after?",
              "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is credited with discovering zinc?",
              "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?",
              "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "deodorants" }],
              "question": "Where can you find zinc chloride?",
              "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Paracelsus" }],
              "question": "Who is credited as giving zinc its name?",
              "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "(prong, tooth)" }],
              "question": "What does the name zinc or zinke mean?",
              "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered pure metallic zinc?",
              "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "(hot-dip galvanizing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common use for zinc?",
              "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "deodorants" }],
              "question": "What is a common use for zinc chloride?",
              "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "two billion" }],
              "question": "How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?",
              "id": "5729701b1d04691400779453"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 559,
                  "text": "ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can consumption of excess zinc cause?",
              "id": "5729701b1d04691400779454"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "biochemistry," }],
              "question": "Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?",
              "id": "5729701b1d04691400779455"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can a lack of zinc cause in children?",
              "id": "5729701b1d04691400779456"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zinc" }],
              "question": "What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?",
              "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Zinc deficiency" }],
              "question": "What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?",
              "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "alcohol dehydrogenase" }
              ],
              "question": "In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?",
              "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 537, "text": "excess zinc" }],
              "question": "What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?",
              "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 \u00b0C. Above 210 \u00b0C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 \u00b0C) and boiling points (907 \u00b0C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "bluish-white" }],
              "question": "What color is zinc?",
              "id": "572970803f37b319004783c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "It is somewhat less dense than iron"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is iron more dense than zinc?",
              "id": "572970803f37b319004783c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "100 and 150 \u00b0C" }
              ],
              "question": "At what temperature does the metal become malleable?",
              "id": "572970803f37b319004783c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "210 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "At what temperature to zinc become brittle?",
              "id": "572970803f37b319004783c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "907 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "What is the boiling point of zinc?",
              "id": "572970803f37b319004783c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "bluish-white" }],
              "question": "In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?",
              "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "hexagonal" }],
              "question": "What is the crystalline structure of sync?",
              "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "becomes malleable" }],
              "question": "What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?",
              "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "210 \u00b0C" }],
              "question": "At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?",
              "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Several dozen" }],
              "question": "How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?",
              "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 84, "text": "243.66" }],
              "question": "What is the longest half life of the isotopes?",
              "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "metastable isotope" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the superscript m represent?",
              "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many excited states does 61Zn have? ",
              "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many excited states does 73Zn have?",
              "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "65Zn" }],
              "question": "What is the most long lived radio isotope?",
              "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "46.5 hours" }],
              "question": "What is the half life of 72Zn?",
              "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "10" }],
              "question": "How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?",
              "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "metastable isotope" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the superscript \"m\" indicate?",
              "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 402,
                  "text": "emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?",
              "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 \u00b0C indicates the formation of Zn\n2Cl\n2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "+2" }],
              "question": "What oxidation state dominates zinc?",
              "id": "5729717d6aef051400154ed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 \u00b0C"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?",
              "id": "5729717d6aef051400154ed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "+1 or +2" }],
              "question": "what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?",
              "id": "5729717d6aef051400154eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "+2" }],
              "question": "What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?",
              "id": "572b520df75d5e190021fd84"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "+1 or +2" }],
              "question": "What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?",
              "id": "572b520df75d5e190021fd87"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "diamagnetic and mostly colorless."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?",
              "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "zinc and magnesium" }
              ],
              "question": "The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?",
              "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "ionic radius" }],
              "question": "What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?",
              "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 585, "text": "N- and S-" }],
              "question": "Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?",
              "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e67"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn\u2014Zn bond, (\u03b75-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "bulky ligands" }],
              "question": "What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?",
              "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "[Zn2]2+" }],
              "question": "What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?",
              "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "diamagnetic nature of the ion" }
              ],
              "question": "What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?",
              "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "yellow glass" }],
              "question": "When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?",
              "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn\n3N\n2, Zn\n3P\n2, Zn\n3As\n2 and Zn\n3Sb\n2), the peroxide (ZnO\n2), the hydride (ZnH\n2), and the carbide (ZnC\n2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF\n2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl\n2, ZnBr\n2, and ZnI\n2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "noble gases" }],
              "question": "What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?",
              "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "strong basic and acidic solutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?",
              "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 342, "text": "electronics and optics." }
              ],
              "question": "What applications do chalcogenides have?",
              "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead91"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)\n2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2\u2212). The nitrate Zn(NO3)\n2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)\n2, sulfate ZnSO\n4, phosphate Zn\n3(PO4)\n2, molybdate ZnMoO\n4, cyanide Zn(CN)\n2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)\n2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)\n2\u00b78H\n2O and the chromate ZnCrO\n4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O\n2CCH3)\n2).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "zincates" }],
              "question": "Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?",
              "id": "572b55d7be1ee31400cb8334"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Charaka Samhita" }],
              "question": "Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?",
              "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 231, "text": "Mauryan period" }],
              "question": "Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?",
              "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 251, "text": "smelting of metallic zinc" }
              ],
              "question": "What process occurred around the 12th century?",
              "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 627, "text": "13th century AD," }],
              "question": "When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?",
              "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?",
              "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jagged\" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply \"tin-like\" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word \u0633\u0646\u06af seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "Paracelsus" }],
              "question": "Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?",
              "id": "572b581a34ae481900deada9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 379, "text": "imply \"tin-like\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?",
              "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?",
              "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the other terms for zinc?",
              "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect \"animal electricity\". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "William Champion's brother, John,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?",
              "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "calamine" }],
              "question": "Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?",
              "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "Johann Christian Ruberg" }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?",
              "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 727, "text": "animal electricity" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?",
              "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 873,
                  "text": "electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection."
                }
              ],
              "question": "The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?",
              "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO\n2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 29, "text": "extractive metallurgy." }
              ],
              "question": "What is used to produce the metal zinc?",
              "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 213, "text": "get an ore concentrate" }
              ],
              "question": "What is froth flotation used for?",
              "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "grinding the ore" }],
              "question": "What is the first step in zinc metal production?",
              "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "50%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?",
              "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombi\u00e8res between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?",
              "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 177, "text": "heavy metals" }],
              "question": "Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?",
              "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?",
              "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 971, "text": "20 to 1" }],
              "question": "What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?",
              "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "iron or steel" }],
              "question": "What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?",
              "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forms as zinc corrodes?",
              "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "electrochemically or as molten zinc"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is zinc applied?",
              "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Galvanization" }],
              "question": "What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?",
              "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?",
              "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 161, "text": "cathodic protection" }
              ],
              "question": "Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?",
              "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?",
              "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?",
              "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85\u201388% zinc, 4\u201310% copper, and 2\u20138% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "lead/tin alloy" }],
              "question": "What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?",
              "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "machine bearings" }],
              "question": "Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?",
              "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "one cent coins" }],
              "question": "Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?",
              "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 460, "text": "thin layer of copper" }
              ],
              "question": "What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?",
              "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "spin casting" }],
              "question": "Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?",
              "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Zamak" }],
              "question": "Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?",
              "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 375, "text": "small and intricate shapes" }
              ],
              "question": "What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?",
              "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "Prestal" }],
              "question": "What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?",
              "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 755,
                  "text": "die casts made of ceramics and cement."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is used to mold Prestal?",
              "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 66, "text": "cold-rolled into sheets" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?",
              "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "stamping dies" }],
              "question": "What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?",
              "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "too expensive" }],
              "question": "Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?",
              "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "too brittle" }],
              "question": "Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?",
              "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "zinc compounds" }],
              "question": "In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?",
              "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Zinc oxide" }],
              "question": "What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?",
              "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Zinc oxide" }],
              "question": "What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?",
              "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "semiconductor" }],
              "question": "Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?",
              "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "thermochemical" }],
              "question": "What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?",
              "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Zinc chloride" }],
              "question": "What is added to wood in order to preserve it?",
              "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "luminescent pigments" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?",
              "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "mid-infrared" }],
              "question": "What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?",
              "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "antifouling paints." }
              ],
              "question": "Where is zinc pyrithion used?",
              "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "64Zn" }],
              "question": "What is the most abundant zinc isotope?",
              "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 182, "text": "intense gamma radiation" }
              ],
              "question": "What does 65Zn produce?",
              "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "anti-corrosion agent" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?",
              "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "65Zn" }],
              "question": "What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?",
              "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83f0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 62,
                  "text": "vitamin and mineral supplements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What consumable product is zinc included in?",
              "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "antioxidant" }],
              "question": "What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?",
              "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "speed up the healing" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the benefit of zinc after injury?",
              "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "prostate" }],
              "question": "What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?",
              "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "chemotherapeutic" }],
              "question": "What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?",
              "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "prostate cancer" }],
              "question": "What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?",
              "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "prostate." }],
              "question": "Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?",
              "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the \u03b1-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts \u03b1-halo-esters and aldehydes to \u03b2-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons\u2013Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "physical properties, synthesis and reactions."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does organozinc chemisty describe?",
              "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "The Barbier reaction" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?",
              "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 786,
                  "text": "presence of just about any water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?",
              "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1043,
                  "text": "Commercially available diorganozinc compounds"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?",
              "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "structural" }],
              "question": "What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?",
              "id": "572b8267111d821400f38eba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 107, "text": "transcription factors," }
              ],
              "question": "What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?",
              "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?",
              "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "DNA helix" }],
              "question": "What does the transcription factor wrap around?",
              "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "zinc oxide" }],
              "question": "What is the most common supplement in the US?",
              "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "nearly insoluble" }],
              "question": "Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?",
              "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "20 mg/day" }],
              "question": "What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?",
              "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 682, "text": "40 mg/day" }],
              "question": "What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?",
              "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "cereals" }],
              "question": "Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?",
              "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 317, "text": "maize tortillas" }],
              "question": "In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?",
              "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "zinc picolinate" }],
              "question": "What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?",
              "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 482, "text": "zinc glycinate" }],
              "question": "What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?",
              "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 12, "text": "mild zinc deficiency" }
              ],
              "question": "Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?",
              "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "depresses immunity" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?",
              "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 436, "text": "twice as much food" }
              ],
              "question": "What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?",
              "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "plant sources" }],
              "question": "What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?",
              "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "phytates" }],
              "question": "What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?",
              "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 454, "text": "seeds and cereal bran," }
              ],
              "question": "Where is zinc chelator phytate found?",
              "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 626, "text": "diet is high in phytates," }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?",
              "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe23"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "zinc" }],
              "question": "What are two billion people in the world deficient in?",
              "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "deficient in zinc" }],
              "question": "800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?",
              "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 246, "text": "zinc supplementation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?",
              "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "zinc interacts with other micronutrients."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?",
              "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 99, "text": "high-pH soils" }],
              "question": "In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?",
              "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "disease." }],
              "question": "Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?",
              "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 694, "text": "toxic" }],
              "question": "Excess zinc has what effect on plants?",
              "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 462, "text": "weathering of rocks" }
              ],
              "question": "How is zinc primarily added to soil?",
              "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100\u2013300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100\u2013300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or \"zinc chills\" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "copper" }],
              "question": "What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?",
              "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8405"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "urinary" }],
              "question": "What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?",
              "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8406"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "ability of plants to absorb other essential metals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?",
              "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8407"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "zinc shakes or \"zinc chills\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?",
              "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8408"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 765, "text": "denture cream" }],
              "question": "People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?",
              "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8409"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "nerve receptors" }],
              "question": "What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?",
              "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "polio infections" }],
              "question": "Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?",
              "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "zinc-based intranasal cold products"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?",
              "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 629, "text": "antimicrobial zinc pyrithione" }
              ],
              "question": "What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?",
              "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "pennies" }],
              "question": "What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?",
              "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "zinc toxicosis" }],
              "question": "What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?",
              "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 404, "text": "ataxia" }],
              "question": "Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?",
              "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 545, "text": "ingestion of zinc coins" }
              ],
              "question": "Why have people reported zinc intoxication?",
              "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe45"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Pennies" }],
              "question": "What are dogs known to ingest?",
              "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8423"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "zinc toxicity" }],
              "question": "What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?",
              "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8424"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "parrots" }],
              "question": "In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?",
              "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8425"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "juices stored in galvanized cans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?",
              "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8426"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Neoclassical_architecture",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of \u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boull\u00e9e and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boull\u00e9e's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to \"architecture parlante\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "\u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?",
              "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "eternality" }],
              "question": "What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?",
              "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "sublime" }],
              "question": "What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?",
              "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 402, "text": "architectural character" }
              ],
              "question": "What concept did Ledoux address?",
              "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "building should immediately communicate its function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?",
              "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "What century were most four influential books published?",
              "id": "572975523f37b3190047841f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "Colen Campbell" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?",
              "id": "572975523f37b31900478420"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 826, "text": "18th-century" }],
              "question": "In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?",
              "id": "572975523f37b31900478421"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "1727" }],
              "question": "When was \"The Designs of Inigo Jones\" book published?",
              "id": "572975523f37b31900478422"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic \"architect earl\", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the \"architect earl\"?",
              "id": "572976811d046914007794b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "1729" }],
              "question": "When was Chiswick House designed?",
              "id": "572976811d046914007794ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "Palladio's Villa Capra" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?",
              "id": "572976811d046914007794bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Holkham Hall" }],
              "question": "What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?",
              "id": "572976811d046914007794bc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Ancient Greece" }],
              "question": "What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?",
              "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 279, "text": "Sir William Hamilton" }
              ],
              "question": "What englishman excavated pompeii?",
              "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Rome" }],
              "question": "In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?",
              "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 689, "text": "Sweden and Russia." }
              ],
              "question": "What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?",
              "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\", and the second in the styles called \"Directoire\" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Napoleonic Empire" }],
              "question": "When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?",
              "id": "57297bb01d046914007794dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "Louis XVI style" }],
              "question": "What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?",
              "id": "57297bb01d046914007794de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 265, "text": "\"Directoire\" or Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?",
              "id": "57297bb01d046914007794df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "The Rococo style" }],
              "question": "Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?",
              "id": "57297bb01d046914007794e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most \"Roman\" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 106, "text": "Pompeii and Herculaneum." }
              ],
              "question": "What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?",
              "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum)."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?",
              "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 612,
                  "text": "pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?",
              "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were William Kent's interior designs based from?",
              "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "authentically Roman" }
              ],
              "question": "What were interiors seeking to recreate?",
              "id": "572983b13f37b31900478469"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "\"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What colors were utilized for interiors?",
              "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 610, "text": "Marie Antoinette" }],
              "question": "Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?",
              "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of techniques were used to style motifs?",
              "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Parisian" }],
              "question": "What were styles in France initially?",
              "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 54, "text": "Robert and James Adam" }
              ],
              "question": "Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?",
              "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Italy and Dalmatia" }],
              "question": "Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?",
              "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "The Works in Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?",
              "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "rococo and baroque styles" }
              ],
              "question": "During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?",
              "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "lighter and more elegant feel" }
              ],
              "question": "This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?",
              "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758\u201359). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "Greek architectural" }
              ],
              "question": "From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?",
              "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Greek Revival" }],
              "question": "What was this new phase of neoclassicism?",
              "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 259, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?",
              "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 365,
                  "text": "James Stuart and Nicholas Revett"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?",
              "id": "5729888b6aef051400154faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 561,
                  "text": "garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758\u201359)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first Greek building in England?",
              "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808\u201309), the General Post Office (1824\u201329) and the British Museum (1823\u201348), Wilkins University College London (1826\u201330) and the National Gallery (1832\u201338). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784\u20131858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780\u20131848) and Hugh William Williams (1773\u20131829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823\u201329).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "William Wilkins" }],
              "question": "Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?",
              "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 952, "text": "Burns Monument at Alloway" }
              ],
              "question": "What monument was created in 1818?",
              "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 622, "text": "1824\u201329" }],
              "question": "When was the General Post Office built?",
              "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 655, "text": "1823\u201348" }],
              "question": "In what year was the British Museum built?",
              "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 735, "text": "1832\u201338" }],
              "question": "When was the National Gallery constructed?",
              "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour \"so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "more grandiose" }],
              "question": "How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?",
              "id": "57298cc51d04691400779525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "Napoleon I" }],
              "question": "What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?",
              "id": "57298cc51d04691400779526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "Regency" }],
              "question": "What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?",
              "id": "57298cc51d04691400779527"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 430, "text": "Federal style" }],
              "question": "In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?",
              "id": "57298cc51d04691400779528"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "Late Baroque architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?",
              "id": "57298eb13f37b3190047848f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?",
              "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478490"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "isolated rather than interpenetrating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?",
              "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478491"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 26, "text": "international movement" }
              ],
              "question": "How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?",
              "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478492"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient fa\u00e7ades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "ancient Romans" }],
              "question": "What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?",
              "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "grid system" }],
              "question": "What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?",
              "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "very logical and orderly" }
              ],
              "question": "What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?",
              "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 138, "text": "Ancient Greco-Roman ideal" }
              ],
              "question": "What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?",
              "id": "572990e16aef051400154fda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 311, "text": "Palmyra and Baalbec" }
              ],
              "question": "What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?",
              "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 165, "text": "James 'Athenian' Stuart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?",
              "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "Adam Brothers" }],
              "question": "What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?",
              "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Albert Richardson" }],
              "question": "What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?",
              "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "interwar period" }],
              "question": "In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?",
              "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "New Delhi" }],
              "question": "Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?",
              "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Gothic Revival" }],
              "question": "What new design was trending after neoclassical?",
              "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762\u201368); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and \"Empire\", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"Greek style\") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the \"Louis XVI\" style to court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Louis XVI style" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?",
              "id": "5729939d1d04691400779553"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Directoire and \"Empire\"" }
              ],
              "question": "France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?",
              "id": "5729939d1d04691400779554"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "Robert Adam" }],
              "question": "What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?",
              "id": "5729939d1d04691400779555"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "Sir John Soane" }],
              "question": "Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?",
              "id": "5729939d1d04691400779556"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "Marie Antoinette" }],
              "question": "Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?",
              "id": "5729939d1d04691400779557"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773\u201380), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785\u201389). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773\u201380"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?",
              "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How concerned was France with Greek architecture?",
              "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "Laboustre" }],
              "question": "Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?",
              "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "second Empire" }],
              "question": "In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?",
              "id": "572994ff1d04691400779560"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in V\u00e1c. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical fa\u00e7ade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden fa\u00e7ade of the Esterh\u00e1zy Palace (1797\u20131805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mih\u00e1ly Pollack and J\u00f3zsef Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837\u20131844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "V\u00e1c" }],
              "question": "In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?",
              "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?",
              "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 309, "text": "Charles Moreau" }],
              "question": "Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?",
              "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "J\u00f3zsef Hild" }],
              "question": "Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?",
              "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "late 18th century" }],
              "question": "When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?",
              "id": "572996c36aef051400154ffe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 102, "text": "Hospitaller" }],
              "question": "What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?",
              "id": "572996c36aef051400154fff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 572, "text": "1832" }],
              "question": "When was RNH Bighi built?",
              "id": "572996c36aef051400155000"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 604, "text": "1844" }],
              "question": "In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? ",
              "id": "572996c36aef051400155001"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "New Classical Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?",
              "id": "572999673f37b319004784df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 418, "text": "Traditional Architecture" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?",
              "id": "572999673f37b319004784e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for New Classical Architecture?",
              "id": "572999673f37b319004784e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "The Driehaus Architecture Prize"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?",
              "id": "572999673f37b319004784e1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?",
              "id": "5729996c1d0469140077956f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "New Urbanism" }],
              "question": "What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?",
              "id": "5729996c1d04691400779570"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "ironic" }],
              "question": "Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?",
              "id": "5729996c1d04691400779571"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 424, "text": "Thomas Gordon Smith" }
              ],
              "question": "What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?",
              "id": "5729996c1d04691400779572"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 343, "text": "Prince Charles" }],
              "question": "Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?",
              "id": "57299b841d04691400779577"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 499, "text": "Qatari Royal family" }
              ],
              "question": "What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?",
              "id": "57299b841d04691400779578"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?",
              "id": "57299b841d04691400779579"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?",
              "id": "57299b841d0469140077957a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "a number of architects are active in the neoclassical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is neoclassical design current in Britain?",
              "id": "57299b841d0469140077957b"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "CBC_Television",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9, still signs off every night.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "last" }],
              "question": "Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?",
              "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did stations previously sign off the air?",
              "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "infomercials" }],
              "question": "What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?",
              "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?",
              "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa550"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 611,
                  "text": "Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?",
              "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa551"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "1998" }],
              "question": "In what year did the network end American programming?",
              "id": "572a2c791d04691400779811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?",
              "id": "572a2c791d04691400779813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?",
              "id": "572a2c791d04691400779812"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "Rogers Communications" }
              ],
              "question": "Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?",
              "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa893"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?",
              "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa894"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "on CBC-owned stations" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?",
              "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa895"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "analysis and documentary segment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?",
              "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "The National" }],
              "question": "Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?",
              "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "October 2006" }],
              "question": "When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?",
              "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?",
              "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 136, "text": "from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m." }
              ],
              "question": "What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?",
              "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "weekend evenings" }],
              "question": "When do most other stations view their local newscasts?",
              "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 381, "text": "weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon" }
              ],
              "question": "When does CBC News Now air?",
              "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from a different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties include Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC Soccer, and various other amateur and professional events.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 175, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?",
              "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 282,
                  "text": "various recent and classic movies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?",
              "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Saturday" }],
              "question": "On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?",
              "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 328, "text": "Movie Night in Canada" }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?",
              "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004\u20132005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "Curling" }],
              "question": "CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?",
              "id": "572a36e06aef051400155382"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Cottage Life Television" }
              ],
              "question": "What is CBC Country Canada now called?",
              "id": "572a36e06aef051400155383"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "TSN" }],
              "question": "Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?",
              "id": "572a36e06aef051400155384"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "June 15, 2006" }],
              "question": "On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?",
              "id": "572a36e06aef051400155385"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "The One" }],
              "question": "Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?",
              "id": "572a373d6aef051400155392"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did CBC move The National in some areas?",
              "id": "572a373d6aef051400155393"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "to attract a younger audience to the network"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?",
              "id": "572a373d6aef051400155394"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "2005" }],
              "question": "What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?",
              "id": "572a37e41d04691400779855"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?",
              "id": "572a37e41d04691400779856"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Torchwood" }],
              "question": "Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?",
              "id": "572a37e41d04691400779857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 454,
                  "text": "Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?",
              "id": "572a37e41d04691400779858"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) and St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?",
              "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "over-the-air" }],
              "question": "Where is CBC available for free?",
              "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?",
              "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Toronto's CBLT" }],
              "question": "What station does not identify itself by its call letters?",
              "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "CBC itself" }],
              "question": "Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?",
              "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "\"CB\"" }],
              "question": "What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?",
              "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 718, "text": "\"T\"" }],
              "question": "What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?",
              "id": "572a39e11d04691400779870"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 938, "text": "CBC North" }],
              "question": "Which stations break convention and begin with \"CF\" instead of \"CB\"?",
              "id": "572a3acf6aef0514001553b4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are private affiliates?",
              "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa907"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "40" }],
              "question": "Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?",
              "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa908"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "10 p.m" }],
              "question": "Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?",
              "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa909"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliates with another network, the CBC has normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008 and joined E!, but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates have since joined City or Global, or closed altogether.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "CHBC-TV in Kelowna" }
              ],
              "question": "Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?",
              "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779887"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 562, "text": "CFJC-TV in Kamloops" }
              ],
              "question": "Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?",
              "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779888"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 730,
                  "text": "CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?",
              "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779889"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 979, "text": "Jim Pattison Group" }
              ],
              "question": "CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?",
              "id": "572a3ff81d0469140077988a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "August 31, 2011" }],
              "question": "What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?",
              "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?",
              "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 968, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?",
              "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1048, "text": "Bell Media" }],
              "question": "Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?",
              "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 394, "text": "September 2010" }],
              "question": "When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?",
              "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa917"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 571, "text": "South-Western Ontario" }
              ],
              "question": "Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?",
              "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa918"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "Ashtabula, Ohio" }],
              "question": "Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?",
              "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa919"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 170, "text": "more complete and consistent" }
              ],
              "question": "Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?",
              "id": "572a47423f37b31900478859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "more" }],
              "question": "Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?",
              "id": "572a47423f37b3190047885a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "tape delaying events to air in primetime"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?",
              "id": "572a47423f37b3190047885b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with T\u00e9l\u00e9vision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "August 31, 2011" }],
              "question": "What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?",
              "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "only about half" }],
              "question": "How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?",
              "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 930,
                  "text": "London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?",
              "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "August 31, 2012" }],
              "question": "When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?",
              "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 771, "text": "Barrie, Ontario" }],
              "question": "At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?",
              "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 792, "text": "both" }],
              "question": "Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?",
              "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "113,930 people" }],
              "question": "How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?",
              "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "303,465" }],
              "question": "How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?",
              "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 649, "text": "only some northeastern parts" }
              ],
              "question": "In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?",
              "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aaf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?",
              "id": "572a53aed562191400bc8669"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "July 31, 2012" }],
              "question": "When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?",
              "id": "572a53aed562191400bc866a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 377, "text": "$10 million" }],
              "question": "How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?",
              "id": "572a53aed562191400bc866b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 339, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?",
              "id": "572a54347a1753140016aeac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "financial reasons" }],
              "question": "For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?",
              "id": "572a54347a1753140016aead"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "27" }],
              "question": "How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?",
              "id": "572a54347a1753140016aeae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, \"CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011.\"  On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets, the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6, 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31, 2011.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "On December 16, 2010" }
              ],
              "question": "On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?",
              "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 626, "text": "August 31, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?",
              "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 358,
                  "text": "reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?",
              "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating \"CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation\u2019s current analogue coverage.\" The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today \u2013 much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "62.5%" }],
              "question": "What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?",
              "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "rejected" }],
              "question": "Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?",
              "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 676,
                  "text": "if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?",
              "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The requirement remains for all of CBC's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters. In some cases, CBC has opted to reduce the power of existing transmitters to low-power transmitters, which will result in signal loss for some viewers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "August 18, 2011" }],
              "question": "On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?",
              "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 433, "text": "2 to 51" }],
              "question": "Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?",
              "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aec9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 393, "text": "52 to 69" }],
              "question": "Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?",
              "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aeca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that \"while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters.\" On July 31, 2012, at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone, the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down, leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country, and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "July 17, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?",
              "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "July 31, 2012" }],
              "question": "On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?",
              "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "620" }],
              "question": "How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?",
              "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abd"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Appalachian_Mountains",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Appalachian Mountains (i/\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8le\u026a\u0283\u1d7bn/ or /\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "les Appalaches" }],
              "question": "What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?",
              "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "a system of mountains in eastern North America"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the Appalachian mountains?",
              "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "roughly 480 million years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Appalachian mountains form?",
              "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Ordovician Period" }],
              "question": "In what era did the mountains form?",
              "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and M\u00e9gantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "thirteen provinces" }
              ],
              "question": "How many provinces are in the mountain range?",
              "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "the Atlantic Coast Uplands" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the provinces?",
              "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "the Adirondack provinces" }
              ],
              "question": "Which province is often left out?",
              "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "the Adirondack Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?",
              "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Canada" }],
              "question": "What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?",
              "id": "57299db76aef051400155032"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "100 to 300 mi" }],
              "question": "How large is the zone in Canada?",
              "id": "57299db76aef051400155033"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "Newfoundland" }],
              "question": "Where does it start in Canada?",
              "id": "57299db76aef051400155034"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Central Alabama" }],
              "question": "Where does it end in the US? ",
              "id": "57299db76aef051400155035"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon" }
              ],
              "question": "What island is included in the range?",
              "id": "57299db76aef051400155036"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "several different regions associated with the mountain range"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the term Appalachian refer to?",
              "id": "57299e763f37b31900478509"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?",
              "id": "57299e763f37b3190047850a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narv\u00e1ez expedition, including \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.pa\u02c8la.t\u0283\u025bn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian,\" it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "northern coast of Florida" }
              ],
              "question": "What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?",
              "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1528" }],
              "question": "When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?",
              "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Apalchen" }],
              "question": "What did they transcribe Florida's name as? ",
              "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 347,
                  "text": "as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name eventually used for?",
              "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 94,
                  "text": "dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians? ",
              "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa575"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Catskill Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "What mountains does that region include?",
              "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa576"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 434, "text": "Cumberland Plateau" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?",
              "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa577"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "divides the mountain system into two unequal portions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?",
              "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478517"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is common among all the mountains in the range?",
              "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478518"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 948,
                  "text": "None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the climate like on the summits?",
              "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478519"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft (900 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "3,000 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?",
              "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft" }
              ],
              "question": "How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?",
              "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "exceed 4,000 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall are the mountains in Maine?",
              "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "many summits rise above 5,000 ft"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?",
              "id": "5729a0203f37b31900478520"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m). In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "over sixty summits" }],
              "question": "How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft? ",
              "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa585"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "over 3,000 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?",
              "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa586"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft" }
              ],
              "question": "How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?",
              "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa587"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 351, "text": "3,007 feet" }],
              "question": "How tall is the Pinnacle?",
              "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa588"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 426, "text": "more than 150 peaks" }
              ],
              "question": "How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?",
              "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa589"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "southern Pennsylvania" }
              ],
              "question": "Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?",
              "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa58f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "2,000 ft" }],
              "question": "What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?",
              "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa590"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 258, "text": "2,145 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall is Quirauk Mountain?",
              "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa591"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "2,000 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?",
              "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa592"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "Mount Rogers" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?",
              "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa593"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?",
              "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened after the French and Indian War?",
              "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the general opinion of the law?",
              "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 732,
                  "text": "the American Revolutionary War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the law likely lead to?",
              "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1059, "text": "their settlement of Kentucky" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?",
              "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the \"Pennsylvania German language\" or \"Pennsylvania Dutch.\" These latecomers to the New World were forced to the frontier to find cheap land. With their followers of both German, English and Scots-Irish origin, they worked their way southward and soon occupied all of the Shenandoah Valley, ceded by the Iroquois, and the upper reaches of the Great Valley tributaries of the Tennessee River, ceded by the Cherokee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did a lot of Germans settle? ",
              "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478525"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 376, "text": "Pennsylvania German language" }
              ],
              "question": "What dialect was created because of this?",
              "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478526"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 632, "text": "all of the Shenandoah Valley" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did these Germans eventually occupy?",
              "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478527"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of \"songbirds\" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "wild turkey" }],
              "question": "What is one typical bird found in the range?",
              "id": "5729a24c1d0469140077959b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "five species" }],
              "question": "How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?",
              "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478535"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "gray squirrel" }],
              "question": "What is the most commonly seen species?",
              "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478536"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "larger fox squirrel" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the squirrel share its habitat with?",
              "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478537"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "red squirrel" }],
              "question": "What is found more in the northern portions?",
              "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478538"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "Appalachian northern flying squirrel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?",
              "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478539"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "oak" }],
              "question": "What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?",
              "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "The American chestnut" }
              ],
              "question": "What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?",
              "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155063"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 365, "text": "sapling-sized sprouts" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the tree live on?",
              "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155064"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "oaks" }],
              "question": "What trees replaced chestnut trees?",
              "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155065"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?",
              "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 199, "text": "hickories" }],
              "question": "What other tree is common there?",
              "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "chestnut oak" }],
              "question": "What trees are located in drier portions?",
              "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959f"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Energy",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The \"ability of a system to perform work\" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined \"mechanically\", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?",
              "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "joules" }],
              "question": "In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?",
              "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?",
              "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550da"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy. In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 32,
                  "text": "kinetic energy of a moving object"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Common energy forms include what?",
              "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "destroyed" }],
              "question": "In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?",
              "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "Newtonian physics" }],
              "question": "What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?",
              "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For \"closed systems\" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the available energy. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into thermal energy without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 875,
                  "text": "by adding up all forms of energy in the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can the total energy of a system be calculated?",
              "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 685, "text": "available energy" }],
              "question": "The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?",
              "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "heat" }],
              "question": "What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?",
              "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "second law of thermodynamics" }
              ],
              "question": "What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?",
              "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6aa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Give one example of energy transformation.",
              "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Sun" }],
              "question": "What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?",
              "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is another example of energy transformation?",
              "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6b1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenient to distinguish gravitational energy, thermal energy, several types of nuclear energy (which utilize potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), electric energy (from the electric field), and magnetic energy (from the magnetic field), among others. Many of these classifications overlap; for instance, thermal energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "kinetic energy" }],
              "question": "What is determined by an object's movement through space?",
              "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "thermal energy" }],
              "question": "What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?",
              "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "potential energy" }],
              "question": "What is a function of the position of an object within a field?",
              "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical energy, which is stored and released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons, and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them.[need quotation to verify].The list is also not necessarily complete. Whenever physical scientists discover that a certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new forms are typically added that account for the discrepancy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "Elastic energy in materials" }
              ],
              "question": "What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?",
              "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where is chemical energy stored and released?",
              "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "kinetic" }],
              "question": "Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?",
              "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "vis viva" }],
              "question": "What is a term for living force?",
              "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "vis viva" }],
              "question": "What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?",
              "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz" }],
              "question": "Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?",
              "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "late 17th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?",
              "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Isaac Newton" }],
              "question": "Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?",
              "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Thomas Young" }],
              "question": "Who was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?",
              "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?",
              "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 206, "text": "William Rankine" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"potential energy?\"",
              "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "James Prescott Joule" }
              ],
              "question": "Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?",
              "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 331, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?",
              "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jo\u017eef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "William Thomson" }],
              "question": "Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?",
              "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 148, "text": "Thermodynamics" }],
              "question": "What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?",
              "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "Jo\u017eef Stefan" }],
              "question": "Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?",
              "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "Noether's theorem" }],
              "question": "What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?",
              "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Lagrangian" }],
              "question": "What is another energy-related concept?",
              "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 63, "text": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the Lagrangian named after?",
              "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Lagrangian" }],
              "question": "What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?",
              "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 406, "text": "Lagrange formalism" }
              ],
              "question": "Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?",
              "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 19, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "When was Noether's theorem created?",
              "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Noether's theorem" }],
              "question": "What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?",
              "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "Noether's theorem" }],
              "question": "What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?",
              "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550fa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e\u2212E/kT \u2013 that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?",
              "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 700, "text": "Chemical reactions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?",
              "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 961, "text": "e\u2212E/kT" }],
              "question": "What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?",
              "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 931, "text": "Boltzmann's" }],
              "question": "Who created the population factor e-E/kT?",
              "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1154, "text": "Arrhenius equation" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?",
              "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 \u00f7 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a \"feel\" for the use of a given amount of energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?",
              "id": "5729f3426aef051400155144"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 240, "text": "Energy" }],
              "question": "What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?",
              "id": "5729f3426aef051400155145"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "Human energy conversion" }
              ],
              "question": "What does H-e stand for?",
              "id": "5729f3426aef051400155146"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1017, "text": "746 watts" }],
              "question": "How many watts is in one official horsepower?",
              "id": "5729f3426aef051400155147"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunlight" }],
              "question": "What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?",
              "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "oxygen" }],
              "question": "What do plants release during photosynthesis?",
              "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?",
              "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "carbon dioxide and water" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two low-energy compounds?",
              "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Any living organism relies on an external source of energy\u2014radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals\u2014to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500\u20132000 Calories (6\u20138 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules, the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C6H12O6) and stearin (C57H110O6) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "an external source of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?",
              "id": "5729f4331d04691400779685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "1500\u20132000" }],
              "question": "How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?",
              "id": "5729f4331d04691400779686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "mitochondria" }],
              "question": "Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?",
              "id": "5729f4331d04691400779687"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe (\"the surroundings\").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "The second law of thermodynamics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?",
              "id": "5729f51d6aef051400155160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "living organisms" }],
              "question": "What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?",
              "id": "5729f51e6aef051400155161"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 845, "text": "ecological niches" }],
              "question": "Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?",
              "id": "5729f51e6aef051400155162"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "Sunlight" }],
              "question": "This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.",
              "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478610"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "after it strikes the Earth" }
              ],
              "question": "When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?",
              "id": "5729f6063f37b3190047860f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "hurricane" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?",
              "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478611"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "hurricane" }],
              "question": "What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?",
              "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478612"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Earthquakes" }],
              "question": "What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?",
              "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478617"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 82, "text": "heat" }],
              "question": "What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?",
              "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478618"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "thermal energy" }],
              "question": "What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?",
              "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478619"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 702, "text": "elastic strain" }],
              "question": "What is mechanical potential energy?",
              "id": "5729f6b13f37b3190047861a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "stellar phenomena" }],
              "question": "What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?",
              "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa6ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 520,
                  "text": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?",
              "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Big Bang" }],
              "question": "What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?",
              "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 882, "text": "fusion" }],
              "question": "Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?",
              "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa702"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta. In the solution of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation:  (where  is Planck's constant and  the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?",
              "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155166"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation" }
              ],
              "question": "What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?",
              "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation" }
              ],
              "question": "What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?",
              "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155168"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For example, consider electron\u2013positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process \u2013 the inverse process is called pair creation \u2013 in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In this system the matter (electrons and positrons) is destroyed and changed to non-matter energy (the photons). However, the total system mass and energy do not change during this interaction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "electron\u2013positron annihilation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?",
              "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155174"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "pair creation" }],
              "question": "What is the inverse process called?",
              "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155175"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 441, "text": "pair creation" }],
              "question": "What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?",
              "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155176"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Carnot's theorem" }],
              "question": "What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?",
              "id": "5729f9511d04691400779695"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 295,
                  "text": "what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the direction of transformations in energy?",
              "id": "5729f9511d04691400779696"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "direction of transformations in energy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is often determined by entropy considerations?",
              "id": "5729f9511d04691400779697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 582,
                  "text": "because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?",
              "id": "5729f9511d04691400779698"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally \"stored\" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "uranium" }],
              "question": "Name an example of a heavy isotope?",
              "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "thorium" }],
              "question": "Name another example of a heavy isotope.",
              "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "nucleosynthesis" }],
              "question": "What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?",
              "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "chemical potential energy" }
              ],
              "question": "In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?",
              "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa720"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc\u00b2, derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincar\u00e9 (1900), Friedrich Hasen\u00f6hrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does energy give rise to weight?",
              "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa725"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "certain amount of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "Mass is also equivalent to what?",
              "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa726"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 355, "text": "Albert Einstein" }],
              "question": "Who created the formula E = mc2?",
              "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 372, "text": "1905" }],
              "question": "In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?",
              "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "E = mc\u00b2" }],
              "question": "What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?",
              "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa729"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since  is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of matter (for example, 1 kg) to other forms of energy (such as heat, light, and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (i.e., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in high-energy nuclear physics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "Matter may be converted to what?",
              "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Matter" }],
              "question": "Energy may be converted to what?",
              "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?",
              "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 881, "text": "high-energy nuclear physics" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?",
              "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "reversible processes and irreversible processes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?",
              "id": "5729fe926aef051400155182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermodynamics" }],
              "question": "What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?",
              "id": "5729fe926aef051400155183"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 406, "text": "dissipation" }],
              "question": "A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.",
              "id": "5729fe926aef051400155184"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "irreversible states" }
              ],
              "question": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?",
              "id": "5729ff176aef051400155192"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?",
              "id": "5729ff176aef051400155193"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "energy of the universe" }
              ],
              "question": "In this heat death of energy, what does not change?",
              "id": "5729ff176aef051400155194"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 13, "text": "conservation of energy" }
              ],
              "question": "According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?",
              "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa743"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?",
              "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa744"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?",
              "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa745"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Noether's theorem" }],
              "question": "What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?",
              "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?",
              "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 530, "text": "the uncertainty principle" }
              ],
              "question": "This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?",
              "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 534, "text": "uncertainty principle" }
              ],
              "question": "What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?",
              "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Virtual photons" }],
              "question": "What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?",
              "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478637"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "Virtual photons" }],
              "question": "What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?",
              "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478638"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "electrostatic interaction between electric charges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results in Coulomb law?",
              "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478639"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Energy transfer" }],
              "question": "What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?",
              "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "heat" }],
              "question": "The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?",
              "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?",
              "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "first law of thermodynamics" }
              ],
              "question": "What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.",
              "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "energy" }],
              "question": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?",
              "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?",
              "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between \"new\" and \"old\" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "entropy" }],
              "question": "What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?",
              "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is entropy?",
              "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 502, "text": "second law of thermodynamics" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?",
              "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "East_Prussia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 161, "text": "Teutonic Knights" }],
              "question": "Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?",
              "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "Poles and Lithuanians" }
              ],
              "question": "What other groups during this period for form minorities?",
              "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "Christianity" }],
              "question": "The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?",
              "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Germans" }],
              "question": "Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?",
              "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 733, "text": "17th or early 18th century" }
              ],
              "question": "Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?",
              "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?",
              "id": "572a14df6aef051400155246"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "1701" }],
              "question": "In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?",
              "id": "572a14df6aef051400155247"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 536, "text": "Prussia" }],
              "question": "What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?",
              "id": "572a14df6aef051400155248"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaip\u0117da Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?",
              "id": "572a17261d0469140077975f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "Versailles" }],
              "question": "What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?",
              "id": "572a17261d04691400779760"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?",
              "id": "572a17261d04691400779761"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 953, "text": "300,000" }],
              "question": "How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?",
              "id": "572a17261d04691400779763"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gda\u0144sk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Teutonic Knights" }],
              "question": "Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?",
              "id": "572a1a461d04691400779781"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?",
              "id": "572a1a461d04691400779782"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "several wars" }],
              "question": "What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?",
              "id": "572a1a461d04691400779783"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 717, "text": "1466" }],
              "question": "What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?",
              "id": "572a1a461d04691400779784"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cronberg, the next Grand Master, was enfeoffed with the title to Prussia after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, but the Order never regained possession of the territory. In 1569 the Hohenzollern prince-electors of the Margraviate of Brandenburg became co-regents with Albert's son, the feeble-minded Albert Frederick.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 58, "text": "Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach" }
              ],
              "question": "Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?",
              "id": "572a1ca66aef05140015529e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "1525" }],
              "question": "In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?",
              "id": "572a1ca66aef05140015529f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "first duke of the Duchy of Prussia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Albert establish himself as?",
              "id": "572a1ca66aef0514001552a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "1618" }],
              "question": "In what year did Maximilian III die?",
              "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "Albert's line died out" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?",
              "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "Frederick William" }],
              "question": "Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?",
              "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself \"King in Prussia\" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. The designation \"Kingdom of Prussia\" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Old Prussia\"), the province of Prussia, or \"East Prussia\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 39, "text": "Holy Roman Empire" }],
              "question": "Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?",
              "id": "572a206b3f37b3190047870f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Teutonic Order" }],
              "question": "What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?",
              "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478710"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "Frederick III" }],
              "question": "Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?",
              "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478711"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 656,
                  "text": "Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Old Prussia\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?",
              "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478712"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709\u20131711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick William I led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. Thousands of Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "the plague and famine" }
              ],
              "question": "What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?",
              "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "speakers of Old Prussian" }
              ],
              "question": "What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?",
              "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Russian troops" }],
              "question": "What military overran much of East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478723"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gda\u0144sk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Che\u0142mno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the \"Polish Corridor\" between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast. The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the Vistula River together with Malbork and Che\u0142mno Land formed the Province of West Prussia with its capital at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King \"of\" Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "1772" }],
              "question": "In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?",
              "id": "572a268f6aef051400155312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 494, "text": "31 January 1773" }],
              "question": "In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? ",
              "id": "572a268f6aef051400155313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "The Polish Partition Sejm" }
              ],
              "question": "What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?",
              "id": "572a268f6aef051400155314"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him, while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via K\u00f6nigsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel. The French troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the Battle of Eylau on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Napoleon had to stay at the Finckenstein Palace, but in May, after a siege of 75 days, his troops led by Marshal Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lefebvre were able to capture the city Danzig, which had been tenaciously defended by General Count Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth. On 14 June, Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition with his victory at the Battle of Friedland. Frederick William and Queen Louise met with Napoleon for peace negotiations, and on 9 July the Prussian king signed the Treaty of Tilsit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 56, "text": "Battle of Jena-Auerstedt" }
              ],
              "question": "What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?",
              "id": "572a29476aef05140015532a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "K\u00f6nigsberg" }],
              "question": "What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?",
              "id": "572a29476aef05140015532b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?",
              "id": "572a29476aef05140015532c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at K\u00f6nigsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and K\u00f6nigsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who instigated the Prussian reforms?",
              "id": "572a2a906aef051400155330"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 257,
                  "text": "emancipation of the serfs and Jews"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was included in the reform?",
              "id": "572a2a906aef051400155331"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 631, "text": "1824" }],
              "question": "In what year was East and West Prussia first united?",
              "id": "572a2a906aef051400155332"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 796, "text": "1878" }],
              "question": "When did East and West Prussia split again?",
              "id": "572a2a906aef051400155333"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "1,996,626 people" }],
              "question": "Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?",
              "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "Protestants" }],
              "question": "Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?",
              "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?",
              "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Russian Empire" }],
              "question": "Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?",
              "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478787"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "German Army had been directed towards the Western Front"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?",
              "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478788"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 396, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?",
              "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478789"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreu\u00dfen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "1918" }],
              "question": "In what year did Germany become a republic?",
              "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa879"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "Treaty of Versailles" }
              ],
              "question": "What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?",
              "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa87a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 795, "text": "The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen" }
              ],
              "question": "What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa87b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in K\u00f6nigsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat \"K\u00f6nigsberger Volkszeitung\", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of L\u00f6tzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Erich Koch" }],
              "question": "Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?",
              "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What large plans did Koch have?",
              "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 541,
                  "text": "attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?",
              "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787df"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 654, "text": "Gustav Sauf" }],
              "question": "Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?",
              "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787e0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the \"Erich Koch Plan\" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darr\u00e9, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernf\u00fchrer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darr\u00e9, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his \"Land\" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "publicly funded emergency relief programs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?",
              "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "Erich Koch Plan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "that unemployment had been banished entirely"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?",
              "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpr\u00e4sident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1938" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?",
              "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478823"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 294, "text": "1,500" }],
              "question": "Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?",
              "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478824"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 515, "text": "sent to concentration camps" }
              ],
              "question": "What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?",
              "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478825"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "2.49 million" }],
              "question": "How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?",
              "id": "572a41513f37b31900478829"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "85%" }],
              "question": "Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?",
              "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "3,000" }],
              "question": "How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?",
              "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 618,
                  "text": "deported and killed in the Holocaust."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to those Jews who remained?",
              "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwa\u0142ki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?",
              "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "Suwa\u0142ki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?",
              "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 349, "text": "reunification with Germany" }
              ],
              "question": "Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?",
              "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaip\u0117da Region). The city of K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944\u201346 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Poland and the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?",
              "id": "572a49391d046914007798c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "Kaliningrad" }],
              "question": "What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?",
              "id": "572a49391d046914007798c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 492, "text": "evacuated during the war" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?",
              "id": "572a49391d046914007798c7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (I\u0142awa). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "800,000" }],
              "question": "How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?",
              "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "45 camps" }],
              "question": "Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?",
              "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 616, "text": "48,000" }],
              "question": "How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?",
              "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "Wolf children" }],
              "question": "What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?",
              "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these \"Autochthones\" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "1945" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "Germanized Poles" }],
              "question": "How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?",
              "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "18.5%" }],
              "question": "How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the \"Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast\", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "1946" }],
              "question": "What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?",
              "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Mikhail Kalinin" }],
              "question": "In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? ",
              "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "42,094" }],
              "question": "Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?",
              "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "expelled by the Soviet Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?",
              "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "fascists" }],
              "question": "What did the Russians consider Curonians?",
              "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?",
              "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of K\u00f6nigsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new \"House of the Soviets\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?",
              "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "eliminating all remnants of German history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?",
              "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 244,
                  "text": "names were replaced by new Russian names"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?",
              "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the 1945\u20131949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of K\u00f6nigsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of K\u00f6nigsberg"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?",
              "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 437, "text": "Kaliningrad" }],
              "question": "What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?",
              "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 115, "text": "violent and aggressive" }
              ],
              "question": "How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?",
              "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann (\"Land Captain\"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 196,
                  "text": "schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?",
              "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Provinzialverband" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?",
              "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 601,
                  "text": "elected by the citizens of the provinces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?",
              "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea8"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Ottoman_Empire",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman Empire (/\u02c8\u0252t\u0259m\u0259n/; Ottoman Turkish: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647\u200e Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?",
              "id": "572a11661d04691400779721"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "1299" }],
              "question": "When was the Ottoman empire founded?",
              "id": "572a11661d04691400779722"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Oghuz Turks" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a11661d04691400779723"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 289, "text": "northwestern Anatolia" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Ottoman empire founded?",
              "id": "572a11661d04691400779724"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Murad I" }],
              "question": "Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?",
              "id": "572a11661d04691400779725"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Suleiman the Magnificent" }
              ],
              "question": "Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?",
              "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "16th and 17th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?",
              "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 344, "text": "32 provinces" }],
              "question": "How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?",
              "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "vassal states" }],
              "question": "Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?",
              "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "North Africa, and the Horn of Africa"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a130d6aef051400155240"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "lands around the Mediterranean basin"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?",
              "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "into the late nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did the Ottoman empire decline?",
              "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "Germany" }],
              "question": "What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?",
              "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "military setbacks against European powers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name \u02bfUthm\u0101n \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i \u02bfAliyye-yi \u02bfOsm\u00e2niyye (\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647), (literally \"The Supreme State of the Ottomans\") or alternatively Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0649).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (\"Ottoman Empire\") or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\"The Ottoman State\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Ottoman" }],
              "question": "An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?",
              "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "House of Osman" }],
              "question": "What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "House of Osman" }],
              "question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? ",
              "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 262, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What is the origin of Osman's name?",
              "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "The Supreme State of the Ottomans"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?",
              "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ertu\u011frul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258\u20131326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ertu\u011frul" }],
              "question": "Who was the father of Osman I?",
              "id": "572a15493f37b319004786c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "400 horsemen" }],
              "question": "How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?",
              "id": "572a15493f37b319004786ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "14th century" }],
              "question": "When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?",
              "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 346, "text": "Ghazi emirates" }],
              "question": "What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?",
              "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Byzantine Empire" }],
              "question": "To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?",
              "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "Bursa" }],
              "question": "Which city did Osman's son capture?",
              "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "1324" }],
              "question": "In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?",
              "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Orhan" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?",
              "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Thessaloniki" }],
              "question": "What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?",
              "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "1389" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?",
              "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "conquest of Constantinople" }
              ],
              "question": "What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?",
              "id": "572a16b56aef051400155256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Byzantine" }],
              "question": "What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?",
              "id": "572a16b56aef051400155257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "Timur" }],
              "question": "What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?",
              "id": "572a16b56aef051400155258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Timurid Empire" }],
              "question": "Timur was the founder of what?",
              "id": "572a16b56aef051400155259"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "Battle of Ankara" }],
              "question": "What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?",
              "id": "572a16b56aef05140015525a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 153, "text": "Murad II" }],
              "question": "Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?",
              "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779771"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland was also the king of what?",
              "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779773"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "Battle of Varna" }],
              "question": "What battle took place on 10 November 1444?",
              "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779774"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 620, "text": "Second Battle of Kosovo" }
              ],
              "question": "In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?",
              "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779775"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "10 November 1444" }],
              "question": "On what date were the armies under W\u0142adys\u0142aw III defeated by Murad II?",
              "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779772"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 21, "text": "Mehmed the Conqueror" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the son of Murad II?",
              "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?",
              "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "its autonomy and land" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Venetian rule" }],
              "question": "The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?",
              "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Albanian resistance" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??",
              "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Suleiman the Magnificent (1520\u20131566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman\u2013Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of G\u00fcns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768\u201374). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "1520\u20131566" }],
              "question": "During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?",
              "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786eb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1521" }],
              "question": "In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?",
              "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 234, "text": "Battle of Moh\u00e1cs" }
              ],
              "question": "Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?",
              "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Hungary" }],
              "question": "After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?",
              "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 524, "text": "the Siege of G\u00fcns" }
              ],
              "question": "In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?",
              "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "Habsburg rule" }],
              "question": "France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?",
              "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Corsica" }],
              "question": "Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?",
              "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Francis I" }],
              "question": "The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?",
              "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?",
              "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa800"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Ferdinand" }],
              "question": "What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?",
              "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa801"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, \"a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566.\" Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to \"degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends.\" The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Stephen Lee" }],
              "question": "Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?",
              "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa80f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "1566" }],
              "question": "In what year did Suleiman die?",
              "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa810"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "1699" }],
              "question": "By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely \"a shadow\" of what it was in 1566?",
              "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 695, "text": "1566 to 1703" }],
              "question": "Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?",
              "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1158, "text": "war" }],
              "question": "What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa813"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Sultans" }],
              "question": "Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?",
              "id": "572a22256aef0514001552f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 200, "text": "military technology" }
              ],
              "question": "Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? ",
              "id": "572a22256aef0514001552f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "religious and intellectual" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?",
              "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Battle of Vienna" }],
              "question": "What battle took place in 1683?",
              "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "Europe" }],
              "question": "The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?",
              "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "new maritime trade routes" }
              ],
              "question": "Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?",
              "id": "572a24703f37b3190047872f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "the Cape of Good Hope" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?",
              "id": "572a24703f37b31900478730"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "the Indian Ocean" }],
              "question": "Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?",
              "id": "572a24703f37b31900478731"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?",
              "id": "572a24703f37b31900478732"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "the Portuguese" }],
              "question": "New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?",
              "id": "572a24703f37b31900478733"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding. The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced. The Ottoman navy recovered quickly, persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Philip II" }],
              "question": "Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?",
              "id": "572a25973f37b31900478747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "Battle of Lepanto" }],
              "question": "What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?",
              "id": "572a25973f37b31900478748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "Siege of Malta" }],
              "question": "What siege occurred in 1565?",
              "id": "572a25973f37b31900478749"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 578, "text": "1573" }],
              "question": "In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?",
              "id": "572a25973f37b3190047874a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 650, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?",
              "id": "572a25973f37b3190047874b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593\u20131606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595\u20131610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603\u20131618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "The Long War" }],
              "question": "What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?",
              "id": "572a27803f37b31900478751"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1593\u20131606" }],
              "question": "During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?",
              "id": "572a27803f37b31900478752"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "Sekban" }],
              "question": "What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?",
              "id": "572a27803f37b31900478753"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "30 million people" }],
              "question": "What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?",
              "id": "572a27803f37b31900478754"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1087, "text": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha" }
              ],
              "question": "A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?",
              "id": "572a27803f37b31900478755"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612\u20131640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648\u20131656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were K\u00f6sem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in K\u00f6sem's murder in 1651. During the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era (1656\u20131703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family. The K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "Murad IV" }],
              "question": "Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?",
              "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "the Safavids" }],
              "question": "Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?",
              "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 606, "text": "1651" }],
              "question": "When was K\u00f6sem murdered?",
              "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 636, "text": "1656\u20131703" }],
              "question": "What years define the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era?",
              "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa840"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 858, "text": "Crete" }],
              "question": "What territory was conquered by the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate in 1669?",
              "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa841"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683\u20131687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Mustafa II (1695\u20131703) led the counterattack of 1695\u201396 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (in modern Serbia), 11 September 1697.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?",
              "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 174, "text": "the Great Turkish War" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?",
              "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 362, "text": "Jan III Sobieski" }],
              "question": "Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?",
              "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "the Holy League" }],
              "question": "What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?",
              "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 507, "text": "Treaty of Karlowitz" }
              ],
              "question": "What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?",
              "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u20131718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 113, "text": "Little Walachia" }],
              "question": "Oltenia is also known as what?",
              "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa857"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "1716\u20131718" }],
              "question": "The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?",
              "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa858"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "Treaty of Passarowitz" }
              ],
              "question": "The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?",
              "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa859"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?",
              "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa85a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "port of Azov" }],
              "question": "What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?",
              "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa85b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 123, "text": "Istanbul Technical University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?",
              "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779817"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 162, "text": "an artillery school" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?",
              "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779818"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "Ibrahim Muteferrika" }
              ],
              "question": "In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?",
              "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?",
              "id": "572a2cfc1d0469140077981a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "1729" }],
              "question": "In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?",
              "id": "572a2cfc1d0469140077981b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768\u20131774. The Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "Ukrainian Haidamaks" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?",
              "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Bessarabia" }],
              "question": "Near what region was Balta bording?",
              "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1768\u20131774" }],
              "question": "During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?",
              "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?",
              "id": "572a2f0e3f37b31900478780"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "freedom to worship" }
              ],
              "question": "The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?",
              "id": "572a2f0e3f37b31900478781"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Serbian revolution (1804\u20131815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the \"sick man\" by Europeans. The suzerain states \u2013 the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro \u2013 moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "1804\u20131815" }],
              "question": "During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?",
              "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 132, "text": "Suzerainty of Serbia" }
              ],
              "question": "What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?",
              "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "the Greeks" }],
              "question": "There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?",
              "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 526, "text": "1829" }],
              "question": "Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?",
              "id": "572a301c3f37b31900478790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "the \"sick man\"" }],
              "question": "What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?",
              "id": "572a301c3f37b31900478791"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "571" }],
              "question": "How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?",
              "id": "572a31636aef051400155354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "140,000" }],
              "question": "How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?",
              "id": "572a31636aef051400155355"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 632, "text": "528" }],
              "question": "Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?",
              "id": "572a31636aef051400155356"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 595, "text": "654" }],
              "question": "There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?",
              "id": "572a31636aef051400155358"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1009, "text": "consuls and citizenship" }
              ],
              "question": "Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?",
              "id": "572a31636aef051400155357"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Crimean War (1853\u20131856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey.[page needed] Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers, totaling 1\u20131.5 million deported or killed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1853\u20131856" }],
              "question": "During what years did the Crimean War take place?",
              "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "4 August 1854" }],
              "question": "On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?",
              "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "Crimean Tatars" }],
              "question": "Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?",
              "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 477, "text": "Circassians" }],
              "question": "Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?",
              "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?",
              "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East\" in the nineteenth century \"was not the armies of Europe but its banks.\" The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Eugene Rogan" }],
              "question": "What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? ",
              "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 487, "text": "1875" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?",
              "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "Ottoman Public Debt Administration"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?",
              "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 636,
                  "text": "European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 854,
                  "text": "the detriment of local Ottoman interests"
                }
              ],
              "question": "European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?",
              "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877\u201378) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Ottoman bashi-bazouks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?",
              "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "Russo-Turkish War" }],
              "question": "What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?",
              "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 126, "text": "The Russo-Turkish War" }
              ],
              "question": "Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?",
              "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Romania" }],
              "question": "What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?",
              "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7\u20139 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912\u201313), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Anatolia and Eastern Thrace" }
              ],
              "question": "Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?",
              "id": "572a37f06aef051400155398"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "1912\u201313" }],
              "question": "When did the Balkan Wars take place?",
              "id": "572a37f06aef051400155399"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 305, "text": "East Thrace (European Turkey)" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?",
              "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "400,000" }],
              "question": "How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?",
              "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Justin McCarthy" }],
              "question": "Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?",
              "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908\u20131922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire\u2019s citizens to modernize the state\u2019s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them \u201cCommittee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912\u20131913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "Second Constitutional Era" }
              ],
              "question": "What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "the Young Turk Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "the Ottoman constitution" }
              ],
              "question": "The restoration of what happened in 1876?",
              "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 850,
                  "text": "Committee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?",
              "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1176, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina" }
              ],
              "question": "What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?",
              "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and \u0130zmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919\u201322) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname \"Atat\u00fcrk\"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918\u201322), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 94, "text": "Middle Eastern theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?",
              "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "Ottoman victories" }],
              "question": "The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?",
              "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "1916" }],
              "question": "The Arab Revolt began in what year?",
              "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "30 October 1918" }],
              "question": "What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?",
              "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 832, "text": "1919\u201322" }],
              "question": "When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?",
              "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and systematic massacre. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1915" }],
              "question": "When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?",
              "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "ethnic Armenian" }],
              "question": "What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?",
              "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "1.5 million" }],
              "question": "How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?",
              "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "the Syrian desert" }],
              "question": "Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?",
              "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 817, "text": "Greek and Assyrian minorities" }
              ],
              "question": "Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?",
              "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Sultan was the highest position"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?",
              "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "local administrative units based on the region's characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? ",
              "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "the state" }],
              "question": "Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 726,
                  "text": "to defend and extend the land of the Muslims"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?",
              "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 859, "text": "orthodox Islamic practice" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?",
              "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478805"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918\u20131922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299\u20131326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "House of Osman" }],
              "question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "House of Habsburg" }],
              "question": "What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?",
              "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Turkish" }],
              "question": "From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?",
              "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 414, "text": "eleven occasions" }],
              "question": "How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?",
              "id": "572a3f281d04691400779880"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "1918\u20131922" }],
              "question": "When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?",
              "id": "572a3f281d04691400779881"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the \"Sultanate of Women\". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese\u200e) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Ender\u00fbn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Dev\u015firme).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The highest position" }
              ],
              "question": "The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?",
              "id": "572a40941d0469140077988f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h or \"lord of kings\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?",
              "id": "572a40941d04691400779890"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?",
              "id": "572a40941d04691400779891"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 768,
                  "text": "eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of the palace educational system?",
              "id": "572a40941d04691400779892"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1343, "text": "Ender\u00fbn" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?",
              "id": "572a40941d04691400779893"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "the supreme monarch" }
              ],
              "question": "The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?",
              "id": "572a41783f37b31900478831"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 205, "text": "Divan" }],
              "question": "What was the council that handled state politics named?",
              "id": "572a41783f37b31900478832"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "elders of the tribe" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of people were initially in the Divan?",
              "id": "572a41783f37b31900478833"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 418,
                  "text": "military officers and local elites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?",
              "id": "572a41783f37b31900478834"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "1320" }],
              "question": "A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?",
              "id": "572a41783f37b31900478835"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the \"trade court\". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and T\u00f6re, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "Qanun (or Kanun)" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?",
              "id": "572a42436aef0514001553d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Sharia" }],
              "question": "What was religious law known as?",
              "id": "572a42436aef0514001553d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 339, "text": "central and local authority" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?",
              "id": "572a42436aef0514001553da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "three court systems" }
              ],
              "question": "How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?",
              "id": "572a42436aef0514001553db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 984, "text": "Turkic Yassa and T\u00f6re" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the laws of the court system based upon?",
              "id": "572a42436aef0514001553dc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts\u2014which were the Empire's primary courts\u2014could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Had\u012bth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijm\u0101', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "Islamic courts" }],
              "question": "What were the primary courts of the empire?",
              "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 538, "text": "the Qur'an; the Had\u012bth" }
              ],
              "question": "From what works was Sharia developed?",
              "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 574, "text": "the prophet Muhammad" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?",
              "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 805, "text": "in Istanbul and Bursa." }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the empire's law schools?",
              "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 236, "text": "Jews and Christians" }
              ],
              "question": "What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?",
              "id": "572a437f1d046914007798af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Qadi" }],
              "question": "Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?",
              "id": "572a44253f37b3190047884f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?",
              "id": "572a44253f37b31900478850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "an appellate structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?",
              "id": "572a44253f37b31900478851"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 291, "text": "local customs and traditions" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Qadis focus on in some areas?",
              "id": "572a44253f37b31900478852"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "judge" }],
              "question": "What is another word for Qadi?",
              "id": "572a44253f37b31900478853"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "French models" }],
              "question": "Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?",
              "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?",
              "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Nizamiye" }],
              "question": "What was the new Ottoman court system known as?",
              "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "the Mecelle" }],
              "question": "What code regulated marriage?",
              "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 and Mehter\u00e2n. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using falconets, which were short but wide cannons, during the Siege of Constantinople. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour, using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses (progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The decline in the army's performance became clear from the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War. The 18th century saw some limited success against Venice, but in the north the European-style Russian armies forced the Ottomans to concede land.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "13th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?",
              "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 117, "text": "the hills of western Anatolia" }
              ],
              "question": "From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?",
              "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 and Mehter\u00e2n"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?",
              "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "muskets and cannons" }
              ],
              "question": "The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?",
              "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa920"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Siege of Constantinople" }
              ],
              "question": "In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?",
              "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa921"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "European continent" }],
              "question": "On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?",
              "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa927"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 137, "text": "North Africa" }],
              "question": "What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?",
              "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa928"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "1517" }],
              "question": "Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?",
              "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa929"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "1821" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?",
              "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa92a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "Algeria" }],
              "question": "The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?",
              "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa92b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II" }
              ],
              "question": "Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?",
              "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Midhat Pasha" }],
              "question": "Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?",
              "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "the Golden Horn" }],
              "question": "Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?",
              "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "1908" }],
              "question": "When was the Young Turk Revolution?",
              "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "the Committee of Union and Progress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Ye\u015filk\u00f6y on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established.[citation needed] In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "June 1909" }],
              "question": "What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?",
              "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Ye\u015filk\u00f6y" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?",
              "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 238, "text": "3 July 1912" }],
              "question": "On what date was the Aviation School founded?",
              "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?",
              "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What new military academy was formed in June 1914?",
              "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "commercial and industrial centres"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?",
              "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "Bayezid" }],
              "question": "Who was Mehmed's successor?",
              "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "the Jews from different parts of Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?",
              "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 535, "text": "their Christian counterparts" }
              ],
              "question": "What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe?",
              "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "the conclusion of Reconquista" }
              ],
              "question": "Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded?",
              "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?",
              "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478871"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "the Middle East" }],
              "question": "In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?",
              "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478872"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "making the productive classes prosperous"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?",
              "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478873"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the final goal of the state economic system?",
              "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478874"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "the emergence of social disorder"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the state economic system hope to avoid?",
              "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478875"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen\") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "the treasury and chancery" }
              ],
              "question": "Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?",
              "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 282, "text": "men of the pen" }],
              "question": "What were the scribes of the chancery known as?",
              "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "ulama" }],
              "question": "Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?",
              "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 370, "text": "a professional body" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the scribal bureaucracy become?",
              "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "the 17th century" }],
              "question": "The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?",
              "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "its geopolitical structure" }
              ],
              "question": "What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 186, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese" }
              ],
              "question": "The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?",
              "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 315, "text": "Marco Polo" }],
              "question": "Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled?",
              "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "1498" }],
              "question": "When were direct trade links established with India?",
              "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "1492" }],
              "question": "When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?",
              "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b8f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "the Ottoman Empire itself" }
              ],
              "question": "The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?",
              "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 384, "text": "The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?",
              "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?",
              "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 232, "text": "East" }],
              "question": "In what direction did land routes lose their importance?",
              "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b93"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "commercial centres and routes" }
              ],
              "question": "The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "interests of the state" }
              ],
              "question": "What dominated all economic and political interests?",
              "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "capitalist and mercantile economies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?",
              "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "developing commercial centres and routes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?",
              "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and \u0130zmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls \u2013 Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "the clustering of populations" }
              ],
              "question": "The rise of ports caused what in populations?",
              "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The rise of port cities" }
              ],
              "question": "Steamships and railroads rose with what else?",
              "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "1700" }],
              "question": "In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?",
              "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "Improvements in health and sanitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?",
              "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "55,000" }],
              "question": "What was the population of Salonica in 1800?",
              "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees \u2013 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5\u20137 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire, at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria) whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called Muhacir. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "the Crimean and Balkan regions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?",
              "id": "572a5371d562191400bc865f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "Crimean Tartars" }],
              "question": "Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?",
              "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8660"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "3.8 million" }],
              "question": "How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?",
              "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8661"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 867, "text": "Muhacir" }],
              "question": "What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called?",
              "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8662"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 925, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire end?",
              "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8663"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian, only spoken by the educated; Arabic, spoken mainly in Arabia, North Africa, Iraq, Kuwait, the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa. In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, while Arabic was used for religious rites.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ottoman Turkish" }],
              "question": "What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 110, "text": "Persian and Arabic" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?",
              "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Turkish" }],
              "question": "What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia?",
              "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq?",
              "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aebb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 646, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What language was used for religious uses in the Empire?",
              "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aebc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2\u20133% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages (e.g., Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.). In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "about 2\u20133%" }],
              "question": "What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?",
              "id": "572a561ad562191400bc866f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "15%" }],
              "question": "At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?",
              "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8670"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 163, "text": "people had to hire scribes" }
              ],
              "question": "What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?",
              "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8671"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 193,
                  "text": "\"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were hired scribes known as?",
              "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8672"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "Turkish" }],
              "question": "What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?",
              "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8673"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "the second half of the 15th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?",
              "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc8679"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "a Muslim minority" }],
              "question": "What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?",
              "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "the non-Muslim population" }
              ],
              "question": "What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?",
              "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 316, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?",
              "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "19.1%" }],
              "question": "In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?",
              "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that \"the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abd\u00fclmecid II, to France.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "heretical" }],
              "question": "The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what?",
              "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8683"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "the Grim" }],
              "question": "What was Sultan Selim I's nickname?",
              "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8684"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1514" }],
              "question": "In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics?",
              "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8685"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 222, "text": "Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?",
              "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8686"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Mamluk Sultanate" }],
              "question": "Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt?",
              "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8687"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "the millet system" }],
              "question": "What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?",
              "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 214, "text": "Justinian's Code" }],
              "question": "What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?",
              "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 350, "text": "zimmi" }],
              "question": "What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?",
              "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "higher taxes" }],
              "question": "Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?",
              "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 139, "text": "The Orthodox millet" }
              ],
              "question": "What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?",
              "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elaborated them into new forms, which resulted in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire, were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits and customs, and therefore, the empire has been described as a Persianate empire. Intercultural marriages also played their part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture. When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "Sultanate of Rum" }],
              "question": "The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?",
              "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "Persianate empire" }],
              "question": "What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?",
              "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?",
              "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 560, "text": "Persianised" }],
              "question": "The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?",
              "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships\u2014both of similitude (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 mura'\u00e2t-i naz\u00eer / \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 ten\u00e2s\u00fcb) and opposition (\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f tez\u00e2d) were more or less prescribed. Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kas\u00eedes. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnev\u00ee, a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuz\u00fbl\u00ee and the H\u00fcsn \u00fc A\u015fk of \u015eeyh G\u00e2lib.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 8, "text": "Divan poetry" }],
              "question": "What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized?",
              "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Persian poetry" }],
              "question": "What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?",
              "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 400, "text": "a strict metrical framework" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of framework was Divan poetry based on?",
              "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 697, "text": "mesnev\u00ee" }],
              "question": "What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as?",
              "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc8690"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kas\u00eedes."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?",
              "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc8691"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though exclusively non-fictional in nature. One apparent exception was Muhayyel\u00e2t (\"Fancies\") by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha. Published in 1851, the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi (Turkish: Akabi Hikyayesi) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "the 19th century" }],
              "question": "Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?",
              "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8697"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 186,
                  "text": "the rules of sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?",
              "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8698"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the rules of sec require?",
              "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8699"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Muhayyel\u00e2t?",
              "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc869a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 678, "text": "1796" }],
              "question": "When was Muhayyel\u00e2t written?",
              "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc869b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "French literature" }],
              "question": "What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature?",
              "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aece"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "the latter half of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?",
              "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aecf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 351, "text": "the influence of Romanticism" }
              ],
              "question": "During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?",
              "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "the Symbolist and Parnassian movements"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?",
              "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Naturalist" }],
              "question": "Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?",
              "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel \u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist \u0130brahim \u015einasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\"). An earlier play, a farce entitled \"Vak\u00e2yi'-i 'Acibe ve Hav\u00e2dis-i Garibe-yi Kef\u015fger Ahmed\" (\"The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed\"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r, 1873; \"Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery\"), Realism (Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda, 1881; \"Just Seventeen Years Old\"), and Naturalism (M\u00fc\u015f\u00e2hed\u00e2t, 1891; \"Observations\"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "\u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\")"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?",
              "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aede"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "the one-act comedy \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\")."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did \u0130brahim \u015einasi write in 1860?",
              "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aedf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 636, "text": "Ahmed Midhat Efendi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r?",
              "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 833,
                  "text": "Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?",
              "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1089,
                  "text": "contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?",
              "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 467, "text": "traditional Byzantine art" }
              ],
              "question": "Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?",
              "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 190, "text": "fountains and schools" }
              ],
              "question": "The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?",
              "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?",
              "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?",
              "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "muraqqa" }],
              "question": "Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?",
              "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "taswir" }],
              "question": "What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?",
              "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 279, "text": "hat" }],
              "question": "Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?",
              "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "the Sultan or the administrators of the court"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "Topkapi Palace" }],
              "question": "What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?",
              "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "carpet weaving" }],
              "question": "Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "it was customary to remove one's shoes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "the nomadic cultures of central Asia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?",
              "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "Anatolia" }],
              "question": "Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?",
              "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "walls and doorways" }
              ],
              "question": "Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?",
              "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Armenian music, Arabic music, and Persian music. Compositionally, it is organised around rhythmic units called usul, which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music, and melodic units called makam, which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ottoman classical music" }
              ],
              "question": "The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?",
              "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "musicians and composers" }
              ],
              "question": "Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?",
              "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Selim III" }],
              "question": "The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?",
              "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 416, "text": "units called usul" }],
              "question": "What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?",
              "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 514, "text": "makam" }],
              "question": "What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?",
              "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and\u2014later in the tradition\u2014Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music, and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, North-Eastern (Laz) T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Aegean T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Central Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Eastern Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, and Caucasian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?",
              "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?",
              "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "the violin and the piano" }
              ],
              "question": "In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?",
              "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "classical music, and folk music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?",
              "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 772,
                  "text": "Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?",
              "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through Ramadan events, and through the cooking at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas, and from there on spread to the rest of the population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?",
              "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "the Imperial Palace's kitchens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?",
              "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 480, "text": "Ramadan" }],
              "question": "What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?",
              "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "the population" }],
              "question": "Preparing food at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?",
              "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 334, "text": "create and experiment" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?",
              "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, d\u00f6ner kebab/gyro/shawarma, cac\u0131k/tzatziki, ayran, pita bread, feta cheese, baklava, lahmacun, moussaka, yuvarlak, k\u00f6fte/keft\u00e9s/kofta, b\u00f6rek/boureki, rak\u0131/rakia/tsipouro/tsikoudia, meze, dolma, sarma, rice pilaf, Turkish coffee, sujuk, kashk, ke\u015fkek, manti, lavash, kanafeh, and more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "a shared Ottoman cuisine" }
              ],
              "question": "Turkish cuisine originates from what source?",
              "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "former Ottoman territories" }
              ],
              "question": "The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?",
              "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?",
              "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Ottoman cuisine" }],
              "question": "Turkish coffee is descended from what?",
              "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Ottoman cuisine" }],
              "question": "Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?",
              "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "15th Century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?",
              "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Sultan Mehmet II" }],
              "question": "Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?",
              "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 302, "text": "Georgios Amiroutzes" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?",
              "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 714, "text": "two or three years" }
              ],
              "question": "How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?",
              "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "originally from Samarkand" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Ali Qushji from?",
              "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were Be\u015fikta\u015f Gymnastics Club (1903), Galatasaray Sports Club (1905) and Fenerbah\u00e7e Sports Club (1907) in Istanbul. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Sports Club (1912), Altay Sports Club (1914) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club (later \u00dclk\u00fcspor) (1914) of \u0130zmir.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "Constantinople" }],
              "question": "Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?",
              "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 366, "text": "Galatasaray Sports Club" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the leading sport club in 1905?",
              "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?",
              "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "Turkish Fatherland Football Club"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the football club known as \u00dclk\u00fcspor formerly known as?",
              "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b9"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Philosophy_of_space_and_time",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philosophy of space and time" }
              ],
              "question": "Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?",
              "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 310, "text": "early analytic philosophy" }
              ],
              "question": "The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?",
              "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 449, "text": "the mind" }],
              "question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?",
              "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 544, "text": "unidirectional" }],
              "question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? ",
              "id": "572a12a83f37b319004786a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650\u20132600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Ptahhotep" }],
              "question": "Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?",
              "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "late 2nd millennium BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When do the Vedas date back to?",
              "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?",
              "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "ancient Hindu cosmology" }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Vedas describe?",
              "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "4,320,000 years" }],
              "question": "How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?",
              "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: \"For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood.\"  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI \u00b630; City of God Book XI ch.6).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "St. Augustine" }],
              "question": "Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?",
              "id": "572a13e71d04691400779745"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "the difficulty" }],
              "question": "What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?",
              "id": "572a13e71d04691400779746"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 443, "text": "Augustine" }],
              "question": "Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? ",
              "id": "572a13e71d04691400779747"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "the knowledge of the movement of things"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?",
              "id": "572a13e71d04691400779748"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 697,
                  "text": "where there are no creatures to measure its passing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Augustine say time could not appear?",
              "id": "572a13e71d04691400779749"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In \"tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "al-Haytham" }],
              "question": "Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? ",
              "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "Book of Optics" }],
              "question": "Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?",
              "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "Aristotle's" }],
              "question": "Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?",
              "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 724,
                  "text": "Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?",
              "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 805, "text": "next to nothing" }],
              "question": "Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?",
              "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real\u2014that is, not mere illusions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1781" }],
              "question": "When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.",
              "id": "572a15386aef05140015524c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 37, "text": "Critique of Pure Reason" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?",
              "id": "572a15386aef05140015524d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "a priori notion" }],
              "question": "What did Kant describe time as?",
              "id": "572a15386aef05140015524e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "space" }],
              "question": "What did Kant say was similar notion to time?",
              "id": "572a15386aef05140015524f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 270, "text": "sense experience" }],
              "question": "What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?",
              "id": "572a15386aef051400155250"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "the absolutist position" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Leibniz argue against?",
              "id": "572a166d1d04691400779757"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?",
              "id": "572a166d1d04691400779758"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "fact" }],
              "question": "Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?",
              "id": "572a166d1d04691400779759"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 531, "text": "identity of indiscernibles" }
              ],
              "question": "What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?",
              "id": "572a166d1d0469140077975a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Leibniz's example involves how many universes?",
              "id": "572a18491d04691400779769"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "absolute space" }],
              "question": "Where are Leibniz's universes situated?",
              "id": "572a18491d0469140077976a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "five feet" }],
              "question": "How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?",
              "id": "572a18491d0469140077976b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 247, "text": "absolute space exists" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?",
              "id": "572a18491d0469140077976c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 75, "text": "the bucket argument" }
              ],
              "question": "What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?",
              "id": "572a1a6b1d04691400779789"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "flat" }],
              "question": "According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?",
              "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 239, "text": "the water will become concave" }
              ],
              "question": "As the buck spins, what happens to the water?",
              "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "continue to spin" }],
              "question": "If the buck stops, the water will do what?",
              "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "the interaction of the bucket and the water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?",
              "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "objects" }],
              "question": "Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?",
              "id": "572a1b551d04691400779793"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "space" }],
              "question": "According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?",
              "id": "572a1b551d04691400779794"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Newtonian space" }],
              "question": "What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?",
              "id": "572a1b551d04691400779795"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "independently" }],
              "question": "In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?",
              "id": "572a1b551d04691400779796"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "many centuries" }],
              "question": "For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?",
              "id": "572a1b551d04691400779797"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "problematic" }],
              "question": "How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?",
              "id": "572a1c096aef051400155298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "that the bucket was indeed spinning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?",
              "id": "572a1c096aef051400155299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 493, "text": "would remain flat." }
              ],
              "question": "What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?",
              "id": "572a1c096aef05140015529a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "would remain flat" }],
              "question": "What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?",
              "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "the bucket could be seen as rotating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?",
              "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "increases the curvature" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?",
              "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 619, "text": "Mach's Principle" }],
              "question": "The Mach argument is called what?",
              "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "effects of other objects in the universe"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?",
              "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "relativity" }],
              "question": "lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?",
              "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "all observers" }],
              "question": "The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?",
              "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "the same" }],
              "question": "In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?",
              "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Maxwell" }],
              "question": "Einstein's theory was motivated by who?",
              "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 606, "text": "the luminiferous ether" }
              ],
              "question": "Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?",
              "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "does not accelerate" }
              ],
              "question": "In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?",
              "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478717"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "an inertial frame of reference"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What follows a geodesic of space-time?",
              "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478718"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 335, "text": "force" }],
              "question": "An object in free fall does not experience what?",
              "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478719"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "the surface of the planet" }
              ],
              "question": "What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?",
              "id": "572a211b3f37b3190047871a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 756,
                  "text": "it is rotating with respect to the geodesic."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?",
              "id": "572a211b3f37b3190047871b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "partially" }],
              "question": "How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?",
              "id": "572a21741d046914007797c3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "contrary" }],
              "question": "How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?",
              "id": "572a21741d046914007797c4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "objects exist independently of the mind"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?",
              "id": "572a21741d046914007797c5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "Coordinative definition has how many major features?",
              "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "coordinating units of length with certain physical objects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?",
              "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "we can never directly apprehend length"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the first feature motivated by?",
              "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "separated objects" }],
              "question": "The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?",
              "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa830"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 993, "text": "by definition" }],
              "question": "Sameness of length must be set how?",
              "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa831"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "all differentiable transformations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?",
              "id": "572a26821d046914007797db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "the covariance group" }
              ],
              "question": "What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?",
              "id": "572a26821d046914007797dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "classical mechanics" }
              ],
              "question": "Which theory does the relativity depart from?",
              "id": "572a26821d046914007797dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "single formulation" }
              ],
              "question": "What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?",
              "id": "572a26821d046914007797de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "every" }],
              "question": " The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?",
              "id": "572a26821d046914007797df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?",
              "id": "572a2b821d04691400779801"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "fundamental" }],
              "question": "What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?",
              "id": "572a2b821d04691400779802"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "physically possible process" }
              ],
              "question": "If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?",
              "id": "572a2b821d04691400779803"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 395, "text": "not time-reversal invariant" }
              ],
              "question": "How is our experience of time at the macro level?",
              "id": "572a2b821d04691400779804"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "the future" }],
              "question": "What do we not have memories of?",
              "id": "572a2b821d04691400779805"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "complicated" }],
              "question": "How are things in statistical mechanics? ",
              "id": "572a34106aef05140015536a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "statistical mechanics" }
              ],
              "question": "What are superior to classical thermodynamics?",
              "id": "572a34106aef05140015536b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "a statistical postulate" }
              ],
              "question": "In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? ",
              "id": "572a34106aef05140015536c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 360, "text": "symmetric" }],
              "question": "Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?",
              "id": "572a34106aef05140015536d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 533, "text": "not an absolute law" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?",
              "id": "572a34106aef05140015536e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?",
              "id": "572a34b91d0469140077984f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "weak nuclear force" }
              ],
              "question": "What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?",
              "id": "572a34b91d04691400779850"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 528, "text": "macroscopic" }],
              "question": "Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?",
              "id": "572a34b91d04691400779851"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: \"[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past\" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "Tim Maudlin" }],
              "question": "Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?",
              "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 216, "text": "intrinsic" }],
              "question": "Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?",
              "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "asymmetry" }],
              "question": "What grounds the distinction between sequences?",
              "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 498, "text": "Maudlin" }],
              "question": "Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?",
              "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two \"temporal series\". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "J. M. E. McTaggart" }
              ],
              "question": "Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?",
              "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 174, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many \"temporal series\" did McTaggart propose?",
              "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "the A-series" }],
              "question": "What was McTaggart's first series called?",
              "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "each other" }],
              "question": "The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?",
              "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "The B-series" }],
              "question": "What is McTaggart's second series called?",
              "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things\u2014past, present, and future\u2014can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time\u2014just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 13, "text": "Presentism" }],
              "question": "According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?",
              "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "exist" }],
              "question": "Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?",
              "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "Eternalist" }],
              "question": "Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions",
              "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "all things\u2014past, present, and future"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?",
              "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 659, "text": "special language" }],
              "question": "According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?",
              "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its \"temporal parts\" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "somewhat similar" }],
              "question": "How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?",
              "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "endurantist" }],
              "question": "Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?",
              "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "perdurantist" }],
              "question": "Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?",
              "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 577, "text": "Endurantism" }],
              "question": "Which view is seen as conventional?",
              "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa900"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 878, "text": "David Lewis" }],
              "question": "Who is an example of a perdurantist?",
              "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa901"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "in a non-arbitrary way" }
              ],
              "question": "How can asymmetry of causation be observed?",
              "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779875"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 958, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?",
              "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779876"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1373, "text": "temporal" }],
              "question": "Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?",
              "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779877"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1416,
                  "text": "implications of form and functional capacity"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?",
              "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779878"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Neolithic",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the \"Neolithic Revolution\". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "the Neolithic" }],
              "question": "What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?",
              "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Holocene Epipaleolithic period" }
              ],
              "question": "What era preceded the Neolithic?",
              "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 189, "text": "Neolithic Revolution" }
              ],
              "question": "What event is associated with the start of farming?",
              "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 264, "text": "Copper Age" }],
              "question": "What era saw an increase in metal tool use?",
              "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 \u2013 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called \"proto-Neolithic\" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "10,200 \u2013 8,800 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?",
              "id": "572a19a46aef051400155272"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Neolithic culture begin?",
              "id": "572a19a46aef051400155273"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "wild cereals" }],
              "question": "What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?",
              "id": "572a19a46aef051400155274"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "The Natufian period" }
              ],
              "question": "What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?",
              "id": "572a19a46aef051400155275"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "pottery" }],
              "question": "What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?",
              "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 502, "text": "agriculture" }],
              "question": "What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?",
              "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "independent domestication events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?",
              "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at G\u00f6bekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship. At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9,500 to 9,000 BCE have been found in Jericho, Israel (notably Ain Mallaha, Nahal Oren, and Kfar HaHoresh), Gilgal in the Jordan Valley, and Byblos, Lebanon. The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the Tahunian and Heavy Neolithic periods to some degree.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 36, "text": "roughly 10,000 years ago" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?",
              "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7ef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Turkey" }],
              "question": "Where is the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple located?",
              "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who built the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple?",
              "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "G\u00f6bekli Tepe" }],
              "question": "What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?",
              "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. This era was before the Mesolithic era.[citation needed] A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East, called 'Ain Ghazal, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 \u2013 5,000 B.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "around 8,800 BCE" }],
              "question": "When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?",
              "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 344, "text": "the Mesolithic era" }
              ],
              "question": "What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?",
              "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 397, "text": "3,000 inhabitants" }],
              "question": "How many settlers were found in Jordan?",
              "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 546, "text": "Ain Ghazal" }],
              "question": "What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?",
              "id": "572a1bc11d046914007797a0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000\u20133000 people and a massive stone tower. Around 6,400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Northern Mesopotamia and subsisted on dryland agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 10,200 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?",
              "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?",
              "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 272, "text": "2" }],
              "question": "How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?",
              "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Jericho" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?",
              "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "stone and marble" }],
              "question": "What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?",
              "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552ba"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s advanced this system with a division into five periods. Natufian (1) between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, Khiamian (2) between 10,200-8,800 BC, PPNA: Sultanian (Jericho), Mureybetian, early PPNB (PPNB ancien) (3) between 8,800-7,600 BC, middle PPNB (PPNB moyen) 7,600-6,900 BC, late PPNB (PPNB r\u00e9cent) (4) between 7,500 and 7,000 BC and a PPNB (sometimes called PPNC) transitional stage (PPNB final) (5) where Halaf and dark faced burnished ware begin to emerge between 6,900-6,400 BC. They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8,800 and 8,600 BC at sites like Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Aswad.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?",
              "id": "572a1ef73f37b319004786ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "social, economic and cultural characteristics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?",
              "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478700"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?",
              "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478701"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Danielle Stordeur and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?",
              "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478702"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states \"The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants\" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "6,000 BC" }],
              "question": "When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?",
              "id": "572a20041d046914007797b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?",
              "id": "572a20041d046914007797b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "the Middle East" }],
              "question": "What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?",
              "id": "572a20041d046914007797b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vasht\u00ebmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (La Hoguette). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Star\u010devo-K\u00f6r\u00f6s (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, and Vin\u010da. Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vin\u010da culture may have created the earliest system of writing, the Vin\u010da signs, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of \u0120gantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in the Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to c. 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of \u0126al-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and showing a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "7th millennium BC" }],
              "question": "When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?",
              "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa819"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "Vasht\u00ebmi, southeastern Albania"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?",
              "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 211, "text": "Anthropomorphic figurines" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?",
              "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 549,
                  "text": "cultural diffusion and migration of peoples"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? ",
              "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 694, "text": "The Vin\u010da culture" }
              ],
              "question": "Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?",
              "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. \"No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula\". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. \"In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware, jade earrings, among other items in the area\". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?",
              "id": "572a22271d046914007797c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 469, "text": "between 3600 and 3000 B.C." }
              ],
              "question": "What time period was the Korean farm site dated?",
              "id": "572a22271d046914007797ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What items were found on the Korean farm site?",
              "id": "572a22271d046914007797cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?",
              "id": "572a22271d046914007797cc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000\u201310,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 C.E. when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of maize, and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?",
              "id": "572a23643f37b31900478727"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 281, "text": "Formative stage" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?",
              "id": "572a23643f37b31900478728"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Archaic Era" }],
              "question": "What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?",
              "id": "572a23643f37b31900478729"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 794, "text": "bow and arrow" }],
              "question": "What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?",
              "id": "572a23643f37b3190047872a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization, Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawai\u02bbi. However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "small tribes" }],
              "question": "What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?",
              "id": "572a24993f37b31900478739"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "social stratification" }
              ],
              "question": "What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?",
              "id": "572a24993f37b3190047873a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 797, "text": "Paleolithic cultures" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?",
              "id": "572a24993f37b3190047873b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "domestication of large animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What caused a major increase in social inequality?",
              "id": "572a257e6aef051400155302"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 179, "text": "Possession of livestock" }
              ],
              "question": "What started competition between families for wealth?",
              "id": "572a257e6aef051400155303"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 292, "text": "Neolithic pastoralists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?",
              "id": "572a257e6aef051400155304"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Catal Huyuk" }],
              "question": "What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?",
              "id": "572a257e6aef051400155305"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures (\"Linearbandkeramik\") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour \u2014 though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "the household" }],
              "question": "What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?",
              "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 301, "text": "4800 BC and 4600 BC" }
              ],
              "question": "What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?",
              "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 377,
                  "text": "causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the ditches later evolve into?",
              "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "required considerable time and labour to construct"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?",
              "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates \"...systematic violence between groups\" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a \"peaceful, unfortified lifestyle\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Linearbandkeramik" }],
              "question": "Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?",
              "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 164, "text": "a palisade and an outer ditch" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some villages fortify their settlements with?",
              "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "weapon-traumatized bones" }
              ],
              "question": "What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?",
              "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 284, "text": "the Talheim Death Pit" }
              ],
              "question": "What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?",
              "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Control of labour" }],
              "question": "What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?",
              "id": "572a2e201d04691400779821"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "Marxist concept of primitive communism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?",
              "id": "572a2e201d04691400779822"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "inter-group conflict" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?",
              "id": "572a2e201d04691400779823"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept. Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "shelter" }],
              "question": "What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?",
              "id": "572a30906aef05140015534a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "paleolithic" }],
              "question": "What era consisted of people living temporary homes?",
              "id": "572a30906aef05140015534b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "mud brick houses" }],
              "question": "What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?",
              "id": "572a30906aef05140015534c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "The growth of agriculture" }
              ],
              "question": "What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?",
              "id": "572a30906aef05140015534d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Doorways were made on the roof"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were entrances located in early homes?",
              "id": "572a30906aef05140015534e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "crop farming and cultivation" }
              ],
              "question": "What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?",
              "id": "572a31e61d04691400779835"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?",
              "id": "572a31e61d04691400779836"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "the Bronze Age" }],
              "question": "What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?",
              "id": "572a31e61d04691400779837"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "drought or pests" }],
              "question": "What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?",
              "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa885"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 358, "text": "hunter-gatherer communities" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of societies were not affected by famine?",
              "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa886"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 401, "text": "agrarian communities" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?",
              "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa887"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "diet" }],
              "question": "What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?",
              "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "local plant and animal resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?",
              "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?",
              "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 482, "text": "the increase in population" }
              ],
              "question": "What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?",
              "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "farmers" }],
              "question": "What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?",
              "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "tending, harvesting and processing of crops"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?",
              "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "sickle blades and grinding stones"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?",
              "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "pottery, bone implements)" }
              ],
              "question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?",
              "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "stone axe" }],
              "question": "What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?",
              "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787ab"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At \u00c7atal h\u00f6y\u00fck, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 154, "text": "houses and villages" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?",
              "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "humans and animals" }
              ],
              "question": "What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?",
              "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 304, "text": "wattle and daub" }],
              "question": "What were European homes constructed from?",
              "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 338, "text": "Elaborate tombs" }],
              "question": "What types of sites were built for the deceased?",
              "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 420, "text": "Ireland" }],
              "question": "Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?",
              "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by \u00d6tzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "animal skins" }],
              "question": "What did early humans use to make clothing?",
              "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787f9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?",
              "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "spindle whorls or loom weights"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What were perforated stones used for?",
              "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "\u00d6tzi the Iceman" }
              ],
              "question": "What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?",
              "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fc"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Friedrich_Hayek",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [\u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8a\u028a\u032f\u0261\u028ast \u02c8ha\u026a\u032f\u025bk]; 8 May 1899 \u2013 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his \"pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Austria-Hungary" }],
              "question": "In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?",
              "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "F. A. Hayek" }],
              "question": "Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?",
              "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "Nobel Memorial Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "What award did Hayek receive in 1974?",
              "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Gunnar Myrdal" }],
              "question": "With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?",
              "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "philosopher" }],
              "question": "Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?",
              "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787d1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his \"services to the study of economics\". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush. In 2011, his article \"The Use of Knowledge in Society\" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 42,
                  "text": "Order of the Companions of Honour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?",
              "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779863"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "services to the study of economics"
                }
              ],
              "question": "For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?",
              "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779864"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 228, "text": "Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize" }
              ],
              "question": "What award was Hayek the first to receive?",
              "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779865"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 332, "text": "President George H. W. Bush" }
              ],
              "question": "Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?",
              "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779866"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?",
              "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779867"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (n\u00e9e von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900\u201369) and Erich (1904\u201386), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "August von Hayek" }],
              "question": "Who was Hayek's father?",
              "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "medical doctor" }],
              "question": "What was August von Hayek's occupation?",
              "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "botany" }],
              "question": "What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?",
              "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "her mother" }],
              "question": "From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?",
              "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 730, "text": "three" }],
              "question": "How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?",
              "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8dd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen B\u00f6hm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "His father's" }],
              "question": "Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?",
              "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "Franz von Juraschek" }
              ],
              "question": "Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?",
              "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 171, "text": "scholars" }],
              "question": "What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?",
              "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 585, "text": "systematic works in biology" }
              ],
              "question": "What did August von Hayek's father write?",
              "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Gustav Edler von Hayek" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was August von Hayek's father?",
              "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "Hayek" }],
              "question": "Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?",
              "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 392, "text": "on only a few occasions" }
              ],
              "question": "How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?",
              "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "Ludwig Wittgenstein" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?",
              "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 623, "text": "both were officers" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?",
              "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?",
              "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553ca"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "they were somehow of a different generation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?",
              "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478811"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 613, "text": "adults" }],
              "question": "With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?",
              "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478812"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "read fluently and frequently" }
              ],
              "question": "Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?",
              "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478813"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "his father" }],
              "question": "Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?",
              "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478814"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 348, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?",
              "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478815"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the \"sense data\" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 7, "text": "University of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?",
              "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hayek learn about the brain?",
              "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 504, "text": "The Sensory Order" }],
              "question": "What was the name of Hayek's first work?",
              "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 756, "text": "Herbert Furth" }],
              "question": "With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?",
              "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa911"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 777, "text": "the Geistkreis" }],
              "question": "Where did first show his work?",
              "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa910"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "research assistant" }
              ],
              "question": "What work did Hayek begin in 1923?",
              "id": "572a412f1d04691400779899"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 28, "text": "University of Vienna" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?",
              "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 341, "text": "the Austrian government" }
              ],
              "question": "For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?",
              "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "macroeconomic data" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?",
              "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "Jeremiah Jenks" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?",
              "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "democratic socialism" }
              ],
              "question": "What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?",
              "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "reading von Mises' book Socialism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?",
              "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 588, "text": "Eric Voegelin" }],
              "question": "During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?",
              "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 125, "text": "classical liberalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?",
              "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Carl Menger" }],
              "question": "Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?",
              "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "director" }],
              "question": "What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?",
              "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478845"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Lionel Robbins" }],
              "question": "Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?",
              "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478846"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "one of the leading economic theorists in the world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?",
              "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478847"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 553, "text": "modern microeconomics" }
              ],
              "question": "What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?",
              "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478848"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "1931" }],
              "question": "In what year did Hayek come to London?",
              "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478849"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the \"road to servitude.\" It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it \"that unobtainable book,\" also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 121, "text": "The Road to Serfdom" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?",
              "id": "572a49233f37b3190047885f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "Alexis de Tocqueville" }
              ],
              "question": "Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?",
              "id": "572a49233f37b31900478860"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "March 1944" }],
              "question": "When was the Road to Serfdom published?",
              "id": "572a49233f37b31900478861"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 539, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?",
              "id": "572a49233f37b31900478862"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 686, "text": "Max Eastman" }],
              "question": "Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?",
              "id": "572a49233f37b31900478863"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 59, "text": "University of Chicago" }
              ],
              "question": "Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?",
              "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "an outside foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Who supplied Hayek's salary?",
              "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "departmental autonomy and control"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?",
              "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 577, "text": "sick of Hutchins' meddling" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?",
              "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798ea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 722, "text": "Committee on Social Thought" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?",
              "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798eb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the \"Law and Society\" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont P\u00e8lerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 81, "text": "The Road to Serfdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?",
              "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 384, "text": "Aaron Director" }],
              "question": "Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?",
              "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 633, "text": "Mont P\u00e8lerin Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What group did Hayek form with three other people?",
              "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 815,
                  "text": "Intercollegiate Studies Institute"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?",
              "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and \"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization\" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned \"with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society\". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "the liberal order" }],
              "question": "What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?",
              "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 105, "text": "The Constitution of Liberty" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?",
              "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "sixteen years" }],
              "question": "As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?",
              "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?",
              "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2ace"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 490, "text": "disappointed" }],
              "question": "How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?",
              "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as \"very fruitful\". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "West Germany" }],
              "question": "What country did Hayek move to in 1962?",
              "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 142, "text": "Law, Legislation and Liberty" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?",
              "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "University of California, Los Angeles"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?",
              "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 676, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?",
              "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 479, "text": "philosophy of social science" }
              ],
              "question": "During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?",
              "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the \"middle way\" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher \"reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "British Conservative Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?",
              "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2add"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "Hayek" }],
              "question": "Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?",
              "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ade"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 322, "text": "the \"middle way\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?",
              "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 536, "text": "The Constitution of Liberty" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?",
              "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ae0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, \"May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'\". Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "Lib-Lab pact" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?",
              "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "discourage socialist legislation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?",
              "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 62, "text": "British Liberal Party" }
              ],
              "question": "The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?",
              "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aeea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "all title to the name 'Liberal'"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?",
              "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aeeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with \"social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention\" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy. Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because \"its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 268, "text": "the Conservative Party" }
              ],
              "question": "Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?",
              "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "Liberal Party" }],
              "question": "With which political group was David Steel affiliated?",
              "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Hayek" }],
              "question": "Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978",
              "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "limited democracy" }],
              "question": "Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?",
              "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 534, "text": "unlimited" }],
              "question": "Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?",
              "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his \"services to the study of economics\". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (Frederick) from now on. After his 20 min audience with the Queen, he was \"absolutely besotted\" with her according to his daughter-in-law, Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was \"amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life.\" The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the Institute of Economic Affairs. When, later that evening, Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club, he commented: \"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "Order of the Companions of Honour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?",
              "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 172, "text": "Margaret Thatcher" }],
              "question": "Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?",
              "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Prime Minister" }],
              "question": "In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?",
              "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 403, "text": "Frederick" }],
              "question": "How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?",
              "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 858,
                  "text": "\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?",
              "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite. In 2011, his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?",
              "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "George H. W. Bush" }],
              "question": "Which President presented the award to Hayek?",
              "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Freiburg, Germany" }],
              "question": "Where was Hayek when he died?",
              "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 315, "text": "northern outskirts" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?",
              "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "American Economic Review" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?",
              "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefe"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for \"industrial fluctuations\" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the \"Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle\". Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There he argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. Hayek claimed that \"the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 183, "text": "Theory of Money and Credit" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?",
              "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "capital" }],
              "question": "Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?",
              "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 526,
                  "text": "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?",
              "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 705,
                  "text": "Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?",
              "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1029,
                  "text": "artificially low interest rates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?",
              "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931. According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially \"fascinated the academic world\" and appeared to offer a less \"facile and superficial\" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "London School of Economics" }
              ],
              "question": "Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?",
              "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "narrow approach" }],
              "question": "In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?",
              "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Alfred Marshall" }],
              "question": "Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?",
              "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Lionel Robbins" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?",
              "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 583,
                  "text": "less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?",
              "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his \"Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes\" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates. Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced \"forced savings\" on the capital sector and about the definition of a \"natural\" interest rate in a growing economy. Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included John Hicks, Frank Knight, and Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced \"a remarkable crop of critics\" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate \"could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 178, "text": "Prices and Production" }
              ],
              "question": "Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?",
              "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "artificially low interest rates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?",
              "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Piero Sraffa" }],
              "question": "Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?",
              "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 807,
                  "text": "\"a remarkable crop of critics\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?",
              "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 307, "text": "works were largely ignored" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?",
              "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 368, "text": "Nicholas Kaldor" }],
              "question": "Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?",
              "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Profits, Interest and Investment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?",
              "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "the Austrian theory of the business cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?",
              "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Lionel Robbins" }],
              "question": "Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?",
              "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af48"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of \"the dynamics of capital\" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory which took place there (see Chicago school of economics). When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an \"ideologue\". Milton Friedman declared himself \"an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics. I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 51, "text": "the dynamics of capital" }
              ],
              "question": "What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?",
              "id": "572a6fe47a1753140016af62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "macroeconomics" }],
              "question": "What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?",
              "id": "572a6fe47a1753140016af63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "an \"ideologue\"" }],
              "question": "What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?",
              "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 842, "text": "The Road to Serfdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?",
              "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 550, "text": "Gunnar Myrdal" }],
              "question": "Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?",
              "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af66"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets (see economic calculation problem).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "enough information" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?",
              "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "Max Weber" }],
              "question": "Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?",
              "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "through the price mechanism in free markets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?",
              "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Ludwig von Mises" }],
              "question": "Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?",
              "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen by socialist managers were wrong, gluts or shortages would appear, signalling them to adjust the prices up or down, just as in a free market. Through such a trial and error, a socialist economy could mimic the efficiency of a free market system, while avoiding its many problems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 79, "text": "general equilibrium theory" }
              ],
              "question": "What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?",
              "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "Mises's thesis" }],
              "question": "What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?",
              "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 232,
                  "text": "who was responsible for solving the equations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?",
              "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503faf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 547, "text": "free market" }],
              "question": "What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?",
              "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a \"self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation\". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?",
              "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5d8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "central planning" }],
              "question": "Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?",
              "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5d9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 471, "text": "Oliver Williamson" }],
              "question": "The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?",
              "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5da"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 816, "text": "the Nobel prize" }],
              "question": "The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?",
              "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5db"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "collectivism" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?",
              "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "a central authority" }
              ],
              "question": "How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?",
              "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "central economic planning" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?",
              "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 575, "text": "totalitarianism" }],
              "question": "Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?",
              "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 308, "text": "maintain the rule of law" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?",
              "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a \"safety net\". He wrote, \"There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 85, "text": "creating a \"safety net\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?",
              "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8021"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "all" }],
              "question": "Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?",
              "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8022"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 363, "text": "sufficient to preserve health" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?",
              "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8023"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "social insurance" }],
              "question": "What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?",
              "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8024"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning, trade cycle theory, the division of knowledge, and entrepreneurial adaptation especially, differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic \"Marshallian\" economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic \"Walrasian\" economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "microeconomics" }],
              "question": "In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?",
              "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "\"Marshallian\"" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?",
              "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Abba Lerner" }],
              "question": "Whose works inspire the term \"Walrasian\" in economics?",
              "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "During World War II" }],
              "question": "When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?",
              "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "fundamental misconceptions about the social science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?",
              "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Karl Popper" }],
              "question": "Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?",
              "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 358, "text": "scientism" }],
              "question": "What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?",
              "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 710,
                  "text": "simple two-variable linear relationships"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?",
              "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a \"Hebbian learning\" model of learning and memory \u2013 an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the \"Hebbian synapse\" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 81, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?",
              "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Hebbian learning" }],
              "question": "Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?",
              "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 270, "text": "\"Hebbian synapse\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?",
              "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?",
              "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 3, "text": "the latter half of his career" }
              ],
              "question": "When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?",
              "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8067"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "a market order" }],
              "question": "What did Hayek want society to function around?",
              "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8068"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 377, "text": "to enforce the legal order" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?",
              "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8069"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 720, "text": "would be self-regulating" }
              ],
              "question": "What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?",
              "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb806a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 847, "text": "good men" }],
              "question": "What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?",
              "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb806b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning\". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: \"the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "social justice" }],
              "question": "What concept did Hayek dislike?",
              "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 96,
                  "text": "there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?",
              "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?",
              "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 755,
                  "text": "the opposite of a free society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?",
              "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek\u2019s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek\u2019s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 113, "text": "non-interventionist policy" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?",
              "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 689, "text": "prima facie" }],
              "question": "What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?",
              "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 772, "text": "spontaneous orders" }
              ],
              "question": "What are ecosystems views to be?",
              "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 888, "text": "analysis of markets" }
              ],
              "question": "One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?",
              "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "our ability to manipulate nature"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?",
              "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 308, "text": "Hayek" }],
              "question": "According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?",
              "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "the state" }],
              "question": "Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?",
              "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "The economic calculation problem"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?",
              "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "Bernard Harcourt" }],
              "question": "Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?",
              "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: \u201cThe human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.\u201d",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arthur M. Diamond" }],
              "question": "Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?",
              "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "economic science" }],
              "question": "Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?",
              "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 449, "text": "intellectual skeptic" }
              ],
              "question": "What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?",
              "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "confused and contradictory" }
              ],
              "question": "Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?",
              "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression \u2013 and this is valid for South America \u2013 is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government.\" In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had \"not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende.\" Hayek admitted that \"it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.\", he explained, however, \"It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 254, "text": "a transitional period" }
              ],
              "question": "At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?",
              "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 303, "text": "a liberal dictatorship" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?",
              "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 529, "text": "a liberal government" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?",
              "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 768, "text": "Pinochet" }],
              "question": "As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?",
              "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing \"totalitarianism with authoritarianism,\" and said that he was unaware of \"any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende\". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to \u201corganize the whole of society\u201d to attain a \u201cdefinite social goal\u201d \u2014which is stark in contrast to \u201cliberalism and individualism\u201d.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "totalitarianism" }],
              "question": "Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?",
              "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 235, "text": "Venezuela" }],
              "question": "What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?",
              "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 461, "text": "totalitarian governments" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?",
              "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 622,
                  "text": "the want to \u201corganize the whole of society\u201d to attain a \u201cdefinite social goal\u201d"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?",
              "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "private investment in the public markets"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?",
              "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Lionel Robbins" }],
              "question": "What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?",
              "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Churchill" }],
              "question": "Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?",
              "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 269, "text": "John Maynard Keynes" }
              ],
              "question": "With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?",
              "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that \"there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927\u20131931 (and the 1931\u20132007) historical scene\". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "Kenneth Arrow" }],
              "question": "Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?",
              "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8197"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Paul Samuelson" }],
              "question": "What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?",
              "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8198"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1217, "text": "Joseph Schumpeter" }
              ],
              "question": "On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?",
              "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8199"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 738, "text": "Hayek's" }],
              "question": "On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?",
              "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb819a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 746, "text": "Prices and Production" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?",
              "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb819b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper \"The Use of Knowledge in Society\" (1945) in his graduate seminars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 267, "text": "Milton Friedman's" }],
              "question": "Whose 1980 book mentions \"informal\" economics?",
              "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Free to Choose" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?",
              "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "Hayekian" }],
              "question": "How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?",
              "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 536,
                  "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?",
              "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that \"ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology\". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "Karl Popper" }],
              "question": "Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?",
              "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ce8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "Alfred Tarski" }],
              "question": "Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?",
              "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ce9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 297, "text": "Conjectures and Refutations" }
              ],
              "question": "Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?",
              "id": "572ab680111d821400f38cea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 487, "text": "Logik der Forschung" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?",
              "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 630, "text": "the inaugural meeting" }
              ],
              "question": "Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?",
              "id": "572ab680111d821400f38cec"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 386, "text": "The Road to Serfdom" }
              ],
              "question": "Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?",
              "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "Carl Menger" }],
              "question": "To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?",
              "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 205, "text": "Scottish Enlightenment" }
              ],
              "question": "Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??",
              "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 195, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?",
              "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "Keith Joseph" }],
              "question": "Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?",
              "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 69, "text": "conservative governments" }
              ],
              "question": "During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?",
              "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?",
              "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "Ronald Reagan's" }],
              "question": "One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?",
              "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\" Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to \"stand still,\" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it \"wants to go somewhere.\" Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use \"liberal\" in its original definition, and the term \"libertarian\" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for \"its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism\" and its frequent association with imperialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "conservatism" }],
              "question": "What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?",
              "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 773, "text": "libertarian" }],
              "question": "What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?",
              "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 877, "text": "internationalism" }],
              "question": "Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?",
              "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "belief in the free market" }
              ],
              "question": "What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?",
              "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?",
              "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay \"Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 93, "text": "Old Whig" }],
              "question": "What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?",
              "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 416, "text": "liberal-minded economists" }
              ],
              "question": "In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?",
              "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 516, "text": "James M. Buchanan" }],
              "question": "Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\"?",
              "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "Edmund Burke" }],
              "question": "From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?",
              "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "a Burkean Whig" }],
              "question": "In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?",
              "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals.\" Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a \"more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 60, "text": "neoliberalism" }],
              "question": "What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?",
              "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Samuel Brittan" }],
              "question": "Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?",
              "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 341, "text": "Raymond Plant" }],
              "question": "Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?",
              "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change \u2013 but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Madsen Pirie" }],
              "question": "Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?",
              "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 271,
                  "text": "people in authority who think they know how to run things better"
                }
              ],
              "question": "According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?",
              "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8200"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?",
              "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8201"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "to function smoothly" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?",
              "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8202"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Diarrhea",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "can result in dehydration due to fluid loss"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the effects of diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the warning signs of dehydration?",
              "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other signs of dehydration?",
              "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 25, "text": "an infection of the intestines" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most common cause of diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "a virus, bacteria, or parasite" }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause an infection in the intestines?",
              "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the three types of diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 603, "text": "dysentery" }],
              "question": "What is it known as if blood is present?",
              "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movement but is not recommended in those with severe disease.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a46351d046914007798bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 111,
                  "text": "Breastfeeding for at least six months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?",
              "id": "572a46351d046914007798be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a46351d046914007798bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 838,
                  "text": "cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?",
              "id": "572a46351d046914007798c0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 \u2013 down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 6, "text": "1.7 to 5 billion cases" }
              ],
              "question": "HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?",
              "id": "572a49623f37b31900478869"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "average three times a year" }
              ],
              "question": "How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?",
              "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 428, "text": "malnutrition" }],
              "question": "Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?",
              "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 557,
                  "text": "stunted growth and poor intellectual development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it, along with water. In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is isotonic with plasma even during fasting. It continues even when there is no oral food intake.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 39,
                  "text": "an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is secretory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 115,
                  "text": ". There is little to no structural damage."
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives (which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has lactose intolerance can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea. In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when offending agent (e.g. milk, sorbitol) is stopped.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "s when too much water is drawn into the bowels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occures with osmotic diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a50757a1753140016ae9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes osmotic diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a50757a1753140016ae9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do osmotic lazatives work?",
              "id": "572a50757a1753140016aea0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?",
              "id": "572a50757a1753140016aea1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?",
              "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health; it has been shown that, even when controlling for helminth infection and early breastfeeding, children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?",
              "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can early childhood malnutrition cause?",
              "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "diarrhea" }],
              "question": "What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?",
              "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 518,
                  "text": "significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?",
              "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 38, "text": "irritable bowel syndrome" }
              ],
              "question": "What is IBS?",
              "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aed8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What symptoms do you have with IBS?",
              "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aed9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can symptoms be managed with IBS?",
              "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aeda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. \"Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of access to clean water or to sanitary disposal of fecal waste (sanitation), cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and a lack of refrigerated storage for food, all of which increase the frequency of diarrhea... Poverty also restricts the ability to provide age-appropriate, nutritionally balanced diets or to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair nutrient losses. The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Poverty" }],
              "question": "What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "from the conditions under which impoverished people live"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?",
              "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 840,
                  "text": "the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes this to be exacerbated?",
              "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is proper nutrition important?",
              "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 587,
                  "text": "greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?",
              "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 717,
                  "text": "cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?",
              "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1082, "text": "127 million" }],
              "question": "What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?",
              "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: \"Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Nesse and Williams learn?",
              "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "there might be a delay in recovery."
                }
              ],
              "question": "If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?",
              "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?",
              "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42\u201348%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC: \"Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries.\" Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Basic sanitation techniques" }
              ],
              "question": "What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?",
              "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "approximately 42\u201348%" }
              ],
              "question": "How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?",
              "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 441,
                  "text": "access to soap and water is limited"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?",
              "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a solution to help this problem?",
              "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22\u201327% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21\u201330% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 11, "text": "water contamination" }
              ],
              "question": "What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?",
              "id": "572a67827a1753140016af12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "clean water supply and improved sanitation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? ",
              "id": "572a67827a1753140016af13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "22\u201327% reduction in disease incidence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?",
              "id": "572a67827a1753140016af14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?",
              "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Rotavirus" }],
              "question": "What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?",
              "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 254, "text": "20%" }],
              "question": "What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?",
              "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?",
              "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "1985" }],
              "question": "What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?",
              "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence. Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 64,
                  "text": "promoting better eating practices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?",
              "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "Zinc" }],
              "question": "What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?",
              "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 592, "text": "zinc supplementation" }
              ],
              "question": "WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?",
              "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth \u2013 oral rehydration therapy \u2013 or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has no effect on duration of diarrhea. To the contrary, WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain, and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning. CDC recommends that children and adults with cholera also continue to eat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?",
              "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "This is usually by mouth \u2013 oral rehydration therapy \u2013 or, in severe cases, intravenously"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How is this treatment given?",
              "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 208, "text": "BRAT diet" }],
              "question": "What type of diet is no longer recommended?",
              "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 392,
                  "text": "children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does WHO recommend to do?",
              "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given. There are commercial solutions such as Pedialyte, and relief agencies such as UNICEF widely distribute packets of salts and sugar. A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added (approximately the \"taste of tears\"). Rehydration Project recommends adding the same amount of sugar but only one-half a teaspoon of salt, stating that this more dilute approach is less risky with very little loss of effectiveness. Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS)" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used to prevent dehydration?",
              "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some good standard home solutions?",
              "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 596, "text": "Pedialyte" }],
              "question": "What is a commercial solution that can also be used?",
              "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 761,
                  "text": "one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?",
              "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more specific and effective ORT preparations are unavailable or are not palatable. Additionally, a mix of both plain water and drinks perhaps too rich in sugar and salt can alternatively be given to the same person, with the goal of providing a medium amount of sodium overall. A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?",
              "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 166,
                  "text": "A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?",
              "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 588, "text": "A nasogastric tube" }
              ],
              "question": "What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?",
              "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states \"Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued.\" And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "a child with diarrhea continue to be fed"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does WHO recommend?",
              "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does continuing to eat do for your illness?",
              "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when a childs food is restricted?",
              "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial. However, some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, particularly Shigella. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "they are usually not used except in specific situations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?",
              "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8061"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 162,
                  "text": "may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the concerns with anitbiotics?",
              "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8062"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?",
              "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8063"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Madrasa",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Madrasa (Arabic: \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u200e, madrasah, pl. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633, mad\u0101ris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. Not all students in madaris are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Arabic" }],
              "question": "What are the origins of the word madrasa?",
              "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 96, "text": "any type" }],
              "question": "What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?",
              "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 389, "text": "Islamic" }],
              "question": "In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?",
              "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Not all" }],
              "question": "How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?",
              "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root \u062f-\u0631-\u0633 D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0644(\u0629)\u200e; maf\u02bbal(ah), meaning \"a place where something is done\". Therefore, madrasah literally means \"a place where learning and studying take place\". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as dani\u015fmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (j\u0101mi\u02bbah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "triconsonantal Semitic" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the root origins of the word madrasah?",
              "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "a place where learning and studying take place"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the literal translation of madrasah?",
              "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "same as school does in the English language"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?",
              "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1062,
                  "text": "lower schools and specialised"
                }
              ],
              "question": "During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?",
              "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2af0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1135, "text": "dani\u015fmends" }],
              "question": "What were the students in madaris called?",
              "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2af1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, in English, the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions. A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a \u1e25if\u1e93 course teaching memorization of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur\u02bcan to memory is called a \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93); and an \u02bb\u0101lim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), shar\u012b\u02bbah (Islamic law), hadiths (recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad), mantiq (logic), and Muslim history. In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by S\u00fcleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madaris along with religious teachings also taught \"styles of writing, grammary, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 74, "text": "Islamic institutions" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? ",
              "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "memorization of the Qur'an" }
              ],
              "question": "What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?",
              "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "Islamic law" }],
              "question": "What is shariah?",
              "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bcf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 535, "text": "logic" }],
              "question": "What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?",
              "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "\u02bb\u0101lim" }],
              "question": "What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?",
              "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an \u02bb\u0101lim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the \u1e25uff\u0101\u1e93 (plural of \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 10, "text": "all ages" }],
              "question": "What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?",
              "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "approximately twelve years" }
              ],
              "question": "How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?",
              "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "people take evening classes and reside in dormitories"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?",
              "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 453,
                  "text": "provide them with education and training"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?",
              "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 540,
                  "text": "they study separately from the men"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?",
              "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 35,
                  "text": "education in the light of Islam itself"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of Islamic education?",
              "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Quran" }],
              "question": "What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?",
              "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 167, "text": "Muslim education" }],
              "question": "What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?",
              "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "monotheism" }],
              "question": "What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?",
              "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of \"Suffa\" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of \"nabuwwat\" to the first portion of the \"Umaiya\" caliphate.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first madrasa located?",
              "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Hazrat Muhammad" }],
              "question": "Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?",
              "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?",
              "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 660, "text": "calligraphy" }],
              "question": "What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?",
              "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 673, "text": "athletics and martial arts" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?",
              "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Maml\u016bk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Maml\u016bk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan \u1e24asan in Cairo.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 120, "text": "ruling elite" }],
              "question": "Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?",
              "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5beb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "through a religious endowment" }
              ],
              "question": "How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?",
              "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "former slaves" }],
              "question": "What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?",
              "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "Guaranteed positions within the new madaris"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?",
              "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Cairo" }],
              "question": "In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?",
              "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the \"rational sciences,\" as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "royal courts" }],
              "question": "Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?",
              "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 843, "text": "Caliphate" }],
              "question": "What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?",
              "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1043,
                  "text": "maktab and madrasa institutions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?",
              "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "several centuries" }],
              "question": "How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?",
              "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled \"The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children,\" as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "10th century" }],
              "question": "When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?",
              "id": "572a69757a1753140016af18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "maktab" }],
              "question": "What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?",
              "id": "572a69757a1753140016af19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 295, "text": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101" }
              ],
              "question": "Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?",
              "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "classes" }],
              "question": "What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?",
              "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?",
              "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 135, "text": "manual skills" }],
              "question": "What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?",
              "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "14" }],
              "question": "According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?",
              "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 591, "text": "flexibility" }],
              "question": "According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?",
              "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "future career" }],
              "question": "What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? ",
              "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the \"religious sciences\", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and the \"secular sciences\", such as logic, mathematics and philosophy. Some madaris further extended their curriculum to history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry. The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin, the 10th century al-Azhar University (the most famous), the 11th century Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah, as well as 75 madaris in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. Many more were also established in the Andalusian cities of C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almer\u00eda, Valencia and C\u00e1diz during the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "religious sciences" }
              ],
              "question": "What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?",
              "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "philosophy and the secular sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?",
              "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 567, "text": "its founder" }],
              "question": "Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?",
              "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 793, "text": "al-Azhar University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the most widely known madrasah?",
              "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 871, "text": "75" }],
              "question": "How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?",
              "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c07"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs wa-al-ift\u0101\u02bc (\"licence to teach and issue legal opinions\") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madh\u0101hib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ij\u0101zah to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the ij\u0101zah to be of \"fundamental difference\" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an ij\u0101zah, a student \"had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course\" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The \"doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses\", and to test the student's \"ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose.\" These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's \"career as a graduate student of law.\" After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of faq\u012bh 'scholar of jurisprudence', muft\u012b 'scholar competent in issuing fatw\u0101s', and mudarris 'teacher'.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 45, "text": "fiqh" }],
              "question": "What term refers to Islamic law?",
              "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "9th century" }],
              "question": "When did Islamic law school begin?",
              "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 825, "text": "ten or more years" }],
              "question": "How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?",
              "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 360, "text": "European doctorate" }
              ],
              "question": "What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?",
              "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Arabic term ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "licence to teach" }],
              "question": "What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?",
              "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "individual scholar-teacher" }
              ],
              "question": "Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?",
              "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "chief official of the university"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?",
              "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "licentia docendi" }],
              "question": "What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?",
              "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of \"determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaft\u012b, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called ijtih\u0101d, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "whether certain opinions of law were orthodox"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?",
              "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 380, "text": "civil as well as religious" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?",
              "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "fatwa" }],
              "question": "What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?",
              "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 581, "text": "process of scholarly research" }
              ],
              "question": "What is ijtihad?",
              "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c1a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "10th century" }],
              "question": "When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?",
              "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 486, "text": "princely patrons" }],
              "question": "What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris",
              "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 556, "text": "further the rulers' agenda" }
              ],
              "question": "What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?",
              "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "George Makdisi" }],
              "question": "Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?",
              "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the j\u0101mi\u02bbahs (such as al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an \"Islamic university\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "859" }],
              "question": "When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?",
              "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Fatima al-Fihri" }],
              "question": "Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?",
              "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 229, "text": "all levels" }],
              "question": "What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?",
              "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "mosques" }],
              "question": "What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?",
              "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 424,
                  "text": "individual faculties for different subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?",
              "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Isma\u02bb\u012bl\u012b Sh\u012b\u02bb\u012b Fatimid dynasty as a j\u0101mi\u02bbah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after \"an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses\", and to test the student's \"ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose.\" \u2018Abd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar, while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin. Another early j\u0101mi\u02bbah was the Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah of Baghd\u0101d (founded 1091), which has been called the \"largest university of the Medieval world.\" Mustansiriya University, established by the \u02bbAbb\u0101sid caliph al-Mustan\u1e63ir in 1233, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the natural sciences.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "975" }],
              "question": "When was Al-Azhar University founded?",
              "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "Cairo, Egypt" }],
              "question": "Where is Al-Azhar University located?",
              "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 340, "text": "an oral examination" }
              ],
              "question": "What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?",
              "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 621, "text": "Maimonides" }],
              "question": "Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?",
              "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 805,
                  "text": "largest university of the Medieval world"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?",
              "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fc1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, the classification of madaris as \"universities\" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ij\u0101zahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of shar\u012b\u02bbah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated \"ancillary\" to the study of the Sharia. For example, a natural science like astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a \"personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "Islamic religious law of shar\u012b\u02bbah"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?",
              "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 495, "text": "supply religious needs" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?",
              "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 991, "text": "the teacher" }],
              "question": "Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?",
              "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 557, "text": "Ptolemaic astronomy" }
              ],
              "question": "What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?",
              "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 692, "text": "al-Azhar" }],
              "question": "What is considered the most famous madrasa?",
              "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term \"university\" for the Islamic madaris and j\u0101mi\u2018ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term \"Islamic college\" for madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Medievalist specialists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?",
              "id": "572a790e74f2e11900503fdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 323, "text": "madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah" }
              ],
              "question": "What are two examples of waqfs?",
              "id": "572a790e74f2e11900503fde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 418, "text": "Islamic college" }],
              "question": "What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?",
              "id": "572a790d74f2e11900503fdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 690, "text": "corporate element" }],
              "question": "What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?",
              "id": "572a790d74f2e11900503fdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a \"spurt\" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the \"first universities\" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "11th and 12th centuries" }
              ],
              "question": "When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?",
              "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 343, "text": "Western Islamic lands" }
              ],
              "question": "Where are madaris considered less desirable?",
              "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 943, "text": "1947" }],
              "question": "When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?",
              "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "the donor" }],
              "question": "When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?",
              "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1178,
                  "text": "economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?",
              "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, including \"the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'Chair' of their subject\" being based on the \"traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him\", the term 'academic circles' being derived from the way in which Islamic students \"sat in a circle around their professor\", and terms such as \"having 'fellows', 'reading' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back\" to the Islamic concepts of a\u1e63\u1e25\u0101b ('companions, as of Muhammad'), qir\u0101\u02bcah ('reading aloud the Qur'an') and ij\u0101zah ('licence [to teach]') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include \"practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom.\" The Islamic scholarly system of fatw\u00e1 and ijm\u0101\u02bb, meaning opinion and consensus respectively, formed the basis of the \"scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day.\" According to Makdisi and Goddard, \"the idea of academic freedom\" in universities was also \"modelled on Islamic custom\" as practised in the medieval Madrasa system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was \"certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university\" in Europe, the University of Naples Federico II founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1224.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "European university" }
              ],
              "question": "What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?",
              "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 934, "text": "eighteen" }],
              "question": "How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?",
              "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 148, "text": "degree and doctorate" }
              ],
              "question": "What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?",
              "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1294, "text": "academic" }],
              "question": "What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?",
              "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1205, "text": "wearing academic robes" }
              ],
              "question": "What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?",
              "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b60"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on \"the accumulation of close parallels\", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having \"common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy\"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 439, "text": "Christian" }],
              "question": "What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?",
              "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 261, "text": "overstating his case" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?",
              "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "civil law" }],
              "question": "What is the European version of fiqh?",
              "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1513, "text": "parallel occurrence" }
              ],
              "question": "What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?",
              "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faf1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world\u2019s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-\u1e0caw\u02be al-l\u0101mi\u02bb to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, has written 40 volumes on the mu\u1e25addith\u0101t (the women scholars of \u1e25ad\u012bth), and found at least 8,000 of them.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 47, "text": "less than one percent" }
              ],
              "question": "What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?",
              "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "over 8,000" }],
              "question": "How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?",
              "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "al-\u1e0caw\u02be al-l\u0101mi\u02bb"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?",
              "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "1,075" }],
              "question": "How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?",
              "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women \u201cbecame renowned for their brains as well as their beauty\u201d. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud, \"a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent scholars in astronomy, medicine, law, philosophy, music, history, Arabic grammar, literature, theology and chess\". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as \"the Scholar\" or \"the Pride of Women\" during the 12th century in Baghdad. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in Iraq with the sack of Baghdad in 1258.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 193, "text": "music, dancing and poetry" }
              ],
              "question": "What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?",
              "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8043"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 633, "text": "Shuhda" }],
              "question": "Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?",
              "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8044"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 722, "text": "Baghdad" }],
              "question": "Where did Shuhda attend school?",
              "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8045"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 865, "text": "1258" }],
              "question": "When was formal education for Islamic women halted?",
              "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8046"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Abbasid" }],
              "question": "During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?",
              "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8047"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Sunni scholar Ibn \u02bbAs\u0101kir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn \u02bbAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 221, "text": "scholars and teachers" }
              ],
              "question": "What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?",
              "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8057"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "learned and scholarly families"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?",
              "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8058"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 682,
                  "text": "their desire for religious knowledge"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?",
              "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8059"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "Muhammad's wives" }],
              "question": "Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?",
              "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb805a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 556, "text": "Khadijah" }],
              "question": "Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?",
              "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb805b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in \u0130znik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam.\" \"When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world\u2014for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as \u02bbAl\u0101\u02bc al-D\u012bn and Fakhr al-D\u012bn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese\". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through globalization is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: \"Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity.\" \u0130nalc\u0131k also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of \"schooling\" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madaris are the ones built by Mehmed the Conqueror. He built eight madaris that were built \"on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these.\" The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 941, "text": "Ottomans" }],
              "question": "Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?",
              "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1514, "text": "eight" }],
              "question": "How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?",
              "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2276,
                  "text": "complete the classes in the lower one"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1739, "text": "near mosques" }],
              "question": "Where were Ottoman madaris built?",
              "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "1331" }],
              "question": "When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?",
              "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. \"The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God.\" Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As \u0130nalc\u0131k mentions: \"Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad.\" However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. \"The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths\" \u2013 key word being \"divine\". \u0130nalc\u0131k also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam.\" Hence, madaris \u2013 schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe \"Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah.\" Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach \"proper religious values.\" This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "spiritual learning" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1010,
                  "text": "confirm the doctrines of Islam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?",
              "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1260, "text": "pluralistic" }],
              "question": "What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?",
              "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1431, "text": "Islam" }],
              "question": "What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a85df111d821400f38baf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1976, "text": "wide range of studies" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?",
              "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. \"The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities.\" Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: \"Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well.\" Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. \"They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy.\" Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "aid to the poor through soup kitchens"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?",
              "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "religion" }],
              "question": "What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?",
              "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1336, "text": "medreses" }],
              "question": "Where did students learn about religious and social norms?",
              "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1047, "text": "Islamic orthodoxy" }
              ],
              "question": "What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?",
              "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[clarification needed] ministry of the government of India has recently[when?] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madaris in India. Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was \"ill-designed\" ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 180, "text": "Deobandis" }],
              "question": "What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?",
              "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1098, "text": "Hindu-Muslim friction" }
              ],
              "question": "What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?",
              "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 480, "text": "Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?",
              "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 846,
                  "text": "Mathematics, Computers and science"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?",
              "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 908, "text": "2015" }],
              "question": "In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?",
              "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Today, the system of Arabic and Islamic education has grown and further integrated with Kerala government administration. In 2005, an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools, with over 500,000 Muslim students. State-appointed committees, not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government, determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges. Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India, which may replace formal schooling. Arabic colleges (over eleven of which exist within the state-run University of Calicut and the Kannur University) provide B.A. and Masters' level degrees. At all levels, instruction is co-educational, with many women instructors and professors. Islamic education boards are independently run by the following organizations, accredited by the Kerala state government: Samastha Kerala Islamic Education Board, Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, and Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 215, "text": "over 500,000" }],
              "question": "How many Muslim students are there in Kerala?",
              "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "6,000" }],
              "question": "How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?",
              "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 245, "text": "State-appointed committees" }
              ],
              "question": "Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?",
              "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "after-school" }],
              "question": "What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?",
              "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 818, "text": "co-educational" }],
              "question": "What is the format of school for girls and boys?",
              "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (Malay: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, \u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e21 (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "students" }],
              "question": "Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?",
              "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Sekolah Agama" }],
              "question": "What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?",
              "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "Mindanao" }],
              "question": "What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?",
              "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "southern" }],
              "question": "What region of Thailand has madaris?",
              "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 162, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore?",
              "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 781, "text": "International Baccalaureate" }
              ],
              "question": "What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?",
              "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 868, "text": "2019" }],
              "question": "What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?",
              "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 965,
                  "text": "the songkok for boys and tudong for girls"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?",
              "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab74"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education (DepEd). The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madaris. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the Islamic City of Marawi, Sarang Bangun LC in Zamboanga and SMIE in Jolo, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "16" }],
              "question": "How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?",
              "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 185, "text": "Department Order No. 51" }
              ],
              "question": "What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?",
              "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?",
              "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?",
              "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?",
              "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the traditional Hanafi school of thought and shuns Salafist / Wahabi teachings. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was the first madrasa started in North America?",
              "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 440, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?",
              "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "Cornwall, Ontario" }],
              "question": "Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?",
              "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 711, "text": "AlMaghrib Institute" }
              ],
              "question": "What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?",
              "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb8090"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means \"school\" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. Madaris have varied curricula, and are not all religious. Some madaris in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madaris were founded primarily to gain \"knowledge of God\" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, \"Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic.\" This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "anti-Americanism and radical extremism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?",
              "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "varied curricula" }],
              "question": "What type of content is delivered at madaris?",
              "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "secularised" }],
              "question": "What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?",
              "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 925,
                  "text": "institutions of the Catholic church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the origins of western schools?",
              "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 667, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?",
              "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf6"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Philadelphia",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 1682, William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants. It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "William Penn" }],
              "question": "Who founded Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "a meeting place for the Founding Fathers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution?",
              "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "temporary U.S. capital" }
              ],
              "question": "What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction?",
              "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When did it reach 2 million occupants>",
              "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Based on the similar shifts underway the nation's economy after 1960, Philadelphia experienced a loss of manufacturing companies and jobs to lower taxed regions of the USA and often overseas. As a result, the economic base of Philadelphia, which had historically been manufacturing, declined significantly. In addition, consolidation in several American industries (retailing, financial services and health care in particular) reduced the number of companies headquartered in Philadelphia. The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government. Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes, coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city. The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s. Revitalization began in the 1990s, with gentrification turning around many neighborhoods and reversing its decades-long trend of population loss.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 268, "text": "manufacturing" }],
              "question": "What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 873, "text": "late 1980s" }],
              "question": "When did the city near bankruptcy?",
              "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 778, "text": "suburbs" }],
              "question": "Where did wealthy residents move?",
              "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "immigrants" }],
              "question": "Who replaced the wealthy?",
              "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with several nationally prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and history, attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013. Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city, and Fairmount Park is the largest landscaped urban park in the world. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism. Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps, and is also the home of many U.S. firsts, including the first library (1731), first hospital (1751) and medical school (1765), first Capitol (1777), first stock exchange (1790), first zoo (1874), and first business school (1881). Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "$388 billion" }],
              "question": "What is the GDP of the city?",
              "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 256, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?",
              "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?",
              "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 541, "text": "39 million" }],
              "question": "How many domestic tourists visit annually?",
              "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 873, "text": "United States Marine Corps" }
              ],
              "question": "What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "Lenape" }],
              "question": "What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?",
              "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 634, "text": "Iroquois" }],
              "question": "What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?",
              "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 587, "text": "smallpox" }],
              "question": "What disease killed the most Lenape?",
              "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 719, "text": "upper Ohio River basin" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?",
              "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1100, "text": "Oklahoma" }],
              "question": "Where do the Lenape reside today?",
              "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38c00"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "the Dutch" }],
              "question": "Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?",
              "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "Fort Nassau" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first settlement in the area?",
              "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "The Dutch" }],
              "question": "Who claimed the entire Delaware River?",
              "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1284, "text": "1664" }],
              "question": "When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?",
              "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb75"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony. Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown section. Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love (from philos, \"love\" or \"friendship\", and adelphos, \"brother\"). As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, far more than afforded by most other colonies, led to better relations with the local Native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city. Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart, with areas for gardens and orchards. The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, as they crowded by the Delaware River, the port, and subdivided and resold their lots. Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. It became an important trading center, poor at first, but with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. Benjamin Franklin, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones, such as fire protection, a library, and one of the American colonies' first hospitals.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "William Penn" }],
              "question": "Who founded the Pennsylvania colony?",
              "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 204, "text": "Lenape" }],
              "question": "Who did Penn buy the land from?",
              "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 564, "text": "Quaker" }],
              "question": "What religion did William Penn practice?",
              "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1388, "text": "1701" }],
              "question": "When was Philadelphia established as a city?",
              "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1080, "text": "grid plan" }],
              "question": "What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab97"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 430, "text": "Declaration of Independence," }
              ],
              "question": "What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention?",
              "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 531, "text": "Several" }],
              "question": "How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1799" }],
              "question": "When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?",
              "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "African Methodist Episcopal Church"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religion did the black community found?",
              "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 598, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 750, "text": "industrial" }],
              "question": "What type of economy did Philadelphia have?",
              "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 104, "text": "textiles" }],
              "question": "What was Philadelphia's biggest industry during the 19th century?",
              "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "1876" }],
              "question": "When was the first World's Fair?",
              "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Irish and German" }],
              "question": "Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 754, "text": "130 square miles" }],
              "question": "What is the size in square miles today?",
              "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city. Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559. Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 6, "text": "immigrants" }],
              "question": "Who carried out the first strike in North America?",
              "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "1835" }],
              "question": "When did the strike take place?",
              "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 134, "text": "ten-hour workday" }],
              "question": "What did the strikers achieve?",
              "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 221, "text": "the Great Famine" }],
              "question": "Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 692, "text": "Between 1880 and 1930" }
              ],
              "question": "When did the black population explode?",
              "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as \"corrupt and contented\", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 126, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 55, "text": "corrupt and contented" }
              ],
              "question": "What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "1917" }],
              "question": "When did the first major political reform occur?",
              "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "1950" }],
              "question": "When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?",
              "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "the loss of many middle-class union jobs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did the population decline after this time?",
              "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 700, "text": "service businesses" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main driver of the economy now?",
              "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1167, "text": "one-quarter" }],
              "question": "How much of the population left after 1950?",
              "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 767, "text": "a tourist destination" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another large industry?",
              "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn's surveyor Thomas Holme. Center City is structured with long straight streets running east-west and north-south forming a grid pattern. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire. The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city's early street plan was kept within. In addition, Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 (in parenthesis): Centre Square, North East Publick Square (Franklin Square), Northwest Square (Logan Square), Southwest Square (Rittenhouse Square), and Southeast Square (Washington Square). Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "Thomas Holme" }],
              "question": "Who planned the central city?",
              "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which rivers run through the city?",
              "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many public parks did Penn plan?",
              "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 951, "text": "183,240" }],
              "question": "How many live in the central area today?",
              "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The City Planning Commission, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan. Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007\u20132012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning mapping that would streamline future community preferences and development, which the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs to be added to Philadelphia in 2035.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "18" }],
              "question": "How many planning districts make up Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 249, "text": "2007\u20132012" }],
              "question": "When was the 1980 zoning code revamped?",
              "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 307,
                  "text": "John F. Street and Michael Nutter"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp?",
              "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbda"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first decades of the 19th century, Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan. Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century, but his contemporaries included John McArthur, Jr., Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, the Wilson Brothers, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1871, construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall. The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?",
              "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 246, "text": "Frank Furness" }],
              "question": "Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?",
              "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 475, "text": "1871" }],
              "question": "When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?",
              "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 555,
                  "text": "Philadelphia Historical Commission"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What commission was created in 1955?",
              "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 703,
                  "text": "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does this commission control?",
              "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Philadelphia's Center City from the late 1980s onwards. In 2007, the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet (342 meters); upon completion, the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "548 ft" }],
              "question": "How tall is the City Hall?",
              "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ed"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 244, "text": "Comcast Center" }],
              "question": "What is the tallest building?",
              "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Comcast Innovation and Technology Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center?",
              "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as \"Philadelphia rows\". A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia. While newer homes are scattered throughout the city, much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older. The great age of the homes has created numerous problems, including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city, while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill, which has the largest concentration of 18th-century architecture in the United States, have been rehabilitated and gentrified.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "row house" }],
              "question": "What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "Philadelphia rows" }],
              "question": "What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 500, "text": "early 20th century or older" }
              ],
              "question": "How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name a type of row house in the city?",
              "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 681, "text": "Society Hill" }],
              "question": "Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?",
              "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (K\u00f6ppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "humid subtropical climate zone" }
              ],
              "question": "What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?",
              "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8105"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 160, "text": "hot and muggy" }],
              "question": "What is the summer weather like?",
              "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8106"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "22.4 in" }],
              "question": "What is the normal snowfall?",
              "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8107"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 608, "text": "41.5 inches" }],
              "question": "How much rain does Philly get on average?",
              "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8108"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 786, "text": "8.02 in" }],
              "question": "What is the most rain in one day?",
              "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8109"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The January daily average is 33.0 \u00b0F (0.6 \u00b0C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) during thaws and dips to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 \u00b0F (25.6 \u00b0C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) to 64.5 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 29, "text": "33.0 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the average January temp?",
              "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 198, "text": "78.1 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What is the July average temp?",
              "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 405, "text": "November 6 thru April 2" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average time for freezing temps?",
              "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "217" }],
              "question": "How long does the grow season last on average?",
              "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 515, "text": "February" }],
              "question": "Which month is the driest?",
              "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the 2014 United States Census estimates, there were 1,560,297 people residing in the City of Philadelphia, representing a 2.2% increase since 2010. From the 1960s up until 2006, the city's population declined year after year. It eventually reached a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Since 2006, Philadelphia added 71,587 residents in eight years. A study done by the city projected that the population would increase to about 1,630,000 residents by 2035, an increase of about 100,000 from 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1,560,297" }],
              "question": "What is the 2014 population?",
              "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 293, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When was the low point in Philadelphia's population?",
              "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 523, "text": "100,000" }],
              "question": "How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035?",
              "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In comparison, the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 (43.4%) African American, 626,221 (41.0%) White, 6,996 (0.5%) Native American, 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Indonesian), 744 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 90,731 (5.9%) from other races, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) African American, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races. The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish (12.5%), Italian (8.4%), German (8.1%), Polish (3.6%), and English (3.0%).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "43.4%" }],
              "question": "What is the percent of blacks?",
              "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "41.0%" }],
              "question": "What is the percent of whites?",
              "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 485, "text": "12.3%" }],
              "question": "What is the hispanic make-up of the population?",
              "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 966, "text": "Irish (12.5%)" }],
              "question": "What is the largest European ancestry?",
              "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile (4,405.4/km\u00b2). The Census reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized. In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013[update], 87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435. Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013[update].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "11,457 people per square mile" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the density?",
              "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c86"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 354, "text": "670,171" }],
              "question": "How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?",
              "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "13 percent" }],
              "question": "What percent are vacant as of 2013?",
              "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "What percent don't own cars?",
              "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 679, "text": "23" }],
              "question": "What percent own 2 or more cars?",
              "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010, 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2 percent were non-families. The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20. In 2013, the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent. Of Philadelphia's adults, 31 percent were married or lived as a couple, 55 percent were not married, 11 percent were divorced or separated, and 3 percent were widowed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "24.9 percent" }],
              "question": "At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them?",
              "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "43.2" }],
              "question": "What percent were non-family households?",
              "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "2.45" }],
              "question": "What is the size of the average household?",
              "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "56" }],
              "question": "Percentage of unwed births?",
              "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Census Bureau, the median household income in 2013 was $36,836, down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 (in 2013 dollars). For comparison, the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482, down 8.2 percent in the same period, and the national median household income was $55,250, down 7.0 percent from 2008. The city's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared. Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia's districts reported the lowest median household income, $14,185.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "$36,836" }],
              "question": "What was the median household income in 2013?",
              "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c98"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "Society Hill" }],
              "question": "What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood?",
              "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 614, "text": "$14,185" }],
              "question": "What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c9a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort. According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 25; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013. Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's immigration rate. In 2013, 12.7 percent of residents were foreign-born, just shy of the national average, 13.1 percent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 306, "text": "25- to 29-year-old" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the city's largest age group?",
              "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc22"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "343,837" }],
              "question": "How many people at the last census were under 18?",
              "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc23"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 741, "text": "22,018" }],
              "question": "How many baby's were there in 2013?",
              "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc24"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 876, "text": "13,691" }],
              "question": "How many deaths were there in 2013?",
              "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc25"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?",
              "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "New York City" }],
              "question": "Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?",
              "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "South Philadelphia" }
              ],
              "question": "What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?",
              "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?",
              "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 900, "text": "Mount Airy" }],
              "question": "Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?",
              "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 35, "text": "yuppie, bohemian, and hipster" }
              ],
              "question": "Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?",
              "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 411, "text": "Gayborhood" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the gay district?",
              "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "Drexel and University of Pennsylvania"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name a University located in the city?",
              "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As of 2010[update], 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) Vietnamese, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) other Asian languages, 0.58% (8,217) African languages, 0.56% (7,933) Cambodian (Mon-Khmer), and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "79.12%" }],
              "question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English?",
              "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8167"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "9.72%" }],
              "question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?",
              "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8168"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "20.88%" }],
              "question": "What is the total over 5's that speak another language than English?",
              "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8169"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10.0%the previous year. This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "7.8%" }],
              "question": "Unemployment rate in 2014?",
              "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "6.2%" }],
              "question": "What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?",
              "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 263, "text": "8,800" }],
              "question": "How many jobs were gained in 2014?",
              "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?",
              "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "manufacturing and government" }
              ],
              "question": "What industries suffered declines?",
              "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "Independence National Historical Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which is the biggest historical sites?",
              "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have?",
              "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "Independence National Historical Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?",
              "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38cce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 319, "text": "the Liberty Bell" }],
              "question": "What famous bell is in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "Edgar Allan Poe" }],
              "question": "What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38cd0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the M\u00fctter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the archaeology museum?",
              "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "Franklin Institute" }],
              "question": "Name a museum named after a founding father?",
              "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 648, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "Which city had the nations first zoo?",
              "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 726, "text": "Fairmount Park" }],
              "question": "Name Philidelphia's largest park?",
              "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of Mid-Atlantic American English, and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect. Unlike the Baltimore dialect, however, the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent. Thanks to over a century of linguistics data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia dialect under sociolinguist William Labov has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.[f]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Philadelphia dialect" }
              ],
              "question": "Name the accent spoken in the area?",
              "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Baltimore dialect" }],
              "question": "Which dialect is it similar to?",
              "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "New York" }],
              "question": "What other city is similar to Philadelphia's accent?",
              "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 469, "text": "William Labov" }],
              "question": "Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania?",
              "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating opera house, home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue. They produce a variety of new works. Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, America's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church, one of a number of smaller venues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 14, "text": "South Street and Old City" }
              ],
              "question": "Name two districts with good night life?",
              "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the home of the orchestra?",
              "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "Academy of Music" }],
              "question": "What is the countries oldest opera house?",
              "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who uses the opera house?",
              "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 655, "text": "Walnut Street Theatre" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac61"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city. In 1872, the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association) was created, the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning. In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city. The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philadelphia" }],
              "question": "Which American city has the most public art?",
              "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Fairmount Park Art Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past?",
              "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 423, "text": "more than 200" }],
              "question": "How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance?",
              "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia artists have had a prominent national role in popular music. In the 1970s, Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras. On July 13, 1985, Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium. The city reprised this role for the Live 8 concert, bringing some 700,000 people to the Ben Franklin Parkway on July 2, 2005. Philadelphia is home to the world-renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale, which has performed its music all over the world. Dr. Robert G. Hamilton, founder of the choir, is a notable native Philadelphian. The Philly Pops is another famous Philadelphia music group. The city has played a major role in the development and support of American rock music and rap music. Hip-hop/Rap artists such as The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes hail from the city.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "Philadelphia soul" }],
              "question": "Name a type of music from the 70's that influenced the nation?",
              "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "Live Aid" }],
              "question": "What concert did Philly host on July13th, 1985?",
              "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "John F. Kennedy Stadium" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?",
              "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 783,
                  "text": "The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name a hip/hop artist from the city?",
              "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century. Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse. Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, all of which are held on the Schuylkill River. The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Rowing" }],
              "question": "What water sport is popular in the city?",
              "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Boathouse Row" }],
              "question": "What is the symbol of rowing in the city?",
              "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the big rowing races?",
              "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "Schuylkill River" }],
              "question": "Where are these races held?",
              "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor-council form of government, which is headed by one mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms under the city's home rule charter, but can run for the position again after an intervening term. The Mayor is Jim Kenney, who replaced Michael Nutter, who served two terms from 2009 to January 2016. Kenney, as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952, is a member of the Democratic Party, which tends to dominate local politics so thoroughly that the Democratic Mayoral primary is often more widely covered than the general election. The legislative branch, the Philadelphia City Council, consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at large. Democrats currently hold 14 seats, with Republicans representing two allotted at-large seats for the minority party, as well as the Northeast-based Tenth District. The current council president is Darrell Clarke.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "strong-mayor version of the mayor-council"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of government does Philadelphia have?",
              "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "two consecutive four-year terms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many terms can a mayor serve?",
              "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc65"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 334, "text": "Jim Kenney" }],
              "question": "Who is the current mayor?",
              "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc66"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 499, "text": "Democratic Party" }],
              "question": "What party does the mayor represent?",
              "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc67"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 690, "text": "Philadelphia City Council" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the legislative branch called?",
              "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc68"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia, hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000 (excepting small claims cases valued between $7000 and $12000 and landlord-tenant issues heard in the Municipal Court) under its original jurisdiction; it also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts and over decisions of certain Pennsylvania state agencies (e.g. the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board). It has 90 legally trained judges elected by the voters. It is funded and operated largely by city resources and employees. The current District Attorney is Seth Williams, a Democrat. The last Republican to hold the office is Ron Castille, who left in 1991 and is currently the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main trial court called?",
              "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of cases are heard here?",
              "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 608, "text": "elected by the voters" }
              ],
              "question": "How are judges appointed?",
              "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 800, "text": "Ron Castille" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Republican DA?",
              "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81d0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war (Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856). After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). Four years later, however, voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats. Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote in 1936. The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since. It is now one of the most Democratic in the country; in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "Republican Party" }],
              "question": "What party dominated until the mid-20th century",
              "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?",
              "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 703, "text": "1936" }],
              "question": "When did the Democrats take the city?",
              "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 859, "text": "Barack Obama" }],
              "question": "Who won the most votes in the city in '08?",
              "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it now has only four: the 1st district, represented by Bob Brady; the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah; the 8th, represented by Mike Fitzpatrick; and the 13th, represented by Brendan Boyle. All but Fitzpatrick are Democrats. Although they are usually swamped by Democrats in city, state and national elections, Republicans still have some support in the area, primarily in the northeast. A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983, and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 130, "text": "four" }],
              "question": "How many congressional districts are there in the city?",
              "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?",
              "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 242, "text": "Mike Fitzpatrick" }],
              "question": "Who represents the 8th district?",
              "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "1983" }],
              "question": "When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city?",
              "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 599, "text": "Sam Katz" }],
              "question": "Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race?",
              "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Like many American cities, Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II. There were 525 murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. There were an average of about 600 murders a year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose four years later to 406 in 2006 and 392 in 2007. A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid drop in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, there were 246 murders, which is a decrease of over 25% from the previous year, and a decrease of over 44% since 2007. And in 2014, there were 248 homicides, up by one since 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Did the crime rate go up or down after the War years?",
              "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "525" }],
              "question": "How many murders occurred in 1990?",
              "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "600" }],
              "question": "What was the average murder rate during the 90's?",
              "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "246" }],
              "question": "How many murders occurred in 2013?",
              "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81de"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly in the last 10 years. Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded. That number has dropped 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014. Similarly, major crimes in the city has decreased gradually in the last ten years since its peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. In the past three years, the number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent to a total of 68,815. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in the past three years with a reported 15,771 occurrences in 2014. Based on the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 people or more, Philadelphia was ranked as the 54th most dangerous city in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "2006" }],
              "question": "When did shootings peak in the city?",
              "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "1,857" }],
              "question": "How many shootings were there in that year?",
              "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 424, "text": "fell" }],
              "question": "Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?",
              "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 764, "text": "54th" }],
              "question": "What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S.?",
              "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac94"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013. During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "dropped" }],
              "question": "Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years?",
              "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc96"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "24" }],
              "question": "How many public schools have been closed in 2013?",
              "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc97"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 432, "text": "$12,570" }],
              "question": "How much does the city spend per year per child?",
              "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc98"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, have steadily increased in the last ten years. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number has increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) have trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but have decreased since. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "increased" }],
              "question": "Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years?",
              "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "52%" }],
              "question": "What was the grad rate in 2005?",
              "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "65%" }],
              "question": "What was it in 2014?",
              "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "below the national and state averages"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Is that the above or below the national average?",
              "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d21"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 59, "text": "Temple University" }],
              "question": "What is the largest private institution in the city?",
              "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the 3 research universities in the city?",
              "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "five" }],
              "question": "How many med schools are there?",
              "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010. After two years of financial struggle, the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012. The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 15, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many major papers are published?",
              "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 50, "text": "Philadelphia Inquirer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?",
              "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "Interstate General Media" }
              ],
              "question": "Who owns the major papers in the city?",
              "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d28"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city also has a number of other, smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune, which serves the African-American community, the Philadelphia, a monthly regional magazine; Philadelphia Weekly, an weekly-printed alternative newspaper; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper; Philadelphia Gay News, which services the LGBT community; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community; Philadelphia Metro, free daily newspaper; and Al D\u00eda, a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 96, "text": "Philadelphia Tribune" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a smaller newspaper?",
              "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 135, "text": "African-American community" }
              ],
              "question": "What community does the Tribune serve?",
              "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 330, "text": "Philadelphia Gay News" }
              ],
              "question": "What paper serves the LGBT community?",
              "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 388, "text": "The Jewish Exponent" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a Jewish newspaper?",
              "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS. The highest-rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM. Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music), as well as several smaller stations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 82, "text": "St. Joseph's College" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was the first radio license granted?",
              "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "1922" }],
              "question": "When did the first radio stations appear?",
              "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the 3 public radio stations?",
              "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia; it became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (CBS). WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, and WTXF-TV had all been founded by the 1970s. In 1952, WFIL (now WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark. Today, as in many large metropolitan areas, each of the commercial networks has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate IDs: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, Fox29, Telefutura28, Telemundo62, Univision65, plus My PHL 17 and CW Philly 57. The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WYBE-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey). In September 2007, Philadelphia approved a Public-access television cable TV channel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "Philco" }],
              "question": "Who owned W3XE?",
              "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8221"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "1939" }],
              "question": "When did it become NBC's first affiliate?",
              "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8222"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 325, "text": "Bandstand" }],
              "question": "What show started out in the city?",
              "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8223"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1981, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding. Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas, but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation. These projects include the proposed Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail offers direct service to the Philadelphia International Airport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1981" }],
              "question": "When did SEPTA service get cut?",
              "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "lack of funding" }],
              "question": "Why did SEPTA rail service get cut?",
              "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 216,
                  "text": "but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Has service ever been restored?",
              "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name a proposed project to repalce it?",
              "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name the main airport?",
              "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "15th" }],
              "question": "Where does PHL rank in the list of busiest airports?",
              "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 618, "text": "American Airlines" }],
              "question": "What airline uses this airport as its primary international hub?",
              "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery known as the Delaware Expressway. The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway, a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River. It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, providing access to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and points west. Interstate 676, the Vine Street Expressway, was completed in 1991 after years of planning. A link between I-95 and I-76, it runs below street level through Center City, connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 103, "text": "Delaware Expressway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the main north-south freeway called?",
              "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 155, "text": "Schuylkill Expressway" }
              ],
              "question": "What is part of I-76 called?",
              "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 435, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was the Vine Street Expressway finished?",
              "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 561, "text": "Ben Franklin Bridge" }
              ],
              "question": "Name a bridge in the city?",
              "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 50, "text": "U.S. 1" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?",
              "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fcca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "1966" }],
              "question": "When was Woodhaven road built?",
              "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Northeast Philadelphia," }
              ],
              "question": "What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?",
              "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Route 309" }],
              "question": "What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?",
              "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 510, "text": "Lancaster Avenue" }],
              "question": "What is US-30 also known as?",
              "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fcce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River. Most of Greyhound's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia. In 2006, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the second busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York. Besides Greyhound, six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit. Other services include Megabus and Bolt Bus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Greyhound Lines" }],
              "question": "What bus line uses the city as a hub?",
              "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb822f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "1001 Filbert Street" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is Greyhound terminal located?",
              "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8230"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 463, "text": "six" }],
              "question": "How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8231"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 542,
                  "text": "Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the six bus companies?",
              "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8232"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the early days of rail transport in the United States, Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area, known collectively as the Regional Rail system. The two systems today, for the most part still intact but now connected, operate as a single system under the control of the SEPTA, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 143,
                  "text": "Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub?",
              "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d6e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 232, "text": "Broad Street Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station?",
              "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d6f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Reading Terminal" }],
              "question": "Where did the Reading operate out of?",
              "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "Pennsylvania Convention Center"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Reading Terminal called now?",
              "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d71"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River. The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles of sewers. A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine-131 in the city's potable water.[citation needed] In 2012, the EPA's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I-131 in the nation. The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I-131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 52, "text": "Fairmount Water Works," }
              ],
              "question": "What was the first water supply system called?",
              "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 238, "text": "Philadelphia Water Department" }
              ],
              "question": "Who provides the city water now?",
              "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 455,
                  "text": "Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where dos PWD get it's water from?",
              "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 592, "text": "21" }],
              "question": "How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?",
              "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 623, "text": "3,657 miles" }],
              "question": "How many miles of sewers are in the city?",
              "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacdb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area. Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Philadelphia Gas Works" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest city owned gas utility?",
              "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "500,000" }],
              "question": "How many homes does PGW serve?",
              "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "1836" }],
              "question": "When was PGW founded?",
              "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "1987" }],
              "question": "When did the city take PGW over?",
              "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d79"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the \"Bell System\" went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas (area code 445 to 215, area code 835 to 610) was delayed and later rescinded.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 43, "text": "215" }],
              "question": "What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947?",
              "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was the 610 area code added?",
              "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 361, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When was the 267 added?",
              "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. Dedicated in June 1976, the Sister Cities Plaza, a site of 0.5 acres (2,000 m2) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, honors Philadelphia's relationships with Tel Aviv and Florence which were its first sister cities. Another landmark, the Toru\u0144 Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toru\u0144, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. In addition, the Triangle contains the Copernicus monument. Renovations were made to Sister Cities Park in mid-2011 and on May 10, 2012, SCP was reopened and currently features an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's ten sister and friendship cities, a caf\u00e9 and visitor's center, children's play area, outdoor garden, and boat pond, as well as pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 366, "text": "Toru\u0144" }],
              "question": "What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "Tel Aviv" }],
              "question": "What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia?",
              "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "1976" }],
              "question": "When was Torun triangle built?",
              "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 527, "text": "Copernicus monument" }
              ],
              "question": "What else does the Triangle contain?",
              "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "ten" }],
              "question": "How many sister cities does Philadelphia have?",
              "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d82"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "John_Kerry",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968\u20131969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "political science" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's major?",
              "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Yale University" }],
              "question": "Where did Kerry go to college?",
              "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 202, "text": "Naval Reserve" }],
              "question": "What branch of the military did Kerry join?",
              "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What medals did Kerry win?",
              "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 550,
                  "text": "Vietnam Veterans Against the War"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What group was Kerry a spokesman for?",
              "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President \"to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein\", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 30, "text": "Boston College Law School" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry get a law degree?",
              "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 178, "text": "Michael Dukakis" }],
              "question": "Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for?",
              "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 250, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry become a Senator?",
              "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "Where was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?",
              "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 194, "text": "from 1983 to 1985" }],
              "question": "When was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?",
              "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "2004" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry run for president?",
              "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "John Edwards" }],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's running mate?",
              "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 176, "text": "35 electoral votes" }
              ],
              "question": "How much did Kerry lose by?",
              "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "Dick Cheney" }],
              "question": "Who was Bush's running mate?",
              "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Where was John Edwards a senator?",
              "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He was the second oldest of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an altar boy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 5, "text": "Forbes" }],
              "question": "What is Kerry's middle name?",
              "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 72, "text": "Fitzsimons Army Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "At what facility was Kerry born?",
              "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Catholic" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's father's religion?",
              "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 413, "text": "Episcopalian" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's mother's religion?",
              "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 468, "text": "Margaret" }],
              "question": "What is Kerry's older sibling's name?",
              "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 129, "text": "President of the Union" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?",
              "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Skull and Bones Society" }
              ],
              "question": "What secret society did Kerry join?",
              "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 559, "text": "Switzerland" }],
              "question": "What country did Kerry visit as a student?",
              "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 215, "text": "H. Bradford Westerfield" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's most influential professor?",
              "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Chairman of the Liberal Party" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?",
              "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c36"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "February 18, 1966" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry join the Naval Reserve?",
              "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "December 16, 1966" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry become a navy officer?",
              "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "16 weeks" }],
              "question": "How long was Officer Candidate School?",
              "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabcb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 212, "text": "Newport, Rhode Island" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the Navy training center?",
              "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabcc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley, Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a \"Swift boat.\" These 50-foot (15 m) boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. \"I didn't really want to get involved in the war\", Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. \"When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing.\" However, his second choice of billet was on a river patrol boat, or \"PBR\", which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 445, "text": "1986" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam?",
              "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 23, "text": "guided missile frigate" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of ship was the USS Gridley?",
              "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 163, "text": "Fast Patrol Craft" }],
              "question": "What was the formal name of 'swift boats'?",
              "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 224, "text": "50-foot" }],
              "question": "How long were swift boats?",
              "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 552, "text": "coastal patrolling" }
              ],
              "question": "What had Kerry expected the 'swift boats' to do?",
              "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first Purple Heart Medal.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?",
              "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 219, "text": "two" }],
              "question": "How many crew were with Kerry?",
              "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were in Kerry's crew?",
              "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 491, "text": "sampans" }],
              "question": "What did Kerry's crew destroy?",
              "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "in the left arm above the elbow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Kerry injured?",
              "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. As the Swift boats reached the C\u1eeda L\u1edbn River, Kerry's boat was hit by a B-40 rocket (rocket propelled grenade round), and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him. Thereafter, enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry continues to have shrapnel embedded in his left thigh because the doctors that first treated him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Though wounded like several others earlier that day, Kerry did not lose any time off from duty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "February 20, 1969" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?",
              "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb810f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "a B-40 rocket" }],
              "question": "What munition hit Kerry's boat?",
              "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8111"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "on the B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?",
              "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8110"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "Gulf of Thailand" }],
              "question": "Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?",
              "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8112"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star Medal. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two other Swift boats during a combat operation. Their mission on the Duong Keo River included bringing an underwater demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy sampans, structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43. Running into heavy small arms fire from the river banks, Kerry \"directed the units to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions\" and he \"expertly directed\" his boat's fire causing the enemy to flee while at the same time coordinating the insertion of the ninety South Vietnamese troops (according to the original medal citation signed by Admiral Zumwalt). Moving a short distance upstream, Kerry's boat was the target of a B-40 rocket round; Kerry charged the enemy positions and as his boat hove to and beached, a Viet Cong (\"VC\") insurgent armed with a rocket launcher emerged from a spider hole and ran. While the boat's gunner opened fire, wounding the VC in the leg, and while the other boats approached and offered cover fire, Kerry jumped from the boat to pursue the VC insurgent, subsequently killing him and capturing his loaded rocket launcher.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "February 28, 1969" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry earn a Silver Star?",
              "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8117"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 243, "text": "the Duong Keo River" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry earn a Silver Star?",
              "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8118"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "his Swift boat and two other Swift boats"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How many swift boats did Kerry command?",
              "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8119"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Admiral Zumwalt" }],
              "question": "Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry?",
              "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb811a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 425, "text": "The Death Of PCF 43" }
              ],
              "question": "What story described the events of Feb 28, 1969?",
              "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb811b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 299, "text": "An Thoi" }],
              "question": "Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?",
              "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Lieutenant Commander George Elliott"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's commander?",
              "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "beaching the boat without orders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?",
              "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "March 1, 1969" }],
              "question": "When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?",
              "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 600, "text": "a historical summary" }
              ],
              "question": "What was released on March 17, 1969?",
              "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc12"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On March 13, 1969, on the B\u00e1i H\u00e1p River, Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at C\u00e1i N\u01b0\u1edbc and MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal. Earlier in the day, Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker. Debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village, the boats approached a fishing weir; one group of boats went around to the left of the weir, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's PCF-94 boat went around to the right, along the shoreline. A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 \"about 2-3 ft out of water\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 19, "text": "on the B\u00e1i H\u00e1p River" }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Kerry on Mar 13, 1969?",
              "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 386, "text": "in the buttocks" }],
              "question": "On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?",
              "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc19"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 407, "text": "blowing up a rice bunker" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13, 1969?",
              "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 635, "text": "PCF-94" }],
              "question": "What boat was Kerry on, on Mar 13?",
              "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 747, "text": "PCF-3" }],
              "question": "What was the lead boat on Mar 13?",
              "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\" for \"heroic achievement\", for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "PCF-94" }],
              "question": "What boat was Rassmann on?",
              "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac0f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "James Rassmann" }],
              "question": "Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?",
              "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 16, "text": "a Green Beret advisor" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Rassmann's job?",
              "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 448,
                  "text": "the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?",
              "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 491, "text": "heroic achievement" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the Combat V mean?",
              "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C. On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On January 1, 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant. Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty. John Kerry was on active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "third" }],
              "question": "Which wound allowed Kerry to leave combat duty?",
              "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8153"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where was Kerry reassigned in April 1969?",
              "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8154"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 446, "text": "January 1, 1970" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry become a lieutenant?",
              "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8155"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 414, "text": "Rear Admiral Walter Schlech" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry a personal aide for?",
              "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8156"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 789, "text": "February 1978" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry leave the Naval Reserve?",
              "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8157"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative 'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "his father" }],
              "question": "Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?",
              "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38ca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 217, "text": "the Texas Air National Guard" }
              ],
              "question": "What military branch was George W. Bush in?",
              "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38ca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "by calling Kerry's war record into question"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Republicans attack Kerry?",
              "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38caa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 703, "text": "Swift Vets and POWs for Truth" }
              ],
              "question": "What did SBVT change its name to?",
              "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38cab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1115, "text": "swiftboating" }],
              "question": "What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?",
              "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38cac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation. According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, \"I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well\", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "about 20,000" }],
              "question": "How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it?",
              "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What VVAW investigation was Kerry involved in?",
              "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 475, "text": "Nixon Secretary of Defense" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Melvin Laird?",
              "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 685, "text": "his antiwar activity" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Laird refuse to court-martial Kerry for?",
              "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: \"I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry do on Apr 22, 1971?",
              "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": "ending the war" }],
              "question": "What was the topic of the hearing Kerry testified on?",
              "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 765,
                  "text": "some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry throw over a fence?",
              "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 976,
                  "text": "for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Kerry participate in the protest?",
              "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "almost 1000" }],
              "question": "How many vets participated in the protest?",
              "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry was arrested on May 30, 1971, during a VVAW march to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam. The march was planned as a multi-day event from Concord to Boston, and while in Lexington, participants tried to camp on the village green. At 2:30 a.m., local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the Miranda Warning and were hauled away on school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protesters later paid a $5 fine, and were released. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the VVAW.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "May 30, 1971" }],
              "question": "When was Kerry arrested for protesting?",
              "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "American POWs held captive by North Vietnam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was being honored on May 30, 1971?",
              "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "441" }],
              "question": "How many people were arrested with Kerry?",
              "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 253, "text": "2:30 a.m." }],
              "question": "At what time was Kerry arrested?",
              "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "tried to camp on the village green"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the protesters arrested?",
              "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1970, Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district, but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan, a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist, who went on to defeat Philbin. In February 1972, Kerry's wife bought a house in Worcester, with Kerry intending to run against the 4th district's ageing thirteen-term incumbent Democrat, Harold Donohue. The couple never moved in. After Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse of the neighbouring 5th district announced his retirement and then resignation to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations. The couple instead rented an apartment in Lowell, so that Kerry could run to succeed him.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "Democrat Philip J. Philbin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who had Kerry considered running against in 1970?",
              "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which district had Kerry considered running in 1970?",
              "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 193, "text": "Robert Drinan" }],
              "question": "Who ran against Philbin instead of Kerry?",
              "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Morse retire?",
              "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 483, "text": "Republican" }],
              "question": "What political party was Morse in?",
              "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a \"very expensive, sophisticated campaign\", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with \"breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny\", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "attorney" }],
              "question": "What was Paul Sheehy's job?",
              "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 99, "text": "State Representative" }
              ],
              "question": "What was DiFruscia's position?",
              "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 120, "text": "Anthony R. DiFruscia" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?",
              "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 933,
                  "text": "they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?",
              "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 456, "text": "Cameron" }],
              "question": "What is Kerry's younger brother's name?",
              "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former State Representative Paul W. Cronin, and conservative Democrat Roger P. Durkin, who ran as an Independent. A week after the primary, one poll put Kerry 26-points ahead of Cronin. His campaign called for a national health insurance system, discounted prescription drugs for the unemployed, a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River and rent controls in Lowell and Lawrence. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading newspaper, the conservative The Sun. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about his out-of-state contributions and his \"carpetbagging\", because he had only moved into the district in April. Subsequently released \"Watergate\" Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating Kerry's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon. Kerry himself asserts that Nixon sent operatives to Lowell to help derail his campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Independent" }],
              "question": "What party did Durkin run as?",
              "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 248, "text": "26-points" }],
              "question": "How far ahead of Cronin did Kerry poll?",
              "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 545, "text": "conservative" }],
              "question": "What slant did The Sun have?",
              "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 921, "text": "President Nixon" }],
              "question": "Who did Kerry say tried to stop his campaign?",
              "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Kerry want to create jobs?",
              "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was \"slipping away\" and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that \"for two solid weeks, [The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were.\" He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks cost him the race.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "110,970" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?",
              "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "53.45%" }],
              "question": "What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?",
              "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "92,847" }],
              "question": "How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?",
              "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 415, "text": "44.72%" }],
              "question": "What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?",
              "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 747,
                  "text": "his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?",
              "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Belvidere, Lowell, entering a decade which his brother Cameron later called \"the years in exile\". He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. In September 1973, he entered Boston College Law School. While studying, Kerry worked as a talk radio host on WBZ and, in July 1974, was named executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Belvidere, Lowell" }],
              "question": "Where did Kerry move after the 1972 election?",
              "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 137, "text": "\"the years in exile\"" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry's brother call the decade after 1972?",
              "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry fundraise for?",
              "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 314, "text": "September 1973" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry enter law school?",
              "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "WBZ" }],
              "question": "Where was Kerry a talk radio host?",
              "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney, essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease). As First Assistant, Kerry tried cases, which included winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. He also played a role in administering the office, including initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke, regarding \"misstatements\" in his first divorce trial. The inquiry ended with no charges being brought after investigators and prosecutors determined that Brooke's misstatements were pertinent to the case, but were not material enough to have affected the outcome.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1977" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry become an ADA?",
              "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 167, "text": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" }
              ],
              "question": "What condition did Droney have?",
              "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 206, "text": "Lou Gehrig's Disease" }
              ],
              "question": "What is ALS's nickname?",
              "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 745, "text": "Edward Brooke" }],
              "question": "What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978?",
              "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 770,
                  "text": "\"misstatements\" in his first divorce trial"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was Brooke being investigated?",
              "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Droney's health was poor and Kerry had decided to run for his position in the 1978 election should Droney drop out. However, Droney was re-elected and his health improved; he went on to re-assume many of the duties that he had delegated to Kerry. Kerry thus decided to leave, departing in 1979 with assistant DA Roanne Sragow to set up their own law firm. Kerry also worked as a commentator for WCVB-TV and co-founded a bakery, Kilvert & Forbes Ltd., with businessman and former Kennedy aide K. Dun Gifford.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "1978" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry consider running for president if Droney didn't?",
              "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 289, "text": "1979" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry leave the DA's office?",
              "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 312, "text": "Roanne Sragow" }],
              "question": "Who left the DA's office with Kerry?",
              "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 428, "text": "Kilvert & Forbes Ltd." }
              ],
              "question": "What bakery did Kerry co-found?",
              "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 492, "text": "K. Dun Gifford" }],
              "question": "Who did Kerry start a bakery with?",
              "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he \"won broad establishment support and led in early polling.\" Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?",
              "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "1984" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry run for Senate?",
              "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?",
              "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 280, "text": "Congressman" }],
              "question": "What was James Shannon's job?",
              "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "House Speaker" }],
              "question": "What was Tip O'Neill's job?",
              "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega had won internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the U.S. dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a \"propaganda initiative\" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said \"I am willing..... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas.\" The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "April 18, 1985" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry visit Nicaragua?",
              "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 72, "text": "Senator Tom Harkin" }],
              "question": "Who did Kerry visit Nicaragua with?",
              "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Iowa" }],
              "question": "Where was Tom Harkin from?",
              "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 154, "text": "Daniel Ortega" }],
              "question": "Who did Kerry visit in Nicaragua?",
              "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was criticized about Ortega's administration?",
              "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d18"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise \"serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?",
              "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who had Oliver North been supporting?",
              "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 435,
                  "text": "illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What crime had Kerry said North committed?",
              "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 290, "text": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the Contras?",
              "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "the National Security Council and the CIA"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What government agencies worked with North?",
              "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Kerry Committee report found that \"the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.\" The U.S. State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "drug traffickers" }],
              "question": "Who was the State Department giving money to?",
              "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8207"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "over $806,000" }],
              "question": "How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?",
              "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8209"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?",
              "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8208"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "little reaction in the media and official Washington"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?",
              "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb820a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 86, "text": "Pakistan" }],
              "question": "Where is the BCCI based?",
              "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "Bank of Credit and Commerce International"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What bank helped Noriega?",
              "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 311, "text": "1991" }],
              "question": "When was BCCI shut down?",
              "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 335, "text": "Kerry and Senator Hank Brown" }
              ],
              "question": "Who collaborated in the report about BCCI?",
              "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "The BCCI Affair" }],
              "question": "What was the BCCI report called?",
              "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fca0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "William Weld" }],
              "question": "Who ran against Kerry in 1996?",
              "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deaca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "71%" }],
              "question": "When Weld was re-elected governor, how much of the vote did he get?",
              "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 140, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When was Weld re-elected governor?",
              "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "$6.9 million" }],
              "question": "What did Kerry and Weld agree to limit their campaign spending to?",
              "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 383, "text": "Both candidates" }],
              "question": "Who broke the agreed-upon spending cap?",
              "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a \"botched joke\", having inadvertently left out the key word \"us\" (which would have been, \"If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq\"), as well as leaving the phrase \"just ask President Bush\" off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks, which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was \"... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.\" He also said that from the context of the speech which, prior to the \"stuck in Iraq\" line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 428,
                  "text": "\"... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry supposed to say when he 'botched a joke'?",
              "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8215"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 696,
                  "text": "President Bush and not American troops in general"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry saying was stuck in Iraq?",
              "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8216"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "inadvertently left out the key word \"us\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What mistake did Kerry make in the joke?",
              "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8217"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry \"has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis,\" a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden \"has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet,\" the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of \"recalibrating\" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "Afghanistan and Pakistan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?",
              "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 152, "text": "May 2011" }],
              "question": "When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy?",
              "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "perhaps the most important crossroads yet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?",
              "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?",
              "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 751, "text": "Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Pakistan's army chief in 2013?",
              "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 258, "text": "the National Journal" }
              ],
              "question": "Who said Kerry was the 'top Senate liberal'?",
              "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When was Kerry called the 'top Senate liberal'?",
              "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "11th most liberal" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's actual career voting rank for 'liberalness'?",
              "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 912,
                  "text": "North American Free Trade Agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trade agreement did Kerry support?",
              "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1006,
                  "text": "Central American Free Trade Agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What trade agreement did Kerry oppose?",
              "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; \"I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security.\" Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying \"Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real.\" Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: \"Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 46, "text": "October 9, 2002" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?",
              "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 367, "text": "2003" }],
              "question": "When did Bush declare the Iraq war?",
              "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 501, "text": "Saddam Hussein" }],
              "question": "Who did Kerry say we should disarm?",
              "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "January 23, 2003" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?",
              "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993?",
              "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the POW/MIA committee conclude about Vietnam POWs?",
              "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "1994" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam?",
              "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "John McCain" }],
              "question": "Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam, along with Kerry?",
              "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "1995" }],
              "question": "When did Bill Clinton normalize relations with Vietnam?",
              "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a \"ridiculous waste of time.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 125, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Where was John Edwards a senator?",
              "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Vermont" }],
              "question": "Where was Howard Dean a governor?",
              "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "Army General" }],
              "question": "What was Wesley Clark's former job?",
              "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "John Kerry" }],
              "question": "Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus?",
              "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 629, "text": "July 6, 2004" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?",
              "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fcaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,\" helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 76, "text": "President George W. Bush" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign?",
              "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "for the Iraq War" }],
              "question": "Why did Kerry criticize Bush during the 2004 campaign?",
              "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What had Kerry voted against after supporting the initial Iraq authorization?",
              "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 476, "text": "a flip-flopper" }],
              "question": "What did Bush's campaign call Kerry for changing his mind about Iraq?",
              "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping America's Promise, which declared as its mandate \"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq\", and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races. Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle. \"Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator\", Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Keeping America's Promise" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry's PAC?",
              "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "\"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the mission of Keeping America's Promise?",
              "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 600, "text": "179" }],
              "question": "How many down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?",
              "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "42" }],
              "question": "How many states' down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?",
              "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 692,
                  "text": "the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which election did Kerry's PAC focus on?",
              "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On December 15, 2012, several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, after Susan Rice, widely seen as Obama's preferred choice, withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack. On December 21, Obama proposed the nomination which received positive commentary. His confirmation hearing took place on January 24, 2013, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the same panel where he first testified in 1971. The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94\u20133. In a letter to Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, Kerry announced his resignation from the Senate effective February 1.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "December 15, 2012" }],
              "question": "When was it reported that Kerry would become SoS?",
              "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Hillary Clinton" }],
              "question": "Who was Secretary of State before Kerry?",
              "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "Susan Rice" }],
              "question": "Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary?",
              "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Rice withdraw?",
              "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 639, "text": "January 29, 2013" }],
              "question": "When was Kerry's appointment confirmed?",
              "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d58"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation \"for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos.\" Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having \"a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder\" as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, \"Hell no. I'm not slowing down.\" Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary Clinton according to department employees. However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State. After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise. Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, \"Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?\"; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 137,
                  "text": "Career State Department officials"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?",
              "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deaccd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?",
              "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "having \"a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "How had some State employees described Kerry?",
              "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deaccf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 991, "text": "Foreign Policy Magazine" }
              ],
              "question": "Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?",
              "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1196,
                  "text": "tied for 11th place out of the 15"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?",
              "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacd1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said \"We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop\u2019s raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father\u2019s comments \u2013 the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "Archbishop Pietro Parolin" }
              ],
              "question": "Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?",
              "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8227"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 251, "text": "Syria" }],
              "question": "What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?",
              "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8228"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 445, "text": "the Geneva II process" }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?",
              "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8229"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 672, "text": "over 130,000" }],
              "question": "How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?",
              "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb822a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: \"He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total accounting for that. But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously.\" This unscripted remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal, as Russia treated Kerry's statement as a serious proposal. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia would work \"immediately\" to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal. Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. and Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014. On September 28, the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Bashar al-Assad" }],
              "question": "Who was Syria's president in 2014?",
              "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry say Syria could do to avoid a military strike?",
              "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 538, "text": "Russia" }],
              "question": "Which country convinced Syria to actually give up its chemical weapons?",
              "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 594, "text": "Russian Foreign Minister" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Sergey Lavrov's position?",
              "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1016, "text": "September 28" }],
              "question": "When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?",
              "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, \"The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "the Organization of American States"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?",
              "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 93, "text": "the era of the Monroe Doctrine" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?",
              "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 55, "text": "in November 2013" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry speak to the OAS?",
              "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d6a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry's paternal grandparents, shoe businessman Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry and musician Ida Lowe, were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fred was born as \"Fritz Kohn\" before he and Ida took on the \"Kerry\" name and moved to the United States. Fred and Ida were born Jewish, and converted to Catholicism together in Austria. His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the Forbes family, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley\u2013Winthrop family. Margaret's paternal grandfather Robert Charles Winthrop served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Robert's father was Governor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a great-great-grandson of Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop and great-grandson of Governor Thomas Dudley. Through his mother, John is a first cousin once removed of French politician Brice Lalonde.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "Ida Lowe" }],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandmother?",
              "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8237"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 48, "text": "Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandfather?",
              "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8238"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 78, "text": "musician" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandmother's career?",
              "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8239"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 31, "text": "shoe businessman" }],
              "question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandfather's career?",
              "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb823a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 118, "text": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry's paternal grandparents immigrate from?",
              "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb823b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Alexandra was born days before Kerry began law school. In 1982, Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe depression. They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997. \"After 14 years as a political wife, I associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness\" she wrote in A Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an architect, and moved to Bozeman, Montana, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "1982" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry and his wife separate?",
              "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8241"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 169, "text": "July 25, 1988" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry and his wife divorce?",
              "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8242"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 226, "text": "1997" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry and his wife get an annullment?",
              "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8243"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "A Change of Heart" }],
              "question": "What book did Kerry's ex-wife write?",
              "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8244"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 409, "text": "Richard Charlesworth" }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Kerry's ex-wife remarry?",
              "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8245"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry and his second wife, Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near Lower Merion. Teresa has three sons from her previous marriage to Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV, Andr\u00e9 Thierstein Heinz, and Christopher Drake Heinz. Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is Kerry's 2nd wife?",
              "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Mozambican" }],
              "question": "What is Kerry's 2nd wife's nationality?",
              "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 202, "text": "Henry John Heinz III" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was Kerry's 2nd wife's previous husband?",
              "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 288, "text": "1990" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry and Teresa meet?",
              "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "at an Earth Day rally" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Kerry and Teresa meet?",
              "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives, including his mother, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (named for the Forbes family of publishers, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history, when adjusted for inflation. This assessment was based on Heinz and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when Berkshire Hathaway announced their intention to purchase the company.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "$750 million" }],
              "question": "What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?",
              "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8255"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth?",
              "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8256"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 520, "text": "Rosemary Forbes Kerry" }
              ],
              "question": "What was Kerry's mother's name?",
              "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8257"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 555, "text": "2002" }],
              "question": "When did Kerry's mother pass away?",
              "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8258"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 736, "text": "third-richest" }],
              "question": "Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation?",
              "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8259"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry is a Roman Catholic, and is said to carry a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. While Kerry is personally against abortion, he supports a woman's legal right to have one. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, \"I thought of being a priest. I was very religious while at school in Switzerland. I was an altar boy and prayed all the time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church.\" He also said that the Letters of Paul (Apostle Paul) moved him the most, stating that they taught him to \"not feel sorry for myself.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Roman Catholic" }],
              "question": "What religion is Kerry?",
              "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What religious items did Kerry bring with him while campaigning?",
              "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "travelers" }],
              "question": "What is St. Christopher the patron saint of?",
              "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "was an altar boy and prayed all the time"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland?",
              "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 486, "text": "the Letters of Paul" }
              ],
              "question": "Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving?",
              "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 \"I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions... I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways.\" He said that he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 11, "text": "Christianity Today" }],
              "question": "Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion?",
              "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to?",
              "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Kerry say about major religious texts?",
              "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an \"avid cyclist\", primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms. He has also been a snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "Sports Illustrated" }],
              "question": "Who said Kerry is an 'avid cyclist'?",
              "id": "572acab534ae481900deaceb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 143, "text": "a road bike" }],
              "question": "What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?",
              "id": "572acab534ae481900deacec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 235, "text": "long-distance rides" }
              ],
              "question": "What are 'centuries' in bicycling?",
              "id": "572acab534ae481900deaced"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 405,
                  "text": "recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?",
              "id": "572acab534ae481900deacee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What other sports does Kerry participate in?",
              "id": "572acab534ae481900deacef"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the Boston Herald, dated July 23, 2010, Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million yacht (a Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, where the Friendship yacht company is based. The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500. However, on July 27, 2010, Kerry stated he had yet to take legal possession of the boat, had not intended to avoid the taxes, and that when he took possession, he would pay the taxes whether he owed them or not.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "a Friendship 75" }],
              "question": "What type of yacht did Kerry buy?",
              "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "$7 million" }],
              "question": "How expensive was Kerry's yacht?",
              "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 132, "text": "New Zealand" }],
              "question": "Where was Kerry's yacht built?",
              "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 345, "text": "$437,500" }],
              "question": "How much sales tax did Kerry owe on the yacht?",
              "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 285, "text": "Massachusetts" }],
              "question": "Which state received Kerry's yacht's sales tax?",
              "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcde"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Rajasthan",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259st\u00e6n/ Hindustani pronunciation: [ra\u02d0d\u0292\u0259s\u02c8t\u032a\u02b0a\u02d0n] ( listen); literally, \"Land of Kings\") is India's largest state by area (342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4% of India's total area). It is located on the western side of the country, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the \"Rajasthan Desert\" and \"Great Indian Desert\") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization at Kalibanga; the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli mountain range; and, in eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to two national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "342,239" }],
              "question": "How many square kilometers is Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572a997134ae481900deabad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "10.4%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572a997134ae481900deabae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "the \"Rajasthan Desert\" and \"Great Indian Desert\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by?",
              "id": "572a997134ae481900deabaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 448, "text": "Punjab" }],
              "question": "What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north?",
              "id": "572a997134ae481900deabb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 814, "text": "Jain" }],
              "question": "The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom?",
              "id": "572a997134ae481900deabb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first mention of the name \"Rajasthan\" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of \"Rajputana\" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that \"Rajputana\" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase \"Rajpoot (Rajput) princes\" rather than \"Indian princes\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 65, "text": "1829" }],
              "question": "When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb809f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?",
              "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Rajputana" }],
              "question": "What is another name for the Rajasthan region?",
              "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1800" }],
              "question": "In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?",
              "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 296, "text": "John Keay" }],
              "question": "Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?",
              "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Parts of what is now Rajasthan were part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization,. It is believed that Western Kshatrapas (405\u201335 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushans, who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with their calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Matsya, a state of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 44, "text": "the Indus Valley Civilization" }
              ],
              "question": "Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization?",
              "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80a9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 90, "text": "Hanumangarh district" }
              ],
              "question": "In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within?",
              "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80aa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 198, "text": "Western Kshatrapas" }
              ],
              "question": "What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called?",
              "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "405\u201335 BC" }],
              "question": "Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power?",
              "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 451, "text": "the northern part" }],
              "question": "The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent?",
              "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ad"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 359, "text": "Gurjars" }],
              "question": "Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?",
              "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Bhils" }],
              "question": "What tribe formerly ruled Kota?",
              "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 467, "text": "Meenas" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?",
              "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 115, "text": "Saini" }],
              "question": "What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?",
              "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 190, "text": "Rajasthan" }],
              "question": "The Jats assisted in building what state?",
              "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 4, "text": "Gurjar Pratihar Empire" }
              ],
              "question": "What empire stopped Arab invasions?",
              "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 73, "text": "8th" }],
              "question": "Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?",
              "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 668, "text": "Sindh" }],
              "question": "Arab conquest was limited to what region?",
              "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb90"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "its successful resistance to foreign invasions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?",
              "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "Historian R. C. Majumdar" }
              ],
              "question": "Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?",
              "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 75, "text": "nineteen" }],
              "question": "How many princely states of Rajputana contain?",
              "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 145, "text": "Ajmer-Merwara" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?",
              "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 313, "text": "princely" }],
              "question": "Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?",
              "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 337, "text": "Tonk" }],
              "question": "Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?",
              "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 385, "text": "Rajput families" }],
              "question": "What families rose to power in the 6th century?",
              "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas. The Marathas, who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra, ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Mughals" }],
              "question": "What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?",
              "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabd9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 188, "text": "18th century" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?",
              "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 227, "text": "suzerainty" }],
              "question": "The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?",
              "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "the state of what is now Maharashtra"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the Marathas from?",
              "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 520, "text": "1818" }],
              "question": "In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?",
              "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "the Aravalli Range" }],
              "question": "Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "530 mi" }],
              "question": "What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?",
              "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 212, "text": "Mount Abu" }],
              "question": "What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?",
              "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 573, "text": "two-fifths" }],
              "question": "What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?",
              "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 303, "text": "West Banas River" }],
              "question": "Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?",
              "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80ce"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 \u00b0C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The northwestern portion" }
              ],
              "question": "Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan? ",
              "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 101, "text": "the Thar Desert" }],
              "question": "Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "Jodhpur" }],
              "question": "What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?",
              "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 566,
                  "text": "Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?",
              "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 951, "text": "400 mm" }],
              "question": "Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?",
              "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbc0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "more fertile and better watered"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?",
              "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?",
              "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c5f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 243, "text": "teak, Acacia" }],
              "question": "What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?",
              "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 284, "text": "Vagad region" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?",
              "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "Vagad" }],
              "question": "What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c62"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "1,722" }],
              "question": "How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?",
              "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "60%" }],
              "question": "What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?",
              "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 517, "text": "100 to 350 m above sea level" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 699, "text": "Kota and Bundi" }],
              "question": "A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?",
              "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c75"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 821, "text": "the Chambal River" }],
              "question": "What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan",
              "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c76"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "Jaisalmer" }],
              "question": "Which region contains Desert National Park?",
              "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "1,221 sq mi" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Desert National Park?",
              "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "massive fossilised tree trunks"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?",
              "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?",
              "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 553, "text": "Falco jugger" }],
              "question": "What is another name for a laggar falcon?",
              "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "Ranthambore National Park" }
              ],
              "question": "What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?",
              "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fbfe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 266, "text": "five tigers" }],
              "question": "How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?",
              "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fbff"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "one of the best place in India to spot tigers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?",
              "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fc00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 203, "text": "poaching and negligence" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?",
              "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fc01"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 33, "text": "agricultural and pastoral" }
              ],
              "question": "The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?",
              "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8121"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 150, "text": "Cotton and tobacco" }
              ],
              "question": "What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?",
              "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8122"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "edible oils" }],
              "question": "What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?",
              "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8123"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 380, "text": "opium" }],
              "question": "Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?",
              "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8124"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 426, "text": "two crop seasons" }],
              "question": "How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8125"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as \"chittar patthar\". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "polyester fibre" }],
              "question": "What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?",
              "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 643, "text": "Makrana" }],
              "question": "From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?",
              "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 718, "text": "rich salt deposits" }
              ],
              "question": "What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?",
              "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "copper mines" }],
              "question": "What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?",
              "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "\u20b9250 million per day" }
              ],
              "question": "What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?",
              "id": "572aac99111d821400f38c9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 298, "text": "300,000 barrels" }],
              "question": "How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?",
              "id": "572aac99111d821400f38c9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 479, "text": "Bombay High" }],
              "question": "The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?",
              "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 670, "text": "Cairn India" }],
              "question": "What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??",
              "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 363, "text": "175,000 barrels" }],
              "question": "How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?",
              "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lashun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. \"Dal-Baati-Churma\", is a combination of three different food items \u2014 Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?",
              "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb8149"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "scarcity of water" }],
              "question": "Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?",
              "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 353, "text": "Bikaneri Bhujia" }],
              "question": "What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?",
              "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "lashun ki chutney" }],
              "question": "What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?",
              "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 628, "text": "the Marwar region" }],
              "question": "Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?",
              "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ghoomar dance" }],
              "question": "What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?",
              "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 61, "text": "Jaisalmer" }],
              "question": "Kalbeliya dance is from which region?",
              "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Folk music" }],
              "question": "What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 277, "text": "Folk songs" }],
              "question": "Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?",
              "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb8160"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 357, "text": "religious or devotional" }
              ],
              "question": "What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?",
              "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb8161"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here. Shopping reflects the colorful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colors like blue, yellow and orange.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 116, "text": "prints" }],
              "question": "Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?",
              "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 133, "text": "embroidery" }],
              "question": "Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?",
              "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "ankle-length skirt and a short top"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?",
              "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 497, "text": "lehenga or a chaniya choli" }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?",
              "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb8170"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 670,
                  "text": "bright colors like blue, yellow and orange"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?",
              "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb8171"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints. Bad spirits include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala (\"mount\"). Possession, even if it is by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Spirit possession" }],
              "question": "What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 233, "text": "Bhaironji" }],
              "question": "What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?",
              "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 421, "text": "ghorala" }],
              "question": "What are possessed individuals known as? ",
              "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "mount" }],
              "question": "Ghorala is another word for what?",
              "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What results from possession by even benign spirits?",
              "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "38.55%" }],
              "question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?",
              "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb817f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "20.44%" }],
              "question": "How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?",
              "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8180"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 352, "text": "23%" }],
              "question": "What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8181"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "74.04%" }],
              "question": "What is the national average for literacy in India?",
              "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8182"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "60.41%" }],
              "question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?",
              "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8183"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police University, National institute of Fashion Technology, MBM Engineering College etc. Kota is popularly referred to as, \"coaching capital of India\". Other major educational institutions are Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, IIM Udaipur r and LNMIIT. Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges, 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools. There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students. Apart from above there 41 Private universities like Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur,Manipal University Jaipur, OPJS University, Churu, Mody University of Technology and Science Lakshmangarh (Women's University, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. The state has 23 polytechnic colleges and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart vocational training.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 14, "text": "Jodhpur and Kota" }],
              "question": "What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 197, "text": "Jodhpur" }],
              "question": "In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?",
              "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 433, "text": "coaching capital of India" }
              ],
              "question": "What is is Kota known as within India?",
              "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 642, "text": "nine" }],
              "question": "How many universities does Rajasthan have?",
              "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 742, "text": "41 engineering colleges" }
              ],
              "question": "How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac33"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009\u20132010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Ajmer, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "14 percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?",
              "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38cde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "fourth highest" }],
              "question": "At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?",
              "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38cdf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 129, "text": "fourth" }],
              "question": "How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?",
              "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 489, "text": "eight percent" }],
              "question": "What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?",
              "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and haveli's are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple, Sarun Mata Temple kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Rajput kings" }],
              "question": "Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 402, "text": "the Pink City" }],
              "question": "Jaipur is also known as what city?",
              "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 457,
                  "text": "a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?",
              "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 611, "text": "Jain Temples" }],
              "question": "What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?",
              "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 706, "text": "Ranakpur Temple" }],
              "question": "Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?",
              "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc50"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Guam",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "United States" }],
              "question": "What country is Guam a territory of?",
              "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80b9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 171, "text": "northwestern Pacific Ocean" }
              ],
              "question": "Where is the island of Guan located?",
              "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80ba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 357, "text": "161,785" }],
              "question": "How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015?",
              "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Dededo" }],
              "question": "What is the most populous city in Guam?",
              "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 801, "text": "Mount Lamlam" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam?",
              "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish\u2013American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10, 1898. Guam is amongst the seventeen Non-Self-Governing Territories of the United Nations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Chamorros" }],
              "question": "What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?",
              "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac39"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "4,000 years ago" }],
              "question": "When did Guam's indigenous people first arrive?",
              "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 111, "text": "Ferdinand Magellan" }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first European to visit the island?",
              "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1668" }],
              "question": "What year was Guam colonized?",
              "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "What year did the United States capture Guam?",
              "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before World War II, Guam and three other territories \u2013 American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines \u2013 were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?",
              "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb818f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "December 7, 1941" }],
              "question": "What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?",
              "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8190"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "Guam was captured by the Japanese"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?",
              "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8191"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 278, "text": "thirty months" }],
              "question": "How long did the Japanese occupation last?",
              "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8192"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).:20\u201321 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used achaot as intermediaries. There were also \"mak\u00e5hna\" (similar to shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called \"Taotao mo'na\" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.:21",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?",
              "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb820f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "coastal villages" }],
              "question": "Where were the matua located on the island?",
              "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb8210"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 294, "text": "interior of the island" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the mana'chag located?",
              "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb8211"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41\u201342 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas (\"Islands of the Lateen sails\"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name \"Island of Sails\", but he also writes that the inhabitants \"entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on\", including \"the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.\":129 \"Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones (\"Islands of thieves\").\":131",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 40, "text": "Portuguese" }],
              "question": "What was the nationality of Magellan?",
              "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 151, "text": "1521" }],
              "question": "What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?",
              "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 407, "text": "Proas" }],
              "question": "What were the name of outrigger canoes?",
              "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565 by General Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi.:46 From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.:51 To protect these Pacific fleets, Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today, such as Fort Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Soledad in Umatac. It is the biggest single segment of Micronesia, the largest islands between the island of Kyushu (Japan), New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 85, "text": "1565" }],
              "question": "In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?",
              "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "General Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?",
              "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 429,
                  "text": "built several defensive structures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?",
              "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de Espa\u00f1a and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagat\u00f1a. Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's colony in the Philippines. While Guam's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots, the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish and Mexican culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "June 15, 1668" }],
              "question": "When did Spanish colonization commence?",
              "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?",
              "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 509, "text": "February 2, 1669" }],
              "question": "When did Guam's Cathedral first open?",
              "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 464, "text": "Dulce Nombre de Maria" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the first Cathedral?",
              "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68\u201374",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 144, "text": "1688" }],
              "question": "When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?",
              "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 34, "text": "July 23, 1670 until July 1695" }
              ],
              "question": "In what years was there intermittent war fare?",
              "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 187, "text": "50,000 to 10,000" }],
              "question": "What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?",
              "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 400, "text": "Juan de Santiago" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?",
              "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan and Ninca.:74\u201375 Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads and other infrastructure.:75\u201376 Later, Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77\u201378 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78\u201379 These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.:79 By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the pacification process in Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aguigan.:85",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1674" }],
              "question": "When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?",
              "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8311"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "ordered the arrest of rebels" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?",
              "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8312"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?",
              "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8313"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 570, "text": "1680" }],
              "question": "In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?",
              "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8314"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1120, "text": "1695" }],
              "question": "in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?",
              "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8315"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish\u2013American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A. Guam came to serve as a station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines, while the Northern Mariana Islands passed to Germany, and then to Japan. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901.:13 Following the Philippine\u2013American War, Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901.:vi",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "1898" }],
              "question": "When did the United States take control of the island?",
              "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 57, "text": "Spanish\u2013American War" }
              ],
              "question": "What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?",
              "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 192, "text": "108-A" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?",
              "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?",
              "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Northern Mariana Islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been occupied for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 153, "text": "to serve as interpreters" }
              ],
              "question": "Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?",
              "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "as an occupied enemy" }
              ],
              "question": "How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?",
              "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 586, "text": "Northern Mariana Chamorros" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were loyal to Japan?",
              "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 24, "text": "Guam Organic Act of 1950" }
              ],
              "question": "What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?",
              "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "After World War II" }],
              "question": "What conflict did the Organic Act come after?",
              "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "granted the people U.S. citizenship"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?",
              "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guam lies between 13.2\u00b0N and 13.7\u00b0N and between 144.6\u00b0E and 145.0\u00b0E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, a deep subduction zone, that lies beside the island chain to the east. Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) deep. The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet (407 meters).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "212" }],
              "question": "How many square miles is Guam?",
              "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e54"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How was this island chain created?",
              "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 586, "text": "35,797" }],
              "question": "How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?",
              "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e56"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3\u20444 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "30 miles" }],
              "question": "How many miles is Guam across?",
              "id": "572b514734ae481900dead81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 142, "text": "earthquakes" }],
              "question": "What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?",
              "id": "572b514734ae481900dead82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 497, "text": "volcanic smog" }],
              "question": "Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?",
              "id": "572b514734ae481900dead83"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 \u00b0F (30 \u00b0C) and mean low is 76 \u00b0F (24 \u00b0C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The dry season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to November) constitute the rainy season. The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70\u201375 \u00b0F (21\u201324 \u00b0C) and low humidity levels. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 \u00b0F (36 \u00b0C) on April 18, 1971 and April 1, 1990, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C) on February 8, 1973.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 35, "text": "tropical marine" }],
              "question": "What is Guam's climate characterized as?",
              "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8321"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 214, "text": "86 \u00b0F (30 \u00b0C)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the mean high temperature in Guam?",
              "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8322"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 293, "text": "96 inches (2,180 mm)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?",
              "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8323"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "December to June" }],
              "question": "When does the dry season in Guam typical run?",
              "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8324"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 441, "text": "January and February" }
              ],
              "question": "Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?",
              "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8325"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Post-European-contact Chamorro culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions, with few remaining indigenous pre-Hispanic customs. These influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion. During Spanish colonial rule (1668\u20131898) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Spanish trade between Mesoamerica and Asia. The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence. Many Chamorros also have Spanish surnames because of their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity and the adoption of names from the Cat\u00e1logo alfab\u00e9tico de apellidos, a phenomenon also common to the Philippines.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1668\u20131898" }],
              "question": "hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?",
              "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 454, "text": "Roman Catholicism" }],
              "question": "What religion was the general population converted to?",
              "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 506, "text": "Easter and Christmas" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?",
              "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 769, "text": "Malayo-Polynesian" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?",
              "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead8a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule' and inafa'maolek. Chenchule' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society. It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote, \"In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone. Inafa'maolek, or interdependence, is the key, or central value, in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing. This is the armature, or core, that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 71, "text": "chenchule' and inafa'maolek" }
              ],
              "question": "What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?",
              "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 98, "text": ". Chenchule" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?",
              "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 299,
                  "text": "the land and its produce belong to everyone"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham",
              "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect: From sniffing over the hands of the elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends, chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide' canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument made from a gourd), fashioning of \u00e5cho' atupat slings and slingstones, tool manufacture, M\u00e5tan Guma' burial rituals, and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 58, "text": "social protocol" }],
              "question": "What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?",
              "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "sniffing over the hands of the elders"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?",
              "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "string musical instrument made from a gourd"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?",
              "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?",
              "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "relocating to the U.S. Mainland"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?",
              "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?",
              "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Guam elects one non-voting delegate, currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, to the United States House of Representatives. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 66, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many people make up the Guam legislation?",
              "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?",
              "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Guam has no votes" }],
              "question": "How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?",
              "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 89, "text": "becoming a commonwealth" }
              ],
              "question": "What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?",
              "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?",
              "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 518, "text": "Hawaii" }],
              "question": "What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?",
              "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs. By 2012, these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the U.S military proposed?",
              "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 88, "text": "8,600 Marines" }],
              "question": "How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?",
              "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "4,800 Marines" }],
              "question": "Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?",
              "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas\u2013styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 64, "text": "Japanese" }],
              "question": "What tourist commonly visits Guam?",
              "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8341"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "20 large hotels" }],
              "question": "Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?",
              "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8342"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 382, "text": "seven" }],
              "question": "How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?",
              "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8343"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 427, "text": "a million" }],
              "question": "About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?",
              "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8344"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 795, "text": "Kmart" }],
              "question": "Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?",
              "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8345"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of \"free association\" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress had appropriated \"Compact Impact\" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Compacts of Free Association"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?",
              "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?",
              "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?",
              "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9e"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted \"Guam\" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910\u201396932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "1899" }],
              "question": "In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?",
              "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "U.S. postage" }],
              "question": "What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?",
              "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 307, "text": "96910\u201396932" }],
              "question": "What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?",
              "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 456, "text": "FedEx, UPS, and DHL" }
              ],
              "question": "Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?",
              "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to \"Guam\" instead of \"USA\" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "on size and time of year" }
              ],
              "question": "What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?",
              "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deaddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 106, "text": "first-class" }],
              "question": "Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?",
              "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deadde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "post office boxes or private mail boxes"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?",
              "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deaddf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Commercial Port of Guam is the island's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Commercial Port" }],
              "question": "What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?",
              "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 179, "text": "Matson, Inc" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?",
              "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why is the port so important?",
              "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which is a hub for United Airlines. The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction. Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration (but not customs) functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Antonio B. Won Pat" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the international airport in Guam?",
              "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "United Airlines" }],
              "question": "What major airline resides at the airport?",
              "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "operating its own customs and quarantine agency"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?",
              "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "brown tree snake" }],
              "question": "Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?",
              "id": "572b63f4be1ee31400cb8351"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 89, "text": "brown tree snake" }],
              "question": "What was accidentally introduced into Guam?",
              "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8353"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "nearly eliminated the native bird population"
                }
              ],
              "question": "With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?",
              "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8354"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 742,
                  "text": "has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?",
              "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8355"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?",
              "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb8359"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 471, "text": "twelve bird species" }
              ],
              "question": "How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?",
              "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb835a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "ko'ko' birds" }],
              "question": "What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?",
              "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb835b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13\u201325, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 22, "text": "coconut rhinoceros beetle" }
              ],
              "question": "What insect was detected in 2007?",
              "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb835f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "American Samoa" }],
              "question": "What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?",
              "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb8360"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Southern Asia" }],
              "question": "Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?",
              "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb8361"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and \"barrens\" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Wildfires" }],
              "question": "What plagues the Guam dry season?",
              "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "man" }],
              "question": "What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?",
              "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What causes water quality problems in Guam?",
              "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 41, "text": "coral reef habitats" }
              ],
              "question": "What has Guam recently being trying to protect?",
              "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdaa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 66,
                  "text": "pollution, eroded silt and overfishing"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?",
              "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 779, "text": "Mariana fruit bats" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?",
              "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdac"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?",
              "id": "572b69e434ae481900deade9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 86,
                  "text": "Western Association of Schools and Colleges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who are these two schools accredited by?",
              "id": "572b69e434ae481900deadea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 274, "text": "Pacific Islands University" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?",
              "id": "572b69e434ae481900deadeb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "32,000" }],
              "question": "How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?",
              "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "high dropout rates and poor test scores"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has plagued Guam public schools?",
              "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Guam Department of Education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?",
              "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning. U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community. There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands. A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 0, "text": "The Government of Guam" }
              ],
              "question": "Who runs Guam's main health care facility?",
              "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8377"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 73, "text": "Guam Memorial Hospital" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?",
              "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8378"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 489, "text": "Guam Regional Medical City" }
              ],
              "question": "Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?",
              "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8379"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Empiricism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical \"scientific method\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 173, "text": "rationalism" }],
              "question": "What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?",
              "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "reason independently of the senses"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?",
              "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 325, "text": "knowledge of God's existence" }
              ],
              "question": "What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?",
              "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead29"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 383, "text": "intuition and reasoning alone" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?",
              "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead2a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where were the main European rationalists?",
              "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead2b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as \"nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu\" (Latin for \"nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses\").",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "his theory of potentiality and actuality"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?",
              "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 306,
                  "text": "an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?",
              "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 459, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?",
              "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 543, "text": "Plato" }],
              "question": "Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?",
              "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 671,
                  "text": "Latin for \"nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does \"nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu\" mean?",
              "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead35"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as \"When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon.\" Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends \"For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience\" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the Stoic view?",
              "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8283"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 211, "text": "doxographer" }],
              "question": "What was Aetius's career?",
              "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8284"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "Chaeronea" }],
              "question": "Where was Sextus from?",
              "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8285"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 495, "text": "Sextus" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?",
              "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8286"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Aetius" }],
              "question": "Whose ideas did Sextus build on?",
              "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8287"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through \"empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts\" developed through a \"syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts\". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality \"that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge\". So the immaterial \"active intellect\", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 23, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?",
              "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 74, "text": "Islamic" }],
              "question": "What religion was Al Farabi?",
              "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 671, "text": "material intellect" }
              ],
              "question": "What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?",
              "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "active intellect" }],
              "question": "What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?",
              "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb8290"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 899,
                  "text": "the immaterial \"active intellect\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is crucial for understanding?",
              "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb8291"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as \"Abubacer\" or \"Ebn Tophail\" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child \"from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society\" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail" }
              ],
              "question": "What was 'Abubacer' normally called?",
              "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8297"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 70, "text": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail" }
              ],
              "question": "What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?",
              "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8298"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 38, "text": "Muslim" }],
              "question": "What was Ibn Tufail's religion?",
              "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8299"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Andalusian" }],
              "question": "What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?",
              "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb829a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 7, "text": "12th century CE" }],
              "question": "When did Ibn Tufail live?",
              "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb829b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the \"effectual truth\" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) said, \"If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 512, "text": "1452" }],
              "question": "When was da Vinci born?",
              "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dbe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "1519" }],
              "question": "When did da Vinci die?",
              "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dbf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did renaissance writers question?",
              "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who did Machiavelli disdain?",
              "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?",
              "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520\u20131591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for \"experiment\" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded \"experience and demonstration\" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "ca. 1520" }],
              "question": "When was Vincenzo Galilei born?",
              "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dc8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 92, "text": "1591" }],
              "question": "When did Vincenzo Galilei die?",
              "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dc9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 109, "text": "Galileo" }],
              "question": "Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?",
              "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 519, "text": "experiment" }],
              "question": "What does 'esperienza' mean?",
              "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dcb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and Ren\u00e9 Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "17th century" }],
              "question": "When was the British empiricism period?",
              "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 269, "text": "empiricist" }],
              "question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?",
              "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 323, "text": "rationalist" }],
              "question": "What type of philosopher was Descartes?",
              "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 425, "text": "empiricist" }],
              "question": "What type of philosopher was Hobbes?",
              "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 442, "text": "rationalist" }],
              "question": "What type of philosopher was Spinoza?",
              "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In response to the early-to-mid-17th century \"continental rationalism\" John Locke (1632\u20131704) proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori, i.e., based upon experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa, a \"blank tablet\", in Locke's words \"white paper\", on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are essential for the object in question to be what it is. Without specific primary qualities, an object would not be what it is. For example, an apple is an apple because of the arrangement of its atomic structure. If an apple was structured differently, it would cease to be an apple. Secondary qualities are the sensory information we can perceive from its primary qualities. For example, an apple can be perceived in various colours, sizes, and textures but it is still identified as an apple. Therefore, its primary qualities dictate what the object essentially is, while its secondary qualities define its attributes. Complex ideas combine simple ones, and divide into substances, modes, and relations. According to Locke, our knowledge of things is a perception of ideas that are in accordance or discordance with each other, which is very different from the quest for certainty of Descartes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 147, "text": "1689" }],
              "question": "When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?",
              "id": "572b352e111d821400f38dda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "John Locke" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?",
              "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "blank tablet" }],
              "question": "What does 'tabula rasa' mean?",
              "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "white paper" }],
              "question": "What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?",
              "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?",
              "id": "572b352e111d821400f38dde"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685\u20131753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "George Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?",
              "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd10"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 47, "text": "George Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Alciphron'?",
              "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd14"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 265, "text": "1710" }],
              "question": "When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?",
              "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd11"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "Anglican" }],
              "question": "What religion was George Berkeley?",
              "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "Irish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was George Berkeley?",
              "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd13"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711\u20131776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities\u2014by \u2018proofs\u2019 meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And,",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 181, "text": "a new level of skepticism" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hume bring to empiricism?",
              "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "Scottish" }],
              "question": "What was Hume's nationality?",
              "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 446, "text": "demonstrative and probable" }
              ],
              "question": "What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?",
              "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "1776" }],
              "question": "When did Hume die?",
              "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "1711" }],
              "question": "When was Hume born?",
              "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. \"the sun rises in the East\") are examples of the second. All of people's \"ideas\", in turn, are derived from their \"impressions\". For Hume, an \"impression\" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an \"idea\". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "relations of ideas and matters of fact"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?",
              "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "relations of ideas" }],
              "question": "What type of human knowledge is math?",
              "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "matters of fact" }],
              "question": "What type of human knowledge is observing the world?",
              "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "matters of fact" }],
              "question": "What type of human knowledge is \"the sun rises in the East\"?",
              "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 490, "text": "their \"impressions\"" }
              ],
              "question": "Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?",
              "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method \u2014 that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hume think our beliefs are?",
              "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 127, "text": "reason" }],
              "question": "What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?",
              "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "the justification for inductive reasoning"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hume think is a circular argument?",
              "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 828,
                  "text": "that the sun will continue to rise in the East"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?",
              "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 915,
                  "text": "because it has repeatedly done so in the past"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?",
              "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82af"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. According to an extreme empiricist theory known as phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences. Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist \u2014 hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the \"permanent possibility of sensation\". Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?",
              "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 65, "text": "belief in an external world" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?",
              "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 544,
                  "text": "physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is phenomenalism?",
              "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Phenomenalism" }],
              "question": "What is subjective idealism closely related to?",
              "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1154,
                  "text": "the \"permanent possibility of sensation\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?",
              "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such \"groups of permanent possibilities of sensation\" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of \"reality\" that goes beyond mere \"possibilities of sensation\", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the \"gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all\". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "an inductive inference from direct experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mill say knowledge comes from?",
              "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "actual and possible sensations"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sensations did Mill differentiate?",
              "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead46"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 557, "text": "God" }],
              "question": "When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?",
              "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead47"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1121, "text": "gap-filling entities" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mill say might not actually exist?",
              "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead48"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1346,
                  "text": "the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Mill misrepresent about math?",
              "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead49"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "phenomenalist" }],
              "question": "What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?",
              "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 736, "text": "in purely sensory terms" }
              ],
              "question": "How can't a finite set of statements be described?",
              "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1204, "text": "a second doctor" }],
              "question": "What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?",
              "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "logical positivism or neopositivism"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are other terms for logical empiricism?",
              "id": "572b415834ae481900dead4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 69, "text": "early 20th-century" }],
              "question": "When was logical empricism formulated?",
              "id": "572b415834ae481900dead50"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 133, "text": "British empiricism" }
              ],
              "question": "What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?",
              "id": "572b415834ae481900dead51"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Logical empiricism" }],
              "question": "What was Otto Neurath an important member of?",
              "id": "572b415834ae481900dead52"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Logical empiricism" }],
              "question": "What was AJ Ayer an important member of?",
              "id": "572b415834ae481900dead53"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848\u20131925) and Bertrand Russell (1872\u20131970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 234, "text": "1872" }],
              "question": "When was Bertrand Russell born?",
              "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 239, "text": "1970" }],
              "question": "When did Bertrand Russell die?",
              "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 574,
                  "text": "all mathematical truths are logical"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Frege say about math?",
              "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Wittgenstein say about logic?",
              "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1077,
                  "text": "most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are pseudoproblems?",
              "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists\u2014at least before the 1930s\u2014any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics. That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, \"X at location Y and at time T observes such and such.\" The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic-synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. By the late 1960s, it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course, though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 33, "text": "neopositivists" }],
              "question": "Who were extreme empiricists?",
              "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 817,
                  "text": "Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who attacked logical positivism?",
              "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1121, "text": "anti-realists" }],
              "question": "What position does Dummett take?",
              "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 250, "text": "Carnap and Neurath" }
              ],
              "question": "Who abandoned phenomenalism?",
              "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd31"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of \"pragmaticism\". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "In the late 19th and early 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did pragmatism arise?",
              "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "Charles Sanders Peirce and William James"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who developed pragmatism?",
              "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 237, "text": "Harvard" }],
              "question": "Where did Peirce and James meet?",
              "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "in the 1870s" }],
              "question": "When did Peirce and James meet?",
              "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 488, "text": "pragmaticism" }],
              "question": "What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?",
              "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Charles Peirce (1839\u20131914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 16, "text": "1839" }],
              "question": "When was Peirce born?",
              "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82db"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "1914" }],
              "question": "When did Peirce die?",
              "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82dc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 721,
                  "text": "the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?",
              "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82dd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Peirce" }],
              "question": "Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?",
              "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82de"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 186, "text": "Descartes" }],
              "question": "Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?",
              "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82df"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach \"presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "a century" }],
              "question": "How long before Peirce did Hume write?",
              "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 97, "text": "complementary" }],
              "question": "How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?",
              "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 123, "text": "competitive" }],
              "question": "How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?",
              "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 752,
                  "text": "the conclusions of science are always tentative"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did fallibilism say?",
              "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 902, "text": "its self-corrective character" }
              ],
              "question": "What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?",
              "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique \u2013 in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or \"thisness\" \u2013 what the Scholastics called its haecceity \u2013 that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 48, "text": "Peirce" }],
              "question": "Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?",
              "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 41, "text": "1903" }],
              "question": "When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?",
              "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 880,
                  "text": "unique individuality or \"thisness\""
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is 'haecceity'?",
              "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1328, "text": "indirect perception" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Irvin Rock write about?",
              "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1211,
                  "text": "in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?",
              "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd50"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842\u20131910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism \u2013 though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained that the empirically observed \"directly apprehended universe needs ... no extraneous trans-empirical connective support\", by which he meant to rule out the perception that there can be any value added by seeking supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. James's \"radical empiricism\" is thus not radical in the context of the term \"empiricism\", but is instead fairly consistent with the modern use of the term \"empirical\". (His method of argument in arriving at this view, however, still readily encounters debate within philosophy even today.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "William James" }],
              "question": "Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?",
              "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 273, "text": "in James's published lectures" }
              ],
              "question": "Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?",
              "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 57, "text": "1842" }],
              "question": "When was William James born?",
              "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When did William James die?",
              "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd59"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Around the beginning of the 20th century"
                }
              ],
              "question": "When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?",
              "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd5a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "John Dewey (1859\u20131952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "John Dewey" }],
              "question": "Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?",
              "id": "572b459134ae481900dead71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 317,
                  "text": "reality is determined by past experience"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What did Dewey think about reality?",
              "id": "572b459134ae481900dead72"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "1859" }],
              "question": "When was Dewey born?",
              "id": "572b459134ae481900dead73"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1952" }],
              "question": "When did Dewey die?",
              "id": "572b459134ae481900dead74"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 32, "text": "James' pragmatism" }],
              "question": "What was instrumentalism a modification of?",
              "id": "572b459134ae481900dead75"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Idealism",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas\u2014especially beliefs and values\u2014shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "reality" }],
              "question": "What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?",
              "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8365"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 273, "text": "mind-independent" }],
              "question": "What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?",
              "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8366"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 552, "text": "dualist" }],
              "question": "Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?",
              "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8367"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 369, "text": "beliefs and values" }
              ],
              "question": "In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?",
              "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8368"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its \"mind-only\" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 119, "text": "Hindu" }],
              "question": "What Indian thinkers were early idealists?",
              "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 158, "text": "Neoplatonists" }],
              "question": "What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?",
              "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 330, "text": "Mahayana" }],
              "question": "With what sect of Buddhism was the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school affiliated?",
              "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 364, "text": "4th" }],
              "question": "In what century did the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school arise?",
              "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb8370"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 589, "text": "18th" }],
              "question": "What century did George Berkeley live in?",
              "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb8371"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 30, "text": "German" }],
              "question": "What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?",
              "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 165, "text": "19th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Hegel write?",
              "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 356, "text": "phenomenalism" }],
              "question": "Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?",
              "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 529, "text": "Marxism" }],
              "question": "Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?",
              "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (\u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over concrete realities. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, who focus on the world as it presently is. In the arts, similarly, idealism affirms imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "to see" }],
              "question": "What does \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd mean in English?",
              "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 157, "text": "1743" }],
              "question": "By what year was \"idealism\" a word in English?",
              "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 419, "text": "pragmatists" }],
              "question": "Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?",
              "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "Greek" }],
              "question": "What language is \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd?",
              "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more basic. Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning. Epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas, that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "idealist" }],
              "question": "What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?",
              "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 139, "text": "Metaphysical" }],
              "question": "What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?",
              "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "Platonic" }],
              "question": "What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?",
              "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "subjective" }],
              "question": "Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?",
              "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Epistemological" }],
              "question": "What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?",
              "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining\". He claimed that, according to idealism, \"the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness.\"  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness\u2014a rejection of epistemological idealism\u2014but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 26, "text": "George Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Who is a notable subjective idealist?",
              "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 136, "text": "Immanuel Kant" }],
              "question": "What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?",
              "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 51, "text": "realists" }],
              "question": "Who are subjective idealists opposed to?",
              "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 911, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz" }],
              "question": "Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?",
              "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e95"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1288, "text": "Leibniz" }],
              "question": "Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?",
              "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e96"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 63, "text": "Neoplatonism" }],
              "question": "In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?",
              "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 102, "text": "Aristotelian scholasticism" }
              ],
              "question": "What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?",
              "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 138, "text": "12th" }],
              "question": "In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?",
              "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 429, "text": "New Thought" }],
              "question": "Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?",
              "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 207, "text": "Hermann Lotze" }],
              "question": "What notable idealist was responsible for a \"world ground\" theory?",
              "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Plato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Gr\u00f8n calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism\", while Simone Klein calls Plato \"the earliest representative of metaphysical objective idealism\". Nevertheless, Plato holds that matter is real, though transitory and imperfect, and is perceived by our body and its senses and given existence by the eternal ideas that are perceived directly by our rational soul. Plato was therefore a metaphysical and epistemological dualist, an outlook that modern idealism has striven to avoid: Plato's thought cannot therefore be counted as idealist in the modern sense, although quantum physics' assertion that man's consciousness is an immutable and primary requisite for not merely perceiving but shaping matter, and thus his reality, would give more credence to Plato's dualist position.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "Simone Klein" }],
              "question": "Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?",
              "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 649,
                  "text": "metaphysical and epistemological"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?",
              "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 28, "text": "ideas" }],
              "question": "What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?",
              "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 831, "text": "quantum" }],
              "question": "What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?",
              "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, \"The only space or place of the world is the soul\" and \"Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul\", Ludwig Noir\u00e9 wrote: \"For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "neoplatonist" }],
              "question": "What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?",
              "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 540, "text": "Plotinus" }],
              "question": "According to Noir\u00e9, who was the first true Western idealist?",
              "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "whether we know external objects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?",
              "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 398, "text": "Time" }],
              "question": "What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?",
              "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb8380"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism, later referred to as \"subjective idealism\", contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly, not abstractions such as \"matter\", and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi; \"to be is to be perceived\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "immaterialism" }],
              "question": "Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?",
              "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 241, "text": "Cloyne" }],
              "question": "Of what see was Berkeley bishop?",
              "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 252, "text": "Anglo-Irish" }],
              "question": "What was Berkeley's ethnicity?",
              "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 580, "text": "to be is to be perceived" }
              ],
              "question": "What does esse est percipi mean?",
              "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae04"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 455, "text": "abstractions" }],
              "question": "What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?",
              "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae05"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrelated to an observer does not exist as far as we are concerned. The universe cannot exist as it appears if there is no perceiving mind. Collier was influenced by An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World by \"Cambridge Platonist\" John Norris (1701).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 569, "text": "John Norris" }],
              "question": "Who was known as the \"Cambridge Platonist\"?",
              "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8385"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Arthur Collier" }],
              "question": "Who was notably influenced by John Norris?",
              "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8386"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 582, "text": "1701" }],
              "question": "When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?",
              "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8387"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 160,
                  "text": "represented image of an external object"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?",
              "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8388"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 68, "text": "Immanuel Kant" }],
              "question": "Who coined the term \"thing-in-itself\"?",
              "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Sir Arthur Eddington" }
              ],
              "question": "Who invented the idea of a \"table-of-commonsense\"?",
              "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 114, "text": "Arthur Fine" }],
              "question": "Who came up with the idea of \"things-as-interacted-by-us\"?",
              "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 260, "text": "Musgrave" }],
              "question": "Who spoke of the \"warning signs\" of idealism?",
              "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 551, "text": "Postmodernist" }],
              "question": "What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?",
              "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idealism argues that the physical world is the logical creation of natural, non-logical constraints on human sense-experience. Foster's latest defense of his views is in his book A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "subjectivists" }],
              "question": "What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?",
              "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 61, "text": "Sense without Matter" }
              ],
              "question": "What book was written by A.A. Luce?",
              "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "1954" }],
              "question": "What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?",
              "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 20, "text": "Foster" }],
              "question": "Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?",
              "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 108, "text": "Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?",
              "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38ea0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from \"the spontaneity of thought\". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 175, "text": "Subjective Idealism" }
              ],
              "question": "What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?",
              "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 118, "text": "Sceptical" }],
              "question": "What sort of idealist was Descartes?",
              "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 208, "text": "Paralogisms of Pure Reason" }
              ],
              "question": "In what section was Descartes criticized?",
              "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 4, "text": "2nd" }],
              "question": "In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?",
              "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 17, "text": "1787" }],
              "question": "When was the second edition published?",
              "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what comprise the ideal. Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness. The world that appears is only a representation or mental picture of objects. We directly and immediately know only representations. All objects that are external to the mind are known indirectly through the mediation of our mind. He offered a history of the concept of the \"ideal\" as \"ideational\" or \"existing in the mind as an image\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "Schopenhauer" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?",
              "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 203, "text": "subjective" }],
              "question": "What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?",
              "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 274, "text": "our own minds" }],
              "question": "According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?",
              "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 391, "text": "our own consciousness" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?",
              "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 530, "text": "representations" }],
              "question": "What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?",
              "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling \"the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics.\" The famous \"thing-in-itself\" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Friedrich Nietzsche" }],
              "question": "Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?",
              "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Descartes" }],
              "question": "Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?",
              "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "Descartes" }],
              "question": "Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?",
              "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was. The exercise of reason and intellect enables the philosopher to know ultimate historical reality, the phenomenological constitution of self-determination, the dialectical development of self-awareness and personality in the realm of History.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 218, "text": "transcendental" }],
              "question": "According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?",
              "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ab"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 200, "text": "Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?",
              "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ac"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Absolute" }],
              "question": "What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?",
              "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ad"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "exercise of reason and intellect"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?",
              "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ae"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In his Science of Logic (1812\u20131814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"real\"\u2014because they are less self-determining\u2014than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 25, "text": "1812\u20131814" }],
              "question": "When was Science of Logic written?",
              "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae25"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 36, "text": "Hegel" }],
              "question": "Who was the author of Science of Logic?",
              "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae26"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 321, "text": "less self-determining" }
              ],
              "question": "Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?",
              "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae27"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 398, "text": "ethical communities" }
              ],
              "question": "Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?",
              "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae28"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 452, "text": "materialism" }],
              "question": "What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?",
              "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae29"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed \"object\" (any external entity, possibly even another human) at all. Under Hegel's concept of \"subject-object identity,\" subject and object both have Spirit (Hegel's ersatz, redefined, nonsupernatural \"God\") as their conceptual (not metaphysical) inner reality\u2014and in that sense are identical. But until Spirit's \"self-realization\" occurs and Spirit graduates from Spirit to Absolute Spirit status, subject (a human mind) mistakenly thinks every \"object\" it observes is something \"alien,\" meaning something separate or apart from \"subject.\" In Hegel's words, \"The object is revealed to it [to \"subject\"] by [as] something alien, and it does not recognize itself.\" Self-realization occurs when Hegel (part of Spirit's nonsupernatural Mind, which is the collective mind of all humans) arrives on the scene and realizes that every \"object\" is himself, because both subject and object are essentially Spirit. When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes Absolute Spirit, the \"finite\" (man, human) becomes the \"infinite\" (\"God,\" divine), replacing the imaginary or \"picture-thinking\" supernatural God of theism: man becomes God. Tucker puts it this way: \"Hegelianism . . . is a religion of self-worship whose fundamental theme is given in Hegel's image of the man who aspires to be God himself, who demands 'something more, namely infinity.'\" The picture Hegel presents is \"a picture of a self-glorifying humanity striving compulsively, and at the end successfully, to rise to divinity.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 457, "text": "Spirit" }],
              "question": "In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?",
              "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 255, "text": "any human observer" }
              ],
              "question": "What is another term for Hegel's \"subject\"?",
              "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1260, "text": "Absolute Spirit" }],
              "question": "What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?",
              "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 318, "text": "any external entity" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Hegel mean by \"object\"?",
              "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1495, "text": "self" }],
              "question": "Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?",
              "id": "572b764d111d821400f38eaa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it cannot be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness. A logical system is possible but an existential system is not. \"What is rational is actual; and what is actual is rational\". Hegel's absolute idealism blurs the distinction between existence and thought: our mortal nature places limits on our understanding of reality;",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Kierkegaard" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable critic of Hegel?",
              "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 401, "text": "human" }],
              "question": "For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?",
              "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae30"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 443, "text": "humans are incomplete" }
              ],
              "question": "According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?",
              "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae31"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 517, "text": "logical" }],
              "question": "Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?",
              "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae32"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817\u20131830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement, is that Hegel, in the Philosophy of Right, believed the best solution was to surrender one's individuality to the customs of the State, identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality. Individual human will ought, at the State's highest level of development, to properly coincide with the will of the State. Climacus rejects Hegel's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual. Submitting one's will to the State denies personal freedom, choice, and responsibility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Hegel" }],
              "question": "Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?",
              "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "1807" }],
              "question": "When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?",
              "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 705, "text": "individuality" }],
              "question": "What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?",
              "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 658, "text": "State" }],
              "question": "Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?",
              "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 522, "text": "bourgeois" }],
              "question": "What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?",
              "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the \"logical structure\" that Hegel thinks we can know. Kierkegaard disputes this assertion, because it eliminates the clear distinction between ontology and epistemology. Existence and thought are not identical and one cannot possibly think existence. Thought is always a form of abstraction, and thus not only is pure existence impossible to think, but all forms in existence are unthinkable; thought depends on language, which merely abstracts from experience, thus separating us from lived experience and the living essence of all beings. In addition, because we are finite beings, we cannot possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God, so we cannot know God exists, since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "ultimate" }],
              "question": "What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?",
              "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "Kierkegaard" }],
              "question": "Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?",
              "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fded"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 583, "text": "abstraction" }],
              "question": "According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?",
              "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 866, "text": "we are finite beings" }
              ],
              "question": "Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?",
              "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1067, "text": "human understanding" }
              ],
              "question": "If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?",
              "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdf0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to Moore. The 1903 article The Refutation of Idealism is one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis. He examines each of the three terms in the Berkeleian aphorism esse est percipi, \"to be is to be perceived\", finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected so that \"yellow\" and \"the sensation of yellow\" are identical - \"to be yellow\" is \"to be experienced as yellow\". But it also seems there is a difference between \"yellow\" and \"the sensation of yellow\" and \"that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it\". Though far from a complete refutation, this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors, or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley. This argument did not show that the GEM (in post\u2013Stove vernacular, see below) is logically invalid.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 320, "text": "Moore" }],
              "question": "Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?",
              "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae37"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Bradley" }],
              "question": "In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?",
              "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae38"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1150, "text": "Berkeley" }],
              "question": "Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?",
              "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae39"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or \"Absolute\". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views \"monads\" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are \"substantial forms of being\",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of \"psychic monads\" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 37, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz" }],
              "question": "Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?",
              "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83bd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 388, "text": "Panpsychism" }],
              "question": "What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?",
              "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "monads" }],
              "question": "What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?",
              "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1060, "text": "James Ward" }],
              "question": "Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?",
              "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1248, "text": "self- betterment" }],
              "question": "What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?",
              "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83c1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Howison's personal idealism  was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and \"benignant love\" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue, namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 141, "text": "Bowne" }],
              "question": "Who was an exponent of so-called \"Boston Personalism\"?",
              "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 46, "text": "California Personalism" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?",
              "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 522, "text": "Saint Thomas Aquinas" }
              ],
              "question": "Who is a notable realistic personal theist?",
              "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 580,
                  "text": "dependence upon an infinite personal God"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?",
              "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83ca"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 257, "text": "moral" }],
              "question": "What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?",
              "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83cb"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart \"thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it\". For McTaggart \"philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 22, "text": "Cambridge" }],
              "question": "With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?",
              "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "1927" }],
              "question": "In what year was The Nature of Existence published?",
              "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 56, "text": "minds" }],
              "question": "According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?",
              "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 155, "text": "unreal" }],
              "question": "What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?",
              "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdfa"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 112, "text": "love" }],
              "question": "How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?",
              "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance which cannot exist apart from the body because it is not a substance but an essence, and nous, rational thought, reflection and understanding. Although a perennial source of controversy, Aristotle arguably views the latter as both eternal and immaterial in nature, as exemplified in his theology of unmoved movers. Identifying Aristotle's God with rational thought, Davidson argued, contrary to Aristotle, that just as the soul cannot exist apart from the body, God cannot exist apart from the world.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "apeirotheism" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?",
              "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 70, "text": "pluralistic" }],
              "question": "What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?",
              "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 170, "text": "infinite" }],
              "question": "According to Davidson, how many gods are there?",
              "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Aristotle" }],
              "question": "By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?",
              "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae40"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 664, "text": "rational thought" }],
              "question": "What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?",
              "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae41"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists.\" This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In \u00a7 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that \"...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind....\" Also, \"...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 42, "text": "physicists" }],
              "question": "Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?",
              "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 146, "text": "relativity" }],
              "question": "Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?",
              "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 213, "text": "1900" }],
              "question": "In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?",
              "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 612, "text": "contents of the mind" }
              ],
              "question": "What did Pearson claim that science classifies?",
              "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 408, "text": "Einstein" }],
              "question": "Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?",
              "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d5"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the world of physics is constructed, has entered in the form of messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness.... Consciousness is not sharply defined, but fades into subconsciousness; and beyond that we must postulate something indefinite but yet continuous with our mental nature.... It is difficult for the matter-of-fact physicist to accept the view that the substratum of everything is of mental character. But no one can deny that mind is the first and most direct thing in our experience, and all else is remote inference.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How do receive information from the physical world?",
              "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe00"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 505, "text": "subconsciousness" }],
              "question": "What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?",
              "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe01"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 732, "text": "mental" }],
              "question": "What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?",
              "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe02"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 663, "text": "physicist" }],
              "question": "According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?",
              "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe03"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 775, "text": "mind" }],
              "question": "What is the main thing that we experience?",
              "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe04"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Education",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up Education?",
              "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 149,
                  "text": "storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What methods make up Education?",
              "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 257, "text": "the guidance of educators" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does education usually take place under?",
              "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae17"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Catholic Church became the sole preserver"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?",
              "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fdde"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "church established cathedral schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?",
              "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fddf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 266, "text": "medieval universities" }
              ],
              "question": "What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?",
              "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fde0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 427, "text": "Chartres Cathedral School" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?",
              "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fde1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 140, "text": "school environment" }
              ],
              "question": "Where does formal education take place?",
              "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe12"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 496,
                  "text": "student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?",
              "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe13"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 230, "text": "certified teacher" }],
              "question": "Who guides the students in a formal environment?",
              "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe14"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten \"provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 53, "text": "three to seven" }],
              "question": "Whats the typical age range for pre-school?",
              "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "nursery schools and as kindergarten,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are pre-schools also known as?",
              "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 209, "text": "US" }],
              "question": "In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?",
              "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f7"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 12, "text": "elementary" }],
              "question": "What is another term used for Primary education?",
              "id": "572b858934ae481900deae63"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "first five to seven years of formal, structured education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does primary school consist of?",
              "id": "572b858934ae481900deae64"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 447, "text": "UNESCO" }],
              "question": "What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?",
              "id": "572b858934ae481900deae65"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, \"postsecondary\", or \"higher\" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1\u201313 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "formal education that occurs during adolescence"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does secondary education comprise of?",
              "id": "572b8669111d821400f38eda"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 329, "text": "university, vocational school" }
              ],
              "question": "What two examples were given of what \"postsecondary\" or \"higher\" education?",
              "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "teenage years" }],
              "question": "When does secondary schooling typically take place?",
              "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1106,
                  "text": "to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession."
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the purpose of secondary education?",
              "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edd"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 62, "text": "1910" }],
              "question": "When did secondary education emerge in the United States?",
              "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "rise of large corporations and advancing technology"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?",
              "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 403, "text": "employers and employees" }
              ],
              "question": "Who benefited from secondary schools?",
              "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was another name used for Higher Education?",
              "id": "572b8770111d821400f38ee8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "follows the completion of a school such as a high school"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is High Education?",
              "id": "572b8770111d821400f38ee9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 252,
                  "text": "undergraduate and postgraduate education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Tertiary education include?",
              "id": "572b8770111d821400f38eea"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "teaching, research, and social services activities,"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does University education include?",
              "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe32"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 297, "text": "several colleges" }],
              "question": "What are usually Universities made up of?",
              "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 369, "text": "independent" }],
              "question": "What type of University would Yale fall under?",
              "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe34"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "not eligible for public education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?",
              "id": "572b890d111d821400f38eee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 149, "text": "physicians or special tutors" }
              ],
              "question": "Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?",
              "id": "572b890d111d821400f38eef"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 215,
                  "text": "Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who were some of these early physicians?",
              "id": "572b890d111d821400f38ef0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "people with severe disabilities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?",
              "id": "572b890d111d821400f38ef1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While considered \"alternative\" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 18, "text": "alternative" }],
              "question": "What is another term used for Special Education Services?",
              "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 166, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When were public schools become more and more developed?",
              "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some examples of alternative schools?",
              "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef8"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 116, "text": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel's" }
              ],
              "question": "Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?",
              "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 338, "text": "Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi" }
              ],
              "question": "Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?",
              "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 504, "text": "John Dewey and Francis Parker" }
              ],
              "question": "Who were the founders of progressive education?",
              "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to \"reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What makes up Indigenous education?",
              "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "formal and non-formal educational systems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?",
              "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae94"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 485,
                  "text": "improve the educational success of indigenous students"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?",
              "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae95"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 67,
                  "text": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who defines informal learning?",
              "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "home, work, and through daily interactions"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does informal learning occur?",
              "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "language acquisition, cultural norms and manners"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?",
              "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its \"natural\" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 38,
                  "text": "outside educational establishments"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does informal learning usually take place?",
              "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae99"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is not necessary for informal learning?",
              "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae9a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What falls under the informal learning umbrella?",
              "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae9b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: \"A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well.\" Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "19th century" }],
              "question": "When was the 'education through recreation\" applied to childhood?",
              "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f2e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 117, "text": "20th century" }],
              "question": "When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?",
              "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f2f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 157, "text": "to include young adults" }
              ],
              "question": "What changed when the concept was broadened?",
              "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f30"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of \"learning on your own\" or \"by yourself\", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 80, "text": "learning on your own" }
              ],
              "question": "What does Auto didacticism generally mean?",
              "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 288, "text": "any point in one's life" }
              ],
              "question": "When can you become an Autodidact?",
              "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 493, "text": "Abraham Lincoln" }],
              "question": "Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?",
              "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 634, "text": "Thomas Alva Edison" }
              ],
              "question": "Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?",
              "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb8450"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 3, "text": "2012" }],
              "question": "In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?",
              "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 164, "text": "Open education" }],
              "question": "Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?",
              "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 322, "text": "Cost of education" }],
              "question": "What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?",
              "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 431, "text": "Online courses" }],
              "question": "Which type of schooling can be most expensive?",
              "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal \"academic value\" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 17, "text": "merit-system degree" }
              ],
              "question": "What is not as common in open education?",
              "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "Open University in the United Kingdom"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which University offers conventional degrees? ",
              "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeb0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 300, "text": "own form of certificate" }
              ],
              "question": "What do most open education sources offer?",
              "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeb1"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "international Millennium Development Goals"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What does Universal Primary Education belong to?",
              "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 188, "text": "charitable funding" }
              ],
              "question": "What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?",
              "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 518, "text": "Transparency International" }
              ],
              "question": "Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?",
              "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Similarities \u2014 in systems or even in ideas \u2014 that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "increase in international student exchanges"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has come from similarities in systems?",
              "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe78"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "The European Socrates-Erasmus Program"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?",
              "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe79"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 230, "text": "The Soros Foundation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?",
              "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe7a"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 20, "text": "low cost private schools" }
              ],
              "question": "What does LCPS stand for?",
              "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f3e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?",
              "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f3f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 594, "text": "Africa and Asia" }],
              "question": "Where are these types of school spreading across?",
              "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f40"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "children did not exceed the education of their parents"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?",
              "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb8489"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 350, "text": "teachers and their textbooks" }
              ],
              "question": "Who do students often blame for their education short comings?",
              "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb848a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What happens when someone tries to improve education?",
              "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb848b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Developed countries have people with more resources"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?",
              "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 53, "text": "housing, food, transportation" }
              ],
              "question": "What resources do developed countries have better access to?",
              "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feaf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 431, "text": "criticism and blame" }
              ],
              "question": "What is common in developed countries?",
              "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feb0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "have the will and the way to do many things"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is one good trait about students from developed countries?",
              "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 691, "text": "internet" }],
              "question": "What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?",
              "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 595,
                  "text": "gratitude for the resources they have"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?",
              "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms \"educational psychology\" and \"school psychology\" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "the study of how humans learn in educational settings"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the meaning of Education psychology?",
              "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 261, "text": "school psychology" }],
              "question": "What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?",
              "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 312, "text": "researchers and theorists" }
              ],
              "question": "Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?",
              "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 537,
                  "text": "the processes of educational attainment"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is educational psychology concerned with?",
              "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "through its relationship with other disciplines"
                }
              ],
              "question": "How can Educational psychology in part be understood?",
              "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 169, "text": "discipline analogous" }
              ],
              "question": "How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?",
              "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 527,
                  "text": "contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Where does education psychology draw from?",
              "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 668, "text": "faculties of education" }
              ],
              "question": "In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?",
              "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Intelligence" }],
              "question": "What is important for a student in education?",
              "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 276, "text": "measurable intelligence" }
              ],
              "question": "What does education increase in a student?",
              "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 458, "text": "intelligence at 8" }],
              "question": "What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?",
              "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Dunn" }],
              "question": "Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?",
              "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021feba"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "Joseph Renzulli" }],
              "question": "Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?",
              "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021febb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Who created the Type Delineator?",
              "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021febc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic(VAK) are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued \"there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What do some theories believe?",
              "id": "572bbe72be1ee31400cb848f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 318,
                  "text": "teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What should be included in effective teaching?",
              "id": "572bbe72be1ee31400cb8490"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As an academic field, philosophy of education is \"the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy\". \"The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline.\" As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 240,
                  "text": "philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?",
              "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f70"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "the philosophical study of education and its problems"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What defines Philosophy education?",
              "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f71"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?",
              "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f72"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 122, "text": "teachers" }],
              "question": "What is another term used for instructors?",
              "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "reading, writing, mathematics, science and history"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?",
              "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 503, "text": "quality of teachers" }
              ],
              "question": "In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?",
              "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of \"human capital\". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "poor countries should grow faster than rich countries"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?",
              "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f76"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What has been argued about high rates in education?",
              "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f77"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "requires knowledgeable managers and engineers"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?",
              "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f78"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 94, "text": "Jacob Mincer" }],
              "question": "Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?",
              "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 233, "text": "is also controversial" }
              ],
              "question": "This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?",
              "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?",
              "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7e"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Tennessee",
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Tennessee (i/t\u025bn\u1d7b\u02c8si\u02d0/) (Cherokee: \u13d4\u13be\u13cf, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 601,222. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 653,450.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 245, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Which state borders Tennessee to the east?",
              "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 364, "text": "Appalachian Mountains" }
              ],
              "question": "Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 434, "text": "Mississippi River" }],
              "question": "Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?",
              "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0d"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "Nashville" }],
              "question": "What is the capital of Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 579, "text": "Memphis" }],
              "question": "What is Tennessee's most populous city?",
              "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0f"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861. Occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 40, "text": "Watauga Association" }
              ],
              "question": "What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 326, "text": "June 1, 1796" }],
              "question": "What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?",
              "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?",
              "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 340, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?",
              "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state, and more soldiers for the Union Army than any other Southern state. Beginning during Reconstruction, it had competitive party politics, but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting. This sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. In the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy, aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and, in the early 1940s, the city of Oak Ridge. This city was established to house the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the world's first atomic bomb, which was used during World War II.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 223, "text": "Democratic" }],
              "question": "Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?",
              "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 704, "text": "Oak Ridge" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?",
              "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 774, "text": "uranium enrichment facilities" }
              ],
              "question": "What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host?",
              "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 447, "text": "civil rights legislation" }
              ],
              "question": "What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century?",
              "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including rock and roll, blues, country, and rockabilly.[not verified in body] Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues, with musicians such as W.C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909.[not verified in body] Memphis is also home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s.[not verified in body] The 1927 Victor recording sessions in Bristol generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the Grand Ole Opry in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry.[not verified in body] Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee's role in nurturing various forms of popular music: the Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, and the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson. Moreover, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, an online site recognizing the development of rockabilly in which Tennessee played a crucial role, is based in Nashville.[not verified in body]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 176, "text": "Beale Street" }],
              "question": "What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born?",
              "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c1e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 379, "text": "Sun Records" }],
              "question": "What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley?",
              "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c1f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1034, "text": "Nashville" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame?",
              "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c20"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1053,
                  "text": "International Rock-A-Billy Museum"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson, Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c21"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 327, "text": "1909" }],
              "question": "In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs?",
              "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c22"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee's major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the state's primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is headquartered in the eastern part of the state, and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; and Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 87, "text": "soybeans" }],
              "question": "What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?",
              "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 412, "text": "Appalachian Trail" }],
              "question": "What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?",
              "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 262,
                  "text": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?",
              "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad6"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 549, "text": "Chattanooga" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?",
              "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 562, "text": "Dollywood" }],
              "question": "What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad9"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named \"Tanasqui\" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or \"Tanase\") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's \"Tanasqui\" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 71, "text": "Captain Juan Pardo" }],
              "question": "Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2956"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 301, "text": "Cherokee" }],
              "question": "Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2957"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "1725" }],
              "question": "Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?",
              "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2958"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 95, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "What nationality was Juan Pardo?",
              "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2959"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's \"Draught of the Cherokee Country\" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created \"Tennessee County\", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted \"Tennessee\" as the name of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 49, "text": "James Glen" }],
              "question": "Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?",
              "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6adf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "Draught of the Cherokee Country"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?",
              "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 287, "text": "North Carolina" }],
              "question": "Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?",
              "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "Montgomery County and Robertson County"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?",
              "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 532, "text": "1796" }],
              "question": "In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae3"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee is known as the \"Volunteer State\", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia, the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican\u2013American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician, Sam Houston.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 27, "text": "Volunteer State" }],
              "question": "By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?",
              "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6ae9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 91, "text": "War of 1812" }],
              "question": "Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?",
              "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aea"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 533, "text": "30,000" }],
              "question": "How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?",
              "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aec"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 359, "text": "Mexican\u2013American War" }
              ],
              "question": "What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee's nickname?",
              "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aeb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 609, "text": "Davy Crockett" }],
              "question": "Which local icon's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?",
              "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 52, "text": "6,643 feet" }],
              "question": "What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?",
              "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c790"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 34, "text": "Clingmans Dome" }],
              "question": "What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?",
              "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c791"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 365, "text": "Mississippi River" }],
              "question": "What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?",
              "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c792"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 524, "text": "Murfreesboro" }],
              "question": "Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c793"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 54, "text": "55" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?",
              "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c295e"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 436, "text": "the Great Valley" }],
              "question": "What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?",
              "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c295f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 581, "text": "Chattanooga" }],
              "question": "Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?",
              "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2960"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 651, "text": "the Tri-Cities" }],
              "question": "Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?",
              "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2961"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 150, "text": "Tennessee River" }],
              "question": "What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?",
              "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2962"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), provide air service to numerous destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads, traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and the Tri-Cities, along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 201, "text": "McGhee Tyson Airport" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?",
              "id": "572beeb22babe914003c2968"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?",
              "id": "572beeb22babe914003c2969"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572beeb22babe914003c296a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 342, "text": "TRI" }],
              "question": "An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572beeb22babe914003c296b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land. In Memphis, the Tennessee Bottoms end in steep bluffs overlooking the river. To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, less than 300 feet (90 m) above sea level. This area of lowlands, flood plains, and swamp land is sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Tennessee Bottoms" }],
              "question": "What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?",
              "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 455, "text": "Mississippi Alluvial Plain" }
              ],
              "question": "What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?",
              "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af4"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 493,
                  "text": "300 feet (90 m) above sea level"
                }
              ],
              "question": "What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?",
              "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af5"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 624, "text": "Memphis" }],
              "question": "What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?",
              "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year, with highest average monthly precipitation generally in the winter and spring months, between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. On average the state receives 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 16 inches (41 cm) in the higher mountains in East Tennessee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "humid subtropical" }],
              "question": "What is the most common climate across Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf00d2babe914003c2970"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 24, "text": "humid subtropical" }],
              "question": "Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?",
              "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf7"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 110, "text": "Appalachians" }],
              "question": "Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate?",
              "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf8"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 247, "text": "Gulf of Mexico" }],
              "question": "Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee's climate the most?",
              "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf9"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 713, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?",
              "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bfb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 601, "text": "between December and April" }
              ],
              "question": "Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?",
              "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bfa"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is \u221232 \u00b0F (\u221236 \u00b0C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 107, "text": "32" }],
              "question": "What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?",
              "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c798"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 374, "text": "113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C)" }
              ],
              "question": "What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c799"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 392, "text": "Perryville" }],
              "question": "Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?",
              "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 462, "text": "\u221232 \u00b0F" }],
              "question": "What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 481, "text": "Mountain City" }],
              "question": "Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?",
              "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79c"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 286, "text": "Hurricane Opal" }],
              "question": "Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?",
              "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2972"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 336, "text": "50" }],
              "question": "On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2973"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 485, "text": "West and Middle Tennessee" }
              ],
              "question": "Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?",
              "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2974"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 716, "text": "15" }],
              "question": "How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?",
              "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2975"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 942, "text": "1993" }],
              "question": "What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2976"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro"
                }
              ],
              "question": "Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afb"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 191, "text": "13" }],
              "question": "How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?",
              "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afc"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 507, "text": "45" }],
              "question": "What distance in miles is Clarksville, TN from Nashville?",
              "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afd"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 548, "text": "Murfreesboro" }],
              "question": "Which city is Tennessee's sixth largest by population?",
              "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afe"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 263, "text": "Chattanooga and Knoxville" }
              ],
              "question": "Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains?",
              "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6aff"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000\u20131000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC\u20131000 AD), and Mississippian (1000\u20131600 AD), whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 76, "text": "12,000" }],
              "question": "How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?",
              "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 375, "text": "1000\u20131600 AD" }],
              "question": "What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?",
              "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 444, "text": "Muscogee" }],
              "question": "Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?",
              "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 328, "text": "Woodland" }],
              "question": "What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?",
              "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name \"Tanasqui\" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that time, Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw and Choctaw, and ultimately, the Cherokee in 1838.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 103, "text": "Spanish" }],
              "question": "Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?",
              "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b05"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 149, "text": "1540" }],
              "question": "Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b06"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 362, "text": "Muscogee and Yuchi" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?",
              "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b07"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 563, "text": "Cherokee" }],
              "question": "Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?",
              "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b08"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 834, "text": "1838" }],
              "question": "By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?",
              "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b09"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9 relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demer\u00e9. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demer\u00e9 and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 67, "text": "1756" }],
              "question": "In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c42"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 121, "text": "Fort Loudoun" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c43"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 320, "text": "Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?",
              "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c44"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 526, "text": "Overhill Cherokees" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?",
              "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c45"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 641, "text": "Captain Paul Demer\u00e9" }
              ],
              "question": "Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?",
              "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c46"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 276, "text": "the Chickamauga" }],
              "question": "What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?",
              "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b15"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 124, "text": "Dragging Canoe" }],
              "question": "Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?",
              "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b16"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 561, "text": "Nancy Ward" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?",
              "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b17"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 669, "text": "Overmountain Men" }],
              "question": "Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?",
              "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b18"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 772, "text": "the British Army" }],
              "question": "Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?",
              "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b19"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Three counties of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties (now numbering eight) had re-joined North Carolina by 1789. North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the Southwest Territory. In an effort to encourage settlers to move west into the new territory, in 1787 the mother state of North Carolina ordered a road to be cut to take settlers into the Cumberland Settlements\u2014from the south end of Clinch Mountain (in East Tennessee) to French Lick (Nashville). The Trace was called the \"North Carolina Road\" or \"Avery's Trace\", and sometimes \"The Wilderness Road\" (although it should not be confused with Daniel Boone's \"Wilderness Road\" through the Cumberland Gap).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "Franklin" }],
              "question": "What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?",
              "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c60"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 367, "text": "Southwest Territory" }
              ],
              "question": "What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?",
              "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c61"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 638, "text": "French Lick" }],
              "question": "What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements?",
              "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c62"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 749, "text": "Wilderness Road" }],
              "question": "What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap?",
              "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c63"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 0, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?",
              "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c68"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 226, "text": "Vermont and Kentucky" }
              ],
              "question": "In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?",
              "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c69"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 513, "text": "Stone Mountain" }],
              "question": "Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?",
              "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c6a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 1229, "text": "Mississippi River" }
              ],
              "question": "When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?",
              "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c6b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees\u2014along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees\u2014were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from \"emigration depots\" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi\u2014\"the Trail Where We Cried.\" The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase \"Trail of Tears\" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the \"Five Civilized Tribes\". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 44, "text": "Martin Van Buren" }],
              "question": "Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?",
              "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b33"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 111, "text": "2,000" }],
              "question": "How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?",
              "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b34"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 496, "text": "Nunna daul Isunyi" }],
              "question": "What Cherokee phrase means \"the trail where we cried?\"",
              "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b35"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 914, "text": "Choctaw" }],
              "question": "Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term \"Trail of Tears?\"",
              "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b36"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 409, "text": "4,000" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many Cherokees died along their \"Trail of Tears?\"",
              "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b37"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government\u2014led by Governor Isham Harris\u2014sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54\u201346% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state). Following the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other states in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 80, "text": "Isham Harris" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?",
              "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7ae"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 283, "text": "East Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?",
              "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7af"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 220, "text": "54" }],
              "question": "What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?",
              "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 767, "text": "May 7, 1861" }],
              "question": "On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?",
              "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 812, "text": "Middle Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?",
              "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee\u2014most of them Union victories. Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to the Union in June, following a naval battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city. The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 83, "text": "Union" }],
              "question": "Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 100, "text": "Ulysses S. Grant" }],
              "question": "Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?",
              "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7b"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 302, "text": "June" }],
              "question": "During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?",
              "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7c"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 510, "text": "Battle of Murfreesboro" }
              ],
              "question": "Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?",
              "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7d"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 131, "text": "Sullivan County" }],
              "question": "Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?",
              "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b55"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "James Longstreet" }],
              "question": "Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?",
              "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b56"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 503, "text": "Grant" }],
              "question": "Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?",
              "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b57"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 612, "text": "Braxton Bragg" }],
              "question": "Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?",
              "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b58"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 346, "text": "Battle of Bean's Station" }
              ],
              "question": "Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?",
              "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b59"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 79, "text": "Union" }],
              "question": "Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?",
              "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c82"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 470, "text": "200,000" }],
              "question": "Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?",
              "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c83"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 9, "text": "Emancipation Proclamation" }
              ],
              "question": "Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?",
              "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c84"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 9, "text": "Andrew Johnson" }],
              "question": "Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?",
              "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7be"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 210, "text": "Tennessee" }],
              "question": "Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?",
              "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7bf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 321, "text": "July 24, 1866" }],
              "question": "On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?",
              "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 371, "text": "Fourteenth" }],
              "question": "Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?",
              "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 159, "text": "1865" }],
              "question": "In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?",
              "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the formal end of Reconstruction, the struggle over power in Southern society continued. Through violence and intimidation against freedmen and their allies, White Democrats regained political power in Tennessee and other states across the South in the late 1870s and 1880s. Over the next decade, the state legislature passed increasingly restrictive laws to control African Americans. In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform, with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns, as well as many poor Whites. Legislation included implementation of a poll tax, timing of registration, and recording requirements. Tens of thousands of taxpaying citizens were without representation for decades into the 20th century. Disfranchising legislation accompanied Jim Crow laws passed in the late 19th century, which imposed segregation in the state. In 1900, African Americans made up nearly 24% of the state's population, and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "African Americans" }],
              "question": "Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?",
              "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 395, "text": "1889" }],
              "question": "In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?",
              "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 597, "text": "poor Whites" }],
              "question": "Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?",
              "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 855, "text": "Jim Crow laws" }],
              "question": "What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?",
              "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca3"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 1028, "text": "480,430" }],
              "question": "Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?",
              "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2002, businessman Phil Bredesen was elected as the 48th governor. Also in 2002, Tennessee amended the state constitution to allow for the establishment of a lottery. Tennessee's Bob Corker was the only freshman Republican elected to the United States Senate in the 2006 midterm elections. The state constitution was amended to reject same-sex marriage. In January 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected as Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction, as a result of the realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties in the South since the late 20th century, with Republicans now elected by conservative voters, who previously had supported Democrats.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 181, "text": "Bob Corker" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006?",
              "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b80"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 21, "text": "Phil Bredesen" }],
              "question": "Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002?",
              "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b7f"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 373, "text": "Ron Ramsey" }],
              "question": "Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era?",
              "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b81"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 511, "text": "Democratic" }],
              "question": "Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?",
              "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b82"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2015, Tennessee had an estimated population of 6,600,299, which is an increase of 50,947, from the prior year and an increase of 254,194, or 4.01%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 142,266 people (that is 493,881 births minus 351,615 deaths), and an increase from net migration of 219,551 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 59,385 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 160,166 people. Twenty percent of Tennesseans were born outside the South in 2008, compared to a figure of 13.5% in 1990.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 90, "text": "6,600,299" }],
              "question": "What was Tennessee's estimated population in 2015?",
              "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b87"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 184, "text": "4.01%" }],
              "question": "What percentage population increase did Tennessee experience between 2010 and 2015?",
              "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b88"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 370, "text": "219,551" }],
              "question": "How much of Tennessee's population increase between 2010 and 2015 was due to migration?",
              "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b89"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 565, "text": "Twenty percent" }],
              "question": "In 2008, what percentage of Tennessee residents were born outside the South?",
              "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b8a"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 474, "text": "59,385" }],
              "question": "What net population increase during Tennessee's last two US Census reports was due to immigration from outside the country?",
              "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b8b"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2000, the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were: American (17.3%), African American (13.0%), Irish (9.3%), English (9.1%), and German (8.3%). Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. An estimated 21\u201324% of Tennesseans are of predominantly English ancestry. In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed \"English\" or \"mostly English\" ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45% of the state at the time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 77, "text": "American" }],
              "question": "What was Tennessee's most common self-reported ethnic group in 2000?",
              "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7ce"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 128, "text": "9.3%" }],
              "question": "What percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as Irish in 2000?",
              "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7cf"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 240, "text": "English and Scotch-Irish" }
              ],
              "question": "Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic \"Americans\" in Tennessee?",
              "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d0"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 399, "text": "English" }],
              "question": "What European national ancestry was claimed by 45% of Tennessee residents in 1980?",
              "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d1"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 466, "text": "3,221,354" }],
              "question": "What was Tennessee's population in 1980?",
              "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations, such as the National Baptist Convention (headquartered in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (both headquartered in Memphis); the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy (both headquartered in Cleveland). The Free Will Baptist denomination is headquartered in Antioch; its main Bible college is in Nashville. The Southern Baptist Convention maintains its general headquarters in Nashville. Publishing houses of several denominations are located in Nashville.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                { "answer_start": 67, "text": "National Baptist Convention" }
              ],
              "question": "Which Protestant denomination has its headquarters in Nashville, TN?",
              "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b91"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 300, "text": "Cleveland" }],
              "question": "Which Tennessee city contains the headquarters of the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy?",
              "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b92"
            },
            {
              "answers": [{ "answer_start": 405, "text": "Nashville" }],
              "question": "The principle Bible college of the Free Will Baptists is located in which Tennessee city?",
              "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b93"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church"
      